&efukefNrdKU? A[ef;NrdKUe,f? eE´0efvrf;?

r[m0dok'¨g½Hk ygVdwuúodkvf
wd y d # u"& "r® b @m*g&d u t*¾ r [my@d w
o-p-t ygVdyg&*l t*¾r[mtausmf
t&S i f o d & d E ´ m bd 0 H o (a,mq&mawmf )
\
pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh vkyfydkifcGifh

wdyd#u"& "r®vufaqmif (7)

wwd,tBudrf "r®'ge
touf 60 jynfh txdrf;trSwf

omoemESpf 2546? aumaZmouú&mZf 1364 ckESpf? c&pfouú&mZf 2003ckESpf?

omoema&;qdkif&m pmrlyHkESdyfcGifhtrSwf-72^2002 (12)

rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 43 ^ 2002 (1)

tkyfa& (10000)

2003 - ckESpf

tzHk;+twGif;om; ]]jrpfomyHkESdyfwdkuf}}

pmtkyfcsKyf ]]jrpfomrdom;pk}}

"r®'ge

OD;atmifjr (0910-NrJ) ]]jrpfomyHkESdyfwdkuf}}

trSwf (140)? 37-vrf;? &efukefNrdKUu yHkESdyfí

a':a&Ttdrf? trSef 65? tkyfpk-3?

atmifod'¨dvrf;? wdkif;vif;pmay? &efukefNrdKUu

xkwfa0onf/
 0d o k ' ¨ g ½H k wd y d # u"& "r® b @m*g&d u
t*¾ r [my@d w
o-p-t ygVdyg&*l t*¾r[mtausmf
t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)
\
pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh vkyfydkifcGifh
wdyd#u"& "r®vufaqmif (7)
earmAk'¨ó

1/ pd w f j rif h r m;aomf pG r f ; tm;ay:

Ä ,Hkoavmuf? vufcHwm? o'¨gwdk;jrifhap/
Ä tm;xk w f E d k i f r S ? pG r f ; tm;&? vH k Y v xuf o ef
ap/
Ä tMum;r&d S ? quf p yf o d ? owd p G J N rJ a p/
2 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Ä pl ; pd k u f E d k i f j im;? pd w f j rif h r m;í pG r f ; tm;&&d S

orm"d ? tm;jynf h c d k i f r map/
Ä tod Ó Pf & S i f ? pG r f ; tm;jrif í ? Munf v if
vrf ; rS e f ? ynmÓPf ? aumif ; rG e f o ef Y & S i f ;
ap/
Ä pd w f j rif h r m;aomf ? pG r f ; tm;ay:? &T i f a ysmf
tm;wuf a y/
Ä pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhBudK;
pm;av/

vlwdkif;twGuf w&m;uay;xm;aom tcGifh

ta&;rSm vkyfydkifcGifhESifh cHpm;cGifhjzpf\/ yVmef;
wGif urÜypön;f ESihf 0dyguypön;f aywnf;/ vlwikd ;f
udk,fem;vnfovdk BudKufESpfouf&mudk vkyfae
Mu\/ odaYk omf pdw"f mwfurkd jri§ v hf Qif vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
vGí
J rvdv k m;tyfaom ylavmifpyfcg;aom cHpm;
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 3

cGiEhf iS hf xdywf u
kd &f ifqikd f wd;k wuf&avonf/ pdwf
"mwfujkd ri§ ahf y;rS vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf eS u
f efNy;D vdt
k yfaom
cHpm;cGifhaumif;usdK;udk &Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ cHpm;
cGifhum; vkyfydkifcGifhuJhodkY vdkcsifovdk BudKufovdk
&Edkifrnfr[kwfbJ udk,fhrSm &dSxm;ovdkom &ae
jcif;jzpfayonf/
odkYjzpfí cHpm;cGifhjrifvdkvQif vkyfydkifcGifhjrifh
atmif pdwf"mwfudk jr§ifhay;&rnfjzpfonf/ ,Hk
Munfoavmufom aumif;aom vkyfydkifcGifhudk
vufcHEdkifonfjzpfí rsm;rsm;vufcHEdkifatmif ,Hk
Munfcsuf o'¨gpGrf;tm;udk wdk;jr§ifhay;&\/ ,dkif
vJaeaompdwu f kd vHv
Yk jzifh xlr wnfrh wfay;&\/
aumif;usdK;pGrf;tm;udkjyí &Jpdwf oGif;ay;&\/
tm;jywfí &yfwefYaeaompdwfudk tm;oGif;um
tm;azmfxkwf ay;&\/ pGrf;tm;tyif ayguf
atmifvnf; tm;pdkufay;&\/ tm½Hkcsif;uyfí
4 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

todcsi;f pyfaeatmifvnf; owdpNJG raJ p&\/ vHv Yk

udk wnfhrwfatmif xdef;ay;Edkifonfh pl;pdkufrI
orm"dudkvnf; txl;vdktyf\/ uHudk xdef;csKyf
ay;Edkifonfh tjrifjywfom; xl;jcm;aom tod
ynmudv k nf; tvGev f t
kd yfvaS y\/ þodYk pdwu f kd
jrifhatmif jr§ifhay;rS udk,fydkifpGrf;tm;udk trSef
wu,fay:vmatmif azmfxkwfEdkifrnf jzpfay
onf/

2/ ud k , f h u d k u d k , f j r§ i f h vk y f y d k i f c G i f h

Ä Bud K uf o avmuf o m? ay;vS L yg? ud k , f o m

y"me/
Ä Edkifoavmufom? apmifhxdef;yg? udk,fom
t"d u ?
Ä vd koavmuf
oavmufom?om? pl;pkdufyg? udk,fhrSmtcGifh&/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 5

Ä jrifoavmufom? ½IyGm;yg? udk,fhrSm pGrf;

tm;&/
Ä udk,fydkiftvkyf? Opömxkyf? udk,fvkyforQ&/
Ä udk,fhudkudk,fjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhBudK;
pm;Mu/

aumif;rIpGrf;tm;udk BudK;pm; jznfhusifh&mü

rnfolrQ rdrdudk uefYowfcsKyfcs,fydkifcGifhr&dSbJ rdrd
om y"mejzpfavonf/ ]]þrQomay;vSL&rnf}}
[k rnfolrQ uefYowfwm;qD;cGifhr&dS? rdrd BudKuf
oavmuf ay;vSLEdkifcGifh&dS\/ xif;a&miform;
wóonf orD;a&G;,l&ef&SmcJhonfh aiGtukefvHk;
vSLcJhzl;í a*gygv olaX;orD;onf qif;&Jol
tjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;aomtcg rdrdtvGefjrwfEdk;
vSonfh qHyifudkyifjzwfí a&mif;um vSLcJhav
onf/ oDv orm"dynm odu©m (3) yg;udkvnf;
6 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

]]þrQomusihf&rnf}} [k rnfolrQ abmifcwfcsKyf

cs,fydkifcGifhr&dSacs/ rdrdEdkifoavmuf oDvjznfhEdkif
\/ vdo k avmuf pl;pdu k rf o I rm"dukd yGm;Edik \
f / jrif
oavmuf 0dyóemynmudk yGm;rsm;oHk;oyfcGifh&
avonf/ yaoe'Daumovrif;\trwf udÓ k Pf
xl;onf tusO;f axmifxüJ oDv? arwåm? 0dyó
emudk aomwmyefjzpfatmif jznfhusifh jr§ifhwif
BuKd ;pm;cJ\ h / ol<u,fom; t&Siw f ód onf vlq;kd
rsm;vufxJü &[EÅmjzpfatmif tm;xkwfjycJh\/
usm;qGJcH&aom &[ef;wpfyg;onf usm;yg;pyf
xJü &[EÅmjzpfatmif BudK;pm;jycJh\/ udk,fh vkyf
ydkifcGifhudk udk,foHk;í pdwfudkjr§ifhwif BudK;pm;
Edkif&ef udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;udk rdrdwdkY taotcsm
&&daS eMuayonf/ ud, k phf wd uf kd ud,
k of muefo Y wf
ydkifcGifh&dSavonf/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 7

3/ *k P f & nf x G e f ; awmuf vl w pf a ,muf

Ä bk&m;yGifh&m? omoem? BuHKwmb0ajrmuf/

Ä vrf ; ñT e f a y;jim;? yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;? BuH K jim;b0
jrwf /
Ä w&m;&d S & m? t&yf r S m ? jzpf w mb0ajrmuf /
Ä t*FgBuD;i,f? jynfph <kH u,f? cefx Y ,fb0jrwf/
Ä vdr®moGufvuf? vGex f ufjruf? jrifw h ufb0
jrwf /
Ä uk o d k v f q E´ ? vG e f j yif j y? jrif h v S b 0jrwf /
Ä taumif ; (6)jzm? jynf h p H k y g? jrif h w mb0
jrwf /
Ä *k P f & nf x G e f ; awmuf ? vl w pf a ,muf tH h
avmuf c sD ; rG r f ; tyf /
Ä pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhBudK;pm;
tyf /
8 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

,ck rdrw d &Ykd &daS eaom b0onf pdw"f mwfukd

jr§ifhvQif vkyfydkifcGifh tjynfh&dSaom b0aumif;
aywnf;/ tqifhjrifhvrf;ñTefcsuf jynfh0pkHvif
aom bk&m;omoemESifhvnf; awGUBuHKae&\/
w&m;vrf;rSefudk ñTefjyay;wwfaom rdaumif;
zaumif;? q&maumif;? orm;aumif; rdwaf umif;?
aqGaumif;wdEYk iS v hf nf; awGUBuKH ciG &hf xm;\/ tvdk
&dS&m aumif;rIudk tvdk&dS&mtcgü tcsdefra&G;
jyKvyk cf iG &hf o
Sd nfh olawmfaumif;w&m;xGe;f um;&m
t&yfüvnf; aexdkif&\/ rsufpd em; t*Fgajc
vuf jynfph \ kH / oGuv f ufxufjrufaom vlvrd m®
jzpfciG &hf \/ ukov kd u
f kd wefz;kd xm;olvnf; jzpfciG hf
&\/ rdrd\vkyfydkifcGifhudk tjynfht0&&dSxm;onf
jzpf&um; pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifhí vkyfydkifcGifhudkoHk;um
vrf;zGifhNyD; txl;BudK;pm;&rnfjzpfayonf/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 9

4/ w&m;ud k c spf vl t ppf

Ä oDvvnf;ysuf? rNidrfoufbJ? touf&Snf

Mum? ES p f w pf & m? rS e f p G m rjrwf u J h & J U tyf /
Ä oDvvnf;&dS? orm"dpif? rSwfod0ifu? wpf
&uf r Q? &S i f & touf j rwf /
Ä wef z d k ; jrif h w uf ? þwpf & uf r S m ? 0rf ; om
tm;&? vl Y b 0? rk c s&usd K ;eyf /
Ä w&m;ud k r k e f ; ? vl j zpf ½ I H ; jim;? w&m;cspf r S ?
vl j zpf & ? rk c stppf r S w f /
Ä pdwf"mwfudkjrr§§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
p m;tyf /

udk,fusifhoDvvnf;ysuf pdwfvnf;rNidrfouf
w&m;t&dSudkvnf; odcGifhr&vQif cHpm;cGifh qHk;½IH;
10 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

atmifvyk yf ikd cf iG u
hf kd jzKe;f ypfaeol jzpfaomaMumifh
ESpaf ygif;wpf&mru touf&n S &f aomfvnf; rjrwf
acs/ vljzpf&usdK; reyfacs? udk,fusifhoDvvnf;
jynfhpHk pdwfvnf; wnfMunfNidrfouf w&m;t&dS
udkvnf; odcGifh&vQif xl;jcm;aom cHpm;cGifhESifh
xdkufwefonfh vkyfydkifcGifhudk oHk;aeol jzpf&um;
wpf&ufwnf;rQyif touf&Sif&apumrl jrifhjrwf
vSay\/ vljzpf&usKd ;eyfvaS y\/ pGr;f &nfrygaom
Avmtoufjzifh qif;&JrukefqHk;EdkifbJ w&m;pGrf;
&nfjzifo h m tylqif;&JNird ;f í csr;f omtppfu&kd Edik rf nf
jzpfaomaMumifh vlYtoufwefzdk;udk tcsdefumv
jzifh rowfrw S b f J vkyyf ikd cf iG hf w&m;pGr;f &nfjzifo
h m
wdik ;f wm&avonf/ w&m;udck sprf S vltppfjzpfciG hf
&ayonf/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 11

5/ yd k i f w mvk y f r S pd w f a t;&

Ä cE¨ m tiS m ;? tvk y f r sm;vnf ; ? tiS m ;awG

om? vk y f & yg? ud k , f h [ m bmrS r [k w f /
Ä aumif;rIw&m;? udk,fydkifrsm;? BudK;pm;udk,fh
tvk y f /
Ä tydkiftiSm;? ESpfyg;aMumif;&m? qHkaomcg?
yd k i f w mOD ; pG m vk y f /
Ä pdwf " mw mwffudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
p m;vk y f /

w&m;rsupf jd zifMh unfv

h Qif rdr\
d cE¨mvnf; wpf
aeYaeYwGif jyeftyfESH&rnfh tiSm;omjzpf\/
12 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

cE¨mu wm0efay;orQ tvkyrf sm;vnf; w&m;ryg

vQif tiSm;tvkyfcsnf;omjzpf\/ yg&rD tESpf
aumif;rI w&m;tppfonfom oGm;av&mtwl
vdkufygrnfh udk,fydkifrsm;jzpf\/
ÓPftajrmftjrifBu;D í ud, k v
hf yk yf ikd cf iG u
hf kd ydik Ef ikd f
pGm em;vnfxm;olrsm;onf tiSm;tvkyEf iS hf ud, k f
ydkiftvkyfESpfrsdK; wdkufqdkif awGUqHkvmaomtcg
ud, k yf ikd t
f vkyu
f o
kd m OD;pm;ay;í vkyMf u\/ rvTJ
ra&Smifomaom tiSm;tvkyfudk aeYpOfvkyfae&
ouJhodkY udk,fydkif tvkyfudkvnf; aeYpOf aeYwGuf
udkufatmif rjzpfrae BudK;pm;vkyfMu\/ ÓPf
tjrif&Sif;vGef;olrsm;um; tiSm;tvkyfudk vkyf
&if;yif udk,fydkiftvkyfjzpatmif vrf;&Sif;NyD;
BudK;pm; jyKvkyfwwfMuavonf/ udk,fydkifr&dSao;
orQ bmawGyJvkyfvkyf pdwfrat;&ao;acs/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 13

6/ ,aeY t vk y f ,aeY v k y f

Ä od u © m oH k ; yg;? aumif ; rI r sm;? OD ; pm;ay;

oif h a y/
Ä OD ; pm;ay;&ef ? tvk y f r S e f ? tjref N yD ; atmif
vk y f y gav/
Ä tvk y f a emuf u s? vH k Y v zif h a ES ; ? csrf ; om
a0;? yl a qG ; &wwf a cs/
Ä ,aeYtvk tvky?f ,aeYvyk ?f t[kwpf w d fat;ap/
Ä pdwf"mmwf wfudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
pm;av/

odu©moHk;yg; aumif;rIrsm;onf OD;pm;ay;

&rnfh udk,fydkiftvkyfrsm;jzpf\/ OD;pm;ay;&rnfh
tvkyfudkvnf; OD;pm;ay;íom vkyf&\/ ,aeY
14 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tvkyu f v kd nf; ,aeYyif Ny;D atmif vky&f \/ tem

