2

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3
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rdk[rR'ftvDwef*Gef;

rwfv 2008ckESpf

4
 pma&;olta-umif;
(About the Author)
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qmbdk=c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh

5
jyefqdkxm;onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf? Tpmtkyfonf jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefqdkonfh
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ygonf? xdk'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom

6
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7
8
 ausmufacwf[lonf
ordkif;vdrfvnfr+wpfckjzpf.

A Historical Lie:
The Stone Age

9
 pmzwfolodk‹
To the Reader

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&kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l
0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf
taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?
Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,f
aom udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&m
rsm;ESifh ,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;
aprnfh a0zefokH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf?

10
 pum;csD;
Foreword

vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; ckepfodef;cef‹wGif vlwdk‹onf yifv,fork'N&mwGif aumif;

rGefpGm aqmufvkyfxm;onfhoabFmrsm;jzifh ul;vl;jzwfoef;oGm;vmcJh-ua-umif;udk t
oifodygovm;?
vltrsm;u “ausmufacwf*latmif;vlom;rsm;”[k ac:wGifolwdk‹onf/ acwfopf
tEkynmonfrsm;uJhodk‹ vuf&majrmufaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;&SdcJh-ua-umif;udkaum
odygovm;?
tDAdkvl;&Sif; 0g'Dwdk‹u*latmif;olrsm;tjzpfowfrSwfaom vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;&Spf
aomif;ausmfu toufxif&Sm;cJh-uaom eD,H'gomvfvlrsm;onf yljyif;onfhoJaomif
jyifay:wGif vrf;av#muf&efykHoGif;xm;aomzdeyfrsm;udkpD;cJh-uonfudkvnf; odygovm;?
odk‹r[kwf xdkvlom;rsm;onf arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vlom;wpf0uftjzpf wnfhwnfh
rwfwyfr&yfEdkif-uao;bJ/ pum;rajymEdkif-uao;ojzifh wtpftpf wtDtDjrnfoHrsm;
odk‹r[kwf toH[def;rsm;jzifhom qufoG,fcJh-uonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm em;csjcif;vnf;cH&ay
vdrfhrnf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 150twGif; vltrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aom rSm;,Gif;onfh
t,ltq 0g'jzef‹jcif;/ twif;&dkufoGif;em;csjcif;wdk‹udk tvl;tvJcHcJh-u&ayonf?
xdkvkyf&yfrsm;.aemufuG,f &nf&G,fcsufrSm/ zefqif;&Sifudk jiif;y,fonfh &kyf0g
' qufvuftouf&Sifae&ef jzpfayonf? p-um0VmESifh j'yf0wˆKypPnf; rsm;onf
xm0&wnf&Sdonf[laom ,if;tjrift&/ ‚if;.a&S‹wGif umqD;onfht&mrSefor#udk
rrSefruef vdk&mqGJI zsufqD;ypf.? ,if;tawG;tac:t&/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf tpr±Sd
onfhtjyif tqkH;vnf;r&Sday? xdk‹a-umifh zefqif;&Sifr&Sd[k qdkvdkayonf? Tt,lonf;
wpf,loeftawG;tac:onf odyH`ynmudk tajccHoa,mif [efaqmifxm;aom tDAdkvl;
&Sif; (t&mcyfodrf;onf tvdktavsmufwpfpwpfp qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;)oDtdk&D jzpf
ayonf?
xdk&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf/ p-um0VmwGif zefqif;&Sifr&Sd[k a-unm-uojzifh/ urBmajr
ay:wGif toufjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifh ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ouf&SdowW0g rsdK;pdwfrsdK;EG,frsm;
rnfuJhodk‹pwifcJhonf [laomtcsufudk ajz-um;Edkifrnfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;&
ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf TftcsuftwGuf wDxGifxm;aom Zmwfvrf;jzpfay
onf? ToDtdk&Dt&/ p-um0VmwGif&Sdor#aomouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf tvdktavsmuf-uHK
-udKufI jzpfay:vmonf[k qdkxm;onf? urBmOD;umvwGif oufrJhj'yfypPnf;tcsdKŒwdk‹
onf/ rawmfwq-uHK-udKufI aygif;pyf-u&if; ouf&SdqJvfwpfck pwifjzpfay:vmcJhonf
[kqdkonf? ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm-um&SnfcJhaomumvtwGif;/ xdkuJhodk‹qifhuJjzpf
ay:vmjcif;a-umifh ouf&SdowW0grsm; ay:aygufvm&if; aemufqkH;tqifhwGif vlom;rsm;
jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdkonf?
a&S;acwfvl‹ordkif;rsm;wGif/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom oaE<ajymif;vJr+ qifhuJjzpf
ay:vmcJhjcif;a-umifh vuf&SdurBmtwdkif; jzpfay:vmonf[k olwdk‹wDxGifxm;aom Zmwf
vrf;wGif tH0if*Gifusjzpfatmif tqdkjyK wDxGif-ujyefonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkwDxGif
aom tqdkwpfckcsif;onfvnf; ,Qifutqdkrsm;xuf ydkIrjzpfEdkifaomtcsufrsm;om
v#ifjzpfaejyefonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ wifjyonfh/ oufaotaxmuftxm;uif;rJh

11
aomtqdkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.? urBmOD;umvrSpI ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf wpfp
wpfp tvdktavsmufajymif;vJvmcJh&mrS/ tzGH‹jzdK;qkH;tjzpf vlom;rsm;jzpfay:vmcJhaom
a-umifh/ vl‹ordkif;onfvnf; urBmOD;vlom;rsm;rSpI wpfajz;ajz;csif; ,ae‹acwfopf
vlom;wdk‹. tjrifhrm;qkH;wdk;wufonfh jrKdŒ&Gmwnfaxmiftajccsaexdkifaom vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf[kqdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh vl‹ordkif;udk olwdk‹. &kyf0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&DESifh udkufnDatmif zefwD;-uayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfxGifvkH;t&/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf urBmOD;umvwGif ay:
aygufcJhaom wpfckwnf;aomqJvfrS qJvftajrmuftjrm;yg&Sdaom ouf&SdypPnf;jzpfvm
jcif;ESifh aemufqkH; arsmuf0HrSvlom;tjzpfajymif;vJjzpfay:vmcJhonf [laomwifjycsuf
twGufydkrdkcdkifvkHap&ef vl‹ordkif;udk wpfrsdK;wpfzkHjyefa&;-uayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ wDxGifa&;
om;aomvl‹ordkif;wGif/ urBmOD;vlom;rsm;. aeykHxdkifykHudk jy&eftwGuf “*latmif;
acwf”ESifh “ausmufacwf”ponfhpdwful;,Ofacwfrsm;udk wDxGif-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;
0g'Dwdk‹onf/ vlom;rsm;ESifharsmuf0Hrsm;onf bdk;ab;wpfOD;(wpfaumif)wnf;rS qif;
oufaygufzGm;vmcJh-uonf[laomtcsufudk taxmuftuljyK&eftwGuf rrSefruef
aomtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk vkyf-uHaz:xkwf-uayonf? ,QKtcsdefwGif wl;az:&&Sdaom
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; ausmufwkH;ausmufcJwdkif;/ r#m;OD;wdkif; tdk;cGufwdkif;udk olwdk‹vdk&m
odk‹qGJI t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,QKwdkif om;arG;om;a&rsm;jcHKxm;&if;
pum;rajymwwfao;aom arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vlom;wpf0ufowW0grsm; *lwGif;Y0dkif;
xdkifae-uonfhykHrsm;rSm pdwful;,Ofa&;qGJxm;aom ykHrsm;omv#if jzpfaeao;onf?
urBmOD;vl&dkif;rsm; r&SdcJhay? ausmufacwfvlrsm;vnf; r&SdcJhacs? ‚if;Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u rD'D,mowif;avmuom;tcsdKŒwdk‹. tultnDjzifh vlawGudk
vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;onfh vkyf-uHZmwfvrf;rsm;omv#if jzpfayonf?
TcH,lcsufrsm;onf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+rsm;omjzpfa-umif; odyH`ynm=txl;o
jzifh ZD0aA'/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm/ t%kZD0aA'ESifh rsdK;ADZ
aA' ponfhbmom&yfrsm;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. ‚if;wifjycsufrsm;udk tjyD;ydkif y,f
zsufypfjyD;avjyD? ,Qif&Sdaeaom owW0grsdK;pdwfrsdK;pkrsm;onf aemufxyfwpfrsdK;tjzpfodk‹
ajymif;vJvmcJhonf [laomtawG;tac:onf w&m;r0if rrSefuefay?
xdkenf;‚if;/ vlom;rsm;onfvnf; arsmuf0HuJhodk‹aomowW0grsm;rS aygufzGm;
qif;oufvmcJhjcif;r[kwfay? vlom;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif toufxif±Sm; ay:aygufcJh
onfhae‹rSpI vlom;rsm;tjzpf tjynfhtpkHjzpfcJhayonf? xdkae‹rSpI ,ae‹txd qef;jym;
±+yfaxG;aom ,Ofaus;r+ &SdcJh-u.? xdk‹a-umifh “tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;” rnfonfhtcgr# r&Sd
cJhbl;acs?
TpmtkyfwGif/ “tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;”cH,lcsuf. rSm;,Gif;r+ESifhvdrfvnfr+wdk‹udk
odyH`enf;usus az:xkwfxm;.? xdk‹tjyif aemufqkH;odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;.taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzifh zefqif;jcif;ta-umif;udk az:jyygrnf? vlom;rsm;onf TurBmodk‹ tDAdk
vl;&Sif;enf;jzifh a&muf&SdvmcJhjcif;r[kwf? teEWwefcdk;awmf&Sif/ t&mcyfodrf;udk t-uGif;
rJhodawmfrlaom oAŠnKwOm%fawmf&Sif bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. csKdŒ,Gif;csuf
uif;aom zefqif;jcif;jzifh a&muf&Sdvm-ujcif; jzpf.?
a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ Tta-umif;ESifh ywfoufaom odyH`ynmqdkif
&mESifh ordkif;qdkif&moufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk zwf±+&ygrnf?

12
 rmwdum
pum;csD; 11
ed'gef; 15
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onfausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk
rajz&Sif;Edkif-uay................................................................ 19
ajymifvufatmif wdkufpm;xm;aomausmufvdrfvnfr+wpfck......... 20
ausmufudk ausmufjzifh yef;ykxkxGif;I r&Edkif ................................ 24
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. pdwful;,OfzefwD;xm;aom ordkif;umvtpOf 25
oufwef;ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom ypPnf;tydkif;tprsm;ESifh
ywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd.................... 26
tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif
,Ofaus;aomb0twdkif; aexdkifvmcJh-u.......................... 29
,Ofaus;r+tqifhqifhpkaqmif;vmjcif;onftDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOf
taxmuftxm;r[kwf......................................................... 34
,Ofaus;r+onf qkwf,kwfjcif;ESifhtwl
wdk;wufjcif;vnf;&Sd. 36
u|Ekfyfwdk‹.,Ofaus;r+acwfrS bmawGusef&pfrnfenf;.................... 42
ausmuf*lwGif;rsm;rSwdk;wufaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;................... 53
tHhtm;oifhzG,fa&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;r+ t-uGif;tusefrsm; 88
twdwfumvrS wpfpGef;wpfp usef&pfaom vuQ%mrsm;u
tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk jiif;y,fvdkuf............................................. 92
rJ*gvpf=tHzG,frcef;aom vl‹ordkif;rS tEkynmvuf&mrsm; 97
e,l;*&def;*sf............................................................... .................. 102
pwkH;[ifh*sf............................................................... .................. 105
tHh-ozG,faumif;aom wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒ-uD;. t-uGif;tusefrsm; 106
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiH= tEkynmESifh odyH`ynmt&
-uD;us,fcef;em;aom,Ofaus;r+acwf................................ 115
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfaq;ynm. rlvblw.......................................... 115
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS acwfrDaomowWKaA'................................ 118
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfjrdKŒjyESifhvrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;............................. 122
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;. txnfvkyfief;wGif atmifjrifr+rsm; 124
tqifhjrifhaom ocsFmbmom&yf.................................................... 125
vd#KŒ0Sufcsufrsm;jzifhjynfheufaeaom aqmufvkyfr+enf;ynm 126
tu,fI wpfOD;wpfa,mufu yD&rpfrsm;udk xyfrHaqmufvdkaomf 127
plrm,Ofaus;r+acwf...................................................................... 137
plrmvlrsdK;rsm; = wdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r+acwf.............................. 138
plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹. odyH`ynm............................................................... 141
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm; = vl‹ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk y,fzsufaom
aemufxyf,Ofaus;r+acwfwpfacwf.................................. 148

13
 rmwdum
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ ocFsmbmomY u|rf;usif-u. ................... 153
rm,HjyuQ'def................... ................... ................... ..................... 153
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;. euQwWaA'ynm..... ................... ..................... 154
wDuvfrS a&S;a[mif;rm,HjrdK‹a[mif;&Sdvrf;qufoG,fr+rsm; ........ 156
rm,Hwdk‹tokH;jyKaom acG;oGm;pdyfvSnf;bD; ............. ................... 158
bmompum;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;wGif acsmifydwfrdjcif; ................... 164
vl‹ordkif;pwifuwnf;u rSefuefaom
bmomt,l0g'&SdvmcJh. 167
rSm;,Gif;onfh “omoemt,l0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif;”rnfodk‹ ay:aygufvmcJhoenf; 167
rSefuefaombmomt,l0g'udk vdk&mqGJIajymif;vJjcif; ............... 169
tD*spfESifhr,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;rSa&S;a[mif;okawoe.awG‹&Sdaz:xkwfcsufrsm; 170
tdEdN,rS t,loD;A[kemx0g'. rlvblw............ ....................... 175
Oa&myordkif;wGif bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk npfnrf;apjcif; ............ 176
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf csrSwfay;oem;awmfrlaom ppfrSefonfhomoem 177
ed*kH; f................................................................................. 179
tcsdefuif;rJhjcif;trSefw&m;udk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;rjyKoifh............ 179
tcsdef. ppfrSefaomobm0ESifht,ltq.................................. 179
u|Ekfyfwdk‹. “twdwf”[laom,lqcsufonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹.rSwfOm%f
wGif&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;om jzpf. ........................ 180
urBmhordkif;onfvnf; Ed+if;,SOfcsuft&jzpfaom ,lqcsufjzpf. 181
&dk;om;aom qifjcifokH;oyfr+.................................................. 186
tDAdkvl;&Sif;. vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+............................ 187

14
 ed'gef;
Introduction
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;enf;t& vlom;rsm;ay:aygufvmcJhonfh
tqifhrsm;[k olwdk‹u ydkif;jcm;xm;onfhtwdkif;/ vl‹ordkif;udkvnf; xdkenf;ESifESif ydkif;
jcm;I avhvm-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkwGif/ ausmufacwf/ a-u;ndKacwf/
oHacwf ponfhacwftydkif;rsm;onf ta&;-uD;aomtydkif;tqifhrsm;jzpfayonf? T
acwftydkif;rsm;udkjyonfh pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;&kyfykHrsm;udk/ ausmif;rsm;/ &kyfjrifoH-um;
tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh owif;pmrsm;wGif az:jyonfudk r-umc%awG‹jrif-uojzifh/ vltrsm;pk
wdk‹onf ,if;pdwful;,Of&kyfykHrsm;udk ar;cGef;xkwfrae-uawmhbJ/ vlom;rsm;onf
enf;ynmuif;rJhI tokH;jyKrnfh vufeufu&d,m rod&Sdonfh ausmufacwfwGif aexdkif
aygufzGm;cJh-uonf[k vufcHrSwf,lvdkuf-uayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u “ausmufacwf”
[k owfrSwfaomacwfumvrS vlwdk‹
wGif/ 0wfjyKjcif;/ olwdk‹xHodk‹ ydk‹vmcJh
aomwrefawmfrsm;ydk‹csonfh w&m;a'
oemrsm;udk em;axmifvdkufemjcif;/ tdrf
rsm;udk aqmufvkyfaexdkifjcif;/ rD;zdk
acsmifwGif xrif;[if;rsm; csufjyKwf
jcif;/ olwdk‹. tdrfaxmifrdom;pkrsm;pk
a0;I tvmyovmyajymqdk-ujcif;/
tdrfeD;csif;rsm;odk‹ vnfywfjcif;/ olwdk‹
twGuf t0wfcsKyfolrsm;u t0wfcsKyf
ay;jcif;/ aq;q&m orm;awmfrsm;u
ukoay;jcif;/ aw;*DwwGif pdwf0ifpm;
jcif;/ yef;csDqJGjcif;/ ausmufwdkifrsm;udk
aqmufvkyf wnfaxmifjcif;/ ponfwdk‹
&SdcJh-uayonf? tusOf;tm;jzifh yuwd
vlom;rsm;. aexdkifr+ykHpHtwdkif; ae
xdkifcJh-uayonf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
Taemufydkif;eDtdkvdwpfacwfrS ausmufESifh c&kcGH okawoersm;u vl‹ordkif;wav#muf
qGJ-udK;onf/ xdkacwfvlom;rsm;. tEkynmcH vkH;wGif/ enf;ynmrsm;ESifh todynm t
pm;wwfr+ESifhtwl/ ,if;uJhodk‹aom qif,ifxkH;zGJ‹ wwfynmrsm; ajymif;vJjcif;&Sda-umif;
r+taqmifta,mifrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifonfhenf; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlom;
ynmrsm; &Sd-ua-umif;udk jyovsuf&Sd.? wdk‹onf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif vl
om;rsm;tjzpfom aexdkifcJh-uayonf?

