Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government A philosophical political work on government by the people. Federalist #10 The most famous Federalist essay which argued that Republicanism could work over the large territory of the US. Republican Government A government where the people are represented by senators and reps that they vote for. Indirectly, the people choose the direction of laws and bills. Land Ordinance of 1785 Split the Northwest into many townships and sold off the lands. Land Ordinance of 1787 An important ordinance that declared defined territories with more than 60,000 people could apply for statehood. Necessary and Proper Clause AKA the elastic clause. Gave the legislature a way to be more free in their laws. Federalist Papers An argument written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison supporting the ratification of the Constitution. Shays Rebellion Daniel Shay led an uprising of veteran farmers that were having extreme financial problems.

Annapolis Convention Where Alexander Hamilton called for a revision of the Articles as soon as possible (the next year) Philadelphia Convention The Convention where the Constitution was written, drafted, and approved. Delegated Powers Chosen abilities by representatives.

Reserved Powers Certain abilities either the federal gov or the state gov were allowed to do.

Concurrent Powers Powers shared by the federal and state governments. Supremacy Clause Establishes federal law as supreme law. Anti-Federalists People that opposed the ratification of the constitution. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? Society began to level out. Ordinary men and women demanded to be address as Mr. and Mrs.. Continental officers formed an exclusive hereditary order, the Society of the Cincinnati, which most Americans ridiculed. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was formed after Thomas Jefferson and Baptists won a complete victory. Slavery was challenged. The Quakers formed the worlds first antislavery society. Free blacks still could be barred from purchasing property, holding certain jobs, and educating their children. An argument over abolition mightve dismembered the Union. Abigail Adams joked that the women would foment a revolution of their own if not given political rights. Mothers were expected to raise their children in the name of Republican Motherhood. Educational opportunities widened for women. John Singleton Copley was a painter. Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The state constitutions gave a model and practice to writing a good constitution. It also made the colonies independent states for the first time. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and submitted the final draft to the people for ratification. The constitution could then only be changed by constitutional conventions. The Americans constitution were contracts that defined the powers of government. They were written to represent a fundamental law. Most included bills of rights and annual elections of legislators. The legislatures were given sweeping power. Poorer western districts felt in several movements that the capitals of NH, NY, VA, NC, SC, and GA should all be moved into the interior. Economic Crosscurrents Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? Large Loyalist holdings were confiscated and cut into smaller farms. There were lots of land. Economic freedom gave people political freedom. A stimulus was given to manufacturing

beginning with the nonimportation agreements and by the war. The Navigation Laws were more disagreeable after independence than before. The US was restricted from the British West Indies. However the US was now able to trade more widely. The Empress of China carried ginseng in the China Seas. War had speculation. Inflation was ruinous. Profiteers grew wealthy while many once-wealthy were left broke. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? Leaders preached natural rights and looked suspiciously at authority. Conservatives had left the country (Tory) and the political system inclined toward experimentation and innovation. British goods also began to flood the US in 1786, stomping on the war-baby American industries. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? The Second Continental Congress was little more than conference of ambassadors from 13 sovereign states. The Articles of Confederation was adopted by Congress in 1777, though not ratified by the 13 states until 1781. States without western lands were angry since they did not have lands to sell to get rid of their individual debts. Maryland finally approved the Articles in 1781 when New York surrendered its Western claims. Giving the western lands to the central government strongly united the states and the western territories. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? All the Articles called for was a clumsy Congress. Each states had only one vote, all bills required the support of 9 states, and amendments required 13 states to approve. The Congress was purposely made very weak. Congress could not regulate commerce or enforce its tax-collection program. Congress could only appeal and advise, it could not control or command. This was a very loose confederation. These troubled times required a federation. The Articles of Confederation were good as it outlined the general powers and was an intermediary step towards the Constitution. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The Congress made a few far-sighted pieces of legislation. The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 forbade slavery in the Old Northwest. It also conceived the territory to 60,000 people state system. This system was carried out throughout the states.

The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. Lord Sheffield argued that Britain would win back Americas trade anyhow. At Natchez, Spain held an important fort near modern-day Louisiana. Land was highly disputed here. France demanded repayment and restricted trade with the West Indies. Dey of Algiers ravaged Americas Mediterranean commerce. John Jay hoped that these insults would humiliate the Americans into forming a new government. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. Shays Rebellion in western Massachusetts in 1786 had impoverished backcountry farmers rebel. Many were Revolutionary War veterans who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. Massachusetts authorities raised a small army to put it down. Some began to think that the Revolution had created a monster of mobocracy where people would often rebel and that commoners felt they were entitled to much more than before. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? Demigods gathered to Philadelphia. George Washington was unanimously elected chairman of the congress. Benjamin Franklin was now 81. James Madison, then only 36, had been a profound student of government and was later dubbed the Father of the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton advocated a super-powerful central government. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Thomas Paine were in Europe. Patrick Henry was chosen but declined to serve. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. The Founding Fathers needed to remake the government. The Articles of Confederation had been much too lenient and weak. It appealed not commanded. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.

