TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 15, SO T3- 2012

Trang 17
PHN TCH CC TNH CHT VT L CA M HNH KNH ULTRAWIDEBAND
TRONG VIC TRUYN THNG KHONG CCH NGN
Nguyn Ch Nhn
(1)
, Dng Hoi Ngha
(2)
, inh Vn nh
(3)

(1) Trng i hc Khoa hc T Nhin, HQG-HCM ; (2) Trng i hc Bch Khoa, HQG-HCM
(3) i hc Saskatchewan, Canada
(Bi nhn ngy 21 thng 03 nm 2011, hon chnh sa cha ngy 08 thng 10 nm 2012)
TM TT: M hnh knh chnh xc cc k quan trng trong vic thit k cc h thng thng tin
lin lc. Kin thc v cc tnh nng ca knh cung cp cho ngi thit k kh nng d on hiu sut
ca h thng iu ch c th knh, m ha v x l tn hiu. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti s trnh
by vic phn tch cc tnh cht vt l ca m hnh knh UWB ng thi xut m hnh knh truyn
UWB khong cch ngn (c s so snh vi m hnh knh ca IEEE 802.15.3a). Qua vic phn tch v
thit k m hnh knh trn chng ti rt ra c mt s kt lun lin quan n knh truyn UWB
trn khong cch ngn nh sau: khng c mo dng xung, c hin tng phn x, nhiu x trn knh
truyn, truyn ng hng, truyn a ng, c s suy hao theo khong cch v tn s.
T kha: Bng siu rng, khong cch ngn, phn x, nhiu x, truyn a ng
M U
Cng ngh truyn thng khng dy bng siu
rng Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) c U ban
truyn thng lin bang (FCC - Federal
Communication Community) cng b ban hnh
vo nm 2002 [1], cho php s dng bng tn
t 3.1-10.6GHz khng cn ng k (Hnh 1).
Cc li ch t vic s dng bng tn ny l
min ph v ph cc rng c kh nng truyn
d liu tc cao trn khong cch ngn. Tuy
nhin, vic phn b ph tn vi nhng h thng
c cp php i hi UWB phi hot ng
vi cng sut rt thp (di -41,3 dBm/MHz
hay 0,5 mW nu s dng ton b di tn 7,5
GHz) gim thiu nhiu vi cc h thng tn
ti. Do cng sut truyn ti thp, vic thit k
h thng UWB t ra nhiu thch thc trong
vic thc hin b thu pht v thit lp knh
truyn. M hnh knh chnh xc l cc k hu
ch cho vic thit k h thng trong lp vt l
[2,3]. Trong bi bo ny chng ti trnh by cc
phn tch v tnh cht vt l ca knh truyn
UWB, c bit l i vi khong cch rt ngn
trong truyn thng khng dy. M hnh knh
c s dng trong truyn thng die-to-die
hoc chip-to-chip ng dng trong mch tch
hp 3-D.

Hnh 1. Quy nh ca FCC v ph tn UWB
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Trang 18
NHNG C TNH VT L CA KNH
UWB
Trong giao tip khng dy, tnh cht vt l
ca knh ng vai tr quan trng trong vic
truyn ti thnh cng d liu t b pht n b
thu. Cc tnh cht ny nh hng trc tip n
cht lng v s lng ca vic truyn ti d
liu. Cc nh hng vt l n truyn thng
UWB bao gm:
- Suy hao tn hiu: tn hiu UWB c suy
hao cao nn ch truyn trong khong cch ngn,
do chng ta thy rng suy hao ca tn
hiu UWB ph thuc vo khong cch truyn.
- Che ti: vic truyn tn hiu tt nht i vi
mi trng LOS (line of sight), truyn
khong cch ngn gia cc chip hoc gia die
trong mt chip, yu t ny c th c b qua.
- Fading: hin tng ny l do s phn x v
nhiu x trn ng truyn. Yu t ny ph
thuc vo bng thng ca h thng, n dn n
thay i nhanh cng tn hiu v gy ra
nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter
Symbol Interference). Trong h thng truyn
thng UWB c th s dng cc phng n iu
ch khc nhau nh BPSK gim thiu hin
tng ny.
- Nhiu knh ln cn: trong ph tn ca
UWB n bao gm mt bng tn ca mng
WAN (802.11a) c cp php ti 5.4GHz, do
vic thit k h thng UWB phi tnh n
vic s dng bng thng thch hp trnh loi
can nhiu.
Trong thit k ca mt h thng UWB i
vi truyn thng khng dy khong cch cc
ngn th cc hin tng m chng ta cn phi
quan tm l: hin tng a ng, phn x,
nhiu x, suy hao do khong cch truyn.
Trong phn tch ny, tn hiu UWB c
truyn ti thng qua b pht s dng xung di
dng o hm bc 2 ca xung Gaussian.
a) Hin tng phn x: s dng biu thc h
s phn x vi tn s v gc ti, h s phn x
( , ) R s c trnh by nh sau:
2
( , )
2
+
=
+ +
s a k s
R s
s a k s

