Tcnico em Informtica Etec- Cafelndia

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Ingls Tcnico
Vanda Pereira Lopes Gramtica e Exerccios

IT
Planto de dvidas Email : plantaoetec@gmail.com Assunto: <coloque o nome do professor>

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE O passado simples usado para expressar aes acabadas em um tempo definido. geralmente empregado com advrbios de tempo : yesterday, ago, last ...etc. Ex; I walked to school yesterday. ( Eu caminhei at a escola ontem) Em ingls h verbos regulares e irregulares.

Como se forma: Para se formar o passado simples dos verbos regulares acrescenta-se d / ed ao infinitivo do verbo. Ex; love loved change changed talk talked play played Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante troca-se o y por ied. Ex: carry carried study studied hurry hurried Se o verbo terminar em slaba forte formada por consoante / vogal / consoante dobra-se a ltima consoante e acrescenta-se ed. Ex: stop - stopped occur occurred drop dropped permit- permitted No pasado os verbos tm a mesma forma para todas as pessoas. Verb to plan ( planejar) I planned ( eu planejei) You planned ( voc planejou) He planned ( ele planejou) She planned ( ela planejou) It planned ( ele(a) planejou) We planned ( ns planejamos) You planned ( vocs planejaram) They planned ( eles(as) planejaram Os verbos irregulares no seguem as regras acima para a formao do passado. Ex: make made send sent find found Nas formas negativa e interrogativa , em que se usa o verbo auxiliar (did) o verbo principal fica no infinitivo sem to. Afirmativa - He studied Negativa He did not study. Interrogativa - Did he study? Forma abreviada: didnt ( did not) He spoke He did not speak Did he speak?

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EXERCISES A) Mude as oraes para a forma negativa, reescrevendo-as: 1) They offered personal computers. (Eles ofereceram computadores pessoais) 2) He detected the errors last Tuesday. ( Ele detectou os erros tera- feira passada). 3) This operation needed a lot of time. ( Esta operao exigiu ( precisou 0 de muito tempo) 4) The peopleware designed another software. ( O recursos humanos criou um novo programa) 5) We tested the new software yesterday. ( Ns testamos o novo programa ontem). 6) He tried the new program. ( Ele tentou um novo programa) B) Mude as oraes para a forma interrogativa, reescrevendo-as. 1) My fahter bought a new printer. ( buy) ( Meu pai comprou uma impressora nova) 2) She had a good scanner. ( have) ( Ela tinha um bom modificador de imagens) 3) He send the results to the date control. ( sent) ( Ele enviou os resultados para o controle de dados) 4) The manufacturer sold the machines. ( sell) ( O fabricante vendeu as mquinas) 5) They found the applications in market research. ( find) ( Eles encontraram as aplicaes em uma pesquisa de Mercado) 6) The systems analysts had a difficult problem to solve. ( have) ( Os analistas de sistemas tiveram um problema difcil para resolver) 3

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EXERCISES A)Mude as oraes para a forma negativa, reescrevendo-as: 1)They offered personal computers. (Eles ofereceram computadores pessoais) -They didnt offer personal computers. 2) He detected the errors last Tuesday. ( Ele detectou os erros tera- feira passada). -He didnt detect the errors last Tuesday. 3) This operation needed a lot of time. ( Esta operao exigiu ( precisou 0 de muito tempo) -This operation didnt need a lot of time. 4) The peopleware designed another software. ( O recursos humanos criou um novo programa) -The peopleware didnt design another software 5) We tested the new software yesterday. ( Ns testamos o novo programa ontem). -We didnt test the new software yesterday. 6) He tried the new program. ( Ele tentou um novo programa) - He didnt try the new program. B) Mude as oraes para a forma interrogativa, reescrevendo-as. 1)My fahter bought a new printer. ( buy) ( Meu pai comprou uma impressora nova) -Did my father buy a new printer. 2) She had a good scanner. ( have) ( Ela tinha um bom modificador de imagens) -Did she have a good scanner. 3) He send the results to the date control. ( sent) ( Ele enviou os resultados para o controle de dados) -Did he sent the results to the date control. 4) The manufacturer sold the machines. ( sell) ( O fabricante vendeu as mquinas) -Did the manufacturer sell the machines. 5) They found the applications in market research. ( find) ( Eles encontraram as aplicaes em uma pesquisa de Mercado) -Did they find the applications in market research. 6) The systems analysts had a difficult problem to solve. ( have) ( Os analistas de sistemas tiveram um problema difcil para resolver) - Did the systems analysts have a difficult problem to solve. 4