15
 bDpDouU&mZf 7000 rS 11000ESpfr# -um
cJhaom tdk;/ pm;yGJykHpHi,fESifh ZGef;a[mif;
rsm;onf/ xdkacwfu vlrsm;. vlaer+
tqifhudk jyqdkvsuf&Sd.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
wdk‹.tqdkt&/ xdkacwfrSvlwdk‹onf/ ,Of
aus;cgpjzpfI pwiftajccsaexdkifvm
wwf-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TypPnf;
ud&d,mrsm;onf xdkacwfrSvlrsm;. ,Of
aus;r+rSm ,ae‹acwfxuf aemufrus
a-umif;/ ,Ofaus;r+ jynfhpkHpGmaexdkifcJh-u
a-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sd.? ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹ jyK
rlae-uouJhodk‹/ olwdk‹onfvnf; pm;yGJtokH;jyKI xdkif-uonf? yef;uef/ "g;ajrmif/
ZGefc&if;rsm;udktokH;jyK-uonf? {nfhcHa-uG;arG;-uonf? twdkcsKH;I ajymrnfqdkygu/
,ae‹acwfuJhodk‹aom omrefvl‹b0twdkif; aexkdifpm;aomuf-uayonf? wl;az:
awG‹&Sdaom ypPnf;u&d,mrsm;udk avhvm-unfhI jcHKikHokH;oyf-unfhygu/ olwdk‹onf tEk
ynmvuf&mrsm;/ aq;0g;ukoa&;qdkif&mynmrsm;ESifh enf;ynmrsm; &Sd-ujcif;vuQ%m
tjynfhtpkH&Sda-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? xdk‹a-umifh eDtdkvdwpf (Neolithic) acwfvlrsm;
onf/ olwdk‹.tvsifOD;pGmaexdkifcJhaomvlrsm;ESifhtwl aemufwGifaygufzGm; aexkdifol
rsm;uJhodk‹yif omrefvl‹b0twdkif; aexdkifpm;aomufcJh-uayonf?
ESpfaygif; 12000 -umjyDjzpfaom us,foD;
vuf0J? bDpDouU&mZf 10000 avmufwkH;u
tokH;jyKcJhaom Tt&dk;us,foD;rsm;udk-unfhjcif;
jzifh xdkacwfvlwdk‹onf us,foD;wyfxm;aom
tuôsrsm; 0wfqif-ua-umif; jyaeayonf?
us,foD;okH;aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf t0wf
csKyfjcif;/ tyfcsKyfjcif;ESifh t0wftxnf,ufvkyf
jcif;rsm; vkyfudkif-ua-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
ESpfaygif; 12000-umjyDjzpfaom ykwD;vkH;rsm;
ausmuf j zpf & k y f - uG i f ; ynm&S i f w d k ‹ .tqd k t &/
vuf0JykHyg ausmufrsm;onf bDpD 10000ausmf
wkH;u okH;cJhaomykwD;rsm;jzpfonf? tvGefrm
ausmaom ausmufovif;rsm;udk nDnmaom
taygufrsm;azgufxm;jcif;onf/ oH odk‹r[kwf
oHr%dvGefoGm;rsm;udk tokH;jyKI taygufazguf
jcif;om jzpfEdkifayonf?

16
 Ta-u;eDtyfESifh pl;rsm;onf vGefcJhonfh bDpD
ouU&mZf 7000rS 8000 u xdkacwfrSvlwdk‹.
aexdkifykHESifh ,Ofaus;r+udk od&SdEdkifrnfhta&;-uD;
onfhoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfayonf?
tyfESifhpl;rsm;udk tokH;jyKaomvlrsm;onf vl
om;wdk‹. aexdkifykHtwdkif; aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh
-ua-umif; xif&Sm;.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajym
ovdk wd&pm>efuJhodk‹ aexdkifcJh-ujcif;r[kwf?

ESpfaygif; 12000&Sdaom a-u;eDpl;

bDpDouU&mZf 10000rS a-u;eDpl;onf xdkacwf&Sd
vlrsm; owWKrsm;udk wl;az:It&nf-udKjyD; ykHoGif;
avmif;onfhtwwfynm&Sda-umif; oufaojzpf
ayonf? a-u;eDowWK&dkif;onf ajrESifhouf&ifh
ausmuftxyfv$mrsm;t-um;wGif tr+eftjzpf&Sd.? a-u;eDowWK&dkif;rsm;udkod&SdI ajrESifhausmuf
txyfv$mrsm;-um;rSwl;az:um -udKcsuftokH;jyKEdkifonfh ypPnf;ud&d,mtjzpf xkwfvkyfEdkifaom vl‹
tzGJ‹tpnf;onf vdktyfonfhenf;ynmrsm;vnf; &Sd-urnfomjzpf.? ,if;odk‹aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;
onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹,kH-unf-uovdk/ r-umao;rDurS ,Ofaus;vmolrsm;r[kwfEdkifay?

txufygykHrS ykavGrsm;onf tenf;qkH; ESpfaygif; 95000-umjrifhcJhavjyD? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;

axmifaomif;rsm;pGmu vlwdk‹onf aw;*Dw &orsm;udk od&SdcHpm;-u.?
wl;az:&&Sdaom ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk odyH`enf;usus avhvmaomtcg/
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u trsm;vlxktm;0g'jzef‹&dkufoGif;xm;onfh ykHpHrsm;ESifh tifrwefjcm;
em;aomtjzpfrsm; ay:vGifvmayonf? vlwdk‹tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufypPnf;u&d,mrsm;/
tyfrsm;/ ykavGtptersm;/ udk,fydkiftokH;taqmif tqift,ifrsm;/ ponfwdk‹udk avh
vm-unfhjcif;jzifh/ ,Ofaus;r+ESifh vlr+a&;t&/ vlom;rsm;onf tpOfwpdkuf acwftquf
quf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ,Ofaus;aom vlaer+pepf&SdcJh-ua-umif; od&Sd&ayonf?

17
 TvlokH;ypPnf;onf atmhbfpD'D,Hac: tvGefrm
ausmaom teufa&mifausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;I/
bDpDouU&mZf 10000ausmfu ypPnf;jzpf.?
atmhbfpD'D,Hausmufudk TykHpHrsKd;&atmif tjcm;
ausmufrsm;jzifh &dkufESufjcif;jzifhfrjyKvkyfEdkifacs?

Ta&S;a[mif;ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; ZGef;rsm;onf/
xdkacwfu vlrsm;onfvnf; ZGef;rsm;udktokH;jyKI
pm;aomuf-ua-umif; xif&Sm;apayonf? Tt
csufonfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajymovdk
acwfa[mif;vlwdk‹onf acwfaemufus-uonf[l
aomtqdk rSm;,Gif;a-umif;xif&Sm;apaom t
axmuftxm;wpfckjzpf.?

vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; odef;aygif;rsm;pGmu vlrsm;onfvnf;/ ,QKacwfvlrsm;uJh

odk‹yif/ tdrfaqmufvkyfIaexdkifjcif;/ pdkufysdK;vkyfudkifjcif;/ t0wftxnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyf
jcif;/ aqGrsdK;nmwdrsm;xH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;/ aw;*DwwGifpdwf0ifpm;jcif;/ yef;csDqGJ
jcif;/ vlemrsm;udk uko-unfh±+apmifha&Smufjcif;/ bmom,kH-unfr+t& 0wfjyKudk;uG,f
jcif;/ ponfh omrefvl‹b0vkyf&dk;vkyfpOftwdkif; aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomufcJh-uayonf?
bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft±Sifjrwfu ydk‹v$wfaomwrefawmfjrwfrsm;. oGefoifcsufrsm;udk
vdkufemolwdk‹onf/ wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifjrwfudkom ouf0if,kH-unf-uI/ tjcm;ol
rsm;u &kyfxkrsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uavonf? bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&SifjrwfY ouf
0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf udk,fusifhw&m;oDvapmifhxdef;-uI/ tjcm;olwdk‹onf t,lonf;
r+rsm;jzifh ylaZmfyor+trsdK;rsdK;&Sd-uavonf? ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ ,QKrsufarSmuf
acwfuJhodk‹yif/ bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&SifjrwfY ouf0if,kH-unfolrsm; &Sd-uovdk/ bk&m;
w&m;rJh rdpm>'d@drsm;vnf; &SdcJhavonf?
vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ &dk;&dk;ESifhydkrdka&S;usaomykHpHtwdkif; aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;
aomufolrsm;&Sdovdk/ ydkrdk,Ofaus;wdk;wufonfhykHpHjzifh aexdkifvkyfudkifpm;aomufonfh

18
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onfvnf; jydKifwl&SdpjrJjzpfayonf? ,QKrsufarSmufacwfwGif urBmhtydkif;
wpfydkif;wGif tmumoodk‹ j*dKvfwkrsm;v$wfI oGm;vmaeonfhtcsdefwGif tydkif;wpfydkif;

TykHwGifawG‹&aom ESpfaygif; 40000 ausmf-um a[mif;EGrf;jyDjzpfaom

ykavGtydkif;onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajymonfh arsmuf0Hwpfydkif;*latmif;
vlrsm; r&SdcJha-umif;oufaoom"uwpfckjzpfayonf? taemufEdkifiHykavG
uJhodk‹ toHedrfhjrifhckepfqifh&Sd TykHrSykavGrsm;udk vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;
axmifaygif; rsm;pGmuwnf;u wDr+wftokH;jyKcJh-ujyDjzpfa-umif; odyH`ok
awoersm;u az:xkwfxm;ayonf?

wGif v#yfppf"gwftokH;jyKjcif;udkyif rodao;olrsm;vnf; &Sdae-uojzifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;o

rdkif;[k rSnhfac:aom acwfrsm;r&Sda-umif; xif&Sm;aomtaxmuftxm;yifjzpfayonf?
wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ xdkj*dKvfwktmumo,mOfrsm;udk aqmufvkyfEdkifolwdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;
(wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjcif;jzpfpOf) ydkrdkIzGH‹jzdK;vmcJhojzifh todOm%fESifhudk,fum,
tm;jzifh ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;-uonf[k rqdkEdkifacs? tjcm;olwdk‹onfvnf; arsmuf0HADZ
twdkif; usef&pfaeao;onf[k rajymEdkifay? trSefpifppf ‚if;jcm;em;csufwdk‹onf/ ,Of
aus;r+ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk‹. jcm;em;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk rajz&Sif;Edkif-uay?
Evolutionists Cannot Account for Archaeological Discoveries
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. vl‹ordkif;udk qef;ppf-unhfygu/ vlom;wdk‹. bdk;ab;rsm;
onf ae‹pOfb0wGif rnfuJhodk‹aexdkifpm;aomufcJh-uonfudk &kyfykHqGJItao;pdwfaz:jy
xm;-uonfudk awG‹jrifEdkifayonf? xdkodk‹aom-oZm±Sd±Sd ,kH-unfxdkufonfhykHpHjzifh wifjy
xm;csufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;olwdk‹onf/ ‚if;ESifhoufqdkifonfhbmom&yfudk odu|rf;r+r&Sdyg
u/ ,if;vSyI tEkynmvuf&majrmufaom&kyfykHrsm;onf odyH`ynmt& oufaocdkifvkH
aomtcsufrsm;jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k orefum&SHum vufcHvdkuf-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
wdk‹onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;ru-umanmif;cJhonfhtcgor,wGif olwdk‹
udk,fwdkifudk,fus -unfhjrifavhvmcJh-uoa,mifa,mif/ tvGeftao;pdwfI az:jy-uay
onf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. bdk;ab;rsm;onf rwfwyf&yfEdkif-ujyDjzpfojzifh/ olwdk‹.vufrsm;udk
rnfodk‹qufvuftokH;cs&rnfudk rod-uaoma-umifh/ ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;udk vuf
eufud&d,mrsm;jyKvkyf-ujyD;/ aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ausmufESifhopfom;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyf
xm;aom vufeuftokH;taqmifud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-uonf==[k ajymjy-uonf?
aemif ESpftwef-umrS olwdk‹onf oH/ a-u;eDESifh a-u;0grsm;udk pwiftokH;jyK-uonf[k
qufI ajym-u.? trSefrSm xdk&Sif;jycsufrsm;onf/ odyH`enf;usaom oufaotaxmuf
txm;r&SdbJ/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u olwdk‹.,kH-unfcsuftwGufoufouf bufvdkufI
t"dy`g,faz:jcif;om jzpfayonf?
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;yg&*l aygvf bm;efu ol. Archaeology: A Very Short
Introduction ac:pmtkyfwGif/ vlom;rsm;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;Zmwfvrf;onf odyH`ynmqdkif&m

19
 ajymifvufatmifwdkufpm;xm;aomausmuf
vdrfvnfr+wpfck
The "Polished Stone" Deception
a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;teuf ododomomxif&Sm;aom ausmufypPnf;rsm; ,ae‹txd awG‹&Sd
&ao;onf? xdkuJhodk‹ rmausmaomausmufrsm;udk wdusonfh ykHpH&&Sdatmif xGif;azguf&ef a,bk,s
tm;jzifh oHr%dvufeufu&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfayonf? ausmufcJtokH;jyKI
tjcm;ausmufcJwpfvkH;udk vdktyfonf‹ykHpH&&Sd&ef xkaxmif;jcif; wdkufyGwfjcif;jzifh rjzpfEdkifacs? ESrf;zuf
ausmuf (Granite) avmufrmausmaomausmufudk ykHpHusatmifESifh rsufESmjyifajymifvufatmif aoG;
&efenf;ynmESifhypPnf;rsm;pkHvif&ayrnf?
a&S;a[mif;ausmufypPnf;tajrmuftjrm;onf wdusaomjzwfawmuf&mrsm;ESifhtwl txl;
awmufajymifvsuf&Sdaeao;onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/ “wdkufpm;jcif;a-umifh ajymifvufae
aomausmufacwf”onf ody`Henf;rusacs? ajymifvufatmifobm0tavsmuf wdkufpm;xm;onfh
ausmufrsm;onf ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI ajymifvufaeEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? xdkausmufrsm; ajymifvufae
jcif;onf/ oHr%duJhodk‹aomu&d,mrsm;jzifh jzwfawmufyGwfwdkufjcif;a-umifh twGif;om;rsm; ay:vmI
ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ajymifvufusefaejcif;jzpfayonf?

txufygykHrS vuf0JbufykHvufaumufonf pusifausmuf(marble) jzpfI/ vufsmbuf vuf aumuf

rSm rD;awmifacsmfausmufeuf(basalt) jzpf.? bDpD 8500 rS 9000 txd-um&Snfa[mif; EGrf;jyDjzpf.?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u xdkacwfumvwGif ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfaomud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udkom tokH;jyK
-uonf[k qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ pusifausmufESifh rD;awmifacsmfausmufeufrsm;onf txl;rmausm
aomausmufrsm;jzpfojzifh/ TuJhodk‹ykHpHwus0dkif;atmifjzwfawmufEdkif&ef oHr%dtoGm;rsm;ESifh vdktyf
onfhpufypPnf;rsm;&Sd&ayrnf? oHr%dtoGm;ESifhpufypPnf;rsm;r&SdbJ TuJhodk‹wduspGmjzwfawmufEdkif
&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? tu,fI vlwpfa,muftm; ausmufcJwpfvkH;ay;I TuJhodk‹aomvufaumufwpf
uGif;&atmif vkyfcdkif;ygu rnfr#txd atmifjrifygrnfenf;? ausmufjzifhyGwfwdkufjcif;jzifh TuJhodk‹
aomvufaumufwpfuGif; jyKvkyfEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? xdk‹xufru/ Tvufaumufrsm;udk jyKvkyf
olonf/ vSyjcif;.&oudk aumif;pGm cHpm;wwfI/ em;vnfoabmaygufa-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf?

20
 txufygykHwGif atmhbfpD'D,HausmufESifh t&dk;rsm;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom vufokH;ypPnf;ud&d,m
rsm;udk jyxm;.? ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom csdwfrsm;/ ZGef;rsm; ykwD;rsm;yg0ifaeonf? T
uJhodk‹wdusacsmrGwfonfhykHpHygaom ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk ausmufcJrsm;jzifh xkaxmif;
yGwfwdkufjcif;jzifh r&Edkifa-umif; xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdayonf? ausmufcJjzifh xkjcif;jzifh t&dk;rsm;
onf vdktyfonfhykHpHrxGufvmbJ uGJtufausrGoGm;&kHom&Sdayrnf? trmausmqkH;ausmuf
rsm;udkokH;I jyKvkyfv#ifyif wduspGmajzmifhwef; c|efxufaeatmifvnf; rvkyfEdkifay? T
ausmufrsm;onf rmausmaomud&d,mjzifh toD;rsm;udk vSD;ouJhodk‹ vSD;jzwfxm;ykHxGufae
onf? rsufESmjyifonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;ajymovdk yGwfwdkufaq;a-umjcif;jzifhom ajymif
vufaejcif;r[kwfbJ vdktyfonfh ykHpH&atmif xufjrufonfh u&d,mjzifhjzwfawmufjcif;
a-umifh ajymifvufaea-umif;xif&Sm;aeayonf?
TypPnf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfolonf/ olvdktyfonfh
ykHpH&atmif jyKvkyf&ef oHodk‹r[kwfoHr%dypPnf;
ud&d,mrsm;&Sd&rnf? rmausmaomausmufwkH;
ausmufcJrsm;udkoHr%duJhodk‹aomt&m odk‹r[kwf
‚if;xufrmonfh t&mrsm;jzifhom ykHpHusatmif
jzwfawmufEdkifayonf?

bmom&yftajrmuftjrm;u tajccH-uaom '¾m&DykHjyifwpfckomv#if jzpfonf[k a&;

om;xm;ayonf? ol‹taeESifh ykHjyif[laompum;udk tjyKoabmtaejzifh okH;xm;jcif;
jzpfaomfvnf;/ trSefwu,fvnf; [kwfaeygonf[k qufvufaz:jyxm;ayonf? xdk‹
aemuf/ vlom;wdk‹ wpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJvmjcif;[lonfh/ csufjyKwfjcif;ESifhrD;ykHrsm;/
arSmifrJaeonfh*lrsm;/ vufeufud&d,mjyKvkyfjcif;/ tdkrif;jcif;/ &kef;uefv+yf&Sm;jcif;ESifh