(1)
vi a = /2, k = : i vi phn cc
theo phng thng ng
a = /2, k = (
r
)
1
: i vi phn cc
theo phng nm ngang
trong : =

,
2
cos
sin

=
r
r

Barnes [7] xc nh bin i ngc ca
( , ) R s nh sau:
1
2
4 exp( )
( ) ( ) ( 1) ( )
1
+
(
= +
(

n n
n
k at
r t K t nK I at
k t

(2)
b) Hin tng nhiu x
Kt qu ca tc gi Qiu [8] cho thy p
xung trong min thi gian do nhiu x hon
ton mt na mt phng, c cho bi cng
thc nh sau:
TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 15, SO T3- 2012
Trang 19
1 1
0 0 2 2
0 0
2 cos ( ) cos ( ) 1
( ) ( / )
2 cos( ) cos( ) /
( +
=
(
+ + +

d
r r
c c
r c
h U t r c
r c

(3)
Trong : c l tc nh sng, l tr ng, v
0
c nh ngha trong Hnh 2

Hnh 2.Nhiu x hon ton mt na mt phng

Hnh 3. M hnh S-V c sa i
(a) S suy gim tn hiu theo hm m v cng sut trung bnh.
(b) p ng xung ca knh.
c) suy hao
Suy hao nng lng trong truyn thng
UWB l s mt mt khi phn b ng hng
gia khong cch hai anten thu v pht c
xc nh bng di d.
Thc cht n l mt hm s gia gc ti u
t phn x n v cng l hm s ca chiu di
sng phn x. V vy h s khuch i ca
anten thu v anten pht ph thuc vo tn s
(f=c/).
Ta c cng thc tnh suy hao nh sau:
2
4 4
( ) 10log 20log
| | | |
= =
| |
\ \
d d
PL d


(4)
l chiu di sng phn x (tnh theo
m), = c/f (c=3.10
8
m/s, f l tn s)
d l di khong cch gia anten thu
v anten pht tnh theo (m)
PL l suy hao ca tn hiu trn ng
truyn (dB)
Qua ta thy khong cch d cng ln v tn
s f cng cao th suy hao cng cao.
M HNH KNH UWB
Cu trc ca m hnh knh c nh hng
mnh m n vic nh gi hiu nng ca h
thng. M hnh knh UWB c coi l mt
knh a ng dy c.
M hnh knh UWB ca IEEE
thng nht vic nh gi thit k ca
UWB, t chc IEEE pht trin cc m hnh
knh cho h thng truyn thng UWB [9], m
Science & Technology Development, Vol 15, No.T3- 2012

Trang 20
n c chp nhn bi mt nhm cc tiu
chun y (IEEE 802.15.3a). M hnh knh
ny c sa i t m hnh knh ca Saveh-
Valenzuela (S-V) [10] vi mc tiu nhm n
l v cng sut tiu th v tr, iu ny
c th hin trong Hnh 3.
C bn loi m hnh knh UWB c
nh ngha bi nhm IEEE 802.15.3a c tn gi
nh sau: CM1, CM2, CM3, v CM4. Mi m
hnh knh u c nhng c tnh v vt l khc
nhau, Hnh 4 trnh by p ng xung ca bn
m hnh knh ca IEEE. Code Matlab m
phng p ng xung ca bn m hnh knh
tham kho t [9]. Bng 1 sau y lit k nhng
c tnh ca bn m hnh knh ca IEEE.