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DEMONSTRATIVES THIS- ( este, esta, isto) - refere-se a algo que est prximo. O plural de This THESE Ex. This book is interesting ( Este livro interssante) These books are interistings. ( Estes livros so interessantes) THAT ( aquele, aquela, aquilo) refere-se a algo que est longe . O plural de that THOSE. Ex: That computer is new. ( Aquele computador novo) Those computers are new. Aqueles computadores so novos) Exercises 1) Passe as seguintes frases para o plural. a) This identifer is not visible. ( Este identificador no est visvel.) b) That symbol doesnt start a type definition. ( Aquele simbolo no inicia uma digitao definida) c) This suggestion doesnt help. ( Esta sugesto no ajuda) d) This scanner is new. ( Este scanner novo) e) That computer was sold. ( Aquele computador foi vendido) f) That code varies from time to time. ( Aquele cdigo varia de hora em hora) g) This central processor contains thousands of circuits. ( Este processador central contm milhares circuitos) h) This is an old criterion. ( Este um velho critrio) i) This program is very complicated. ( Este programa muito complicado) j) That firm works with multiprogramming.( Aquela firma trabalha com multiprogramao) -

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k) That engineer repairs the equipments. ( Aquele engenheiro conserta os equipamentos.) l)That operator sends the messages through the terminal. ( Aquele operador envia as mensagens atravs do terminal).

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Exercises (Correo) 1) Passe as seguintes frases para o plural. a) This identifer is not visible. ( Este identificador no est visvel.) - These identifiers are not visible. b) That symbol doesnt start a type definition. ( Aquele simbolo no inicia uma digitao definida) - Those symbols dont start a type definition. c) This suggestion doesnt help. ( Esta sugesto no ajuda) - These suggestions dont help. d) This scanner is new. ( Este scanner novo) - These scanners are new. e) That computer was sold. ( Aquele computador foi vendido) - Those computers were sold. f) That code varies from time to time. ( Aquele cdigo varia de hora em hora) -Those codes varies from time to time. g) This central processor contains thousands of circuits. ( Este processador central contm milhares circuitos) -This central processors contains thousands of circuits. h) This is an old criterion. ( Este um velho critrio) -These are old criterions. i) This program is very complicated. ( Este programa muito complicado) - These programs are very complicated. j) That firm works with multiprogramming.( Aquela firma trabalha com multiprogramao) -Those firms work with multiprogramming. k) That engineer repairs the equipments. ( Aquele engenheiro conserta os equipamentos.) -Those engineers repairs the equipments. l)That operator sends the messages through the terminal. ( Aquele operador envia as mensagens atravs do terminal). - Those operators send the messages through the terminal.

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IMPERATIVE 1) Escolha algumas expresses e transforme-as em um dilogo. - Hello! Ol - What are you doing? - O que voc est fazendo? - It seems that... Parece que.... - Im starting this program. -Estou iniciando este programa. - Im installing this program. Estou instalando este programa. - Start the program! - Inicie o programa! - Receive this messages! Receba esta mensagem! - Repair this terminal! - Conserte este terminal! - This is to difficult! - Isto muito difcil! - Clean the computer! - Limpe o computador! - Please help me! - Por favor ajude-me! - I dont understand it. Eu no entendo - Type this letter! Digite esta carta! - What is Hardware? - O que hardware? - Help me, press this botton! Ajude-me pressione este boto - Please, dial the code number! Por favor, digite o nmero de cdigo - What happened ? - O que aconteceu? -Look here! - Olhe! - Look out! Tenha cuidado - Im in a hurry. Estou com pressa. - I dont know. - Sei l. - What is your name? - Qual o seu nome? - It is at your left. Est sua esquerda. - Give me the mouse! - D-me o mouse! - This isnt a mouse. Isto no um mouse. - Oh! Im sorry . Oh! Sinto muito - Lets use another code? Vamos usar um novo cdigo? - Lets replay that key? Vamos trocar aquela tecla? - Dont worry! No se preocupe! - Dont send messages through this terminal! No envie mensagens atravs dete terminal! - Correct the program! - Corrija o programa! - Dont tese me! - No me amole! -Are you not ill? Voc no est doente? - What did you say? - O que voc disse? - I dont feel well . No estou me sentindo bem. - So long At logo - Bye Tchau, at logo - See you later . At a vista
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Hardware
We call hardware the actual physical components of a computer system. Here they are: Input devices they take the information from the outside world and convert it in one way or another into binary code which the computer can cope with. It may be a card reader or a CRT (cathode ray tube) terminal, for example. Central processor it is the part of a computer where arithmetic and logical operations are performed. It acts as the brain and processes the information in accordance with the program of instructions. Output devices they receive the messages from the computer as a result of its calculations. This message can be given on a television screen, on a printer, or stored on magnetic tapes or disks.

