H$aU - n{hbo mVm{dH$

H$aU 1 bo 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 mVm{dH$ VmdZm g_`m gemoYZmMr JaO gemoYZmMo _hd gemoYZmMr C{XXQ>o gemoYZmMr JhrVHo$ gemoYZmMr n[aH$nZm gemoYZmMr `mr d _`mXm `mr _`mXm H$m`m_H$ `m`m OZg`m, `mXe gemoYZ nXYVr gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo g_mamon gX^ n R>

2 H$aU - n{hbo

Vm{dH$
1.1 VmdZm
[dgmm eVH$m`m AIoarg gJUH$ VkmZ \ $ma PnmQ>mZo {dH$grV Pmbo. `m {dH$mgmV _m{hVr Am{U gofU V kmZmMm {dH$mg Pm`m_wio A``Z A`mnZmghr ZdrZ {Xem {_imbr. AmO`m 21`m eVH$mV _m{hVr VkmZ hm {dH$mgmMm EH$ A{d^m` KQ>H$ ~Zbobm Amho. 21 do eVH$ ho _m{hVr gofU d VkmZ eVH$ g_Obo OmVo. _m{hVr VkmZmZo gd {ddM `mnyZ Q>mH$bo Amho. gdM jom_`o _m{hVr VkmZmMo Omio ngabo Amho. _m{hVr VkmZm`m {dH$mgm_wio gnyU OJ Odi Am`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo `m_wio AmO _m{hVr`m AmXmZ-XmZ {H$`oghr doJ Ambm Amho d gJUH$m`m dmnamVyZ {ejU jo gwXYm gwQ>bo Zmhr. {ejU jomV gJUH$mMm dmna _moR>m _mUmda gw Pmbobm Amho. AZoH$ gWm_YwZ gJUH$mMo {ejU {Xbo OmV Amho. gJUH$m`m j_Vm {dMmamV KoD$Z AZoH$ {ejU VkmZr `mMm dmna A``Z-A`mnZ {H$`oV Ho$bm Amho. ""gJUH$mXdmao _m{hVr V`ma H$aUo _m{hVrMo `dWmnZ H$aUo, _m{hVrbm nm{hOo `m H$mamV ~XbZo d `m _m{hVrMo AmXmZXmZ H$aUo `mbm _m{hVr VkmZ hUVmV.''

3 1({e._m.V.n.1) boQ>mo, gmo, noQ>mbmOr, \$mo~ob, Wm_g, E{S>gZ, A~mh_ hoboZ, Ho$boa B. gma`m AZoH$ VkmZr H$-lm` {ejUmbm _hd {Xbo Amho. gJUH$sH$V H$m`H$_{Z{_Vr hr H$-lm` AgVo.
"Educational technology is concerned to provide appropriately designing learning situation which holding in view the objectives of the teaching or training bring to bear the best means of instruction". - W. K. Richmond

ej{UH$ V{dkmZ A``Zm`m `m n[apWVr`m gd `dWobm VwV H$a`mer g~{YV Amho. Oo {ejU Am{U {ejUmMo C{XXQ>o g_moa R>odyZ AZwXoeZmbm Cm_ gmYZ ~Z{dVmV. 2(e.V.Am{U `dWmnZ)
"Educational technology is the systematic application fo scientific knowledge about learning and condition of learning to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of teaching & training. - G. O. Leith

ej{UH$ V{dkmZmMm Cn`moJ qH$dm hoVy nQ> hmo`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo A``Z A`mnZ d {ejU `mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>{d`mgmR>r emr` kmZm`m Cn`moJmda ^a Xo`mV Ambm. 3(.e.V. Am{U _m.V.)
"True education of the intellect can become through a proper exercise & training of body organs - hands, feet, eyes & nose" Mahatma Gandhi (www.audiovisualaids.com)

4 {dm`mMo A``Z ^mdr hmo`mgmR>r `mV Zm{d`Vm, {d{dYVm, {OdVnUm, `o`mgmR>r ZdZdrZ VkmZmMm dmnaM AmO ^mdr R>aV Amho. IamoIa `m nXYVrZo {dm`mMr AmdS>, H$b bjmV KoD$Z H$m`H$_{Z{_Vr Ho$`mg Vr {dm`mZm {H$VnV Cn`moJr nS>ob ? `mMm A`mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho Ago gemoYH$mbm dmQ>Vo.

1.2 g_`m
""B`mm 6 dr `m B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg.''

1.3 gemoYZmMr JaO

1) gemoYH$ `m doiog CM mW{_H$ Vamda A`mnZ H$aV hmoVm. `mdoir nman[aH$ A`mnZ nXYVr dmna`m OmV hmo`m. `m_wio {dm`mZm `mMo AmH$bZ hmoV ZhVo `mgmR>r n[aUm_H$maH$ A`mnZ H$a`mg EImXm KQ>H$ gJUH$mXdmao H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr Ho$`mg {dmWu Vmo ^mJ XrKH$mi bjmV R>ody eH$VmV. A``Z A`mnZmVrb AmH$fH$Vm dmT>{d`mgmR>r A``Z ^mdr R>a`mgmR>r gJUH$mMr JaO bjmV KodyZM emgZmZo mW{_H$ VamnmgyZ Vo _m`{_H$ Vamn`V gJUH$ d _m{hVr

2)

5 VkmZ `mMm {dm`mZm n[aM` hmdm `mgmR>r A`mgH$_mV `mMm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. 3) nmR> nwVH$mVrb H$mhr AdKS> ^mJmgmR>r qH$dm nmR> KQ>H$mgmR>r gJUH$mXdmao H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr Ho$`mg {dmWu Vmo ^mJ ghO {eHy$ eH$VmV. B{Vhmg {df`mVrb A_yV gH$nZmZm _yV dn Xo`mgmR>r gJUH$mMm dmna ^mdrnUo hmoBb d JwUdmoVhr dmT> hmoD$ eH$Vo. H$ _m`_mVyZ {dmWu 83% kmZ JhU H$aVmV. hUyZM gJUH$mmao {dmWu bdH$a {eHy$ eH$VmV.

4)

5)

1.4 gemoYZmMo _hd

1) Oo {dmWu dmadma AmOmar AgVmV Vo emioV `oD$ eH$V Zmhr. `m`mgmR>r gJUH$ H$m`H$_ {Z{_VrMm Cn`moJ hmoBb. `m emio_`o MmJ`m {ejH$mMr H$_VaVm AgVo. Aem emioV {dm`m`m A``Zmg gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_VrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gJUH$mMm A`mnZmV dmna Ho$`mg A`mnZ ^mdr hmoVo d Vm~S>Vmo~ `m^aU hmoV Ag`mZo {dmWr gVV {H$`merb amhVmo d nwT>rb A``Zmg CgwH$ amhVmo. gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZm_wio {dmWu nmR> KQ>H$mMo gImob d ^mdr A``Z H$aVmV {dm`mZm g~moY, {Z`_, gkm, `m`m, gH$nZm `mMo gImob AmH$bZ hmoVo. gJUH$mMm A`mnZmV dmna Ho$`m_wio H$nZmeVr, {dMmaeVr, ~mXrH$ j_Vm d BVa eVtMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. {dm`m`m AJr AgUmar CnH$_erbVm, gemoYZdmr, H$VrerbVm, B. _`o dmT> hmoVo. VgoM `mMr A{^dmr H$b, AmdS> `mZm nwaonya `m` {_iVmo. C{XXQ> hr AMwH$[a`m CH$Q> nXYVrZo gm` hmoVmV. _ZmoaOZmVyZ A``Z - A`mnZmMr {H$`m nyU hmoV

2)

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7 {dm`mgmR>r Vr oaH$, ^mdr d XrKH$mi _aUmV amhUmar AgVo. {dm`mZm nmR> KQ>H$mMr H$_r doimV OmVrV OmV _m{hVr {_iVo d {dmWu Vr _m{hVr dmadma nmh eH$VmV. {Mo, A{Z_oeZ, gdmX, `mMm dmna H$Z nmR> KQ>H$ OrdV H$Z {dm`mg_moa _mS>Vm `oVmo. gJUH$m`m ghm`mZo A``Z H$aVmZm ZdZdrZ VmMm Cn`moJ H$$Z A{YH$ g_X AZw^d KoVm `oVmV. CXm. BQ>aZoQ>Mm dmna

8)

9)

1.5 gemoYZmMr C{XXQ>o

1) B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_{Z{_Vr H$aUo. B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ am~{dUo. gJUH$mXdmao H$m`H$_mMr A`mgUo. {Z{_V Ho$bo`m n[aUm_H$maH$Vm

2)

3)

1.6 gemoYZmMr JhrVHo$

1) gdgmYmaUnUo gJUH$m~XXb _m{hVr AgVo. {dm`mZm

8 2) B{Vhmg A`mgH$_mVrb EImm pbQ> KQ>H$mMo gImob AmH$bZ hmo`mgmR>r gJUH$mMm dmna ^mdrnUo H$Z {dmWu A``Z H$ eH$VmV. H$lm` _m`_mMm A`mnZ ^mdr hmoVo. dmna Ho$`mg

3)

1.7 gemoYZmMr n[aH$nZm

gJUH$ ghmp`V A`mnZ Ho$`m_wio {dm`m`m nmR> KQ>H$mVrb _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoBb. ey` n[aH$nZm gJUH$ ghmp`V A`mnZ Ho$`m_wio {dm`m`m nmR> KQ>H$mVrb _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoUma Zmhr.

1.8 gemoYZmMr `mr d _`mXm 1.8.1 `mr

VyV gemoYZmV _hmamQ>mVrb _amR>r _m`_m`m B`mm 6 dr. `m gd {dm`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1.8.2 _`mXm
1) VwV gemoYZ ho _.Z.nm. emim H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n, nwUo 22 _Yrb B`mm 6 dr `m {dm`mnwaVoM _`m{XV Amho. VwV gemoYZ ho B{VhmgmVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mnwaVoM _`m{XV Amho. VwV gemoYZ ho _amR>r _m`_m`m emimnwaVoM _`m{XV Amho. VwV gemoYZ ho ej{UH$ df 2010-11 nwaVoM _`m{XV Amho.

2) 3) 4)

1.9 H$m`m_H$ `m`m H$m`m_H$ `m`m

g_`m {dYmZ B`mm 6 dr `m B{Vhmg {df`mVrb ""nMerb `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg.'' 1) B`mm 6 dr _.Z.nm. em.H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 _Yrb B`mm 6 dr Mm dJ. 2) B{Vhmg B`mm 6 dr B{Vhmg {df`mVrb mMrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg `m KQ>H$mVrb nMerb hm CnKQ>H$ hUOo B{Vhmg hmo`.

10 3) nMerb JmV_ ~wXmZr A>mJ _mJm~amo~a Oo {Z`_ nmim`bm gm{JVbo `mZm nMerb hUVmV. 4) gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ ""gJUH$m`m ghm`mZo {d{eQ> `o` R>odyZ d nyd {Z`moOZ H$Z Ho$bobr A`mnZmMr {H$`m hUOo gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ hmo`.'' 5) n[aUm_H$maH$Vm ""gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr`m nydu d ZVa {dm`mZm MmMUr XoD$Z `m_Yrb gnmXZmVrb \$aH$ emoYUo hm \ $aH$ hmM H$m`H$_mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Xe{dVmo.''

1.10 OZg`m
C mW{_H$ Vamdarb _amR>r _m`_mVrb B`mm 6 dr Vrb gd {dmWu.

`mXe
_.Z.nm. em.H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 _Yrb B`mm 6 dr `m dJmVrb 40 {dm`mMr g_mZJQ> A{^H$n dmnZ {ZdS> Ho$br.

11

1.11 gemoYZ nXYVr

VwV gemoYZmH$[aVm nXYVrMr {ZdS> H$a`mV Ambr. m`mo{JH$

1.12
A)

gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo
_m{hVr gH$bZmMr Vo MmM`m - nydMmMUr, CmaMmMUr

~) g`memr` Vo _`_mZ, _mU{dMbZ, Q>r nar{jH$m> `mMm dmna H$a`mV Ambm.

1.13 g_mamon
VwV gemoYZmgmR>r nydu Pmbo`m gemoYZmMm A`mg gemo{YHo$Zo Ho$bm Amho. g~{YV gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm XoIrb nwT>rb H$aUmVyZ Ko`mMm `Z gemo{YHo$Zo Ho$bm Amho.