*wfudk udk,frydkifacs/ a&mufqJ ypöKyÜefonfom
ud,k yf ikd tf csed jf zpf\/ ud, k yf ikd t f csed w f ikd ;f ud,
k yf ikd f
tvkyu f kd vkyxf m;vdu k rf S pdwaf t;í tarmajy&
\/ OD;pm;ay;&rnfhtvkyfrsm; aemufusoGm;vQif
tcsed tf m;jzifh aESmif;oGm;vQi?f vHv Yk zifah ES;aevQif
cHpm;cGichf sr;f omrsm; a0;uGmvufvw G of mG ;wwf\/
vkyfydkifcGifhudk ae&mrSefatmif rokH;rdojzifh
cHpm;cGifhrsm; qHk;½IH;oGm;vQif wpfzefawG;í ylaqG;
&wwfav\/ tcsdefukef½Hk yl½HkrSwyg; tusdK;r&dS
awmhacs/ odjYk zpfí vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf aSd omb0udk &cdu k çf
vky&f rnft h vkyu f kd em;vnfcu kd çf taMumif;nDcu kd f
aemufrus&atmif ,aeYtvkyfwdkif; ,aeYNyD;
atmif vkyf&ayrnf/ eufjzefqdkvQif eufjzef
tvkyfu vmayvdrfhOD;rnf/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 15

7/ vk y f o vd k a jym tpOf a csm

Ä vkyfEdkifwmom? ajymqdk&m? nDnmwdusap/

Ä rvk y f E d k i f u ? rajym&? Ed I i f ; qqif j cif a v/
Ä tajymomrsm;? rvkyfjim;? trsm;uJh&JUacs/
Ä ajymqd k N yD ; vQif ? jzpf a tmif y if ? jr§ i f h w if j yK
vk y f a v/
Ä pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhBudK;
pm;av/

wu,fvyk Ef ikd o
f nfuo kd m ajymqdo
k if\ h / rvkyf
Edik o
f nfukd rajymqdo k ifah cs/ tvkyEf iS t
hf ajymnDrS
ola&mudk,fyg av;av;pm;pm; tm;udk;&rnfjzpf
\/ vkyfovdkajymrSvnf; tpOfacsmayvdrfhrnf/
tajymomrsm;í vufawGUwu,frvkyfEdkifvQif
16 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

ynm&dSrsm;\ uJh&JUjypfwif txifao;rIudk rvGJ

raoG cH&ayrnf/ udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; ayghawmh
awmh a&Sm&f w T &f w
T Bf u;D jzpfaewwf\/ tajymvG,f
oavmuf tvkycf ufcaJ ewwfojzifh wu,fvyk f
Edkif rvkyfEdkif pOf;pm;EdIif;csdefNyD;rSom ajymoifh\/
ajymqdNk y;D vQiuf m; pdw"f mwfukd jri§ í hf vkyyf ikd cf iG u
hf kd
oHk;NyD; wu,fyifjzpfatmif BudK;pm;oifhayonf/

8/ qG J t m;ES p f c k pd w f u d k v k

Ä o'¨ g wPS m ? þES p f j zm? vl Y & G m qG J t m;awG /

Ä wPSmqGJaomf? t½IH;ay:? vrf;acsmfwwfMuay/
Ä vk y f y d k i f c G i f h v J ? ½I H ; &NrJ ? tqG J r wwf a cs/
Ä ypö n f ; cE¨ m ? &S m ½H k o m? ao&G m rqH k ; acs/
Ä ypö n f ; &S m rl ? bH k q d k i f [ l ? xd k u f o l o H k ; Muay/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 17

Ä cE¨ m pk u ? ajrauR;&? 'k u © t yl w d k ; yG m ;ap/

Ä abmifausmfvGefu? tyg,fus? 'ku©yifv,fa0/
Ä o'¨ g qG J u ? pG r f ; tm;&? rk c scsrf ; omay/
Ä w&m;pk r S ? ud k , f y d k i f & ? rk c spd w f a t;ap/
Ä qGJtm;ESpfck? pdwfudkvk? aumif;rIEdkifygap/

vlESifhwuG owåavmuwGif o'¨gwPSm (2)

yg;onf pdwfudkvk,uf qGJ,laeMu\/ wPSmqGJ
vQif t0dZÆmygvmojzifh vrf;rrSefbJ t½IH;ay:
um vrf;acsmw f wf\/ tqGrJ wwfojzifh vkyyf ikd cf iG hf
vnf; ½HI;&wwf\/ ao&GmrqHk;Edkifaom ypönf;
cE¨mwdk;½Hkavmufom &Smay;\/ pnf;urf;abmif
ausmfvGefoGm;atmif &Smjyefu tyg,fusí 'ku©
yifv,fa0oGm;apwwf\/ w&m;rygbJ &Smxm;orQ
ypönf;um; xdkufoloHk;zdkYom jzpf\/ udk,fydkif[k
18 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

{uefajymír&acs/ w&m;uif;uGm tvdv k u

kd x
f m;
aom cE¨mum; ajrauR;zdkYomjzpf\/ tylom
qufíwd;k vmrnf/ o'¨gqGrJ S w&m;pGr;f tm;&rnf/
ud,k yf ikd &f í pdwaf t;&rnf/ {uefcsr;f omaMumif;
jzpf\/ qGJtm;ESpfcku pdwfudk vkaeMu&mwGif
o'¨gu Edik af tmifqEJG ikd rf S tm;ud;k p&maumif;rIukd
&rnfjzpf\/ aumif;rIEikd af tmifvnf; vkyyf ikd cf iG u
hf kd
jr§ifh&rnf jzpfayonf/

9/ tiwf a b;BuH K Nyd w å m bH k

Ä uH t 0,f r S m ;? tyg,f o G m ;? qG J t m;wPS m jypf /

Ä tiwf a b;BuH K ? Nyd w å m bH k ? pk N yH K ;'k u © j zpf /
Ä a&udkjrif&? Mum;&aomfvJ? iwfaeNrJ? qif;
&J E G H r S m epf /
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 19

Ä trsm;wum? oem;yg? ulvmaomfvJ uHunpf/

Ä tcG i f h q H k ; ½I H ; ? tñG e f Y w H k ; ? toH k ; 0if a tmif
ÓPf z G i f h v S p f /

pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh vkyfydkifcGifh[lonf b0tajc

taeuvnf;ay;rS vkyfydkifcGifhudkvnf; em;vnf
xm;rS &&dSEdkifaom t&mrsdK;jzpf\/ tajctae
uyif ray;ygu bmrQrwwfEdkifacs/ wPSmqGJ
tm; tom&oGm;ol wpfOD;onf uHwkuHvdrfudk
t0,frSm;ojzifh tyg,foGm;&&Sm\/ tiwfab;
pHkaom NydwåmbHkü jzpf&&Sm\/ iwfvdkufbd jzpf
jcif;? bmqdk bmrS rpm;& raomuf&? a&qm
avmifvGef;vSojzifh wpf,lZemus,faom **Fg
jrpfBuD;xJqif;ajy;vm\/ ta0;rS a&oHMum;í
a&udk vSrf;jrif&apumrl teD;odkY uyfvdkufvQif
20 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

a&rsm;aysmufoGm;\/ rD;cdk;om xvm\/ jcpfjcpf

awmuf ylavmifaom ausmufjyifay: vrf;
avQmuf&ovdjk zpfomG ;\/ a&&dyS gvsuf tukov
kd f
uHaMumifh raomuf&acs/ wpfaeYvHk; wpfnvHk;
ajy;ygaomfvnf; a&rawGU? eHeufvif;aomtcg
qGrf;cH<uvmaom &[efawmf tyg; (30) ESifh
awGUí oem;vGe;f vSojzifh oJjyifay: ttdycf ikd ;f Ny;D
oydwftvHk; (30)jzifh yg;pyfxJodkY a&avmif;
xnfMh uaomfvnf; vnfacsmif;xJoYkd a&wpfayguf
rQ ra&mufacs/ vkyyf ikd cf iG ?hf cHpm;cGihf ½I;H aecdu
k t
f ajc
taeray;cdu k f rnfou
l nl íD rQ t&m ra&mufacs/
xdktjzpfudk ÓPfzGifhvSpfMunfhNyD; rdrd tcGifh vuf
rvGwfrD oHk;rdzdkY ta&;BuD;ayonf/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 21

10/ vrf ; zG i f h w wf o l a':omvl

Ä odu©m(3)yg;? jrwfw&m;? a,musfm;rdef;r

rcG J y g/
Ä pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifhxm;
wJ h omoem/
Ä Bud K ;pm;vk y f v Qif ? pG r f ; tm;xif ? rsuf j rif
ud k , f a wG U yg/
Ä a,musfm;jzpf½Hk? tm;rpHkjim;? rBudK;pm;u
pG r f ; tm;us? bmrS r &yg/
Ä rdef;raomfvJ? tm;ukefcJí? pdwfZGJxufoef
Bud K ;pm;jyef ? {uef x l ; jcm;vm/
Ä pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh? vkyfydkifcGifh? vrf;zGifh BudK;
pm;&m/
Ä vrf;zGifhwwfol? a':omvl? tyluif;&yg/
22 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

odu©m(3)yg;ESifh w&m;tvkyf0,f a,musfm;

rde;f r[k cGjJ cm;jcif;r&daS cs/ rnforl qdk pdw"f mwfukd
jr§ifhvQif vkyfydkifcGifhtwGuf tNrJvrf;zGifhxm;aom
omoemawmfjzpf\/ wu,fBudK;pm;í wu,f
pGr;f tm;xif&mS ;olawG rsujf rifu, kd af wGUyif jzpf
\/ um,Avjynfh0aom a,musfm;yifjzpfaomf
vnf; o'¨g0D&d,paom pdwfpGrf;tm;rpHkí rBudK;
pm;jzpfvQif pGrf;tm;usqif;í bmrSr&bJ wpf
b0vH;k AvmjzpfomG ;wwf\/ rde;f rom;yifjzpfap
umrl pdwfxm;jr§ifhí ZGJoefoef BudK;pm;vQif
{uefx;l jcm;vm&Nrw J nf;/ vkyyf ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf xdu
k w
f ef
aom cHpm;cGifhqkvmbfudk tHhMozG,f &&dSNrJjzpf\/
w&m;A[kow k <u,f0aom a':omvl [laom
tzGm;wpfOD;&dS\/ 'ku©awGUvQif aumif;rIudk ydk
BuKd ;pm;wwf\/ tvGeyf t l ukd v
f o
S nfh aEG&moDa&muf
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 23

vQif ]]vljY ynfü aepwfpif;xGu½f rkH Qyif þrQavmuf

ylvQif i&Jüum; þtylxuf tqaygif; odef;
oef;uka#ru ylayvdrfhrnf/ i&JylxJü vkyfydkifcGifh
vnf; vHk;0r&dS? cHpm;cGifhvnf; Avmew¬d? vlY
jynfü yltdkufaomfvnf; vkyfydkifcGifhESifh cHpm;cGifh
r½IH;? i&JodkY ra&mufzdkY igta&;BuD;\/ 'ku©vGwfzdkY
ig ta&;Bu;D \}}[k pdwu f jkd ri§ u
hf m 'geudk ydv k yk \f /
oDvudk wdk;jr§ifhay;\/ bk&m;twGuf a&cPcP
vSL\/ cgwdkif;xuf bk&m;ydk&dScdk;\/ arwåmydkyGm;
\/ tyl'PfaMumifh azmufjyefonfh ½kyo f abmudk
ÓPfjzif½h \ I / 0dyóemydyk mG ;\/ ukov kd yf v
kd yk \f /
pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifh vrf;zGifhum BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
NyD;wdkif; udk,fu atmifyGJcHEdkifojzifh a':omvl
aysmf&Tiftm;wwf&NrJwnf;? at;onfhtcg? qm
onfhtcg? emonfhtcgüvnf; enf;wlyif ydkBudK;
pm;wwfonf/
24 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

11/ ud k , f h u d k u d k , f , H k rav;vH k

Ä rvd k t yf j im;? uH y d k r sm;? z,f & S m ;ay;&yg/

Ä vd k t yf o nf h u H ? oef Y p if & ef ? {uef a q;aMumyg/
Ä yef ; wd k i f t a&muf ? vrf ; ud k a zmuf ? NyD ; ajrmuf
wwf a pyg/
Ä Ójzifhxdef;odrf;? tylNidrf;? uHxdef;cvkwf
yg/
Ä ynmr&dS? owdvGwfu? b0yifv,f? c&D;
o,f ? wu,f a Mumuf p &m/
Ä ud k , f h u d k u d k , f , H k ? rav;vH k ? tpH k a umif ;
usd K ;jzm/
Ä vk y f y d k i f c G i f h r sm;? oH k ; wwf j im;? a,musf m ;
jzpf & yg/
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 25

vkyfydkifcGifhudkoHk;í aumif;rIjyKonfhtcg uH
xde;f cvkwf todÓPfwyfqifwwfzYkd txl;ta&;
BuD;\/ uHxdef;cvkwf wyfqifjcif;[lonf
(1) rvdktyfaom uHydkuJrJ (tukodkvfuH) rsm;udk
z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;/
(2) vktyfaom ukov kd u
f u
H kd oefpY ifatmif aq;
aMumay;jcif;/
(3) edAÁmef yef;wdkifta&muf vrf;udkazmufum
yg&rDtppfjzpfatmif jr§ifhwifay;jcif;ay
wnf;/ uHxdef;cvkwf todÓPf&dSrS tyl
Nidrf;at;pGm vdk&mudk t&,lEdkifrnf/ ynm
vnf;r&dS owdvnf;vGwfvQif b0yifv,fü
c&D;onftjzpfonf aMumufp&m tvGef
aumif;\/ yef;wdkif OD;wnfcsuf vnf;r&dS?
vrf;aMumif;vnf;r&d?S vkyif ef; rlvnf;r&dv S Qif
uHypfcs&m txdef;r&dS arsm&rnfomwnf;/
26 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

bk&m;vufxufawmfu? uydv0wfNrKd Uü o&P*Hk

oDvvHkNcHKvSí aumif;rIw&m;ü arGUavsmfvS
onfh a*gydum (rav;vHk) trnf&aom trsdK;
orD; (omuD0ifrif;orD;) wpfOD;&dS\/ uHxdef;
cvk w f yef ; wd k i f x m;í a,musf m ;qk u d k v nf ;
awmif;\/ &[ef;awmf (3)yg;udk tdrfüyifhzdwfí
aeYpOfqGrf;avmif;vSL\/ &[ef;awmf (3)yg;onf
oDvvnf;jynfhpHkí psmef&atmifvnf; w&m;
tm;xkwfMu\/ odkYaomf uHxdef;cvkwf rnfrnf
&& r&dSacs/ oufwrf;aphí rav;vHk uG,fvGef
vQif wm0wðomewfjynfü odMum;rif;\om;
½kyv
f íS ÓPfBu;D aom udzk ;kd vHk (a*gyu) ewfom;
jzpf&\/ tppt&m&m jynfhpHk\/ &[ef;awmf (3)
yg;rSm uHxdef;cvkwfrygojzifh uGefvGefumeD;
wGif b0rsm;pGmjzpfcJh&aom pmwkr[m&mZfewf
 pd w f " mwf u d k j r§ i f h v k y f y d k i f c G i f h 27

jynfü pdwfñTwfoGm;ojzifh psmefavQmum tnHh

pm; ]]obifonf}} ewfom;rsm;jzpfMu&\/
qGrf;tpfrESifh &[ef;awmf (3)yg; txufatmuf
ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;\/ wpfcsdefwGif &[ef;awmf
(3)yg;b0rS a&mufvmaom ewfom; (3)OD;wdkY
ujyazsmfajz&rnfh tvSnfha&mufcsdefü a*gyu
(udkzdk;vHk) ewfom;vnf; yGJMunfhy&dowfü ygvm
\/ ewfom; (3)OD;wdkY ujyaeMuaomfvnf;
£a`E´odu©m jynfhpHkrI ½kyfqif;t*Fg xl;jcm;rIwdkY
udk udkzdk;vHkewfom;u pOf;pm; qifjcifrdojzifh
rdrdqGrf;avmif;vSLcJhaom &[ef;b0rS a&mufvm
rSef; odoGm;\/ csufcsif; tu t&yfcdkif;um
av;eufpmG owday;í w&m;udk tjreftm;xkwcf ikd ;f
awmh&m ewfom; (2)OD;rSm rMumrD psmefjyef&NyD;
0dyóemudk quftm;xkwf&m tem*grfxd jzpf
28 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

oGm;Mu\/ pkawum jA[®mhjynfodkY wufoGm;Mu

avonf/ usefewfom; (1)OD;um; rnfodkYrQ
ajymír&acs/ vuf&b Sd 0ü wyfrufpNJG iu
d m rvGwf
ajrmufbJ use&f pfavawmh\/ qGr;f tpfr rav;vHk
um; ewfjynfa&mufonfxd omoemjyKazmf&yg
ay\/ csD;usL;zG,f aumif;vSygaypG/
odkYjzpfí pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifhí vkyfydkifcGifhudk
wu,fxad &mufatmif toH;k cswwfzYkd ta&;onf
rd r d w d k Y t wG u f ta&;tBuD ; qH k ; jzpf a vawmh
ownf;/

d
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 29

]]wdyd#uq&mawmfb'´EÅod&dE´mbd0Ho\
wd y d # u"epmar;yG J a tmif j rif & ef
Bud K ;pm;tm;xk w f y H k } }

omoema&;OD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf
'g,umBu;D OD;tHah rmifu wdy#d uavmif;vsmrsm;
tm;wuf&ç enf;,l&atmif wdy#d u tawGUtBuKH
udk (wdyd#u a&T&wktxdrf;trSwftjzpf) a&;ay;
yg&ef avQmufxm;vmygonf/ (avmuüwpfae&m
rS wpfae&modkY c&D;oGm;&mwGif a&mufvdkaZmjzifh
oGm;olwpfa,mufonf qE´twdik ;f vd&k mt&yfoYkd
a&mufEikd af omfvnf; ]]vrf;rSmbmawG awGUcJoh vJ}}
[kar;vQif tukeaf jymjyzdYk rvG,of uJo
h Ykd wdy#d u
vrf;aMumif; tawGUtBuHKudk tukefa&;jy&efrSm
rvG,fulay/ odkYaomf xif&Sm;&mavmufudkawmh
a&;jyygrnf/)
30 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