Hnh 4. p ng xung bn m hnh knh ca IEEE




TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 15, SO T3- 2012
Trang 21
Bng 1. Cc c tnh ca bn m hnh knh IEEE
c trng m hnh knh CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4
Khong cch (distance) (m) 0-4 0-4 4-10 4-10
LOS (Line-of-Sight) YES NO NO NO
m(ns) tr hon qu mc trung bnh 5 9.9 15.9 30.1
rms (ns) tr hon bnh phng ti thiu 5 8 15 25
NP(10dB) s cc ng dn trong 10dB ca ng dn mnh nht 12.5 15.3 24.9 41.2
NP(85%) s ng dn chim 85% nng lng 20.8 33.9 64.7 123.3
Thng s m hnh knh CM1 CM2 CM3 CM4
(1/nsec) t l cluser xut hin 0.023 0.4 0.067 0.067
(1/nsec) t l ray xut hin 2.5 0.5 2.1 2.1
h s suy hao ca cluster 7.1 5.5 14.00 24.00
h s suy hao ca ray 4.3 6.7 7.9 12
1 (dB) lch chun i vi cluster 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
2 (dB) lch chun i vi ray 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
x (dB) lch chun i vi s to bng loga chun 3 3 3 3

xut m hnh knh truyn khong cch
cc ngn v phng php iu ch UWB
Theo tc gi Sumit Roy v nhm tc gi [11]
miu t p ng xung knh a ng ri rc
thi gian m n c lin h vi hm Delta Dirac,
c trnh by trong cng thc 5 [13] nh sau:
( ) ( )
1 1
, ,
0 0

= =
=

L K
i i i
i i k l l k l
l k
h t X t T (5)
Trong :
i
k,l
l h s li a ng, T
i
l
l
tr ca cluster th l ,
i
k,l
l s chm tr ca
thnh phn a ng th k lin quan ti
khong thi gian ca cluster th l (T
l
i
). X
i
l
hm logarit ca phn phi chun. L l s lng
cluster, K l s lng tn hiu phn x trong
mi cluster, l hm Delta Dirac. Theo m
hnh S-V a ra cc nh ngha nh sau: T
l

l khong thi gian n u tin ca cluster th
l,
k,l
s chm tr ca ng dn th k trong
cluster th l, : t l cluster xut hin, : t l
ray (tia) xut hin, t l xut hin ca tia trong
mi cluster.
Vn v tr trong qu trnh truyn, cho
thy cc cluster v ray c to ra bi s phn
x v khc x a t cc i tng. Thi gian
n ca cc cluster c biu th T
l
v thi gian
n ca cc ray th k trong cluster th l c
biu th bi
k;l
, th hin trong Hnh 5. C hai
cluster v ray u c phn b theo hm m ca
thi gian n, tng ng vi t l thi gian
n ca cluster v ray l v , trong ray
u tin ca cluster u tin lun lun n ti
thi im t = 0ns. Hm mt xc sut i vi
phn b cluster v ray c cho bi:
p(T
l
|T
l-1
) = exp[-(T
l
-T
l-1
)], l>0 (6)
p(
k,l
|
(k-1),l
) = exp[-(
k,l

(k-1),l
)], k>0 (7)
Trong m hnh knh xut, chng ti s
dng h s
k,l
c to ra t ba thnh phn
ring bit v c lp nh sau:
, , , k l k l l k l
p = (8)
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Trang 22
Trong ,
l
l h s fading ln (large-scale
fading),
k,l
l h s fading nh (small-scale
fading), v p
k,l
trnh by gii hn pha c xc
sut bng nhau. H s fading ln l phn b
lognormally vi lch chun Gaussian
1
.
iu ny t ra mt hng s suy gim lin tc
trn tt c cc tia ti bn trong mi cluster. H
s fading nh cng l phn b lognormally vi
lch chun Gaussian
2
, nhng n c la
chn c lp i vi mi ray cung cp bin
dao ng ring bit. Bi v h s fading ln
v nh c cng phn b, chng c th c
gom li vi nhau theo cng thc 9 nh sau:
, 1 2
20
,
10
+ +
=
k l
n n
l k l

(9)
Trong
( )
2
1 1
0, n N
and
( )
2
2 2
0, n N

( )
( )
,
2 2
0,0
1 2
,
10ln 10 10
ln10
ln10 20

+

=
k l l
k l
T

(10)
v : tng ng l h s suy gim ca
cluster v ray
H s knh
k,l
ph thuc vo li cng
sut trung bnh
0;0
ca ray n u tin trong
cluster u tin,
k;l
c trnh by trong cng
thc 11 [13].
,
2
; , 0,0

(
= =
(

k l
l
T
k l l k l
E e e

(11)