12

gX^
1) Omoer emo^Zm, gm. {eaT>oUH$a _oKZm (2007) Amdmr 1 ""{ejUmVrb _m{hVr VkmZ'' Zm{eH$, __`r H$meZ. (nR> H$. 1) 2) nmQ>rb emV (2007) Amdmr 3""ej{UH$ VkmZ Am{U `dWmnZ'' nwUo, {Z` ZwVZ H$meZ. (nR> H$. 6) OJVmn h. Zm. (2007) Amdmr 2 ""JV ej{UH$ V{dkmZ Am{U _m{hVr V{dkmZ'' nwUo, {Z` ZwVZ H$meZ (nR> H$. 6)
www.audiovisualaids.com

3)

4)

13

H$aU - Xwgao gX^ gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm

H$aU 2 ao 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.1.1 2.7.1.2 2.7.2 2.7.2.1 2.7.2.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 2.7.6 2.7.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 gX^ gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm VmdZm gX^ gm{h`mMo _hd gX^ gm{h`m`m A`mgmMr _wI C{XXQ>o gX^ gm{h`mMm emoY gX^ g{h`m`m A`mgmMo \ $m`Xo gX^ gm{h`mMo H$ma gX^ gm{h` nwVHo$ _amR>r nwVHo$ BJOr nwVHo$ _m{gHo$ _amR>r _m{gHo$ BJOr _m{gHo$ dmno gHo$V Wio E_.ES>. Vamdarb gemoYZo nrEM.S>r. Vamdarb gemoYZo ~wM hm`w_ VwV gemoYZmMo doJionU gX^ gm{h`mMm VwV gemoYZmgmR>r Pmbobm Cn`moJ g_mamon gX^ n R>

14 H$aU - Xgao

gX^ gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm

2.1 VmdZm
gemoYZ g_`m {ZpMV Ho$`mZVa `m {df`mer g~{YV gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm KoUo JaOoMo Amho. `m {df`mMr nmd^y_r, `mVrb _hdm`m gH$nZm Vdo VgoM `m {df`m`m gX^mV nydu `m gemoYH$mZr gemoYZ Ho$bo `mMm AmT>mdm KoUo _hdmMo dmQ>Vo. gemoYZmgmR>r H$moUH$moU`m gX^ gm{h`mMo dmMZ H$amdo `mMo _hd gemoYZm`m Q>rZo Zo_Ho$ H$m` Amho ? Amn`m gemoYZ g_`o{df`r gm` qH$dm {damoY AgUmao gemoYZ `mnydu Pmbo H$m` ? `m JmoQ>r gemoYZ gm{h`mMm A`mgmZo nQ> hmoVmV. gemoYZ g_`oMr `j d A`jnUo {ZJS>rV Agbobo gemoYZ H$n d `mMo {ZH$f B. Mo kmZ gemoYH$mbm {_iVo d `m_wio H$moU`m _mJmZo nwT>rb H$m` H$amd`mMo ho gemoYH$mg {ZpMV R>a{dVm `oVo. `mMmM AmT>mdm AmnU `m H$aUmV KoV AmhmoV.

2.2 gX^ gm{h`mMo _hd

1) gemoYZH$`mg {df`mMr `mr d _`mXm AMyH$nUo R>a{dVm `oVo.

15 2) {d{dY gemoYZmV dmnabo`m H$gmoQ>m d nXYVr bjmV KodyZ gemoYH$mbm dV `m gemoYZm{df`r H$moU`m H$gmoQ>m d nXYVr dmnamd`m`m ho R>a{dVm `oVo. {ZdS>bo`m gemoYZ {df`mg~Yr `mnydu H$moUVo gemoYZ Pmbo Amho d H$moUVo gemoYZ ~mH$s Amho `mMr _m{hVr {_iVo. Amn`m {df`mgX^mV H$moUr H$m` KoVbo Amho ho nmh`mgmR>r gX^ gm{h`mMm AmT>m`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`m_wio Amn`m gemoYZmMm AmT>mdm KoV`mMm nwamdm {_iVmo. Amn`m gemoYZmMr AZwHy$bVm {VHw$bVm AmO_m{d`mg gX^ gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm KoVbm OmVmo. gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`m_wio gemoYZm`m AZoH$ nbwMm A`mg Ho$bobm AgVmo `mVyZ `mo` {dMma AmnU H$aVmo. gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`m_wio gemoYH$mMm pQ>H$moZ `mnH$ ~ZVmo. gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`m_wio gemoYZmMr gpWVr H$iVo.

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

16 10) gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`m_wio gemoYH$mbm Amn`m gemoYZmMo H$m` AmdV R>odVm `oVo. 11) gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`m_wio nydunojm (nydu Pmbo`m) Amnbo gemoYZ doJio H$go Amho ho H$iVo.

2.3 gX^ gm{h`m`m A`mgmMr _wI C{XXQ>o

1) {ZdS>bo`m {df`mer g~{YV Aem nyU Pmbo`m gemoYZmMm n[aM` H$Z KoD$Z nydu Pmbo`m gemoYZmMr nyZamdmr Q>miVm `oVo. {ZdS>bo`m {df`mg~Yr gemoYZ nXYVr, gemoYZ gmYZo `m~m~V _m{hVr {_i{dUo. gemoYZ {df`mMr C{XXQ>o, J{hVHo$, n[aH$nZm `m`m _mS>Ur~XXb {ZpMV _m{hVr H$Z KoUo.

2) 3)

17

2.4 gX^ gm{h`mMm emoY

""JW hoM Jw$'' `m CVr_mUo {nT>mZ{nT>m _mZdmZo mV Ho$bo`m kmZmMm I{OZm nwVH$m_`o IMmIM ^$Z R>odbobm Amho. AmO JWmb` emm_`o A{Ve` doJmV gwYmaUm KSy>Z `oV AmhoV. JWnmb ho nydu \$$ nwVH$mMo d {Z`VH$m{bH$mMo gJmhH$ d XodKod `m XmoZM ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V nU AmO _mJXeZmMo _hdmMo H$m` Vo H$aV Amho. AmO kmZmMm \$moQ> Pmbm Amho. gemoYH$mbm Amn`m gemoYZm`m gX^mV gwadmVrnmgyZ Amd`H$ AgUmar _[hVr Zo_H$s H$er m H$amdr ho _m{hVr AgUo Amd`H$ R>aVo. {ejUmMo dn \$ma `mnH$ Amho. `mV g_mOmV {d{dY H$maMo {ejU gWmVyZ H$m` MmbVo.

2.5 gX^ gm{h`m`m A`mgmMo \ $m`Xo

gemoYZ {df`mMr `mr d _`mXm AMwH$ R>a{dVm `oVo. {d{dY gemoYZmVrb nXYVr bjmV KoVm `oVmV. Amn`m gemoYZmV H$moU`m nXYVr dmnam`m bmJVrb `mMo _mJXeZ {_iVo. boIZmMr nXYVr H$er Agmdr ? Ahdmb H$gm {bhmdm B. JmoQ>r H$iVmV.

18 gemoYZ {H$`o_`o _wI AmYmamMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. A) ~) XmoZ

mW{_H$ AmYma X`_ AmYma mW{_H$ AmYmam_`o dV KoVbobo AZw^d dV Ho$bobo gemoYZ Agob, `j _m{hVr {_i{dbr Agob, `j ^oQ> {Xbr Agob `mVrb H$mhr gX^ Amn`m gemoYZmV KoVbo AgVrb Vo _wI AmYma hUmdoV. X`_ AmYmam_`o Xg`mMo AZw^d, {dMma ho X`_ AmYma hmoV. gemoYZ {H$`o_`o X`_ AmYmamnojm mW{_H$ AmYmamZm A{YH$ _hd {Xbo Amho.

2.6 gX^ gm{h`mMo H$ma

gX^ gm{h`mMo H$ma nS>VmV. H$ma gemoYZoVa gm{h` gX^ nwVHo$ _m{gHo$ boI dmno gHo$VWio gemoYZna gm{h` E_.ES>. ~Y E_.{\$b. ~Y nrEM.S>r. ~Y ~wM hm`w_ m_w`mZo XmoZ

19 AemH$mao gX^ gm{h`mMo gemoYZoVa d gemoYZna Aem _wI XmoZ H$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gX^ gm{h`mMm AmT>mdm KoVmZm gemoYZoVa d gemoYZna Aem Xmohr H$ma`m gX^ gm{h`mMm A`mg Ho$bobm Amho.

20

2.7 gX^ gm{h`

gemoYZoVa gm{h`
2.7.1 nwVHo$

2.7.1.1

_amR>r nwVHo$

~ado, {_Zmjr (1999) ""gJUH$ {ejU d {ejH$'' nwUo ; ZyVZ H$meZ, n.H$. 40-45 ""{dm`mMo _ZmoaOZmVyZ A``Z hmdo, Vo H$Vr`w$ nXYVrZo {eH$mdoV `mgmR>r gJUH$mda `mo` H$mao _m{hVrMo gmXarH$aU H$Z {dm`mn`V H$_r doimV A{YH$ _m{hVr nmohM{dVm `oVo.''

{H$emoa MhmU _m{hVr gofU, VkmZ d ej{UH$ _y`_mnZ 2002 kmH$meZ Zm{eH$ W_ Amdmr VkmZmMm Cn`moJ ^mdr H$mimV ej{UH$ jomV hmoUmaM Amho. ^{d`mV eTeaching {ejH$mZm H$amdo bmJUma ho g_O`mg _XV Pmbr. nmQ>rb emV (2007) Amdmr 3 ""ej{UH$ VkmZ Am{U `dWmnZ'' nwUo, {Z` ZyVZ H$meZ n.H$. 6
"Educational technology is concerned to provide appropriately designing learning situation which holding in view the objectives of the teaching or training bring to bear the best meas of instruction W. K. Richmod

OJVmn h. Zm. (2007) Amdmr 2, ""JV ej{UH$ V{dkmZ Am{U _m{hVr V{dkmZ'' nwUo, {Z` ZyVZ H$meZ, n.H$. 6.

21
"Educational technology is the systematic application of scientific knowledge about learning and conditions of learning to improve the effectiveness & efficiency of teaching & training."

22

\$S>Ho$, _moKo, Omoer (2001) ""H$m`wQ>a d BQ>aZoQ>,'' nwUo, `w{Q>{bQ>r {H$Eeg n.H$. 25-30 ""{ejH$mZm gJUH$ `m H$lm` d ^mdr _m`_mMm A``Z d A`mnZmMm XOm d JwUdmm dmT>{d`mg Cn`moJ hmoVmo. AnmdYrV A{YH$me kmZ n[aUm_H$maH$ [aVrZo {dm`mZm md`mMo Pm`mg A`mnZm_`o gJUH$mMm dmna _hdnyU R>aVmo.

2.7.1.2

BJOr nwVHo$

Forsyth, Ian (2000). "Teaching and Learning Material & The Internet", Kogan page Publication. Page No. 13-15 A computer is essentially a means of accessing information and it is therefore on obvious & highly use of valuable tool to use as a teaching resources. computer Technology is most effectively but also how to access the results monitor students progress & ensure that your material are used to Pramot Real learning.

Pandey V.C.(2003) "Information & communication Technology & Education" : Delhi, Isha Books Publication, Page No. 167, 168. Exploring and demonstrations how ICT can be used to reach those exclude from learning & to improve the quality of education for all & developing models of ICT use and ICT based teaching education learning & curriculum materials, development in schools & in other places of learning.

Nandkishor Dayama (2002) "Information Technology". Nagpur, Vidyaprakashan Page No. 20. Because of the computer data banks, education can be enriched Large scale information is available on internet knowledge can be extended by the information available. The days are not ahead when there would be classless teaching. The virtual

23
universities are coming into reality. A lecture of good teacher can be heard at all corners of the world at the same & one time. The taught can ask questions to teacher and in turn the teacher will answer. This is possible due to computer usage.

2.7.2

_m{gHo$

2.7.2.1 _amR>r _m{gHo$ {ejU gH$_U (Owb, 2005), H$lm` gmYZmMr {Z{_Vr d ej{UH$ _hd, _hmamQ> am` _m`{_H$ d C _m`{_H$ {ejU _S>i, nwUo n.H$. 23, 24. H$lm` gmYZ {Z{_VrVyZ {ejH$m`m {V^obm MmbZm {_iVo d {dm`m`m A``Z dmrbm oaUm {_iVo. gJUH$mMm dmna H$Z AmO A``Z d A`mnZ gwb^ Pmbo Amho. {dm`m`m A``ZmV _ZmoaOH$Vm AmUUo, {d{dYVm d H$VrerbVm {Z_mU H$aUo `mgmR>r H$lm` gmYZmMr {Z{_Vr d `mMm ^mdr dmna H$aUo Amd`H$ Amho. OrdZ {ejU (OwZ 2006) _m{hVr VkmZ A`mgH$_ dn d d{eQ>o, _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30. n. H$. 30, 31 embo` {df`m`m A`mnZmgmR>r _m{hVr VkmZmMr H$me`o dmnZ ej{UH$ gmYZo {ejH$mZr dV V`ma H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. `mM_mUo gmXarH$aUmgma`m gw{dYm dmnZ AZoH$ embo` {df`m`m A`mnZmgmR>r CAL Packages hUOo d`A``Z

24 gm{h` {Z{_Vr H$aom Amd`H$ Amho. {ejH$mZr {dm`m`m j_Vm, CnbY doi, gmQ>doAg B. Zwgma {d{dY H$m`H$_mMo d CnH$_mMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo. OrdZ {ejU (OmZo 2007) H$m`wQ>a Am{U BQ>aZoQ>Mr A`mgmVrb Cn`w$Vm. _hmamQ > am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30 n.H$. 35, 36. gmXarH$aUmMm A`mnZ emr` Q>rH$moZmVyZ AmO _moR>m _mUmda dmna hmoV Amho. nmdanmBQ> oP| Q>oeZXdmao nmR> KQ>H$mda Ajao, {Mo, AmdmO, A{Z_oeZ B. Mm ^mdr dmna H$Z Ame` A{YH$m{YH$ gwb^VoZo d ghOVoZo {dm`mg_moa gmXa H$aVm `oVmo. OrdZ {ejU (Owb 1999) _m{hVr VkmZ YmoaU. _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30 n.H$. 24, 25. _m{hVr VkmZmMo {ejUmVrb dmT>Vo _hd {dMmamV KoD$Z _hmamQ> emgZmZo gZ 1998 gmbr _m{hVr VkmZ YmoaU Omhra Ho$bo. `m YmoaUm_`o {dmWu, {ejH$ d emim `mZm bjmV KoD$Z H$mhr C{XXQ>o R>a{d`mV Ambr `mnH$s 1) 2) gJUH$ `moJemim C^maUo. A``Z A`mnZmV gJUH$mMm dmna H$aUo.

