Thesis Full

! "##$
! %&&"
' '

( '

' )

*

+,

-& &&&
'

.

"/." "*"0

1
2 *

%&&"

3

3
%&&%

1 '
' 3 4
5 6

*

1 (

'

1
1

78 *

9

:

9
1 '
'
3
: )
2

*5 5

( 8 :

2 *; :
<

; '
) : '

8 4
'
3+ :

:*4

'

1

4
1 '
(

*
)
(

"&

!=
(

!
>&

*

'

(

)4/&#

'
*

(

+
+

+

4
*

(
!
*

=

+

(

'

5

'

'

+

'

?

=

1
(

5
,

*
*
)4/&#

+

*

"" +

"% 5

"%

"% :

"%
*

%"

%" A
%" B*
%"
%"
%% 1

%%
%% 2
%%
%% :*
%% )

%> !
%>
%> *

%>

%>
%>

"%
">
">
"@
"$
%"
%"
%%#
>@
>#
>#
0"
0>
0>
00/
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
%0

8 ' 0#

>"
>%
>>
>0
>@

>"

>" 8

>"
>" : 7

>% )

>%

>%

>> 8

>> B
=
*

>> =

!

'

>0 *

>0 *

. 5 +

>0 ,

0" 1

0%
=

0%

=
0% = 4
)
0>

0>

0>

0> 5

*

?(*

00 ! '

0@
+

@"
@%
@%
@0
@@
@@@$
@#
-&
-&
-"
-%
->
-0
-0
-@
--

-/
-$
-$
-#
/&
/&
/>
/@
///
0@

0@

4**)*
0@ )

0-

0/ 1

?(*
*

0$

@"
@%
@>
@0
@@
1

=

5
(

*5 5

@@
(

@@ 7= :

@-
+

@- 7(
@-

!" #

-" 1

-% )

-%

-%
'

-> !

'

-0 *

-@

-@

-@

--
=

--
*
511 >&&
-- *
511 >&0
-- !
511 >&&

//
/$
/$
/#
$&
$%

$>
$0
$$$
#"
#"
#%
#>
#>
#0
$
#@
#@
##$
"&&
"&"
"&>
"&>
"&0
"&"&/
"&/
""&
-- !

""@
-/ ""-$

""$
%&
/"
/%
/>
/0
/@
1

*

!
A*
(

/@

/@ 1
,

7

""#
"%&
"%"
"%"
"%>
"%>
"%0
'" ()$ ()$*

) ))
$" 1

$%
(

$> 5*
$>

*
$0

$0 7
,

)4/&#
$0

$0 7
,

)4/&#8
$@ )4/&# %@&&
@&&& /@&
$&&
$- )4/&#8 %@&&
@&&& /@&
$&&
$/ 2

)4/&#
)4/&#8
$$

$$
$$ ) )
:*
%&C%@)
$$ *

=

$$ D

$#

"%/
"%/
"%$
"%$
">%
">0
">/
">/
">#
"0%
"0@
"0#
"0#
"0#
"@"
"@0
"@-
$
#" ) ) '

#"

#" (
'
#" ) ) '

#" 2

'

#"

'

#"
#%

#>

#0
#@

#- 5

#-

511 >&0
511 >"-
#-

#-

#-

#-
#/

) + #

"@/
"@$
"@$
"@#
"@#
"->
"-0
"-"-/
"-#
"/>
"/>
"/>
"/0
"/@
"//
"/$
"/$
)
,%-. !%
,%-. /!
,%-. 0*%%
$)
,%-. (!1*

G
G
G

:

(

:

( :

(

*

5*

+

E

F
8*

, *

:

,

(

E !F

"
$

*

=

+

?(

(

E #F

"&

7

7

7

7

7A
7
A*

*5 5

'
: 7

, : 7
3
3
=

*

*

(
*'
(

*

'

!

.

!

1

( *

*

(
@-$
"-&
* **

>&& -&& I"J 6
(

=

'

-@& (

'

E,
""F

2
,

Superheated steam
To turbines
Reheated steam
Preheated steam
Burners
4 "".
Superheater and reheater

tubes pendants
600-650 o C

5 =

+

=

5

4**)

'

K L
4*

*

(

+

2
,
)'

+

4**) E, "%F
*5 5 I>J
Cr
80
20
60
wt%
Cr
40
wt%
Ni
Sigma
40
60
20
18/12
80
20/25
Austenite
Ferrite
Fe
80
60
40
20
Ni
wt%
Fe
4 "%.

! " # $%
$ &'

(
)*+,*,
-*.
(
!

)

) M 6 5
+
, *

*
=

(

' +

' I0J.
) N ) O O &%@E
F O >&EF O &%>EF O %@E)F
N O %%&EF O "%@E F O @%@E5F O "%/@E)F O "%@E F O &%/@E6F P
1
(

P

,

2
,
6

&
E
*F

=

&
( I@J.

& E F N @&%
$"&EF "%>&E)F ">E

F >&E)F "%EF @0EF -E F P
5 >&0 E "%F &

*

& & @&P

>&P 5
'.

& E F N 0#/
0-%E O )F #%%EF $%"E

F %&E)F ">%/EF "$%@E F P

=

I@J
5

"$ "%) P

'

+
5
(

*

.

'
)

4 >&0

)4/&#

'

) 4 ( "$C"&

"$ "&) P
511 >&& ,
*

=

EPF

"% E I-JF
,+ )) "
2
,
P
>&0 I-J
4*/&# I/J
P
>&0
4*/&#

&&/ %&&
&&- "&&

)
& &
"@
&%-

)

&&0 $*"& "/*"#
&&&- %@
%&

)

& & & &
&&@ &&&@ &"-/ &0&
"".

"%. * , /!!

0

1 .$ ! . $ !( ,
2

&'(
:
2

E' &&> PF
K)L

E.
>"-2)F
*
>"- >%"
>0/

)

' 3
>&& 511 >&&

) 4

511 >&&

' >"-

1

(
+

=
*

(

>&&

*
%&*
%@)
* 5

E 5%$-F
I$J

+

< E

F

2
,
"&&&&& +

I#J
*

)

'

'

0 P
%*-
P 5

(

"$C$

1

1
*

2

'

,

*
!

(

=
*

*

=

*

*

) M

)

1

.
'

*

=

1
=

(

I@ -J

=

I"&J
2
,

511 >&&

+

*

,

78>&0

+
>&0
*

) )
Q 5M7%@

6 )
) )4/&#

4 ">

) 1

, =

4 "0
"@ I""J

*: 511 >&& ,

K L

Q
2
,
[147]
Heattreatment
C
18Cr12Ni, C<0.08
18Cr8Ni, Nb
ASME TP347HFG
AISI 304
+ Ti
18Cr8Ni, Ti
[100120]
AISI 321
18Cr8Ni, Nb
+ Nb
AISI 347
18Cr12Ni
AISI 302
+ Mo
Tempaloy A1
AISI 304H
AISI 321H
AISI 347H
AISI 316H
18Cr8Ni, Mo
+ Ni
Cu addition
[168]
18Cr8Ni,CuNbN
Super304H
25Cr20Ni
AISI 309
(SUS321J1HTB)
(SUS304J1HTB)
[80]
22Cr12Ni
[136]
18Cr8Ni,NbTi
HGrade
0.04~0.10C
AISI 316
+ Cr
Chemistry
optimisation
[168]
25Cr20NiNbN
AISI 310
HR3C
(SUS310J1TB)
[186]
20Cr25Ni,MoNbTiN
[140]
NF709
(SUS310J2TB)
21Cr32Ni,TiAl
Alloy 800H
[155]
20Cr15Ni,NbN
TempaloyA3
(SUS309J4HTB)
4 ">. * 2

$$(
3 4
$!

5!! (
2
,
150
Super
304H
Allowable Stress / MPa
TP347HFG
Tempaloy
A1 1714 CuMo
100
TP
30
4H
TP
31
6H
TP
32
1H
50
550
500
600
650
700
Temperature / oC
4 "0.
* &

$%% $ $ ( , $$(
150
NF
HR3C
70
Tempalo
Allowable Stress / MPa
yA3
Allo
100
y 80
0H
TP3
10
50
500
550
600
650
700
Temperature / oC
4 "@.
* &

! ( ,
$$(

6 (

#@&

(
5

' B* ) )

*

*
*
511 >&& %&C%@

*

?

'

A

C
E ) M B F

2 '

.

6

,

*

$0&*#&&

K*L

.
,
*

A +

5

>&*-&

""&&
"%@&

A

A

A
) E*
F *

%"
. R
5

)) 0># 3 >$*""@@
) 00/ 3 >$*">-0
) 0%0 3 >$*"0%&
0>> 3 >%*">$>
%".

!

?
(

=

A

(
'
*
E
F

2 '

)

'

7

.
(

.
IJIAJ N
(
IJ

(

IAJ IJIAJ

'
( (

E I0 -JF.
I JIJ N %%#/ -/$&
EF
#>@&
I)JIJ N 0%@@ EF

"$C"%

*

4 %&C%@ ' I"%J ( N"&0/@ N>0%
)
( N/#&&
N0#%

%&C%@

'

.

A
(

A
(

A

A
A
1 '

A

*

E O) )OMF

*

*

E E )FE )FF
8
=

I"> "0 "@J 4 ( 8 I">J
)E )F.
EP)F EPF ) O EP)F )

N"

2 '
N G )8
N G )8
G :

)
,

A

* 1

)

B*

B* E))F
)

1

&&-) P

>0/ B*
( I"-J

C) A

* I"/ "$J )

*

B*

1
B*

: 7 E
, :
7 F
*5 5 *

5

+

A

5

A

' '
I"%J

(

IJIAJ 1

'

(

?

+

6 I"#J +

+

A

( E,
%"F

'
I%&J

)C
) E "$C"%
"$C"&F
!

%&C%@
)C

2 '
Niobium Carbide (wt %) available for precipitation
0.20
0.15
0.10
NbC
0.05
Nb 4C 3
0.06 0.04 0.02
-ve
0
r
0.02 0.04 0.06

+ve
4 %".
*

2
6/ 7

$// 7

2

#
# 8
&

#( , $6(
"C" I"% %"J '

' I"%J

,

"."
%."

5

I%"J $."
"&." E
"."
0.>F ,
"." 5
(

) "."
%&C%@
1

E

"&&& F )

,

(

A A ,

=
(

* A
"$C"%

2 '

, *
I"/ "$J 1
A *

E > /@& F

E ) MF
(

. A

?

A

=

*
*
A '

1

= '

+ 1

<

= ,

+
?(
=

=

A
=

=
1 <

(
*

5
S
I"/J =

A

B* (

)

1

3'
3'
"#/% I%%J

E I0JF

B*

3'

3' I%%J.

E 0C
F N>&>/ R
5

N/>#" R
5

)
)

) )
M S' I%>J

2 '
B*
>"-2).
E&&"F E&&"F

""& I"&&J

1

A B* E F *

8
I%0J

)E)F

)

B*

5
)

+
B*
)

B*

=

A
1

*

(
I%@J 6

,

I%0 %@ "-J '

I%@J *' I"/J

. 8
I%0J

E" ">&& F "$C"%

&>) P

&&#) P

5
$&&& $--

4
*

"& *
"@/>

B*

'
8

E+
I%0JF B*
"@/>

"-%>

8

3' I%@J
B*
%&C#)

&>$) P
&%/) P
/&&
"&&& 5 "&&& B* ,

1

>&

5
/&&
( "- 5 M S'
I%-J

B*
>"-2)

< -
$% -@&
"%
>/$#&

2 '

I%/J
=

"$C"% &0M &">)
&0>) P 5 @&&&
/@&
B* E) MFE )F

5
S
I"/J

A
A

)OM *

B*

1 +

B* )

. I"-J
(

>0/

)
&&-

I%$J ,
B*
%&C%@ &0") P &&%$) P

C
'

'
) B*
M
)
)

.
)
(
)

))
I%#J

B*
"$C"% )

+

)
B*
,

)
)) ' !

I%$J )E )F % $@&
%&C%@

B*

4
)4/&# I/J B*

"& /@&

B*
)

)
+
8
I%0J

>0/ E"$C"% &$)
&&/ PF
>0/5 E"$C"% &>) &&#)
&&&# PF )
B

)

(

=

2 '

:

B*

E,

F =

=

=

1

=
'
1
B*
A
I%$J
5
S

I"/J 8

I%@J

B*
%&
"&) E8

F
,
=

"$C"%

B*

) )

+

/ 5

)
4

1

* *

Q

) 1 E

4 > F

"&@/
"&-$ R
5

1

.
"&& "&&
&"& &"&

1

5

.

1
)

E

2 '
)

F

:

"""
""&

(
'
' I>&J

1

E>&
/@& I>"JF

1

"""

6

I>%J
, =

'
! =

'
4 %%.
)

#(
!