Vocabulary
hardware = machinery = todos os elementos fsicos de um computador; maquinrio.

actual = tangible = reais, tangveis

cope with = manage successfully = enfrentar, aceitar card reader = leitora de carto (perfurado) cathode ray tube = exemplos: tela de televiso e terminais de computadores = tubo de raio catdico brain = crebro; parte importante do sistema in accordance with = according to = de acordo com 1-) Responda estas questes de acordo com o texto: a) What do we call hardware? (O que ns chamamos de hardware?) b) What do the input devices do? (O que a entrada de dados faz?) c) Give some examples of input devices. ( D alguns exemplos de entrada de dados.) d) Where are the arithmetic and logical operations performed? (Onde esto armazenadas as operaes aritmticas e lgicas?) 2-) Una as colunas. Olhe para os Antnimos. ( a ) actual ( b ) outside ( c ) receive ( d ) physical ( ) spiritual ( ) unreal ( ) inside ( ) give 3) Translate into Portuguese. a) outside world b) television screen c) in one way or another d) as a result of

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High-Level Languages
A high-level language is a computer programming language designed to allow people to write programs without having to understand the inner workings of the computer. They are fairly close to natural languages like English and most have been written for one particular type of application or another. For example, ALGOL has been written for general applications, COBOL for business applications, FORTRAN for mathematics work and BASIC for general purpose introductory programming. High-level languages are easier to program than assembly languages, but generally produce programs that are less efficient and run slower.

Vocabulary
designed to = planned for = planejada, projetada inner workings = trabalhos internos, o que se passa dentro, funcionamento interno close to = near = perto de, parecidas a most = a maioria general-purpose = general-aim = objetivo geral fairly razoavelmente to allow permitir without having sem ter que High-Level Languagens- Linguagens de Alto Nvel

less- menos
run slower rodam vagarosamente

Exercises
A)Utilizando a estratgia Skimming faa uma leitura rpida do texto e: 1) Grife as palavras cognatas. 2) Qual o assunto abordado? 3) Complete the sentence with the correct Word. a) High-level languages are ..to program than assembly languages.(more dificcult - easier ) b) High-level languages produce programs that are . than assembly languages ( less efficient - more efficient ) c) Programs in high-level language run ..( faster - slower ) 4) Math the columns. ( a ) COBOL ( b ) ALGOL ( c ) FORTRAN ( d ) BASIC 5) Write in English. a) planejada para permitir b) sem ter que entender c) relativamente perto d) funcionamento interno -

( ) business applications ( ) general-purpose introductory programming ( ) general applications ( ) mathematics work

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Memory
The memory is the place where the computer keeps information when it is not actually working upon it. We can think of it consisting of several thousand letter boxes. Information is held there as bits of electric charge. In a particular spot in the computer there is a charge or there is not, so it is for this reason that computers understand binary code- O means no charge, 1 means a charge. The memory can store numbers and characters and these can be retrieved by the processor. Each letter box has an address, which is also a number. The processor can connect itself to any particular memory location a particular letter box by specifying its address. Inside the memory the information is held as minute charges of electricity. Unfortunately, the system only works when the computer is switched on. When it is switched off, the information is lost and consequently different types of memory storage are needed to hold information which the computer needs to keep for longer than it takes to run a program.