25 3) XZ{XZ Am{U embo` A`mgH$_mgmR>r Amd`H$ Aem gmQ>doAgMm dmna H$a`mMo H$me` {ejH$mZr AdJV H$aUo. Q`m Q>`mZo gJUH$mXdmao gm` H$aUo, `m C{XXQ>mZm Xo`mV Ambo. {ejU _hd

4)

26 2.7.2.2 BJOr _m{gHo$

Journal of higher Educational University news (Vol. 45 No 40) Oct. (6-12-2008) page No. 1. "New technologies for teaching & learning in information multimedia technology supports communication & interaction that transcends traditional language based cultural based communication forms because of multimedia communicate multisenses." - Bucherla Murahari & V. Vijaya Kumar Edutracks (Vol. 8 No.11), July 2009, Page No. 8-10. The online learning method will definitely helps teachers in harnessing technology to make teaching learning program more effective. Every learner should not only be a computer literate but also develop competencies in the effective usage of computers & all the technologies that are related to learning Age old method of chalk & talk in classroom should be dead & gone. the younger generation should be able to face all newer life situations on earth or any other planet so as to be proudly called men of universe. This should be our life's vision. Edutracks (Vol. 9 No. 2), Oct 2009, Page No. 37 The use of computer in education opens a new area of knowledge and offers a tool that has the potential to change some of the existing educational methods. The teacher is teh key of the effective exploitation of these resources in the educational system. As computer use continues to increase in society educations must also prepare for the use of computers within the classroom. This involves all levels of education.

27
2.7.3 dmno

dfmbr \$mQ>H$ gH$mi dmgodm, {XZmH$ 11 \o$~wdmar$ 2011, {dm`mZm {eH$dVmo ~mobH$m \$im, gH$mi nwUo Qy>S>o n> H$. 1 nw`mV Zmam`U noR>oV Agbo`m Q>mS>m ~mBQ> Bpdn_|Q> `m H$nZrZo "Jw$Or' ZmdmMm {S>OrQ>b ~moS> {dH$grV Ho$bm Amho. Ad`m nmM hOma $n`mV CnbY AgUm`m `m {S>OrQ>b \$`mMo Zmd `mZr R>odb` "Jw$Or !' dJmV`m I`mIw`m Jw$Ot`m hmVr {Xbo`m [a_moQ>`m ghm`mZo hm \$im dmnaVm `oVmo. hm \$im gmaD$O}da MmbVmo qH$dm [aMmO}~b ~Q>ar`m ghm`mZo `mMm dmna H$aVm `oVmo. Aer _m{hVr S>mQ>m ~mBQ> Bpdn_| Q>Mo OwJb Jwm `mZr {Xbr. mW{_H$ emimgmR>r hm {S>OrQ>b \$im A{Ve` Cn`wV R>aVmo Amho. nw`m`m ~mXmoS>H$a mW{_H$ emioV g`m hm \$im dmnabm OmV Amho.

2.7.4

gHo$V Wio
learning communities. org / resources /

www.creating

lifelonglearning.htm. Lifelong learning has been promated by management. Guru Peter Drucker. The Bottom line in this movement is to provide freedom to learner to choose to learn what they want for study. Self

28
learning creates. Recognition Motivation, effectiveness and

continuance in learners. www.hoddereducation.co.uk/infer/84/self-learning.htm The audio visual aids motivate & stimulate the students for self learning classroom seminars and discussion active participation should be arranged to find whether the use of audio-visual aids has actually created the habit of self-learning in students.

gemoYZna gm{h` 2.7.5 E_.ES>. Vamdarb gemoYZo

gemoYH$ g{dVm JmS>oH$a (2006-2007) nwUo {dmnrR> erfH$ B`mm 8 dr `m ^yJmob {df`mVrb ^yH$n d dmbm_wIr `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$mYmarV d`A``Z H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d `m`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg. C{XXQ>o 1) B`mm 8 dr `m ^yJmob {df`mVrb ^yH$n d dmbm_wIr `m nmR> KQ>H$mda gJUH$mYm[aV d`A``Z H$m`H$_{Z{_Vr H$aUo. V`ma Ho$bo`m gJUH$mYm[aV d`A``Z H$m`H$_mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm A`mgUo. m`mo{JH$ nXYVr

2)

gemoYZ nXYVr {ZH$f

29 gJUH$mYm[aV d`A``Z H$m`H$_m_wio {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`mnojm m`mo{JH$ JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> {XgyZ Ambr.

30

gemoYH$ {dmnrR>

ZJaH$a E. Ama. (2004) nwUo

erfH$ B`mm 7 dr `m qhXr {df`mVrb EH$m KQ>H$mda d`A``Z gm{h`mMr {Z{_Vr d `m`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg. C{XXQ>o 1) B`mm 7 dr`m qhXr {df`mVrb EH$m KQ>H$mda d`A``Z gm{h`mMr {Z{_Vr H$aUo. {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmda d`A``Z gm{h`mMm hmoUmam n[aUm_ A`mgUo. m`mo{JH$ nXYVr

2)

gemoYZ nXYVr {ZH$f 1) 2)

d`A``Z gm{h`m_wio {dm`m`m A``ZmV ag {Z_mU hmoVmo. d`A``Z gm{h`mmao {dm`mZm nmR>KQ>H$mMo AmH$bZ gwb^[a`m hmoVo. d`A``Z gm{h`m_wio {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> Pmbr.

3)

31 gemoYH$ {dmnrR> hJdUo _mYwar (2008-2009) nwUo

erfH$ _m`{_H$ Vamda em {df`mgmR>r gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMm {dm`m`m gnmXZmda hmoUm`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg.

32 C{XXQ>o 1)

B`mm 9 dr {dkmZ ^mJ-2 {df`mrVb EH$m KQ>H$mgmR>r gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr H$aUo. gJUH$mXdmao {Z{_Vr AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ am~{dUo. Ho$bo`m

2) 3)

gJUH$mXdmao {Z{_Vr Ho$bobm AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm A`mgUo. m`mo{JH$ nXYVr

gemoYZ nXYVr {ZH$f

gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_m_wio {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`mnojm m`mo{JH$ JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> {XgyZ Ambr.

2.7.6 nrEM.S>r. Vamdarb gemoYZo

gemoYH$ MH$mV nwUo {dmnrR>

~moago

(2002)

erfH$ Zm{eH$ {OhmVrb _m`{_H$ emimVrb H$-lm` gmYZo d `mMm dmna `mMm {M{H$gH$ A`mg. C{XXQ>o 1) Zm{eH$ {OhmVrb _amR>r _m`_m`m _m`{_H$ emimMo _w`m`mnH$ Am{U

33 {ejH$ `mMr H$lm` gmYZm`m ej{UH$ Cn`w$Vo{df`r _Vo AO_mdUo. 2) Zm{eH$ {OhmVrb _amR>r _m`_m`m _m`{_H$ emimV CnbY AgUm`m H$lm` gmYZm`m gpWVrMm A`mg H$aUo. Zm{eH$ {OhmVrb _amR>r _m`_m`m _m`{_H$ emim_YyZ A``Z A`nZmgmR>r dmna Ho$`m OmUm`m H$lm` gmYZmMm AmT>mdm KoUo. gd}jU nXYVr

3)

gemoYZ nXYVr {ZH$f

gemoYZ Ho$`mda OmUdbo H$s, ej{UH$ gmYZmMr CnbYVm Amho. nU `mMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. H$mhr emioV Ho$bm OmVmo nU `m{R>H$mUr `mo` dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

2.7.7 Buch Volume :

1) Fifth Survey of Educational Research 1988-92 Vol II NCERT. Jeyamani, P. 1991. Effectiveness of the simulation model of teaching through compuer Assited Instuction (CAI) M.Phil. Edu. Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for women. Problem :

34
To study the effectiveness fo the simulation model in teaching physics to standard XI students throuhg computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Objectives : 1) To find out th effectiveness of the simulation model of teaching as computer to the traditional method. 2) To utilise the growing use fo computer in education.

Methodology : The sample for this investigation consisted of students of standard XI of the two schools selected pre-test post-test method was used. Mean, S.D. & "T" test were used to treat the data.

Major Findings : 1) The experimental group obtained a higher mean them the control group. 2) 3) The sex wise comparison proved to be insignificant. There was no significant difference in learning level between Tamil medium & English medium students. 4) On the basis of the research findings, it was concluded that the experimental groups performed significantly better than the control group. (MC 1758.) (Page No. 1375).

2)

Singh R. D., Ahluwalia, S.P. & Verma, S. K. (1991) Teaching of Mathematics : Effectiveness of computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) & conventional method of instruction, Indian Educational Review, Vol. 26(4) : 15-34

35

Problem : The study centres upon the problem of the effectiveness of computer assisted instruction & of the conventional method of instruction in teaching mathematics informs of achievement in mathematics & direction of change in attitude towards mathematics of male & female students.

Objective : 1) To study the difference in mathematics achievement which occurs as a results of the differnce in instruction among boys & girls separately & as a group. 2) To study the direction of change in attitudes of male & female students seprately & as a groups towards mathematics as a result of two different instructional strategies. strategy

Methodology : The sample of the study consisted of 220 students from four selected higher secondary schools covering the good average & poor schools of the Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai (M.P.)

Major Findings : 1) The students who used the computer taught mathematics through the conventional method. 2) The students who used the computer showed significantly highly favourable attitue towards mathematics than those who did not use the computer.

36
3) Achievement in mathematics & change in attitude towards mathematics were foudn to be independent of the sex factor (JPM 1914)

Sixth Survey Of Educational Research (1993-2000) Vol - I NCERT. 1) Joshi & Mahapatra (1995) - Undertook a study relating to effectiveness of computer software. They found that students taught through software package significantly did better than those taught throuhg conventional mehtod. 2) Mahajan (1994) " Studies the effectiveness of computer instruction for teaching singular & plural at grade 2, and found CAI to be more effective than the traditional method. 3) Shah & Agarwal (1994) : conducted a research study to evaluate teachers, attitude towards computer education as well as computer Assisted Instruction (CAI). They ground attitude positive in all the groups, though female teacher showed more positive attitude towards CAI. 4) Biswal (1995) Studied for his Ph.D. work the development of computer based time space personal management system (TSPMS). He found that the manual system was quite poor in comparison to computer generated TSPMS, In helptled created different formats, & in generating co-curricular timetable. It helped in even distribution of working load on teachers. 5) Agarwal (1995) : for his Ph.D. work undertook a comparative study of conceptual understanding by programmed learning & CAI & that both were very effective however PI was found better than CAI for students wiht lesser IQ. CAI was found to be better than PI for students of higher IQ & for students of higher socio-economic strata.

37
6) Rangaraj (1997) for Ph.D. studied the effectiveness of computer assisted instruction in teaching physics. He found that CAI as support system (CAISS) was much better than CAI as individualaised instruction Retention also was higher when taught through CAISS. Page No. 163.

2.8 VwV gemoYZmMo doJionU

g~{YV gemoYZmMm AmT>mdm KoV`mZVa Ago bjmV Ambo H$s, gd {df`mV OmV _mUmV gJUH$ ghmp`V d`A``ZmdaM H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr Pmbobr {XgwZ `oVo. VgoM gJUH$ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr hr BVa {df`mda OmV Ho$br Jobr. hUyZ VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo B{Vhmg {df`mV nMerb `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMr {Z{_Vr Ho$br Amho. `m gemoYZmXdmao gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ `m{df`r {ejH$ d {dmWu `m`m_`o OmJVr d AmdS> {Z_mU hmo`mghr _XV hmoUma Amho.

2.9 gX^ gm[h`mMm VwV gemoYZmgmR>r Pmbobm Cn`moJ

VwV gemoYZmH$[aVm gemo{YHo$Zo gemoYZoVa d gemoYZna Aem Xmohr gX^ gm{h` H$mamMm gImob A`mg Ho$bm Amho. `mVyZ gemo{YHo$bm nwT>rb H$mhr _hdm`m ~m~r Amd`H$ dmQ>VmV.

38 1) VwV gemoYZmMr Zo_H$s g_`m, C{XXQ>o, J{hVHo$, `mr d _`mXm `mMo {ZpMV dn R>a{dVm Ambo. {d{dY gemoYZ nXYVrnH$s H$moUVr nXYVr {ZdS>mdr d _m{hVr gH$bZmgmR>r d {dbofUmgmR>r H$moUVr gmYZo d Vo {ZdS>mdrV ho R>a{dVm Ambo. `mnwdu Pmbo`m gemoYZna gm{h`m`m AmT>m`mVyZ VwV gemoYZmer AgUmao gm` d ^oX> nQ> H$aVm Ambo. Ahdmb boIZ H$go H$amdo `mMo kmZ m Pmbo. VwV gemoYZmMm XOm d JwUdmm dmT>{d`mgmR>r gX^ gm{h`m`m AmT>m`mMo {deof `moJXmZ {_imbo. VwV gemoYZ H$m`mbm `mo` Vr {Xem {_imbr.

2)

3)

4) 5)

6)

2.10

g_mamon

VwV H$aUm_`o gemo{YHo$Zo gemoYZ {df`m`m g~{YV g[h`mMm A`mg Ho$bm Amho. hm A`mg H$aVmZm {d{dY JW, gX^, JW `mMo AdbmoH$Z Ho$bo Amho. `m AmT>m`mZVa gemo{YHo$Zo `m {df`m`m g~{YV nydu Pmbobr gemoYZo A`mgbr AmhoV d `mMm Jmofdmam {Xbm Amho. nwT>rb H$aUm_`o gemoYZmMr `j H$m`dmhr {Xbr Amho.