21
aojcif; ponfhtpOftvm"avhrsm;udk pmzwfolwdk‹pOf;pm;-unfh&efzdwfac:xm;av
onf? xdktavhtxrsm;udk tpDtpOfwoDwwef;-uD;jzpfatmif rSef;qpDpOfxm;jcif;
onf/ rnfr#aomt&kd;pkrsm;ESifh -uGif;usefaeonfh oJvGefpt&m0wˆKrsm;tay: tajccH
xm;-uonf/ odk‹r[kwf pmaytwdkif;twmt& omv#ifjzpfonf/ ponfwdk‹udkvnf;
pOf;pm;oifha-umif; n$efjyxm;ayonf? bmef;u vlom;rsm;.tDAdk&Sif;onf pmayESifh
oufqdkifonfh twdkif;twmomv#ifjzpfa-umif; olar;xm;aomar;cGef;udk yGifhyGifhvif;
vif; tajzray;xm;ay?
trSefrSm/ TudpPESifhywfoufI t
ajzray;xm;onfhtcsuf tajrmuftjrm;
&Sdaeayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:udk
vdkufemolwpfa,muftwGuf tajz&SmI
&Edkifrnfr[kwfay? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/
ausmufacwfudk n$ef;avh&Sd-uonf? odk‹
aomfvnf;/ olwdk‹n$ef;onfhausmufacwf
wGif/ wdusjywfom;onfh&kyfykHrsm;udk
ausmufjym;rsm;tay:wGif rnfodk‹xGif;Edkif
cJh-uonfudkjzifh tajzray;Edkif-uay? xdk
enf;wlpGm/ 'dkifEdkaqmtaumif-uD;rsm;u
ysHoef;aeaomydk;aumifrsm;udk zrf;pm;&ef
-udK;pm;&if; tawmifaygufvmcJhonf[k
ajym-uaomfvnf; xdktawmifygaomydk;
aumifwpfaumifonf urBmay:wGif yxr
OD;qkH; rnfuJhodk‹pwifysHoef;EdkifcJhonfudk/
&Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? ,if;udpPrsm;udk ol
wdk‹u arhxm;vdkuf-ujyD;/ tjcm;olrsm;udk
T&kyfykHrsm;xGif;xm;aom ausmufjym; om tajz&Sm&ef csefxm;-uayonf?
onf oufwef;ESpfaygif; 11000 &Sdav
jyD? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&xdk ausmuf w k H ; ausmuf j ym;rsm;ud k
acwfumvwGif ausmufjzifhvkyfaom ykHpHwus xGif;Edkif&eftvkyfonf vG,ful
vufeufud&d,mt-urf;rsm;om okH;-u onfh tvkyfr[kwfacs? ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.
onf? odk‹aomfvnf; TuJhodk‹aomt acwftxd usef&Sdaeonfh c|efxufonfh
vkyfudk ausmuftcsif;csif;omyGwfwdkuf a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;onf ausmuftcsif;
I rvkyfEdkifacs? TuJhodk‹ jywfom; csif; yGwfwdkufI jyKvkyfcJhonfh ypPnf;rsm;
xif&Sm;aomykHxGif;Edkifjcif;ESifh ywfouf r[kwfay? rD;awmifacsmfausmuf/ pusif
I/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;uoifhawmfonfh
&Sif;vif;csuf rnfodk‹r#ray;Edkif-uacs? ausmufESifh ESrf;zwfausmuf ponfh rm
Tvkyfief;udk Om%fynm&Sdonfh vlom; ausmaomausmufrsm;udk jzwfawmufI ykH
rsm;u tjcm;vuf&mrsm;enf;wl vuf pHwus jyKvkyf&ef oHr%dtoGm;ygaom
eufud&d,maumif; tokH;jyKI jyKvkyf wGifckHrsm;/ wpif;rsm;ESifh a&Gay:rsm;udk t
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? okH;jyK&.? xdkenf;‚if;/ ausmufjzifhjyKvkyf
onfh vufaumuf/ em;qGJESifh qGJ-udK;ykwD;rsm;udkvnf; ausmuftcsif;csif;wdkufyGwfjcif;
jzifh rjyKvkyfEdkifacs? xdk0wˆKypPnf;rsm;jzifh ykwD;rsm;jyKvkyf&ef ao;i,fonfhtaygufrsm;
udkvnf; ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKI azgufEdkifrnfr[kwfay? ‚if;ypPnf;

22
rsm;tay:wGif ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufI vSyonfhykHpHrsm;xGif;&ef r
jzpfEdkifacs? ,if;ypPnf;rsm;wGif &Sdaeonfh wdusjywfom;aomykHpHrsm;uyif xdkausmuf
rsm;xuf rmausmaomowWKvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKa-umif; jyvsuf&Sdayonf?
edcgwuaA'ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyH`ynmyg&*ltajrmuft
jrm;wdk‹uvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. rSef;qcsuftwdkif;
xdkypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifjcif;&Sdr&Sd prf;oyfcJh-uay
onf? Oyrm/ ygarmuQuavmhpf &Srd'fu wl&uDEdkifiH *dk
abuvD awyD t&yfY tvkyform;rsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g
'Dwdk‹wifjyonfhausmufvufeufud&d,mrsdK;ay;I/ ouf
wef;ESpfaygif; 11000cef‹&Sdonfh ausmufudk ykHpHaz:cdkif;
avonf? 2em&Dcef‹tywfwukwf vkyfaqmifcJh-u&m
wGif/ rxif&Sm;onfhtem;om;rsm;omygaom ypPnf;udk &
&Sdavonf?
ykqdefoGm;ESifhwlaom T rnfolrqdk/ rdrdtdrfwGif xdkprf;oyfcsufudk vkyfEdkif
ausmufonf oufwef; ygonf? ESrf;zwfausmufwpfwkH;avmufudk,lI/ vGefcJh
550000ESpf&Sd.? TuJh onfh ESpf 100000cef‹u vlrsm;tokH;jyKonfqdkaom vSH
odk‹ xufjrufatmif jzwf
Edkif&ef oHr%dtoGm;rsm; oGm;wpfckudk/ xdkESrf;zwfausmufESifh ausmufcJuvGJI
udktokH;jyK&rnf? tjcm;oHypPnf;ud&d,mudk rokH;bJ jyKvkyf-unfhyg? toif
rnfr#atmifjrifEdkifrnf[k xifygoenf;? xdka&S;a[mif;
ypPnf;rsm;uJhodk‹/ tem;om;xufjrufI/ ykHpHusus acsm
rGwfc|efxufaom vSHoGm;odk‹r[kwf ud&d,mwpfckckudk vkyfEdkifygrnfavm? tvsm;
teHwpfrDwmpDavmuf&Sdonfh ESrf;zwfausmufwkH;wpfwkH;ay:wGif/ wd&pm>efwpfaumifykH
ay:atmif aemufxyfausmufwkH;wpfwkH;jzifh yGwfwdkufIxGif;-unfhyg? oHr%dtoGm;uJh
odk‹ rmausmaomypPnf;ud&d,mrokH;bJ c|efxufonfh vSHoGm;udkvnf;aumif;/ wd&pm>efykH
udkvnf;aumif; xkxGif;Edkifrnfr[kwfay?
ausmufjzwfjcif;/ ausmufxGif;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹rSm olwdk‹ydkifqdkifaom twwfynm
jzpfonf? xdktwwfynmudk taumiftxnfaz:&ef wHpOf;rsm;/ wGifckHrsm;ESifh tjcm;ud&d
,mypPnf;rsm; vdktyfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh TypPnf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfaomacwfwGif “a&S;
a[mif;”enf;ynmonfvnf; wdk;wufaejyD;jzpf&rnf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/
ausmufudkomtokH;jyKwwfI tjcm;twwfynmenf;ynmrsm;r&Sdao;yg [laomtqdk
onf/ pdwful;,Of '¾m&Domv#ifjzpfayonf? olwdk‹ajymonfh “ausmufacwf” r&SdcJhbl;
acs?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkausmufypPnf;rsm;udk ykHpHusatmifvkyfEdkifonfh oHr%dESifhoH
ypPnf;u&d,mrsm;onf/ ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfumvtxd rusef&pfaejcif;rSmvnf;
,kwWd&Sdayonf? obm0tavsmuf pdkxdkif;r+ESifh i&JrD;tcsOf"gwfygonfh ywf0ef;usifwGif
owWKypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;onf atmufqdk'ftjzpf"gwfajymif;oGm;jyD; aysmufuG,foGm;ay
onf? ausmufypPnf;rsm;onf xdkodk‹aysmufuG,foGm;&ef tcsdefydkrdk-umanmif;ojzifh/
aemufqkH;usef&pfrnfhypPnf;twdktprsm;rSm/ olwdk‹jyKvkyfaom ausmufypPnf;rsm;om jzpf
ayonf? xdktydkif;tprsm;udkom-unhfjyD;/ xdkacwfumvwGif ausmufrsm;udkom tokH;
jyKwwf-uonf[k ed*kH;csKyfjcif;onf odyH`enf;rusacs?

23
 ausmufudk ausmufjzifh yef;ykxkxGif;I r&Edkif
You Can't Curve Stone With stone

bDpDouU&mZf 11000rS
usnfayG‹rsm;

bDpDouU&mZf 10000rS ykHpH'DZdkif;

xGif;xm;aom ausmufrsm;?

rmvmudkuf(ygv'kwˆm)aq;cs,fxm;
aom bDpD 9000=10000rS ausmuf
om;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomypPnf;?

bDpDouU&mZf 10000ckESpfavmufu xdyfcsdKifhI

jr‡KyfoGif;pDjc,fxm;aom/ oyfESifhwlonfhausmuf? bDpDouU&mZf 10000ckESpfavmufu wl?

TypPnf;u&d,mrsm;onf y#rf;r#tm;jzifh bDpDouU&mZf 10000 rS 11000ckESpftxda[mif;

EGrf;aomypPnf;rsm;jzpfonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;rsm;.tqdktwdkif; xdkacwfuvlrsm;u ausmufjzifhvkyf
aom ud&d,mrsm;udkomtokH;jyKovdk/ ausmuftcsif;csif;wdkufyGwfI vkyfEdkifrvkyfEdkifudk awG;prf;
-unfhyg? ykHtrSwf 3 rSmuJhodk‹ nDnmonfhtaygufudk azguf-unfhyg? oifhvufay:wGif t-udrf
aygif;rnfr#&dkufaomfvnf; TuJhodk‹nDnmaomtaygufudk &Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? Todk‹aomtayguf
&Edkif&ef oifonf oHr%duJhodk‹ ydkIrmausmaomypPnf;ud&d,m udk tokH;jyK&ygrnf?

24
 trSefpifppf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;u
'g0if0g'udk vkH;0axmufcHjcif;r&Sda-umif;udk vufcH0efcH-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sif &pfcsm'fvDuDu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Djzifh/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ausmufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;udk ajz±Sif;aeIrjzpfEdkifa-umif;
atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf?
trSefrSm/ 'g0ifawG;qcsuf. ravsmfuefrjzpfEdkifjcif;twGuf tcdkifvkHqkH;oufaotaxmuf
txm;onf/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awG‹&SdEdkifayonf? tu,fI 'g0if.t
qdkrsm;onf rSefuefygu/ ajcESpfacsmif;jzifhpwifvrf;av#mufvmcJhonfhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
rsm;/ enf;ynmtqifhqifhrsm;ESifh OD;aESmuf-uD;xGm;vmonfhtqifhrsm;.ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
rsm;udk awG‹&Sd&rnfomjzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rawG‹&yg? ordkif;OD;acwfrSwfwrf;wpfckwnf;
uyif 'g0if.awG;qcsuf (hypothesis) rSm;a-umif; oufaojy&ef vkHavmufayonf? ‚if;
1
rSm ausmufvufeufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;yif jzpf.?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. pdwful;,OfzefwD;xm;aom ordkif;umvtpOf
The Fictitious Evolutionist Chronology
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ ordkif;udk cGJjcm;owfrSwf&mwGif/ t&m0wˆKrsm;udk t"d
y`g,faz:&mY olwdk‹.w&m;ao,kH-unfonfhoDtdk&Drsm;ESifh udkufnDatmif az:-uonf?
a-u;ndKvuf&mypPnf;tajrmuftrsm;xkwfvkyfaomacwfudk a-u;ndKacwf[k owfrSwf
I/ oHudkrl r-umao;rDurS pwiftokH;jyKonf[k t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? vGefcJhonfh
a&S;ya0oeD,Ofaus;r+acwfwGifrlum; owWKypPnf;rsm;udk rod&Sd-u[k tqdkjyK-uonf?
txufuaz:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ oH/ oHr%dESifh tjcm;owWKrsm;onf ausmufrsm;
xuf oHacs;wufysufpD;aysmufuG,f&efrsm;pGmydkrdkvG,fulayonf? a-u;ndKuJhodk‹aom
owWKa&mrsm;onf atmufpD*sif"gwfpm;ojzifh acs;wufaysmufuG,f&ef ydkI-umjrifho
jzifh tjcm;owWKrsm;xuf ydkI-um&SnfcHEdkif.? xdk‹a-umifh wl;az:&&Sdaom ausmufypPnf;
rsm;onf a-u;ndKrsm;xuf oufwef;ydkrsm;I/ a-u;ndKypPnf;rsm;onf oHypPnf;rsm;xuf
oufwef;ydkrsm;rnfrSm obm0tavsmufyifjzpfayonf? Ttcsufa-umifh oHjzifhjyKvkyf
aomud&d,mypPnf;rsm;onf taESmif;qkH;oufwef;&Sdjcif;jzpfayonf?
a-u;ndKypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyftokH;jyKaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ oHypPnf;rsm;udk
roda-umif;/ a-u;ndKypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyftokH;jyKaom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf oHESifh
tjcm;owWKypPnf;rsm;udk tokH;rjyKa-umif;/ ponfhtqdkrsm;onf ,kwWdr&Sday?
a-u;eDY oGwf/ tmqDepf/ tifwD
rdkeDESifh 'efowWKrsm;udk a&mpyfay;jcif;jzifh
a-u;ndKowWKa&mudk&&Sd.? a-u;ndKypPnf;
Ta-u;eDtprsm;onf bDpD 8000rS 10000 xkwfvkyfolonf oGwf/ tmpDepf/ tifwDrdk
ckESpftxd a[mif;EGrf;I/ ykwD;tjzpftokH;jyKcJh eDESifh 'efowWKrsm;udk od&Sdonfhjyif/ xdko
onf[k xif&.? xdkacwfu vlrsm;onf wWKwpfckcsif;udk t&nfaysmfaprnfh tylcsdef
a-u;eDowWK&dkif;udk &SmazGwl;az:xkwf,lI t &nfaysmfapjyD; aemufqkH;a&mpyfrnfhtdk;
‚if;udk -udKcsuftokH;jyKonfh twwfynm &Sd udkvnf; od&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? xdkowWKrsm;
-ua-umif; xif&Sm;.? udkvnf;&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? Ttodynm

25
 twwfynmrsm;r±SdbJ vdktyfonfhowWKa&mudk atmifjrifpGm xkwfvkyfEdkifrnf r[kwf
ay?
a-u;eDowWK&dkif;onf ausmufv$mtxyfrsm;wGif tr+efrsm;ESifhykHaqmifcJtoGifrsm;
jzifh wnf&Sdonf? ,if;udk obm0a-u;eD[kac:-uonf? a-u;eDudk tokH;jyKonfh vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;onf/ ausmufv$mrsm;t-um;±Sd Ta-u;eDr+efrsm;udk cGJjcm;od&ayrnf? xdk‹aemuf
ausmufv$mrsm;rS wl;az:,laqmifvmI -udKcsufppfxkwfwwf&ayrnf? ausmufESifh opf
om;rsm;jzifhom jyKvkyfxm;aom vufeufud&d,mrsm;jzifh Todk‹wl;az:xkwfvkyfEdkifrnf
r[kwfa-umif;rSm xif&Sm;aeayonf?
a-u;eDowWK&dkif;udk t&nfaysmfap&ef tylcsdef 1084 'D*&DpifwD*&dwf (1984 'D*&D
zg&if[dkuf)txd tylay;&.? vkHavmufIuef‹owfonfh avudkvnf;tpOfay;ae&.?
a-u;eDypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf vdktyfonfhtylay;wwfjyD;/ vdk
tyfaom owWK-udKtdk;rsm;/ -udKcGufrsm;ESifh rD;n‡yfrsm;&Sd&ayrnf?
Tum;/ a-u;eDowWK-udKcsufenf; tusOf;csKyfomjzpfygonf? a-u;eDonf yifudk
tm;jzifh aysmhajymif;aomowWKjzpfojzifh tylay;xm;ygu ‚if;udk c|efxufaomu&d,m
rsm;jzifh -um&SnfpGm udkifn‡yfxm;Ir&acs? xdk‹xufru/ oGwf/ 'efESifhtwl tjcm;owWK
rsm;udk xyfa&may;&efvnf;/ xdkowWKtoD;oD;wdk‹udk ay;&rnfhtylcsdefESifh udkifwG,fenf;
wdk‹onfvnf; wpfckcsif;twGuf uGJjym;jcm;em;ayonf? Ttcsufrsm;uyif/ owWKESifh
owWKa&m xkwfvkyfonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf vdktyfonfh tao;pdwftwwfynm&Sd&ay
rnf? xdkuJhodk‹aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ oHESifhoHypPnf;rsm;udk rawG‹&Sd tokH;rjyKwwf
ao; [laomtawG;onf vkH;0,kwWdr&Sdacs?

TowWKvkH;onf awmiftmz&duEdkifiHwGif awG‹&Sdonfh

ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm a[mif;jyDjzpfaom &maygif;
rsm;pGmaomypPnf;rsm;teuf wpfckjzpfonf? ykHpHwus
jzpfaeaom csdrfhta-umif;ESpfa-umif;onf/ obm0t
avsmuf tvdkvdkjzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwfEdkifay? TawG‹&Sd
csufonf/ vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;
upI/ vlwdk‹onf owWKay:wGif t&mta-umif;rsm; xGif;
Ed k i f - ujyD j zpf a -umif ; jyvsuf & S d . ?