""&

"""

"""

'

2 '

9
4 %>. 9 ) &

&

#

&4

:(

. '
' I>&J

'

I>>J

'
,

'

'

'

(

E

'
F 5

I>0JF
)

=

!

?

.

+

2 '
1

*

'

' I>&J (

*

.

(

5
'

I>@J

)

) 1

""&
"""

'

!

*

4 (
%%@" P
&>4 &>$ &" &%%

E *5 5F

>&0 &&04 &-@ &"" &%%

2
I>"J +

"$C$
4)

'

I@J +
0& P 4

1

(

1

?(

+

*

'

*

?(*
E ( I>-J I>/JF
1

Q

+

E* F

2 '

,
E541 I>$JF

1

E I>#JF
(

<

I"&J
7(
,

1

E

F

I0&J.
IJ!!
N /%/" -%/%
EF
5

, %0 "$C"%

,

'

1

1
'

. &&% &&$ P
* "&& &"

,

,

(

1
(

' 5

'
'

=

!

*'

(

=

I-J I"%J (

4 I0"J

&&$ P

=

2 '

1200
Austenite
TEMPERATURE oC
Temperature
/ C
1100
Austenite + M7C3 + M23C6
1000
Austenite + M23C6
900
800
700
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
CARBON WEIGHT PERCENT
Carbon / wt%
4 %0.
#

& )
(
& )*+,*, &

) )
3
&
!(/ $(!)
&'(
$%;$

!; ( * 3

<!(
)

=

I"&J
!

1
>&0

5
I0%J

6

E >"-F

E FQ

1

(
A@) "/"> E"/ "> @ PF I0>J

2 '

I00J
1

(.

,
A

I%/ 0@ 0-J
= =

*

)

:
I0/J

>%"

' I"%J %&C%@

!

2
' I0$J
>%"

"/ -&&
,

2 I0#J

>%" E"-&&&*%#&&&
-&& F
!

'

(

+
+

)

'

+*

+* E2 F 1

1

+

'

E

F

*
"&#@

""%$ R
5 1 4>

:*
4 > +*

2 '

I@&J

*

* EE4F F
* E4) F

4 EN"""" R
5F

I@"J 1

EN"&#@ R
5F I@"J

I@%J
>"-

)

E %%F

%
3

4 )
0@ -@ &$ >& &@ %-/ >"
%%.
) # =

/$5

(

!

) 1
)4*/&# E %&C%@ ) &"/) PF
*

) Q

6

>"- I@>J

I@0J
E0-- F
-/& 1

'

=

'
"&-% R
5 E3 "/*
>>&F ' (
5
)

4 E %>F

I@>J
6 I@>J
E* F E)* 4F
) 4
@&&
>@ "" %& %0 "&
-&&
>% "@ %& %0 "&
%>.

'
/$5 /(
3*
I@@J

E ) )F

%&%@)@ &%) 1 @
>&&& $@&

2 '

+ 1

%@ P E

F

1
>"-
E4F 6

' I@"J .
E4F
1

I00J "&&&& /@& E
*

F
2
' I@-J "&&&& -&&
-@&
'
I@/J #&&
I@$J

>"-

-@& %$&&&
-&&&&

)

?

. I0>J

,
"&&&
>"- &&>/) P

"
#&&

&&-# P :9'

I"&J
3*
I@#J

%& %@) 0@ P

+

: 7

*

+* 1

+*

=

1
3*
I@#J )

1

+*

1
>%" E *F

'4
1
>0/

)

'

I-&J

*

:*

'

=
4) ) E

2 '

)4/&#F )) (

'
=
1

)*

*

' I"%J
"&&& /&&
%&C%@ 1
"$C$

-&&
$&&
I00J
E@&&&& F
-&& E%&&& F $&& +

,
%@
( )
1 )
+
Nb
excess
Fe2 Nb
NbC
Fe 3 Nb 3 C
+
NbC
4 %@.
9
3

) &

0 # )

5$

E 5"
I00J
>&0 &">) &&- &&/ PF
1
%&C%@

:*

'
E I-%JF

,

A*
=

1

. 8 I->J

%&C%@

E&&> PF :* E

&0*&/ PF
6

E
>0/
%&C%@F

+
B*

) A 54
:*

* ) 5

)

6

>"-

"$P )
I@0J

I-0J :*

1
%&C%@*)* I-& -@J
7 I--J

:*
)
:* 1

%&C%@ :* )
)

2

$

)4/&# I/J E

""F )

+
:*
1

) 1

(

+

5

(

:*

)
+*

* *'

4*

4 1

1

1

=

=

*

E 0 ),-,F N$$& R
5
N0@0 R
5
E4F

>& 8

I-J.
E"""F E&&"F

&"" E"0&F

E"""F E&&"F

""& ""&

+
4 (
3*
I@#J

*
%&C%@

0@
-& P.
%

4 )
3
&*" %/*>% "*# >@*0> $*"@ "&*"-

2

)
>"- I>#J

E

F.
% 4
3
00 %#% $>

5

* *

*)

' I-/J * ,

5

*

I-J 1

. >&0 >"- E F
>%" E F
>0/ E) F E I00JF =

%@*%&)
( %& P *
%sigma
5
347
321
Tempaloy-A1
316
304
1
0
10 3
10 4
time (h)
4 %-. 9

>

( * #,$

$%;$! & ; $(%5 & /<
$(<!( *
# 7?@( , <<(
1

.
I00J

* "&&& /&&
>0/
>%" E>0/

*
>%"F 1
>&0 >"-
*5" *

,
+

"&&&& E, %-F 1

*5"
) )C "$- "/0&
>0/

2

*

+

"$ P 1
>0/

) )

*
5"

=

>%"
'

:
I0/J

*
%&&&
>%" *

%&C%@
E, %/F =
=
* 7
' )
'

*

1

*

"&&

+

* *
I-/J
5
6 I-J *

.

N &%--) O "%/" O %%--4 O 0%--E O O 6F

O@%--M O -%--B O "&%--) P
1
%@% *

2

1

1

+(

I@"J 6 2
=

1

' 2

E F

R
N//%
2 (
- ),, N0/> 5
R
5

<
*

+ 3*
I@#J *

2
%&C%@ @ P.

2

5 "&
$@&
%
4

)

3
%#
% >-
% "#
% ">
" "%@
&%$ "%$
&%@
5 >&&& $@&
3
>/
" >@
" "%
" "0
" & &%/
&%%
2
( +

1
4 ) 4 E F

I-$J 4 )

.
E&&&"F" E"""F
E"&T"&F" ET""&F

1
>&0 2

) 1

>"-

%*%@ P

.

I00J

"&&&
-%@

$&& (
2 I-#J

4 $&&
6
2 I/&J

2

-0&
$&&
#&& 6
'
I@"J ( 2

>"
$"@ 1

4 (
*

1

4

>%"

@&&&&

-&&
/@&
>%"

I/"J
5%$-

"- %-)
"$ P "&&& $"@

>%"
1

4 ) +

4 ) 1
>0/
&$/)
&&@ P "&&&
-@&
$&&

@&&&*"&&&& I00J

1
*5" E"$C"& &">) &&/ PF

2

2

%@&&& 1

)

E, %@F 8
I%0J
)

2
>0/ &$)
&&/ P E$&&& -&& F

B*
, >0/ &>)
&&#) P 1
)
B*
4 )

1

>"- /@&

E *
F 1"0>,

@$

$$&/
$$/$ R
5
5
4

'
1

5 E F

+

>%" I0/J

,

>"-

4 (
%@&&&

/&&
$@&
2

*
/"@*$@& @&&&
I@$J %$&&&
-&&&&
-@&

:*

) 1

,
M

"#@-
5%$-

*

%-)*"@ E& %> PF
5

1

>&&

%&C%@

"#$@ I-&J

%&C%@ )

@&&*$@&

,

2

:*
5 5

1M
I--J 5
'
I-& -@ --J
I0#J
7 I--J

+
E )
F 4
I-&J

.
%
3
) ) 4
@" %# "0 0@ "@
%0.

!"#
2

*

:*
>%"

' E %@F )

%
3
)
4
->> %&# "%% >0/ &">
%@.

$%#

:* ""% R
5

""-
4 > 1
' ) ) I-& -@J

) I0# /"J 1

I-%J
%&C%@ )

""%%@
&%&@ R
5
,
5

:*
,

'
%&C%@ )

5

I--J

772 E7
7
2 F E
I-&JF
*
7 E
I0#JF
+
'
+

E )F

,

:*
"

:*
.
" 1

*
E
F

2

% 1

%&C%@ )

(

> 1

>%"

4 54
1

,
:* I/"J * :*
5%$ 1

*
:*

&&" P

5
% P 5
:*
'

>&&

:*

:*
>%"
+ I0#J

>%" :* "-&&&
@&&&& -&&

>%"

:*

<

(

I00 0$JF

:*
'4 54
1
%&C%@*)*
:*
I-& -@ --J

I-&J '
I-%J

I/%J
:*

:* 1
I-%J

""%%@
&%&@ R
5 :*
'
E
F

, %/ 1
E&-$) &&>/ &-" PF :*

@&&
$@& ,

)

)
(
=
+

7 I--J

:*
%&C%@*)

( =

2

grain boundary M23C 6

grain
boundary G-phase
850
matrix
Nb(C,N)
no Nb(C,N)
remaining at
grain boundaries
800
matrix
G-phase
Temperature (C)
750
700
650
600
matrix
-phase
*
550
grain boundary
-phase
500
10
10 2
10 3
10 4
Time (h)
4 %/.
**9 9&

5!(
) :*

(

) :*

(

*

(

)

:*

1
%&C%@*)*)

) )
:* )

1

"$C"%*) :*

I@0 @>J
1

- P

)
:*

)

:*

"$C"%

/

) ) E * 5F

.

5
5%$ "@*%@)*5*

+

*

>&&

) 5

, %$

2 !

+ Ni(AlTi)+Ni 2 AlTi
Ni(AlTi)
Ni(AlTi)+Ni 2 AlTi
Ni 2 AlTi
Ni2 (AlTi)+Ni3 AlTi
Ni 2 AlTi
Ni 3Ti
ALUMINIUM, wt%
+ Ni(AlTi)
+ Ni 2 AlTi
limit of austenite
ferrite region in
solution treated
conditions
+Ni2 (AlTi)+Ni3 AlTi

+ Ni 3(AlTi)
+ Ni 3Ti+Ni3 (AlTi)
Cellular
precipitation
+ Ni 3Ti
0
TITANIUM, wt%
4 %$. .>

3

%!!
$
/(

E I/0JF 4

I/@J I/>J

I/@J.
)5 )E * 5F

>-& R
5
1

)
+ (
EN@&# R5 N$>% R5F
+ )
. )5 E /&& F

E"&*"&&F

5

2 !

1

*

E&% P
#&& %&) PF I0"J 1 E(
*'F

N0/$ R
5
N000 R
5 I-J 5 9
*

*

*

* *

)

B*
5

I"&J

1 3*

I@@ @#J

* %&C%@
&%") P
"&
$@& .
%

)

4
3
"&
&% ""
&> 0/
" %&
" ">
" "#
"
1 N-> R
5 I@@J

!

2 I0#J
=
>%"
-&&
"-&&&
@>&&&

I00J
Q

*

1 N>%" R
5
N"""% R
5

4

=

I/-J > P
*5"
>0/

*

,

8 = I//J
"$C"&
&> P 1

N#"$- R
5
N0@@$ R
5

2 *#
$

5

6
+

*

' '

*

B*

*

: 7

' *5 5 '

1

+*

+*

* +* !

: 7
4)
) A

A

'

'

5

*)*)

)A

B*

2 *#

()

()(

,

,(

/

0

)
0

0

7
8
0

)

)

&
'

*$$+
()
*$$"
()(
*$-,
*$.$
,(
*-"-+ *+-%1
()(
*1"2+1"!3
4 0
*1"!.11.3 4 5 4 () 5
*33" *$2$
46(6 6
*$+- *++.
4 6 4 ()
*33"+33+3
4
*11.
( () 6 ( ,
%-.

5 *

'

4

525

: 7

*
*5 5 Q

=

'
, (*
I/$J 3

I/#J
5 I$&J

! "

*

525 E52
5 F

(

(

5

:

!

+*
2

:

,

'
. A E ) )) F

( E F

+

I$" $% $>J

4

'

:

: 7 E
*
, : 7 F

.

E F N O
O O
E>"F
G (

/

%#$

"

1

+

(

:

.
N O
O

E>%F

(

'

( :
(

#

=

2

:

,

L (

G/#
N
E
F
E>>F

:

.
N
O
E>0F
!

1

1

.
0 N O O
E>@F

(
.

