DNB Radiotherapy Questions (2006 2012) Glioblastoma 1.

. What are Gliadel Wafers and why they are thought to be advantageous? (2010) 2. Discuss the role, technique of radiation in glioblastoma multiforme. Describe the usefulness of temozolamide in its management. (2008) 3. Grading of malignant gliomas. (2006) Medulloblastoma 1. Discuss the role of radiation and its technique in the treatment of medulloblastoma. (2008) 2. Management of posterior cranial fossa tumors of the brain. (2006) Retinoblastoma 1. Write staging system for retinoblastoma. Enumerate treatment modality as per the stage of the disease and complications of various radiotherapy methods of retinoblastoma. (2011) 2. Describe the role of brachytherapy in retinoblastoma. (2009) 3. Describe the management of retinoblastoma with emphasis on combined modality treatment. (2008) Head & Neck 1. What are recent advances in screening of oral cancers? Enumerate briefly the gadgetry and the lab techniques. (2011) ............................................................................................................................ ............................. 2. Draw and describe the volumes and portals for irradiation of Ca maxillary antrum. (2010) 3. Role and technique of radiation in Carcinoma of maxilla. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 4. Describe how anatomy and lymphatic drainage plays an important role in radiation treatment planning? Exemplify it with treatment of glottic carcinoma. (2011) 5. How organ preservation is done in carcinoma of supraglottic larynx? (2010) 6. Management of T2N0M0 Ca larynx with special reference to organ preservation. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 7. Describe the volume and portals for irradiation of carcinoma nasopharynx T2 N0 M0. (2009) 8. Discuss the staging of Carcinoma Nasopharynx and treatment of Stage I Ca Nasopharynx. (2007) 9. Anatomy of the nasopharynx and its drainage areas with relevance to the natural history of carcinoma nasopharynx and its treatment. (2006) 10. Draw and discuss various radiation fields as applied to various stages and as applied to the biological behavior of Ca Nasopharynx. Define boundaries and structures therein the various fields. (2006) 11. What do you understand by simultaneous integrated boost? Describe the concept in management of carcinoma of nasopharynx in detail. (2012)

.......................................................................................................................... ............................... 12. Describe the radiotherapy techniques available for treating stage I, anterior 2/3 rd of tongue malignancy. (2009) 13. Radiation treatment of T1 N0 M0 Squamous Cell Carcinoma lesion on lateral border of anterior 2/3rd of tongue. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................. 14. Prophylactic cervical irradiation in head and neck cancer. (2006) 15. What do you understand by simultaneous integrated boost? Give an example of dose prescription in head & neck cancer. (2009) 16. Latest in pituitary irradiation assisted by surgery/ non-assisted by surgery. (2006) 17. Describe radiotherapy in pleomorphic adenoma of parotid. a) Its indications; b) Its technique; c) Results. (2011) 18. Nutritional aspects of patients receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Its standardization in management of head & neck cancers. (2007) 19. Discuss the indications, techniques, dose schedules and results of cancer. (2012) Esophagus 1. Describe the indications, techniques, results and complications of brachytherapy in carcinoma esophagus. (2009, 2012) 2. Discuss the role of chemoradiation in carcinoma esophagus. Describe the regimen and associated complications and their management. (2008) 3. Role and technique of radiation in Carcinoma Esophagus. (2006)
131

Iodine therapy in thyroid

Lung 1. What is the concept of prophylactic irradiation in SCLC? Briefly give the results. (2011) 2. Describe prophylactic cranial irradiation in SCLC. (2009) 3. Biological therapy for NSCLC. (2007) 4. Briefly discuss the effects of radiation to lung. (2007) 5. Enlist extra-pulmonary symptoms of cancer of lung. Explain the biological basis of these extrapulmonary symptoms. (2007) 6. Principles of management of SVC obstruction syndrome in lung cancer. (2006)

Lymphoma 1. Describe various chemotherapy regimens of relapsed Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Enumerate components of such comprehensive therapy. (2011) 2. What is International Prognostic Index for Hodgkin's Lymphoma? (2011) 3. Pathology of Hodgkin's disease. (2006) 4. Role and technique of radiation for treatment of Stage 1A Hodgkin's disease in supra diaphragmatic region. (2006)