]]ES v H k ; om;0,f bk & m;wnf } }

Ä w&m;pum;? jrwfbk&m;? udk,fpm;jyKavyg/

Ä w&m;wpf p k ? bk & m;[k ? rS w f ½ I a ysmf p &m/
Ä tm*kHaqmifxm;? usufrSwfjim;? bk&m;wnf
ol y g/
Ä ES v H k ; om;0,f ? bk & m;wnf ? wu,f p G r f ; í
at;csrf ; yg/
Ä uH x l ; ÓPf x l ; ? vH k Y v xl ; ? txl ; yk * ¾ d K vf y g/

bk&m;a[m w&m;pum;rsm;onf bk&m;udk

udk,fpm;jyKonfjzpfí w&m;wpfpkvQif bk&m;wpf
ql[k o'¨gç ynmjzifhMunfh½Iwwfygu wdyd#u
tvkyo f nf aysm&f iTG t
f m;wufp&maumif;vSonf/
bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk tm*HkaqmifusufrSwfae
vQif ESpfvHk;om;bk&m;wnfaeoljzpfonf? bk&m;
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 31

wnfwwfolonf &wemt&dSeft0gaMumifh pGrf;

tm; jynf0h í xnf0gcefjY im; usuo
f a&&dv
S aS yonf/
wdy#d uavmif;vsmrsm;onf (1) wdy#d uvrf;
aMumif;ay: a&mufvmEdik af vmufatmif yg&rDuH
txdkuftavsmuf&dSxm;&rnf? (2) yd#uoHk;yHk
twGif usufpm;Edkifavmufaom uHt&if;cHonfh
ÓPfvnf;&dS&rnf? (3) yd#uoHk;yHkudk tuefYvdkuf
½ke;f ueftm;xkwf o,faqmifEikd af om 0D&,
d tpGr;f
vnf; &dS&rnf/

]]enf ; vrf ; av;oG , f ynm<u,f } }

Ä jy|mef ; usrf ; pH k ? pG r f ; tm;xH k ? tuk e f B ud K ;pm;&/

Ä tMum;r&dS? pGrf;tm;jynfh&ef? pdwftm;oef?
rS e f r S e f B ud K ;pm;&/
Ä umv&SnfMum? BudK;pm;um? vGefpGmZGJ&dS&/
32 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Ä tvk y f a v;pm;? ½d k a ojim;? pG r f ; tm;vG e f

wuf < u/
Ä enf ; vrf ; av;oG , f ? ynm<u,f ? cef Y x nf p G r f ;
jynf h 0 /

wdyd#uavmif;vsmonf (1) tydkif;vdkufqdkif

&m jy|mef;csuftm;vHk;udk tcsdefrSD BudK;pm;Edkif&ef
vHkavmufaomtcsdef&&dSa&;twGuf tcsdefudkBudK
wifcGJa0xm;&rnf/ (2) a&SUtodESifh aemuftod
qufpyfrad tmif a&SUtodu aemuftodtm; aus;
Zl;jyKaeatmif tqufrjywf raersm; BudK;pm;Edkif
&rnf/ (3) uefYowfcsdef (yef;0ifcsdef) ra&muf
rcsif; &Snfvsm;aom yd#uc&D;udk ZGJ&dS&dSBudK;pm;
Edkifaom owåd&dS&rnf/ (4) yd#uoHk;yHktwGif;
pdwfudkESpfjr§Kyfí (tcsdefyif ukefrSef;rod&avmuf
atmif) vkyif ef;tay: pdwyf g0ifpm; av;pm;rI&&S d rnf/
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 33

]]ynmta&mif xG e f ; vif ; ajymif } }

Ä tyÜ r m'? jrwf " r® ? yif r cvk w f r nf /

Ä "mwf B ud K ;yrm? quf o G , f u m? o'¨ g aumif ;
&onf /
Ä 0D & d , rS m ? cvk w f o m? aumif ; pG m ES d y f & onf /
Ä ynmta&mif ? xG e f ; vif ; ajymif ? jrif h a cgif
vl Y p G r f ; &nf /

yifrcvkwfudkzGifhí "mwfBudK;qufoG,fum
teD;&drS ;D cvkwu
f kd ESyd rf rS ;D a&mifvif;Edik o
f uJo
h Ykd (1)
pmayudk pGJNrJpGm usufrSwfEdkifaom owd? usuf
NyD;pmrsm;udk rarhaysmufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif
aom owd-[laomyifrcvkwf tm;aumif;atmif
avhusifh&rnf/ (2) w&m;ESifhxdkufwefaom rdrd
pGrf;&nf? rdrdESifhxdkufwefaom w&m;pGrf;&nfudk
34 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

,HMk unfr[ I al om "mwfBuKd ;yrm qufo, G rf I tm;

aumif;&rnf/ (3) owdtxdef;jzifh tqufrjywf
rSefuefpGm tm;xkwfrI[laom 0D&d,cvkwfudk
ESdyfay;Edkif&rnf/ (4) owdESifhwGJaom 0D&d,onf
orm"dukd jzpfapEdik o f nfjzpfí orm"du ynmtm;
aus;Zl;jyK&onfjzpf&um; ynmrD;a&mifvif;vm
rnf {uefjzpfonf/
rdrdonf touf (18)ESpf t&G,fa&mufrS
y&d,wådynmudk pwifoifMum;cJh&onf/ i,fpOf
tcgupí touf (26)ESpft&G,ftxd wdyd#u
vkyif ef;onf ud, k Ef iS q
hf ikd o
f nf[rk wGucf /hJ wdy#d u
vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY pdwful;rQyif ra&mufcJh
udk,fht&mr[kwf[k wGufqcJhonf/ odkYaomf
"r®mp&d, pmar;yGJESifh ousoD[ç apwd,*FP-
pmar;yGJrsm; ajzqdkcJhpOf uHaumif;wdkufqdkifrIrsm;
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 35

txdkuftavsmuf BuHKBudKufvmojzifh twdwfuH

aumif;^raumif; odvdkvQif ypöKyÜef ÓPfç 0D&d,
jzifh wl;qGprf;oyfay;&rnf[k today:vmonf/
wdy#d uvrf;aMumif;ay:odYk wufa&mufprf;oyfvkd
pdwjf zpfvmcJo h nf/
pwkw¬wdyd#uq&mawmf t&Sifokr*Fvm
vuFm&onf oufawmf (27)ESpt f &G,üf wdy#d u
bGJU&cJhonf/ rdrdrSmum; touf (27)ESpft&G,f
a&mufrS wdyd#uvkyfvdkpdwfay:cJhonf/ wdyd#u
tvkyu f kd pwifco
hJ nf/ ratmifawmhvnf; bk&m;
pum;awmfrsm;udk EIwfxJ ESvHk;om;xJ xnfhoGif;
cGi&hf jcif;onfyif tjrwf[k oabmxm;um 0denf;
ygVdawmfudk píusufrSwfcJhonf/
rdrdonf 0denf;ygVdawmfudk pwufusufrSwf
csdefü pdwfqE´&dSí usufprf;Munfhaeaomfvnf;
ousoD[pmcswef;ESifh apwd,*FPpmcswef;
36 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pmar;yGJ ajzqdkqJwef;vef;omjzpfaeonf/ rNyD;

jywfao;yg/ aemufwpfcku pmoifom;rsm;tm;
aeYpOfpmESpf0gydkYcsrI vkyfief;u tNrJ&dSaeygonf/
a[majyma&;wm0efuvnf; ruif;Edik yf g/ wdy#d u
vrf;aMumif;ay:wufvmaomfvnf; tm½Hkwpfck
wnf;jzifh wnfNidrfpl;pdkufpGm BudK;pm;cGifh&aejcif;
r[kwyf g/
usurf w S vf akd om ygVdawmfrS tjzwfaumif; &m
0guswpfckpD ydkif;vdkufonf/ jrefrmvdk t"dyÜg,f
em;vnfatmifzwfonf/ edosjrefrmjyefpmtkyf
rsm;ESifh wdkufqdkifMunfhonf/ jrefrmvdkem;vnfNyD;
aemuf ygVdawmf0gustpHkvdkuf pdwfxJüpGJvm
atmif (5)acgufavmuf rsufpdzGifhMunfhonf/
pm&GufxJrS pmaMumif;rsm;udk pdwfzvifaumfjym;
xJodkY a&mufatmif owdç 0D&d,ç ÓPfjzifh ul;
,lonf/
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 37

rdro d nf pmusuaf omtcg toHxu G í

f usuf
avhr&dyS g/ i,fpOftcgupí pmudk toHww d of m
usufavh&dSonf/ toHrxGufojzifh rdrdpmusuf
onfudk trsm;urodMuyg/ trsm;twGufvnf;
taESmifht,Suf rjzpfyg/ toHxGufusufouJhodkY
yifyef;jcif;vnf;r&dyS g/ avemjcif;-paom use;f rm
a&; taESmuft,Sufvnf; rjzpfcJhyg/ (5)acguf
avmuf rsufpdzGifhzwfNyD;aemuf aemufxyf (5)
acgufavmuf rsufpdpHkrSdwfNyD; pdwfxJüESvHk;oGif;
onf/ pmuodP k ;f ½Ijcif;yifjzpfonf/ pmvH;k rsm;udk
pdwfxJü owdjzihfpDwef; odkrSD; xm;vdkufjcif;jzpf
onf/ bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk ESvHk;om;rSm xnfh
oGi;f xm;jcif;jzpfí ESv;kH om;ü bk&m;wnfay;jcif;
vnf;jzpfonf/
]]ighESvHk;om;xJ bk&m;<ua&muf oDwif;oHk;
aeNy}D } [kpmaMumif;rsm; ESv;kH om;xJ uyfxm;rdwikd ;f
38 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

o'¨gyDwdjzifh MunfEl;rIrsm; wpfzGm;zGm;jzpf&onf/

xdaYk Mumifvh nf; rdrpd w
d x
f üJ yifyef;rIrsm; rjzpfc&hJ yJ
0rf;om&Tifvef; at;csrf;rIrsm;om jzpfcJh&onf/
0guswpfckNyD;oGm;vQif aemufwpfckodkY qufí
þenf;twdik ;f yifusuo f nf/ aemufwpfpNk y;D wdik ;f
a&SUNyD;cJhonfh wpfpkESifh jyefaygif;ípdwfxJü pDuHk;
xm;onf/ wpfrsufESmavmufNyD;oGm;jyefawmh
vnf; xdk wpfrsuEf mS vH;k jyefaygif;í todpw d rf mS
uyfí wyfxm;onf/
0gustaetxm; odyfonf;í t"dyÜg,fcufcJ
aomae&mwdkYü owdç 0D&d,tiftm;udk ESpfqç
oHk;qavmuf jr§ifhwifBudK;pm;ay;&ygonf/ *gxm
rsm;qdkvQif yHkrSefxufq,fqavmuf jr§ifhwiftm;xkwf
&onf/ *gxmrsm;udk usufrSwf&mü rdrdonf pdwf
jzifo h m usurf w S o
f nfjzpfí pkP, dÖ ygVdrsm;avmuf
pdwfxJwGif xnfhoGif;oDuHk;í ½kwfw&ufrvG,f
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 39

ulwwfyg/ rdrw d iG f pmrsuEf mS yHak oowfrw S cf suf

r&dSyg/ pmtoGm;tvmvG,fvQif vG,fovdk
tukefrsm;í cufvQifcufovdk tukefenf;yg;
onf/ ysrf;rQ 10-rsufESmrS 15-rsufESmavmuf
ukefygvdrfhrnf/ tm*Hkrusuf&bJ oabmjzifhom
rSwfom;&aom y|mef;ygVdawmfrsdK;ü 20-30
avmufuek w f wfonfvnf;&dw S wfygonf/ *gxm
rsm;udk oD;jcm;tcsdefay;í oD;jcm;usufay;&yg
onf/
o½kyfrsm;aomae&m pum;vHk;a0g[m& rsm;
aomae&mwdüYk pmtkyt f wGi;f &dS pmrsuEf mS ab;em;
rSm cJwHjzifh oauFwocsFmav;rsm; a&;rSwfxm;
Ny;D usuaf omtcg jyefaomtcgwdüYk ta&twGuf
rrSm;atmif vufwpfacsmif;jcif;csdK;í owdÓPf
udk toHk;jyK&ygonf/ ygVdawmfrsm;onf
40 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

pum;toHk;tEIef; ajyjypfnufanmí pum;vHk;

txm; todkyHkaoenf;pepfrSefaomaMumifh t|
uxm #Dumrsm;uJhodkY cufcJpGmusuf&onfr[kwf
yg/ tcsdKUaomae&mü taMumif;t&macgif;pOf
pum;vHk;av;rsm;udk rSwfom;xm;NyD; pdwfxJwGif
ygVdpDuHk;qdkíyif &Edkifygonf/
uHç uwåm;? 0kwåç t0kwå? 0gpöç 0gpu? vdifç
0kp-f ponfreS u
f efatmif ygVdawmfrsm;udk rSwo f m;
wwfzYkd txl;vdt k yfojzifh tenf;qH;k "r®mp&d,wef;
(pmcswef;) qdkif&mpmayavhvmNyD;olrsm;? jzpfEdkif
vQif "r®mp&d,bGUJ wpfcck &k Ny;D olrsm;om wdy#d uudk
usufrSwfzdkY toifhavsmfqHk;jzpfygonf/ pmoGm;
pmvm pnf;urf;pepfudk em;rvnfbJ tukefvHk;
awGUorQ tmylwdkufatmfae&vQif rvdktyfbJ
yifyef;Ny;D tcsed u
f ek o
f avmuf c&D;ra&mufjzpfae
wwfygonf/ o'´gjrifí pmaypnf;urf;udk
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 41

