Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government John Lockes concept that government should be bound towards a moral and natural law, in which security and freedom is to be considered as most important in ruling a country. This concept is adopted in the making of the Article of Confederation. Federalist #10

Republican Government The government in which the power of election and power of state are mostly governed by the people, and then a delegate is sent by each province or state, to represent at a congressional meeting for final verdict. Land Ordinance of 1785 A plan set by the congress of the Confederation to sell off the newly gained land in small prospects for the general population, so the $ is made to pay off war debts

Land Ordinance of 1787 Imposed by the Congress of the Confederation that any ordinance with the population over 60,000 people may be considered as a state in Congress, with encouraged people o settle into government sold land. Necessary and Proper Clause Also known as the Elastic Clause, in which congress in said to have power to make laws necessary for government. Hamilton urged the congress to impose tariffs and excise taxes to help pay off debt. Federalist Papers Series of articles written by A. Hamilton, J. Jay, J. Madison that promoted the ratification of the Constitution of America. This argued that the constitution will better the country for debt, control, economy and social aspects of life in America. Shays Rebellion A rebellion led by D. Shays, with other angry farmers that detested the government for financial difficulties brought about by a post-war economic depression, a credit squeeze caused by a lack of paper money, and harsh government laws imposed to solve the state's debt problems. Annapolis Convention A convention set up to discuss the commerce issue in America that alarmed the government and the people. Only 5 out o 9 delegated were appointed and were considered represented. Philadelphia Convention A convention set up to revise the Articles of Confederation and ultimately became a drafting of a well needed new government. They discussed issues like elections and power separation. Delegated Powers The powers of the delegates were set by the republican government in which they are people who represent a state population in political decisions.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers Checks and balances

Influences on The U .S Constitution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers

The powers lie in the states where they may still make decisions outside the countrys government. Concurrent Powers Powers that are reserved for both state and federal government. In America, these powers may be used for discussion Supremacy Clause A clause that states that ALL members of a union, including judges and officials must follow and adhere to the constitutional, where bills and laws may be considered unlawful or unconstitutional. Anti-Federalists A minority in the Early American population that did not favor the ratification of the constitution of the US, due to a fear that debts may fall into the people and that democracy may be in jeopardy.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution?

Americans believed in the promise in the Declaration of Independence where all men are created equal. In this social change, titles became more equal, where for example, boss instead of master. A social order known as the Society of Cincinnati was issued by American officers from the Revolution was ridiculed due to its hereditary-based order. Religion is now very free, where a Episcopal church was formed due to the de-Anglicansing Women soon became to develop an interest in the political rights for women, like Adams wife. Mothers soon became a praised population, for they were believed to have a role to raise children for the new generation of an All-American heritage for the future of their country.

Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions?

Colonies were called to constitute states for America (hence the name). States declared themselves as such, and federal and state governments developed for each state. Fundamental laws were made to show a superior law in each state. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? War for a newborn country is a bad idea, due to its flimsy economy, developing government, and still-unifying states. Ginseng was a prized import from China, and since the country was trying to grow their trading businesses. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? At the end of the war, the national government was not powerful enough to neither control nor govern the people in a geographically and cultural diverse peoples. The common cause before the war no longer existed and people returned to their knitting. Developing a new government for a new country in also undoubtedly difficult for America. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? During the war, the Americans had a common cause that they all wanted to fight for, independence. After the war, a shaky government was set known as the Articles of Confederation that loosely governed the people to avoid a Britain like monarchist Congress. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The Articles of Confederation was flawed because they solved issues like foreign affairs and interstate policies with a clumsy congress. There was no executive branch to enforce laws. However, it was designed to be weak, to attempt to NOT mirror the English government they considered it to be a loose confederation of firm league of friendship.

Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787

7.

Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance.

The Ordinances was a way to distribute the American owned land to be sold to pay off war debts. People naturally invested the land and government made $ for the debt. The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. In the early days of American commerce, many countries rejected Americans. Britain refused to trade with Americans, because they believed that the Americans would come to the UK for the trade and not vice versa was necessary. Spain remained hostile due to the geographical dilemma in the Mississippi River bay. The British Canada was armed and was to protect the fur trade with the Tomahawks. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. Yes. The Americans had a low chance of success under the Articles and a new government must be drafted soon. The lack of control in the commercial aspect of the economy devastated the American treasury. Shays rebellion, led by angry farmer Cpt. D Shays, were mobs of angry farmers who demanded state issued money to compensate for the land for closure by the government. This proved the lack of power in the States. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? Leaders and politically powerful men like Alexander Hamilton and Washington with delegates from the states were present in the convention to revise only the Articles. However, at the end of the series of meetings, they had concluded with a new plan of government; The Constitution of the United States of America.