G(

N 1
% E"
F E%

F
E>-F

1

G
A
G xs
mix
G ideal
mix
4 >".
)

# " &
-
# 0
& &

(

2 &

A
&
& # 1
(
2

4

(

+
>>

( :
(

.
N E" F
E>/F
N 1)%E%

F

E, >"F :

:

.

N

O

O
E>$F

*

*

( ( :
(
.

N

E
O
E>#F

8*
( .

N

E
E>"&F
1
: 7

.
N O
O
O
E>""F

=
(

(
1

=

(
=

) (

4 ) (

4
* 5

,

( :
(

.

N

E>"%F
2

(

E F

E "
, F
5 *
'

.

O
E>">F
O

*

: 7

! !#

: 7

)4/&# E

""F

,
.
5
. B*
:*

5

( )

5
.

4 (

)
)

6

: 7
B*

*

:*
%&C%@

*

2

4

'

1

: 7

2
% % ' +5%
4
) )
4 ) ) )
4 )
4 )
4
)
4
4 )
4 )

$&&

)4/&# 5

( 9

+
1

(

+
5

+

!
1

,

*

$
5
<

?

*

?

1
?

:
G
<
.

G

EGF N (
2

5
(

(
G

( 2

:
.

E>"0F
G N 032
> G O 032

G
:

:

1

:

<

2

G*
rc
4 >%.
2
-
#
& B

( , %<(

=.
%
"-3

N
E>"@F
G
> G

+

2 N
2

' .

N (

4 (

E>"-F
4
+

'

)

%

*

*

1

A

*

$

6

:

E>"0F

,
I$0J
:

2

.
G N 32 G O "% 5
E2F O %3 2
E>"/F
5

E (F
6 G)62 N & (

.

G
5
2N
E>"$F
%G "
" 3

+
7 N G 5)E3 F

. 7 8 "

1 7 "

=

:

(

.

O

N #
(
E>"#F

#

2

$
"
)

.

1

4 >>.

# #

( , %<(

.

0 +
N %/
+ G

E>%&F

* ( + +

+
1
, >> .

%
>

O
+ N %3
>
+
N 3

+ N 03 E" F
E>%"F
3

I$@J (

*

,

!

'

G

(
:
G

, >0

:

F
*

G N G )9 9 N E F)E

'
E
F
(

2
)
Gm
G n
Go
x x
4 >0. ,

2

0
3 &
4
(

+

+ (

(

+

G

:

4

+ E F

:

( :

I$-J
, >0 G

!
"

(

(

6
9

=

2
Composition

=

1
*

4 >@

,

1
=
*

c
c
c
Diffusioncontrolled
Interfacecontrolled
Distance
4 >@.

&

0 (

0

3 &
3 &
4

(
+

, 0"

( B

*,

EF

(

0

&
'

Temperature
Composition

,

, >@ 5 *
,

B

, >-
c
c
zd
z*
z
Distance
c c
4 >-. *

0
%

#
&

(
2
1
?(

.

$
6

61
$

E>%%F
1
1

=

(

?( +

.
E
F N $
E>%>F
1

.
" 1 E F N 1 E F
E>%0F
%
1

H N E F)E F

+
>%% >%>
>%0
.
1 N H "
E>%@F
N
% 1

E F E F
.
1 N H "
E>%-F
N
% 1
1

.

E>%/F
1 N H
< +

*

$ &

5 (

=
*

+

(

,
1

(

?

6

'

,
(

'

:*
= I$0J
2 !" #

dO
dn
x x (r)
4 >/.

-
#

# >

# #( *
&

(
4

:
(

E, >/F I$0J.

:
E>%$F
E2F N

(
*

:)-

4 :)- % )2

2

@

# !

5

= =.

=
,

2 !" #
(

1

*

, (

1

5 (

*

(

+

(
%
)
* +

6

(

'

; .
<!
N E
; F
03)>

V
11111
00000
00000
11111
000
111
00000
11111
000
111
00000
11111
000
111
00000
11111
000
111
00000
11111
000
111
00000
11111
000
111
000
111
11
00
00
11
00
11
00
11
11
00
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
Step 1
11
00
00
11
00
11
0000
1111
111
000
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
0000
1111
Step 2
0000
1111
00
11
00
11
11111
00000
0000
1111
0000
1111
00
11
0000
1111
000
111
00
11
00000
11111
0000
1111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
00
11
00000
11111
0000
1111
000
111
000
111
0000
1111
0000
1111
000
111
00000
11111
0000
1111
000000
111111
000
111
0000
1111
0000
1111
000
111
00000
11111
000000
111111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000000
111111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000
111
000000
111111
0000
1111
000
111
0000
1111
000000
111111
0000
1111
00 111111
11
000000
00
11
Step 3
4 >$.
* >

0
2 (

5 L +

2 !" #

6

;
; O ;
;

.
N < ;
!
,

(

(

&
.

! $
<! ;

.

N "

(

5

.
EF N "
(
(

,

! 5 +

8

I$$J ,

+

1

=

;

; O ; .

N
N
E

E
; F ;
; F ;
E>%#F
2 +

(
.

N "

N "
O

O

(

.

N "

E>>&F

E

F
$ %
525

(

? : 7

' *5 5

:

+

0

*

=
*

*, (

(
,

*

=
*

*

!

(
+

E I$# #& #"JF

+

'

E ( *=

F !

(

9

'

E I#% $$ #>JF
1
'

(

4

=

=

*5 5

(

2
6
! &

(

&
$
5

I#0J =

4**)*

=
'
*

!

'

,

(

=

3U

I#0J 1

**4*) 3U

=
I#@J
= *

.
V

N
"
& W
E0"F
V =

&

W
,

.
6
W N
E0%F
6

"

3U

( &
.

=
"
"
G

& N & (
N (
E0>F

& +

=

G N X =
X ,
& N ( EX F
525

, +
G
+

I#0J +
G ,

00.

G

G
2
6

$
G

F#

#
G

F
E00F

=

( G
,

E
F G "

4

,

1

G (

3U

I#0J

4**
)*
?
)

=

=

4!8 85) E

F

?

E
) F

,

4 )

, 5 (
4!8 85)

*5 5

W ,
+
0%

0"

)4/&#
511 >&0

V
C
0%$/ "&
@%$- "&
0". *# 2 > 2 #

# "
# "
$!/ 7
&

$($(
(
! &
$ -.
4

) =

I>-J

I#-J 0% ( =

.
2
)

2

511 >"- I#/J $%# "&
-%% "&
"-*"0) I#$J @%@0 "& @%@& "&
0%. * >

, /$5 !

>
(
!

* . ,

,

,(

(

'

$ $

=
*

(

?(
(
.
N
E0@F
?( =

(

?(

=
+

+
?(

E, 0"
+
0-F.

N
E0-F

+ (

(
+ 5

, 0"

'

+
+
= +*
=

(

*
= E =

I##JF '

@ !
=

2
c c
4 0". *

0 ; (

&

0
4 #
( *

(
3

# >

0(
4

(*
I$0J.

/
N
E0/F
%

/
.
(E F
E0$F
/ N%H
X E/ F
H
,
H N E F)E F
" % >

.

X E/ F
.

X E/ F N
(
E0#F
0 >
1
H & " (

X

(

, +

.
4
EH &F.

>
/ !
N %3 H
E0"&F
2
/ %!&'
%H
E0""F
4

EH "F.
/
!
/ %!&'

E0"%F
" H

N
" H
E0">F
%

5 +
0$

4!8 85)
*

=
*

(
1

100
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.1
Relative error
10
(a)
(b)
1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.001
0.0001
(I)
(II)
0.001
1e-05
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
0.95
4 0%.
* 0
&

0

( * 2
; 0
3
<($

&

(
' 2 E.CC* +

CCF
,

@&&

&
" 1
*

(

E, 0%F

2

5

, 0% ' "P

+
0"%
H 8 &%##0

*

H N & 5

H N &%##&
+
0"> 5

/
(

'

$
(

=

=

& '%

(

(

4 0>

(
+
'

+
*

*
,
=
,

+

=
= 4 (

=

= "&
/@&

, ,
*
*

+

+
.

E0"0F
'

=
, =

,( *
*
=

+ *

,

*
+

+
0"0 *
,(

?(*
*

2

c2

c 2
P
c2
c
2
c1
c1
c1
c1
4 0>.
* A0
0

)
3 >

0
9 4
(

& $ >

#
# (
& '%
5

?(*
*

I$# #&J

1

=

9

7 49
I#>J
(*

,

. ,

,

( (

2

*5 5 I>J

: 7 E
F 1

4!8 85)

*
5 5

' +
0"0

?( 1

?(

.

$

E0"@F
*=

E F

1

*=

6

+
0/

(
*

$
/0

1
E
(

, F

,
*=

+
0"@
,

*

+
/

+
0/
4 00 *

?(*

,
*

*

*

*
6
( 4 *
*

EH N H F
/ N / =

,

*

N

H

H
1

4
( , ,

*

#
#
#
#
#
2 !" #

Identify fastest (f) and
slowest (s) diffusing components.
Decrease amount of (f) by [step].
[step]=[step] / 2
Calculate equilibrium
How many phases

at equilibrium ?
no
S f Df
S s Ds <
yes
Tieline found for pseudoternary
4 00.
* &

#
A0

# #
# )*+,*,1

#

(

6
*

?(

*

?(

*5 5

:

#

'

- 4

*

2 7

6

( =

*, (

?

$

(1
! '

700
700
600
ith
500
ts
ou
400
i
oft
300
ngement
With softimpi
200
Size / nm
Size / nm
in
mp
500
Cr
and
on
Cc
400
300
200
100
100
Cr control
(I)
0
tro
600
en
m
ge
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time / h
(II)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time / h
4 0@.

&
& )
5 !
, /$5 6 &
&

>
(
&

&
)
8 ! 5 !

(
4 0@E1F
N &

=

=

=

2 7

4 0@E11F

=

=

1

=

=

*

?(*

< E*

,
0>F 5
+

( =
+

(1
!

/ 5

- $

C4

E
%"F 0> (

+

5
C4

+
7

4

E1F 0/ -0-" ##@ &&&"

-@& 6P
6P E11F 0#"% %&&@ "&"% &&&E1F /# -%>/ #&> &&&@
$&& 6P
6P E11F >"0- >$@& #>" &&" 0>.

=
.
1

11 ?(

9
"/@ "%> ) %@ "-
&&/ P
I#/J
(1

,

)) )

: 7

(

%
'

1

4
)

2
$

)

?

=

4

=

'
4 0- (

BS
'S I#/J
511 >"- -@&
$&& 5

(

=
*

E

=
F
4
C4 " E0& 4
600
ol
nd
tro
nd
a
Cr
200
n
co
a
Cr
600
Size / nm
400
Size / nm
800
ntr
co
400
200
Cr control
Cr control
(I)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time / h
5
10
Time / h
(II)
15
4 0-.

&

) , /$5
6 5 !
%!! (
>& PF

I"&&J

511 >&0

C4
%

*

5

, 0@ *

?

+ =

=
5
*

(

=

2 " 8&4' 4
5

E I#% $$ #>JF

*=

+
0"@

(

5
+
0"@ ( ?(
.

#

N
N
# #
# #
#
E0"-F
6
*

, 0>

<

*=

*

.

=

*

?(

4

=

=

#
( # ! )*"

"
1

,

*

?( E

*=

F
, 00 , ,

+ *,

6
*

=

5

, 0/

511 >"-
6 <
"& $&&
*

2 " 8&4' 4

600
o
ntr
Cr
co
nd
200
y of
isoactivit
carbon
Cr control
ity
ctiv
a
o
s
i
bon
car
400
of
200
Cr control
(I)
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time / h
co
a
Cr
600
Size / nm
Size / nm
400
C
nd
ol
ntr
800
5
10
Time / h
(II)
15
4 0/.
* ) 5 !

%!! ( *

& &

2 #(

E

F
I0J

,

511 >&0 I"&&J 00
C4

<

<

C4
7+
N &
4(

C4
"%
&/%
00. * ;

)
>
, /!<
# = ( * # 2 #

& 0

(
2 +
+ %
5 4!8 85)

*

*5 5

1
(

*
=

+ ?(

5

1

(

+
+*

1

=
1
,

+

= *

' :*
+

1

$

5

> 525

(

*5 5 *

+

+

,
=

YZ

:*
+
E I"&"J
2
6 '
"0#F

>

!

*
+
:

E7+ %%%#
I$0JF

'
*5 5
!

*

4

:*
+*

1

*
(

+

,
:

6:)6-Q
)

6:)6-

-

$ &

* '

I"&"J 5
(

,(
4 @"
. :
E F 6:)6-

:

G

G N

1 =

(

.

2
6 '
G
d
V
m dP
x ( P ) x ( P + d P )
4 @".
* >

-
#

0
(
-
#

# (
E F? N
E@"F

+ Q
? =

E, @"F.