tvdkuftavsmufem;vnfrS pmusufoufomí
ÓPfowdjzifh raysmufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif
rnfjzpfygonf/
0denf;ç okwåeftm;vHk;udk þqdktyfNyD;enf;
pepfudk trsm;qHk;oHk;í usufrSwfygonf/ tbd
"r®mü "r®o*FPçD 0dbif;ç yk*v ¾ ynwfç uxm0w¬K
wdkYudk 0denf;okwåef usufrSwfaom yHkpHenf;pepf
twdkif; usufrSwf&onfhtjyif tbd"r®moN*ØKvf
o½kyv f nf; aus>yefujJG ym;zdYk vdt
k yfygonf/ "mwk
uxm ,rdkufwdkYudkum; n0grsm;jzpfí i,fç
vwfç Bu;D wke;f u jzwfoef;usupf m;cJ&h onfh n0g
enf;vrf;twdik ;f yif enf;rS;D usu&f ygonf/ tcsKd U
aomae&mü o½kyo f abmudk pOf;pm;usuí f tcsKd U
aomae&müum; trSwo f auFw enf;pepfjzifyh if
usu&f ygonf/
42 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

y|mef;yifv,fudk ul;cwf&mü t"dutm;jzifh

yxrBuD;wef;wkef;u avhvmcJh&aom ukov
wduu f kd txl;aus>yefzYkd vdt
k yfygonf/ <uif;usef
aom wduçf 'kurf sm;üum; rmwdumt&aumufukd
txl;aus>yefatmif avhvmí 0db*F0g&ygVdrsm;udk
trsm;tm;jzifh ukovwduu f kd enf;rS;D í jzKwof ifçh
cGJoifhonfwdkYudk ÓPfjzifhcsifhcsdefNyD; ygVdudk pDuHk;
usufrSwf&ygonf/ y|mef;ocsFm0g&udkum;
oabmÓPfudkoHk;í wGufcsufNyD; usufrSwf&
onfvnf;&dSonf/ onmrSwf oauFwenf;jzifh
rSwfom;xm;&rIonfvnf; tajrmuftrsm;yg0if
onf/ rmwdumt&aumuf aus>yefaezdkYuawmh
ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/
rdro
d nf usurf wS x
f m;Ny;D onfh ygVdawmfrsm;udk
rarhaysmufatmif xde;f odr;f xm;&mwGif ud, k [f m
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 43

udk,f jyefqdk&mü toHrxGufyJ toHwdwfom

jyefqdkavh&dSygonf/ wu,fhyGJBuD;ü jyefqdkEdkif&ef
avhusi&hf müum; pmaxmufpmr wpfyg;pDtem;rSm
xm;í pmtkyfudk tMunfhcdkif;NyD; jyefqdkygonf/
yHkrSefpmrsm;udk wpfydkif;? cufcJaom pmESifh *gxm
rsm;udk wpfyikd ;f tm;jzifh ESpyf ikd ;f cGNJ y;D jyefqykd gonf/
aeYpOfpmtkyfwdkif; ÓPfwdkYjzefYxm;NyD; pmtkyfwdkif;
tcsdK;usydkif;í jyefqdkygonf/
t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;&mü
tzGifhcHygVdudk usufrSwfrS pmjrifNyD; pGJNrJygonf/
t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk rSwpf x k w k Ef w I í
f usurf wS f
avhr&dSyg/ tpç tqHk;tukefzwfí taMumif;jy?
o½kyfjy? tqHk;tjzwfpaom txl;rSwfom;zG,f
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk cJeDjzifh rSwfom;xm;NyD;
44 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

omref½dk;½dk;pmrsm;xuf tacgufrsm;pGm zwfyg

onf/ tcsdKUpmrsm;udk ygVdawmfusufrSwfonfh
yHkpHtwdkif;yif usufrSwfxm;ygonf/
rdrdonf owdç orm"dudk trsm;qHk;oHk;um
ÓPfudkxkwfvkyfNyD; BudK;pm;onfjzpfí pmjyef&m
üvnf; rnfolYudkrQ aMumuf&GHUavhr&dSyg/ a&;ajz
&müvnf; udk,fodwm udk,fa&;&jcif;jzpfí r
aMumufwwfyg/ pmwpfBurd jf yefNy;D wdik ;f pmwpfy'k f
ajzNyD;wdkif; tvGefrGefjrwfonfh bk&m;pum;awmf
rsm;udk pdwfxJç ESvHk;om;xJrSm odkrSD;xm;NyD;rS
xkwfEIwfoHk;&jcif;jzpfí o'¨gyDwdjzifh tvGefaysmf
arGUavh&dSygonf/ rdrdonf wdyd#ua&G;cs,fyGJü
tm*Hak &m a&;ajzyg us½;HI bl;ygonf/ rdrüd pmrvHk
avmufrSef;odygvsuf aysmfarGUí jyefqdka&;ajz
aejcif;omjzpfygonf/ us½IH;cJhbl;aomfvnf;
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 45

pdwfysufjcif;ç 0rf;enf;jcif;ç tm;i,fjcif;ç ñSdK;EGrf;

jcif;ç pdwf"mwfusjcif; vHk;0rjzpfcJhbl;yg/
wpfaeY pmESpfygydkYcs,if;? w&m;a[m,if;
wnfNidrfat;aq;pGmyif jyefqdka&;ajzcJhygonf/
wdyd#u tm;vHk;NyD;í ESpfudkvufcsdK;a&wGufvdkuf
aomtcg (16)ESpw f w
d d Mumonf[k odvu kd o
f nf/
odkYaomf o'¨gyDwdjzifh aysmfarGUvGef;í 2-ESpf 3-
ESpaf vmufom Mumjrifo h nf[k xifaerdcyhJ gonf/
rdrdonf wdyd#upmar;yGJudk BudK;pm;&mü pmoif
om;yHkpHjzifh wpfpdkufrwfrwf apmufcsvkyfcJhonf
r[kwyf J pmcswpfzufç w&m;a[mwpfzufç tjcm;
pmar;yGrJ sm;wpfzufwv JG suf at;aq;pGm vkycf ohJ nf
jzpfí(16)ESpfc&D;udk jrefonf[kyif xifcJhygonf/
(16) ESpfvHk;vHk; ESvHk;om;ü bk&m;wnfcGifh&í
*kPf,l 0rf;ajrmuf MunfEl;aerdygonf/
46 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

aysmfarGUojzifh wdyd#uNyD;aomtcg yPÖmo

(rZÑdredum,f) udk qufvufjyefqdk&ef BudK;pm;cJh
ygao;onf/ tcsed v f í k vH;k 0r&awmhojzifh vuf
avsmhvdkuf&ygawmhonf/ wdyd#uNyD;í ylaZmfyGJ
vkyMf uonfuv kd nf; rESpo f ufyg/ tylaZmfcvH í
kd
wdyd#uvkyfonfr[kwf? aysmfp&maumif;íom
vkyfonf[kajymum trsm;tm;jzifh jiif;y,fcJh
ygonf/ "r®&wemudk &wemtodjzifh pdwfESvHk;ü
xnfhoGif;xm;&jcif;um; avmuü rnfonfht&
omESirhf Q rEdiI ;f ,SOEf ikd af vmufatmif aysmaf rGUzG,f
aumif;vSí at;csrf;rGefjrwfvSayownf;/
uH&o Sd w
l ikd ;f wdy#d uvrf;aMumif;ay:a&mufí
ÓPf0D&d,jzifh "r®&wemudk wl;azmfoHk;pGJ EdkifMuygap/
wd y d # u a&T & wk p mapmif
ÄÄÄÄÄ
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 47

wdyd#u"&(a,m)q&mawmf
b'´EÅod&dE´mbd0Ho\
Mo0g'uxm

]]w&m;pG r f ; tif tmed o if } }

Ä a&m*gaMumif h o m? aq;q&m? pG r f ; wmod E d k i f

onf /
Ä ud a vom[l / tyl a Mumif h o m? aumif ; pG m
usif h w uf ? ol a wmf j rwf \ ? jrif h j rwf x l ; qef ; ?
vl Y t pG r f ; ? jzpf x G e f ; ay:vmonf /
Ä a&m*gtrsm;? &d S a ejim;í? aq;0g;pG r f ; tif ?
tmed o if ? ay:vG i f x if & S m ;onf /
Ä ud a vom[l ? tyl t rsm;? &d S a ejim;í? w&m;
pG r f ; tif ? tmed o if ? ay:vG i f x if & S m ;onf /
48 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Ä ES v H k ; om;0,f ? bk & m;wnf ? wu,f p G r f ; tm;

&Ed k i f o nf /

yk x k Z Of & J U txd e f ; vG w f w J h omref p d w f [ m

arm[tarSmifxJrSm avmb a'go &efESpfbuf
ñSyaf xmif;xkorQ cHae&wmyg/ taumif;ESiahf wGU
&if avmbu axmif;xkESdyfpufw,f? avmb
qdkwm csrf;oma,mifaqmifNyD; avmifaewJh tyl
aiGUyg? tqdk;eJYawGUjyefawmh a'gou axmif;xk
ESyd pf ufwmudk cH&jyefwmyJ? tJ'v D kd avmb a'go
ESdyfpufcH&if;eJYyJ wpfoufukefoGm;wwfMu&yg
w,f? w&m;udkvufOD;atmif rudkifwG,fjzpf&if
tJ'Dw&m;qdk;rsm;u pdwfudkb,ftcgrS vTwfay;
MurSmr[kwyf gbl;/
udavom tarTcHae&wJhpdwf[m udk,fydkifpGrf;
tm;udk rdrd&& rqkwfudkif raz:xkwfEdkifawmhyJ
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 49

twdwu f rkd auseyf ypöKyeÜ u f v

kd ufvw
T f tem*wf
udk pdwful;,OfNyD; aqmufwnf&mr& csmcsmvnf
atmif arsmaewwfygw,f? udavom0efxkyf
aMumifh pdwu f rkd Edik w
f myg? udavmom&dw S t
hJ wGuf
aMumifhyJ pdwfudkqHk;raeMu&wmyg/
udavomaMumifh pdwfnpfç pdwfnpfvdkY ½kyfyif
yef;ç ½kyyf ifyef;awmh pdwq f if;&J&w,f? udavom
&Sif;awmh pdwfpifMu,fç pdwfpifMu,fvdkY ½kyfvef;
qef;awmh pdwfcsrf;om&ygw,f? emrfESifh½kyf[m
tcsif;csif;wHkYjyefaus;Zl;jyKaeMuwmyg/
npfnrf;wJhudavomaMumifh pdwfnpfnrf;NyD;
vl n pf a yqd k ; oG r f ; um &ef o l b uf a &muf o G m ;
&w,f/ udavomuif;vdYk pdwpf ifMu,fvm&if vl
aumif;jzpfvmNyD; rdwfaqGbufa&mufoGm;&jyef
w,f? ykxkZOf&JUpdwf[m a&rIwfwpfbuf
50 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

rD;pwpfbuf udik x f m;wmjzpfvYkd ud,

k wf pfa,muf
wnf;awmif &efjzpfae&wmyg/
vlaY vmurSmtema&m*g r&dcS &hJ if aq;q&m&JU
t&nftcsi;f pGr;f &nfukd rodEikd o
f vdb k J udavom
tyleJY qif;&J'ku©rsm;r&dScJh&if w&m;usifhwJh
olawmfaumif;&JU pGrf;tm;*kPf&nfrsm;udk odEdkif
cGifh&rSmr[kwfygbl;? tema&m*g&dSaevdkYom
aq;q&m&JU pGrf;&nfudk odEdkifovdk udavomeJY
tylqif;&JawGaMumifhom w&m;usifhol olawmf
aumif;&JUpGrf;tm;udk twk,ltm;uszG,ftjzpf
odciG &hf rSmjzpfygw,f/
NyD;awmh tema&m*gawG r&dScJh&if aq;0g;pGrf;
tiftmedoifudk rod&ovdk udavomeJY qif;&J
'ku©awG r&dS&if w&m;pGrf;tiftmedoifudk rod&
ygbl;? tema&m*gaMumifh aq;0g;pGr;f tif tmedoif
ay:vGi&f ovdk udavomeJY qif;&JtylawGaMumifh
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 51

om tylNidrf;aMumif; w&m;aumif;&,fvdkY
w&m;pGrf;tif tmedoifay:vGif&wmyg/
'gaMumifh tema&m*g[m aq;0g;tmedoifEiS hf
aq;q&mpGr;f tifukd azmfxw k af y;ovdk udavom
ESihf qif;&Jtylrsm;[m w&m;pGr;f tif tmedoifEiS hf
olawmfaumif;pGrf;tm;udk azmfxkwf *kPfwifay;
wwfwJh wGef;tm;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuygw,f/ vlYavm
urSm awGUBuKH aeMu&wJh vlraI &;'ku© tyl jyóem
rsKd ;pHak wG[m w&m;ukeaf csm xkwv f yk af y;Edik w
f hJ vlY
b0ukeMf urf;rsm; jzpfygw,f? roH;k wwfot l wGuf
udavomaMumifh *kPfysufwwfayr,fh oHk;wwf
oltwGuaf wmh udavom tylawGaMumifyh J *kPf
wwf&ygw,f/
trsdK;rSefwJh ausmufrsuf&wemESifhwlwJh vlY
pdwf"mwfudk usOf;usyf½IyfyGylavmifvSwJh udav
om trdu I o
f ½du
k f &TUH ñGeaf usmufcJ oJajrMum;xJrS
52 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

cufcufcJcJ qGJxkwfNyD; oDvESifhoefYpif orm"dESifh

aq;aMumynmeJYaoG;ay;EdkifrS pifMu,f jrifhjrwf
wJh vlYpdwf"mwfay:vm&ygw,f? tzdk;wef vljzpf
cGifh&ygw,f? pdwfxm;wwfvdkY jrifhjrwfNyD; csrf;om
atmifaewwfvmygw,f? wu,fawmh pdwf
aumif; wpfckay:vmzdkY udavomawGvufxJu
cufcufccJ J qGx J wk v f ,
k &l wmyg? o'¨g? 0D&,
d "gwf
awG trsm;BuD;oHk;&ygw,f/
cE¨mESifhruif;EdkifwJh pm;0wfaea&; pD;yGm;a&;
vlrIa&; tvkyfawGqdkwm rD;&xm;blwmrSm
acgif;wGJr&dSvdkY &yfxm;&wJh &xm;wGJBuD;eJY wlyg
w,f/ tcsed t f wdik ;f twm wpfct k xd avhvmem,l
rS w f o m;wmrsd K ;ç tcsd e f t uef Y t owf w pf c k e J Y
avhusifhtm;xkwfwmrsdK;awGu rD;&xm;acgif;
wGJESifhwlygw,f? or®m'd|d todÓPf acgif;wGJESifh
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 53

csdwfqufay;vdkuf&if pm;0wfaea&; &xm;wGJBuD;