39
gX^

1.

q^VmS>o, {d. am. (2008) "ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr, ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo {Z` ZwVZ H$meZ, n. 28. ~ado {_Zmjr (1999) ""gJUH$ {ejU d {emH$'', nwUo, ZyVZ H$meZ n.H$. 40-45. nmQ>rb emV (2007) Amdmr {Vgar ""ej{UH$ VkmZ Am{U `dWmnZ,'' nwUo {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ, n.H$. 6. OJVmn h. Zm. (2007) Amdmr Xgar, ""JV ej{UH$ V{dkmZ Am{U _m{hVr V{dkmZ,'' nwUo, {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ, n.H$. 6. \$S>Ho$, _moKo, Omoer, (2001) ""H$m`wQ>a d BQ>aZoQ>'', nwUo, `w{Q>{bQ>r {H$EeZg, nwUo n.H$. 25-30. S>m. {H$ema MhmU (2002) ""_m{hVr gofU, VkmZ d ej{UH$ _y`_mnZ'', km H$meZ, Zm{eH$.
Forsyth, Ian (2000) "Teaching and Learning Material And The Internet", Kogan page Publication, Page No. 13-15.

2. 3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8. 9.

Pandey V. C. (2003), "Information & Communication Technology & Education". Delhi, Isha Books Publication, Page No. 167, 168. Nandkishor Dayama, (2002), "Inprmation Technology, " Nagpur, vidya Prakashan, Page No. 20.

10. {ejU gH$_U, (Owb 2005), H$lm` gmYZmMr {Z{_Vr d ej{UH$ _hd, _hmamQ> am` _m`{_H$ d C _m`{_H$ {ejU _S>i, nwUo n.H$. 23, 24.

40 11. OrdZ {ejU, (OyZ 2006), _m{hVr VkmZ A`mgH$_ dn d d{eQ>o, _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30, n.H$. 30-31. 12. OrdZ {ejU, (OmZodmar 2007), H$m`wQ>a Am{U BQ>aZoQ>Mr A`mgmVrb Cn`wVVm, _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo - 30, n.H$. 35, 36. 13. OrdZ {ejU (Owb 1999) _m{hVr VkmZ YmoaU, _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30-n.H$. 24,25.
14. Journal of Higher Educational, University News (Vol. 45, No 40) Oct (6-12, 2008) Page No. 1 15. 16. Edutracks (Vol 8 No 11), Jul 2009, Page No. 8-10. Edutracks (Vol. 9 No. 2) Oct. 2009, Page No. 37.

17. nQ>dYZ ^yfU, {XZmH$ 22 Zmoh|~a 2009, JaO Amho Vr VkmZm{YpR>V {ejUmMr gH$mi, gaJ / n.H$. 2.
18. 19. www.creatinglearning lifelonglearning.htm communities.org / resources /

www. Hoddereducation.co.uk/infer/84/self-learning,htm

20. g{dVm JmS>oH$a (2006-2007) B`mm 9 dr `m ^yJmob {df`mVrb ^yH$n d dmbm_wIr `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$mYm[aV d`A``Z H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d `m`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg, nwUo {dmnrR>. 21. ZJaH$a E. Ama. (2004) B`mm 7 dr`m qhXr {df`mVrb EH$m KQ>H$mgmR>r d`A``Z

41 gm{h` {Z{_Vr n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg d `m`m

22. hJdUo _mYwar (2008-09) _m`{_H$ Vamda em {df`mgmR>r gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMm {dm`m`m gnmXZmda hmoUm`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg, nwUo {dmnrR>. 23. ~moago MH$mV (2002) Zm{eH$ {OhmVrb _m`{_H$ emimVrb H$lm` gmYZo d `mMm dmna `mMm {M{H$gH$ A`mg, nwUo {dmnrR>.
24. 25. Fifth Survey of Educational Research 1988-92, Vol-II NCERT Page No. 1375 Sixth Survey of Educational Research 1993-2000, Vol.-I NCERT Page No.- 163.

42 H$aU - {Vgao

gemoYZmMr H$m`nXYVr
H$aU 3 ao 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.8 gemoYZmMr H$m`nXYVr VmdZm gemoYZmMo H$ma gemoYZmMr nXYVr m`mo{JH$ gemoYZ nXYVr gemoYZ A{^H$n Mbo OZg`m `mXe `mXeZ nXYVr gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo _m{hVr gH$bZmMr gmYZo _m{hVr {dbofUmMr gmYZo gemoYZmMm AmamIS>m H$m`dmhr gemoYZmMm AmamIS>m gemoYZmMr H$m`dmhr g_mamon gX^ n R>

43 H$aU - {Vgao

gemoYZmMr H$m`nXYVr
3.1 VmdZm
{ejH$mbm Amn`m XZ{XZ A`mnZmV AZoH$ AS>MUr `oVmV. g_`m {Z_mU hmoVmV. ej{UH$ jomVrb qH$dm n[apWVr_Yrb dVZmMo em {dH${gV H$a`m`m hoVyZo qH$dm g_`m gmoS>{d`m`m Q>rZo dkm{ZH$ {dMma nXYVrZo Ho$bobo Cn`moOZ hUOo ej{UH$ gemoYZ hmo`.
F. L. Whitney `m`m

_Vo,

"Educational research aims to make contributions towards the solution of problems in the field of Education by the scientific philosophical method."

1(q^VmS>o 2008) gemoYZmMr H$m`nXYVr `m H$aUmV gemoYH$mZo gemoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>bobo jo d `mVrb g_`m Xa H$a`m`m hoVyZo Ho$bobo gemoYZ d `mMr gnyU H$m`dmhr `mMm AmT>mdm KoVbm OmVmo. VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemoYH$mZo {ZdS>bobr gemoYZ g_`m, gemoYZmMo H$ma, gemoYZ nXYVr, gemoYZ A{^H$n, Mbo, `mXe nXYVr, OZg`m, `mXe, gemoYZm_`o _m{hVr gH$bZmgmR>r d _m{hVr {dbofUmgmR>r dmnabobr gmYZo, gemoYZ {H$`o`m nm``m, AmamIS>m d H$m`dmhr B. Mr gnyU _m{hVr {Xboobr Amho.

44

3.2 gemoYZmMo H$ma

ej{UH$ gemoYZmMo m_w`mZo H$mao dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. VrZ

2 (q^VmS>o, 2008) dJuH$aU _wb^yV gemoYZ Cn`mo{OV gemoYZ H$Vr gemoYZ

1) _wb^yV gemoYZ
{ejUemmVrb H$mhr _wb^yV {gXYmV Wm{nV Ho$bo Jobo AmhoV. _y`_mnZ nXYVr, gy_ A`mnZ, A`mnZ {V_mZo `mgma`m {df`mVrb gemoYZmMm g_mdoe _wb^yV gemoYZmV hmoVmo. kmZ {_i{dUo ho `m gemoYZmMo mW{_H$ C{XXQ> AgVo d Cn`moOZ ho X`_ C{XXQ> AgVo.

2) Cn`mo{OV gemoYZ
{d{eQ> AS>MUrMo {ZamH$aU H$aUo `m C{XXQ>mVyZ `m gemoYZmMr C^maUr Pmbobr AgVo, C{XXQ>o H$m`nXYVr d {ZH$f `m~m~VrV Cn`mo{OV gemoYZmV gd`mnr g_mdoeH$Vm ZgVo, mW{_H$ C[XXQ> hUOo gVV ^oS>gmdUm`m {d{eQ> g_`ooMo {ZamH$aU H$aUo hmo`.

45

3) H$Vr gemoYZ
XZ{XZ H$m`m_`o Oohm EImXr g_`m gVV ^oS>gmdVo d Vohm {VMo {ZagZ H$a`mgmR>r gemoYH$ dkm{ZH$ nXYVrZo gemoYZ H$aVmo d gemoYZmVyZ Ambo`m AVrnjr {ZH$fmMr Oohm Vmo A_b~OmdUr H$aVmo Vohm Vo H$Vr gemoYZ ~ZVo. VwV gemoYZ H$maMo Amho. ho H$Vr gemoYZ `m

46

3.3 gemoYZmMr nXYVr

gemoYZ Ho$bo OmVo. nXYVtMo VrZ JQ>mV dJuH$aU

3(q^VmS>o 2008) gemoYZ nXYVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ gemoYZ gd}jU gemoYZ m`mo{JH$ gemoYZ nXYVr nXYVr nXYVr

1) Eo{Vhm{gH$ gemoYZ nXYVr

^yVH$mbrZ KQ>H$mMo dUZ Am{U nWH$aU H$a`mH$[aVm emr` Cn`moOZ hUOoM Eo{Vhm{gH$ gemoYZ hmo`.

2) gd}jU nXYVr
{d{eQ> ~m~VrV Agbobr gpWVr OmUyZ Ko`mgmR>r Cn`moJr nS>Um`m gemoYZ nXYVrg gd}jU nXYVr Ago hUVmV.

3) m`mo{JH$ gemoYZ nXYVr

^{d`H$mimV EImm g_`mg~Yr H$m` pWVr Agob `mMm A`mg `m gemoYZ nXYVrV Ho$bm OmVmo `m nXYVrg m`mo{JH$ nXYV hUVmV.

47 VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo m`mo{JH$ gemoYZ nXYVrMm dmna Ho$bm Amho.

48

3.3.1 m`mo{JH$ gemoYZ nXYVr

m`mo{JH$ gemoYZmV m`mo{JH$ nXYVrMm Adb~ Ho$bm OmVmoo. m`mo{JH$ nXYVr hr EH$ dkm{ZH$ nXYVr AgyZ ej{UH$ gemoYZmV {VMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. dkm{ZH$ nXYVrda Vr AmYm[aV Agbr Var {VMo d{eQ>o ho `moJ hoM Amho. {d{eQ> KQ>H$mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm AgVm {d{eQ> n[aUm_ {XgVmV. `m n[aH$nZoMo \$V n[ajU `oWo Ano{jV ZgyZ BVa gd KQ>H$mZm {Z`{V H$Z \$V EH$m KQ>H$m`m Cn`moJmZo H$moUVm ~Xb KSy>Z `oVmo ho nmh`mH$[aVm Ho$bobm `moJ ho m`mo{JH$ nXYVrMo d{eQ>o Amho. 4 (_wio, C_mR>o, 1998) `moJm_`o dml`r Mbmbm ApWa R>odbo OmVo d BVa gd MbmZm pWa R>odyZ {Z`{V Ho$bo OmVo. `m_wio dml`r MbmMm Aml`r Mbmda H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo ho A`mgH$mbm R>a{dVm `oVo d `mVrb H$m`H$maU^md nQ> H$aVm `oVmo. VwV gemoYZmV gemo{YHo$Zo m`mo{JH$ nXYVrMr {ZdS> Ho$br Amho. gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr H$Z Vmo am~{d`mZVa {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmda hmoUm`m n[aUm_mMm A`mg `m nXYVrZo Ho$bm Amho.

3.3.2

gemoYZ A{^H$n

49 `moJmMr AmIUr H$a`mgmR>r {d{dY A{^H$nmMm Adb~ m`mo{JH$ nXYVrV hmoVmo. gemoYZ A`mgm`m g_mUVog ^m{dV H$aUmam OmVrV OmV ~mh MbKQ>H$ {Z`{V H$Z `mMm ^md {ZpH$` AWdm `yZV_ H$a`mMr `moOZm hUOo A{^H$n hmo`. 5(nmagZrg ho_bVm, 2007) m`mo{JH$ A{^H$nmMo H$m`m_H$ d KQ>H$m_H$ A{^H$n Ago XmoZ H$ma nS>VmV. VwV gemoYZmV gemo{YHoo$Zo g_mZJQ> A{^H$nmMr {ZdS> Ho$br Amho. `m A{^H$nmg g_Vw` JQ> A{^H$n Agohr hQ>bo OmVo. gd ~m~VrV g_mZVm amIyZ {ZdS>bo`m XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ JQ>mda {^ Cnm`mMm Adb~ H$Z AZwf{JH$ n[aUm_mMm A`mg H$a`mgmR>r hm A{^H$n Cn`wV R>aVmo. m`mo{JH$ A{^H$nmMo {V{Z{YH$ dn nwT>rb_mUo AgVo. nydH $gmoQ >r JQ> 1 JQ> 2

50 CnMma 1 Cma H$gmo Q>r AemH$mao, nyd H$gmoQ>r XodyZ {dm`mMo XmoZ g_mZ JQ> Ho$bo OmVmV. Xmohr JQ>mZm doJdoJio CnMma XodyZ eodQ>r Cma H$gmoQ>r {Xbr OmVo. nyd H$gmoQ>r d Cma H$gmoQ>r`m JwUm_Yrb \$aH$ bjmV KodyZ {ZH$f H$mT>bo OmVmV. CnMma 2

3.3.3

Mbo

ej{UH$ {H$`o`m `dWmnZ d {ZarjUmda n[aUm_ H$aUmam ej{UH$ gemoYZmVrb H$moUVmhr EImXm KQ>H$ hUOo Mb hmo`. 6( OmZ ~oQ> AS> H$hmZ, 2004) g`m_H$ AWdm JwUm_H$ _y`m_`o `V H$aVm `ody eH$Umar H$moUVrhr gH$nZm hUOoM Mb hmo`.