Breast 1. Which chemotherapy protocol is considered safest during 2 nd and 3rd trimester of pregnant women with breast cancer and why? (2011) 2. Briefly discuss the rationale and techniques of partial breast irradiation and its results. (2011) 3. Discuss high dose chemotherapy in Ca breast. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (2010) 4. What is new with regards to radiation in breast conservation techniques in Ca breast? (2010) 5. Describe the indications, techniques & results of accelerated partial breast irradiation. (2009) 6. Describe taxanes and their method of administration. Discuss the role of taxanes in the management of breast cancer. (2008) 7. What is basis for accelerated partial breast irradiation? Describe different methods of APBI. (2008) 8. What is preventive oncology and its usefulness? Discuss the various methods of prevention of breast cancer. (2008) 9. What do you mean by screening of cancer, what are aims of screening? Discuss various methods of screening of breast cancer. (2008) 10. A 38 year old lady presents with c T3 N1 M0 infiltrating duct carcinoma of the left breast. Discuss the loco-regional treatment options for the patient. (2007) 11. Role and technique of radiation in post mastectomy carcinoma breast. (2006) 12. Radiotherapy in the management of early breast cancer. (2006) 13. Radio therapeutics of Breast Conservation with OR without surgery (2006) 14. Describe the anatomy of the breast and its drainage areas with relevance to the management of carcinoma breast. (2006) 15. Discuss the various chemotherapy schedules used in triple negative breast cancer. Describe the results of adjuvant & therapeutic combination chemotherapy in triple negative Ca breast. (2012)

Pancreas 1. Discuss briefly on management of cancer of pancreas. (2011) Skin 1. Role and application of surface mould therapy in skin cancer. (2006) 2. Basal Cell Carcinoma. (2006) Wilm's tumor / Neuroblastoma 1. Role of radiation in Wilm's tumor. (2006) 2. Describe the indications radiation dose, target volumes and result of radiation therapy in Wilms tumor. (2012) 3. Describe the indications, schedules, duration and results of combination chemotherapy in neuroblastoma. (2012) PNET/ Ewing's sarcoma 1. Enumerate various chemotherapy regimens for PNET. Give full details of therapeutic regimen of Ewing's sarcoma. (2010)

2. What is PNET? Discuss its management with special emphasis on role and regimes of chemotherapy. (2008) 3. Fundamentals of comprehensive oncological management of PNET group of tumors with special reference to its biological behavior. (2006) 4. Treatment of Ewing's Sarcoma of femur. (2006)

Colon, Rectum & Anal Canal 1. a) What are the fundamentals of pre-operative and post-operative radiotherapy? b) Compare both strategies in carcinoma rectum. c) Mention few results of important trials. (2011) 2. Briefly discuss the role and delivery of pre-operative radiotherapy in carcinoma rectum. (2007) 3. Role and techniques of radiation treatment in carcinoma rectum. (2006) 4. Write the T staging of anal canal carcinoma. Which chemoradiotherapy schedule should be the first choice for localized anal canal cancer and why? What is the preferred chemotherapy regimen for metastatic anal canal cancer? (2012) 5. Discuss the indications, drugs used, doses and results of targeted therapy in colon cancer. (2012) Bladder 1. Describe the recent advances in management of carcinoma bladder. (2011) Prostate 1. What are the components of Risk Stratification in carcinoma of prostate? a) Components; b) Description of groups; c) Briefly about therapy decisions. (2011) 2. Describe the dosimetry techniques & results of prostate brachytherapy. (2009) 3. Describe the role of IMRT in the treatment of carcinoma prostate. Describe the steps involved in treatment planning and execution of the treatment. (2008) 4. Neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced carcinoma prostate. (2007) 5. Role and principles of IMRT in the treatment of prostate cancer. (2006) Testis 1. Classify testicular tumors.Enumerate the diagnostic procedures of staging and evaluations. (2009) 2. Describe the treatment of stage I seminoma of testis. (2009) Ovary 1. Discuss chemotherapeutic regimens for epithelial ovarian cancers. (2010) 2. How do you justify re-emergence of radiotherapy in ovarian cancers? Outline the most suitable radiation technique in ovarian cancers. (2010) 3. Describe the role of radiation in epithelial ovarian tumors at present. (2008) 4. What is interval cytoreduction in Carcinoma Ovary? (2007) 5. What is new and old in role of radiotherapy in ovarian cancers? (2006) 6. Discuss the risk stratification in choriocarcinoma. Describe the chemotherapy protocols & results for the various groups. (2012)

