Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Volume 4
F A
Q FRAGEN und
ANTWORTEN
FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS
on
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
zur
DIGITALFOTOGRAFIE
QUESTIONS
FRÉQUEMMENT
posées sur la
PHOTOGRAPHIE DE NUMERIQUE
8. The A to Z of digital photography
A
AC adapter Mains adapter. Enables the connection of the
digital camera to the mains electricity supply.
AE Automatic exposure.
AF Autofocus.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
B
Banding Depiction error often occurring in dark sections
of an image when shooting with a high sensitivity
setting. Smooth lines of brightness or colour look
like bands of brightness or colour.
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EN
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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EN
A
C
Calendar card →SmartMedia function card.
B
C
Calibration The reciprocal balancing or tuning of input D
and output devices to receive a matching value.
In this way, the colours on a monitor can be
E
matched with the printer’s colours. (→Colour F
management)
G
CAMEDIA The name given to the Olympus Digital Imaging H
products.
I
CAMEDIA CAMEDIA Master software allows easy, straight- J
Master / forward processing, editing, organising and
CAMEDIA printing of digital still and video images. Using K
Master Pro the software, images can be joined together to
create panoramic scenes. Thumbnail overviews
L
make it easy to find individual photos. The Pro M
version offers additional advantages: the creation
of presentations with sound effects and music, N
which can be saved as movies; HTML photo O
albums for inclusion on websites.
P
Candela Unit of illumination (cd). 1 cd is 1/683W per Q
steradian.
R
Card adapter Device in which the memory card can be
inserted for transferring the data on a memory
S
card between a →PC Card slot and →disk drive T
to the computer.
U
Card reader/ Device that accepts memory cards and, through V
writer connection to a computer, allows data to be
transferred between the media and PC. W
X
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Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
CF →Compact Flash.
Charger Battery-charger.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
D
Data security A collective term used for any measure to protect
and store files as well as programs for an extended
period of time.
Dead pixels Dead pixels do not react at all (unlike →hot pixels)
and can be seen in the resulting image as black
spots.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
Diode →Photodiode.
Display →LCD.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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EN
A
E
Electronic The electronic →viewfinder consists of a small
B
C
viewfinder LCD which displays the picture seen though the
lens, just like with a regular SLR. This is achieved D
with the help of the →CCD which continually
sends the captured image information to the
E
electronic viewfinder. As a result, composition is F
much easier because the photographer is shown
the very same image seen by the camera. G
Furthermore, shooting data, such as picture H
number and settings, may also be displayed here.
I
Email A worldwide electronic mail system. Digitised J
data can be sent almost immediately throughout
the world via telephone lines using only a PC. K
Every email user has his or her own internationally
distinct address where he or she can be reached
L
electronically. Files, such as digital pictures, can M
be sent with any email message.
N
EPS Encapsulated PostScript. A computer →file O
format based on the →PostScript standard. It
is supported by most graphic design and page P
layout programs. In addition to the PostScript Q
code, the EPS file also contains a low resolution
→PICT. R
ESP →Digital ESP.
S
T
EVF →Electronic viewfinder.
U
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
Exposure time The length of time for which the shutter is open.
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F
FAQ Frequently Asked Questions.
B
C
FDD Flexible or Floppy Disc Drive. A storage medium D
with a capacity of 1.44 →megabytes (MB).
E
File A set of data that has been arranged according F
to specific rules. Files are managed in the
computer by the →operating system and can be G
stored long-term on an external storage medium. H
File format Describes the contents of files. Common file I
formats include <txt> for a text file, →<eps> J
(→Encapsulated PostScript) for →PostScript,
and <tif> for →”TIFF”-images. K
Film scanner Hardware for digitising negatives and slides.
L
(→Flash Film Scanner) M
Film sensitivity The information is given in an →ISO value, which N
replaced the earlier DIN and ASA (American O
Standard Association).
P
Filter 1. A transparent, mostly coloured sheet of glass Q
or plastic that can be placed in front of a lens to
create a certain effect. 2. An option in an image R
editing program that enables certain adjustments
to the picture, e.g. colour and brightness or
S
foreshortening. T
Firewire →Serial data transfer interface with a transfer U
speed of up to 400 Mbit per seconds (50 MB V
per second). Sometimes known as an →IEEE1394
interface. Features some of the characteristics of W
→USB, such as →Plug & Play and the connection X
of up to 64 devices.
Y
Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
Fixed focal length When the camera’s lens has a set →focal length
and cannot be moved so →optical zooming is not
possible.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
Full automatic In this mode, the camera not only controls the
→aperture and →shutter but all other settings
(e.g. flash).
G
Gamma A process whereby contrast values are optimised.
correction
GB →Gigabyte.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
H
Hand-held External →exposure meter. (→exposure
exposure meter meter, →reflected-light metering)
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
I
IC-Card →PC-Card.
IEEE1394 →Firewire.