? N
6

6

6

6

( )# *
( *
N6

6
E@%F
N E O F E F

(
+
5

.
6
.
N
N

E@>F

E@0F

.

EENF&F N E G F

E@@F
2

:

Q

2 N &
?

2 N

:
% )2 .

E2F N %

E2 N
F
2

$

E
"

F
E@-F

=

'

*
:*
+

4 ( 4'
I"&%J :*
+

?

(

*

E4*"$*"&)*
* PF

49
I#>J

+

=
E F

+ 49

:*
+
,(

1

=

+
@-

(

(
( E F
EF ' ,

2

+

,
@% )
+ *

, @%

*
)

7+
@" .
@ ? N
E@/F
@

,

)

*

+
@%
2
G
N
M
M
B
4 @%. * >

-
#

##(
*

&

)
2 )C
C( D

2 (
.

6

6
O 5 6 6
6

6
5
6
O
O 6 6
6

E@$F
N E F
5 N E F 7+
@$

I"&>J
% )2 .

EG J IJ IG F N %

E@#F
E J
I F

( IJ ,

.
6
E@"&F
N
6 6
1
<

*

+
@> :
) N E F)E F +
@$

2 , & 4-,,
.

O 5

E
F
E
F
E@""F
+

(
Q

4
-

E- "F +

1

+
*

+
@""

8

(

*
5
:*
+*

+

(

1

(

*5 5
=

+
G +
6:)6-

$ * ",

*5 5

:

> :

'

I$"J

E
+ @"%F (

.

$# N

%
% % %
E@"%F
% %
,

,

,

%
2 , & 4-,,

:*78 I$>J.

&
'
N O 5 O
O ! O 9 O
) O
&
E@">F

:
E* F
(

,

%#$"@ 5

: 7

,

1

*
5 5
:

5
( @"

*<

E F
&
'
.. 4..
.. ).. M.
.
.4. 4.4.
.4. ).4.
.
. 4.
.
.
. ).).
. . 4. .
.). 4.).
.M. 4.M.
.M.
M.M.
@".
) ( )

# 4 )
")" 2

3
($

( @&2

# 4

#
2 2

(
4 )) )

: 7

*

:*78

1
* I$>J

I * )J

.

E F N
O O O
E@"0F

G

O "
+ :*78

:

2 , & 4-,,
$)

.

5

"
!
9%
E

N E F
N E
N
N )%
N
)N )%

F N G E%#$F O
F O
E

&
&
E
)%

F N O
&
&
)> O )
FO

(
O
)%
)E% F
EG F

G

E@"@F
)

G E%#$F
G

5

(

:

"& 3
1

"

+

:

-1.0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
-2.0
4
Gibbs energy / 10 J
-1.2
Gibbs energy / 105 J
-1.4
-1.6
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-1.8
-8.0
400
800
Temperature / oC
1200
400
800
Temperature / oC
4 @>. E

>

-
#

) & )*+,*,( *

&
8 $ 9
(
8 $! 9 -
# #
$! F

(
1200
2
,

5> E ) F )) ) )

) )
) 4 @> :
))

=

"

*5 5

9

,

+ E
:

F +
@&& 3

@ "&

$$
11
!

0

(

E+
@""F

(
E ,(

F
. 4 )

E F
) )

) E&&> PF
E&&- PF

(

@%
(

(

,
6

4 N &%&&&>
N &%&&&- ""/>
& )*+,*,

0
& )*+,*,

0
)

)

) >%%@ "&
%%#$ "& >%%@ "&
&

%%#$ "& "%-> "&
&
"%-% "&
4

( E&% ) &" PF.
)

@%.
)
$%>> "&
%%#/ "&

)

%%#/ "& $%>% "&
%%%> "&
&

&
%%"@ "&
* @
0
F ;
& )*+,*,

0
(
2

) (
6

11

)6
#&
$
1
( )

( E F
+ )
L :

@> (

+
) "%&&
+
@@
+
@""

*5 5 '
&% P ) &" P
1

(
)
,
)
G .
C E3C F *5 5
7+ @@ 90
:; 211
"&&&
% ) /%/0 "&
% )
@&&&
% ) -%&> "&
% )
@>. *

0

3 & &

-
# #
)*+,*,

>
3
(

(
1
E)
(F
=
) +
@@

:*
*

6

E7+ @""F
(

4 @0
C
O)

:
) "&&&& 3C 1

49
I#>J

(

,

2 7
$
0.1
Mole fraction of C in austenite
(d) Fujita and Bhadeshia

(c) with capillarity, Eq. I.11
0.01
0.001
1e04
(b) with capillarity (MTDATA)
(a) no capillarity (MTDATA)
1e05
1e06
1e05
0.0001
0.001
0.01
Mole fraction of Nb in austenite
4 @0.
*
D
# $!! 7 9 8 !
& )*+,*, 9 8 $!!!! F;

:

= C

3
($$ (
$'

12
#0
=

:*
+
49

I#>J

5 E.CC 'C C
F

=
+
@""
4 @@ =

Q

:*
+
E , @0
( )
F

(

,
= 6

*

=

(.

:*
+

=

+
=
'

(
2 7

0.02
$
0.02
Fujita and Bhadeshia

This method
0.015
Volume fraction
Volume fraction
0.015
Fujita and Bhadeshia

This method
0.01
0.005
0.01
0.005
0
0
50000
100000
Time / s
150000
25000
Time / s
50000
4 @@. * 2

)
) ( ?
&
2

),9 ";;&&&(((4;;
(

) & ( ?

)

2

2
) & )

- *
3

(< &
0 (
12

:*
+

( I#> "&%J 1

?

'

5

(

1 (

( *

, +

9,

,(

(
'

6

'
+
*
+ (

(

1

*

+

' ' *5 5

'

0
,

Q

'

=
>

'

' -

> 1

.
N (

4 (

E-"F

Q

4
+
'

) 4

.

"3
N > G

E-%F
2

$

)
G

*

,

*5 5

+

+
=*

( "

&@

,

*

*5 5

2

:

O

=

.
E-
- F
O -
E->F
-
-

-

+
:

1
:

-"
(
:

* !

5

*
:

@&%#- "& 0@%## "&
E3C

F @&%@> "&

-". * -

#
)

$% $ $ ) $( )
!(< !( !(! * !(!5 &'
! ( *

# : #

-
#

& -

# ) (

*

(

+
-> -

2

$
5

>. *

(

Q :

5 (
+

(
' :

, -" 4

,(

=

(I)
(II)
4 -".
x x
*

0

/ &
" &
2
0
2

0
3 2
#
( G
0

-
#

# >
3
(
4!8 85)

'

*5 5 '

: 7

+

8

I$$J 49
I#>J 1

2

G
5 N &
*/// 3C
5
*">&& 3C
)

-%. * 2

*

#
$% $
$(! ) $( )
!( !(! * !(!5 &' ! ( *

# *

2

( .>
#

&

#
2
2
&
&

(

=

*.

)

*

*
=
*5 5

'

+

2
! 3'

+
-"

*=

(

(

?

,

4 -%
?

511 >"- $&&

?

$
2

$$

=

&"@
&%@ 3C
0.015
= 0.15 J.m2
0.000
4
6
8
log (time / s)
10
12
0.000
4 5 6
log (time / s)
N=1015 m 3
0.005
N=1020 m 3
0.005
0.010
N=1025 m 3
Volume fraction of M23 C 6
0.010
(II)
(I)
0.25 J.m2
0.20 J.m2
Volume fraction of M23 C 6
0.015
4 -%.
* >

# & 8 $!

# & 8 ! F
2 4

)

, /$5
%!! (
5

+

*
+
1

'

$ E *

F , %/
+

( .

+
,

(

2 !" #
))
' # !

'

4 ->
,

4!8 85)
*5 5 '

Loop on i
t is i t
Driving force for pcp
Nucleation rate forpcp
Nucleation
Loop onk
from 0 to i
Growth
Total solute removed

from matrix by pcp
next k
next precipitate
next time step
Loop on precipitate
pcp
Modify matrix
composition
growth rate of particles

nucleated at t=k t
volume change for
these particles
set pressure according

to radius of particles
nucleated at t=k t
find the tieline
satisfying the
flux balance
growth rate
solute removed from

matrix
4 ->.

?H*H,
&
2

(

I

2
#
& (

=

(

>
(

I$$J.

N "

E-0F

(

2 4

+

O

(

E

N "
F .

E-@F
N

(
+

(

,

(
<

, -> +
,

7

*

' @&
E, 00F

+

"&&&
+ "&&&

%*>
-0 0@& <
6
=

*

+

=

'
" !
5 (

0
(
,
?(

(C
*

?(*

'

(
,

+
*

?(*

'
E, -0F

*
I"&& -/ "&0J.

4

, -@

4

511 >"-

2 4
c2
c2
final tieline
passing through c
tieline
shifting
first tieline
c1
c1
4 -0.

( ,

$

#
A0

9 4
(
0.20
0.65
0.15
0.60
Cr
0.10
0.55
0.05
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cr in M23C6 / wt%
Fe in M23C6 / wt%
Fe
0.50
600
Time / h
4 -@.
E

)

, /$5 %!! ( *

0
3
& &( ,

3 2 (

E ) F
*

%.

+

"."

: 7

2
)
'$

!

+ *

*5 5
21

'

'

+

4 (

*

6

)

+

(
+ 1

511 >%" E"/" "%-) "@
&@ &0# &"" PF

I"&@J (

+
-> +
*5 5 /@&

C P
*
&%&@$

&%/0
->. * 3

! , /$ # *2
$! & )*+,*,(
1
*
+

"%@& -0

"%@&

)

'
3 "/% "%- "@ &@ &0# &""
5 3 "/"0 "%-> "@&> &@&" &>&% &&->
-0. * 4

%

$ ! , /$ # *2
$! (
2
)
5
, -- '

= *

(
(
+ '

0.006
0.006
0.004
TiC
0.002
M23C6
Volume fraction
Volume fraction
(I)
(II)
0.004
TiC
0.002
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Time / h
Time / h
4 --.
* 4

*
, /$
# *2
$! &

# *
&
)
*
&
#

&
( )

0
3 4

(
5

(

, --

+

+
4

21
4

(
511 >%"

4 -- E11F

*5 5 '

(

, -/.

(

*

'
*

(

(
( (

E"F

(

=

2
)

(
E%F

cCr
cCr
M
P
M
(2)
(1)
cC
cC
4 -/.

0

* &
)
(
1

E"F
E%F

+

,

(

(

*

(

*

5

+

E
F
,
B
L (

+
>%-

=

(

4 (

/&&

"%&&

'

*

C O

4 -$ 511 >%"

-0
(

I"&@J

"&&&

2 '" 6 2
)

5
%

+
0.006
M23C6
Volume fraction
TiC
0.004
0.002
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
Time / h
4 -$. * 2

)
*

, /$

! ( ) 0

#( * 2
*

2

(
-> * ( +

511
>%"

*

I"&@J

*<

( *
)*

*

'' . # ! &

5

+

4
=
=

,
4 ( '

2 '" 6 2
)

I"&@J
(

"&&&
7

!

I"&0J
=

(
> $

' 9

+

+

22
!

*55 66
*

,

I00J

511 >&&

,

+
-"

*

.

<
(

!
*

(

5

.

=

5 ,
+
>%&

(

.

+
+
0
N
E--F
%/
+ G
=
,

+
>%"

22
*55 6(
511 >&0

*

( (

2 '" 6 2

,

4

,

*
*

4 (

(

,

4 ,

E"& "& F

!

6 N > "&

N &%%$> 3C

+

I00J
, -#

. *5 5

+
*

'

2 '" 6 2
)$
750 oC
Volume fraction
0.004
700 oC
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
800 C
o
600 C
100
1000
10000
100000
Temperature C
800
750
Minami ea
700
650
Time / h
4 -#.
**9 * * 9

, /!<
" $%( 6(! $(/)
!(5 !(! &'( 9

**9
# )
<<( *

2
!(! '( )

0
#

(
2 '" 6 2
22 7

*55 66

4 -"& I00J

*

/&&
=
511 >&& 1

511 >%" 511
>0/

* E %F
34
7
5
321
4
3
30
31
Calculated
100
1000
10000
34
31
Volume fraction of
Experimental
100000
Time / h
4 -"&.
*

!!
>

, /!! <<( = /$
/<

*

2 # &

B( +

&
&
#
2
, /!< (

< *

9 (
511 >"-
*

511 >&0

I00J
, -"&. *

511 >%"
>0/ -@

*
=

(

*
511 >%"
>0/ >&0

(

1
*

,*

2 '" 6 2
: <
'99 -"$
'99 -$+
'99 -.1
'99 -1! .-

13."
1+!3
1+!$
1!"%
(
%"+
1"$2
1"21."1

1+1!2
1+!
13-
, ()
= >
"!"
.12 1"
."%+
"2%
"$3 $ 1"
1!%+

"2% "12
! 1"
1+!1
"!$
2$ 1"
.33$
-@. *

< >
# )

& )*+,*,
2

0
:

( ,
!! (

=
Q
,
-"&
E I-/JF
'

(

#

)

*
(
511 >0/
511 >&0

,

=

9,

+
-"

,

(

!
,

(

>

,

<

.

