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Φ Φ2
Φ
Φ2
Φ Φ
Φ2’
I0 I2
V 1
Load
Fig. 4
Phasor diagram for Transformer on Load
V1 V 1
I1 I1
I2 '
I2 ' θ1
θ1
I0 θ0 I0
θ0
Φ Φ
Load I2 is θ2 Load I is
2
I2 resistive I2 inductive
K=1 K=1
E2 E 2
Fig. 5
Actual transformer:
Winding resistance & magnetic leakage
R X I1
1 1 X 2 R 2 I2
V 1
E 1 E V
2 2
2 2
2
Z1 = R 1 + X 1
2
Z2 = R 2 + X 2
R 02
X 02
V 1
E 1 E V
2 2
A) Circuit
R 1 X 1 I1 I2 ' R 2 X 2 I2
I0
Iw Iμ
V 1
R 0
X 0 E 1 E 2 V 2
Z L
I0
Iw Iμ
V1 R0 X0 E2'= E1 V2' ZL' E2/E1 = I1/I2 = K
I1 I2'
E2' = E2/K, R2' = R2/K2, X2' = X2/K2, V2' =V2/K, Z′L =ZL/K2
I0
Iw Iμ
V1 R0 X0 E2' = E1 ZL '
V2'
I1 I2'
I0
'
V1 R0 X0 ZL
V2'
I1 I2'
Transformer tests
• The performance of a transformer can be calculated on the basis of its
equivalent circuit which contains the 4 main parameters:
1. Equivalent resistance R01(or R02)
2. Equivalent leakage reactance X01 (or X02)
3. Core loss resistance R0
4. Magnetizing reactance X0.
V1 V V2=E2
W A
LV
V
supply