Aml`r Mb
EImm KQ>ZoMm H$maU hUOo Aml`rMb. J{hV n[aUm_ qH$dm

dml`r Mb

51 BVa CboIbo`m Mbm_Yrb ~Xbmda `mMo ~Xb Adb~yZ ZmhrV Ago J{hV Yabobo AgVo, `mg dV qH$dm dml`r Mb Ago hUVmV.

{Z`{V Mb
m`mo{JH$ nXYVr_`o `m Mbmda {Z`U R>odbo OmVo `m MbmZm {Z`{V Mb hUVmV.

VwV gemoYZmVrb Mbo

1) 2) 3) Aml`r Mb B{Vhmg {df`mVrb KQ>H$mdarb _m{hVr gnmXZ nMerb

dml`r Mb gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_. {Z`{V Mb {dmWu JQ>, nmR>`KQ>H$mMm _OHy$a, C{XXQ>o, `moJmMm H$mbmdYr, gemo{YHo$Mo `j H$m`.

3.4 OZg`m
gemoYZ {df`mer g~{YV `Vt`m KQ>H$m`m g_yhmbm OZg`m Ago hUVmV. 8(_wio, C_mR>>o, 1998) VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo C mW{_H$ Vamdarb _amR>r _m`_mVrb B`mm 6 dr Vrb gd {dmWu `mMm g_mdoe OZg`oV Ho$bm Amho.

52

3.5

`mXe
OZg`oMo {V{Z{Yd H$aUm`m OZg`o`m CngMmbm `mXe hUVmV. gemoYZ {H$`oV nyUV OZg`oMm g_mdoe H$aUo Ae` Zgbo Var ~`mM doim Vo mgXm`H$ R>aVo hUyZM OZg`oMm {V{Z{YH$ Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aUo Amd`H$ R>aVo. 9(q^VmS>o, 2008) VwV gemoYZm_`o gemo{YHo$Zo B`mm 6 dr `m dJmVrb gd 40 {dm`mZm nmR>m KQ>H$mda AmYm[aV nyd MmMUr {Xbr. `m 40 {dm`mMo g_mZ JwU {_i{dUm`m XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mOZ Ho$bo. 40 {dm`mMo 20 d 20 Aem XmoZ JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$Z EH$m JQ>mg m`mo{JH$ nXYVrZo d Xg`m JQ>mg nman[aH$ nXYVrZo {eH$d`mV Ambo.

3.5.1

`mXeZ nXYVr

`mXe {ZdS>r`m {H$`obm "`mXeZ' Ago hUVmV. `mXeZm`m nXYVrMo m_w`mZo XmoZ H$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. 7(q^VmS>o, 2008)

53 `mXeZ nXYVr g^m`Vm nXYVr gwJ_ `mpN>H$ {Z`_~XY Var` JwN> dJuH$V VwV gemoYZmH$[aVm gemo{YHo$Zo g^m`VoVrb gwJ_ `mpN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> Ho$br Amho. VwV gemoYZm_`o _.Z.nm. emim H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 `m emioVrb B`mm 6 dr`m dJmVrb 40 {dm`mMr mg{JH$ {ZdS> Ho$br Amho. Ag^m`Vm nXYVr mg{JH$ {Z{XQ>me g`moOZ

3.6

gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo
gemoYZ H$aVmZm gemoYH$mg gemoYZmMr _m{hVr {_i{d`mgmR>r d _m{hVrMo {dbofU H$a`mgmR>r {d{dY gmYZo d VmMm dmna H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. EHy$UM, _m{hVr gH$bZ d {dbofUmgmR>r `m nXYVr, gmYZo d Vo dmna`mV `oVmV `mg gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo hQ>bo OmVo.

3.6.1
d

_m{hVr gH$bZmMr gmYZo

_m{hVr gH$bZ H$a`mgmR>r {d{dY gmYZo Vo dmnabr OmVmV. `m gmYZmXdmao

54 gemoYH$ gemoYZmVrb _wI g_`mda Cmao emoYV AgVmo. hUyZ, _m{hVr gH$bZmgmR>r dmnabobo gmYZ g_mU Agmdo d `mM_mUo {_i{dbobr _m{hVr {ddgZr` Agmdr. 10(_amR>o, 2005)

55

_m{hVr gH$bZmMr {d{dY gmYZo

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) {ZarjU _wbmIVr Zmdbr g_mO{_Vr _mZgemr` H$gmoQ>m A) ~) mdr` H$gmoQ>r / gnmXZ H$gmoQ>r A{^`mo`Vm H$gmoQ>r

H$) ~wXr_mnZ H$gmoQ>r S>) A{^Mr emo{YH$m B) `Vr_d emo{YH$m VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo gnmXZ H$gmoQ>rMr {ZdS> H$Z Vr dmnabobr Amho. gnmXZ H$gmoQ>r_`o, 1) 2) nyd MmMUr Cma MmMUr (S>m. q^VmS>o {d. am. 2008 n> H$. 141, 142) `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nydMmMUr d Cma MmMUr Xa`mZ {dm`mda CnMma Ho$bo OmVmV d ZVa `m XmoZ MmM`m`m JwUm`m \$aH$mdZ {ZH$f H$mT>bo OmVmV.

56 VwV gemoYZmVhr nydMmMUr d CmaMmMUr _Yrb JwUm`m \$aH$mdZ {ZH$f H$mT>`mV Ambo.

57

3.6.2

_m{hVr

{dbofUmMr gmYZo

_m{hVr {dbofUmH$[aVm {_i{dbo`m _m{hVrda gmp`H$s` {H$`m Ho$`m OmVmV. gemoYZmMm Jm^m hUOoM _m{hVr {dbofU hmo`. 11(Hw$bH$Uu, ^wUo) _m{hVr AmhoV. 1) 2) {dbofUmMr _wI XmoZ gmYZo

g`m_H$ gmYZo JwUm_H$ gmYZo

VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo _m{hVr {dbofUmH$[aVm dUZm_H$ gmp`H$sVrb nwT>rb n[a_mUmMm dmna _[hVr {dbofUmgmR>r Ho$bm Amho. 1) _`_mZ JwUmMr gamgar {dm`m`m H$mT>`mgmR>r. 2) _mU {dMbZ {Za{Zamim JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m JwUmMr VwbZm H$a`mgmR>r. 3) ghg~Y JwUmH$ XmoZ JQ>m_Yrb nana g~Y emoYyZ H$mT>`mgmR>r. 4) Q>r nar{jH$m XmoZ doJdoJim JQ>mVrb {dm`mZr {_i{dbo`m JwUmMr VwbZm H$a`mgmR>r.

58 5) AmboI XmoZ doJdoJim JQ>mVrb {dm`mZr {_i{dbo`m JwUmMr VwbZm H$Z `mMo AmboIm_H$ {MU H$aUo.

3.7 gemoYZmMm AmamIS>m d H$m`dmhr

3.7.1 gemoYZmMm AmamIS>m
gemoYZ g_`m {ZpMVr nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr V`ma H$aUo nWXeu A`mg nyd MmMUr XoUo m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ> {d^mJUr H$m`H$_ am~{dUo Cma MmMUr XoUo _m{hVr gH$bZ d {dbofU {ZH$f

3.7.2

gemoYZmMr H$m`dmhr

1) gemoYZ g_`m {ZpMVr

59 VwV KQ>H$mda H$m`H$_ gemoYZmgmR>r gJUH$ {Z{_Vr d gemo{YHo$Zo AZwXoeZ

B`mm 6 dr `m B{Vhmg {df`mVrb nMerb `m ghmp`V n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm

A`mg hr g_`m {ZpMV Ho$br.

60

2) nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr V`ma H$aUo

gemo{YHo$Zo B{Vhmg {df`mVrb nmR> KQ>H$mda 20 _mH$mMr nyd MmMUr V`ma Ho$br. MmMUr V`ma H$aVmZm g{dYmZ VVm V`ma H$Z Ambo. d Ho$bm. ZmMo d g{dYmZ Z JwUmMo nMerb V`ma g_mZ d dn V`m_`o dJuH$aU 20 R>a{d`mV nmR>KQ>H$mMo `mM_mUo MmMUr nmVir H$mamMo

KQ>H$mda

JwUmMr Cma MmMUr V`ma Ho$br. nyd MmMUr Cma H$aVmZm R>od`mV JwUXmZ `mMr Ambr, H$mR>r` `mZVa

Cman[H$m

V`mMohr

{Z`moOZ H$a`mV Ambo.

3)

nWXeu A`mg
`j gemoYZ H$aVmZm `oUm`m AS>MUtMm nyduM AXmO KoD$Z `m AS>MUr Xa hm`mV `m hoVyZo A`V bhmZ _mUmV nU dkm{ZH$ nXYVrZo gnyU gemoYZ {H$`m nyU H$aUo hUOo nWXeu A`mg hmo`. 12(q^VmS>o, 2008) nWXeu A`mgmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo _.Z.nm. emim H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 `m emioV 5 {dm`mZm nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr gmoS>{d`mg {Xbr. `mZVa

61 H$mhr MwH$m bjmV Am`m d `m XV H$Z nwhm A{V_ nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr V`ma H$a`mV Ambr. `mgmR>r B{Vhmg {ejH$m gm. O`lr OmYd _S>_ `mMo _mJXeZ {_imbo.

4)

nyd MmMUr XoUo

_.Z.nm. emim H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 `m emioVrb 40 {dm`mZm nyd MmMUr Xo`mV Ambr. 20 JwUm`m `m nyd MmMUrg 35 {_{ZQ>mMm H$mbmdYr XoD$Z {dm`mZm Vr gmoS>{d`mg Xo`mV Ambr.

5) m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mV {dm`mMr {d^mJUr

nyd MmMUrMr VnmgUr H$Z g_mZ JwU AgUm`m {dm`mMr m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$a`mV Ambr.

6)

H$m`H$_mMr am~dUyH$ H$aUo

VwV gemoYZmgmR>r gemo{YHo$Zo m`mo{JH$ JQ>mgmR>r gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMr am~dUyH$ Ho$br. `m H$m`H$_mgmR>r VrZ Vm{gH$mMm doi Xo`mV Ambm `m VrZ Vm{gH$m_`o `oH$ {dm`mg 35 {_ZrQ>o doi gJUH$ H$m`H$_ A`mg`mgmR>r Xo`mV Ambm.

62 {Z`{V JQ>mgmR>r nman[aH$ nXYVrZo A`mnZ H$a`mV Ambo, `mgmR>r VrZ Vm{gH$mMm doi Xo`mV Ambm. nmR>mMo {Z`moOZ H$Z gemoYH$mZo dV A`mnZmMo H$m` Ho$bo A`mnZmV wQ>r amh Z`oV `mgmR>r emioVrb gm. OmYd _S>_ `mZr nmR>mMo {ZarjU Ho$bo. m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mgmR>r H$m`H$_ am~{dVmZm _.Z.nm. emim H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 `m emioVrb gd {ejH$mZr ghH$m` d _mJXeZ Ho$bo. m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`mZrhr Cm_ {VgmX {Xbm.

7)

Cma MmMUr XoUo

m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`mZm Cma MmMUr Xo`mV Ambr. Cma MmMUrgmR>r 35 {_ZrQ>mMm H$mbmdYr XodyZ {dm`mZm Vr gmoS>{d`mgmR>r Xo`mV Ambr.

63

8)

_m{hVr gH$bZ d {dbofU

m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>m`m nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmMo H$moQ>H$sH$aU, {deXrH$aU, AW{ZdMZ H$a`mV Ambo. _m{hVr {dbofUmgmR>r dUZm_H$ gmp`H$sMm dmna H$a`mV Ambm.

9)

{ZH$f
{_imbo`m nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUm`m \$aH$mdZ {ZH$f H$mT>`mV Ambo.

64 gemoYZ H$m`m`m AmamIS>m H$m`dmhrMm g{j

H$m`mMo dn dm {XZmH doi a $ gJUH$ nman[aH ghmp`V $ A`mnZ AZwXoeZ nXYVr H$m`H$ _ nyd MmMUr d$Z JQ>{ZpMVr 1 Vm{gH$m (35 {_{ZQ>o) 1 Vm{gH$m (35 {_{ZQ>o) 1 Vm{gH$m (35 {_{ZQ>o) 1 Vm{gH$m (35 {_{ZQ>o) 1 Vm{gH$m (35 {_{ZQ>o) 1 Vm{gH$m (35 {_{ZQ>o)

11.0 ~w 8/12/201 0Y 0 11.3 5 11.3 ~w 8/12/201 5Y 0 12.1 0 11Jw 9/12/201 11.3 $ 0 5 ew H $ 1110/12/20 11.3 10 5

1111/12/20 e[Z 11.3 10 5

Cma MmMUr

3.8 g_mamon
VwV H$aUm_`o gemo{YHo$Zo gemoYZmMr H$m`nXYVrMm A`mg Ho$bm

65 Amho. nwT>rb H$aUmV gH${bV Ho$bo`m

_m{hVrMo {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ {Xbo Amho.

66

gX^
1. q^VmS>o {d. am. (2008) ""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ n.H$. 24. q^VmS>o {d. am. (2008)""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ nR> H$. 34-36 q^VmS>o {d. am. (2008)""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ _wio am. am. d C_mR>o {d. Vw. (1998) ""ej{UH$ gemoYZmMr _ybVdo'', AmaJm~mX, {dm H$meZ nR> H$_mH$ (130-134) nmagZr` ho_bVm Am{U XoenmS>o brZm (2007) ""ej{UH$ H${V gemoYZ, nwUo {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ nR> H$. 24, 25
Best J. W. & Khan J. V. (2004), "Research In Education (5th Edition) New Delhi, Discovery Publishing House, Page No. 137, 138

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

q^VmS>o {d. am. (2008)""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ nR> H$. 84-89 _wio am. am. d C_mR>o {d. Vw. (1998) ""ej{UH$ gemoYZmMr _ybVdo'', AmaJm~mX, {dm H$meZ nR> H$_mH$ (142) q^VmS>o {d. am. (2008)""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ

8.