1912ckESpfwGif OuUvm[dkrm;jynfe,f aomrwfjrdKŒrS jrLeDpDy,f

v#yfppfpuf&kHrS tvkyform;ESpfa,mufonf/ ausmufrD;aoG;wif
aepOf tokH;jyKEdkif&efxuf-uD;vGef;aeonfh ausmufrD;aoG;wkH;wpf
wkH;udk &dkufcGJvdkuf&m/ twGif;Y oHtdk;wpfvkH;udk awG‹-u.? xdktdk;
udk xkwf,lvdkufaomtcg/ ausmufrD;aoG;twGif;Y tdk;.ykHpHudk
twdkif;om; awG‹&ayonf? xdkausmufrD;aoG;udk ppfaq;-unfh&m/
oufwef;ESpfaygif; oef;aygif; 300 rS 325 txd&SdjyDjzpfa-umif;
awG‹&Sd&.? vlom;wdk‹onf bDpDouU&mZf 1200ckESpfavmufrS p
wifI oHudk tokH;jyKwwfonf[k qdkaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u
TawG‹&Sdcsufudk rnfodk‹r# &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd-uacs?

26
oufwef;ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdaom ypPnf;tydkif;tprsm;ESifh
ywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd
Pieces Millions of Years Old That Evolutionists Cannot Account For

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt&/ ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ausmfvGefcJh&onf

[k qdk.? Oyrm/ bufwD;&D,m;ydk;rsm;rSpI vlom;jzpfvmonfhtxd/ ESpfoef;
aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm -um&SnfcJhonf[k pdwful;,Of-u.? TZmwfvrf;wGif/ vlom;
onf qifhuJqifhuJajymif;vJvmcJh&mY/ vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 20000cef‹txd -um
anmif;cJhjyD[k qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ,ae‹wdkif xdkuJhodk‹zGH‹jzdK;ajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;udk
oufaocHEdkifonfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; wpfckwavr#yif rawG‹&Sdao;ay? trSefrSm/
xdkuJhodk‹ajymif;vJcJhjcif;rjzpfEdkifa-umif;udkom jyvsuf&Sd.?
tjcm;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;rSm/ oufwef; ESpfaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfh vlokH;
vufeufud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;ESifh qif,ifxkH;zGJ‹r+ qdkif&mypPnf;rsm;jzpfayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;oef;aygif; 50 rS 500 avmuftcsdefumv
udk -xdKifvdkbdkufacwf[k trnfay;xm;jyD;/ ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;ray:aygufao;aom
umv[k ac:xm;&m/ xdkacwfumvrS vlom;wdk‹ESifhoufqdkifonfh urBmajr-uD;
ay:wGif aygufzGm;qif;oufr+pdwful;,OftpOfpm&if;udk ra&;qGJEdkif-uawmhay? trSef
rSmvnf;/ olwdk‹u xdkodk‹aomtpOfpm&if;udk a&;qGJEdkif&efvnf; rjzpfEdkifacs? bk&m;
oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf/ vlom;rsm;jzpfay:vmjcif;Y/ tjcm;ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;udk
zefqif;ouJhodk‹ “jzpfap”[l aomtrdef‹jzifh zefqif;cJhjcif;a-umifhyif jzpf.? xdk‹
a-umifh/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf/ vGefcJhonfhESpf oef;aygif; 100u vlrsm;aexdkifpm;aomuf-u
olrsm;uJhodk‹aom vGefcJhonfhESpf oef;aygif; 500 u vlawG. ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
tavmif;rsm;udkvnf;/ wl;az:&&SdEdkifonfh tvm;tvm±Sdaeayonf? Avmewdˆ
tvsif;r&Sd&mrS t&mcyfodrf;udk zefqif;awmfrlaom tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf/ t&Sif
jrwftvkd&Sdawmfrlonfh rnfonfhouf&SdowW0grsdK;udkrqdk/ t&Sifjrwftvdk&Sdawmfrl
onfh rnfonfhordkif;acwfumv tcgor,wGifrqdk/ &Sdatmif zefqif;EdkifpGrf; &Sd
awmfrl.? Todk‹jyKvkyf&efrSm/ teEWwefcdk;tmEkabmfESifhjynfhpkHawmfrl aomtv†m[f
t&SifjrwftwGuf vG,fulaomudpPwpf&yfom jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0if0g'D
wdk‹onf/ TtrSefw&m;udk &SmIrawG‹rjrif-uacs? ,if;tcsufuyif olwdk‹twGuf
zefqif;jcif;. oufaoom"uudk xyfrHr&Sif;Edkif-ujcif;yif jzpfayonf? odyH`ynm
u y,fzsufjyD;jyDjzpfaom olwdk‹.vkyf-uHZmwfvrf;udkom jyefaumuf&efuvGJI t
jcm;a&G;p&mtajzr&Sd-uawmhay? odk‹aomfvnf; ae‹pOfESifhtr# aemufxyfwl;az:&&Sd
onfh oufaoom"utaxmuftxm;rsm;u olwdk‹. w&m;ao0g' tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&Dudk xyfrHIom acszsufvsuf&Sdayonf?

27
1852ckESpf ZGefv 5&ufae‹xkwf Scientific American r*~Zif;wGif
oufwef; ESpfaygif;wpfodef;&Sdaom owWKtdk;cGufwpfvkH;udk awG‹&Sd
&a-umif; owif;wpfyk'f a&;om;xm;onf? oGwfta&mifxGufae
jyD; aiGowWKtawmfrsm;rsm;yg0ifonf[kxif&aom owWKa&mwpf
rsdK;jzpfonf[k rSef;q&a-umif;/ ‚if;.tjyifydkif;rsufESmjyifrsm;Y
wdusjywfom;aom yef;cufyef;EG,fykHrsm; yg&Sda-umif;/ az:jyxm;
.? tvGefa&S;usonfhacwfrsm;wGif owWKrsm;udk tokH;rjyK-u[k
twnfwusajymonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u TawG‹&Sdcsufudk rnf
odk‹r# &Sif;rjyEdkif-uacs? TypPnf;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifonfhvlrsm;onf
owWKESifh owWKa&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyfudkifwGifEdkifonfh twwfynm
&Sd-ua-umif; xif&Sm;vsuf&Sd.?

TykHyg usDayG‹ESifhqkHwdk‹udk 1877 ckESpfwGif/ Table

Mountain ac:awmifatmuf&Sd a&S;a[mif;jrpfatmufajr
jyifwGif awG‹&SdcJh.? xdka&S;a[mif;jrpfatmufajrjyifonf
oufwef;ESpfaygif; 33 oef;&SdavjyD? vlom;wdk‹onf t
pOftjrJ vlom;tjzpf aexdkifaygufzGm;vmcJh-ua-umif;
taxmuftxm;jzpfayonf?

Tausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;bdeyfckHudk oufwef;ESpf 213 oef;

&Sd ausmufaqmifwGif;rS &cJhonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpfoef;
aygif;rsm;pGmwGif vlwdk‹onf bdeyfpD;cJh-u.? xdk‹a-umifh
t0wfvnf; 0wf-urnfrSm rvGJ{uefjzpf.? tcsuft
jyKwfqdkif&m,Ofaus;r+ESifhvlr+qufqHa&;,Ofaus;r+-uG,f
0cJh-uavjyD? TykHudk 1922ckESpf e,l;a,mufowif;pm
wGif ykHESdyfcJhayonf? vlom;wdk‹.ordkif;qdkif&m tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&Dudkacszsufonfh Todk‹aomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;u/ 0Sufxm;jcif; odk‹r[kwf *&krpdkuf
jcif; jyKcJh-uayonf?
vl‹rsufESmESifhwlaomykHudk oufwef;ESpfaygif; 3oef;&Sd
onfh rD;cwfausmufwGif xGif;xm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&.? rD;
cwfausmufwGif nDnmaomtaygufrsm;xGif;&ef tifr
wef cufcJayonf? txl;pDrHxm;aom vufeufud&d,m
rsm;vdktyf.? Tvuf&monf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm; ajym
avh&Sdonfh acwfaemufusonfh a&S;a[mif;tajctae
wGif jyKvkyf&ef rjzpfEdkifay?

28
 rnfodk‹yifjzpfap/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;wl;az:awG‹&Sd csufrsm;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹
. a&S;a[mif;vlom;wdk‹onf owWKrsm;udk tokH;rjyKwwfao;a-umif;[laomwifjycsuf
onf rSm;,Gif;a-umif;udk jyovsuf&Sdayonf? xdkoufaoom"ursm;wGif/ oufwef;ESpf
aygif; wpfodef;&SdonfhowWKtdk;/ oufwef;ESpfaygif; 3oef;eD;yg;&Sd owWKvkH;rsm;/ ouf
wef;ESpfaygif;oef;300cef‹&SdjyD[k cef‹rSef;&aomoHtdk;/ oufwef;ESpfaygif; 27000&Sdaom
ajrap; wGifuyfaeonfh t0wftxnfprsm;/ vGefcJhonfh r-umao;rDtcsdefurS atmif
jrifpGmt&nfaysmfatmifxkwfvkyfEdkifonfh rufeDqD,rfESifh yvmwDerfowWKrsm;. tp
tersm;udk oufwef;ESpfaygif; axmifaomif;ru&Sdonfh ypPnf;rsm;ESifhtwl awG‹&Sd&jcif;/
ponfwdk‹ yg0ifayonf? T-udK;-um;awG‹&SdcJhaomypPnf;rsm;u/ ausmuf-urf;acwf/
tacsmowfausmufacwf/ a-u;ndKacwf/ oHacwf ponfh cGJjcm;xm;jcif;rsm;udk vkH;0acs
zsufvdkufayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk acszsufonfh ,if;uJhodk‹aom
oufaotaxmuftxm;pmayrsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DodyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u *&krpdkuf ypfy,f
xm;cJhjcif; odk‹r[kwf jywdkufajratmufcef;rsm;Y 0Sufxm;v#dKxm;jcif;rsm;jyKcJh-uykHay:
ygonf? xdkodk‹aom trSefw&m;udk jyqdkonfhtcsuftvufrsm;tpm;/ qef;jym;onfh
tDAdkvl;&Sif;vl‹ordkif;ykHjyifrsm;udkom wifjycJh-uayonf?

tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif
,Ofaus;aomb0twdkif; aexdkifvmcJh-u.
Believers Have Led Civilized Lives Throughout History
vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf w&m;vrf;rSefjyo&ef w
refawmfrsm;udk apv$wfcJhayonf? vltcsdKŒwdk‹onf
xdkwrefawmfrsm;udk vdkufemum wpf yg;wnf;
aomtv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif; ouf0if,kH
-unf-uI/ usefolwdk‹onf tv†m[ft &Sifjrwfudk
jiif;y,f-u.? TurBmavmuwGif vlom;rsm;
yxrOD;qkH;pwif azgufzGm;onfhtcsdef rSpI/
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. Asm'dwfawmfrsm;jzifh/ udk,f
usifhw&m;oDvaqmufwnfjcif;ESifh rSefuefonfh
bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsufudk oif,lqnf; yl;
vmcJh-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u
a±S;a[mif;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf wpfyg;wnf;
aomzefqif;±Sifbk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sif jrwfudk
,kH-unfudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;r&Sd[k qdk jcif;onf
rrSefuefay? (Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI Tpm
tkyf.a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif ydkrdkt ao;pdwf
az:jyygrnf)?
rSefuefaombmomt,l0g'ESifht,l uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ vl‹ordkif;w
onf;r+rsm;onf/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH; av#mufwGif vlwdk‹xHodk‹ wrefawmfrsm;udk ap
wGif ,ae‹acwfuJhodk‹ tpOf'GHwGJcJh-u v$wfawmfrlI/ w&m;"rRrsm;udk oif-um;ydk‹cscJh
onf? ouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf t onfhta-umif; rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf?
pOfojzifh bmoma&;wm0efrsm;udk
tv†m[f t&Sifjrwf. trdef‹awmft
wdkif; xrf;aqmifcJh-u.?
29
 vlom;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf (rlvu)wpfoif; wpfzGJ‹wnf; jzpfcJh-u.? t"Gef‹
umv&Snf-umvwfaomf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf eADwrefawmfrsm;udk yDwd aomre\
0rf;ajrmufbG,f&mr*Fvmowif; ay;ydk‹olrsm;tjzpfjzifh‚if;/ owd ay;Ed+;aqmfaomolrsm;
tjzpfjzifh‚if;/ apv$wfawmfrlavonf? xdk‹jyifw0 vlom;wdk‹tcsif;csif; uGJjym;vsuf&Sd
aomjy\em&yfrsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfay;awmfrltHhaomiSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdkeAD
wrefawmfrsm;ESifhtwl rSefuefaomusrf;*eftoD;oD;wdk‹udkvnf; xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;
tyfawmfrlcJhavonf? (rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufr#) uGJjym;onfr&Sdacs? xdkusrf;*efudk
&&Sdaomolrsm;omv#if rdrdwdk‹xH xif&Sm;aomtrSwftom;vuQ%mawmfrsm; a&muf&Sd
vmjyD;onfhaemufwGif rdrdwdk‹tcsif;csif; rvdkrkefxm;axmifv$m;jcif;a-umifh xdkusrf;*efS
ESifhpyfvsOf;I uGJjym;vm-uav.? xdktcg(aemufqkH;Y) tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrd
tvdkawmfjzifh vlom;wdk‹uGJjym;vsuf&Sdaomjy\emrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I ,kH-unf jcif;o'Ng
w&m;&Sdukefaomrktfrifwdk‹tm; w&m;vrf;rSefudk n$ef-um;jyoawmf rlavonf?
{ueftrSef tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rdrdESpfjrKdŒawmfrlaomolwdk‹udk ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaom
w&m;vrf;odk‹ n$ef-um;jyo ydk‹aqmifawmfrlavownf;? (pl&mtvfbuU&m[f 2;213)
aemufxyf tm,wfawmfwpfydk'fwGif/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckpDodk‹ eADwrefawmfwpf
yg;pDudk apv$wfawmfrlI/ w&m;"rRvrf;rSefudk vdkufemusifhokH;-u&eftvdk‹iSm owday;E+d;
aqmfapcJha-umif; az:jyxm;awmfrl.?
===pifppfaomfum; omoem0iftkyfpkwdkif;Yyif owday;E+d;aqmfolwpfOD; yGifh
a&mufcJhonfom jzpf.? (pl&m zgwGD&f 35;24)
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu/ vlwdk‹xH eADwref
awmfrsm;udk apv$wfI w&m;vrf;rSef usrf;*efrsm;
udk ydk‹cscJhaomfvnf;/ tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹onf vGJrSm;
pGmem;vnf-uojzifh w&m;a'oemvrf;rSefudk
ausmcdkif;I tjcm;t,lonf;jcif;jzpfonfh t,l0g
'rsm;odk‹ vrf;vGJoGm;-uum rdpm>'d@drsm; jzpfoGm;
-uavonf? xdkolwdk‹onf ajr-uD;udkvnf;
aumif;/ ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/
pENmvrif; odk‹r[kwf ol&d,aerif;udkvnf;
aumif;/ ausmuf/ owWKodk‹r[kwf opfom;rsm;jzifh
jyKvkyfxGif;xkxm;aom ewfqdk;&kyfrsm;udkvnf;
aumif;/ udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-u.? tcsdKŒrSmrlum;
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. xl;jcm;r+udk od&Sdem;vnf-u
aomfvnf;/ xdkt&SifjrwfESifh'GHwGJI tjcm;t&m
rsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uolrsm;vnf; &Sd.?
odk‹yifjim;vnf;/ t&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹xHodk‹ eAD
wrefawmfrsm;udk apv$wfI/ olwdk‹. rSm;,Gif;
,ae‹tcsdefwGifyif a&S;acwfrsm; aom t,l0g'rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfjyD; rSefuefaom
rSmuJhodk‹ t,lonf;olrsm;onf/ bmomt,l0g'twdkif; aexdkifusifh-uH-u&ef w
&kyfxkrsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
ae-uayonf? &m;a'oemydk‹csawmfrlayonf? vl‹ordkif;w
av#mufvkH;wGif/,kH-unfr+o'Ngw&m; &Sdolrsm; &Sd
-uovdk/ vrf;v$JoGm;olrsm;vnf; &Sd-uayonf?