Virginias Large State Plan was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the representation in a bicameral legislature should be based on population. New Jersey countered with a unicameral Congress that provided for equal representation from each state. The Great Compromise had a House of Reps and a Senate. However eery tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the House. The Electoral College had states shares of electors based on the total of senators and reps in Congress. The Three-Fifths Compromise states that a slave counted as 3/5ths of a vote. Safeguards for Conservatism Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? Three branches of government are meant to check and balance each other. These three branches had a Separation of Powers. The Constitution was not written democratically. After Shays Rebellion, many feared the rabble. Federal judges were appointed for life, the president was elected by the Electoral College, the senators were chosen by states legislatures. Only the House of Reps had qualified citizens choosing their officials by direct vote. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? The anti-Federalists opposed a stronger government. Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee were in this camp. The Federalists were richer and more organized. A hundred newspapers supported their cause. Only a dozen supported the antifeds. The Constitution was felt to have aristocratic elements. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Special elections were ran for the various states for ratifying the Constitution. Four states quickly accepted the Con. Massachusetts was the second most populous state and it ratified. New Hampshire was the last of 9 to approve. The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? Patrick Henry opposed the Constitution in Virginia but failed. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote a series of articles for the New York newspapers known as the Federalist. A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."?

The ideals of the Revolution: freedom and representation was elevated by the constitution; people could vote for reps. However they were restricted by having there be three branches of government and fundamental law written in the Constitution.

Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas 1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet Washington set up the first cabinet with TJ as sec of state, AH as sec of treasury, and HK as sec of war. Judiciary Act of 1789 Set up the supreme court. John Jay first chief justice. Federalists Hamiltonians who supported the rich and a centralized government. Democratic-Republicans Jeffersonians who supported the southern farmers and state power.

Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton envisioned the US with a powerful central government. Jefferson envisioned the US with states that could overrule the federal law. Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit Manufacturers lived in the north. Hamilton wanted the US to have good credit and so he proclaimed that he would fund debts at par. Jays Treaty A treaty with Britain that payed for ship damages and frontier posts but called for pre-war debts to be payed. Pinckneys Treaty A Spanish treaty that gave the Americans the right to use the Mississippi and to get the land north of Florida. Washingtons Farewell Address An address telling the people to stay neutral and to fear political parties. Midnight appointments Appointing someone to cabinet member suddenly. Revolution of 1800 Annuled the Franco-American treaty. Judiciary Act of 1801 Made the max amount of justices only 5 instead of 6. XYZ Affair An incident with the French where the US was told to bribe the French just to talk with the Talymbrum. Chisholm v Georgia The first supreme court case. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Washington was a very important president. He set the precedents to what a president should do. He set up a cabinet and frequently had meetings with sec. of state TJ, sec of treasury AH and sec of war Henry Knox. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress?

James Madison quickly drafted the bill of rights himself. The ninth amendment said that there were more rights people had even if not specified in the Bill of Rights. The tenth amendment said that the states and people have rights reserved. The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the Supreme court, federal district and circuit courts, as well as the office of attorney general. John Jay is the first chief justice. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Hamilton wanted to gain credit for the United States and so declared that the debts must be payed at par. Assumption of state debts was passed in 1790. Virginia only accepted the assumption if the District of Columbia was to be located on the Potomac River. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Revenue tariffs, an 8% tax on imports, were adopted to gain revenue. There were also protective tariffs that protected the native american industry. Excise taxes were soon adopted, notably on whiskey. Seven cents a gallon was borne to the drink. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? The Bank of the United States was a very economical pragmatic way to establish a sound financial system in the US. Jefferson resisted the call for the bank saying that it was not part of his strict construction of the constitution. Hamilton argued the elastic clause gave the government the right to view the constitution as a loose construction. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. It was a victory for order. No longer could some people rebel without the government coming in and enforcing its laws. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? Political parties formed because of the strong differing views of Hamilton and Jefferson/ Madison. They were good for regulating the views of the other side. Factions used to just be sides people took that quickly fizzled out when an issue was over.

The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? The French Revolution showed that the Democratic Republicans were much more radical and supported killing the aristocrats for liberty. The Federalists, who were now in power, felt uncomfortable. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 had put the US in permanent alliance. The Neutrality Proclamation called for the US to be neutral in this war between Britain and France. Citizen Genet was a Frenchy that recruited American ships to attack Spanish FL and British Canada. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? Anthony Wayne led an army to route the Miamis in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Treaty of Greenville had the Indians cede the Old Northwest. American ships were captured as they attempted to trade with the French West Indies. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. Jays Treaty was a weakwilled pact with the British. Many Americans felt that it was an abject surrender. Many Southerners would have to pay back debts and the Northerners would get money for their seized ships. Pinckneys Treaty of 1795 had Spain grant the Americans nearly anything they wanted, including free navigation of the Mississippi and the territory north of Florida. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president?

His Vice President was part of the opposing party, Thomas Jefferson was a DR. John Adams was a federalist. John Adams was not an appealing man. He was old and fat. Hamilton led the High Federalists who plotted against the president. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century? France began seizing American merchant vessels. John Adams sent John Marshall to try to make an agreement. The XYZ Affair called for the Americans to pay $250,000 for talk. Millions for Defense, but not one cent for tribute told of the American view that they would not bribe but rather fight the French. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? War was popular and potentially profitable. In 1800, new envoys met Napoleon Bonaparte. He was happy to get rid of fighting with the US. The Convention of 1800 was signed in Paris to annul the Franco-American Treaty. The Federalist Witch Hunt Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were meant to take down the Democratic-Republican critics and to fight Frenchmen that might come in if war had occurred. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolution and Madison wrote the Virginia Resolution. The Compact Theory says that when the states entered the federation the states signed a compact but could then reject laws made later. This did not nullify the laws however it was important for the idea of states rights. Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? ! Federalists believed that rule should come by the higher-ups. They did not believe in full democracy. Federalists believed in a powerful central government that could support the peoples interests. They were interested in foreign trade with Britain. Thomas Jefferson led the DR, who were poorer and usually farmers. They believed in localized state power. Jefferson believed all literate men should be able to vote and so

rule. Jefferson believed that slavery made it so that at least poor white men were not property-less.