LAB REPORT HIGHWAY LABORATORY CC302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME TITLE

: DIPLOMA CIVIL ENGINEERING : SOFTENING POINT &PENETRATION TEST

LECTURER NAME : PUAN NORHAYATI BINTI MOHAMAD ALLI CLASS : DKA 3C

NO 1. 2.

NAME THAMILAARASAN S/O NATHAN AMIR FAKHRI BIN ISMAIL FAISAL

MATRIX.NO 16DKA12F1125 16DKA12F1104

INTRODUCTION :
The softening point is defined as the mean of the temperatures at which the bituminous material is softened and sagged downward at a distance of 25 mm under the weight of steel ball. In general, with materials of these types, softening does not take place at the definite temperature. As the temperature rises, the bituminous material gradually and imperceptibly changes from brittle or exceedingly slow flowing material to softer and less viscous. For this reason, the determination of the softening point must be made by a fixed, arbitrary and closely defined method if the results are to be comparable (MS 687: 1995).This method is useful in determining the consistency of bituminous material assign element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. (The engineering term consistency is an empirical measure of the resistance offered by a fluid to continue deformation when it is subjected to shearing stress). The consistency is a function of the chemical constituents of bituminous material viz. the relative proportions of asphalt, resins and oils. The type and amount of these constituents are determined by the source of crude petroleum and the method of processing at the refinery plant (ASTM Designation D36)

REASON :
For determine the softening point temperature for bitumen.

OBJECTIVE :
To determine the softening point of bitumen within the range 30 to 157 C by means of the Ring-and-Ball apparatus.

PROCEDURE

This experiment procedure is state in detail in BS 2000: Part 58: 1983. 1) Heat the bitumen sample to be tested, using a container from which a small portion can be pour easily and accurately. Temperature must not exceed 110C. Air bubbles must be avoided. 2) Preheat the two rings to approximate pouring temperature. Place them on a smooth brass plate that the surface had been pour with talcum. 3) Pour a slight excess of the bitumen into each ring. 4) Cool the bitumen for at least 30 minutes, (but do not delay so long that the test takes longer then 240 minutes) 5) Cut away excess bitumen with a warmed knife to give a flat surface. 6) Fit the sample rings into their holes, put the ball centering device on each and set metal frame into the bath. 7) Fill the bath with freshly boiled distilled water at temperature of 5 1C. Keep it at that temperature for 15 minute ( use-iced water if necessary ) . 8) Keep the steel balls also at the same temperature 5 1 C by putting them in a small sealed plastic container attached near the bulb of a thermometer standing in iced water. 9) Set the bath into its position on the top of the heater which had been pre-warmed in some trial runs to determine the best setting. 10) Using forceps place one steel ball on each of the bitumen discs centering it with the ball guide in position on each. 11) Raise the water temperature at a constant rate 5C . The maximum variation allowed after the first 3 minutes is 0.5 / minute. So careful control is necessary. 12) When the bitumen softens and the ball breaks through, record for each specimen, the temperature at the instant that the ball touches the bottom plate. If the difference between recorded values for the duplicate specimen exceeds 1 repeat the test.

Discussion and Conclusion

* Coating of aggregate is better with high ductility material so the binder will be better. * It is quite easier to mix material with high ductility than mixing with low ductility. * It is easier to move high ductility material from plan than the one with low ductility. * The high ductility asphalt cement loss some of it temperature so, we cover it while transportation. * When the AC have high ductility it loss of temperature is slowly so, it is easier to roll it, but it affected by temperature quickly. * The lower the ductility the probably of segregation problem presence which leads to low durability because of unsuitable coating and high permeability. * If the thread in the test was sagging down i.e. the material has higher density than water so, we rise water density by adding salt, and if the thread was floating i.e. its density less than water density so, we decrease water density by adding Methyl-Alcohol. * In our test the source of error was due to personnel errors of not keeping the water temperature always 25 degrees and not monitoring if the thread was sagging or floating in which lead to cutting the thread before it elongates 1 meter.

INTRODUCTION :
Penetration of a bituminous material is the distance in tenths of millimetre that standard needle will penetrate vertically into a sample under standard conditions of temperature, load and time.

AIM :
To determine the hardness of bituminous materials.

OBJECTIVE :
The objective of a penetration test is to identify security vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the target applications. Establish the business impact and ease of exploitation associated with each issue identified. Provide appropriate remedial recommendations that should be implemented in order to mitigate the impact of the issues identified.