30
 vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tDrmef&Sdouf0if,kH-unfI/ wrefawmfrsm;.
oGefoifcsuftwdkif; aexdkifolwdk‹onf ,Ofaus;aomtajctaejzifh tqifhjrifhonfhb0
jzifh aexdkifcJh-uayonf? wrefawmfrsm;jzpfaom El;[f/ tDA&m[ifrf/ ,lqGzf/ rlqm
(arm&S,f)ESifh qlvdkifrmef(aqmvrGef) (tvdkif[krfqvmrf)wdk‹.acwfrsm;Y/ ,ae‹acwf
uJhodk‹yif acwfrSDaumif;rGefaomvlr+a&;pepfatmufwGif aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uayonf?
acwfwdkif;wGif tDrmef,kH-unfr+o'Ngw&m;&Sdolwdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;
c0yf0wfjyKjcif;/ OykofoDvaqmufwnfjcif;/ t&SifjrwfowfrSwfxm;aom abmift
wGif;Yom aexdkifusifh-uHjcif;&Sd-uI/ oef‹&Sif;I tjypf'kp&dkufrSuif;&Sif;onfhb0jzifh ae
xdkif-uayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ,kH-unfudkif;±+dif;aom olawmf
aumif;wdk‹. oef‹&Sif;qkH;ESifhtaumif;qkH;b0jzifh aexdkifcJh-ua-umif;udk ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u az:xkwfxm;ayonf? wrefawmfrsm;ESifh trSefwu,f,kH-unfr+
o'Ngw&m;&Sdolwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&SifjrwfESpfoufaom trltusifhrsm;twdkif; aexdkift
ouf&SifcJh -uayonf?
eDrf&l'fbk&if.vufxufwGif twwfynmenf;ynmwdk;wufr+tm;vkH;udk wref
awmftdAf&m[Drf (tvdkifa[hqvmrf)ESifh tv†m[ft&SifjrwfwGif ouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹u
taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzifh tokH;jyKcJh-uavonf? zg&dk;bk&if.vufxufrS enf;ynm
rsm;udkvnf; wrefawmf,lqGzf/ wrefawmfrlqmESifh wrefawmf[m&Gef(tvdkif[krfq
vmrf)ESifh aemufvdkufom;wdk‹udk tusdK;aqmifcJhI/ xdkolwdk‹onfvnf; rSefuefonfh ouf

jyifopfyef;csDq&m a&;qGJxm;aom aqmvrGefbk&ifESifh &SDbmrdzk&m;ykH

31
0if,kH-unfolrsm; jzpf-uayonf? wrefawmf qlvdkifrmef(tvdkifa[hqvmrf). vuf
xufrS ydokumqdkif&mtqifhjrifhaomenf;ynmrsm;udkvnf; taumif;qkH;todw&m;&Sd&Sd
tokH;cscJh-uayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu wrefawmfqlvdkifrmeftm; ay;oem;awmfrl
cJhonfh OpPm"ecsrf;om-uG,f0r+rsm;udkvnf; aemifacwftqufquftxd csD;rGrf;I
rqkH;jzpf-uayonf?
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;odef;oef;ruaom acwfumvESifh ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwfwGif
toufxif&Sm;aexdkif-uolrsm; ydkifqdkifaom todynmtwwfynmrsm;onf tv†m[ft
&Sifjrwfu ay;oem;awmfrlaom aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;jzpfa-umif;udk rarhtyfay? vGefcJh
onfh ESpfaygif;odef;aygif;rsm;pGmwGif -uD;us,fonfh,Ofaus;r+acwf wnfaqmufcJh-uol
rsm;/ ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;rsm;pGmu ausmufeH&Hrsm;wGif vSyonfhyef;csDrsm;qGJxm;cJhol
rsm;/ yD&rpfaqmufvkyfcJh-uolrsm;/ {&mr-uD;rm;aomausmufarmfuGef;wdkifrsm;udk
aqmufvkyfcJh-uolrsm;/ yD&l;EdkifiH&Sd tjrifhrm;qkH;aomawmifxdyfwGif -uD;us,fcef;em;
onfh taqmufttkHrsm;udk aqmufvkyfcJh-uolrsm;/ ponfwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu
oif-um;xnfhoGif;ay;aomOm%ftpGrf;rsm;jzifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJh-ujcif; jzpfayonf? ,
ae‹tcsdefwGif/ y&rm%kjrLrsm;udk avhvmae-uolrsm;/ tmumoodk‹ 'kH;,mOfrsm;udk
toGm;tjyefypfv$wfae-uolrsm;/ uGefjyLwmy&dk*&rf/ uGefjyLwmn$ef-um;csufrsm;udk
a&;om;olrsm;/ ponfwdk‹onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. oabmwlnDvdkvm;csufjzifh vkyf
aqmifEdkif-ujcif; jzpfayonf? vlom;rsm;pwifzefqif;cH&onfhae‹rSpI &&SdydkifqdkifvmcJh
aom todynmtcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;onf/ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrS aumif;csD;
r*Fvm jzpfayonf? vlom;wdk‹ wnfaqmufvmcJh-uaom ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdkif;onf
vnf;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. aqmif&GufcsufawGcsnf; jzpfayonf?
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;udk Avmewˆd tvsif;r&Sd&mrS zefqif;xm;I/ T
urBmavmuwGif touf&SifaepOf ol‹tm;prf;oyfayonf? aumif;csD;r*Fvmtjzmjzmwdk‹
onf/ prf;oyfcsufyifjzpf.? olwdk‹&&Sdydkifqkdifxm;aom ,Ofaus;r+acwf/ enf;ynmESifh
tpGrf;tptrsdK;rsdK;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfrS &&Sdjcif;jzpfa-umif;od&Sd-uojzifh
t&Sifjrwftm; aus;Zl;wif-uayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfuvnf; aumif;csD;r*Fvm wdk;
I ay;oem;awmfrl.?
xdkrSwyg; t-uiftcg0,f toifwdk‹tm; zefqif;arG;jrLawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf
onf tu,fI toifwdk‹onf aus;Zl;awmfudk odwwfcJh-uv#if/ trSefyif igt
&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tm; wdk;IcsD;jr‡ifhay;oem;awmfrlrnfjzpfa-umif;/ odk‹&m
wGif tu,fIomtoifwdk‹onf aus;Zl;uef;cJh-uonf&Sdaomf/ {uefrvGJ igt
&Sifjrwf. jypf'%fonf jyif;xefvSa-umif;/ odapawmfrlavownf;?
(pl&mtdAf&m[Drf 14;7)
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf/ t&Sifjrwfudk &dkaoudkif;±+dif;aom aus;u|efrsm;udk Tu
rBmavmuESifh aemifwrvGefb0 ESpfXmepvkH;wGif/ {csrf;om,maomb0udk ay;oem;
awmfrl.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ ,if;udpPESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹
jrGwfxm;awmfrl.?
rnfolrqdk a,musfm;jzpfap/ rdef;rjzpfap aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvudk usifhrl
aqmufwnfcJhaomf/ ‚if;jyif xdkolonf rktfrifefouf0if,kH-unfolvnf;jzpfcJh
aomf rvGJ{uef igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkoltm; oef‹&Sif;pif-u,faomtouf&Sif

32
 jcif;rsdK;jzifh touf&Sifapawmfrlayrnf? xdkrSwyg;/ rkcspifppf igt&Sifjrwfonf
xdkolwdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹.tusdK;udk ‚if;wdk‹usifhrlaqmufwnfvsuf&SdcJh-uukefaom
aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvESifh avsmfnDpGm ay;qyfawmfrlayrnf?
(pl&mtvfe[fvf 16;97)
Ttm,wfawmf. o&kyfoueftjzpf/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif aexdkifcJh-u
aomrGwfpvifrfwdk‹onf/ taumif;qkH;acwfwGif/ {csrf;om,mr+jynfh0qkH;b0tjzpf ae
xdkifcJh-uayonf? tcsdKŒaomolrsm;udkrl/ cufcJr+rsm;ESifh prf;oyfjcif;cH-u&ayrnf? odk‹
aomfvnf;/ ‚if;tcuftcJrsm;onf ,Ofaus;r+r&SdbJ -uifemoem;jcif;uif;rJhaom urBm
OD;acwfb0tajctaewGif touf&SdaecJh-uonf[k t"dy`g,froufa&mufacs? TurBm
ay:Yrnfr#yifcsrf;om-uG,f0I rnfr#yifwdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r+acwf&Sdolrsm;/ tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,folrsm;/ aumif;rGefaomudk,fusifhw&m;r&Sdolrsm;/ ponfwdk‹onf/
aemufqkH;wGif pdwfysufjcif;jzifhom tqHk;owfcJh-uayonf? xdk‹xufru/ trsm;tjym;
aomolwdk‹onfvnf;/ ,ae‹umvrS vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;xuf enf;ynmtwwfynmrsm;
ydkrdkwdk;wufcJh-uolrsm; jzpfayrnf? Tta-umif;ESifhywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf
wGif/ az:jyxm;ayonf?
‚if;wdk‹onf urBmajr0,f vSnfhvnfoGm;
vmjcif; rjyKcJh-uavoavm/ odk‹vSnfh
vnfoGm;vm-uv#if/ ‚if;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹
tvsif&SdcJh-uaom a&S;vla[mif;wdk‹.
aemufqkH;tusdK;onf rnfodk‹rnfykH jzpfcJh
onfudk awG‹jrif-uayrnf?
xdka&S;vla[mif;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹xuf cGef
tm;Av -uD;rm;awmifhwif;olrsm;jzpf-u
onfhjyif ‚if;wdk‹onf ajrudk Tolrsm;
pnfyifom,matmif jyKvkyf-uonfxuf
tvGefrsm;jym;pGm ydkrdkxGef,ufpdkufjydK;I
pnfyifom,matmif jyKvkyfcJh-uukef.?
xdkrSwyg; ‚if;wdk‹xHodk‹vnf; ‚if;wdk‹. &
plvfwrefawmfrsm;onf xif&Sm;vSpGmaom
oufaovuQ%m wefcdk;jymËd[mrsm;ESifh
wuG a&muf&SdvmcJh-uukef.? pifppfaomf
um; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tm;
rw&m; ESdyfpufn‡Of;qJawmfrlcJhonf r
[kwfay? odk‹&mwGif ‚if;wdk‹udk,fwdkif rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk rw&m;ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;cJh-uay
onf? (pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;9)

33
 ,Ofaus;r+tqifhqifhpkaqmif;vmjcif;onf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOftaxmuftxm;r[kwf
Cultural Accumulation Is No Evidence of Any Evolutionary Process
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ yxrOD;qkH;vlom;rsm;onf arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vlwpf0uf
jzpf-uI/ tcsdef-umjrifhvmaomtcg olwdk‹.todOm%fESifhudk,fum,rsm; zGH‹jzdK;vm-u
&m/ pGrf;aqmifr+t&nftcsif;opfrsm; &&SdvmcJh-u&if;/ ,Ofaus;r+acwfwnfaqmuf-u
onf[k qdk-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh ,Ofaus;r+onf qufvufay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdk.?
Ttqdkonf/ odyH`ynmenf;usus taxmuftxm;r&Sdaomfvnf;/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.urBmOD;
bdk;ab;rsm;onf wd&p>mefuJhodk‹ aexdkifpm;aomufcJh-uI/ aemifwGif vlom;ppfppfjzpf
vmaomumvodk‹a&muf&SdrSomv#if/ olwdk‹.todOm%fESifhudk,fum,rsm; zGH‹jzdK;vm-u
ojzifh ,SOfaus;r+xkH;"avhrsm;udk wDxGifrSwfom;vmcJh-uonf[kqdk.? wudk,fvkH;
tarG;rsm;aygufaejyD; wd&pm>efom;a&rsm;udkjcHKum rD;arG;&ef-udK;pm;ae-uykH/ owfcgp
om;aumifudk ykcHk;ay:wifI acsmif;urf;ab;wGif ukH;uGuGvrf;av#mufaeykH/ odk‹r[kwf
ol.taz:rsm;udk toH[def;jzifh qufoG,f&ef-udK;pm;aeykH/ ponfhpdwful;,OfurBmOD;
vlrsm;.ykHudk wDxGifa&;qGJI odyH`enf;rusaomtqdkudk wifjy-uayonf?
ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rSwfwrf;u TaxG&mpdwful;udk axmufcHjcif;vkH;0r&Sdacs?
odyH`ynmawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u/ vlom;onf Avmewˆd tvsif;r&Sd&mrS zefqif;cH&onfhtcsdef
rSpI tpOftjrJ vlom;tjzpfomv#if touf&SifaexdkifaygufzGm;vmcJha-umif;udk n$efjy
vsuf&Sdayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;vl‹jzpfpOftqifhqifhudk ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsuf wpfck
rS axmufcHjcif;r&Sday? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u vlom;rsm;pum;ajymjcif;udk pwifwwf
ajrmufvmonf[k qdkaomacwfumvwGif/ vlom;rsm;onf rD;zdkacsmifrsm;±SdI rdom;pk
ESifhtwl aexdkif-ua-umif; xif&Sm;pGmod&Sd&ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u vlom;rsm;
taejzifh tEkynmudk rodem;rvnfao;[kqdkaomacwfrS qif,ifxkH;zGJ‹r+ypPnf;rsm;ESifh
yef;csDa&;qJG&mwGif tokH;jyKonfhaq;rsm;udk a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;okawoevkyfief;rsm;u
wl;az:&&Sdxm;ayonf? a±S‹vmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif O'g[&keftajrmuftjrm;ESifhwGJzufI
tao;pdwf xyfrHaqG;aEG;-uygrnf?
ausmufESifhopfom;rsm;udkom tokH;jyKonfhacwfwGif r,Ofaus;ao;aomacwf
r[kwfacs? tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfolwdk‹onf/ tpOftjrJ t0wftxnf0wfqifjcif;/ yef;
uef tdk;cGufZGef;c&if;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh vlom;. aeykHxdkifykHb0ESifh avsmfnDpGm
aexdkifcJh-uayonf? vlom;wdk‹onf/ tpOfojzifh vlom;qefqeftajctaejzpfaom
ajymqdkqufqHjcif;/ tdrf,maqmufvkyfaexdkifjcif;ESifh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk xkwfvkyf
jcif;/ ponfwdk‹&SdcJh-uayonf? vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif aq;ukoonfh orm;awmf
rsm;/ pmoifay;onfh tmp&d,q&morm;rsm;/ pufcsKyfq&mrsm;/ aqmufvkyfa&;tif*sif
eD,mrsm;/ ydokumrsm;ESifh tEkynm±Sifrsm; &SdcJh-uI/ vlr+a&;pepfudk wnfaqmufcJh-u
ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.aphaqmfr+jzifh/ usdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;ESifh owdw&m;
&Sdolwdk‹onf/ TurBmajr-uD;ay:wGif t&Sifjrwf.aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;udk taumif;qkH;
enf;jzifh tokH;cs-uayonf?
enf;ynmwdk;wufvmonfESifhtr#/ vlwdk‹onfvnf; todOm%fynm tcsuft
vufrsm; ydkrdkpkaqmif;rSwfom;xm;Edkif-uayrnf? twwfynmenf;ynmtrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;
vJvmjcif;onfvnf; "rRwmyifjzpf.? rsufarSmuftajctaeay:wGifrlwnfI/ ud&d,m

34
wefqmyvmtopftqef;rsm;onfvnf; &Sdvm&rnfjzpfonf? odyH`ynmqdkif&mawG‹&Sd
csufrsm;&Sdayrnf? ,Ofaus;r+ajymif;vJjcif;vnf; &Sdrnfjzpf.? xdkuJhodk‹todynm/
twwfynm enf;ynmrsm;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmjcif;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk n$efjy
jcif;r[kwfay?
todOm%fynmtcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwfom;pkaqmif;jcif;onf obm0twdkif;
omv#ifjzpfayonf? vlwpfa,mufonf ynmoif,laepOf tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfv$m;
&ayrnf? rlvwef;ausmif;/ tv,fwef;ausmif;/ txufwef;ausmif;ESifh aemufqkH;wGif
wuUodkvftqifhrsm;[lI ausmfv$m;&ayrnf? tu,fI vlwpfa,mufonf/ ol.b0
wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tawG‹t-uHKtrsdK;rsdK;udk rSwfom;pkaqmif;xm;ayrnf? vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;wGifvnf; xdkuJhodk‹aom ajymif;vJr+&Sd&ayrnf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. vdktyfcsufESifh
udkufnDonfh topftopfaomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;onfvnf; &Sd&ayrnf? topftopfaom
vufeufud&d,mwefqmyvmwdk‹udkvnf; wDxGiftokH;jyKI aemufvdkufvmonfh rsdK;
qufwdk‹u qufvufjyD;rGef;rH-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; TuJhodk‹aom ajymif;vJjcif;
onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+r[kwfay? obm0. a&G;cs,fr+t& rsdK;ADZ-udK;-um;
ajymif;vJaejcif;vnf; r[kwfay?

35
 ,Ofaus;r+onf qkwf,kwfjcif;
ESifhtwl wdk;wufjcif;vnf;&Sd.
Civilizations Retreat As Well As Advance
'g0if0g'u/ vlom;ESifh vlom;wdk‹wGif&Sdaom,Ofaus;r+onf/ atmufusqkH;t
ajccHrSpI urBmOD;tqifh/ vlrsdK;tqifhESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwftqifh[lI tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;
ausmfv$m;wdk;wufcJhonf[k owfrSwfxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u/ vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ tpueOD;uwnf;u wdk;wufonfh ,Of
aus;r+rsm;ESifh rwdk;wufao;bJacwfaemufusaeao;onfh ,Ofaus;r+rsm; jydKifwl,SOf
wGJay:aygufvmcJha-umif; az:jyaeayonf? trSefrSm/ urBmajr-uD;ay:wGif csrf;om-uG,f
0qkH;,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;&SdcJhovdk/ wjydKifwnf;wGif acwfaemufusonfh ,Ofaus;r+acwf
rsm;onfvnf; &Sdayonf? vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ wpfacwfwnf;wGif ay:ayguf-u
onfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;trsm;tm;jzifh/ ,ae‹rsufarSmufacwfrSmuJhodk‹/ twwfynm/ tod
ynmESifh enf;ynmrsm;t&/ tvGefjcm;em;uGm[aom vlr+qufqHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;r+rsm;
&Sdayonf? Oyrm/ ajrmuftar&duwdkufEdkifiHrsm;onf/ aq;ynm/ odyH`ynm/ ydokum
ynmESifh enf;ynmrsm;wGif tvGeftrif;wdk;wufaeaomfvnf;/ awmiftar&duwdkuf
EdkifiHtcsdKŒwGif jyifyurBmESifh tquftoG,fr&SdbJ enf;ynmtm;jzifh acwfaemufusae
ao;onfudkvnf; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? urBmhEdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;rS aq;&kHrsm;wGif/ a&m*g
rsm;udk ykH&dyfaz:onfh tjrifhrm;qkH;enf;ed\,rsm;ESifh pdwfjzmavhvmenf;rsm;udk tokH;
jyKI ukoae-u.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ urBmhtydkif;wpfydkif;wGifrl a&m*grsm;onf raumif;
qkd;0g; ewfrdpm>pkef;ya,m*rsm;a-umifhjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfojzifh/ xdkpkef;ya,m*ewf
qdk;rsm;udk armif;ESifonfh tcef;tem;rsm; jyKvkyfae-uayonf? a±S;vGefcJhonfh bDpD
ouU&mZf 3000 ausmfavmufu tdENKa'o/ tD*spfESifh plrm,Ofaus;r+acwfrS vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;wdk‹onf/ ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwf&Sd tcsdKŒa'orsm;rS vlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh zGH‹jzdK;jyD;[kqdkaom
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;xuf tzufzufwGif Ed+if;,SOfIr&Edkifavmufatmif ajrmufjrm;pGm zGH‹
jzdK;wdk;wufcJh-uayonf? ,if;tcsufrsm;uyif/ vlom;wdk‹onf/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;
wGif/ tzGH‹jzdK;qkH;twdk;wufqkH;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onf acwfaemufusaeao;aom
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifhtwlwuG aexdkifaygufzGm;Edkif-ua-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sdayonf?
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckonf/ 20&mpkESpfrS vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;tcsdKŒxuf rsm;pGmwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;cJh-uayrnf? xdk‹a-umifh vlom;wdk‹onf tDAdkvl;
&Sif;jzpfpOftwdkif; urBmOD;acwfrSpIf ,Ofaus;r+acwftxd wpfpwpfpajymif;vJwdk;
wufzGH‹jzdK;vmcJh-ujcif;r[kwfa-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ vlom;wdk‹.vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI tzufzuf
wdk;wufr+ &SdcJhayonf? txl;ojzifh odyH`ynmESifhenf;ynmt&yf&yfwGif -uD;us,faom
zGH‹jzdK;r+&SdcJhayonf? ,if;wdk;wufr+rsm;rSm/ ,Ofaus;r+ESifh tawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk pkaqmif;I