Cervix 1. What are the recent advances in very early and very late stage of cancers of uterine cervix? (2011) 2. Discuss different options of treatment available for cancer cervix stage IB. (2010) 3. What is elective para-aortic lymph node irradiation in carcinoma uterine cervix? Discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technique. (2010) 4. Describe the prescription and reporting parameters in intracavitory brachytherapy of carcinoma cervix as per the International Commission on Radiation Units and measurements (ICRU) report 38. (2009) what is the relevance of these parameters in modern brachytherapy? (2012) 5. Describe the role of elective para-aortic lymph node irradiation of carcinoma of uterine cervix and discuss the technique in detail. (2008) 6. Renal management of patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy for various cancers & various sites. Detail the management for multiple myeloma, lymphoma & cancer cervix. (2007) 7. Radiation treatment of carcinoma cervix Stage-1. (2006) 8. Brief review of literature in pre operative radiation in cervix and its results as compared with chemo RT. (2006) Brachytherapy 1. What are various methods applied for brachytherapy dose calculations in gynecological cancers? (2011) 2. a) Describe Patterson & Parker Rules. b) What are their different applications in Brachy? (2011) 3. What is Paris system of Interstitial Brachytherapy? What rules govern it and how is the dose calculated? Describe different methods of dose calculations. (2010) 4. What are different dose rates used in brachytherapy? Describe biological basis of HDR and PDR brachytherapy and advantages & disadvantages of each. (2010, 2012) 5. What is pulse dose rate brachytherapy? Write its clinical applications. How does it compare with LDR & HDR? (2009) 6. What are the various types of dose rates used in brachytherapy? Describe their potential advantages & disadvantages. (2009) 7. Describe LDR, MDR, HDR and PDR brachytherapy. What do you understand by image based brachytherapy and its usefulness? (2008) 8. Biological basis of HDR and LDR/MDR. Please compare advantages and disadvantages. (2006) 9. Interstitial brachytherapy. (2006) 10. Pulsed brachytherapy. (2006) 11. Brachytherapy and organ preservation. (2006) 12. Characteristics of an ideal brachytherapy source. Briefly discuss the use of Iridium-192. (2006) 13. Describe the physical parameter of Ir-192 and its clinical applications in radiation therapy (2012) Electron therapy 1. Describe the indications & techniques of whole body electron therapy. (2009)

2. Electron beam therapy (2006) 3. Explain the characteristics of electron beams used in radiation therapy. Discuss briefly the various parameters to quantify the electron beam (2012) Photodynamic Therapy 1. What is photo dynamic therapy? Discuss its components and applications. (2010) 2. Photodynamic therapy (2007) Hyperthermia 1. Enlist the modifiers of radiation and describe the mode of action and results of hyperthermia. (2010) 2. Describe principles and radiobiology of hyperthermia. (2008) 3. Principles of Hyperthermia and Radiation (2006) 4. Describe the radiobiological basis, clinical applications and results of hyperthermia. (2012) Radiofrequency ablation 1. What are the methods and indications for radiofrequency ablation? (2010) Total Body/ Hemi-body Irradiation 1. Describe the indications and techniques of total body irradiation. (2010) 2. Describe short notes on stochastic effects of whole body irradiation. (2008) 3. What is Hemi-body irradiation? Write its indications, techniques & results. (2009, 2012)

Sentinel node biopsy 1. Enumerate sentinel node biopsy sites. What is the significance of doing sentinel lymph node biopsy in oncological management? (2010) Radiotherapy in benign diseases 1. Enumerate the conditions where ionizing radiations are used in non malignant disease. Describe treatment planning and dose schedule of one of them. (2011) 2. Discuss the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of benign diseases. (2008) IORT 1. Write the rationale, indications, techniques and complications of intra operative radiotherapy for abdominal malignancies. (2009) 2. What is the rationale of intra operation radiotherapy? Describe the procedure and methods of irradiation and its clinical application. (2009) 3. Fundamentals of IORT. Procedure, description, doses and target volume delineations vis-a-vis dose delivery. (2006) 4. Results of IORT as applied to various sites. List the sites and results. (2009) 5. Describe the rationale, techniques, indications & results of IORT. (2012)