THEORY :
In this experiment, the sample is melted and cooled under controlled conditions. The penetration is measured with a penetrometer by means of which a standard needle is applied to the sample under specific conditions. The temperature, load and time of solid bituminous are understood to be 25C (77f), 100g and 5s respectively. For- semi solid bituminous, the penetration is more than the hard ones. Therefore, penetration test of bituminous materials is important and very wide application to classify the bituminous to specific grade. Although penetration test is classified as empirical test, it is very easy and fast to be done.

APPARATUS :
-bottomed container essentially with the following dimensions For penetration below 225 Diameter 55mm Internal depth 35mm For penetration between 225 and 350 Diameter 70mm Internal depth 45mm straight, highly polished, cylindrical, hard steel rod. the temperature of 25 + 0.10C.

PROCEDURE :
The procedure of this test is precisely listed in BS 2000 : Part 49: 1983 1) Heat the sample with care in a special container until it has become sufficiently fluid and the temperature between 75C -100C. 2) Stir the sample to prevent local overheating. 3) Pour the sample into the sample container to a depth is at least15mm from the top. 4) Then, let the sample cooled with ordinary temperature until it when down to 13C in 1 hour. Then place the sample in the water bath maintained at prescribes temperature of test (25C in 1 hour). 5) Clean a penetration needle with toluene or other suitable solvent, dry with clean cloth, and insert the needle in the penetrometer. 6) Release the needle holder together with 100g loading in 5s. 7) Determine the hardness of penetration test by taking the dial reading before and after needle released into the bituminous. 8) This test should be done for each sample of bituminous in at least 5 times. The distance between each point and also at the side of the box should not be less than 10mm. make sure the needle is clean before starting the next experiment. The average of penetration can be count to determine the hardness of sample bituminous. 9) Repeat this experiment with the same grade of bituminous by preparing the same example of bituminous in different container followed procedure 1-9. 10) Report the counted value by calculating the average number for 5 minimum and maximum value in not more than 4 penetrations. The value should not be more than the standard below. Penetration 0-49 Maximum differences between the highest and the lowest value. 50-149 4 150-249 6 250 above 8

RESULT. Experiment No. 1 2 Penetration (Pen) 1 9.6 9.3 2 10.1 10.2 3 10.2 11 4 9.8 10.1 5 10.2 10.6 Average 9.98 10.24

CALCULATION.

1. = 9.6 + 10.1 + 10.2 + 9.8 + 10.2 = 49.9 = 49.9/5 = 9.98

2. = 9.3 + 10.2 + 11 + 10.1 + 10.6 = 51.2 = 51.2/5 = 10.24

RESULT. Test No. 1 2 Sagging Temperature A B 45 40 31 32 Average For Sangging Temperature 42.5 31.5 Softening Temperature A B 50 45 44 44 Average For Softening Temperature 47.5 44

CALCULATION. Sagging Temperature. \ 1. = 45 + 40 = 85 = 85/2 = 42.5 2. = 31 + 32 = 63 = 63/2 = 31.5

Softening Temperature 1. = 50 + 45 = 95 = 95/2 = 47.5 2. = 44 + 44 = 88 = 88/2 = 44

Dicussion
A) How is penetration value is orten written? B) What does it mean by bituminous grading 80/100

Penetration test is a commonly adopted test on bitumen to grade the material in terms of its hardness. A 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies between 80 & 100.Grading of bitumen helps to assess its suitability in different climatic conditions and types of construction. For bituminous macadam and penetration macadam, IRC suggests bitumen grades 30/40, 60/70, 80/100. In warmer regions, lower penetration grades are preferred to avoid softening whereas higher penetration grades like 180/200 are used in colder regions to prevent the occurrence of excessive brittleness. High penetration grade is used in spray application works.

C) By using the nomograph,detemine the penetration index (PI) for bintumen that have been tested based on hardness and penetrarion value D) Explain the advantages of penetration index in detemine the characteristic and specificied bituminious for construction material.

*The test is done at 25 C (77 F), which is reasonably close to a typical pavement average temperature. *May also provide a better correlation with low-temperature asphalt binder properties than the viscosity test, which is performed at 60 C (140 F) *Temperature susceptibility (the change in asphalt binder rheology with temperature) can be determined by conducting the test at temperatures other than 25 C (77 F). - See more at: *The test is quick and inexpensive. Therefore, it can easily be used in the field .

Conclusion

1- High penetration grades are used in cold climates : 2- Low penetration grades are used in summer to avoid softening under high temperature. 3- As the penetration decreases the hardness increases. 4- As the penetration increases the viscosity decreases. 5- In cold countries this test is performed with load 200 g, time 60 sec & temperature 5 degrees. 6- The sample must be returned to the water bath as soon as the trial is completed (within 2 minutes)to keep their temperature the same. Always clean the needle after each trial and try to penetrate as far as possible from the previous trials