[m odu©moHk;yg; r*¾if&Spfyg; vrf;aMumif;twdkif;
vdu k yf gaygif;rdomG ;ygw,f/ jzpf? td?k em? ao blwm
awG u d k ausmf v G e f N yD ; ed A Á m ef b l w m ta&muf
o,faqmifomG ;Edik rf mS jzpfygw,f/ cE¨mxrf;aqmif
a&;wGJESifh w&m;wGJwpfqufwnf; wom;wnf;
aygif;rdomG ;rSmyg/
Ak'¨omoemhvrf;pOf vufawGUtusifhvkyfief;
ydkif;rSm owd[m vdk&if;y"me tcsKyfyg? owdqdk
wm toD;wpf&mudk xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifwJh tñSm
wpfckozG,f rsm;jym;vSwJh vlYudpörsdK;pHkudk &nfrSef;
csufjyKwfrusatmif udkifwG,fxdef;csKyfay;wJh
avmu&JU yifry"me tñSmBuD;wpfckjzpfygw,f/
owdtñSmESifh wGJrdwJh vlY&JUvkyfief;udpötm;vHk;
udk,fydkifw&m;tvkyfjzpfoGm;NyD; toGifoP²mef
54 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tESpfom&a&m tjrifydkif;yg oefY&Sif;oyf,yf

vSywifw h ,f xnf0gcefjY im; av;eufomG ;ygw,f/
owdtñSmjyKwo f mG ;&if vlu Y pd t
ö m;vH;k w&m;
tvkyfESifh tdk;pm;uGJNyD; z½dkz&J jyefYjyefYBuJ jzpfoGm;
wwfygw,f/ tñSmcdkifrS udk,fydkif&rSmyg/ tñSm
jyKwu f s&ifawmh 'kua© &mufwwfygw,f/ pdwt f pOf
rSm owdryg&if trSeftwdkif; MunfhEdkifwJh tod
w&m; rwdusrjynf0h Edik yf gbl;? owdoiG ;f rS tMunfh
&Si;f Ny;D todw&m; wdusjynf0h Edik yf gw,f/ pGr;f tm;
vnf; tjynfh&Edkifygw,f/
owdqdkwm (1) tm½Hkudk yHkazmfay;&w,f/ (2)
tm½HkESifh pdwfuyfay;&w,f? (3) tvkyfrNyD;rD
tm½Hkraysmufatmif xdef;xm;&w,f? (4) tvkyf
wpfcv k yk af epOf tjcm;rqdik wf hJ tm½Hak wG Mum;jzwf
0ifrvm&atmif apmifah &Smufay;&w,f? (5)tvkyf
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 55

rNyD;rcsif; tpç tv,fç tqHk; tukefvHk;odod

aeatmif a&SUaemuftodcsi;f qufpyfxm;&w,f?
owdaumif;&if tvkyw f pfcNk y;D wdik ;f t&nftaoG;
pHcsed rf NDS y;D pGr;f tm;tjynf&h Edik yf gw,f/ owdtxde;f
ygwJh tm;xkwfrIuom tavtvGifhr&dS wduswJh
pdwfpGrf;tm;udk wdk;wufapygw,f/
owd[m ypöKyÜefwdkif; wefbdk;xm; av;pm;&
ygw,f? pdwfrykyfatmif odkavSmifay;w,f? pdwf
vHNk cKH atmif xde;f odr;f ay;w,f? pdwaf wmufajymif
atmif yGww f u kd af y;Ny;D tvkyw f ikd ;f pdwu
f kd tuGuf
csay;w,f? pdwfrjyefYBuJatmif oDwHBudK;ozG,f
oDu;kH ay;w,f? w&m;wHcg;zGiahf y;wJh pdw&f UJ aomh
wHvnf; jzpfw,f? owd&JU pGrf;tm;[m teEÅyg/
owdvufvGwfoGm;&if arhavsmhayghqoGm;yg
w,f? arh&if vlzsif;jzpf&w,f? avsmh&ifç ayghq
56 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

&ifawmh vlnHhjzpfoGm;&ygw,f? arhavsmhayghq

w,fqdkwm trSeftwdkif; w&m;pum;eJY tm;rem
wrf;ajym&&if ]]t½l;uav;}} jzpfoGm;wmyg?
t½l;uav;jzpfaecdu k rf mS aqmif&u
G cf sut
f m;vH;k
pGrf;&nfjynfh0 Nidrf;at;atmif vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;
r&dSawmhyJ pdwfpGrf;&nf ,dkifvJoGm;&ygw,f? t½l;
uav;csi;f xyfNy;D qufpyfomG ;&if t½l;Bu;D vnf;
jzpfoGm;Edkifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pdwf"mwfBuHUcdkif
r½l;Edkifatmif xdef;csKyfxm;wJhw&m;[m owdyg/
pdwqf wkd m t0dZmÆ çwPSmvufxrJ mS csn;f trsm;
qH;k aecJ&h wmjzpfvYkd tvGeu f av;uvm; qefveG ;f
ygw,f? owdqdkwm uav;xdef;wJh w&m;yg? tysif;xl
wJhpdwf xHkxdkif;pdwfudk 0D&d,eJY wGef;tm;ay;&
w,f? rsufpdvnfvrf;rSm;aewJh pdwfudk ynmu
vrf;ñTefoGefoif&ygw,f? raumif;qdk;0g;pdwfudk
 wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S 57

aumif;rGeo f efpY ifatmif o'¨gw&m;eJY aq;aMum&

ygw,f? tJ'Dav;yg;rSm owdESifhynmu vlYb0
csdefoD;? o'¨geJY 0D&d,u vlYb0vufwHyg? owdu
pdwt f m½HEk iS hf tcsed uf kd xde;f odr;f ay;w,f? ynmu
tvkyw f ikd ;f "mwfcaJG y;Ny;D tvkyw f pfcNk y;D wdik ;f vkycf
xduk xf ukd w f efwefay;ygw,f? o'¨gutaumif;ESihf
qufoG,fNyD; taumif;&bdkY tmrcHwm0ef,lyg
w,f? 0D&, d uawmh tm;awGukd ab;rsmxkwrf ypfyJ
twGi;f rSm jynf0h atmif xkw, f x l m;vdu k yf gw,f/
Ak'¨omoemqdkwm wpfckwnf;aom 'ku©tyl
xGuaf ygufyg? wpfcw k nf;aom ÓPfaumif;xkwf
vkyfwJhpdwf? pdwfaumif;xkwfvkyfwJhpuf? pdwfoefY
pifwJhpdwf? pdwftyludk tat;cHwJhpufyg? avmu
rl;,pfaq;0g;t&ufaopmawGudk raumif;rSef;
odvsufeJY oHk;pGJaeMuwm[m pdwfudkarhaq;xHk
58 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

aq;xd;k ay;wJo
h abmyg? tcuftcJawG rajyvnf
½Hrk Qru tylwpfcuk kd tylwpf&myGm;,lwmjzpfovdk
tylao;ao;udk BuD;xGm;atmifvkyfwmyg? vlY
tcuftcJukd w&m;uvGv J Ykd b,f[murS ajyvnf
atmif rajz&Sif;Edkifygbl;? oefYpifwdusppfrSefwJh
omoem[m jrefrmjynfrSmom tjynfhtpHk&dSyg
w,f? tpdk;&ESifh jynfolYç q&mESifh'um? nDnm
MunfjzLpGm apmifha&SmufEdkifwJh aus;Zl;aMumifhyg/

tm;vH k ; csrf ; omMuygap/

wd y d # ua&T & wk p mapmif r S

d
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 59

ax½kyÜwådtusOf;

&efukefNrdKU? A[ef;? eE´0efvrf;

r[m0dok'¨g½Hk a&Tusifwdkufopf

o-p-t ygVdyg&*l t*¾r[mtausmf

wdyd#u"& t*¾r[my@dw
wdyd#u"& "r®b@m*g&du

wdyd#ua,mq&mawmf b'´EÅ od&dE´mbd0Ho

\
]]b0jzpfpOfç aMumif;usdK;xif}}
(ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; )

omoem 2542 aumaZm 1360 waygif;v

1999 ckESpf rwfv
(oufawmf 56? odu©mawmf 37)
60 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

b0jzpfpOf aMumif;usdK;xif
(ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; )

zGm;jrifa&mufvm vlwdkY&Gm

b'´EÅod&dE´mbd0Ho (wdyd#ua,mq&mawmf)
onf rauG;wdkif;? *efYa*gNrdKUe,f (a,me,f)
vufyH&Gmü crnf;awmf OD;&JEdkif? r,fawmf
a':wkwfcdkifwdkYrS 1304 ckESpf waygif;vjynfh
ausmf 6-&uf (26.3.43) aomMumaeY eHeuf
4em&Dct JG csed w
f iG f zGm;jrifaom (arG;csi;f 6 a,muf)
wGif om;OD;&wemjzpfí i,femrnf (vltrnf)
armifomarmifjzpfygonf/ rdbwdkYxHü twdwf
ukov kd u f u
H a&;jc,fay;vdu k af om vlb Y 0 t½kyf
uav; 1 ckay:vmcJhonf/ twdwfukodkvfuHu
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 61

pdkufysdK;ay;vdkufaom vlYb0cE¨mtyifuav; 1
yif aygufvmcJhonf/ toHk;0ifaom vlYb0cE¨m
1-ck jzpfvm&ef twdwfb0u pdwfaumif;
uHaumif; t&if;tESD;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm pdkufxkwf
ay;cJh&onf/

uav;b0 wufvrf;p

i,fpOfupí wnfNidrfat;aq;onf? tvGef

tuJ upm;rIudk 0goemryg? upm;vQifvnf;
wpfa,mufwnf;om upm;wwfonf/ vlawm
odkY0if& a&maESm&rnfudk 0efav;wwfonf/
olwpfyg;wdkYESifh cGef;wkefYcGef;jyefjiif;cHkí pum;
ajymavhr&dSol wpfyg;u pwifjiif;cHk vmvQif
vnf; udk,fuom t½IH;ay;wwfonf/
62 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

rusef;rrmjzpfvQifyif olwpfyg;udk rylqm

wwf? ukd,fh'ku©udk udk,fom atmifhtnf;onf;cH
wwfonf? i,fpOfpum;ajymwwfcgp t&G,rf pS í
rdcifupmayrsm;udk EIwfwdkufcsay;cJh\/ bdk;bGm;
rsm;u yHk0w¬KZmwfedygwfawmfrsm;udk rMumrMum
ajymjyí yHo k iG ;f ay;cJMh uonf/ ykxZk Ofvo l m;wdik ;f
udk,fhudkudk,f rEdkifao;orQ udk,fhtay: MoZm
ajimif;onfh txdef; wGef;tm; vrf;ñTeftNrJ
&daS e&pNrjJ zpfonf/ ud, k u
hf u
kd ,
kd v
f nf; rxde;f wwf
ab;u txdef;aumif;vnf; uif;vGwfcJhvQif vlU
b0wdrf;yg;cRwfacsmfum 0dkif;y,fcH&onfh vlY
trdu I jf zpfomG ;wwfonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;om; okwyGm;
1314-ckESpf 10ESpfom;t&G,fü rdbrsm;u
vufy&H mG ausmif;q&mawmf OD;wdóxH ynmoif
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 63

Mum;&eftyfESHMuonf/ q&mawmf OD;wdóESifh

OD;&D;awmf OD;armifoef; (xdpk Ofu ausmif;om;Bu;D )
wdkY\ pepfwus *½kpdkufí oifjyay;rIç oli,f\
ynmvdkvm;BudK;pm;rIwdkYaMumifh 1-ESpfcGJtwGif;
q&morm;rsm;\ csD;usL;rIudk tzefzef&&dSum
ygVdjrefrmpmayç *Pef;ocsFm tajccHESifhwuG?
Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI tajccHwdkYudk tajcusus
&&dScJhonf? pmaynHhzsif;rIç pm&dwåysufjym;rI
wdkYaMumifh q&morm;rsm;\ tjypfay;jcif;udk 1
Budrf 1 cgrQrcHcJh&bl;ay/ rsdK;aphaumif;onf
tyifaumif;udk aygufay;í tyifaumif;onf
toD;tyGifhaumif;udk oD;yGifhay;ouJhodkY rdb
aumif;onf om;orD;aumif;udk arG;zGm;ay;í
q&maumif;onf wynfhaumif;udk az:xkwfay;
Edik pf rG ;f &do
S nf/
64 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

rlvwef;ausmif; wpfqifhajymif;

1315-ckEpS f ewfawmfvü q&mawmf OD;wdó

&efukefNrdKUodkY <ua&mufoDwif;oHk;cdkuf rdbrsm;u
oli,f\ ynma&;vpf[if;aESmifah ES;rnfukd pd;k &drf
Moojzifh bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS xGufapí vufyH&Gm
tpdk;&rlvwef;ausmif;ü tyfESHMuonf/ ausmif;
q&mrsm;u oli,f\t&nftcsif;udk t-3-vHk;
pepfjzifh prf;oyfppfaq;Munfhaomtcg &J&J
awmuf ajzjyEdik o f jzifh ]]tm*bke;f Bu;D ausmif;om;}}
pk tHhMocsD;usL;um yxrwef;rS pçwif oifMum;
apMuonf/ OD;&D;awmfq&mBuD; OD;bpef? q&m
OD;cspfausmf? q&mOD;yk wdkYxHü ynmoifMum;cJh&m
tepfemcHr?I ynmvdv k m;BuKd ;pm;rI ponfwaYkd Mumifh
ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;\pHjytjzpf cspfcifav;pm;
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 65

ta&;xm;rIudk cH,l&&dSum q&mrsm;\ csD;usL;

rIukd xyfum xyfum&&dv S suf yxrwef;rS pwkw¬
wef;xd ESpfpOfxdyfqkH;eHygwf (1) ucsnf;om
atmifjrifcohJ nf/ tdro
f aYkd &mufvQiv
f nf; om;Bu;D
1-a,mufjzpfojzifh rdcif\ tdrfrIudpötm;vHk;
atmufajcodrf; ulnDvkyfudkifay;&í zcif\
awmifolvkyfief;udkyg 0ifa&mufulnDay;&onf/
pnf;urf;BuD;aomrdbrsm;u rtm;vyfatmif
tvkyfjzifh pnf;urf;abmifcwf xdef;uGyfay;xm;
Muojzifh tjcm;uav;rsm;uJhodkY vnfywfcsdef
upm;csdef r&dSoavmuf tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/
armifomarmifonf i,fpOfup ykykydefydef ao;
ao; uav;omjzpfonf/ odaYk omf rdbrsm;u om;
udpöa&m orD;udpöyg tukeftm;udk;Muonf/ rdb
aumif;aMumifh trsm;uav;pm;Muonf/
66 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

omraPjyK pmayrI

pwkw¬wef;atmifNyD;aemuf 1318ck? aESmif;

wefcl;v 14-ESpfom;t&G,fü rdbwdkYu rlv q&m&if;
q&mawmf OD;wdóxH &Sijf yKr*FvmjyKvyk Mf uonf/
cPomouFef;0wfcGifh&aMumif; od&ojzifh q&m
awmfrsm;u udk&ifbGJUemrnfray;Muacs/ ]]cP
om0wfwmqdkawmh udk&ifomarmifayghuGm}} wJh
&Sio
f mraPb0ü baxG;awmf (crnf;awmf\ nD
awmf) bkef;BuD; OD;eE´u u avmukwfavmuD
ynm&yfrsm;udk tcsdef&orQ pepfwusoifjyay;
onf/ omoemü aysmfydkufvSojzifh wpfoufvHk;
ouFef;0wfí omoemhwm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk
aMumif; rdbrsm;xH cGifhawmif;tcg oabm
rwlMuacs/ omraPb0ü wpfvomaeí
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 67

vl0wfvJcJh&onf/ avmuqGJtm;ESifh "r®qGJtm;

2-rsKd ;wdw
Yk iG f tprxifoo H &mupí xHvk mcJah om
avmuqGJtm;u tom&wwfpNrJom jzpfonf/
ud,
k u f vufcEH ikd af omfvnf; trsm;u raxmufcH
vQif taumif;udkyif vufvTwf&wwfonf/

tv,fwef;ausmif; wpfqifhajymif;

1319 ck? e,kefvü rdbwdkY\ qE´twdkif;

*efYa*gNrdKUe,f? uef&Gmtpdk;& tv,fwef;ausmif;
(,cktxufwef;ausmif;)odaYk jymif;a&TUí OD;&D;awmf
OD;jynfhxGef;? a':aygcifwdkY\ apmifha&SmufrIjzifh
tv,fwef;ynmudk qufvuf oif,lcJhonf/
q&mBu;D OD;cifarmifaX;ç q&mOD;ode;f armfç OD;&mNrKd Uç
OD;wifvçS OD;cifarmifoed ;f ç a':cdik v
f çS a':pef;cifç
68 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

wdx Yk üH ynmoifMum;cJ&h m wnfNird rf çI ynmvdv k m;