36
37
vufqifhurf;cJh-ujcif;a-umifhjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ Tajymif;vJr+rsm;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;
0g'Drsm;ESifh &kyf0g'Dwdk‹ajymovdk/ vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;onf wpfpwpfptvdktavsmuf
qifhuJajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;onf usdK;a-umif;nDnGwfjcif;r&Sdonfh
jyif/ odyH`enf;vnf;rusay? ypPKy`efacwfwGifaexdkifaygufzGm;vsuf&Sdaom vlom;rsm;ESifh
a&S;ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;rsm;pGmuvlom;rsm;onf/ tpGrf;tptm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ OD;
aESmufOm%ftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ jcm;em;csufr&Sday? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.OD;aESmufydkrdk-uD;xGm;zGH‹
jzdK;aoma-umifh 21&mpkESpf ,Ofaus;r+acwfonf ydkrdkwdk;wufjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;
onf rSm;,Gif;aomtjrif jzpfayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. twif;0g'jzef‹r+&vm'fom
jzpfayonf? trSefrSm/ tifrwefuGmjcm;aoma'orSvlrsm;onf/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh jcm;em;
aomcH,lcsufESifh jcm;em;aom,Ofaus;r+ &SdEdkifayonf? -opaw;vswdkufrS wdkif;&if;om;
wpfa,mufonf tar&duefEdkifiHrS odyH`ynm&SifwpfOD;avmuf ynmrwwfojzifh/ xdk-o
paw;vswdkif;&if;om;.OD;aESmufodk‹r[kwf Om%fxufjrufjcif;onf vkHavmufpGmzGH‹jzdK;
r+r&Sdao;[k ,lqIr&acs? xdkuJhodk‹aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif arG;zGm;-uD;jyif;vmaom
olwdk‹onf/ v#yfppf "gwf&Sdjcif;udkyif rodrjrifbl;ao;v#ifvnf;&Sdayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf;
xdkolwdk‹onf Om%fxufjrufjcif; &Sd-uayonf?
xdk‹xufru/ &mpkESpfwpfckjyD;wpfcktwGif; vlwdk‹.vdktyfcsufrsm; jcm;em;r+&Sd
ayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.zuf&Siftqifhrsm;onf/ a&S;tD*spftrsdK;om;wdk‹ESifh rwlnDay? odk‹
aomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk‹.OD;aESmufOm%fESifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk‹u ydkrdkzGH‹jzdK;jcif; r[kwfacs? 21
&mpkESpf,Ofaus;r+acwf.oauFwrsm;rSm rdk;ar#mfwdkuf-uD;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ a&S;a[mif;
tD*spfacwf. wdk;wufr+oauFwrsm;rSm yD&rpfESifhpzifhZfausmuf&kyfrsm;jzpfcJh.?
ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufrSm/ xdktcsufrsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:onfh ±+axmifhjzpfonf?
wiful;rSef;qxm;onfh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;zGH‹jzdK;r+tawG;tac:jzifh t"dy`g,faz:rnfholwpfOD;t
wGuf/ &&Sdonfhtcsuftvuftm;vkH;udk olvdk&mbufodk‹vdkufI t"dy`g,faz:vdrfhrnfom
jzpfonf? ol.tqdkudk rSefuefa-umif;wifjyEdkif&eftwGuf pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;rsm;jzifh
taxmuftuljyK&ef -udK;pm;vdrfhrnf? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;tptersm;udk tajccHI/ xdk
a'owGif aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uolrsm;. ae‹pOfb0/ oGm;vmv+yf&Sm;ykH/ tdrfaxmifrdom;
pkykHpHESifh vlr+qufqHa&;ponfh tao;pdwfudpPrsm;udk olk.wiful;rSef;qxm;aom t
awG;tac:ESifh udkufnDatmif wDxGifvdrfhrnf? xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;t&dk;tydkif;tprsm;
ESifh oufqdkifonfh vlrsm;onf/ wnfhwnfhrwfwyf&yfEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;bJ ukef;ukef;uGuG
ESifh oGm;vmv+yf&Sm;I/ wpfudk,fvkH;tarG;rsm;xlxyfvsuf pum;rajymwwfao;ojzifh
tcsif;csif;toH[def;rsm;jzifhom qufoG,f-uonfh ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;udkom
tokH;jyKwwfao;onfh vlom;tjynfht0rjzpfojzpf vlom;avmif;rsm;jzpfonf[k t"d
y`g,faz:vdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹t"dy`g,faz:jcif;onf/ odyH`enf;usonfh tcsuftvufrsm;u
axmufcHaejcif;r[kwfbJ/ ol.tawG;tac:u vdktyfaejcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?
trSefrSm &&SdcJhaomtcsuftvufrsm;onf xdkodk‹aomZmwfvrf;udk n$efjyjcif;
vkH;0r&Sday? TuJhodk‹ 0dk;wdk;0g;wm;txiftjrifrSm;aponfhykHrsm;onf 'g0if0g'Dpdwfae
pdwfxm;rsm;rS ay:aygufvmjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
rsufarSmufumvwGif/ xdkacwfrsm;rSausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;/ xGif;xkxm;aom
ausmufrsm;ESifhausmuf*leH&Hrsm;wGif a&;qGJxm;aomyef;csDrsm;/ ponfhom"ursm;udk t
ao;pdwfavhvmppfaq;I t"dy`g,faz:xm;onfhtcsufrsm;onf/ txufwGifay;cJhonfh

38
OyrmESifh jcm;em;r+r&Sday? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u olwdk‹. tawG;tac:udk
bufvdkufIom t"dy`g,faz:ae-uao;onf? olwkd‹. pdwful;,Oftwdkif; az:jyonfh&kyf
ykHrsm;onfvnf; r*~Zif;ESifhowif;pmtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹. pmrsufESmrsm;udk wefqmqif
vsuf&SdaeqJjzpfonf?

39
 ,ae‹vuf&SdacwfrS vlodtrsm;qkH;tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DwpfOD;jzpfol vl0pfvDuDu wD
xGifa&;om;xm;aom/ olwdk‹tac:urBmOD;vlom;.ae‹pOfb0Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk -unfh
-uygpdk‹?
vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; okH;aomif;ausmfavmufu/ ausmuf*lwpfcktxJrS tjzpftysufawGudk
&yf-unfhaeEdkifonf[k acwWaemufqkwfawG;-unhf-uygpdk‹?
ausmufacwfvlwpfa,mufonf awmif-um;v#dKwpfckwav#muf vrf;av#mufqif;vm&m/
awmifurf;yg;ausmufaqmifwGif cdkatmif;aexdkifEdkifonfh ae&mwpfckudk awG‹vdkufonf? xdk
ausmuf*lwGif tjcm;ausmufacwftdrfaxmifpk &Sdaeygu ol.usL;ausmfr+udk rvdkvm;ojzifh
tEW&m,fay;Edkifayonf? odk‹r[kwf jcaoFhwpfaumifaomfvnf;aumif;/ 0uf0Hwpfaumif
aomfvnf;aumif; atmif;aeaom*lvnf; jzpfEdkifayonf? xdk‹a-umifh owd-uD;pGmjzifh ukwf
wufoGm;onf? aemufqkH; *lteD;a&mufonfhtcg rnfolr#r&SdbJ tm;vyfaeonfudk awG‹
ojzifh/ twGif;odk‹0ifoGm;jyD; aocsmpGm xyfrHppfaq;ayonf? rdrd. rdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwl
aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom ae&mxuf ydkrdkus,f0ef;I/ ydkrdkvkHjcKHa-umif;awG‹&Sd&ojzifh/ ol.tdrf
axmifpkwpfckvkH;udk oGm;ac:&ef jyefvSnfhxGufoGm;onf?
aemufwcgwGifrl xdktdrfaxmifpkonf olwdk‹. tdrfopfwGif tajccsaexdkif&ef a&mufvm-u
onfudk awG‹&.? rD;pwifarG;aeonf? xif;±SL;qDtcJjzifh ,laqmifvmaomrD;pvnf;
jzpfEdkifonf? odk‹r[kwf opfom;pudk yGwfIarG;aomrD;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf? (ausmufacwf*l
atmif;vlrsm;onf rD;udk rnfuJhodk‹pwifarG;I tokH;jyK-uonfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹ wyftyfrajym
Edkifacs? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkacwfwGif ausmuf*lrsm;wGif cdkatmif;aexdkifolwdk‹onf rD;zdkacsmif
rsm;&Sd-ua-umif;udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?)
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onfh tjcm;ypPnf;rsm;udk cif;-uif;-uonf?
xdktdrfaxmifpkonf tajccsaeEdkifavjyD? ae‹pOfvkyfaeustvkyfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfudkif
-u.? a,musfm;rsm;u om;aumifrsm;udk pm;okH;&efvdkufvH&SmazGI/ rdef;rrsm;uvnf;
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2
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ olwdk‹wDxGifaz:jyaomZmwfvrf;tao;pdwftm;vkH;onf t±dk;pkt
enf;i,fudk-unfhI az:jyxm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfayonf? (trSefrSm/ Tausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
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vmv+yf&Sm;ykHrsm;/ olwdk‹tcsif;csif; tvkyfwm0efrsm;udkcGJa0aqmif&GufykHrsm;/ ponfwdk‹
udk jyqdkjcif;r&Sday?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;rsm;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;ESifhywfoufI xdkodk‹aompdwful;,Of
Zmwfvrf;rsm;ESifh &kyfykHaz:jycsufrsm;onf/ ra&rwGufEdkifavmufatmif a0a0qmqm
tokH;jyK-uayonf? Twpf,loeftDAdkvl;&Sif;w&m;aovufcHxm;aom0g'rS/ ,if;oDtdk
&Dpwifay:aygufvmonfhae‹rSpI/ &kef;xGufIr&Edkif-uojzifh txufwGifaz:jycJhouJh
odk‹aom Zmwfvrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk wDxGif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ olwdk‹. &nf&G,fcsuf
rSm/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DrSefuefa-umif;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;&Sif;vif;jy&efr[kwfbJ/ a&S;u

40
rBmOD;ausmufacwfvlom;rsm;trSefwu,f&Sdonf[k vltrsm;,kH-unfatmif twif;0g'
jzef‹jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dtajrmuftjrm;onf/ taxmuftulay;rnfhtcsuftvufr&Sd
aomfvnf; olwdk‹.tqdkudk oufaoxlEdkifrnf[kxifonfh Zmwfvrf;trsdK;rsdK;udk pdwf
ul;jzifh wDxGif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ topftopfaomawG‹&Sdcsufwdkif;onf/ buf
vdkufjcif;r&SdbJt"dy`g,faz:ygu/ tcsufwpfckckudk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:xkwfvsuf&Sd
ayonf? ,if;tcsufrSm/ vlom;onf urBmajray:wGif pwifaygufzGm;uwnf;u/ tpOf
ojzifh vlom;rsm;omv#if jzpfvmcJh-ujcif;jzpfayonf? todOm%f&Sdjcif;ESifh tEkynm
pGrf;yum;rsm;onf/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif vlom;wdk‹&SdcJh-uonfh yifudkt&nftcsif;
rsm;jzpfayonf? a&S;ya0oeDacwfwGif aexdkifaygufzGm;-uaomvlwdk‹onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;
0g'Dwdk‹u u|Ekfyfwdk‹udkt,kHoGif;onfh/ urBmOD;vlrjzpfao;aom/ vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf
0ufowW0grsm;r[kwf-uacs? olwdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹uJhodk‹yif pOf;pm;Om%f&Sdolrsm;/ pum;
ajymolrsm;/ tEkynmESifh,Ofaus;r+qdkif&mypPnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfcJholrsm;/ udk,fusifh
w&m;xkH;"avh&Sdolrsm;/ jzpf-uayonf? a&SŒvmrnfhtcef;wGif/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifh

41
a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;qdkif&m okawoeawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u/ 'Gd[oHo,r±SdEdkifatmif/ oufao
xlxm;onfudk awG‹-uygrnf?

u|Ekfyfwdk‹.,Ofaus;r+acwfrS bmawGusef&pfrnfenf;
What Will Remain From Our Own Civilization?
aemufvmrnfh ESpfaygif;odef;aygif;rsm;pGmwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+acwfrS
rnfuJhodk‹aom ypPnf;rsdK;awG usef&pfrnfudk pOf;pm;-unfhyg? u|Efkyfwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+
qdkif&m pkaqmif;r+rsm;jzpfonfh/ yef;csDum;rsm;/ -uD;rm;aom&kyfxkrsm;/ eef;awmfrsm;/
ponfwdk‹tm;vkH; aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? vuf&Sdenf;ynmwufEdkvdk*sDrsm;. oJvGefp
rsm;vnf; r&SdoavmufaysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf? wdkufpm;aqG;ajrŒjcif;rsm;udk umuG,f
xm;onfh ypPnf;rsm;onfvnf;/ obm0.ywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk t±+H;ay;oGm;-u
vdrfhrnf? oHr%donfvnf; oHacs;wufukefvdrfhrnf? aumifu&pfbdvyfajrjzihfvkyfxm;
aomt&mtm;vkH;onfvnf; aqG;ajrŒoGm;vdrfhrnf? ajratmufwGifaqmufvkyfxm;aom
t&mrsm;vnf; ysufpD;ukefvdrfhrnf? t&m0wˆKypPnf;tm;vkH;onf xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf
r+vdktyf.? ESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm ausmfvGefcJhjyD[k pOf;pm;-unfhyg? ‚if;ypPnf;
rsm;tay:wGif rdk;a&*gvHaygif; odef;oef;csDI &GmoGef;xm;vdrfhrnf? ESpfaygif;&mpkrsm;pGm
twGif; -urf;wrf;onfh avwdkufjcif;udkvnf;cH&vdrfhrnf? t-udrf-udrftcgcgaom a&
v$rf;rdk;jcif;ESifh ajrivsifv+yfjcif;vnf; cH&ayvdrfhrnf? -uD;rm;onfh ausmufjym;rsm;t
ay:wGif xkxGif;xm;aom yef;yktEkynmvuf&mrsm;ESifhausmufpmrsm;/ taqmufttkH
-uD;rsm;wGiftokH;jyKonfh wGif;rSwl;xkwfcGJjcrf;,lvmaom ausmufom;rsm;ESifh &kyfxkt
rsdK;rsdK;/ pojzifh a&S;,QifuypPnf;rsm; ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹xH usef&pfouJhodk‹ usef&pfayvdrfh
rnf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif&Sdonfh wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aom,Ofaus;r+acwfudk twdtusod&Sd
oabmaygufEdkifrnfh oJvGefprsm;yif usef&pf&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf? tmz&duwdkufESifh
tmz&duwdkufrS vlrsdK;rsm;/ tjcm;urBmhae&mtcsdK‹rS vlrsm;tokH;jyKonfh ausmufESifhvkyf
onfhypPnf;(Oyrm ausmufi&kyfqkHusDayG‹rsm;) ponfwdk‹tenf;i,fusef&pfygvdrfhrnf?
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹&Sdaeonfh enf;ynmrsm;jzpfonfh/ &kyfjrifoH-um;puf
rsm;/ uGefjyLwmrsm;/ rdkufu&dka0hAfzdktdk;rsm;/ rdkAdkif;zkef;rsm;/ tifwmeufenf;ynmrsm; tp
&Sdonf)wdk‹ESifhywfoufI rnfonfhoJvGefpr# usef&pfrnfr[kwfay? taqmufttkHeH&H
ESifhyeuf&mrsm;tjyif/ ausmuf&kyfxktydkif;tptcsdKΠusef&pfayvdrfhrnf? aemifvmrnfh
odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u/ ‚if;ypPnf;tydkif;tprsm;udk -unfhjyD;/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfonf “,Of
aus;r+t& acwfaemufusonf”[k qdkygu/ trSefw&m;rS wvGJwacsmfjzpfrnfr[kwfyg
vm;?
odk‹r[kwf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu rif;'&if;w&kyfpmjzifh a&;om;xm;aomausmuf
jym;udk awG‹&Sdygu/ xdkpmwpfckwnf;udk-unfhI w&kyfvlrsm;rsm;onf &kyfykHrsm;jzifh tcsif;
csif;qufoG,f-uI tvGefacwfaemufusonf[k ed*kH;csKyfygu/ Todk‹ajymjcif;onf rSef
uefonfhtcsufudk az:xkwfjcif; jzpfygrnfavm? wurBmvkH;od-uonfh/ -o*wfpfaw &dk
'if. “tawG;orm;”yef;ykvuf&mudk Oyrmwpfcktjzpf pOf;pm;-unfh&atmif? Tyef;yk
&kyfxkudk aemifESpfaygif;axmifaomif;aemufydkif;wGif/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifwpf
OD;u awG‹&Sdonfqdkygpdk‹? tu,fI xdkokawoeynm&Sifwdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;&Sd ,kH-unfr+ESifh aer+xdkifr+pepfudk wiful;rSef;qxm;jcif;&SdI/ ordkif;taxmuft