#
$
(

E-/F

+

?

C
4 '
?

1

+

?*

(

?

, -""

2 '" 6 2
C at %
E1 = E 2
position
4 -"".

# # 0 A

3 #

# &
&
.(
1

(

=

1

*
4**

(
?

(
5

, -"%
=
?

C at %
E 1 = E 2 = ...
Cr at %
cCr
cC
position
4 -"%.

A

#(
+ >
A
# &
#
2

(

?

*

9 ( E ) F
( E ) F 9
?

2 '" 6 2

* 7+
-"

*
.

N 9 (

4 (

E-$F

,

9

1

?

*

*
< 4 -"> =
.

E F
?

C at %
Cr at %
cCr
cC
Cr at %
C at %
cCr
critical
values
critical
values
cC
position
position
4 -">.

>

A

&
( *
A
&

&
2

&(

E -@F

9
9

(

9 9

511 >0/

, N 9 (

(
N E9 )9 F

4

511 >"-

*

* 4

511 >"-

>&0 E
-@F
9 (
9

+

N E9 )9 F
(

2 '" 6 2
4

'
*

-"&
(

, -"0
Austenite carbon content / wt%
0.01
304
316
0.001
321
0.0001
347
1e-05
1e-06
600
650
700
750
800
Temperature C
4 -"0.
*

>
, /!! & )*+,*,(
4 -"@

+

(

(

?

( 9

1

(

+ (

49
I#>J (

2 '" 6 2
Volume fraction of
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
347
316
0.01
304
0
100
1000
10000
100000
Time / h
4 -"@. *

!!

>

, /!!

& 2
&
&

( @ 8 / $!
/!< 8 < $! /$5
8 % $! /<(

E
F

1

(

22
7

5

,
(

'

!

4 -"-
+

511 >"- /&&

'
I00J /@&

(

*5 5

<

+

) E511 >0/F
4 )
4)
(
)
( E 11F 5

4 )
2

M 23C6
M 23C6 + Fe 2 Mo
M 23C6 + Fe 2 Mo
+ phase
0.05
p
hase
Volume fraction
0.04
0.03
0.02
M 23C6
0.01
Fe 2 Mo
Laves (
100
1000
10000
100000
Time / h
4 -"-. * 2

2
>

,
/$5 !!

2 0
# #
)
<<(
) A B*

: 7
'

'( . ! !

4 -"/

5

' *5 5

'

?

,

'

+

4 (

2

511 >0/

""&&*"%&&

'

=

4**)* (

0

=

Thermodynamic database (mpi file)
Composition of alloy
Physical information on precipitates
re
ad
cr
Solution treatment temperature ?
Phases allowed ?
Calculate equilibrium
ea
Solu
tion
New
te
trea
tme
mat
nt (y
es/n
rix c
omp
o) ?
osit
ion
User
Calculate diffusion
coefficients ?
Interface
ts
cien
no
yes
effi
n co
usio
Diff
Read from file ?

Enter manually ?
fil
lt
su
re
n
si
Main calculation loop
4 -"/.
-

& 2

& )*
+,*, &
&
#

-*. 2

2 (
4

,*

2 +
'+ %
5

*5 5 4!8 85) *
7=

,

?(*

5 9

' +
(
*

*+

*
(

=

5 =

1
(

5

(

(

,

1
*

=
!
"#
(

(
'

,
=
'

5

,

*

.
<

"@
@ 4

7 E

F

'

(

,

=

E
:*F

+
*

K,

+L

1

+ (

, /"
2
4
Heat-treatment
General Observations
Structural identification
Composition
Optical Microscopy
TEM : diffraction
TEM: EDX
Hardness
X-Ray on
extraction residue
SEM: EDX
4 /".

#
3

2

>( *.)"

#( .+J"
#
2 J#
# ( .)"

#(
( "

)
. )4/&#

)4/&#8
E
)
F )4/&#
%&C%@

/"

!(%

(

<(6

(/<
$(!!
)
!(6
)
$( !
)
$(<!

!(<$

!(/%

!(5

!(<
*
!(!
*
!(!

!($5

!($!

!(!5

!(!/
=
!(!!
=
!(!!
9
!(!!5
9
!(!
/".
( !6H 2
2
!6 &

(

'

8 >

Q

E, /%F
<

'
E
F

&" +

*

)4/&#
)4/&#8 /@&
$&& "@&&&
2 !
4 /%. 9

2 ( K

&
.)

2
#

(
* # # $

4(
(

'

"%&&

"
7

"&P (

@ M '
*

( :

-&

"&P

E- M "&
>& F ' (

5
*
E@ "& "@*> MF

@- ! "&&
*

!

E

F
*

*

,
( /" ! *

7 '
'
' "P
' 4 *

A* =

'

'

5

(

A* =

(

, />
2 .4 &
A* (

Pt wire
140
Specimen
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
10% HCl
in methanol
Square root of intensity
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20
Stainless steel cathode
40
60
80
2
100
120
140
4 />.
* 0

# # 2
!6( , # J# 0
(

"&P

E, />F

,
&% ,
, E,

&" ,

F ,

1
,

,

%* A* = 1
,
=

' 5

,

'

+

9

,
*

E

7 F

+

1

*
7

*

1
+

2

EF E) F

E
F '

' 5

<

7

)#
($

(

9 9

,

81

*

5 , "&P

' (
E (

'
(F
11111111
00000000
4 /0.
9

( ?
&

( ?

0
5
,

'
, .

' ,
,

+

,

> 4

E%@&&

F

2

=

9 <
( < =

5
(

> "&&

E"%&& F

'
@&
'

*9

@P "@P
$&P
5

@P

%
* (*

5
=

( ,
'

(

81
5
,

'
!#
' >&

>&& 'M
37!2 %&&&4A E%&& 'MF ,

A*
E7AF

E772F

* + ,

* =

=
*
+ +

Q

9 <
( 5

+

, /@ 1

=

=

E F

"

# .

" N

$
E/"F

$

2
111111111
000000000
specimen
1111111111
0000000000
2
Rhkl
4 /@.
&

2

>

2
>
(
=.+
#
&

#

(
.
"%%%R
5
E/%F
E" O &%#/#%"&F

$

5
U

&&%@ R
5 %&& 'M
&&"# R
5 >&& 'M
4 $

%&& 'M E37!2 %&&&F.
$ R
5 $
@&
"%$"
"%@
-&
"0#@
"@
$&
%&"&
%&
"&&
%0"/
%@
"%&
%#&#
>&
"@&
>-&>
>/@
%&&
0$&"
@&
1

0P =

1

=

(

(
$N
2
E

F

+ E

* ?

* * #
O O # N 0-
F
, 2 <

E4!2BF

=

=
A
!

< 4
7 1
7

<
"&

@&&

=

1

7

'L

9
<
( 7
E

' 'F
9 <
(

,
7

* + -.
1
7A A7 EA*
F A*
=

+

7A

7
0@Q
"&& ' %&P
7A

( 1

<
7A

(

=

,
7A

$
% &'!()
&'!()*
!( $((
+

)4/&# %&*%@)

)

( *

*

+

(
)4/&#

(
%&C%@

+

+ *

)4/&# )

$" 2

(

. )4/&#8 *

"%&&
+
Q

'

*

)4/&#
'

""&& (

2 ,4 "

!(%

(

<(6

(/<
$(!!
)
!(6
)
$( !
)
$(<!

!(<$

!(/%

!(5

!(<
*
!(!
*
!(!

!($5

!($

!(!5

!(!/
=
!(!!
=
!(!!
9
!(!!5
9
!(!
$".
& !6 2 #
9&(

!(!!$ &'

/

/@&
$&&

"&P E F (

@- C "&& !

*

I$J

7 E

F (

*

@P
%
* (*

*9 *

7(

(

"&P

@*- M
,
,
&% < 1 ,

,
A*

%*
=
+ "#

9

1 '

* (

'

$%

""&& )4/&#

"%&& )4/&#8

=

=
*

*

=

< E $>F
2 ,4 "
)) P
)4/&#
&%-&
)4/&#8 &%&&
) P
&&-0
&&->
$%. 9 3

&

(
M "& ' 5
<
)4/&# "/$
"%&
@"
)4/&#8 "-%
"%#&
$>.

B !6
!6H( -
B

$!5(
A*
(
=

5

$0 )4/&#

B*

*

))
)4/&#8

)) B*
()
()(
,
()6,
,(
()(
-31-!$ -31122 -.1-3- $+1$13 -31$." .2"2%1
(4+"%
?
?
?
(4+"%@

?A
$0. H J#

# 0
& 2
E " 2#
"
G" &4 EG" 2# &4(

7 E

F

8

E > )
"
)AF <

)

7A E

A*F )

( B*

=
=

=

% "%&& =
)4/&#

(

<

)4/&#8

<
E , $%F 1

,

* A*
2 ,4 "
)
Square Root of Intensity
300
250
200
TiN
150
100
Z-phase
50
40
60
80
100
120
140
100
120
140
2
70
Square Root of Intensity
(Nb,Ti)C
+
60
NbN
TiN
50
40
30
20
10
40
60
80
4 $".
JH# >

0
2 !6H

4
2
4

& ,

E $0F
*

<

$@
M "& ' 5
<
)4/&#
"@/
%
"0-
>&
)4/&#8 "@$
%
"%$
"&
$@. @

B !6
!6H $!! (
-
B
$!5(
2 ,4 "
200 m
200 m
4 $%. ) !6

!6H $!!

$! &'
0
&(
( . 5!
2 +
+ %

)4/&#
)4/&#8 " "&& E)4/&#F
%&& /@&
7(
E, $>F

+

A*

6000
TiN {200}
(A)
Counts
Counts
M23C6 {333}
(B)
5000
NbN {111}
4000
M23C6 {333}
NbN {111}
TiN {200}
4000
3000
2000
2000
1000
0
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
8000
(C)
M23C6 {333}
Counts
6000
4000
TiN {200}
2000
0
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
4 $>.
J#
# 0 !6 $ ,
!!
= !
!6H !! ! ( ?
#

4

4 2

0 #(

=
,

)4/&# 4 $0 )4/&#
)4/&#8
%&& /@&

%%

%&

(

2 +

(a)
1
20 m
(b)
20 m
4 $0.
!6
!6H !! ! $!

$! &'
0
&( ;$

#
;

&

#
;/
&

#
( ;$ &

(
2 +
9(
!#
,

-86:
1

, A*
( 7
*

B* E))F

, $@

, $-.

)A 5

(

)A
E %F 5
* *

*

(Q
=

, $- EF
EF 5
,*

=

7A
7A ,

B*

1

=

A*

(

7 B*
5

!
< B* 5

, $@

@&

%&&

/@&
,

%&&
<
,
B*
, ,

B* +

,

B*

* )4/&#8

,

B*

(
2 +

(a)
1 m
(b)
1
1200
(c)
Cu
Intensity
1000
Cr
800
Nb
600
400
200
0
200 nm
10
Energy / keV
4 $@.
*

!6
!! ! &

& )
;$

;

1

&
;$ L

.+J
#
&

(
2 +

(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(e)
(f)
(g)
1200
Cr
Intensity
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
5
Energy / keV
4 $-. * 2

)
!6 $!!
10
! "

&

&

3
( + >

&

0

& &

&

#1 )

( 9

J

2 #

# >

) &

0
# .+J (
2 +
9(
/ 5

$

%&& /@&

7

M
/@&

E -F
4 $/

)4/&# " /@&

(

E

7AF

$- 4

,

+
200 nm
4 $/. *

!6
$ ! &
)

(
%
/3
$-.
9(
4 )
@@& "-$ >% "&$
* 2

) $ ! (
!#
,

-86:"

,
)4/&#8
)4/&# 4 $$

)4/&#8 %&& /@&
2 +

, $0
, B*

+

,

)4/&# 5

E, $$ EFF

)4/&# 7

* )4/&#8

=

'

(
=

B*

(a)
500 nm
(b)
200 nm
4 $$.
*.)

!6H !! ! &

# # )

L

&
L &

(
2 ()$
)) ))) ) ))
$
+$ -0(12 $11 $111 ($1 +11

4 $# )4/&# %@&&
@&&& *
.

1

(a)
10 m
(b)
20 m
(c)
10 m
(d)
50 m
4 $#.
? !6 !! !!! !

!! !!! %!!
A*
( .