BudK;pm;rIwdkYaMumifh q&m q&mrrsm;\ tm;&
ESpo f uf trTr;f wifru
I kd cH&onft
h jyif ausmif;om;
ausmif;olrsm;\ cifrifav;pm; ta&;xm;rIudk
cH,l&onf/ vufyH&Gm OD;&D;awmf q&mBuD;
OD;bpdk;uvnf; aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;ü
tdrfodkYac:í BudK;pm;oifjyay;cJhonf/ yÍörwef;?
q|rwef;ESihf owårwef; Ak'b ¨ mom pmar;yGw J u Ykd kd
eHygwf (1) ucsnf;om atmifjrifcJhí 1321 ck
(1960 ck) tpdk;&ppf owårwef; pmar;yGJudkum;
NyKd ib f ufr&dS wpfausmif;vH;k wpfa,mufwnf;om
atmifjrifcahJ vonf/ uHÓPfqE´ vHv Yk use;f rm
a&; q&maumif;ESifh tm;ay;olpaom twGif;
ty taMumif;aumif;rsm; jynfhpHkcdkuf tm;pdkuf
oavmuf aygufa&mufwwfpNrJwnf;/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 69

omoema&muf ESpfBudrfajrmuf

armifomarmif uef&Gmü ynmoifMum;pOf

uefawm&ausmif;wdkufodkY rMumrMum a&mufcJh
onf/ uefawm& q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;udk
rMumcPzl;awGU&? tqHk;trrsm;udk rMumcP
Mum;&onfrSm at;jrMunfEl; wefzdk;BuD;rm;vS
onf? omoem"mwf wpfpwpfp ul;pufpdrfh0if
vmcJo
h nf/
owårwef; ajzqdak tmifjrifNy;D aemuf omoem
abmifodkY0if&ef rdbxH cGifhawmif;aomfvnf;
oabmrwlMuay/ OD;&D;awmf OD;jynfx h eG ;f u w&m;
jyum em;csay;aomtcgrSom rdbrsm; oabmwl
auseyfcJhMuonf/
70 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

xdaYk Mumifh 1322ck e,kev f qef; 8-&uf (18)ESpf

om;t&G,fü rdbwdkY\ ypö,mEk*¾[udk cH,lum
*efaY *gNrKd Ue,f uefawm&ausmif;wdu k üf yxruef
awm&q&mawmf OD;auwkudk OyZÑm,fjyKvsuf
'kwd,tBudrf &SifomraPtjzpfodkY a&mufcJhjyef
onf/ uefawm& pmcsq&mawmf OD;eE´drmu
]]&Sifod&dE´}} [k bGJUrnfay;avonf/
uefawm& yxrq&mawmfOD;auwkESifh wwd
,q&mawmf OD;0dow k u
Ykd &Sio
f &d Ed u
´ kd rMumrMum
tem;odaYk c:í at;jrMunfE;l zG,f tqH;k trrsm;udk
ay;oem;um tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufawmfrlMuonf/
wwd,q&mawmfOD;0dokwç pwkw¬q&mawmf
OD;auvmo? pmcsq&mawmf OD;eE´drm? OD;omudE´
("r®mp&d,) wdx Yk üH o'´g? o*F[? ygwdarmuf? ucFg?
½lyodE¨d? rmwdum? "mwkuxm? ygVda&;enf;?
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 71

*gxmvuFmpDuHk;enf;? wdkYudk &SifomraPb0 2-

ESpftwGif; tajcusus &&dSatmif oif,lcJhonf/
arwå u½kPm todynmjynfh0aom ynm&dS
olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;ESifh awGUqHkcGifh&jcif;onf
rnfonfh ypönf;ESifhrQ rvJEdkifonfh wefzdk; rjzwf
Edkifaom taumif;jrwfqHk;aom vmbfBuD; 1-ck
jzpfonf/ ynm&dSolawmfaumif;ESifh 1-Budrf 1-cg
1-cPrQ aygif;oif;qufqcH iG &hf vQiyf if 1-ouf
vHk; apmifha&Smuf wwfpNrJjzpfonf/ wufvrf;
yGiohf mG ;wwfonf/

&[ef;tjzpf b0opf

1324-ck uqkefvjynfhausmf 8-&uf paeaeYü

*efaY *gNrKd Ue,f? uefawm&ausmif;wdu
k f c@odr0f ,f
72 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

wwd, uefawm& q&mawmf OD;0dokwudk

OyZÑ,fjyKvsuf vufyH&Gm crnf;awmf OD;&JEdkif
r,fawmf a':wkwfcdkif? ab;awmf a':NcHK (tzGm;
\rdcif)? bdk;bGm;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;ausmfxdkuf-
a':pdk;csKyf? a':a&TzHk; (tzdk;OD;ompdef\ZeD;)wdkY\
ypö,mEk*¾[udk cH,lum jrifhjrwfaom &[ef;
tjzpfodkY a&mufcJhonf/ bGJUtrnfrSm OD;od&dE´m
yifjzpfonf/ rdrd\ &[ef;cHyGJü rdrdudk,fwdkif
w&m;udk pwifa[mcJí h rdru d , kd w
f ikd f &wky'kd pf EkH iS hf
*gxmrsm; a&;om;½du k Ef ydS f jzefaY 0cJoh nf/ olaY rwåm
udk udk,fharwåmjzifh wkefYjyefrS wm0efausonf[k
cH,lum t&JpGefY BudK;pm;jcif;om jzpfonf/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 73

odrfxyfr*Fvm tcgcg

uav;NrdKU? ompnfprf;acsmif; q&mawmf

OD;pm&dwå? rEÅav;NrdKU r[m0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopf
t*¾r[my@dw a&Tusifomoemydkif ajrmif;jr
q&mawmfwdkY\ csD;ajr§mufrIjzifh ('umrygbJ)
odrfxyfcJhonfhjyif? NrdKUpHk? e,fpHk? tqifhpHk 'um
'umrrsm;pGmwd\ Yk ypö,mEk*[¾ udk cH,u
l m tBurd f
(200)ausmx f d ('um'umrwd\ Yk apwemudik í hJ )
tBurd Bf urd f tcgcg odrx f yfr*Fvm jyKvyk cf ohJ nf/

pmayoifMum; a&SUodkYoGm;

&[ef;cHNy;D aemuf ynm qufvufoifMum;&ef

twGuf 1324 ck? e,kefvqef; (11)&ufaeYwGif
74 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

*efYa*grS rEÅav;odkY av,mOfpD;í oGm;&m

]]"r®gp&d,ratmifrcsif; *efYa*gESifh arG;ajrudk ajc
racsawmhNyD}} [k qHk;jzwfcsufcJhonf/ (6-ESpf
ywfvHk; ae&yfodkY rjyefbJ pGJpGJNrJNrJ BudK;pm;cJhonf/
1330 ck? "r®mp&d, ygVdyg&*l t*¾r[mtausmf
atmifNyD;rS ae&yfodkY jyefjzpfcJhonf/)
rEÅav; 0dZÆmvuFm&wdkufü wpfywfcefY
wnf;cdkonf/ 0dZÆmvuFm&wdkufü aexdkifpOf ,ck
NrdKUomq&mawmf OD;e&dE´ ,ck 0dZÆmvuFm&
q&mawmf OD;aumov’wdkYonf nDt&if;uJhodkY
txl;yif apmifha&SmufulnDMuonf/ 0dZÆmvuFm&
q&mawmf OD;acrmpm&? Muufzeufq&mawmf
OD;aumov’ xdrk mq&mawmf OD;ynm0HowdYk ud, k f
wdkif r[m0dok'¨g½HkwdkufopfodkYvkdufí ulnDtyfESH
ay;Muonf/ OD;y@dpö (,ck uef&Gm OD;baomf)\
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 75

tultnDu&kd aomaMumifh rEÅav;NrKd U a&Tusief u d m

, A[dXk mecsKyf r[m0do'k g¨ ½Hw k u
kd o f pf atmifajr
ompnfausmif;ü vG,fulacsmarmpGm aecGifh&cJhonf/
omoemydkif ajrmif;jrq&mawmfç oHawmfqifh
q&mawmfç olaX;wef;ausmif;q&mawmf OD;*½k"r®ç
atmifajrompnfausmif; q&mawmf OD;Owå&mZD0
ESihf pmcs OD;y@0Howd\ Yk qH;k rñTeMf um;rIukd cH,ul m
ynmoifMum;cJo h nf/
r[m0dok'¨g½HkwdkufopfrS rpdk;&drfausmif;wdkuf
odkYoGm;í rpdk;&drfq&mawmf OD;0dpdwåmbd0Hoç
OD ; paE´ m bmombd 0 H o ç OD ; aumov’ (av;)ç
OD;od&dE´mbd0Hoç OD;aum0d'gbd0Hoç OD;&mZ"r®m
bd0Hoç OD;0dykç OD;£E´mpm&ç OD;"r®meE´ç wdkYxHü
vnf;aumif;? awmifxD;vif;wdkufodkYoGm;í n0g
76 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tausmf q&mawmf OD;0ZD&Ak'¨dxHü vnf;aumif;

y&d,wådynmrsm;udk avhvmoifMum;cJhonf/
i,fpOfupí q&mrdb bdk;bGm;aumif;wdkY\
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufru
I kd EGeH matmif cH,cl &hJ aom
t&dSefaMumifh NrdKUBuD;ü ae&aomfvnf; taygif;
toif;rrSm;&? rrsm;&atmif tm½Hrk sm;pGm qGaJ tmif&m
odkY rvdkufrdatmif xdef;odrf;EdkifpGrf;&dSonf/
qGrf;cHtdrfzdwf&Jaom owådvHk;0r&dS/ 'um
'umrrsm;u xdkifqGrf;yifhonfudkyif pum;ajym
&Jaomowådr&dSí vufrcH? vufyH&[ef;trBuD;
tzGm; a':a&Tz;kH u xrif;qdik üf vcay;xm;rnf[k
qdkonfudkvnf; pmoifom;b0ESifh rwefojzifh
tvdkufododjzifh jiif;y,fcJhonf/ qif;&JcufcJ
yifyef;rSom ynmwefz;kd &drS nfjzpfí &do S rQç &orQ
jzifh wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jauseyfum ajzmifhrwf
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 77

pl;pdu
k pf mG BuKd ;pm;onf/ tpDtpOfygaom qif;&J\
aemufrmS csr;f omapmifBh uKd aeonf[v k nf; pdwu f kd
tm;oGi;f xm;onf/
rEÅav;ü 5-ESpfaeNyD;í r[m0dok'¨g½Hk oHawmf
qifq h &mawmf OD;wdavmu\ wdu k w
f eG ;f ñTeMf um;
tyfESHay;csuft& 1329 ck? e,kefvü &efukefNrdKU
A[ef;? eE´0efvrf;? r[m0do'k g¨ ½Hk? a&Tusiw f u
kd of pf
q&mawmf t&Sif0go0gbd0Ho\ ajcawmf&if;odkY
a&mufcJhonf/ 0dok'¨g½Hkq&mawmf OD;0go0gbd0Hç
pmcsq&mawmf OD;odvmpm&mbd0Ho (4-bGJU&)
(,ck OD;omaX;jrifh)ç tv,fawm& q&mawmf
Od;ol&,mbd0Ho wdkYxHü pmayynmudk oif,l
vsuf rdrduvnf; pmoifom;rsm;tm; aeYpOf
pm0g (2)0gpD oifjyydkYcsay;um BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
cJhonf/ 1329 ckü pmcswef;rNyD;ao;aomfvnf;
78 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

t&nftcsif;udk ,HkMunfpdwfcs auseyfojzifh

0do'k g¨ ½Hq
k &mawmfu pmcsbek ;f Bu;D wm0ef tyfEiS ;f
csD;ajr§mufawmfrlonf/ pmoifwpfzufç pmcs
wpfzufç wm0ef 2-csuu f kd tm;wufoa&m txl;
BuKd ;pm;&onf/

atmifyGJqifhqifh ETJwdkif;wifh

rEÅav; r[m0dok'¨g½Hküaecdkuf tcsdefrukef

vlryef;bJ 1324-i,f? 1325-vwf? 1326-BuD;
1327-pmcswef; yg+eD? 1328-0de,ygVdyg&*lESifh
apwd,*FPpmoifwef;wdkYudk ESpfpOfatmifjrifcJh
onf/ apwd,*FPpmoifwef; atmifjrifojzifh
]]tbd0Ho}} bGJUwdk;um ]]t&Sifod&dE´mbd0Ho}} bGJU
jzpfvmonf/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 79

&efukefr[m0dok'¨g½HkodkY a&mufvmaomtcg
1329 ckü tpdk;&"r®mp&d,pmar;yGJwGif usrf;&if;
3-usrf;ü wpfEdkifiHvHk; eHygwf 1-trSwftrsm;qHk;
&í atmifjrifojzifh ]]t*¾r[mtausmf}} bGJU ESifh
]]omoe"Z"r®mp&d,}} bGJUudk&&dSonf/
1330ckü rEÅav; ousoD[ pmoifwef;udk
eHygwf 1-trSwftrsm;qHk;jzifh atmifjrifí 1331
ckü &efuek f apwd,*FPpmcswef; 3-usr;f Ny;D ojzifh
]]od&dE´mbd0Ho apwd,*FPy&d,wåd "r®mp&d,
*P0gpu}} bGJUudk &&dSonf/

wdyd#u vrf;tp

t&Sifod&dE´onf 1324 ckESpfu ]]"r®mp&d,

atmifvQif udk,fh&yf udk,fhe,fajrodkY jyefí
80 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

awmbkef;BuD;uav;wpfyg;taejzifh omoemjyKrnf}}
[laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh NrdKUodkY ynmoif&ef
vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ NrKd UBu;D rsm;ü tjypfuif;atmif
aexdik zf Ykd cJ,Of;ojzifh tNraJ exdik &f ef qE´r&dcS ahJ cs/
q&m rdbaqGrsdK;rsm;uvnf; NrdKUBuD;rsm;ü tNrJ
raeapvdkMuay/ xdkYaMumifh "r®mp&d, ½dk;½dk;NyD;zdkY
wpfckavmufom pdwfü OD;wnf&nfrSef;cJhonf/
ousoD[ç apwd,*FPwdkYudk cufvSonf[k
Mum;zl;í pdwful;rQyif rxnfhcJhacs/ wdyd#u"&
[lonfuu kd m; rdrEd iS hf xdu
k w
f efonf[yk if r,lq
cJhacs/ odkY&mwGif aus;Zl;&Sif 0dok'¨g½Hkq&mawmf
OD;0go0gbd0Ho\ tm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;? bk&m;
a[m yd#uygVdawmfrsm;udk tpGrf;&dSoavmuf
avhvmvdkjcif;? ESvHk;om;ü bk&m;wnfvdkjcif;
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 81

paom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh taMumif;tm;avsmf

pGm wdy#d u"&vrf;podYk a&mufreS ;f rod a&mufvm
cJo
h nf/

toHrxGuf pmudkusuf

t&Sifod&dE´m\ pmusufenf;onf &Sm;&Sm; yg;

yg;xl;jcm;aom enf;jzpfonf/ pmudktoHxGufí
rusu?f yg;pyfvyI í f usuo f nft h cgyif tvGeef nf;
onf/ rsufpdudkzGifhvdkuf rSdwfvdkufMunfh½Ií ESvHk;
oGif;NyD;usufonf/ pmowdy|mef tvkyfoabm
rsdK;yifjzpfonf/ usufNyD;pmudkvnf; toHxGufí
rjyefbJ rsufpdxJ pdwfxJü xif½Hkom rsufpdrSdwfNyD;
pdwjf zifEh v
S ;kH oGi;f onf/ pdwvf iG w
hf wfonft h cg vuf
acsmif;rsm;udkcsdK;í trSwfay;NyD; ESvHk;oGif;onf/
82 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

olwpfyg;a&SUü tprf;jyefjyonft h cgrsKd ;üom toH

xGuo f nf/
þtoHwdwfenf;onf pmayvkyfief;aMumifh
udk,fcE¨m ryifyef;jcif;? avemxjcif;paom
a&m*grS uif;a0;jcif;? rdrdtoHaMumifh olwpfyg;
taESmift h ,Surf jzpfjcif;? pdwxf üJ pGNJ raJ eojzifh ajz
qdk&mü ydkrdkc&D;a&mufjcif; paom tusdK;rsm;pGmudk
&apEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfEdkifvQif toufomqHk;
taumif;qHk;yif jzpfonf/
xd k Y a Mumif h y if ousoD [ pmoif w ef ; a&m
pmcswef;yg eHygwf 1-jzifhcsnf;om atmifcJhpOf
tcgu &efukef0dok'¨g½Hk q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
]]'DpmawGb,ftcsdefrSm b,fvdkvkyfusufxm;
wmvJ? pmusufwmvJrawGU&? pmtHov H rJ Mum;&
ygvm;? olrsm;awG ouso[ D pmar;yGJ vkyNf yDq&kd if
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 83

toHxGufrwwf usufEdkif? tHEdkif? BudK;pm;