Patriots in Philadelphia

11.

How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers.

Washington believed that the Articles was too loose in construction as many believed that it would be a good idea to impose a government based on the natural rights and self-reliant government. The delegates in the Convention drafted then the Constitution. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. In the prototypical form of the Constitution, there were many issues with the individual states, as some privileges depended on wealth, population etc. The Virginia plan favored large states due to a ideal for a bicameral congress with delegates by population per state. New Jersey, a small state revoked the idea and proposed a set # of reps for each state. A compromise came and there are 2 houses in congress, where one houses reps are based on population of said state and other with a set number of each state. An electoral College was made so that votes for offices were equal and fair, and a 3/5 ths compromise was so that slaves (mostly in Southern states and populated much of the land [votes]) would count as 3/5thof a person in pops delegate. Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? It was considered the most democratic government set in the history of the US, and checks and balances ensure no overpowering of any Branch of the government; one out ruled another. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? After the announcement of the Constitution, states did not come easily to accept the new government. Anti-federalists were people who feared the idea that a central government would force all people to pay off their debts. They included Patrick Henry and Sam Adams and Richard H. Lee. They also sought the Constitution as far too powerful and no longer democratic and felt jeopardized without a protection like the Bill of Rights.

The Great Debate in the States

15.

Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why?

Yes. Most states were generally in favor of the presidency and leadership of revered people like G. Washington and Ben Franklin. Most people were federalists, and that the majority of the people favored a stronger government that could set US to a right direction in development.

The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? 4 states were reluctant to ratify the Constitution; NY, Virginia, N. Carolina and Pennsylvania. Fiery anti-federalists included P. Henry, where he strongly disliked the idea of a more powerful government, for one, reflected more of the English monarchy, and also with the fear and hate of the taxes he may pay with the debts. However, Hamilton soon proposes plans for the debts.

A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? In a sense, this elevated the ideals of the revolution because it was a minority and radical cause that started this entire reset with the US government. However, it also seemed to set boundaries to the ideals of the Revolution because it also was accepted by majority by using a quiet way to explain the democracy; that people remained rights and that there were no over-powerful branch.

Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet A group of people who worked with G. Washington when he was the president of the United States of America that included people like John Jay, Hamilton and Jefferson. Judiciary Act of 1789 An Act set by Congress in 1789 that ultimately founds the supreme court of the USA. This is done to unify the country in one jurisdiction. Federalists A party that was led by Alexander Hamilton that favored investments of a minority of wealthy bankers and production that was founded in the first term of George Washingtons presidency. Democratic-Republicans A party that was led by Thomas Jefferson that was also founded during the first term of Washingtons presidency, most noted that they did NOT favor a government ordered banking system.

Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton: He believed that the war debts could be paid off in full with 5 main financial campaigns: Tariffs on goods, Excise tax on imports, Funding at Par, A government owned banking system and the congressional assumption of debt. (favored the rich) Jefferson: He disagreed with a national bank, and that it violated the Amendment 10 of the Bill of Rights. He desired a general populations economy. With less control on the economy, he believed it would serve the people better. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit The Report of the Subject of Manufactures was a report written by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton which suggested to Congress in 1791 the economic policies that he laid to ensure the strength of the nations economy throughout then and to the future. The Report on the Public Credit was a series of two reports written to the houses in Congress the analyzing of the financial status of America and also suggested methods to organize the national debt and to establish public credit. Jays Treaty Jays Treaty was an agreement where France and Americas cold fighting to terms when America tried to maintain neutrality, honouring Washingtons advice. However, France suspected that America would take alliance with Britain due to its lack of promise to the Franco-American Alliance. This treaty brought both sides to terms and ended the twenty-two year alliance with France with no harsh feelings. John Jays treaty in France was not well-received. Pinckneys Treaty Pinckneys Treaty was a treaty with Spain signed in 1795 with the intentions of America and Spain to become political friends and also establish boundaries of the United States and the Spanish land (colonies) and secured navigation rights to the Americans.