Vocabulary
working upon it = lidando com ela, trabalhando com a informao letter boxes = escaninhos eletric charge = carga ou impulso eltrico particular spot = certo lugar, ponto determinado retrived = recuperados address = endereo, identificao da localizao na memria unfortunately = Infelizmente switched on/off = ligado/desligado is lost = ou est perdida for longer = por mais tempo it takes = leva to run = rodar (um programa) is held = est segura bits = digito binrio characters = letras keeps = conserva charges = cargas Exercises 1) Faa um breve relato a respeito do texto. 2 )Encontre no texto os pargrafos onde as seguintes idias esto expressas. a) Infelizmente o sistema s trabalha quando o computador est ligado. pargrafo ______________ b)Nmeros e caracteres podem ser recuperados pelo processador. pargrafo _______________ c) Podemos imaginar a memria consistindo em vrios milhares de caixas para cartas. pargrafo _____________ 11

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d) O processador pode conectar-se com qualquer dessas caixas. pargrafo ____________ e) Diferentes tipos de memria so necessrios para guardar informaes. pargrafo ______________

3) Say if these statements are true ( T ) our false ( F ). ( Diga se estas declaraes so verdadeiras ( T ) ou falsas ( F ). ) a) The information is lost when the computer is switched off. ( ) ) )

b) Information is held in the memory as bits of electric charge. ( c) We keep information only in the memory of the computer. ( d) Computers understand binary code. ( )

e) Memory is the place where the computer keeps information when it is working upon it. ( )

4) Observando o contexto semntico das palavras abaixo, tente ligar as palavras em ingls com suas possveis tradues. ( a ) binary code ( b ) store ( c ) keeps ( d ) switched on ( e ) understand ( f ) switched off ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ligada ) compreende, entende ) cdigo binrio ) armazena ) desligada ) guarda, contm

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Programming Languages
Just as there many human languages, so there are many computer languages. In the early days, people programmed using the computers binary code, or what we call machine language. When this became difficult, mnemonics were used to make life easier. This is called assembly language programming. Finally, there are high-level languages like BASIC, FORTRAN and ALGOL. These are much more similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or indirectly into the computers machine code using the computers firmware. BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming.

Vocabulary
just as = assim como in the early days = no princpio, no incio mnemonics = arte de desenvolver a memria mediante processos auxiliares como a associao; mnemnica to make easier = tornar mais fcil high-level = alto nvel BASIC = Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN = FORmula TRAnslation ALGOL = ALGOrithmic Language Firmware = software armazenado em ROM em vez de disco

Exercises
1) Answer the questions according to the text. a) How did people program in the early days?

b) Why were mnemonics used?

c) Give examples of high-level languages.

d) How are they translated into the computers machine code?

e) Which language is often used to introduce programming ?

2) Name the three types of computer languages mentioned in the text. 13

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3) Associate the languages and their explanations. a) machine language b) assembly language c) high-level language ( ( ( ) usa o processo de associao ) usa linguagem cotidiana ) usa cdigo binrio

4) Complete these sentences a) First people programmed using ___________________________________________ b) Then they programmed using ____________________________________________ c) Nowadays they program using ___________________________________________ 5) Write in English. a) linguagem cotidiana ___________________________________________ b) linguagem humana ____________________________________________

c) linguagem de computador _______________________________________

6) Procure no diagrama as seguintes palavras: human - days - machine - basic - algol A B I E I L O G L A M H U M A N S X A L I F V M C A J C D H Y I T N Y E M V B A D N F O N X E A K P X M J N A S M L G S S I T U R T T V E G O L M U D A K E O Q R Y A D E F G I H Y C V U G J K R A N

- fortran - make

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What Is an Algorithm?
An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that tells how to solve a particular problem. Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to select the best method for solving. If the problem is a familiar one, standardized algorithms may be available from programs libraries. But is standard algorithms are not available or suitable, a new algorithm must be written and then added to the program library. An algorithm must be specified exactly, so there can be no doubt about what to do next, and it must have a finite number of steps. A computer program is an algorithm that is written in a language that a computer can understand, but the same algorithm could be written in several different languages.

Vocabulary
Once = uma vez Standardized = padronizados Added = acrescentado, incorporado There can be no doubt = no pode haver dvida Steps = passos, etapas Available- disponvel That tells que nos diz Solve resolver How como Program libraries seleo de programas Suitable adequado Must deve EXERCISES 1) Answer the questions according to the text: a) What is an algorithm?

b) What the next step after identifying the problem?

c) Where may we find standardized programs?

d) Why must an algorithm be specified exacty?

e) How many steps must it have?

2) Find in the text the answer to this question. - Por que estamos falando sobre algoritmo em um livro sobre computadores?

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