' ))

%@&&
@&&& $&&

, $"&

)) ,
B* E))F
5 (

A* %@&&
@&&& $&&

'

5
, $"& EF
$&&
/@&

'

2 ()$
)) ))) ) ))
8000
6000
Counts
Counts
15000
M23C6 {333}
(a)
10000
TiN {200}
4000
NbN {111}
)
(b)
M23C6 {333}
10000
TiN {200}
5000
NbN {111}
2000
0
0
30
35
2000
(c)
40
45
2
50
55
60
30
35
40
45
2
50
55
60
10.72
(d)
(I) 750 C
(II) 800 C
10.70
m
-10
a / 10
Counts
1500
1000
500
10.68
10.66
10.64
10.62
70
72
74
76
2
78
80
cos2()/sin() + cos2()/
4 $"&.
J# 0 !6 !!

!!! %!!

&
!! !

%!! &

55! 4 ) %!! 1

)
!6 !! %!!
2
8 $!5%/ M
,
E O O #

O O # N 0-
'

+

F

EF)
EFO EF) )
*8

( N #&

I"&/JQ

, $"& EF $/
=

, ) )
,

)
E"&-% R
5 3 "/*&>>&F '

%

) )
,
$"& EF ' E1F

,

2 ()$
)) ))) ) ))

) A E A )F. 6 I@>J

,

E / P
"&& F (

,

C 5
%@&& @&&&

"&-$> R
5 "&-$0 R
5
R "&/%% 5
R
) )
"&/"> 5
$/. * )
%!! &
>

(
7 (

,

*

) AQ =

,
"&/ R
5

*
(

(

=

Q

( =
E %&&F

=

=

=

020
200
200
500 nm
4 $"". *.)

!6
!! ! &

&

#( + >

B

0 !!$
0

&
0

!! (
2 ()$*
)) ))) ) ))
+' -0(12 $11 $111 ($1 +11

5

+
%%

=
)4/&#

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
4 $"%.
? !6H !!

!!!
!
!!
!!! %!! ( * &
&
!! !!! %!!

#

(
5 %@&& /@&

*

, $"% EF

, $"% EF

@&&&
$&& (
, $"% EF

5 @&&& /@& +

*

2 ()$*
)) ))) ) ))

*

, $"% EFQ
$&& *

,
7 *

00 0&4 "&) - P

0- >$4 "&)
- 5 5

*

(

. *

1

<

*

*

5 )4/&#

) )
A* =

( )4/&#8 @&&& $&&
/@& 5

, $">

,

)4/&#

'

@&P
(

,

)4/&#8.
'

) )
)

+

+

Counts
3000
2000
1000
0
72
73
74
75
2
76
4 $">. * 55! 4 )

77
78

!6H !!!
%!! &

!6 &

%($!(
2 ()$*
)) ))) ) ))

7
=

7A
7
,
*

, $"0 EF

B*
%&& , $"0 EF
(b)
(a)
1 m
1 m
(c)
(1)
(2)
031
100
1 m
4 $"0.

!6H
!! ! &
L

!!

)

&

#( *
!6H !!! ! &
;$
& ;

#(
2 9 ()$ ()$*

+( 3 ! -0(12 -0(12

5
"&&&&

"/@&& /@& )4/&#8 !
"&&&&

4 $"@ )4/&#
)4/&#8 "&&&& /@&

$&&

/@&
(b)
(a)
30 m
30 m
(d)
(c)
30 m
50 m
4 $"@.
? !6

!6H $!!!! !

2 #
%!!
2 #(
)4/&#

) )

E, $"@ EF
EFFQ )4/&#8

*
2 9 ()$ ()$*

1200
1400
(a)
(b)
NbN main peak
1200
1000
800
2500 h
Counts
Counts
NbN main peak
1000
800
600
10 h
400
10 h
400
2500 h
600
200
200
0
0
30
32
34
2
36
30
32
34
36
4 $"-. *

>
4 !
%!!
!6 !!
$!!!! (
/@& E, $"@ EFF 4
*
$&& *

E

F
)4/&#8
A*
(
)4/&# ))

*
$&&
/@& E, $"-F
'
)) EB*F 5

B*

))
(
5

%@&&
@&&&

) )

$&&
/@& Q
.
C 5
@&&& "&&&&

"&-$0 R
5 "&-/# R
5
R
) )
"&/%% 5 "&/"% R
5
$$. * )
%!! &
>

(

7
,

. ,
$"/EF
)4/&#8 "&&&& /@&
*

B*

, 2 ) )

, $"/ EF
EF
2 9 ()$ ()$*

4 $"$

*

)4/&# "&&&& /@&

"&&
, $- EF
1600
(a)
1400
Fe
Intensity
1200
Cr
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
5000
10000
Energy / eV
15000
20000
3 m
3000
Intensity
(c)
(b)
Cr
2500
500 nm
2000
Ni
1500
1000
Si
Fe
500
0
0
5000
10000
Energy / eV
15000
20000
500 nm
4 $"/.
*

!6H $!!!!
! "

# L(

#

(
2 9 ()$ ()$*
(a)
1 m
(b)
500 nm
4 $"$. *

!6 $!!!!
! &

&

2

(
2 + -
$
++ % ,
99
$
$#

=
)4/&#
)4/&#8
/@&
$&&

*
*

*
L

) D
LD

*
*
LD
) D
*

) D
D
LD
*

*
LD
) D
D
D
*

) D
D
LD
*

*
LD
) D
D
D
*

) D
D
LD
*

*
LD
) D
D
D
*
$#. # >

2

!
%!! ( D

2
( * &
%!! 3

&
2 # >
(
99
/ 6;1

5 + +

4 +

I@&J A A
*

4 A

)
+

"&-*"%0 R
5
) A
+
"&-% R
5 E3 "/*>>&F ' (

* M

+

1
"#$"
6 I@0J

4M@0$ )

>"-
1
)

2 + -
)
1

)
)
)
I@0J "-@ "%& "00 ""0 &>@ &#% &""
*
3*
I@@J "#$ %@& 0@# "00 &@0 * &&"0 &%"&
I-&J
"#0 %00 * &/0 &-" &-$ &&>/ &&"
$"&.
&'
2

3(

1

'

)

=
' 1
'

6 I@0J
6 I@>J

)
:*
)

))
4 >
)

E&&% PF 5 ) 3*
I@@J
%&C%@ )*

)

,

*

, 6 I@>J

4 *

)

E* FE)* 4F

)
,
)

1

:*
+

%&C%@

%&C%@*) I-& -@ --J

%&C%@ )*

I-& -@J

7 I--J
:*
%&C%@ )

)
:* 7 I--J

) :*
=

(

9

(

)

+
:* )'

+

)

511
>"-

2 + -
!

:*

)
.

+

) (

(
)

1

)4/&#
)4/&#8 :*

) )

,
+
1
%

=

+ 5

+

* )C*
99

&

=

)4/&#
)4/&#8

5 (

% *

*
)4/&#8

)4/&#

: 7 E
, :
7 F
*5 5.
)
))
()$ ()$*
&$
&
@#
%0@
$"". *

&' & )*+,*, !6

!6H &

) ) * *
(
*

,

I"&$J

*

)4/&#8
)

(

=

1
(

2 + -

Y%%Z

1
Y%%Z )4/&#8 )4/&#
5

, $%& (

)4/&#8

,

@&&&
* (

,
+

5

(

.
"&&&& /@& )4/&#
)4/&#8
>&P

4 $"#

'

)4/&#

)4/&#8

(

*

50 m
(a)
30 m
4 $"#. ? !6

!6H # /!'

$!!!! ! ( -

# 4
2

!6
&
4

!6H(
*

0
(
(b)
2 + -

120
120
(I)
100
Area reduction / %
Elongation / %
100
80
60
40
20
80
60
40
20
0
10
100
1000
10000
100000
10
100
Rupture life / h
1000
10000
100000
Rupture life / h
120
120
(II)
100
Area reduction / %
Elongation / %
100
80
60
40
20
80
60
40
20
0
10
100
1000
10000
Rupture life / h
100000
120
10
100
1000
10000
Rupture life / h
100000
10
100
1000
10000
Rupture life / h
100000
120
(III)
100
Area reduction / %
Elongation / %
100
80
60
40
20
80
60
40
20
0
10
100
1000
10000
Rupture life / h
100000
4 $%&.

2 #
!! ! %!! ( !6
!6H(
2 + -
99

<
$

' +

=

)4/&#

)4/&#8 =

1

=

4

!
* +

'
E, $%"F
20 m
4 $%".
=4

#

!6H $!!!! !

#( =

2

0
(

#

2
0

4

(

%

+

=

A* =
1

' =
=

1

7

I"&#J.
A A( * B
( * N
E$"F
C E)CF

*
*
2 + -

( *

E #F =
7 A

(

A( *

=

E #F
7

C
7 E)CF

B
7

B .
*
*

C
N

C
E$%F

'

E
F
'

+
6

'
+

'

+ 1C1
'

* '

'
4

<

,
,

)#$$
&

B*

1
7

) )

7A

' ( *

,

+

+ 7

9
5 7
+
+

7
, 7

,

1

( *

2$

+2

+
)4/&#
)4/&#8
*

=

/@&
$&& 1

( =

1
*

)) '

B*

)4/&#8

)4/&# 5 *

+

6 (

) )
)4/&#

)4/&#8 '

+

*

*
)
(

+

)4/&#8 (
*
)4/&#
=
(

+

=

1

)

+
"&

*

5
+

(
6
(
*
+
+

(

*

E (
)81
-

>
F

. +

!

?(

=

+

(

2
- - !
5

'
,

' ,

$2 #
:
!
5

5 <

,
.
N
E#"F
<
7+
#" ' E< O F

<

"
5

EF N 9 EF

9

:
0
'3

'
'
%

, #"
'

'

1
xi
f
f
xj
f
f
4 #".
, # &

&4

&4( * 2

#

( * 0 #
#

(

K
L

$2 #
$

*

:

'3

1

'
N &( * * ( *

9

1

1

'
, #"

+

*

(

:
3

3 ' 1 *

%
5 (

""

"& ! "&

> '

:

E

F
u=0
4 #%.
u=10
,
&

( * &

0 &(

>

1

$2 #

.
)
E->* F E> F
E#%F
E- F

- '

>

- ' >
>
- .
E>-* F N
E- F N
E->* F E> F
E#>F

, E ( F

E> F
E>F

")""Q
4 >

- '

1

'

=

E- F

>

( - N >

<

, #>

'
0.10
Posterior probability
Posterior probability
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.05
0.00
0
Urn number u
4 #>.
10
10
Urn number u
* #

&
8 / 8 $!( *

# &

/ 4 #
; &

( * & &

8 /! 8 $!! # 8 /
8
8 <

# 2 2 #
$2 #
5

'

'
( 4
=

> Q

' >)"&
$$

$$
E>-* F >)"&
E#0F
/ >
5
E> N >F
'

")> 1

'

0
!

+

,

4 #>
E>F
- N >* N "&

- N >&* N "&& 1
,
'

+

E- N >&* N "&&F

,

(

I""&J

)
'

+
#@.
& EF
0
0+
N .0 O 70

N "%
( *

N "% <

(*
E#@F
0

0
'
E+
#@F 7
.

?

$2 #
Outputs
( ( *

&( * ( *

'

I"""J

8

6
'

=

Inputs
4 #0.
G #

&
&

# (
5 9
+
+

,
.

'

5
+

1

=

(

, #0
1

(
=

E27F ,

$2 #

(

"

( *
( *
( *
( *
27 N

)
O %3
%

,
E#-F

,

(*
,

,

&( *
:

'3

& *
?(

' *
,

,
,

. ( *
7
.

(

+

"@&
'

=

Q
'

' 27 4 #@
(B)
Test error
(A)
Training error
Complexity
4 #@. , G

2

&

( = 2

0 # (

$2 #

,

(

, ,

,

4 (

1
( EF

#DEEF

I""&J

= <

,

*

(

5

&%@
&%@
=

=

:

(

=

=

(

=

(

'

O "
,

E>F N >)""

[ 4 (

0

> ,

, #> >

0
+

E>F N ")""
E>F E\( F

$2 #

E7* .* ( F 4

1

:
,(
&
4

=

E " %@F
=

=
E @F

'

*
E , #-F

Combined test error
0.65 (d)
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0
10
15
20
Number of models in committee
4 #-.
,
0 2

&

(

<

$2

.
T

N " ( *

N "

(*

O "
( * T

E#/F

'

)

(

E#F

( * 1

'

*

2
!

+

(

4 (
?