Washingtons Farewell Address As Washington declines his 3rd term (law passed later that prez serves only 2 terms at most) he addresses the nation and most importantly, he warns the government of foreign affairs and only short term alliances with foreign countries. The successor Adams and disobeys. Midnight appointments This was another name for the Judiciary Acts of 1801. It represented an effort to fix loopholes in the Supreme Court, like the ride circuits Revolution of 1800 The 4th presidential election in which Jefferson and Adams were the 2 parties; Adams won, and represented the Federalists. Judiciary Act of 1801 An Act that states that all federal matters and law judgment will be based on a Supreme Court of the entire nation, rather than state-by-state jurisdiction. This founded the Supreme Court in 1801. XYZ Affair It was an American diplomatic episode in which the US was involved in threats by France for war on each other. Bribes were asked of the 3 envoys before any negotiations began, and America was greatly offended. They left and declined the offer

Chisholm v Georgia Considered as one of the most important initial Supreme Court case, it concerned a law suit with a man named Chisholm who allegedly sued Georgia for goods that were not paid. The court finalizes on the favor of Chisholm on Article 3 Sct. 2. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain.

Yes. George Washington was the first president of the United States and he served us very well with his decisions with his cabinet and other leaders like Hamilton. He established the cabinet itself, and is still in used today, though then only Jefferson, Hamilton and Knox were the only members when he was in service. He kept the country out of wars with Europeans.

The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? The first congress was the pioneer of the execution of the Bill of Rights, drafted by Madison, and also the creation of the Supreme Court of America, which John Jay is appointed to be the first supreme judge. The 9th and 10th amendment was crucial; stated that no one is to be specified directly in the Constitution, and that all rights apply to everyone. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? His 5-piece plan led to the creation of Washington D.C because he wanted to demonstrate a central and symbolic piece for the government of the United States. Also, for the sake of the assumption of debts, he wanted a place to centralize the plan itself. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Hamilton initiated a 5 piece plan in which he imposed taxes on goods, imports and said congress would assume all debt and that a national bank will be established, all in the effort to reduce and eventually rid of the national debt. He proposed that his plan will also promote the economy in America. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? The proposed bank was controversial between the two leading figures because a bank would assume the control over the economy for America. Jefferson embraced a strict construction and vice versa.

Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. The victory was for both, freedom and order. For the government, it proved authority, and asked for more respect and order from the people. The people saw this as freedom, as they saw that they could challenge the government itself.

The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? They developed because of the demand and desire to address federal issues that were present, such as the debt and failing economy. They were good, because in a senxe, a true American heritage began; where choices were made by people to choose which is serving a better purpose.

The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? The Federalists were more conservative in their views with the French Revolution. The more bold and ardent Democratic-Republicans cheered on for the bloody revolution in France. This French Revolution demonstrated the conservativeness and boldness of the Democratic-Republicans. The French Revolution ended when the king was beheaded by guillotine and the church attacked. This began the Reign of Terror, after 1793. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. The Franco-American Alliance was deemed by Washington to be dangerous and not practical. Washington warned the American people and his government that neutrality should be maintained because of American instability in politics disunity, economical instability, and military weaknesses. Washington did not want America to be tied in with European affairs.

Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? General Wayne brought the Miamis to the Battle of Fallen Timbers which, the British refused to house the battle-worn Indians. Soon, the Indians and Wayne signed the Treaty of Greenville in August 1795, where the Indians gave the Old Northwest, where Ohio and Indiana. The Natives developed hostility since then.

Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Jay betrayed American with the interested in a foreign affair that violated their alliance with England. He deliberately disobeyed Washingtons farewell address by attending foreign affairs. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? Adams was not liked by many of the public and inside the government, such as Hamilton. He held no interest in the majority of the people of America, and most importantly, he initiated an ill relationship with France. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century?

The French began to attack and capture American ships and refused to American envoys into Paris. Even after XYZ affairs, and Marshalls attempt of reason, France reluctantly refused alliance and fueled tension, and the people of America plead for war against France. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career?

John Adams strived for peace at all times during this time of shaky balance between envoy and total war. But, in 1799, he signed a new minister to France to the senate and the people of US are enraged.

The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adams passes Alien and Sedition acts, which were rules that; Alien Act: no full citizenship until 14 years of residence (from 5 years prior). Sedition Act: An act that clearly violated the Bill of Rights directly.

The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions endangered the authority of the U.S. Constitution much more because of its exceeding of the U.S. Constitution itself. This marked the beginning of the nullification and unseating of the Federalist Party in the next presidential election in 1800. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? The Federalists were aristocrats that supported the strong central government and consented to the loaning of money and the financial support of the government and scorned much of people who were less wealthy. Democratic Republicans were mostly the common man, in support to Thomas Jefferson and that took up much of the population.