Hnh 5. Thi gian n ca cc cluster v ray
Nhng nh hng ca fading ln xy ra trn
nhiu v tr khc nhau vi cng b thu v pht
(Tx-Rx) tch bit nhau, c m hnh ha nh
l mt phn b lognormally, vi bin ngu
nhin Xi c trnh by nh sau:
( ) ( )
2
10log10 ~ ,
i x x
X N
(12)
Trong
2
ln(10) 10ln( )
-
ln(10) 20
x
x
G
=
, X
i
l n v
nng lng p ng xung.
Gi tr trung bnh lognormal ca X
i
tng
ng vi trung bnh li nng lng knh G
v gi tr trung bnh Gaussian
x
, trong c
hai tham s G v
2
x

.
TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 15, SO T3- 2012
Trang 23
G c xc nh bng vic s dng nhng
thng s fading ln trong bng 2 v c cho
bi cng thc sau:
p
0
G G / D

=
(13)
Trong
0
A /10
0
G 10

=
v D l khong cch
gia b thu v b pht.
Table 2. Nhng thng s fading ln [12].
Channel model parameters LOS NLOS
A
0
[dB] (Path loss at reference distance D
0
=1m) 47 51

p
(Path loss exponent)
1.7 3.5

Cc thng s c xut cho m hnh knh
UWB khong cch rt ngn (vi mm) th
tng t nh thng s trong m hnh knh
CM1 ca IEEE 802.15.3a. Do CM1 l mt m
hnh knh c c tnh LOS v khong cch
gia b thu v pht nh hn 4m. i vi
khong cch rt ngn, cc thng s , , , , , ,
phi gim m bo rng tn hiu truyn i
trong mt khong thi gian ngn, iu ny bo
m cho cng sut hot ng ca b pht l
cao nht, tn t nng lng nht. Bng 3 cho
thy s so snh cc thng s gia m hnh knh
xut v m hnh knh CM1 ca IEEE. Qua
phn tch trn v t kt qu m phng cho
thy t l n v h s suy gim ca cluster
gim do truyn thng khong cch ngn v
chng ti thu c gi tr = 0.015 = 0.015 = 0.015 = 0.015 v =
5.0.
Bng 3. So snh m hnh knh xut vi m hnh CM1
Channel model parameters Proposed channel model CM1 IEEE802.15.3a
[1/nsec]
0.015 0.0233
[1/nsec]
2.5 2.5
[nsec]
5.0 7.1
[nsec]
4.3 4.3
1 [dB]
3.3941 3.3941
2 [dB]
3.3941 3.3941
x [dB]
3.0 3.0

Hnh 6 trnh by p ng xung ca tn hiu
UWB, trong thi gian tr ngn hn nhiu so
vi CM1 (trnh by trong Hnh 4). M hnh
knh xut c a vo m phng
chng minh hiu qu ca n. Qua phn tch cc
c tnh cng nh cc thng s ca m hnh
knh UWB, chng ti thit k v m phng
m hnh knh UWB khong cch ngn, nhm
nh hng ng dng trong vic truyn thng
gia cc die trong chip, Hnh 7 trnh by m
hnh knh c thit k bng Matlab.

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Trang 24
Hnh 6. p ng xung ca m hnh knh UWB
Hnh 7. M hnh knh c thit k bng Matlab
Hnh 8 trnh by cc tn hiu ca b thu pht
UWB trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Trong m phng ny, iu ch BPSK c s
dng trnh cc hiu ng fading. Cc tn s
sng mang c thit lp tn s 3.0GHz. D
liu ngu nhin c to ra vi tn s N =
1,2 GHz. Hnh 8 (f) cho thy ph cng sut
thp di -41,3dB tho mn theo qui nh ca
FCC v ph tn ca UWB.


Hnh 8. Tn hiu truyn nhn UWB
x 10
-3

0 100
0
200
0
300
0
400
0
500
0
600
0
700
0
800
0
-0.5
0
0.5
(d) Frequency Domain Plots
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
Frequency (MHz)
(f) Unfiltered BPSK Modulation UWB
signal
0
1
(c) Modulation out 0/180 degree phase shift
0 1 2 3
4 x 10
-3

-2
0
2
(e) Carrier Frequency
Time
Amplitude
0 1 2 3 4
-5
0
5
(b) Unfiltered Received Data
0 1 2 3
4
x 10
-3