Cranio-spinal irradiation 1. Describe biological basis of various CNS tumors. Draw radiation fields of craniospinal radiation with demarcations. (2011) 2. Describe the pathway of circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. What is its relevance in conditions where craniospinal irradiation is advocated? (2009) 3. Enumerate the indications for craniospinal irradiation. Describe the technique used to deliver neuraxis radiation. (2007) 4. Craniospinal irradiation (2006) Pre-operative RT 1. What are the various sites where you shall recommend pre operative radiation to achieve better results than otherwise? (2006) Virus/ Oncogene/ Vaccine 1. Classify etiological factors of cancer. Discuss the role of viruses in etiology of cancer. (2010) 2. What are oncogenes? Name some with the function of their gene products? (2009) 3. Describe Human Papilloma Virus Vaccines. Enumerate the virus strains responsible for human genital cancers. (2009) 4. HER-2/Neu oncogene (2007) 5. a) What are the vaccines that prevent cancers? b) What are the incidences of those cancers that can be brought down by these vaccines? (2011)

Chemo-radiation 1. Principles and basis for chemoradiation: discuss advantages and disadvantages. (2008) 2. Fundamentals of chemo-radiation. (2007) 3. What is the biological basis of chemoradiation? Discuss its relevance in clinical practice citing two examples. (2006) 4. History of chemo-sensitized radiation in India as you knows. Its biological basis and sites where best results are achieved. (2006) 5. Nobility awardees Torch Bearers of Chemo sensitized Radiotherapy in India. Comprehensive short review of chemo sensitized Radiotherapy dating back to early fifties. Procedures and ancillary supports required for chemo sensitized radiation. (2006) 6. Method of acquiring resistance by a malignant cell to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. (2007) Chemo/ Biotherapy 1. Discuss justification of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Enumerate various monoclonal antibodies and malignancies treated by them. (2011) 2. Describe VEGF and angiopoietin as applied oncotherapeutics. (2011) 3. Justify role of intra-peritoneal chemotherapy, its biological basis and the malignancies that can be treated with it. (2010)

4. What are the methods to enhance the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on tumor being treated by it? (2010) 5. Discuss role of taxenes as radiosensitizers. Give some references. (2010) 6. Taxanes in cancer management (2006) 7. What is the rationale behind integrating molecular targeting approaches with radiation? Give examples of clinical situations where it has given encouraging results. Enlist associated complications. (2011) 8. What is targeted therapy? What are various group of drugs used for targeted therapy? Discuss its role in the treatment of CA Colon. (2008) 9. Targeted therapy in cancer. Describe in point-wise manner. (2007) 10. EGFR (2007) 11. Trastuzumab (2007) 12. Rituximab (2007) 13. Imatinib Mesylate (2006) 14. Capecitabine (2006) 15. Epipodophyllotoxins (2006) 16. Describe various modifiers used to counter associated chemotherapy toxicities. (2008) 17. The tumour markers that can detect or point towards cancer in human body even before the symptoms have appeared. (2007) 18. Serum Ca 19.9 Determinations (2007) 19. Describe the oncotherapeutic use of thalidomide along with a brief note on its historical use. (2011) 20. Discuss the role of sorafinib in oncology practice under the following headings: a) Indications b) Dose c) side effects d) clinical trials (2012) 21. Discuss the indications, dose schedules, side effects and results of Erlotinib in modern oncology practice. (2012) Clinical Trial 1. a) What is evidence collection in oncological sciences? b) How do you carry out an Interim Analysis? c) Discuss in brief UICC (IACR) recommendations for follow up in cancer patients? (2011) 2. What is randomized clinically controlled double blind trial? What are the methods to collect enormous follow up data for final analysis for such trials? (2010) 3. Describe design of phase III clinical trial in oncology. (2009) 4. What are univariate and multivariate analysis ? How does one evaluate survival analysis on univariate and multivariate analysis? (2009) 5. What do you understand by the terms sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in relation to screening of cancers? (2009) 6. Screening and early diagnosis in cancer management. (2006) 7. What is a clinical trial? Discuss its different phases. (2008) 8. Meta analysis. Brief description of how it is done, advantages & disadvantages. (2006)