Image plane The area inside the camera where the object is
focused clearly. The image plane can be com-
pared to the film plane in analogue cameras;
the difference being that the film is replaced by
the →CCD chip.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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EN
A
J
Jaggies Slang term for the stair-stepped appearance of
B
C
a curved or angled line in digital imaging. The
smaller the pixels, and the greater their number, D
the less apparent the “jaggies”. Also known as
pixelisation.
E
F
JAVA A programming language developed by SUN.
Among its features is the possibility to program G
interactive software for the →internet. H
JEIDA Japan Electronics Industry Development I
Association. Japanese standards committee for J
storage cards.
K
JPG File ending for →JPEG files.
L
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group. The de facto M
standard for image compression in digital imaging
devices which enables different levels of com- N
pression to be selected. Because brightness O
information is more important than colour data,
most pixels only store the brightness information. P
When the JPEG file is opened, the missing colour Q
data is automatically calculated from the existing
information. (→MPEG) R
S
T
U
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Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
K
KB →Kilobyte.
Kbyte →Kilobyte.
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EN
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L
LAB LAB colours consist of a luminance or brightness
B
C
component and two chromatic components.
D
Laser printer A printer that uses a laser beam to project charac-
ters and graphics onto a drum, which then elec-
E
trographically transfers the image, using toner, F
onto paper. Laser printers are known for their high
quality reproduction and printing speed. G
H
LCD Liquid Crystal Display. LCDs are commonly
used in calculators, watches, digital cameras, I
and notebook computers. J
LED A Light Emitting Diode is often used as an K
indicator lamp.
L
LED printer As opposed to →laser printers, the printed image M
is not brought on to a drum by a laser beam, but
by a row of densely located light diodes. N
O
Lens Transparent glass or plastic that has been formed
and polished to form a certain shape, usually P
spherical. When a beam of light reaches the area Q
between the air and the lens, a part of this light is
always reflected. The remaining light passes into R
the lens and alters its propagation direction, i.e.
the light is refracted. The incorporation of various
S
lenses (converging and diverging lenses) creates T
a →lens system. When optimally arranged, they
allow the subject to be presented correctly on the U
→image plane. V
W
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Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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EN
A
M
Mac Abbreviated name of the Apple Macintosh
B
C
computer. This computer is often used for
graphics applications and →image processing. D
Mac OS The Apple Macintosh computer’s operating
E
system. F
Macro converter Lens attachment that permits fascinating detailed G
shots. (→Tele converter, →wide-angle converter) H
Macro shooting Shooting while having the camera just a very I
short distance from the subject, such as 2 cm J
or 20 cm away.
K
Mailbox Either an answering machine or a computer
service that enables the user to leave voice
L
announcements, text messages, digital images M
or any other type of file. Ordinarily, mailboxes
are accessed via telephone lines through the use N
of a →modem. O
Mass →USB Mass Storage Class. P
Storage Class Q
MB →Megabyte. R
Megabyte 1 MB = 1,024 →kilobytes.
S
T
Megapixel Digital camera equipped with a CCD that can
digital camera record images with over 1,000,000 pixels. Today, U
cameras with up to 5 megapixels are in the price V
range of amateur users.
W
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Y
Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
MF Manual Focus.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
N
Navigator →Netscape internet →browser.
Netscape →Navigator.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
O
Offline Describes the state when no data connection
exists. (→Online)
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EN
A
P
PageMaker Popular →DTP program.
B
C
PAL Phase Alternating Line. A colour television D
standard developed in Germany in 1967 and
used in many European and non-European
E
countries. The image size is 786 x 576 pixels F
with a frequency of 50 Hz interlaced (2 x 25 half
images are generated each second). (→NTSC, G
→SECAM) H
Panorama Special function that allows the stitching together I
function of numerous pictures to create a panorama effect. J
SmartMedia and xD-Picture Cards from Olympus
make it particularly easy to create such composi- K
tions when used in conjunction with a compati-
ble Olympus digital camera.
L
(→SmartMedia function card) M
Pantone A colour scale consisting of about 3,000 grada- N
tions in tone that is used in editing digital images. O
Parallax error When the motif seen through the camera’s P
→viewfinder does not correspond with what will Q
be captured by the lens due to the different view-
ing positions of the two. When shooting close up, R
the degree of error can lead to incorrectly framed
images. Some cameras feature a viewfinder with
S
correction markings to prevent this while others T
automatically compensate for the parallax effect.
In digital cameras, the parallax error can be U
avoided by framing shots with the LCD monitor V
(if available).
W
Parallel Simultaneous but independent execution of X
individual tasks.
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Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
Photocell →Photodiode.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
Polarisation filter Filter that only lets light through that is coming
from a certain direction and so helps cut out
reflections from non-metallic surfaces (like glass
and water). Use of the filter also increases colour
saturation, making blue skies even bluer, for
example.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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EN
A
Q
Quark Xpress Popular →DTP-program.