42
xm;r&SdbJ/ xdkausmuf&kyfwpfckwnf;udk -unfhygu/ tjcm;t"dy`g,ftrsdK;rsdK;az:rnfom
jzpfayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹acwfvlwdk‹onf pdwful;,OfpOf;pm;aeolwpfOD;udk udk;uG,f-u
onf[k vnf;qdk-uayrnf? odk‹r[kwf pdwful;,Of'¾m&Dewfbk&m;wpfqlqljzpfrnf[k
vnf; ajym-uayrnf?

jyifopfEdkifiH ydkif&ifeD;awmifajcrS -o'dkbwfausmuf*lwGifawG‹&Sd&aom Oa&mytarG;&SnfEGm;&dkif;ykH xk

xGif;xm;onfh&kyfykHonf/ &dk'if.ausmuf&kyfxkrsm;xuf vuf&majrmufjcif;Y aemufrusaomfvnf;/
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;okawoejyKolu OD;aESmufzGH‹jzdK;r+rjynfhpkHao;aomurBmOD;vl&dkif;
wdk‹ a&;qGJxm;ykHjzpfonf[k qdkonf? xdkyef;yk&kyfrsm;udk xGif;xkolonf ,ae‹acwfrSyef;ykq&mrsm;
ESifh ,SOfEdkifonfh pdwful;pdwfoef;&Sda-umif;/ udk,fum,tm;jzifhvnf; edrfhusjcif;r&Sda-umif; jyqdk
vsuf&Sdayonf?
,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹u xdk“pOf;pm;ol”&kyfxkonf/ tEkynmokckr&oouf
ouftwGufjzpfa-umif;udk od-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ aemufESpfaygif;aomif;odef;t
csdefrS okawoeynm&SifwpfOD;onf/ ,if;&kyfxkESifhywfoufonfh ta-umif;pkHtcsuft
vufrsm;r&SdbJ/ rdrd. wiful;rSef;qcsufrsm;jzifhom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkygu/ trSefw&m;udk
&&Sdrnfr[kwfay? ol.wiful;rSef;qcsufrsm;ESifhudkufnDatmifom pdwful;,OfZmwf
vrf;rsm;udk wDxGifrnfjzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rdrd.vufwGif;&Sdtcsuftvufrsm;udk
qef;ppf&mwGif/ wiful;rSef;qjcif;/ bufvdkufjcif;rsm;r&SdapbJ us,fjyef‹pGmawG;ac:qef;
ppf&ef txl;ta&;-uD;ayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfqifhrSwpfqifh ajymif;vJvm
cJhjcif;ESifh a&S;ya0oeDuvlrsm;onf acwfrrDS vlrjzpfao;olrsm;jzpfjcif;/ ponfhtqdk
rsm;twGuf cdkifvkHonfhoufaotaxmuftxm;r±Sdao;a-umif;udk rarhoifhyg? Ttqdk

43
 tu,fI &dk'if. “pOf;pm;ol”&kyfxkudk aemifvmrnfhESpfaygif; 6000 t-umwGifawG‹&SdI/ xdk
umvrSvlwdk‹onfvnf;/ bufvdkufonfh ,ae‹odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;uJhodk‹ awG;-uygu/ 20&mpkESpf
vlwdk‹onf pOf;pm;aeolwpfOD;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uI/ vlr+qufqHa&; rodem;rvnf-u
ao;[k t"dy`g,faz:ayvdrfhrnf? olwdk‹onf/ trSefw&m;ESifh rnfr#eD;pyf-urnfenf;?

rsm;onf/ xifa-u;rSef;qcsufrsm;omjzpfjyD;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk axmufcHtm;ay;ae

onfh ordkif;yg&*lrsm;ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm±Sifrsm;. tqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?
Oyrm/ ausmuf*lwGif;Y a&;qGJxm;aomyef;csDvuf&ma[mif;wpfckckudk awG‹v#ifawG‹csif;/
ppfaq;jcif;r&SdbJ/ ausmufacwfvlom;wdk‹a&;qGJxm;onf[k csufcsif;aumufcsufcs-u
ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkyef;csDrsm;onf/ xdkacwfrS vlwdk‹. tEkynmokckr&oESifh
ywfoufI tajrmuftjrm;udk az:jyaeayrnf? xdktEkynm&Sifonf/ acwftrSDqkH;
t0wftjynfhtpkH 0wfqifxm;olvnf;jzpfayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; tEkynm&owpfck
wnf;twGuf/ a&;qGJjcif;/ xkxGif;xm;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf? trSefrSm/ ,ae‹acwfrS ody`Hynm
&Siftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u/ xdkyef;csDrsm;onf acwfaemufusonfh *latmif;vlwdk‹.pdwful;
jzifh a&;qGJxm;aomykHrsm; rjzpfEdkifa-umif;udk tav;xm;tom;ay;I ajymqdkae-u
ayonf?
tjcm;OyrmwpfckrSm/ xufjrufaom ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;jzpfI/ ‚if;
ypPnf;rsm;onf “arsmuf0Hwpf0ufvlwpf0ufowW0g”rsm;tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufud&d
,mrsm;jzpfonf[k t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? TypPnf;rsm;onf ,if;owW0grsm; tokH;jyKcJh
aomvufeufu&d,mjzpfa-umif; jyqdkonfhoufaoom"uwpfckr#r&Sdacs? ,lqcsuf

44
wpfckom jzpfayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u/ xdkoufaoypPnf;rsm;udk wl;
az:&&SdpOfwGif bufvdkufonfh±+axmifhjzifh ppfaq;cJh-ujcif; jzpfayonf? wl;az:&&SdcJh
onfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ypPnf;rsm;udk olwdk‹.oDtdk&D rSefuefa-umif;oufaoxlEdkif
onfh ±+axmifhtwdkif;om ppfaq;I/ tjcm;tcsuftvufrsm;udkrl rodusKd;u|efjyKxm;-u
ayonf? ordkif;ajymif;vJr+&SdcJha-umif; jyoEdkifatmif xdkenf;ESifESif jc,fvnf-ujyef
onf?3 tar&duefvlrsdK; rEk\aA'yg&*l rJvfAD;vf [mpudkApfu “ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;”
okawoepmwrf; rnfuJhodk‹ay:aygufcJha-umif;ESifh oufaocHa&S;a[mif;ypPnf;rsm;udk
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u rnfuJht"dy`g,faz:-uonfhta-umif; atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;
ayonf?
,Ofaus;r+qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;udk axmufcHEdkifonfh,lqcsufwdkif;udk/ ol‹taejzifhawG;ac:xm;
aom vlom;wdk‹wdk;wufvmcJhonfhtpOftqufykHpHwGif/ tpOfwpdkufrjzpfonfhOyrmrsm;udk
rSwfom;xm;onf? xdkwdk;wufajymif;vJr+tcsdKŒonf ,Ofaus;r+±+axmifhwpfckwnf;wGif tH
4
0ifaeayonf===
[mpudkApf.tjrifudk twnfjyKEdkifonfh ta&;-uD;aomOyrmwpfckrSm/ tDAdkvl;
&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;ESifh,Ofaus;r+o&kyfcGJjcif;ynm±Sifjzpfol vl;0pf[if&Darmf*if. vl‹tzGJ‹t
pnf;wpfcku a,mufsm;-uD;pdk;r+ESifh wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfykHpHtxd ausmfv$m;vmcJh&
onfh ajymif;vJwdk;wufjzpfay:r+tqifhavhvmcsuf jzpfayonf? ol‹taejzifh a&S;usI
rwdk;wufao;aomurBmOD;vl&dkif;tqifhrS ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;onfhtqifhtxd “ajymif;vJ”
vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqdkjyKxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TokawoejyK&mwGif/ oltokH;
jyKaomOyrmrsm;onf/ wurBmvkH;tESH‹tjym;ae&mwumwdkif;u wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK;quf
pyfr+r&Sdonfh vlrsdK;rsm;.xkH;pHrsm;jzpfaeonf? ‚if;Oyrmrsm;udk olvdkcsifonfh tajzrsdK;
&atmif pDpOfayonf? wurBmvkH;rS aomif;ESifhodef;ESifhcsDaom ,Ofaus;r+xkH;pHrsm;teuf
ol wiful;rSef;qxm;aom ykHpHwGif tH0ifEdkifonfh xkH;pHrsm;udkom ola&;om;onfh pm
wrf;twGuf a&G;,lxm;onf?
armf*ifu ol.tawG;tac:rSefuefa-umif; oufaoxlEdkif&ef ordkif;udk rnfuJh
odk‹ jyefvnfpDpOfa-umif; [mpudkApfu az:jyxm;ayonf? olu tvGefa&S;usaom-op
aw;vsrS rdef;r-oZmanmif;aomxkH;pHrStjyKpI/ tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;. a,m
ufsm;-oZmanmif;aomxkH;pHtxd rsOf;qGJxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ol.tpDtpOfudk a,m
ufsm;OD;pD;aomfvnf; wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfowfrSwfjcif;r&Sdao;onfh ordkif;OD;*&dvlrsdK;
wdk‹.acwfodk‹ ckeful;oGm;onf? ol.aemufqkH;tpDtpOfydkif;wGif/ ,ae‹,Ofaus;r+acwf
&Sd a,mufsm;.trsdK;udkvdkufI wpfvifwpfr,m;pepfudk wduspGmowfrSwfxm;aom
xkH;pHudk xnfhoGif;xm;onf?
[mpudkApfu TtpDtpOfudk/ atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsufcsuf a&;xm;ayonf?
5
ordkif;±+axmifhjzifh-unfhygu/ TtpDtpOfonf pdwful;,OfwDxGifr+omv#if jzpf.?==

45
 ordkif;rSefudk zkH;uG,fxm;.
True History Covered Up
u|Ekfyfwdk‹od&Sdxm;onfh ordkif;a-umif;trsm;tm;jzifh pmtkyfrsm;rSwqifh od&Sd-u
jcif;jzpfonf? pmzwfolwdk‹onf pmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk oHo
,uif;&Sif;pGmyif zwf±+-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vl‹ordkif;ESifhywfoufvmaomtcg/
ZD0aA'/ armvD-uLqdkif&mZD0aA'/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm=edcgwuaA'/ rsdK;ADZaA'/
ZD0rsdK;ADZaA'ESifh rEk\aA' ponfhbmom&yfrsm;u todtrSwfrjyK vufrcHawmhonfh
tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;jzifh ykHpHoGif;xm;aom oDtdk&Drsm;udk xnfhoGif;wifjyxm;-u
ayonf? odyH`ynmt&/ ysufokOf;oGm;jyDjzpfaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DESifhtwl/ ‚if;oDtdk&D
udk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom ordkif;rsm;onfvnf; w&m;r0ifawmhay?
ordkif;yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfol tuf'Gwf at z&D;rif;u/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. ordkif;qkdif&mod&Sd
r+rsm;onf/ “trSefw&m;”udk rnfodk‹xif[yfaponfhta-umif;ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;
xm;ayonf?
ordkif;avhvmcsufwGif/ &&Sdxm;onfhtcsuftvufrSefor#onf/ vlom;. pdwfxm;ESifhvl
om;. ajymif;vJvG,fjcif;wGif rlwnfvsuf&Sdayonf? xdkordkif;tcsuftvufudk ay;olu
rnfr#,kH-unfxdkufonfhtay:wGif rlwnfaeayonf? xdkolonf/ wrifwumvdrfIvnf;
ajymEdkifovdk/ trSwfwrJhvnf; vSnfhpm;jcif;vnf; &SdEdkifayonf? vlwpfOD;onf vdrfvnfEdkif
6
ovdk/ rSm;,Gif;jcif;vnf; &SdEdkifayonf?
xdk‹a-umifh/ u|Efkyfwdk‹vufxJodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmonfh ordkif;rsm;onf rSefuefonf[k
pdwfcsEdkifygrnfavm?
yxrOD;pGm/ u|Efkyfwdk‹xH ordkif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;
qdkif&mynm&Sifwdk‹. "rR'd@mefusaomaocsmr+udk ppfaq;&ayrnf? pdwful;oufouf
jzpfaomt,ltqtrsm;tm;jzifhuJhodk‹yif/ rwlnDaomvlrsm;twGuf ordkif;udk t"dy`g,f
aumuf&Sif;vif;&mwGifvnf; uGmjcm;Edkifayonf? tjzpftysufwpfckwnf;udk jyefvnf
&Sif;vif;jy&mY rnfolu &Sif;jyonf [laomtcsufay:wGifvnf; rlwnfayonf? xdkt
jzpftysufudk rsufjrifoufaor[kwfolwdk‹u jyefvnf&Sif;jyonfhtcgwGif wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;.tqdkonf ydkrdkI uGJjym; jcm;em;ayrnf?
“ordkif;”qdkonfrSm jzpf&yfrsm;udk umvtvdkufpDpOfjcif;[k t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk.?
xdkjzpf&yfrsm;teuf t"dy`g,f&Sdaomjzpf&yfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;aomjzpf&yfrsm;onf ordkif;
q&m. wifjycsufay:wGif rlwnfayonf? Oyrm/ ppfyGJwpfyGJESifhywfoufI tEdkif&onfh
bufu rSefuefjcif;&Sdr&SdrSm ordkif;a&;ol. oabmxm;wGifrlwnfayonf? tu,fI
ol‹taejzifh vdkvm;aombufonf wpfbufom;.e,fajrudk usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufI/
&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ajrmufjrm;pGmusL;vGefonfyifjzpfap “vGwfajrmufjcif;twGufol&J
aumif;” jzpfvdrfhrnf?7 Oyrm/ tu,fI &efbufjzpfaeonfhEdkifiHESpfEdkifiH. ordkif;pm
tkyfrsm;udk avhvm-unfhaomtcg/ jzpfpOfwpfckwnf;udk wpftkyfpDwGif az:jyxm;csuf
rsm;onf vkH;0uGmjcm;aeonfudk awG‹&ayrnf?
,if;onfum;/ ,ae‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dordkif;yg&*lrsm;ESifh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹. vkyf
&yfyifjzpfayonf? wdusrSefuefonfh oufaocHtaxmuftxm;wpfckr#r&SdbJ/ vlom;
wdk‹. tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;udk rSefuefoa,mifa,mif wifjyxm;-uayonf? olwdk‹.oDtdk&D
udk y,fzsufxm;aom cdkifvkHonfhoufaorsm;udk rodusdK;u|efjyKxm;um/ oufaot

46
axmuftxm;rsm;udk olwdk‹vdk&modk‹qGJI t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? xdk‹aemuf ,if;oDtdk&Dudk
tcsdKŒodyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u rSefuefonfhtawG;tac:tjzpf/ Oya'oed,mrtjzpf vufcH
xm;-uayonf?

tu,fI 'kwd,urBmppfordkif;udk pDppfolordkif;yg&*lwpfOD;onf/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g't

jrifudk vufudkif,kH-unfoljzpfygu/ [pfwvmudk tay:ydkif;wGifjyxm;aom ykHudkom tajccHI
tifrwef-uD;us,fcHhnm;aomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf az:jyayvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ atmuf
ykHrSm bGwfcsifa0gvf'ftusOf;pcef;wGif &dkufxm;aom"gwfykHjzpfI/ [pfwvm. &ufpuf-urf;
-uKwfpGm owfjzwfcJhaom xdwfvef‹a-umufrufzG,fjrifuGif;udk jyovsuf&Sd.?

47
 aemifESpfaygif;odef;oef;-umjyD;aemuf rnfonfht&mrsm;
usef&pfrnfenf;?
What Will Remain In Tens of Thousands of Year' Time?
aqmufvkyfa&;/ pufr+vkyfief;ESifh enf;ynmqdkif&mxkwfvkyfr+rsm;wGif tokH;jyK
aomypPnf;rsm;tjyif ae‹pOfokH;ypPnf; tajrmuftjrm;udkjyKvkyfonfh0wˆKypPnf;rsm;.
oufwef;onf/ vl‹ordkif;ESifhE+dif;,SOfvdkufaomtcg tawmfuav;wdkawmif;aeayonf?
tu,fI vlwdk‹onf/ vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;axmifaomif;tvsifu tvGefw&macwfrD
vSyaomopfom;taqmufttkHwGif aexdkifcJhygu/ ,ae‹tcsdefwGif ,if;wdk‹ESifhywfouf

I -uGif;usefrnfh oufaocHypPnf;rsm; tvGefenf;vdrfhrnfjzpfa-umif; em;vnfoabm

aygufEdkifayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.,Ofaus;r+acwfonf a-umufrufzG,faomab;Oyg'f
wpfckckuyfqdkufonf[k pOf;pm;-unfh-uygpdk‹? aemifvmrnfh ESpfaygif;wpfodef;avmuf
wGif rnfr#aomt&mrsm; usef&pfygrnfenf;? tu,fI aemifvmrnfhvlom;rsm;u/
t&dk;pktcsdKŒESifh aqmufvkyfa&; tkwfjrpftcsdKŒudktajccHI u|Ekfyfwdk‹udk acwfrrDao;aom
a&S;OD;vlom;rsm; jzpfonf[k t"dy`g,faz:ygu/ rnfr#rSefuefygrnfenf;?

48
49
 aemifvmrnfhESpfaygif;wpfodef;avmufwGif/ ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.taqmuft
tkHrsm;rS ausmufwkH;tcsdKŒavmufom usef&pfvdrfhrnf? opfom;jzifhvkyfxm;aom
ypPnf;rsm;onf aqG;ajrŒoGm;I/ oHypPnf;rsm;onfvnf; oHacs;wufIausrGukefay
rnf? Oyrm/ qD&m*ifeef;awmf. vSyonfheH&Huyfyef;csDrsm;/ vSyx,f0gaomy&d
abm*rsm;/ cef‹nm;onfhuef‹vef‹umESifhaumfaZmrsm;/ rD;qdkif;ya'omrsm;ESifhrD;vkH;
rD;tdrfrsm;/ ponfwdk‹onfvnf; usefaeawmhrnfr[kwfay? tm;vkH;aysmufuG,f
ukefvdrfhrnf? qD&m*ifeef;awmfysuf-uD;udk cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS -unfholonf/ ausmuf
wkH;tpktykHrsm;ESifh eef;awmftkwfjrpfykHpHrsm;udkomawG‹&ayvdrfhrnf? TykHpHtwdkif;
awG‹jrifolonf/ u|Efkyfwdk‹acwfrS vlrsm;onf/ tajcwusaexdkifjcif;r&Sd-u
ao;bJ/ ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;udk pkykHxm;I cdkatmif;aexdkif-uonf[k aumuf
csufcsygu/ xdkqef;ppfcsufonf vkH;0rSm;,Gif;rnfom jzpf.?