9. Describe Kaplan Meier survival curves for survival analysis in oncology. (2009) 10. Kaplan Meier Curves (2006) 11. Discuss survival analysis in oncology and discuss the merits and demerits of the methods used in survival analysis. (2010) 12. Compare empirical versus evidence based radiotherapy. (2008) 13. Describe the terms sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and odds ratio as used in statistical analysis. (2012) 14. What are the various steps for practicing evidence based medicine. What are the NCCN categories of consensus for treatment guidelines? (2012) 15. Write short notes on: a) Survival analysis b) Log rank test c) Kaplan Meier graphs. (2012) Palliative/ Supportive 1. Describe WHO Ladder of pain management. What do you understand by term 'Cyclical analgesics'? (2011) 2. Discuss principles of palliation. Describe stages involved in pain management of cancer. (2010) 3. What are the isotopes used for non sealed radio nuclide of bone metastasis. Write their indications, dose and results. (2009) 4. What are different unsealed radionuclides? Discuss their physical characteristic and needfulness in bone metastasis. (2008) 5. Role of various Radio nucleotides in Palliative Therapy. (2006) 6. Strategies and infrastructure to manage febrile neutropenia. (2010) 7. Describe your initiatives for pre, intra & post radiation care of the patient receiving radiation therapy alone. (2007) 8. Stem cell treatment (2007) 9. Discuss strategies of nutritional back-up for the patients receiving radiation, chemo-radiation and high dose chemotherapy. (2010) 10. a) What are gynecological oncological emergencies? b) Enumerate them. c) Describe management of one of them. (2011) 11. Enumerate oncological emergencies. What are the fundamentals of their management? (2010) 12. Describe pathophysiology of radiotherapy and chemotherapy induced nausea/vomiting. Outline the management of this condition. (2010) 13. Discuss management of haematuria in patients who have received whole pelvic radiation in the past. (2010) 14. Discuss the skin and mucosal radiation reactions during curative radiotherapy. Describe the mechanisms and grades and their treatment. (2008) 15. Effects of radiation on the bone marrow and its relevance to clinical practice. (2006) 16. Compare various dose schedules for palliative radiation therapy of metastasis in bones. Describe the primary sites commonly responsible for metastasis to bones. (2012) Physics 1. a) Enumerate the various aspects of radiation treatment planning. b) Describe its importance on

the basis of fundamentals of ICRU. (2011) 2. Write short note on tumor volumes in RT planning of brain tumors only. (2010) 3. Describe the various concepts as defined by ICRU report no. 50 & 62 (2009) 4. Describe ICRU-50 & 60. Discuss their application in practice of radiation oncology. (2008) 5. Describe and define various tumor/target volumes for clinical radiation purposes. (2007) 6. Target volumes in radiotherapy. (2006) 7. ICRU report no 62. What is DVH? Why it is important in treatment planning? (2012) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 8. Describe a collimator. What are the various types of collimators in a treatment machine? (2009) 9. Multileaf collimator (2006) ............................................................................................................................................................ 10. What are the aims and properties of shielding? What are the fundamentals of prescribing a shield? What are the types of blocks used? (2009) 11. a) Define and describe wedge filters and compensators. b) Procedures involved in deciding or prescribing both as per the requirement. 12. What is beam modification and its method? Describe wedge filters in detail. (2008) ........................................................................................................ ................................................ 13. What is therapeutic ratio and how it helps in clinical application of radiotherapy? (2008) 14. Write notes on Therapeutic Ratio, Dose-time factors and its impact on local tumor control & survival. (2007) 15. Therapeutic ratio (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 16. Describe percentage depth dose. What are the various factors which influence percentage depth dose? (2009) 17. Percentage depth dose and its application in radiotherapy. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 18. Describe the physical properties of any five isotopes used in brachytherapy. (2011) 19. Describe the physical characteristics & clinical uses of Iridium-192 in radiotherapy. (2009) 20. Enlist Radioactive isotopes used for the therapeutics of human diseases. Describe at least three of them in detail with regards to their oncological application. (2007) 21. a) Decay scheme of Cobalt 60. b) What will be the activity of 12000 Curie Cobalt-60 source after 5 years? (2011) 22. Describe the radioisotopes used for non sealed radionuclide therapy for palliation of bone metastasis under the following heads: a) Physical parameters of radioisotopes prescribed c) Results (2012) ......................................................................................................................................................... 23. Describe the social aspects of medical physics. (2007) 24. What is ALARA principle? Explain how this concept has been used for radiation protection. (2012) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 25. What is the significance of positioning and immobilization in radiation therapy? What are the steps in the process of patient set up and how to improve its accuracy? (2010) b) Dose

