-

1)

P Q ,
Q, Q P Q .
P Q : ( Q)
P: Q:
P Q
.

P Q ,
, Q
Q
P Q .
P Q : ( Q)

P Q , Q
.
P Q: P Q

P Q , Q
.
P Q: P Q

2)
;

,
.
,
.

 :
: = { 0,1,2,3,K }
: = { K , 3, 2, 1, 0,1,2,3,K }

: = / = , , , 0

x x .
x
x .

;
.
.
. Venn.
;
, ,

. =.
;
,
. .
* .
;
.
{ } .
;
,
.

Venn



.
= { x / xx
} .

;


,
.
= { x / x
x
} .
* = (
) .

;


.
= { x / x } .
:

. ,
.
=.
. .
= .
.
= .
=
=

=
. =
=
=
= = , = =.
:
1) :
= { / 2 < 1} ={ / 12}
3

 = { ( x , y ) / x , y
xy

= 6}

2) : ={x/x } ={x/x
}.
.
3) ={1,2,3,4}, ={3,4,5,6} ={2,3,5}.
)
={1,2,3,4,5};
) ={3,5} , ;
4) ={3, , 2} ={2, -1, 4} , .
5) ={-4,-1,0,2,3},
={-4,0,3}, ={-1,3,2}, ={-1,0,2}
: , , , , ( ) , ( ) .
6) ={x / x 12} =={x / x 3
x<17} .