Edik rf S atmifwwfMuygw,f/ ud,k af wmh[muawmh
wpfrsdK;ygvm;}}[k csD;usL;tHhMooHjzifh ar;jref;
aomtcg ]]rSefyg bk&m;wynhfawmfvJ BudK;pm;
oifo h avmufawmh BudK;pm;&wmygyJb&k m;? 'gay
r,hf bk&m;wynfah wmfenf;u pmusufayr,fh pm
usufrSef;udk trsm;urodEdkifwJh toHwdwfenf;
pdwfrSwfenf;ygbk&m;}} [k jyefavQmuf&m
q&mawmfu ]]Mo ... 'Dvdkvm;? 'Dvdkqdk udk,f
awmhenf;eJYomqdk&if yd#u 3-yHkudk usuf&if
awmif ryifryef; oufoufomomeJY NyD;oGm;Edik f
w,f? jzpfEikd &f if yd#u 3-yHu
k kd qufNyD;usufyg
tHk;}} [k 0rf;omtm;& tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufpum;
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/
84 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

1331 ckü ouso[ D pmcswef;ESihf apwd,*FP

pmcswef;udk BuKd ;pm;&if; pmoifom;rsm; tm;vnf;
pm 2-0gyd k Y c s&if ; 0d e nf ; 5-usrf ; ygVd a wmf u d k
pwif u suf r S w f í wd y d # u"& a&G ; cs,f y G J ü
jyefqdkcJh&m tcsdefrDatmif rusufvdkuf&aom
plV0gO'gef;pOf ygxmtcsdKUrSwyg; tm;vHk;acsm
armpGm jyefqdkEdkifcJhonf/ pm ukefatmif rusuf&
ao;ojzifh ratmifEdkifrSef;odaomfvnf; o'¨g
w&m; oufoufjzifh Munfvifaysmf&TifpGm jyefqdk
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ousoD[ pmcswef; 1-usrf;pGJí
apwd,*FPpmcswef; 3-usrf;NyD;um 0denf; 5-
usrf;awmh ratmifcJhyg/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 85

tcuf 2 yGJ 1 ESpfxJ

1332 ckü rNyD;jywfao;aom ousoD[

pmcswef;udv k nf; BuKd ;pm;vsuf pmoifom;rsm;tm;
aeYpOfpm0g 2-0gudkvnf; csydkYumç 0de,yd#uudk
vnf; wGJzufí usufrSwfBudK;pm;cJh&m ousoD[
pmcswef;udk eHygwf 1-trSwf trsm;qH;k jzifh atmif
jrifí ]]od&dE´mbd0Ho y&d,wåd omoe[dw"r®m
p&d,}} bGUJ ud&k &do
S nf/ tbd0o H 2-rsKd ;jzpfvmonf/
xdkESpfüyif 23Budrfajrmuf wdyd#u"&a&G;cs,f
yGw
J iG f 0denf;5usr;f udk jyefqakd &;ajzcJ&h m tm*Hak &;ajz
2-rsKd ;vH;k atmifjrifojzifh ]]0de,"&0de,aum0d'}}
bGJUESifhvpOfqGrf;qefawmfp&dwfç ukef;a&c&D;oGm;
vmcGihf txufwef;vufrw S çf t½d;k 0g ueuú'Pf
xD;jzLawmf 1-vufwHqdyfyg&dSaom omoemh
atmifvHawmfwdkYudk cH,l&&dScJhonf/ 1-ESpfwnf;ü
tcufq;kH 2-yGu J x kd yd q
f ;kH ucsn;f atmifjrifco hJ nf/
86 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

t&d S e f r ysuf quf í wuf

1333 ck tbd"r®myxrydkif;tm*Hk 1334 ck?

rEÅav;edum,fov D u©eEf iS hf y#dorÇ'd gr*¾ygVdyg&*l
(ygVd yg&*l 2-rsdK; jzpfvmonf/) 1335 ck
ok0PÖblrdtmbd"r®duwef;ESifh 0db*Fg'd jrefrm
*k P f x l ; atmif j rif o jzif h omoe"Zod & D y 0&
"r®mp&d,bGJU? 1336ck twå0dom&' rlvtmbd
"r®dubGJUESifh tbd"r®m yxrydkif;a&;ajz? 1338ck
"r® 0dom&' rZÑdrtmbd"r®dubGJUESifh wdyd#u"&
a&G;cs,fyGJ tbd"r®m 'kwd,ydkif; tm*Hka&;ajz 2-
&yf vH;k atmifjrifojzift h mbd"r®u d tbd"r®aum0d'
bGJUudk &&dSonf/ yd#u 2-yHkNyD;ojzifh t½dk;0g
ueuú'PfxD;jzLawmf 2-vufwHqdyfyg&dSaom
omoemhatmifvHawmfudk vufcH &&dScJhonf/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 87

1340 ck? edum,kaZÆmwu tw¬0dom&' 'DC

bmPubGUJ ESihf wdy#d u"& a&G;cs,yf JG 'DCbmPu
bGUJ oif½;kd yd#u 3yHt
k m*HNk y;D qH;k ojzifh wdy#d u"&bGUJ
ESifh t½dk;eD ueuú'PfxD;jzLawmf 3-vufwHqdyf
yg&daS om omoemhatmifvaH wmfukd cH,&l &do S nf/

wd y d # u atmif y G J &

1341 ckrS 1345 ckxd 5-ESpyf wfv;kH wdy#d ubGUJ

tay: t"dywdrwyfao;bJ pmcsvyk if ef;ESihf w&m;
a[mvkyfief;udkom BudK;pm;aecJhonf/ pmudk 1-
acguf a yguf a tmif rzwf r d a wmh b J wd y d # u
pmar;yGu
J kd ajz½Ho
k majzaecJo
h nf/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm
raerem; t&dSeft[kefjzifh csDwufBudK;pm;vmcJhNyD;
tayguf0a&mufvmcgrS ajcwpfvrS ;f vufwurf;
avmufomusefcgrS at;pufpufvkyfaeonfudk
88 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

rnfolrQ rauseyfMu/ ]]wdyd#ubGJUrvdkcsifao;

vdyYk g}} ]]wdy#d ubGUJ &oGm;&if 'kuw © m0efawG rsm;rSm
aMumufvdkYyg}} ponfjzifh acsyonfh ra&&m rcdkif
vHkonfh tajzpum;udkvnf; rnfolrQvufrcH?
ol w d k Y u um,uH & S i f x uf yd k u J a eMuonf /
]]rif;uGe;f wdy#d uq&mawmfBu;D vJ oufawmf 40
ausmrf S wdy#d ubGUJ &cJw h mjzpfvYkd t&G,Ef iS *hf P
k f odyf
xdu k w f efwmbJ? OD;yÍöi;f vJ touf 40 ausmaf wmh
jzpfvmrSmaygh}} ponfjzifh wkefYjyefonfudkvnf;
rnforl Q oabmrwl? wGe;f tm;rsKd ;pHk ay;Muonf/
trSeftm;jzifh t"dywdrwyfao;onfrS wyg;
tjcm; enfonft h aMumif;rQr&dyS g? tcsed rf wefao;
ívnf; jzpfEikd o f nf/ 1346cküum; tcsed u f pum;
ajymvmonfjzpfojzifh wefaqmifrkef;vuG,fxd
pmoifom;rsm;twGuf pm 2-0gudk BudK;pm;í
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 89

oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhNyD; ewfawmf? jymodk 2-v wdwd

rif;uGe;f awmif½;kd &wem*lacsmifoo Ykd mG ;í q&mawmf
OD;um½kPdu\ ulnDapmifha&SmufcsD;ajr§mufrIjzifh pmudk
t"dywdwyfqifum BudK;pm;usufrSwfvdkufonf/
xdkESpfwydkYwGJvü 37-Budrfajrmuf wdyd#u"&
a&G;cs,fyGJ 'DCedum,fudk ajzqdkcJh&m atmifjrifojzifh
'DCedum,aum0d'bGUJ udk &&do S nf/ oif½;kd yd#u 3-
yHt
k m;vH;k Ny;D qH;k onf/ yxr wdy#d u"&q&mawmf
bk&m;BuD; OD;0dpdwåom&mbd0Hoonf oufawmf
42-ESpf odum© awmf 23-0gü wdy#d ubGUJ udk &&do S uJh
odYk yÍör wdy#d u"& t&Sio f &d Ed m´ bd0o H onfvnf;
42-ESpfç 23-0güyif wdyd#ubGJUudk &&dSavonf/
1346 ckESpf 42-ESpf 23-0gwGif oif½dk; yd#u
3-yHkNyD;qHk;ojzifh wdyd#uaum0d'bGJU? vpOf qGrf;
qefawmfp&dwfESifh rdbtwGuf vpOfaxmufyHh
90 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

p&dw?f wynfh 2-OD;ESit hf wl uke;f a& av 3-Xmeü

tcvGwfc&D;oGm;vmcGifh txufwef; vufrSwf?
t½dk;0g ueuú'PfxD;jzLawmf 3-vuf wHqdyf
yg&dSaom omoemhatmifvHawmfwdkYudk cH,l&&dS
onf/
pmcsvnf;rysu?f w&m;a[mvnf; rvpf[if;?
udk,fydkifudpöudkvnf; Mum;ñSyf? usef;rma&;vnf;
rxdcu kd b
f J at;at;rSerf eS f wufvmcJ&h m i,fpOfu
vHk;0pdwfrul;cJh rarQmfvifhcJhaom tNcHt&HbGJUrsm;
ESiwhf uG wdy#d ubGUJ udk omoemhusuo f a& jrefrm
usufoa&udkaqmifum &&SdcJhavawmhonf/
wdyd#ua&G;cs,fyGJü tm*Hka&m a&;ajzyg us½IH;
bl;onf/ rdrdü pmrvHkavmufrSef;odygvsuf aysmf
arGUí jyefqakd &;ajzaejcif;omjzpfonf/ us½;HI cJbh ;l
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 91

aomfvnf; pdwfysufjcif;? 0rf;enf;jcif;? tm;i,f

jcif;? ñd;I EGr;f jcif;? pdw"f mwfusjcif;? vH;k 0 rjzpfcbhJ ;l
ay/ wpfaeY pm 2-0gcsif,if;? w&m;a[m,if;?
wnfNidrfat;aq;pGmyif jyefqdka&;ajzcJhonf/
wdyd#utm;vHk;NyD;í ESpfudk vufcsdK;a&wGuf
vdkufaomtcg 16-ESpfwdwd Mumonf[k odvdkuf
onf/ odkYaomf o'¨gyDwdjzifh aysmfarGUvGef;í 4-5
ESpf avmufom Mumjrifhonf[k xifaerdcJhonf/
wdyd#upmar;yGJudk BudK;pm;&mü pmoifom;
yHpk jH zifh wpfpu kd rf wfrwf aZmufcsvyk cf o hJ nfr[kwf
bJ pmcswpfzuf? w&m;a[mwpfzuf? tjcm;pm
ar;yGrJ sm;wpfzuf? wGv J suaf t;aq;pGm vkycf o hJ nf
jzpfí 16-ESpfc&D;udk jrefonf[kyif xifaerdcJh
onf/ 16-ESpfvHk; ESvHk;om;ü bk&m;wnfcGifh&í
*kPf,l0rf;ajrmuf MunfEl;rIom jzpfaecJhonf/
92 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

aysmfarGUojzifh wdyd#uNyD;aomtcg yPÖmo

(rZÑdredum,f)udk qufvufjyefqdk&ef BudK;pm;cJh
ao;onf/ tcsdefvkívHk;0r&awmhojzifh vuf
avQmhvdkuf&awmhonf/ wdyd#uNyD;í ylaZmfyGJ
jyKvkyfMuonfudkvnf; rESpfoufyg/ ]]tylaZmfcH
vdí
k wdy#d uvkyo
f nfr[kw?f aysmpf &maumif;í
omvkyfonf}} [kajymum trsm;tm;jzifh ylaZmf
yGJrsm;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/
"r®&wemudk &wemtodjzifh pdwfESvHk;ü xnfh
oGi;f xm;&jcif;um; avmuü rnfonft
h &omESihf
rQ rEIid ;f ,SOEf ikd af vmufatmif aysmaf rGUzG,af umif;
í at;csrf;rGefjrwfvSayonf/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 93

blrdeufoef ajraumif;rSef

t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho\ arG;zGm;cJh&m vufyH&Gm

aexdik cf &hJ m *efaY *gNrKd Ue,f uefawm&ausmif;wdu k ?f
rEÅav;NrdKU r[m0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopf atmifajrom
pnfausmif;BuD;? &efukefNrdKU A[ef; r[m0dok'¨g½Hk
wdkufopf? oGm;a&mufynmoifMum;cJh&mjzpfaom
rEÅav;NrdKU rpdk;&drfausmif;wdkuf? rpdk;&drfwdkufopf?
awmifxD;vif;wdkuf? &efukefNrdKU tv,fawm&
ausmif;wdkuf? oGm;a&muftem;,l pmusufcJh&m
jzpfaom uav;NrKd Ue,f NrKd UvS&mG ausmif;? rEÅav;NrKd U
r[m0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopf oHawmfqifhausmif;?
rEÅav;NrKd U pdeyf ef;wdu k o f pf? u0NrKd Ue,f ouúv&Gm
awmifausmif;? rif;uGef;awmif½dk; &wem*lacsmif?
wdo
Yk nf blred ufoef ajraumif;rSev f aS yawmhonf/
94 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tom;vGwfpm; aoG;om;pifMu,f

t&S i f o d & d E ´ m bd 0 H o onf usef ; rma&;ud k

taMumif;jyKí 1377-ck? touf-33ESpft&G,frS
pí om;ig;pm;aomufjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfum tom;
vGwb f Ok ;f ay;cJo
h nf/ tom;vGwf bkO;f ay;jcif;jzifh
tcsdKUa&m*grsm; vHk;0aysmufuif;jcif;? pdwfMunf
vifjcif;? aoG;om;pifMu,fí usef;rmjcif;? tpm;
taomufwm0efayghjcif;paom aumif;usKd ;rsm;pGm
wdu
Yk kd &&dcS ohJ nf/ tusix hf ;l Bu;D 1-ckvyk í
f usiahf e
jcif;um; r[kwfay/
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 95

pmayydkYcs a[mñTefjy

1329 ckEpS rf pS í ,aeYtxd aeYpOf pm0g (2)0g

(3)0gpD yHrk eS f ydcYk soifjyay;vmcJo
h nf/ txl;tm;jzifh
n0gusrf;rsm;ESifh pmcswef;qdkif&m t|uxm 3-
usrf;vHk;udk enf;pepf&atmif csydkYoifjyay;vsuf
&dSonf/ wdyd#u"& avmif;vsmrsm;? ousoD[?
apwd,*FP? tpdk;&"r®mp&d,? t*¾r[mtausmf
wynfhrsm; ajrmufrsm;pGmay:xGef;cJhonf/ 'um
'umrrsm;twGufvnf; umva'oudk csifhcsdefí
(pmoifwdkuf ,EÅ&m; rxdcdkufr&yfwefY&atmif
EdIif;csdefí) arwåma&SUxm;um vufawGUtoHk;cs
w&m;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,v f suf w&m;udv
k nf;
pdwfyg vufyg xufxufoefoef a[mMum;ay;
aeonf/ omreftaMumif; udpöaMumifh pm0g
96 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