B
C
Quick shooting This function allows a number of photos to be D
mode taken in quick succession (usually with one to
two seconds between each shot). With a large
E
memory (→D-RAM) it is even possible to take F
high resolution shots with only a tenth of a sec-
ond between them. The images are then later G
saved onto the cards. H
QuickTime Developed by Apple, this is a standard for I
digital videos and streaming media. Many J
internet videos are in QuickTime format.
K
QuickTime A file format created by Apple for saving and
Motion JPEG compressing animated audio/video data (video-
L
clips, for example). Best played with Apple M
QuickTime-Player.
N
QuickTime VR Addition to QuickTime for saving and displaying O
panorama images.
P
QXGA Quad Extended Graphics Array. Standard for Q
displaying images on a screen. Typical resolution
is 2,048 x 1,536 pixels. (→SXGA, →VGA, R
→UXGA, →XGA)
S
T
U
V
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Y
Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
R
RAM Random Access Memory. The user can read
and write data from/onto this type of memory.
RAM is used to temporarily store both data and
programs. As opposed to →ROM, all memory
stored in RAM is lost when the power is turned
off and is therefore called volatile memory.
(→SIMM)
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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EN
A
S
Scan The process of reading information through the
B
C
use of a →scanner.
D
Scanner A device used to →digitise printed information
(pictures, graphics, and text).
E
F
Scene program Modes for certain types of shots. In a scene
program, the camera automatically selects the G
best parameters (such as →aperture, →shutter, H
flash mode, etc.) for the scene in question. Typi-
cal scene modes include night scene, landscape, I
portrait, sport. J
SCSI Small Computer System Interface. A general inter- K
face standard used, for example, to connect
external storage devices or scanners with a
L
computer. It is necessary to differentiate between M
SCSI I, SCSI II, and SCSI III.
N
SD Card →Secure Digital Card O
Search engine Helps catalogue and find the huge amount of P
information available on the internet. (→Altavista, Q
→Google, →Lycos and →Yahoo)
R
SECAM Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire. French
television standard. Also used in former Eastern
S
Bloc countries. (→PAL, →NTSC) T
Secure Digital →Removable storage media for images U
Card and audio files. V
W
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Y
Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
T
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol over Internet
Protocol. Standard →protocol for sending data
packets over the internet or network. The data
is automatically broken up into small packets.
An error correction procedure takes place
automatically.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
U
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter.
Set of chips in a computer regulating data flow
over the serial interface.
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
V
VGA Video Graphics Array. Refers to a display screen
with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. (→QXGA,
→SVGA, →SXGA, →UXGA, →XGA)
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A
W
White balance The adjustment of a digital camera to the respec-
B
C
tive type of light (→colour temerature) such as
daylight, overcast, tungsten, and fluorescent light D
for even truer colours, or – on the other hand –
create a different, striking effect.
E
F
Wide angle Wide angle lenses are those with focal lengths
of 35 mm* and lower. The typical qualities of G
these lenses are a wide viewing angle, (60° to H
180°) and a large →depth of field. Standard wide
angle lenses are classified as having focal lengths I
of 28 to 35 mm*; super wide angle lenses have J
values of 24 mm* or less. (→Tele, →zoom)
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera) K
Wide-angle Lens attachment that reduces the focal length.
L
converter (→Macro converter, →tele converter) M
Windows Graphic-based operating environment developed N
(95/98/2000/ by Microsoft. O
NT/XP/ME)
P
World Wide Web Currently the most popular service offered Q
through the internet. The →WWW provides
the possibility to transmit files with multimedia R
content (texts, sounds, pictures).
S
Write cancel This mode allows image data in the buffer memory T
to be deleted and cancels the saving process to
the memory card. The camera is thereby immedi- U
ately ready to shoot again. This function is espe- V
cially useful in cameras with high-speed sequence
shooting. W
X
WWW →World Wide Web.
Y
Z
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8. The A to Z of digital photography
X
xD-Picture Card An innovative memory card standard developed
by Olympus and Fujifilm, launched in 2002.
Particularly small digital memory media for
digital cameras that is very durable and robust,
and allows speedy data transfer rates. Capacities
of up to 8 GB will be possible in the future.
(Max. available capacity 2002: 256 MB).
Y
Yahoo! Well-known internet search engine.
148
EN
A
Z .ZIP →File format used for data compression.
B
C
ZIP-Drive A device that allows the storage of up to D
750 MB of data.
E
Zoom lens A type of lens that allows the photographer to get F
closer (zoom) to a subject. By adjusting the focal
length (manually or mechanically), the degree G
of magnification can be altered. This feature is H
particularly useful for picking out subjects at a
distance. The zooming power of a camera can I
usually be read on its lens; 3x (e.g. 35 - 105 mm*) J
is a common zoom level that provides good
magnification. However, other cameras offer up K
to 10x magnification or more, which increases
the focal length ten times (e.g. 38 – 380 mm*).
L
When using such high magnification lenses, an M
optical image stabiliser or tripod help to ensure
sharp, clear results. (→Lenses, →tele, →wide, N
→digital zoom, →focal length) O
(* Refers to a 35 mm camera)
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
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