9.

10. _amR>o E_. Or. (2005) "H$Vr gemoYZ nXYVr'' nwUo, ZyVZ H$meZ, nR> H$. 22.

67 11. Hw$bH$Uu n. dr. d ^yUo n.n. ""dUZm_H$ gmp`H$s, ZmJnya {dm H$meZ, n. H$. 51, 146 212. 12. q^VmS>o {d. am. (2008)""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ

68 H$aU - MmWo

_m{hVrMo {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ

H$aU 4 Wo 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 _m{hVrMo {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ VmdZm _m{hVrMo {dbofU _m{hVr`m n R> {dbofUmMr

g`m_H$ gmYZo _m{hVrMo H$moQ>H$sH$aU, {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ _m{hVrMo AmboIm_H$, {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ Q>r nar{jHo$Mm dmna n[aH$nZm narjU g_mamon gX^

69 H$aU - MmWo

_m{hVrMo {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ

4.1 VmdZm
H$aU 3 _`o gemoYZm`m AmamIS>mMr MMm Ho$br. `m H$aUmV VwV gemoYZmVrb {ZH$fmV nmohmoM`mAmYr Or {d{dY H$maMr _m{hVr gH${bV Ho$br Vr _mS>`mV Ambr Amho. {_imbo`m _m{hVrMo {dbofU Am{U AW{ZdMZ `m H$aUmV Ho$bobo Amho. gemoYH$mZo {d{dY gmYZmXdmao Or _m{hVr gH${bV Ho$br Amho. `mda nyU bj H|$ {V H$Z `mMr \o$aaMZm H$amdr bmJVo. gd _m{hVrVyZ `mo` AW H$mT>`mgmR>r `mMr nwZaMZm, \o$aaMZm, nwZ_mS>Ur H$aUo Amd`H$ AgVo. `m {H$`obmM _m{hVrda {H$`m H$aUo Ago hUVmV. 1(q^VmS>o 1999) gH${bV _m{hVrMo {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ H$a`mgmR>r gmp`H$s` VdmMm Cn`moJ H$amdm bmJVmo. _m{hVrMo gmaUrH$aU, H$moQ>H$sH$aU, {deXrH$aU d AW{ZdMZmgmR>r gmp`H$s` {H$`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

4.1.1

_m{hVrMo {dbofU

_m{hVr`m {dbofUmMo m_w`mZo XmoZ H$ma nS>VmV.

70 1) 2) JwUm_H$ {dbofU g`m_H$ {dbofU

71 1) JwUm_H$ {dbofU JwUm_H$ {dbofUmV {_i{dbo`m _m{hVrMo JwUY_ {df`H$ {ZH$f bjmV KoVbo OmVmV. `m _m{hVrMo H$mhr doim g`m_H$ _m{hVrV nmVa H$Z {ZH$f H$mT>bo OmVmV. _m, `m_`o `pV{ZR>Vm `o`mMr e`Vm AgVo, Aem JwUm_H$ _m{hVrMo g`m_H$ _m{hVrV nmVa Ho$bo Zmhr Va AMyH$ {ZH$f {_iV ZmhrV. 2) g`m_H$ {dbofU g`m_H$ {dbofUmV {_i{dbo`m _m{hVrMo g`m_H$ dnmV hUOo Mbm`m dnmV {dbofU Ho$bo OmVo. hr _m{hVr dVw{ZR> AgVo d `mda `mo` H$mao g`memr` {H$`m H$aVm `oVmV. gemoYZmMo {ZH$f A{YH$ AMyH$ `o`mgmR>r g`m_H$ {dbofU Amd`H$ AgVo.

4.1.2 _m{hVr`m {dbofUmMr gIm_H$ gmYZo

_m{hVr {dbofUmgmR>r AZoH$ gmYZo dmnabr OmVmV. VwV gemoYZmH$[aVm gemo{YHo$Zo nwT>rb g`m_H$ gmYZmMm dmna Ho$bobm Amho. Q>r n[a{jH$m H$mT>`mgmR>r.

72 1) 2) 3) 4) _`_mZ _mU {dMbZ ghg~Y JwUmH$ AmboI B. n[a_mUmMm dmna Ho$bm Amho. Q>r nar{jHo$Mm dmna H$aVmZm nwT>rb Q>`mMm dmna H$a`mV Ambm. 1) 2) 3) 4) _`_mZ H$mT>Uo. _mU {dMbZ H$mT>Uo. ghg~YJwUmH$ H$mT>Uo Xmohr _`_mZm`m _mU wQ>r H$mT>Uo. \$aH$m`m _mU wQ>r

5) _`_mZmVrb emoYUo. 6)

Xmohr _`_mZmVrb \$aH$ H$mT>Uo. dmna H$Z \$aH$mMr

7) Q>r nar{jHo$Mm `WmWVm emoYUo.

_m{hVr`m AW{ZdMZmMr g`memr` gmYZo

1) _`_mZ = = = 2) gd JwUmH$mMr ~oarO JwUmH$mMr g`m

_mU{dMbZ =

73

3) 4)

ghg~Y JwUH$ = _`_mZmVrb \$aH$mMr _mUwQ>r

_`_mZmVrb \$aH$mMr _mUwQ>r Am{U ghg~Y _`_mZm`m _mU wQ>r

74 5) Q>r nar{jH$m = nyd d Cma MmMUr`m _`_mZmVrb \ $aH$ _`_mZmVrb \$aH$mMr _mU wQ>r 6) AmboI = m`mo{JH$ JQ> d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m nyd d Cma MmMUrVrb JwUmMr VwbZm H$a`m[aVm.

4.2 m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m MmM`mMo H$moQ>H$sH$aU {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ 4.2.1 H$moQ>H$ H$. 1
m`mo{JH$ JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$. A.H nyd Cma $. MmMUrMo JwU MmMUrMo JwU
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 15 16 19 18 16 15 14 16 19 20 17 19 20 16

75
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. N 20 12 12 13 13 13 184 17 19 20 19 20 347

4.2.2 H$moQ>H$ H$. 2

{Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$. A.H nyd Cma $. MmMUrMo JwU MmMUrMo JwU
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. N 20 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 183 9 12 13 10 14 16 12 14 16 13 14 16 14 17 14 18 12 15 19 15 283

76

4.2.3 H$moQ>H$ H$. 3

m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$. A.H $.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. N 20

m`mo{JH$ JQ>
12 15 16 19 18 16 15 14 16 19 20 17 19 20 16 17 19 20 19 20 X = 347

{Z`{V JQ>
9 12 13 10 14 16 12 14 16 13 14 16 14 17 14 18 12 15 19 15 283

77

4.2.4 m`mo{JH$ JQ>m`m Cma MmMUrMo _`_mZ d _mU{dMbZ

1) _`_mZ
(Mean)

M =

M = 17.35

2)

_mU {dMbZ dJmMr

S.D. =

{dMbZm`m

~oarO =
S.D. = N =

100.5

JwUmH$

g`m=

20 S.D.= S.D. = 2.24

AW{ZdMZ 1) 2) m`mo{JH$ JQ>m`m _`_mZ 17.35 Amho. Cma MmMUrMo

m`mo{JH$ JQ>m`m Cma MmMUrMo _mU {dMbZ 2.24 Amho.

4.2.5

{Z`{V JQ>m`m Cma MmMUrMo _`_mZ d _mU {dMbZ

78 1) _`_mZ =

(Mean)

M =

M = 14.15

2)

_mU {dMbZ dJmMr

S.D. =

{dMbZm`m

~oarO =
S.D. = N =

118.5

JwUmH$

g`m=

20 S.D.= S.D. = 2.43

AW{ZdMZ 1) 2) {Z`{V JQ>m`m Cma MmMUrMo _`_mZ 14.15 Amho. {Z`{V JQ>m`m Cma MmMUrMo _mU {dMbZ 2.43 Amho.

4.2.6 H$moQ>H$ H$. 4

m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$. tpSaIla {dmWu m`mo{JH$ JQ>
20

{Z`{V JQ>
20

79 g`m
(N) 17.35 2.24 14.15 2.43

_`_mZ (M) _mU {dMbZ

(S.D.)

{ZarjU
1) 2) m`mo{JH JQ>m`m {dm`m`m mmH$mMo _`_mZ ho 17.35 Amho. {Z`{V JQ>mVrb mmH$mMo _`_mZ ho
14.15

{dm`m`m Amho.

AW{ZdMZ
m`mo{JH JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m mmH$mMo _`_mZ ho {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m mmH$ _`_mZmnojm 3.2 Zo OmV Amho.

4.3 AmboIm_H$ {dbofU 4.3.1 {Z`{V JQ>

nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \ $aH$ H$moQ>H$ H$. 5 vagaatr
21 - 25 16 - 20 11 - 15 6 - 10 1-5

nyd MmMUro
0 0 07 11 2

Cma MmMUro
0 6 12 2 0

80 {Z`{V JQ> nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$

AW {dbofU darb AmboImdZ Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, {Z`{V JQ>m`m nyd MmMUr_`o 16-20 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 0 Amho Va `mM JQ>m`m Cma MmMUr_`o 16-20 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 06 Amho.

4.3.2 m`mo{JH$ JQ>

nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \ $aH$ H$moQ>H$ H$. 6 vagaatr
21 - 25 16 - 20 11 - 15 6 - 10

nyd MmMUro
0 0 07 11

Cma MmMUro
0 16 04 0

81
1-5 2 0

m`mo{JH$ JQ> nyd MmMUr d Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$

AW {dbofU darb AmboImdZ Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, m`mo{JH$ JQ>m`m nyd MmMUr_`o 16-20 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 0 Amho Va `mM JQ>m`m Cma MmMUr_`o 16-20 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 16 Amho. `mMmM AW m`mo{JH$ JQ>mda am~{dbobm H$m`H$_ n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmbm.

4.3.3 {Z`{V d m`mo{JH$ JQ> `m`m Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$

H$moQ>H$ H$. 6 vagaatr {Z`{V JQ> m`mo{JH$

82 JQ>>
21 - 25 16 - 20 11 - 15 6 - 10 1-5 0 6 12 02 0 0 16 04 0 0

{Z`{V d m`mo{JH$ JQ> Cma MmMUr`m JwUmVrb \$aH$.

AW {dbofU darb AmboImdZ Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, {Z`{V JQ>m`m Cma MmMUr_`o 6-10 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 2 Amho VgoM 16-20 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 6 Amho. Va m`mo{JH$ JQ>m`m Cma MmMUr_`o 16-20 JwU {_i{dUm`m {dm`mMr g`m 16 Amho. `mMmM am~{dbobm AW, m`mo{JH$ H$m`H$_ {Z`{V JQ>mgmR>r JQ>mgmR>r

83 am~{dbo`m H$m`H$_mnojm n[aUm_H$maH$ R>abm. A{YH$

4.4

nar{jH$m H$mT>`m`m nm``m

4.4.1 m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>m`m Cma MmMUr

_Yrb ghg~Y. (r) ghg~Y JwUH$ =
r =

r =

r = r = 0.37

_m{hVr {dbofU
m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>m`m Cma MmMUr _Yrb ghg~Y r=0.37 BVH$m Ambm. hm ghg~Y YZ AgyZ {ZpMV Amho.

84

4.4.2 H$moQ>H$ H$. 8

T

nar{jH$m H$mT>`m`m nm``m m`mo {JH$ JQ> {Z`{V JQ>

H $ . 1 2 3 4 5

Vnerb

Cma Cma MmMUr MmMUr

(N) N1 = 20 M1 = 17.35 N2 = 20 M2 = 14.15

{dmWu g`m mmH$mMo _`_mZ (M) _mU{dbZ

(S.D.)

= 2.24

= 2.43

_`_mZmVrb \$aH$ Xmohr MmM`m_Yrb JwUmMm ghg~Y

T

D = M1-M2 = 3.2 r = 0.37

JwUmoma

5.42

4.4.3 XmoZ _`_mZm`m _mU wQ>r

=
...................

4.4.4 _`_mZmVrb \$aH$mMr _mU wQ>r

85

86

4.4.5 XmoZ _`_mZmVrb \$aH$

D = M 1 - M2 = 17.35 - 14.15 D = 3.2

4.4.6

Mo _y`

=
t = 5.42

dmYrZVm _mm
df = N - 1 = 20 - 1 = 19 0.01

(df)

Vamda

= 2.86

AW{ZdMZ 1) {d{eQ> Vamda Z_wZm t Mo _y`

0.01

Vamda df19 H$[aVm Z_wZm t Mo _y` 2.86 Amho. m t Mo _y` = 5.42 Amho. hUyZ t > t table AWmV m t Mo _y` ho Z_wZm t _y`mnojm A{YH$ Ag`mZo m t Mo _y` 0.01 Vamda gmW R>abobo Amho. `mMmM AW m`mo{JH$ JQ>mgmR>r am~{dbobm gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ ^mdr Pmbm `m_wio hm H$m`H$_ 0.05 `m Vamda gmW Ag`mMo AmnmoAmnM {XgyZ `oVo.