I-J

+
#$ ## "&

P 511 >"-
>&0

&

&
N "/>%$ O /%0>EF O #-"%"E)F O ""0@EF /%@EF

N #&%$" O ""@E F O 0#$%@E6F
E#$F
E##F
)81 E)
8 1
3
F

, *

+
#"& ,
E F E+
#""F

(
=

E F E F
N
E#"&F

5 O 5 E F O 5
E E FF O O !
E#""F
$2 : '

9
5

!
5

)81 %$
,

=

E
>0/
"$*"%)*) P
F

.

*

)
*
=

,
(

( "&
!

' +

'

'
*

E
1F

2 4

5

. 511 >&0 E "$*"%)F 511 >"- E>&0 O F 511 >%" E>&0 O
F 511 >0/ E>&0 O )F

*

E
( >"- O 7 "%@& F 1

>@&&

(
+

4 #/

)81 . @ - 0@
%$5 "- %- "0
'
I""%J >&0 >"- >%"
>0/ !
(

I0# -" ""> ""0 0% ""@ %- ""- ""/ ""$ ""# "%& "%" "%% "%> "%0J

*

.

E
F

E
*

F
+

<

(

#" *
$2 : '
800
700
600
500
log (rupture life / h)
1
0.5
0
15
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1.2
2.5
Nb / wt%
1.5
Si / wt%
20

2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
25
10
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mn / wt%
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2
1.5
1
0.5
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
N / wt% (x 100)
V / wt% (x 100)
5.0
C / wt% (x 100)
6.0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
30
25
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
B / wt% (x 10 )
P / wt% (x 103)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
S / wt% (x 103)
20
15
10
5
0
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
Al / wt%
Co / wt%
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
4 #/.
6.0
Stabilisation Ratio
Mo / wt%
30
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2.5
Ti / wt% (x 100)
35
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
Cu / wt% (x 100)
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
Ni / wt%
900
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Cr / wt%
1000
Stress / MPa
Temperature / C
1100
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
*

>

(
* &#

#

(
$2
$

I""&J

= <

1

(

,

@
00>
"0@ /%
, ,

@&&
"&@&
--/ /"
0 >
*&%&&
@%0&
>>%0 &$/#
P
"%#$
%%%%
"$&$ ">@
) P
$0&
>%0$
">$% @0/
P
&&&
%$%
"&@ ""&

P
&@%@&
">- &>@
P
&&0&
""@&
&@0@ &"/"
) P
&&&&
%#$&
&%0% &00#
P
&&&&
&@-&
&">" &"##
M P
&&&&
&&#&
&&&0 &&""
P
&&&&
&>"&
&&@" &&/0
) P
&&&&
&"/&
&&%# &&@%
P
&&"%
&>>&
&&-% &&%@
P
&&&&
&&&@
&&&" &&&" P
&&&&
&&>$
&&%" &&&-/
P
&&&&
&&>&
&&"% &&&/"
P
&&&&
&@0&
&&>/ &"&#&
5 P
&&&&
&@%&
&&%# &&$&0

"&&&
">@&
""&% @"
#". =

1

'

<
E
F

)

?
I-J
2 !

1

,

6

5

$2
)

(

.
E#"%F

8 N ))$ OO ) )0

P
A E
)
A )F

'

?

!

#"

E

( F "&&&
>@&&

5 ">&
'
%%

- =

5 (

(

, #$

1

0

,

, ##
(

(

'

,
E, #"&F

%&&&

-
$2
0.1
(a)
(b)
4
Test error
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
3
2
1
0
0
10
15
20
25
Number of hidden units

2250
15
20
25
0.65 (d)
(c)
Combined test error
2000
log predictive error
10
1750
1500
1250
0.6
0.55
0.5
1000
0.45
750
0
10
15
20
25
0.6
Predicted log(R.L. / h)
20
(f)
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
Measured log(R.L. / h)
4 #$.
15
0.6
(e)
-0.6
-0.6
10
Number of models in committee
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
* 2 2

2
&

(
H(K(
0

2

(
$2
4 ##.
* 2

&4

( ((

(
Predicted rupture stress / MPa
(a)
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-1
4 #"&.
(b)
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
Measured rupture stress / MPa
*

&

(
$2

2$

+

1

1

27

1

"%

, #"&
2'
:2
$ *55 6( *55 2
=

511 >&0
>"-

% P

'

511 >"- 511 >&0 8 "&
-@&
$&
""& I"%@J

,
(

511 >&0 1
,
&@ P
4 511
>"-

%*> P , 1

, =

=

* 2
I-J
4 #"" =

"&

+
##
=

>&0
E

F
>$ C P
&
&&% P

+
##

&
"" P

(

E
&##@F E

F

(

I"%-J
?

$2 ,

180
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(A)
160
140
(a)
(b)
(B)
1.5
120
100
Wt%
Rupture stress / MPa

80
60
0.5
40
20
0
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Mo / wt%
0.5
1.5
2.5
Mo / wt%
4 #"".
, * > )

$!
$!
5 !

2 #( = )*
+,*,

K2

)

& &
)
) K2
3 ( *

6((
' (

1

"&
"&
'

*5 5
E, #""F

'

2
(

%% P
:2

5
+
##

*

1

>"-
, #"%

"- P

/@

+
##
5

+
#$
=

@/&& C P
E , #"%F
$2 ,

140
104h rupture stress / MPa
140
120
10 h rupture stress / MPa
(a)
100
15
16
17
18
Cr / wt%
19
20
(b)
120
100
AISI 316
AISI 347
80
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
B / wt%
4 #"%.
*

A

$!
5 ! # /$5( * >

& >
( +
0 2

6(
:2
!

'

?

K

L
) M B

E+#"%F

(

I"% ""- "%/J

'
I""-J

)
' I""J K

L

(
I""J

'
(
E >&&&
F
( 4

I-J
4

*

A (

+

I-J

=

(

,
(

A
4 #">EF

' (*
$2 ,

8
150
40 MPa
120 MPa
Rupture Stress / MPa

6
5
4
3
100
50
2
(a)
1
0
(b)
-50
0.5
1.5
Stabilisation ratio
2.5
104 h
105 h
0.5
1.5
2.5
Stabilisation ratio
4 #">.
* >

# $%$ 5 ! ( ?

&

( >

* "
&

(

)
4

+

4

?

!
, =

"&
"& "$*"%
*

4 #"0 EF =

=

) E

#%F

I"%J

A

.

(

)E )F
4 #"0EF

) E
*5 5 I$>JF

+

E &>% ) PF 1

"%@&

$2 ,

0.3
0.02 Nb
0.32 Nb
0.72 Nb
optimum temperature
NbC / wt%
log(rupture life / h)

2
1000
1100
1200
1300
0.2
0.1
0
1000
Solution Treatment Temperature / C
1100
1200
1300
Temperature / C
4 #"0. >

# $%$ 6(( ?

!(/ &' &
)*+,*, &

3 * * )

( * #
# &
(
:2
'

)81 E)
8 1
3
F

%$ E%$ >0/ F

%$5 5

'

1

)81

"&

'
)81 %$ E575
57:F

-&&

/@&
4 #"@

'

)81
!**

%$
(

57:

'
,

!**
)81 1

E #%F
$2 +
4 #"@.

&

&4

# H)
? #+

0

2

2
%=
( 6(
(
:2

'
5

(

=

E

'

F

511 >&&

.CC 'C C
2( %

'

'

=

(
+

+

$2 +
4

)

)

M
#""
"$& "%&
*
"0 &&
&
&
#"%EF
*
"%" %@0 "0" &0- &
&
&
#"%EF >"- "-0% ">%" %>0 "@" &@% &&" &&"" &
#"%EF >0/ "/$# "%@@ &"" "/0 &// &// &&% &&>>
#">EF
"$"@ ">>
&
&/@ &0 &"
&
&
#">EF
"//" "%%/ &&% "@- &@@ &&&@ *
&
"$
"%
&&@ &$ &0 &&% &&% &
#"0EF
#"@E575F "/$@ "%
&&0 "/" &-& &/0 &&"# &&>"
#"@E57:F "/@- "%%0 &"@ "$" &-> &$/ &&"# &&0"
4
)

5
#""
&
&&@
&&% &&" &
&
&
&&0 &&&&% &&"# &&% &
&
#"%EF
*
&&%" &&" &
&
#"%EF >"- &&>0 &&@
#"%EF >0/ &&"- &&@
*
&&%@ &&&/ &>/ &&&0
#">EF
&&"% &&-%
&
&&% &&&% &
&
#">EF
&&"0 &&@
&&%- &&" & &"%"
&&" &&"&
&&% &&&% &
&
#"0EF
#"@E575F &&%$0 &&/
"%
&&% &&&@ &%# &&"#
#"@E57:F &&%%% &&@> %/ &&%/ &&"" &>& &&&$
#%.
=
(
P
$

&
&
&"0
&&#
&
&&&
&&@
&"0

,

(
+
4

(
'

*

(

5 '

*

)4/&#

* 1

'

*

=
1

,
=

+

4*

) )

+*
,
!

' 8

49

'

(

*

+ *

<

5

(

5

' ,

: 7

*
5 5 6

,

(

'

*+
*
4 '

*

4*

*, (
1

*

4

9 *(

:

+

1

(

'

=

?

,

=
=

'

Q

6

'

=

(
1

,
Q (

+
,

A 9,

,

=

!

(

#

5 .CC 'C C

" +

( :

% >DB

' .

2

8
> &7
5 5. 3
%&&"

5

+ ;
2
.
4 .
!
.
:1
2
(

)1A

, & !
-
5 772 877 2147 5 7)1 1

*

1 '

' 22

3
'

(
I"J 0 =
=

'
1

I"J

I%J

)1A !

K
L

.
*%,-%
5 ( ,

**

,.
5 ( ,

(

*
,

2
5

,

2
)1A ,

+
1

(
K
L
,

(

'

,

2

( ,

2

( ,

' 1

,
, & !

,
,

,

2

( ,

,
, 22
2

( ,
=

2

+1:-*%!*<
=
, =

=2
4

< =

=
4

,
I"J
*=
4

I"J

+1:-*%!*<
2& 5

1 22
,

+1:-*%!*<

>
>

,
2

,

1

, & !
*
"

3

% 3 4 9'

1
2

E"##/F >@# > 3 L
.CC 'C 'C8757

8757 ,

(

, 1)5A
!

, (
,
5

"

,

, (

?
)
'

!

(

#

5 .CC 'C C

" +

( :

% >DB

' .

2

8
> &7
5 5. 3
%&&"

5

+
+ ;
2
.
4 .
!
.
:1
2
(

)1A

, &
-
5 772 877 87): 5 7)1 1

+ 1 '

' 22

3
'

(
I"J "0 =
=

'
1

I"J

I%J

)1A !

K
L

.
*%,-%
5 ( ,

**

,.
5 ( ,

(

*
,

2
5

,

2
)1A ,

+
1

(
K
L
,

(

'

,

2

( ,

2

( ,

' 1

,
, &

,
,

,

2

( ,

,
, 22
2

( ,
=

2

+1:-*%!*<
=
, =

=2
4

< =

=
4

,
I"J
*=
4

I"J

+1:-*%!*<
2& 5

1 22
,

+1:-*%!*<

>
>

,
2

,

1

, &
*
"

3

% 3 4 9'

1
2

E"##/F >@# > 3 L
.CC 'C 'C8757

8757 ,

(

, 1)5A
!

, (
,
5

"

,

, (

?
)
'

! "

(

=
*5 5

@

5
.CC 'C C

" +

( :

% >DB

: 7 E
, : 7 F

*5 5
)
2

(
6"" &26
5 5. %&&"

+

*5 5
-

, .

% , *5 5

*5 5

:

, &

*

"& 3
6

" 1 :
%>- "&&& 3
"&
!
,

,.
*%,-%

*5 5

2' 2 &

, E

(F

2'
2 &

, E

(F

%>-
2' 2 &

, E

(F

5>
' 2' ' 2 &

, E

(F

*

. ) )) ) &0/#) &$//) &#$)
+1:-*%!*< ;

( ,

,
?

*5 5
! #

(

-

5 .CC 'C C

" +

( :

% >DB

*5 5
)
2

(
6"" &26
5 5. %&&"

5 '

=
*

=
: 7

+
=

+ ;
2
. 4!8 85)
4 .
!
.

, & (
$
-
5 *5 5 1)7 1

5

*5 5 *

+

*5 5 , +
,
,
57 *5 5
!

5 *5 5 1)7 1

.
# 2

5
(

' *5 5 9 , 1

5 ,

E

F
2 2

@&&

+

I"J
*%,-%

*
" .

5 6
.CC 'C*

C

+

(
(

4

*

,
, & (

!

C ] M " ] M % ]
M

,

)5!
?