tysufrcHwwfyg/ pm0gxdcdkufatmif ysufatmif

vnf; w&m;yGJudk vufrcHwwfyg/ wm&SnfcHrnfh
omoemjyKtvkyfudkom OD;pm;ay;wwfonf/

pmayusrf;*ef vrf;trSef

1/ pdwx f ed ;f ud&,
d m 2/ b0vrf;ñTef 3/ om"k
av;yg;jrwfw&m; 4/ taygif;vu©Pm 5/ tESpf
xkwf,l pGrf;wJhvl 6/ uHudkxdef;csKyf pdwfcvkwf
7/ pdwf"mwfudkjr§ifhvkyfydkifcGifh 8/ udk,fhvrf;udk,f
avQmufaumif;&ma&muf 9/ tcsed w f efz;kd vlw
Y efz;kd
10/ b0wpfauGUcPawGU 11/ udk,fydkiftvkyf
cyfow k of wk f 12/ w&m;todvrl supf d 13/ arwåm
yef;cdkif oHk;yGifhqdkif 14/ ESvHk;om;0,f bk&m;wnf
15/ at;jr&TifNyHK;vlYESvHk; 16/ vl\pGrf;tm;
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 97

jrwfw&m; 17/ udk,fhudkudk,fcspf vltppf

18/ todreS u f ef ud,
k zhf u
Ykd sef 19/ "r®mp&d, vrf;
jyusrf; ponfwdkYudk a&;om;um "r®'getjzpfjzifh
jzefYa0 vSL'gef;cJhonf/

omoemjyK tm;xkwfrI

aus;Zl;&Sif q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D OD;0go0gbd0o H

ysv
H eG af wmfrrlrD 1339-ckü &efuek Nf rKd U? A[ef; r[m
0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopfudk aemifawmfBuD; OD;aum@n
ESiw
hf zJG ufí apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f omoemjyK&ef
wm0efay;tyfvx JT m;cJo h jzifh q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D
ysHvGefawmfrlNyD;aom 1341-ckrSpí 1359-ckxd
q&mawmf OD;aum@nESiw hf zJG ufí A[ef; r[m
0do'k g¨ ½Hw
k u
kd o
f pfukd Bu;D yGm;wd;k wuf pnfum;atmif
tpGr;f ukef BuKd ;pm; apmifah &Smuf omoemjyKco hJ nf/
98 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

q&mawmf OD;aum@nESihf t&Sio f &d Ed m´ bd0oH

wdo
Yk nf 1-ausmif;wdu k w
f nf; 2-yg;twlwí JG ae&
apumrl q&mwlwynfhjzpfjcif;? wdkufwmESifh
omoemBu;D yGm;apvdak om qE´csi;f wljcif;? ysv H eG f
awmfro l mG ;aom q&mawmfBu;D tay: cspcf ifav;
pm;rIwljcif;? wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; nDtpfvdk&if;vdk
pdwfxm;wwfjcif; paomtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh
tcsif;csif;qefYusifzuf vHk;0 rjzpfcJhbl;acs/ olY
wm0ef ud, k w hf m0ef aus>yefatmif xrf;aqmifvsuf
cspfcifnDñGwfpGm vufwGJBudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ xdk
nD ñ G w f r I u d k awG U jrif M u&aom &[ef ; &S i f v l
cyfrsm;rsm;u vufzsm;cgí tHMh ocs;D usL;cJMh uonf/
txl;tqef; 1-ck[k todtrSwfjyKcJhMuonf/
nDñGwfrIaMumifhyif ausmif;wdkufBuD; wpf[kefxdk;
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 99

wd;k wufpnf;um; Bu;D yGm;vmcJo h nf/ ta&twGuf

xuf t&nftcsif;udk OD;pm;ay;um pnf;urf;
abmifacwf wif;usyw f ud spmG tkycf sKycf MhJ uonf/
1345-ckü uav;NrdKU aAm"dausmif;q&mawmf
OD;aumov’? xdrk m&Gmausmif; q&mawmf OD;ynm0Ho
wdkY\ ylqmwdkufwGef; vTJtyfrIaMumifh uav;NrdKU
r[m0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopfudk vufcHí pmoifwdkuf
tjzpf wnfaxmifzGifhvSpfay;cJhonf/ wynfhBuD;
OD;awZ0EÅESifh OD;ÓPAvwdkYtm; wm0efay;í
udk,fwdkif rMumrMum oGm;a&mufvrf;ñTefum
udk,ftm; ÓPftm;jzifh pGrf;Edkifoavmuf xdef;
odrf; apmifha&Smuf omoemjyKvsuf&dSonf/
1351-ck ü awmif z D v m awm&q&mawmf
OD;aumov’\ ylqmwdkufwGef; vTJtyfrIaMumifh
uav;NrKd Ue,f awmifzv D m awm&ausmif;wdu k u
f kd
vufcHí pmoifwdkuftjzpf wnfaxmif zGifhvSpf
100 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

ay;cJ&h jyefonf/ wynfBh u;D OD;&mZdEt

´ m; wm0efay;
í udk,fwdkifrMumrMum oGm;a&mufvrf;ñTefum
apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f omoemjyKvsu&f ySd gonf/
1357-ckrpS í Adv
k rf LS ;csKyw
f ifO;D (,ck oHtrwf
BuD; OD;wifOD;)ESifh cr&-362 rdom;pk? tif'dkif;BuD;
'umrsm;\ ylqmwdu
k w
f eG ;f avQmufxm;rIaMumifh
uav;NrKd Ue,f tif'ikd ;f Bu;D &Gmausmif;udk vufcu
H m
wynfhBuD;rsm;tm; wm0efay;í udk,fwdkifvnf;
vrf;ñTefapmifha&Smuf omoemjyKay;aeonf/
1359-ckü q&mawmf OD;aum@n b0ewfxH
ysHvGefawmfrloGm;ojzifh &efukefNrdKU A[ef; r[m
0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopf\ y"me em,u tjzpf
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 101

qufvuf wm0ef,&l onf/ wynfBh u;D rsm;ESit hf wl

vufwGJí ta&twGufxuf t&nftcsif;udkyif
OD;pm;ay;vsuf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf csD;ajr§muf
um omoemjyKaeonf/
y&dowfudk tkyfcsKyfonfhtcg cEÅDarwåmudk
trsm;qH;k ok;H í odraf rGUpGm tkycf sKyof nf/ (1)rwnfh
twlaeoabmrsKd ;r&daS pbJ rdom;pkpw d "f mwfxm;
um aysm&f iT cf sr;f ajrUpGm twlvufwaJG exdik af &; (2)
tqifhrrDao;ol tcuftcJBuHKae&olrsm;udk u½kPm
jzifh at;jrpGmt&dyaf y;í az;rulnD apmifah &Smufa&;
(3) wu,fawmfol aumif;ol rsm;udk vufraES;bJ
rk'w
d mjzifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om *kPw f ifcs;D ajrm§ ufa&;
(4) rawmfraumif; wdr;f apmif;oGm;ol tjypf&o Sd rl sm;udk
102 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

Oayu©mjzifh at;jrpGm jypf'Pfay;a&; [laom

jA[®0d[m&vrf;pOf 4-csufjzifhom tkyfcsKyfonf/
½dkufESufqlylaigufirf;jcif; vHk;0jyKavhr&dSyg/
tvkyfwm0efrsm;jym;aomfvnf; tylt½IyfrcH
wwfyg/ wnfNird &f ifu
h suf at;csr;f pGmom udik w f , G f
aqmif&Gufavh&dSonf/ ajcmufuyfuyf y&d,wf
rjzpf&atmif vufawGUy#dywfuv kd nf; tcsed yf ikd ;f
jcm;uefYowfí aeYpOf usifhoHk;tm;xkwfaponf/
y&d,wfjzifh y#dywfudk xdef;ay;í y#dywfjzifh
y&d,wfukd toufoiG ;f um tvSqifay;aeonf/
ta&twGurf sm;zdx Yk uf t&nftaoG;jynf0h zdo Yk m
t"duxm;í rdrdudka&m olwyg;udkyg jr§ifhwif
ay;vsuf&dSonf/
omoema&; aqmif&u G cf surf sm;udk ylaZmfaom
tm;jzifh 1351 (1990 jynfhESpf) touf 47-ESpf
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 103

t&G,fwGif EdkifiHawmf Nidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmuf

a&;tzGUJ tpd;k &u t*¾r[my@dw bGUJ wHqyd af wmf
udk qufuyfvSL'gef;cJhygonf/

OD;aqmifvrf;jy yg0if&

yxr 5-ESpf 'kwd, 5-ESpfoufwrf; umv

ywfv;kH 0denf;"d&k f wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcí
hJ 1346-
ckrSpí a&Tusifedum, *dkPf;vHk;0efaqmifjzpfcJh
onf/ xdaYk emuf qufvufí Edik if aH wmfA[dk oHCmh
0efaqmif? wdy#d u"&a&G;cs,af &;tzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,?
edum,fomoemawmf xGe;f um;a&;toif; Mo0g'g
p&d,? "r®omupämtzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,? wuúov kd rf sm;
Ak'b
¨ momtoif; Mo0g'gp&d,? ql;avapwDawmf
a*gyutzGJU Mo0g'gp&d,? tbd"r®mjyefYyGm;a&;
104 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

toif;Mo0g'gp&d,? "r®AsL[mpmapmifMo0g'g
p&d,? "r®AsL[m omoemrmrutzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m ax&0g' Ak'w ¨ uúovkd f Mo0g'g
p&d,? wdy#d u"r®&u©w d tzGUJ Mo0g'gp&d,? jrefrm
Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m Ak'b
¨ momtzGUJ csKy\
f Mo0g'gp&d,?
&efukefNrdKUvHk;qdkif&m y&d,wådomoemEk*¾[ qef
vSLtoif;\ Mo0g'gp&d,? &efuek -f rEÅav;a,me,f
toif;\Mo0g'gp&d,? jrwfr*Fvmpmapmifem,u?
rd;k ukeNf rKd U edum,fomoemawmf Bu;D yGm;a&;toif;
\ Mo0g'gp&d,? r*FvmAsL[mtoif;\ Mo0g'gp&d,?
y#duAsL[mtzGJU\ Mo0g'gp&d,? Ak'¨omoemjyK
tzGJUcsKyf\ Mo0g'gp&d,paom wm0efrsm;udk
xufoefaus>yefpGm xrf;aqmifvsuf&dSygonf/

csD;jr§ifhay;urf; arwåmpGrf;
rdrZd mwd vufy&H mG ü ode;f (100)ausmtf ukeu
f s
cHí bk&m;? ausmif;uef? "r®m½Hk? wHwdkif;? a&wGif;
pmMunfw h u
kd ?f tv,fwef;ausmif;? rD;pufponfwu Ykd kd
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 105

aqmufvyk jf yKjyifwyfqifay;cJo h nf/ r,fawmfBu;D

twGu(f crnf;awmf&pSd Ofu crnf;awmfBu;D twGuyf g)
ESppf Of ypön;f rsKd ;pH?k w&m;wdwaf cGEiS phf mtkyrf sKd ;pHak y;
í aus;Zl;qyfaeonf? w&m;tm;xkwfEdkifatmif
tvSLvkyí f ukov kd jf yKEikd af tmifvnf; txl;aqmif
&Guaf y;cJo h nf/ ,cktcg r,fawmfBu;D udk (OD;av;-
OD;armifoef;ESit hf wl) &efuek Nf rKd UodaYk c:,líoD;jcm;
aetdrf wdkufcef;ay;NyD; tmrdo"r®jzifh teD;uyf
aus;Zl;qyfaeonf/ touf(70)ausmf tbd;k tbGm;
rsm;ESihf *dvmersm;tm; ESppf OfaxmufyhH vSL'gef;cJí h
ynm&nfcReu f av;rsm;tm;vnf; qkcs;D jri§ chf o hJ nf/
&efuek -f rEÅav;a&muf a,me,fZmwdjzpfaom
y&d,wåpd mar;yGEJ iS hf omoema&;pmar;yGrJ sm;udk ajz
qdak tmifjrifMuaom &[ef;omraP oDv&Sif vl
yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;tm;vnf;aumif;? uav;NrKd Upmoifwu kd f
cGJ (2)wdu k rf S pmatmifoC H mrsm;ESihf pmcsbek ;f Bu;D
rsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? ESpfpOfqkay;yGJusif;yum
106 t&Sif od&dE´mbd0Ho (a,m)

ouFef;ponfudk vSL'gef;csD;jr§ifhaecJhonf/ rdrd

ausmif;om;b0u aexdik cf &hJ m uef&mG Bu;D ü aq;½Hk
opfBuD;aqmufvkyf&ef odef;aygif;rsm;pGm pGefYBuJ
vSL'gef;ulnDay;cJhonf/ rdrdausmif;om;b0u
ynmoifMum;cJ&h m uef t.x.uESihf omraPb0
u ynmoifMum;cJh&m uefawm&wdkufü vdktyf
onfrsm;udk vSL'gef;ay;cJo h nf/ te,fe,ft&yf&yf
rS xl;cReof l pmatmif&[ef;wdt Yk m;vnf; qkcs;D jri§ hf
onf/
rdrad exdik &f m &efuek Af [ef;r[m0do'k g¨ ½Hak usmif;
wdkuftwGif;üum; tedrfhqHk;pmar;yGJrS tjrifhqHk;
pmar;yGx J d ausmif;tprf;pmar;yGyJ grusef y&d,wåd
pmar;yGrJ sKd ;pHu
k kd ajzqdak tmifjrifMuaom &[ef;om
raPrsm;? omoema&;pmar;yGu J akd jzqdak tmifjrif
Muaom ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ESppf OfvpOftywfpOf
tNrJ qkcsD;jr§ifhvSL'gef;aeygonf/
pmcsbek ;f Bu;D rsm;tm;vnf; umva'o yk*v ¾
 ax½k y Ü w å d t usOf ; 107

tm;avsmpf mG 'ge ay,s0ZÆ (yd,0gpm) tw¬p&d,m

ormewåwm [laom o*Fg[0w¬K (4)yg;jzifh tm;
ay;csD;ajr§muf apmifha&Smufavh&dSonf/ arG;aeY
tvSLudk vpOfjyKvkyfay;í ygwd armu©K a'´ou
(ygwdarmufjy&[ef;) tm; Oykofwdkif; csD;jr§ifh
vSL'gef;onf/ wduk o f C
H mypön;f (4)yg; jynfph akH &;?
y&d,wåyd nmjynfph akH &;? ud,
k u
f se;f rm pdwcf sr;f om
a&;twGuf txl;aMumifhMupdkuf tm;xkwfonf/
rsm;zdx
Yk ufaumif;zdYk Mum&Sncf zH Ykd OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,f
onf/ wdyd#u"r®uxdu jzpfa&;xuf wdyd#u
pmcsjzpfa&;twGufom t"duxm; BudK;pm;onf/
apwemrSef udk,fhxHjyef
*E¦EÅ* Am[kópö*kPf? *EÅ&pem*kPf? *E¦"k&m
0[*kP?f A[kZe[dw"&*kP?f wdy#d u"& wdy#d u
aum0d' v'©vÍäe*kPw f EYkd iS hf uHv
k jkH ynf0h aom b'´EÅ
od&Ed m´ bd0o
H tm; 1360ckEpS f (1999)ckEpS w f iG f Edik if H
awmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpD
tpd;k &u ]]wdy#d u"& "r®b@m*g&du}} bGUJ wHqyd f
awmf? qifp, G ,
f yf0ef;awmf? vufrw S Ef iS hf omoemh
atmifvHawmfwdkYudk qufuyfvSL'gef;avonf/
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