87

88

4.4.7 _m{hVrMo AW{ZdMZ n[aH$nZoMo {dbofU

gmW H$ Vm Va
0.01

{d{eQ> df H$ [aVm m t d Z_yZm t _y`mMr VwbZm H$[aVm m t d t Z_wZm Mr VwbZm t > table
df = 19 5.42 > 2.96

m t gemoYZ Mr n[aH$nZ gmW oMm H$Vm pdH$ma/ `mJ gmW H$ drH$ma

AWmV, B`mm 6 dr `m {dm`mgmR>r am~{dbobm gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_m_wio `m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoBb. `m gemoYZ n[aH$nZoMm drH$ma Pmbobm Amho. hUOoM gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_m_wio {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoVo hr gemoYZ n[aH$nZm gmW R>abr Amho.

4.5 n[aH$nZm narjU

gJUH$ ghmp`V A`mnZ Ho$`m_wio {dm`m`m nmR> KQ>H$mVrb _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoVo. m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ> `m`m Cma MmMUrMo Q>r nar{jH$m _y` 5.42 Amho. `mMmM AW m`mo{JH$ JQ>mgmR>r am~{dbo`m gJUH$

89 ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_m_wio {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoVo hr n[aH$nZm pdH$mamh Amho.

4.6 g_mamon
VwV H$aUmV gemo{YHo$Zo gH${bV Ho$bo`m _m{hVrMo {dbofU d AW{ZdMZ Ho$bo Amho. nwT>rb H$aUmV gemoYZmMm gmame, {ZH$f d {e\$maer {Xbo`m AmhoV.

90

gX^
1) q^VmS>o {d. am. (1999) ""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'' (Amdmr 3) nwUo, ZyVZ H$meZ. n.H$. 37-39.96 _wio a. am. Am{U C_mR>o, {d. Vw. (1998). ""ej{UH$ gemoYZmMr _ybVdo'', AmaJm~mX, {dm H$meZ n.H$. 130134, 142. H$X_ Mm. n. (2007), ""ej{UH$ g`mem, nwUo {Z` ZyVZ H$meZ nR>o 150, 174177.

2)

3)

91

H$aU - nmMdo

gmame, {ZH$f d {e\$maer

H$aU 5 do 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.2.8 5.2.9 5.2.10 5.2.11 5.2.12 5.3 5.4 5.5 gmame, {ZH$f d {e\$maer VmdZm gmame gemoYZ jo gemoYZmMr g_`m JaO d _hd gemoYZmMr C{XXQ>o gemoYZmMr JhrVHo$ n[aH$nZm `mr d _`mXm H$m`m_H$ `m`m OZg`m, `mXe, A{^H$n gemoYZ nXYVr gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo H$m`dmhrMm AmamIS>m {ZH$f {e\$maer nwT>rb gemoYZmgmR>r gyMZm gX^ gyMr n R>

92 H$aU - nmMdo

gmame, {ZH$f d {e\$maer

5.1 VmdZm
VwV H$aUmV gd H$aUmMm AmT>mdm KoD$Z gnyU _m{hVrMr EH$ {V[a`m _mS>Ur Ho$bobr Amho. A``Z A`mnZ nXYVrVrb ZragVm d AmVa{H$`mMr H$_VaVm Xya H$Z {dm`mZm `m`m {df`m_`o AmdS> {Z_mU hmdr `mgmR>r `Z H$a`mMr JaO Amho. gJUH$ d _m{hVr VkmZm_wio Amn`m OrdZmV MS> ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. _m{hVrMm \$moQ> dmT>Vr dJg`m, {dm`mVrb {d{dYVoZwgma `mZm {eH${dVm `oUm`m AS>MUr Aem AZoH$ JmoQ>tda _mV H$a`mMr j_Vm gJUH$mV Ag`mZo gJUH$mMo {ejU jomVrb _hd dmT>bo Amho.

5.2 gmame 5.2.1 gemoYZ jo

AmYw{ZH$ V{dkmZ d B{Vhmg {ejU

5.2.2

gemoYZmMr g_`m

""B`mm 6 dr `m B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg.''

93

94

5.2.3 JaO d _hd JaO

1) gemo{YH$m `m doiog CM mW{_H$ Vamda A`mnZ H$aV hmoVm. `mdoir nman[aH$ A`mnZ nXYVr dmna`m OmV hmo`m. `m_wio {dm`mZm `mMo AmH$bZ hmoV ZhVo `mgmR>r n[aUm_H$maH$ A`mnZ H$a`mg EImXm KQ>H$ gJUH$mXdmao H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr Ho$`mg {dmWu Vmo ^mJ XrKH$mi bjmV R>ody eH$VmV. A``Z A`mnZmVrb AmH$fH$Vm dmT>{d`mgmR>r A``Z ^mdr R>a`mgmR>r gJUH$mMr JaO bjmV KodyZM emgZmZo mW{_H$ VamnmgyZ Vo _m`{_H$ Vamn`V gJUH$ d _m{hVr VkmZ `mMm {dm`mZm n[aM` hmdm `mgmR>r A`mgH$_mV `mMm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. nmR> nwVH$mVrb H$mhr AdKS> ^mJmgmR>r qH$dm nmR> KQ>H$mgmR>r gJUH$mXdmao H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr Ho$`mg {dmWu Vmo ^mJ ghO {eHy$ eH$VmV. B{Vhmg {df`mVrb A_yV gH$nZmZm _yV dn Xo`mgmR>r gJUH$mMm dmna

2)

3)

4)

95 ^mdrnUo hmoBb d JwUdmoVhr dmT> hmoD$ eH$Vo. 5) H$ _m`_mVyZ {dmWu 83% kmZ JhU H$aVmV. hUyZ gJUH$mmao {dmWu bdH$a {eHy$ eH$VmV.

96

_hd
1) Oo {dmWu dmadma AmOmar AgVmV Vo emioV `oD$ eH$V Zmhr. `m`mgmR>r gJUH$ H$m`H$_ {Z{_VrMm Cn`moJ hmoBb. `m emio_`o MmJ`m {ejH$mMr H$_VaVm AgVo. Aem emioV {dm`m`m A``Zmg gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_VrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. gJUH$mMm A`mnZmV dmna Ho$`mg A`mnZ ^mdr hmoVo d Vm~S>Vmo~ `m^aU hmoV Ag`mZo {dmWr gVV {H$`merb amhVmo d nwT>rb A``Zmg CgwH$ amhVmo. gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZm_wio {dmWu nmR> KQ>H$mMo gImob d ^mdr A``Z H$aVmV {dm`mZm g~moY, {Z`_, gkm, `m`m, gH$nZm `mMo gImob AmH$bZ hmoVo. gJUH$mMm A`mnZmV dmna Ho$`m_wio H$nZmeVr, {dMmaeVr, ~mXrH$ j_Vm d BVa eVtMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. {dm`m`m AJr AgUmar CnH$_erbVm, gemoYZdmr, H$VrerbVm, B. _`o dmT>

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

97 hmoVo. VgoM `mMr A{^dmr H$b, AmdS> `mZm nwaonya `m` {_iVmo. 7) C{XXQ> hr AMwH$[a`m CH$Q> nXYVrZo gm` hmoVmV. _ZmoaOZmVyZ A``Z - A`mnZmMr {H$`m nyU hmoV {dm`mgmR>r Vr oaH$, ^mdr d XrKH$mi _aUmV amhUmar AgVo. {dm`mZm nmR> KQ>H$mMr H$_r doimV OmVrV OmV _m{hVr {_iVo d {dmWu Vr _m{hVr dmadma nmh eH$VmV. {Mo, A{Z_oeZ, gdmX, `mMm dmna H$Z nmR> KQ>H$ OrdV H$Z {dm`mg_moa _mS>Vm `oVmo. gJUH$m`m ghm`mZo A``Z H$aVmZm ZdZdrZ VmMm Cn`moJ H$$Z A{YH$ g_X AZw^d KoVm `oVmV. CXm. BQ>aZoQ>Mm dmna

8)

9)

5.2.4
1)

gemoYZmMr C{XXQ>o
B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr H$aUo. B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ am~{dUo.

2)

98 3) gJUH$mXdmao H$m`H$_mMr A`mgUo. {Z{_V Ho$bo`m n[aUm_H$maH$Vm

5.2.5
1) 2)

gemoYZmMr J{hVHo$
gdgmYmaUnUo gJUH$m~XXb _m{hVr AgVo.

{dm`mZm

B{Vhmg A`mgH$_mVrb EImm pbQ> KQ>H$mMo gImob AmH$bZ hmo`mgmR>r gJUH$mMm dmna ^mdrnUo H$Z {dmWu A``Z H$ eH$VmV. H$lm` _m`_mMm A`mnZ ^mdr hmoVo. dmna Ho$`mg

3)

5.2.6

gemoYZmMr n[aH$nZm

gJUH$ ghmp`V A`mnZ Ho$`m_wio {dm`m`m nmR> KQ>H$mVrb _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> hmoBb.

5.2.7 gemoYZmMr `mr d _`mXm `mr

VwV gemoYZmV _hmamQ>mVrb _amR>r _m`_m`m B`mm 6 dr `m gd {dm`mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

_`mXm
1) VwV gemoYZ ho lram_nya `oWrb _.Z.nm. emim H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n,

99 nwUo 22 B`mm 6 dr `m {dm`mnwaVo _`m{XV Amho. 2) 3) 4) VwV gemoYZ ho B{VhmgmVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$m nwaVoM _`m{XV Amho. VwV gemoYZ ho _amR>r _m`_m`m emimnwaVoM _`m{XV Amho. VwV gemoYZ ho ej{UH$ df 2010-11 nwaVoM _`m{XV Amho.

H$m`m_H$ `m`m
1) B`mm 6 dr _.Z.nm. em.H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 _Yrb B`mm 6 dr Mm dJ. 2) B{Vhmg B`mm 6 dr B{Vhmg {df`mVrb mMrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg `m KQ>H$mVrb nMerb hm CnKQ>H$ hUOo B{Vhmg hmo`. 3) nMerb JmV_ ~wXmZr A>mJ _mJm~amo~a Oo {Z`_ nmim`bm gm{JVbo `mZm nMerb hUVmV. 4) gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ ""gJUH$m`m ghm`mZo {d{eQ> `o` R>odyZ d nyd {Z`moOZ H$Z Ho$bobr A`mnZmMr {H$`m hUOo gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ hmo`.''

100 5) n[aUm_H$maH$Vm ""gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr`m nydu d ZVa {dm`mZm MmMUr XoD$Z `m_Yrb gnmXZmVrb \$aH$ emoYUo hm \ $aH$ hmM H$m`H$_mMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Xe{dVmo.''

5.2.9

OZg`m

C mW{_H$ Vamdarb _amR>r _m`_mVrb B`mm 6 dr Vrb gd {dmWu.

`mXe
_.Z.nm. em.H$. 88 _wbmMr Eg.Ama.nr. H$n nwUo 22 _Yrb B`mm 6 dr`m dJmVrb 40 {dm`mMr g_mZJQ> A{^H$n dmnZ {ZdS> H$a`mV Ambr Amho.

A{^H$n
g_mZJQ> A{^H$n

5.2.10

gemoYZ nXYVr
m`mo{JH$ nXYVr

101

5.2.11
A) ~)

gemoYZmMr gmYZo d Vo
_m{hVr gH$bZmMr gmYZo - MmM`m nyd MmMUr - Cma MmMUr g`memr` Vo - _`_mZ, _mU{dMbZ, Q>r Q>oQ>

5.2.12

H$m`dmhrMm AmamIS>m

m`mo{JH$ A{^H$nmMo {V{Z{YH$ dn nwT>rb_mUo AgVo. nyd MmMUr m`mo{JH$ JQ> gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ Cma MmMUr {Z`{V JQ>

nman[aH$ nXYVrZo A`mnZ

5.3 {ZH$f
1) gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_m_wio {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`mnojm m`mo{JH$ JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m _m{hVr gnmXZmV bjUr` dmT> {XgyZ Ambr.

102 (H$moQ>H$ H$. 8) `mdZ Ago hUVm `oVo, 2) gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ hm nman[aH$ A`mnZ nXYVrnojm n[aUm_H$maH$ R>abm (H$moQ>H$ H$. 4) (H$moQ>H$ H$. 7, AmboI H$. 3) B{Vhmg {df`mMo A`mnZ H$aV AgVmZm nman[aH$ dJm`mnZ Z H$aVm {d{dY VmMm dmna Ho$bm Omdm. CXm. B{VhmgmVrb nM_hmdVo, {aZ, H$bm d gm{h`, _wJb H$mbrZ dmVy. _amR>r - `mH$aU, BJOr - Prose, Poetry, Punctuation Mark etc. `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z_mU H$aVm `oBb. 2) 3) gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMm dmna H$Z A`mnZ ^mdr H$aVm `oBb. {d{dY ~wX`mH$ Agbo`m {dm`mH$S>o gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mXdmao A`mnZ Ho$`mg hmoUm`m gnmXZmV dmT> hmoBb d gnmXZmMm VwbZm_H$ A`mg H$aVm `oBb. ^yJmob {df`mMo A`mnZ H$aVmZm {d{dY H$lm` gmYZmMm dmna Ho$bm Omdm.

5.4 {e\$maer
1)

4)

103 5) A`mgH$_mVrb N>moQ>m N>moQ>m KQ>H$m`m dV: bmBS> V`ma H$am`m d `m H$maMo H$m_ {dmWu d`\y$VuZo H$aVrb Aer dmVmdaU {Z{_Vr H$amdr. CXm. H$me gbofU, dZnVr dmT>. 6) emioV {eH${d`m OmUm`m `oH$ {df`mgmR>r gJUH$mMm dmna hmdm Agm AmJh {ejH$mZr Yamdm.