26. What are the different types of immobilization devices used in brain tumor radiotherapy? (2009) ........................................................................................................................................................ 27. Describe how to evaluate the radiotherapy plan generated with respect to dose volume histogram and biological indices. (2011) 28. What are cumulative & differential dose volume histograms? What are the advantages & limitations of dose volume histograms? (2009) 29. What are the cumulative and differential dose volume histograms (DVH)? What are the advantages and limitations of DVH? (2008) ............................................................................................................................ ............................. 30. What is CT simulator, how it differs from conventional CT scan? Discuss its role in radiotherapy treatment planning. (2008) 31. Simulators (2006) ........................................................................................................................................................... 32. What is EPID? Describe the principles and its uses. (2009) 33. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of linear accelerators and Co-60 teletherapy machines. (2006) 34. Applications of CT imaging in oncology practice (2006) 35. Film Dosimetry (2006) 36. What are the various types of radioactive decays? Give one example of each. (2009) 37. Describe the principles of radiation protection. How will you observe and apply them in radiotherapy department? (2008) 38. Describe procedures involved in commissioning of a Linear Accelerator. (2011) 39. What are the functions of following components of linear accelerator: a) wave guide b) modulator c) magnetron d) flattening filter (2012) 40. Enumerate the various radiation monitoring devices. What is the basic principle of thermoluminiscent dosimeter (TLD)? Name three crystals used in TLD. (2012) 41. Describe the photoelectron effect. Describe its physics and clinical implications. (2012) Modern Radiotherapy 1. What is cyber knife? Discuss in short its principles and indications for its use. (2010) 2. What is cyber knife? Describe its construction and usefulness in radiotherapy. (2008) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of 3D CRT? Give brief published evidence. (2010) 4. 3DCRT (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 5. Reverse planning in radiotherapy. (2007) 6. IMRT fundamental difference with 3DCRT (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 7. IGRT (2006) 8. IGRT. Discuss inverse and forward planning. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................

9. What is tomotherapy? Describe its principle and construction. How it differs from linac based arc therapy? (2010) 10. Describe the rationale & clinical applications of tomotherapy. (2009) 11. Describe Tomotherapy. (2007) 12. What is the fundamental basis of tomotherapy? Describe the equipment available and advantages & disadvantages over conventional teletherapy techniques. (2012) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 13. Comparison of x knife & gamma knife. (2007) 14. Compare X-Knife and Gamma Knife, at least 9 characteristics for comparison for both. (2006) 15. Procedural and Radiobiological comparisons for X-Knife and Gamma Knife. (2006) ................................................................................... ..................................................................... 16. Describe in brief the principles of PET-CT. Enumerate its role in oncological management with special reference to lymphomas. (2010) 17. Discuss the principle of PET scan? How it is superior to CT scan? What is its application in radiotherapy planning? (2008) 18. What is PET-CT? Describe the principle & role in management of cancer. (2007) ......................................................................................................... ............................................... 19. What is proton therapy? Give physical rationale and clinical application. (2010) 20. Proton beam therapy: its source and clinical applications. (2008) 21. Write the physical and clinical characteristics of neutron beam therapy. Mention important clinical trials regarding their use in radiation oncology. ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 22. Describe the principles, indications & advantages of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. (2009) 23. Boron capture therapy and it application. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 24. Gated radiotherapy (2006) 25. Discuss the management of motion in radiation treatment and planning and delivery. (2012) 26. Describe dose guided radiotherapy. (2009) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27. Define stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy. What are the biologic considerations in relation to above? Describe in brief radio-surgical techniques employed in the treatment of tumor. (2011) 28. What is stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)? Describe the indications, doses, schedules and results. 29. Discuss the role of stereotactic body radiation therapy in early stage lung cancer. Discuss the technique and the results. (2012) Radiobiology 1. Discuss the biological basis of radiation oncology and describe the intention of radiation treatment. (2008) 2. Describe fundamentals of radiobiology. (2007) ............................................................................................................................ .............................