Time
-2
2
Amplitude
Amplitude
-1
0 1 2
3
4
Time
x 10
-3

Amplitude
(a) Transmitted data
Time
Amplitude (dB)
TAP CH PHAT TRIEN KH&CN, TAP 15, SO T3- 2012
Trang 25
KT LUN
Chng ti phn tch chi tit v cc tnh cht
vt l ca tn hiu UWB truyn trong khng
kh v mt m hnh knh c xut. M
hnh ny c p dng i vi vic truyn
thng UWB cc khong cch cc ngn v n
c so snh vi m hnh CM1 ca tiu chun
IEEE 802.15.3a. Cc knh truyn thng
khong cch ngn c c im quan trng v
hu ch cho vic thit k h thng UWB. Tuy
nhin, qua phn tch trn th cho thy rng
cc tn hiu UWB vn cn b nh hng bi s
phn x v nhiu x nhng khng c bin dng
xung vi mt s suy hao ng truyn thp. V
khong cch truyn thng trong chip ngn (die-
to-die), v m hnh knh c t l n v h s
suy gim ca cluster thp hn so vi m hnh
knh CM1.


THE ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ULTRA-WIDEBAND
CHANNEL MODEL IN COMMUNICATION AT SHORT DISTANCES
Nguyen Chi Nhan
(1)
, Duong Hoai Nghia
(2)
, Dinh Van Anh
(3)

(1) University of Science, VNU-HCM; (2) University of Technology, VNU-HCM
(3) University of Saskatchewan, Canada
ABSTRACT: Accurately modeling the channel is extremely important for the design of
communication systems. Knowledge of the key features of the channel provides the designers with the
ability to predict performance of the system for specific modulation, channel coding, and signal
processing. In this paper, we will present the analysis of physical properties of the UWB channel model
and propose an UWB channel model for short distance wireless communications (with a comparison to
the IEEE 802.15.3a channel model). Through the analysis and design, conclusions related to the UWB
channel model were drawn as follows: there are reflection, diffraction, multipath transmission, and
signal attenuation with distance and frequency but there is no pulse distortion.
Key words: Ultra-Wide Band, short distance communications, reflection, diffraction, multipath.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), Revision of Part 15 of the
Commissions Rules Regarding Ultra-
Wideband Transmission Systems, First
Report and Order, ET Docket 98-153,
FCC 02-48, April (2002).
[2]. R. Saadane, A. Menouni Hayar, DRB1.3
Third report on UWB channel models,
CEC, November, (2006).
[3]. V. Lottici, A. DAndrea, Channel
Estimation for Ultra-Wideband, IEEE
Journal on selected Areas in
Communications, 20, (2002).
Science & Technology Development, Vol 15, No.T3- 2012

Trang 26
[4]. Y. M. Kim, Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
Technology and Applications, NEST
group, The Ohio State University,
(2003).
[5]. R. Blazquez-Fernandez, Design of
Synchronization Subsystem for an Ultra
Wideband Radio, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, (2003).
[6]. D. D. Wentzloff, Pulse-Based Ultra-
Wideband Transmitters for Digital
Communication, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, (2007).
[7]. P. R. Barnes, On the Direct Calculation
of a Transient Plane Wave Reflected
from a Finitely Conducting Half Plane,
IEEE Trans. On Electromagnetic
Compatibility, 33, (1991).
[8]. R. C. Qiu, A Generalized Time Domain
Multipath Channel and Its Application in
Ultra Wideband (UWB) Wireless
Optimal Receiver Design, Part II:
Physics-Based System Analysis, IEEE
Trans. on Wireless Communications, 3,
(2004).
[9]. J. R. Foerster, The Effects of Multipath
Interference on the Performance of UWB
Systems in an Indoor Wireless Channel,
IEEE VTS 53
rd
Vehicular Technology
Conference, vol. 2, 1176-1180, Spring
(2001).
[10]. S.Valenzuela, A Statistical Model for
Indoor Multipath Propagation, IEEE,
1987.
[11]. Sumit Roy, Jeff R. Foerster, V. Srinivasa
Somayazulu, Dave G. Leeper,
Ultrawideband Radio Design: The
Promise of High-Speed, Short-Range
Wireless Connectivity, Proceedings of
the IEEE, 92, 295-311 (2004).
[12]. S. S. Ghassemzadeh, V. Tarokh, UWB
Path Loss Characterization in Residential
Environment, IEEE Radio Frequency
Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium,
501- 504 2003).
[13]. R. Alizad, B. Alipanahi, A. Ghasemi, M.
Shiva, S. H. Jamali, S. Nader-Esfahani,
A New Approach for UWB Channel
Estimation, Fifth Internation
Conference on Information,
Communication and Signal Processing,
291-295 (2005).