'

$
,%
I"J M

8 6 5

1

5
' 6

: ) 3

78
&
#"^#/ 1

%&&&
I%J 7
8 6
6 # 1

2

"##>
I>J *5 5 )
2

( "#$#
I0J 2 (

:

2 7

+ 2 "##>
I@J '
4

1

925 " 5 8:92 %^%$ "#$0
I-J

5

7 2

"#$0
I/J )

D
)4/&# 5

)

"##-
I$J 38
- 5 1

'
! "&
"##&
I#J ) 3
' 6
& / M
1
"##%
I"&J :
9' M :

; $

*M
"###
: '
$
I""J 4 )

:

1
M

8
)
8 ; !

" >>^0/ 2

"##$ 1

I"%J ' ' ! ; '
49
5
5
8
5
4

1
# 5 &5 82<895 8:96 %"@^
%%& "#$-
I">J 8 7(
)

5

& 0.>%0^>%/ "#$$
I"0J 8

4

*

- "0%.$/^#0 "##"
I"@J
B
' 3

7(
M*
,

*5
7+
*)
&
%>.-@"^-@/ "##%
I"-J ( )
*)*) = # # //@^//$ "#-/
I"/J 5
S
!
9 5

2 A
<
5

1

925 " 5
8:92 #"^#- "#$0
I"$J 5
S
!
9 5
)

= "@.%>-@^%>-$ "#$&
I"#J 6 3 6 3
8 1
?

>0%^>0$ "#/-
I%&J
8
'
4 7= )
8*
5

1

%%#^%>0 2

"#/0
I%"J 5
3

3 6
%&P %@P)
5

=
)C 8 = # # %/"^%/@ "#/%
: '
$
I%%J 3'
3' B* = # # /#&^/#% "#/%
I%>J M S' M
!

8
B*
5

%@.@0#^@@% "##"
I%0J 8
5
4
<
' ) 1

< 5

&
%>.%0@@^%0-/ "##%
I%@J 8

6
3'
B*
*)

1
2 8 $ .

&

/"^/- ' ! "#$@ 5
I%-J M S' M 7= )

511
>"-2) 1
)
9U '
3

>:7 " "%>^">% 3
'

5 8 4
*

5

"##%
I%/J

: 2 7= <
5

8

5

"-."$0^"#& "#$%
I%$J
:
%&P*%@P)*)

""/^"%% "#//
I%#J
5
7= )
1

*

)*
5

%E-F.0-/^
0/0 "##%
I>&J ' 48
' 8

4

5
"@."">^"%# "#-/
I>"J 2

5

">.""@#^""-$ "#-@
I>%J
' 5 4
; 7=

* 8
>%"
>0/

- 5%>0."&0#^"&@% "##/
: '
I>>J
2

36 :
1

5
"@."-&>^"-"& "#-/
I>0J 4

5

( -.-"/^-%> 3 "#$0
I>@J
4

)

< 5

= >%.@0>#^@000
"##/
I>-J 5U
3
=
8

( ##=
# >%.%#"^%#- "##%
I>/J M
M
5
2 :

O 7

4*
4*
* 5

0&."$"^%-0 "##-
I>$J U

5
S
*!

#*"%P
- 5%/&.>>^>/ "###
I>#J 2 3 2 5 8

511 >"-

- -"."&"^"&# "#$>
I0&J

>"-
= # # "&"%^
"&"0 "#/&
I0"J (
4 3 )

5

E1F ? !
? -0@^-@> "#$/
I0%J M 5
'' M >&0
2
*
*8
&
">-&^">-% "#$"
I0>J 5

7= )

A @ ) "/ "> -

0&.>>>^>>#
"#-#
I00J
;
1 ;

5

*

2
* 5
& %./#@^$&- "#$-
: '
$$
I0@J

: 2
8

*<
5

@">^@"$ "#$"
I0-J

: 2 1
?

< 5

1
# &

/@@^/-& "#/#
I0/J : 5
3 7
* ,
>"-
>"/
&
%&%>^%&>& "#/@
I0$J
3
2
' 3
>%"
1

76

6 &

/&^#" 517 "#/$
I0#J 2 3 2
>%" & ".#/^"&&
"#$@
I@&J * * 1

.

"0"^"$& "#-#
I@"J 6
' 8 1

7(
>"- 5

&
>.$@"^$-- "#/%
I@%J
: ) 32
M
7 L
5 >"
M
1
( )
= $
"&"."&#^"%> "#$"
I@>J 6

)
*1 >"- 5
1
1

92 0&>^0"% "#$@
I@0J 3
6
)
*1 5

1
2 :6 3
0

; !
%%>^%%$ 2

"#$" 1

I@@J 8 4 5 3*

)
*5

$@& %$.">##^"0&> "##>
: '
))
I@-J 2 3 2
'

*

>"-
0"@^0%& "#/$
I@/J ' 3
*

511 >"&
511 >"-
&
->@^-0" "#$>
I@$J 2 5
7=
511 >"-
=
"&>#^"&@" "#$"
I@#J 8 4 5 3*

5 5

"//^"$> "##$
I-&J 3 '

8
5

%&PC%@P)*)

>-E>F./">^/%0 "#$$
I-"J
;

8 "$P*
$P)* *)
>0/ 5

1
2 8 $ .

& %>"^%0% 5 "#$@

I-%J
8
)
3

%&P*%@P) <
) = # # >#$^0&@ "#-@
I->J 8 M
6 8 4 )

%&P*%@P)*"P)
5
= # # >#"^>#0 "#/&
I-0J 6
3

5
5 =
$ #$.%%>^%%- "#$"
I-@J 3 '

8
5 1
?
5

%&C%@C)* 1

925
" 5 8:92 >$%^>#& "#$0
I--J 7 8 2 8
M 2 4
:*
%&C%@
)
5:8 4
5
7=
=
%%.%$-/^%$$& "#$/
I-/J ' 3
* 4

*) 5

& 0.@^"@ "#$$
: '
I-$J
56
' 3
4 )
"-*P) "-*P

7=

5
= # # @$@^@#% "#-#
I-#J 2 3 2 5

511 >"-

- @$."#@^%&# "#$>
I/&J 6 6 7
2 1 !

4

!
4

5

11. 511 >"-
>.@"^-& "#/&
I/"J 3
6 1

*

5 =
#""^#"/ "#@/
I/%J 5
:
1

2 *

5

%&P*%@P)*&/P) = # #
#>$^#00 "#-@
I/>J '
4 5
)'*5
*

1

4 1
'
4 &

>#"^0&" 2

"#/#
I/0J

MM

8

5

&
# #

0#E0F.0"#^0%> "##-
I/@J 73 5*

5

1
'
4
&

0%&^00"
2

"#/#
I/-J 5

;

1
M

8
)
3
; !

" 0#0^@&- 1!

2 1!

2 "###
I//J 8 = 54
)
8 D

*

5

%&."0>^"@@ "#/%
: '
I/$J 5 ) ( >?

@>A! >.>@@^>@# "#>/
I/#J 3

6 5
8 4 &

#

-
">@.0"-^0@$ "#>#
I$&J 5 =

/.""&>^"""% "#>#
I$"J
)

' 5 5
.
5

"
!( "##$
I$%J ' & "&-
1
2

"##-
I$>J )
2

( &.& ; 5
A
I$0J
3 6 & &

!( "#/@
I$@J 3

6 6 2 7 8

6
8
5

1 1
?

5
* )
&
-.#""^#"# "#/@
I$-J (
1
2

"##%
I$/J B
&

#
-

"/@."@^@" "#0-
I$$J 8
3

+

" *
& ->"^->#
"##/
I$#J 7 =
*
:

1
&
"%&>^"%"% "#/%
I#&J 7 =
*
:

11
&
"&//^"&$- "#/>
I#"J B !
! 8 7
=

**: 5
&
#- %>#.#0%^#@> "#-/
: '
)
I#%J
8 5
4'
8 : :

5
%@/^%-- "#$$
I#>J 49 )

.

=

7=
& "@ "###
I#0J 3U

5

**4*) 5
$@.@&%^@&# "##0
I#@J ' 3
;
3 .,

1

2

"#$/
I#-J 5

3*!
R
5
3
)
*

=

=
/%E0F.">@&^">@@ "##%
I#/J BS
'S _
3
3
: 1

*

"$*"%)*%@ 5

B ? ?
>/."&$^""# "###
I#$J 5 6
:
+
# -%"."/& "#//
I##J R
5
3 2 7+

=

I"&&J 5 8 B
4 3 8 4
6

-&&
-@&

511
>&0
= "-."#/@^"#/# "#$"
I"&"J
-C5
.

&

5 &
& (

"##$
I"&%J 4'
8 :

5

& ""$^"%0 "##>
I"&>J 37
:8

5 >&E/F.#&@^#&$ "##0
: '
)
I"&0J
8
<
*
5
S
*!

:2 5
*
7

< 5

1
0

%@&^%@0
"#$"
I"&@J

: 2
8

*<
5

@">^@"$ "#$"
I"&-J : 4 M
M M
)
8
*

"#$-
I"&/J

)
: ., 5

) ; ' "##$
I"&$J 2

3
; !

7 5

2 "#-@
I"&#J 3
'
8

8 2 # ., 6*
1

) ; ' "##-
I""&J 3
'

*

'
5
+11 11(
$
"##@
I"""J ' 3 5
4 ' '
) '
$ >.00$^0/% "##%
I""%J '

1

1
"#/>
I"">J 3
'

7 5 4 5 1
'
2 2
*

"$P*"%P)*"P)

= # # "&""^"&%0 "#-%
I""0J : 4
>"- 5
"#^%#
"#/$
: '
)
I""@J 5 3
M
!(

* 4

&
>&5.>@@^>-% "###
I""-J
8
'
4 7= )
8*
5

1

%%#^%>0 1

1

"#/0
I""/J 1
3 3
'
4 = *

"$P*"%P)*"P)
= # # "--^"/# "#-&
I""$J :
5
:
%&C%@)
=
@.%%>^%>% "#/&
I""#J ' '' ' 5' !
)

*
%@)*%&
*
1
5 5 4 < 3 5
:
M 5 3
#
" >^"/ 7
8 "##"
I"%&J ) ! 5' ! 49 ''

;
'

*

8 @/ )
"##>
I"%"J 5' ' '' 1' )

49

5

*
%&*%@)
* 1
2 M

8 2

7
4

##^"&@
) "##%
I"%%J 5' '
'' 2

+

7

1
@

"^"@ "##" )57
: '
)
I"%>J ' ' ' ) '' ! 5'

;
*
%&*%@) E)4/&#F

8 >$ )
9 "#$$
I"%0J ' : 8

2

4 >"-2)
1
6 5

5
!
#

@//^@$@ 4 "##%
I"%@J 7
5
1

. %

!(
"#$"
I"%-J 4 '

.

5

2 2

"#/$
I"%/J

8
5

& "/." %&&"

Thesis Full

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Thesis Full

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis



""  +  

            

%"   

       

0@                         

 !"    # 

-- !  

   ' "   ()$  ()$*      

$                 

#" )  ) '     

) +   #

  

!    

Superheater and reheater

      

)'    

 ,  *    

      

6   

$"&EF "%>&E)F ">E

0-%E O )F #%%EF $%"E

4    >&0   

  "%. * ,  /!!   

     

 "&&&&& +     

      

   511 >&&   

     

   *: 511 >&&   ,

4  ">. * 2 

Allowable Stress / MPa

*  &    

Allowable Stress / MPa

*  &    

        

        

     )  

 IJ   

Niobium Carbide (wt %) available for precipitation

0.06 0.04 0.02

0.02 0.04 0.06

    "C" I"% %"J   '

B*   ( 

B*    

1  +  

  

          

      

        ' 

4  %>. 9   ) &

!       

   &>4 &>$ &" &%%  

   E541  I>$JF   

      

   *    "&&  &" 

 (     

Austenite + M7C3 + M23C6

CARBON WEIGHT PERCENT

 +* E2 F 1 

        I@&J    

 E   %%F

      '

     >"-  

"" +

%"

0@

!" #

-- !

'" ()$ ()$*

$

#" ) ) '

) + #

!

)'

, *

6

$"&EF "%>&E)F ">E

0-%E O )F #%%EF $%"E

4 >&0

"%. * , /!!

"&&&&& +

511 >&&

*: 511 >&& ,

4 ">. * 2

* &

* &

)

IJ

"C" I"% %"J '

B* (

B*

1 +

'

4 %>. 9 ) &

!

&>4 &>$ &" &%%

E541 I>$JF

* "&& &"

(

+* E2 F 1

I@&J

E %%F

'

>"-

*

>"- I>#J

4 %-. 9

( * #,$

*

N &%--) O "%/" O %%--4 O 0%--E O O 6F

5%$-

2

5 E F

%&C%@

%0.

%@.

" 1

>&&

**9 9&

) :*

) ) E * 5F

4 %$. .>

)5 )E * 5F

1 3*

Q

4

%-.

! "

2

G (

2

2

2

: 7

% % ' +5%

!

"

4 >>.

!

2

+ (

, >0 G

2