5.5 nwT>rb gemoYZmgmR>r gyMZm

1) 2) 3) gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ BVa {df`m_`o V`ma H$aVm `oBb. gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ dmnZ BVa {df` {eH$dVm `oVrb. {d{dY ~wX`mH$ Agbo`m {dm`m_`o gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mmao A`mnZ Ho$`m_wio hmoUm`m gnmXZmMm VwbZm_H$ A`mg H$aVm `oBb. {dm`mMo nwVH$mmao d`A``Z d gr.E.Am`.Xdmao A``Z `mMr VwbZm H$aVm `oBb.

4)

104 gX^ gyMr

nwVH$o
_amR>r nwVHo$ ~ado {_Zmjr (1999) ""gJUH$ {ejU d {ejH$'', nwUo, ZyVZ H$meZ ^mS>maH$a Ho$. E_. (2007), ""gwb^ ej{UH$ g`mem'', nwUo, {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ. q^VmS>o {d.am. (2008),""ej{UH$ gemoYZ nXYVr'', ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo, {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ MhmU {H$emoa (2007), ""_m{hVr gofU VkmZ, ({Vgar Amdmr) BZgmBQ> H$meZ. \$S>Ho$, _moKo, Omoer, (2001) ""H$m`wQ>a d BQ>aZoQ>'', nwUo `w{Q>{bQ>r {H$Eeg, nwUo OJVmn h. Zm. (2007), ""JV ej{UH$ V{dkmZ Am{U _m{hVr V{dkmZ'', (Xgar Amdmr) nwUo, {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ. H$X_ Mm. n. (2007), ""ej{UH$ g`mem,'' nwUo, {Z` ZyVZ H$meZ. Hw$bH$Uu n. dr. d ^yUo n. n. (2000)""dUZm_H$ gmp`H$s'', ZmJnya, {dm H$meZ. _wio am. am. Am{U C_mR>o {d. Vw. (1998), ""ej{UH$ gemoYZmMr _ybVdo'', AmaJm~mX, {dm H$meZ. _amR>o E_.Or. (2005),"" H$Vr gemoYZ nXYVr'', nwUo ZyVZ H$meZ

105 nmagZrg ho_bVm d XoenmS>o brZm (2007), ""ej{UH$ H$Vr gemoYZ'', nwUo {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ. nmQ>rb emV, (2007) ""ej{UH$ VkmZ Am{U `dWmnZ'' ({Vgar Amdmr), nwUo, {Z`ZyVZ H$meZ.

106

BJOr nwVHo$
Best J.W. & Khan J. V. (2004). "Research In Education", (5th Edition), New Delhi Discovery Publishing House. Forsyth, Ian (2000) "Teaching And Learning Material & The Intenet." Kogan page Publication. Nandkishor Dayama (2002) "Information Technology," Nagpur, Vidya Prakashan.

_m{gHo$ _amR>r _m{gHo$

OrdZ {ejU, (Oyb 1999), _m{hVr VkmZ YmoaU, _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30 OrdZ {ejU, (OyZ 2006), _m{hVr VkmZ A`mgH$_ ; dn d d{eQ>o, _hmamQ> am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, nwUo 30 OrdZ {ejU, (OyZ 2007), H$m`wQ>a Am{U BQ>aZoQ>Mr A`mgmVrb Cn`wVVm, _hmamQ > am` ej{UH$ gemoYZ d {ejU n[afX, 30

nwUo

{ejU gH$_U, (Owb 2005), H$lm` gmYZmMr {Z{_Vr d ej{UH$ _hd, _hmamQ> am` _m`{_H$ d C _m`{_H$ {ejU _S>i, nwUo

BJOr _m{gHo$
Edutreacks (Vol-8 No.-II), July 2009

107
Edutracks (Vol - 9 No. - 2) Oct. 2009. Joural of Higher Educational University News (Vol. 45 No. 40) Oct. (6-122008).

108

dmn
nQ>dYZ ^yfU, ({XZmH$ 22 Zmoh|~a 2009), JaO Amho Vr VkmZm{YpR>V {ejUmMr, gH$mi, gaJ.

~Y
E_. ES>. ~Y ZJaH$a E. Ama. (2004) B`mm 7 dr `m qhXr {df`mVrb EH$m KQ>H$mda d`A``Z gm{h`mMr {Z{_Vr d `m`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg. hJdUo _mYwar, (2008-2009), _m`{_H$ Vamda em {df`mgmR>r gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMm {dm`m`m gnmXZmda hmoUm`m n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg. JmS>oH$a g{dVm (2006-07), B`mm 8 dr `m ^yJmob {df`mVrb ^yH$n d dmbm_yIr `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$mYmarV d`A``Z H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d `m`m n[aUm_H$maHo$Mm A`mg. nrEM.S>r. ~Y ~moago MH$mV (2002), Zm{eH$ {OhmVrb _m`{_H$ emimVrb H$-lm` gmYZo d `mMm dmna `mMm {M{H$gH$ A`mg.

Buch Volume : Fifth Survey of Educational Research (1988-92) Vol. II NCERT Sixth Survey of Educational Research (1993-2000), Vol. - I NCERT

109
Web Site : www.creatinglearningcommunities.org/resources/lifelonglearning.htm www.hoddereducation.co.uk/infer/84/self-learning.htm

110

n[a{eQ> - A
B`mm 6 dr nyd MmMUr EHw$U JwU 20 Zn{H$m - B[Vhmg

. 1

[aH$m`m OmJm ^am

1) JmV_ ~wXmZr ....... _mJ gm{JVbm. (A>mJ, XS>dV) 2) Aqhgm hUOo ....... H$$ Z`o. (qhgm, Aqhgm) 3) g` hUOo ....... ~moby Z`o. (ImoQ>o, Iao) 4) AVo` hUOo ....... H$$ Z`o. (Mmoar, b~mS>r) 5) B{` g`_ hUOo ....... h`mgmda {Z`U {_idmdo. (gwIm`m, Xw:Im`m) 6) ....... nXmWmMo godZ H$$ Z`o. (_mXH$, nmofH$)
. 2

1) A>mJ _mJ H$emg hUVmV ? 2) nMerb H$emg hUVmV ? 3) B{` g`_ hUOo H$m` ?
H$maUo m.

XmoZ-VrZ AmoirV Cmao m.

. 3

1) Aqhgm H$m H$$ Z`o ? 2) Mmoar H$m H$$ Z`o ?

. 4 {Q>nm m. 4

1) A>mJ _mJmMr g{dVa _m{hVr {bhm.

111

n[a{eQ> - ~
B`mm 6 dr Cma MmMUr EHw$U JwU 20 Zn{H$m - B[Vhmg

. 1

[aH$m`m OmJm ^am

1) ........ hUOo qhgm H$$ Z`o. (Aqhgm, g`) 2) ........ hUOo ImoQo ~moby Z`o (g`, AVo`) 3) ........ hUOo Mmoar H$$ Z`o. (Aqhgm, AVo`) 4) ........ hUOo gwIm`m h`mgmda {Z`U {_idmdo. (g`, B{` g`_) 5) _mXH$ nXmWmMo ........ H$$ Z`o. (godZ, nmofU) 6) A>mJ _mJm~amo~aM Oo {Z`_ nmim`Mo `mZm ........ hUVmV. (nMerb, nM_hm^wVo)
. 2 XmoZ-VrZ AmoirV Cmao m. 6

1) nMerb H$emg hUVmV ? 2) _mXH$ nXmWmMo godZ H$m H$$ 3) Z`o ? Aqhgm Ho$`mZo H$m` hmoVo ?
. 3 H$maUo m. 4

1) ImoQ>o H$m ~moby Z`o. 2) Mmoar H$m H$$ Z`o.

. 4 WmoS>`mV _m{hVr {bhm. 4

1) nMerbmMr g{dVa _m{hVr {bhm.

112

n[a{eQ> - H$

m`mo{JH$ JQ> {dm`mMr Zmdo, nyd d Cma MmMUtMo JwU

H $ . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. {dm`mMr Zmdo _wVm YwaJwS>o JmoqdX nyd MmMUr Mo JwU 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 OmO {^_amd 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 Cma MmMUr Mo JwU 12 15 16 19 18 16 15 14 16 19 20 17 19 20 16 17 19 20

_Oy H$mbybmb MmYar g_rZm gm{XH$ g`X ZwgaV~mZmo eoI BgmH$

JwbZmO _h_X \${U~X nyOm ~mny hmoZH$ig gmarH$m {dUy gmido dmVr gw{Zb {edeaU \w$bZXodr JmobHw$S>o `H$Q>

10. gw[ebm n{S>V gwS>o 11. lXm am_ _mZo 12. {VrZm nMJbm 13. gmoZmbr gy`der

14. a[dM AmX_ _>o_bm 15. gw[OV XeaW ^S>bH$a 16. {Xn lram_ _H$Q>o 17. {d>b am_qbJ H$moir 18. gw_Jbm Xod| H$moir

113
19. amhb R>mHy$a 20. C{_bm _S>b EHy$U ^_oda dXmdZ 13 13 184 19 20 347

114
n[a{eQ> - S>

{Z`{V$ JQ> {dm`mMr Zmdo, nyd d Cma MmMUtMo JwU

H $ . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. {dm`mMr Zmdo {OJa hZw_V Ymdmao A{^foH$ Amdmao AmZX nyd MmMUr Mo JwU 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 Cma MmMUr Mo JwU 9 10 12 13 14 15 14 13 14 15 16 14 16 16 12 12 14

Am{ef {Xbrn _mo{hVo _ZmoO amO| H$m~io Amlnm ^maV VmQ>o {dH$s AemoH$ H$m~io am_oda JhmUo a[d amR>moS> ~mbmOr A~mXmg

H$Um am_M _mZo {namUm

10. gmo_ZmW H$moao 12. g{Xn `_wZdma 13. Xod| ZmQ>oH$a 15. A~mXmg H$m~io 16. H$$Um {~amXma

11. gw{OV {H$gZ gmiwHo$ nmSw>aJ hZw_V

14. g[MZ CMnm H$m~io eH$a kmZmo~m

17. dmVr gw^mf ZbdS>o

115
18. F$Vw Oog H$moX_b 19. Am{X` XwJS>o EHy$U AemoH$ ~| 12 13 13 183 17 18 19 283

20. nmbr {dbmg gy`der

116
n[a{eQ> - B

B`mm 6 dr `m B{Vhmg {df`mVrb "nMerb' `m KQ>H$mda gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMm A`mg.

KQ>H$ {ZpMVr
B`mm {df` KQ>H$ 6 dr B{Vhmg mMrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg

CnKQ>H$ - nMerb

ej{UH$ gm{h`

gJUH$

gJUH$ H$m`H$_mMo dn nmda

nmBQ> oP|Q>oeZ {Mo, AmdmO, Ame`, A{Z_oeZMm dmna

nmR> KQ>H$mVrb _wI CnKQ>H$

1) 2) JmV_ ~wX A>mJ_mJ g`H$ >r, g`H$ ^mfU, g`H$ {dMma, g`H$ H$Vr, g`H$ Cn{OdrH$m, g`H$ `m`m_, g`H$ _Vr, g`H$ g_mYr nMerb - Aqhgm, g`, AVo`, B{` g`_, _mXH$ nXmWmMo godZ H$$ Z`o.

3)

117

H$m`nXYVr
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. g_`oMr {ZdS> {df`mMr {ZdS> KQ>H$mMr {ZdS> KQ>H$ {dbofU Q>moar ~moS> amBqQ>J A{V_ gJUH$ H$m`H$_ {Z{_Vr gJUH$ ghmp`V AZwXoeZ H$m`H$_mMr

am~dUyH$

118
n[a{eQ> - B

m`mo{JH$ d {Z`{V JQ>mVrb {dm`m`m Cma MmMUr_Yrb JwUmMm ghg~Y

m` H mo{J H$ $. JQ>
X 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. N = 20 12 15 16 19 18 16 15 14 16 19 20 17 19 20 16 17 19 20 19 20 X=34 7

{Z` {V JQ>
Y 9 12 13 10 14 16 12 14 16 13 14 16 14 17 14 18 12 15 19 15 Y=283

_`_m _`_m Zm Zm {dMb nmgy nmgy ZmM Z Z m dJ {dMb {dMb Z Z

X1=XM1 -5. 35 -2.35 -1.35 1.65 0.65 -1.35 -2.35 -3.35 -1.35 1.65 2.65 -0.35 1.65 2.65 -1.35 -0.35 1.65 2.65 1.65 2.65 Y1=YM2 -5.15 -2.15 -1.15 -4.15 -0.15 1.85 -2.15 -0.15 1.85 -1.15 -0.15 1.85 -0.15 2.85 -0.15 3.85 -2.15 0.85 4.85 0.85 X12 28.6225 5.5225 1.8225 2.7225 0.4225 1.8225 5.5225 11.225 1.8225 2.7225 7.0225 0.1225 2.7225 7.0225 1.8225 0.1225 2.7225 7.0225 2.7225 7.0225 100.5

{dMbZ {dMb mMm ZmM JwUmH m dJ $ma

Y12 26.5225 4.6225 1.3225 17.225 0.0225 3.4225 4.6225 0.0225 8.4225 1.3225 0.0225 3.4225 0.0225 8.1225 0.0225 14.8225 4.6225 0.7225 23.5225 0.7225 118.5 X1Y1 27.55 5.05 1.55 -6.84 -0.09 -2.49 5.05 0.50 -2.49 -1.89 -0.39 -0.64 -0.24 7.55 0.20 -1.34 -3.54 2.25 8.00 2.25 = 40