3. a) Compare in a tabular form various radiation fractionation schedules and their specific indications. b) Describe in brief their early and late normal tissue effects. (2011) 4. Describe radiobiological basis of fractionation. Discuss various altered fractionation regimens used in radiotherapy. (2010) 5. Describe the radiobiological basis of fractionation and describe various fractionations. (2008) 6. Discuss the principles underlying the concept of fractionated radiotherapy. (2006) 7. Dose, time fractionation in radiotherapy. (2006) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 8. Dose rate effect in radiotherapy. (2006) ........................................................................................................................................................ 9. What are the current issues in normal tissue tolerance? Enumerate 15 sites and their radiation tolerance. (2010) 10. Radiation dose tolerance of at least 20 sites in human body. (2007) 11. Write short note LENT and SOMA scales. (2012) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 12. How will you classify Radiation Damage? Enumerate various methods of radiation damage repair. (2011) 13. What are the types of biochemical repair of DNA due to radiation? Describe each mechanism briefly. (2009, 2012) 14. Describe DNA damage by radiation & define radio sensitivity and radio curability. (2007) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 15. Tumor Lethal Dose (2006) 16. What is radiation bystander effect and how it is applicable in clinical practice? (2008) 17. What is CHART? Describe this fractionation regimen in detail and its results in head & neck cancers. (2008) 18. Radiobiology of HDR, LDR and PDR (2006) 19. Discuss the biological basis, techniques & results of CHART technique. (2012) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 20. What is linear quadratic isoeffect model? How best can we utilize this modality clinically? (2011) 21. What is linear quadratic model? How best can we utilize this model clinically? (2009) 22. What are various physical dose models in radiotherapy? Discuss the basis and applications of linear quadratic equation. (2008) ............................................................................................................................ ............................. 23. Describe the pathology of radiation induced cataract. What are the various methods for reducing does to lens? (2009) 24. What is tumor angiogenesis? Describe the pathophysiology of activators and inhibitors in its pathology. (2008) .................................................................................................. ....................................................... 25. Define LET, RBE and OER and their implications in radiotherapy. (2008) 26. Define RBE. Discuss briefly the factors affecting RBE. (2006) 27. What is LET? Write biological and clinical implications. Draw a graph showing relationship

between LET, OER and RBE. (2012) ............................................................................................................................ ............................ 28. Various phases of cell cycle and their vulnerability by specific chemotherapy drugs & radiation (cell phase specific cytotoxicity of radiation & chemotherapy). (2007) ............................................................................................................................ ............................. 29. Enumerate radiation and chemotherapy toxicity modifiers. Discuss one of them in detail. (2010) 30. Biological climate modifiers in radiation therapy. (2007) 31. Methods to enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiation. (2006) 32. Chemical radioprotectors in radiotherapy. (2006) 33. What is the hypoxic cell sensitizer? What are the characteristics of an ideal radiosensitizer? Enumerate all hypoxic cell sensitizer. (2012) ......................................................................... ............................................................................... 34. Describe in brief cell survival curve and its implications in radiation research. (2011)

Misc 1. Classify uncertainties in radiotherapy & describe them in point wise manner. (2007) 2. Write a short note on preventive oncology. (2010) 3. Multistage carcinogenesis (2006) 4. Recent advances in organ preservation with special reference to Radiotherapy applications. (2007) 5. New Radiation substances in therapeutic radiology and their application (2006) 6. Methods of monitoring the treatment response & follow-up in the patients receiving combined modality treatment (surgery or chemotherapy & radiotherapy). (2007) 7. Discuss the effects of radiation on the a) central nervous system & b) kidneys. (2006) 8. Leukoplakia (2006) 9. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (2006) 10. Describe the indications, dose schedules, radiation techniques and results of prophylactic cranial irradiation (2012) 11. Management of extragonadal germ cell tumor. (2006) 12. Comment on economizing oncological management for patient from poor socio-economical strata. (2011) 13. What is immunohistochemistry and how it forms the basis of identifying cell of origin in metastasis of unknown origin? (2011) 14. Discuss the late effects of radiation treatment of normal kidneys. What is the radiation tolerance of normal kidney? (2012)