50
 ,ae‹txdusef&pfaeonfh taqmufttkHysuftydkif;tprsm;onf wpfcsdefu
qD&m*ifeef;awmfuJhodk‹ vSywifhw,fonfhtaqmufttkHrsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifayonf?
tu,fI xdktaqmufttkHysufrsm;udk y&dabm*rsm;/ rD;tdrf rD;vkH; rD;qdkif;ya'omrsm;/
vSyonfh uvumrsm;/ aumfaZmrsm;/ ponfwdk‹jzifh wefqmqifvdkufygu wzefpdwf
0ifpm;zG,f jyefvnfvSyvmayrnf?
a&S;tvsifrSvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ tEkynmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ,Ofaus;r+tm;
jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ynmA[kokwtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tajrmuftjrm; ydkrdkwdk;wufcJh-
u a-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf? uk&ftmeftm,wfawmf
wpf ydk'fwGif/ a&S;tvsifrSvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf tvGefw&mtqifhjrifha-umif;
trdef‹&Sdxm; .?
xdkolwdk‹onf urBmajr0,f vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif; rjyKcJh-uavoavm? odk‹
jyKcJh-uv#if/ ‚if;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tvsif &SdcJh-ubl;-uaomolwdk‹. aemufqkH;
tusdK;onf rnfodk‹rnfykH &SdcJhonfudk jrif-u&ayrnf? xdka&S;ola[mif;wdk‹ onf
xdkolwdk‹xufyif ol&owWd/ cGeftm;Avtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ yx0Dajr0,f csef
&pfcJh-uaom ajc&mvuf&mtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ydkrdkxl;uJolrsm; jzpfcJh-uay
onf? odk‹wapvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹. jypfr+
'kp&dkufwdk‹a-umifh zrf;qD;uGyfrsufawmfrlcJh.? ‚if;wdk‹Y tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.
jypf'%frS vGwfajrmufaprnfhol[lIvnf; wpfOD;wpfa,mufr#yif r&SdcJhay?
(pl&m tvfrktfrifef 40;21)

51
 a&S;tvsif ESpfwpfoef;cGJuvlrsm;onf
tdkrif;rpGrf;olrsm;udk jyKpkcJh-u.?
People Living 1.5 Million Years Ago
Looked After Their Elderly
2005ckESpfwGif a*smf*sD,m 'refeDqDt&yfY wl;az:awG‹&Sdonfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
wpfckonf/ “vl‹ordkif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;”Zmwfvrf;udk tjzpfrSeftcsuftvufrsm;ESifh rnfodk‹
r#r&ifqdkifEdkifatmif ydwfyifvdkufayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. odyH`enf;rusaomtqdk
jyKcsufwGif/ yxrOD;qkH;vlom;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ tdrfaxmifpkESifh vlr+qufqH
a&;pepfr&Sdaomb0jzifh touf&SifaexdkifcJh-uonf[k qdk.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ausmufjzpf
&kyf-uGif;yg&*l a';Apf avm'fuDyefepfaZ awG‹&Sdaom Z&mtdkvlom;wpfa,muf. OD;
acgif;cGHu/ ,if;tqdkrrSefuefa-umif; az:xkwfvdkufavonf?
wl;az:&&SdcJhaom xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
onf/ oGm;wpfacsmif;omusefaom vlom;wpf
a,muf. OD;acgif;jzpfonf? oGm;rsm;tm;vkH;eD;
yg;u|wfoGm;ojzifh/ xdkvlom;onf tjcm;a&m*g
rsm;vnf; pGJuyfcHpm;cJhonf[k odyH`ynm±Sifwdk‹u
,kH-unf-uayonf? a&m*gzdpD;aomfvnf; Z&mtdk
t&G,ftxd touf&SifEdkifcJhjcif;onf/ Tyk*~dKvfudk
tjcm;olrsm;u *&kpdkuf jyKpkcJha-umif; oufaocH
aeayonf? xdk‹a-umifh xdkacwfuvlom;rsm;onf
tcsif;csif; jyKpkapmifha&Smufa&;pepf&Sd-ua-umif;
odEdkifayonf? avm'fuDyefepfaZu Todk‹qdk.?
wpfESpfwmvkH;rS odyH`awG‹&Sdcsufrsm; Tyk*~dKvfonf rusef;rmolwpfOD;jzpfa-umif;
udkqef;ppfonfh Discover r*~Zif;. xif&Sm;ayonf?===Tyk*~dKvfonf ol.tkyfpkrS tjcm;
ESpfywfvnftxl;xkwfpmapmifwGif/ olwdk‹. axmufyHhjyKpkr+udk vufcH&SdcJholjzpfa-umif; aqG;
8
a&S;ESpfaygif;wpfoef;cGJtcsdefwkH;u aEG;Edkifaomtcsufjzpfonf[k ,lqygonf?
vlom;rsm;onf emzsm;rusef;jzpfol
Z&mtdkrsm;tm; jyKpk-unfh±+a-umif;
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ twnfjyKxm;aomt
jyqdkonfh TawG‹&SdcsufESifhywfouf qdkrSm/ vlom;wdk‹onf/ TOD;acgif;cGHydkif&Siftouf
I ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;,lxm;.? aoqkH;oGm;jyD;aemuf ESpfaygif; 1˜5oef;-umrS vl
“[dkrdktD&ufwyfpfwdk‹onf bdk;bGm;Z r+a&;,Ofaus;r+ pwifjzpfay:wdk;wufcJhonf [l
&mtdkrsm;udk w,kw,jyKpkcJh-uygo .? xdk‹a-umifh ,if;ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;
avm?”[laomaqmif;yg;u vlom;
wdk‹onf wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ b,f (*)tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfonf/ vlom;rsm;tjzpf
aomtcgrS raecJh-ua-umif;/ tpOf wpfpwpfpajymif;vJvmcJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfY arsmuf0HESifhvl
tjrJvlom;tjzpfjzifhom aexdkifvm om;rsm;t-um;owW0gjzpfonf[k tqdkjyK-u.? ta&;-uD;onfht
cJh-ua-umif;udk tus,fw0ifha&; csufrSm/ [dkrdktD&ufwyfpf.t&dk;pkwdk‹onf/ ypPKy`efvlom;rsm;. t
om;az:xkwf xm;ayonf? &dk;pkrsm;ESifh jcm;em;r+r&SdbJ/ rwfwyf&yfI wnfhwnfhvrf;av#muf
aom vlom;tjynfht0jzpf-ua-umif;yif jzpfayonf?

52
u xdkacwfumvrSvlom;wdk‹onf tcsif;csif;cspfcif-uifemw&m;±Sd-uI/ emzsm;rusef;
jzpfolrsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&SmufjyKpk-ua-umif; jyqdkaeojzifh xdktqdkudk y,fzsufypf
avonf? TawG‹&Sdcsuft&/ vlom;wdk‹onf wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-u
jcif;r[kwfbJ/ tpOftjrJ vlom;rsm;tjzpfom aexdkifaygufzGm;vmcJh-ua-umif; xif&Sm;
pGm oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf?
ausmuf*lwGif;rsm;rS wdk;wufaom tEkynmvuf&mrsm;
The Advance Art In Caves
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ Oa&mywdkufESifh tmz&duwdkufwdk‹rS arsmuf0Hwpf0uf vl
wpf0uf vlom;avmif;rsm;onf vGefcJhonfh ESpf20000rS 30000-um;wGif &kwfw&uf
ajymif;vJr+jzpfay:cHpm;-uI pOf;pm;EdkifpGrf; &&Sd-uojzifh ,ae‹ypPKy`efvlom;rsm;uJhodk‹
ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfEdkifonfh Om%f&nf&&Sdvm-uonf[k vufcHxm;-uayonf? xdkum
vwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ ±Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk wl;az:awG‹&Sd
-ujcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkt&/ vlom;avmif;vl&dkif;rsm;onf/
opfyifay:rS qif;oufvm-ujyD;/ ESpfaygif; ESpfodef;cef‹rajymif;vJcJhaomb0rS/ r-um
ao;rDurSwDxGif&&SdvmcJh-uaom enf;ynmrsm;jzifh &kwfw&uf ausmufeH&Hrsm;wGif tif
rwef vSyaomyef;csDum;rsm;udk pDcs,fjcif;/ vuf&majrmufonfh yef;yk&kyfrsm;udk xk
xGif;xm;jcif; tp&Sdojzifh cs,fvnfrGef;rH-uum/ vSyonfh 0wfqifwefqm vuf
aumufqGJ-udK; ykwD;ukH;rsm;udk jyKvkyf-uonf[k qdkonf?
rnfonfhta-umif;t&mrsm;u xdkuJhodk‹aomwdk;wufr+udk jzpfay:apoenf;? xdk
uJhodk‹aom tEkynmpGrf;yum;rsm;udk “arsmuf0Hwpf0uf urBmOD;vlom;avmif;”rsm;u
rnfuJhodk‹ &&SdvmcJh-uoenf;? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DodyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u/ ,if;tjzpftysufESifh
ywfoufaom ,lqcsuftrsdK;rsdK;wifjy-uaomfvnf;/ oifhawmfaumif;rGefonfh &Sif;vif;
csufwpfckwpfavr#yif ray;Edkif-uacs? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DwpfOD;jzpfol a&mf*sm av0ifu/
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹ TudpPESifhywfoufI tcuftcJ-uHKaeonfhtjzpfudk ola&;om;aom The
Origin of Modern Humans (acwfopfvlom;wdk‹. rlvblw) [laompmtkyfwGif “ynm
&Sifwdk‹u Tar;cGef;rsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;tajzay;-u&mwGif/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; rSwfwrf;
rsm; rjynfhpkHao;[k ra&r&majymjcif;onfomv#if taumif;qkH;tajztjzpfcJhonf?”9
[k a&;om;xm;ayonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;okawoeawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u/
vlom;rsm;onf urBmajrjyifay:0,f pwifaygufzGm;aexdkifvmuwnf;upI/ ,Ofaus;
r+udk em;vnfoabmayguf-ua-umif; xkwfaz:vsuf&Sdayonf? wpfcsdefESifhwpfcsdef/ xdk
em;vnfoabmaygufr+rsm;onf wdk;wufr+&Sdovdk qkwf,kwfjcif;vnf;&SdcJhayonf? odk‹
r[kwf &kwfw&ufajymif;vJr+vnf;&Sdayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;uJhodk‹aomajymif;vJr+
onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oabmt& wpfpwpfpwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmcJhaomajymif;vJr+jzpfpOf jzpf
ay:onf[k owfrSwfIr&ay? ,Ofaus;r+&kwfw&ufajymif;vJjcif;onf/ vlom;. ZD0
qdkif&mjzpfpOf (txl;ojzifh pOf;pm;Om%fpGrf;yum;) wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+udk jyqdkjcif;r&Sday?
xdkacwftcgu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif; ajymif;vJr+trsdK;rsdK;&SdcJhayrnf? ,if;ajymif;vJr+rsm;
t& olwdk‹. tEkynmydkif;oabmaygufr+pdwful;pdwfoef;xif[yfr+rsm;onfvnf; vdkuf
Iajymif;vJcJhayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkajymif;vJr+rsm;onf/ urBmOD;vl&dkif;b0rSaeI

53
acwfopfvlom;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJvmjcif;udk jyqdkonfhoufaotaxmuftxm;r
[kwfay?

wl;az:&&Sdonfhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;ESifh =tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹tqdktwdkif;jzpf&
rnfh owW0gwdk‹.ZD0qdkif&m&kyf-uGif;ESifht&dk;wnfaqmufr+=wdk‹ jcm;em;aejcif;u 'g0if
0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkudk wzefxyfrHIy,fzsufvdkufayonf? (tao;pdwfoufao taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzifh 'g0if0g'.t"dutajccHtqdkjzpfonfh aqGrsdK;qufZ,m;ESifhywfoufI
odyH`ynmu y,fzsufvdkufjcif;ta-umif;tao;pdwfudk [m&Gef,[f,m. 'g0if0g'
ysufokOf;jcif; pmtkyfwGif-unfhyg)? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ vlom;wdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+wdk;
wufr+onf ZD0qdkif&mzGH‹jzdK;r+ESifh wdkuf&dkuftcsdK;us&rnf[k tqdkjyKxm;onf? Oyrm/
vlom;onf yxrOD;qkH; ol.cHpm;csufrsm;udk &kyfykH-urf;a&;qGJI az:jywwfrnf?
xdkaemuf wpfqifhpDwdk;wufvm&m aemufqkH;tjrifhqkH;tqifhtjzpf tEkynmtwdkif;t
wmudk a&muf&Sdvmonf[k tcdkiftrmtqdkjyKxm;-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ a&S;a[mif;vl‹
ordkif;rSyef;csDum;rsm;u ,if;,lqcsufudk avsmhenf;apayonf? a&S;a[mif;ausmuf*l
wGif;rsm;rS yef;csDum;rsm;/ xGif;xkxm;aom&kyf-uGykHESifh &kyfvkH;yef;ykvuf&mrsm;u xdk
acwfumvrSvlwdk‹onf tvGeftqifhjrifhaom tEkynmokckr'\e &oynmrsm;ESifh
jynfhpkH-ua-umif; oufaocHvsuf&Sdaeayonf?
ausmuf*lwGif;rsm;wGif okawoejyKol odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹onf/ Tyef;csDum;rsm;udk
urBmhtEkynmordkif;wGif tcsdKŒaomtzdk;wefqkH;ypPnf;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;-uay
onf? yef;csDykHrsm;wGif tvif;tarSmifcJxdk;jcif;/ tjrifa&;qGJenf;ESifh ao;oG,faom
rsOf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;/ azgif;-uG&kyfrsm;wGif eufeJaomcHpm;r+ay:atmif tifrwefu|rf;

54
usifpGmxif[yfapjcif;ESifh xdk;yef;ykvuf&mrsm;udk aea&mifxdk;onfhtcgY ay:vmaom
okckrtEkynmykHpHrsm;onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ &Sif;rjyEdkifaom t*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfayonf?
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹.tjrift&/ ,if;uJhodk‹aomvuf&mrsm;onf tvGef-umjrifhaomaemufydkif;
umvwGifrS wdk;wufjzpfay:Edkifayonf?
jyifopfEdkifiH/ pydefEdkifiH/ tDwvDEdkifiH/ w&kyfEdkifiH/ tdEdN,EdkifiH/ tmz&duwdkuf ae
&mtajrmuftjrm;ESifh urBmt&yf&yfwGif awG‹&Sd&aomausmuf*lwGif; eH&Hyef;csDrsm;onf/
vlom;wdk‹. vGefavjyD;aomacwfumvrsm;rS ,Ofaus;r+ykHpHudk az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf?
,if;yef;csDrsm;wGif tokH;jyKxm;aomykHyef;o¾mefESifh cs,foxm;aomaq;rsm;. t
&nftaoG;rsm;onf okawoeynm&Sifrsm;udk tHhtm;oifhapayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g
0if0g'DodyH`ynm±Sifwdk‹u/ olwdk‹. bufvdkufaomtjrifjzifh/ olwdk‹. pdwful;,OftDAdk
vl;&Sif;Zmwfvrf;wGif tH0ifatmif twif;zefwD;t"dy`g,faz:-uonf? r-umao;rDurS
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55
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vuf0JykH? qvfAm'dk 'gvD. wuf-uGaeaomjrif;?
vufsmykH? qvfAm'dk 'gvD. aygufuGJaeaom em&D?

56
yef;csDvuf&mrsm;u yef;csDq&m.tjrifoabmudk ay:vGifaponf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ TykHudk
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57
58
 ausmuf*lwGif; tEkynmvuf&mrsm;rS
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59
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12
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60
61
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onf?

62
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63
 ausmuf*lwGif;rS vuf&majrmufvSaomtEk
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64
vmaumhpfausmuf*lwGif;rS oufwef; 16000ESpf&Sdaom euQwfwm&mykH
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67
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69
 “a&S;tusqkH; v-unfhjyuQ'defudk awG‹&Sd
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70
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71
 ordkif;wGif yxrOD;qkH;aomjrdKŒjy[k owfrSwfxm;aom
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Refutes Evolution
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16
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a-umif; az:xkwfajymqdkayonf?17

72
 oufwef;ESpfaygif; 400000 &Sd vSHoGm;rsm;u
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19
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aemufydkif; okH;csdK;wpfcsdK;wGiftwdtus&Sdatmif vkyfxm;onf?

73
 Ttcsuftvufrsm;t&/ ±dkbif'JefeD,,fvfu atmufygtwdkif; a0zefokH;oyf
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20
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Traces Of Civilization On Gobekli Tepe
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74
ovdk/ xdkvlwdk‹onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwnfaxmif&ef opfyifay:rSqif;vmcgp arsmuf0H
wpfydkif;vlom;avmif;owW0grsm; r[kwfEdkif[k &Srpf('f)uxyfrH ajymqdkayonf? pOf;pm;
Om%ft& ‚if;wdk‹onf u|Efkyfwdk‹uJhodk‹aom vlrsm;yif jzpf&ayrnf?22

a&S;a[mif;ypPnfynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfol &Srpf('f)u ,if;{,mrausmufwdkif-uD;

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vkH;udk acwfopfpufypPnf;rsm;udkrokH;bJ/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹qdkonfh ordkif;OD;umvwGif
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ausmufwkH;-uD;udk -udK;pm;a&$Œ-uonf? tcsdKŒu tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tajymtwdkif;
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 9000 avmufu ausmufvufeufypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;udkom tokH;
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75
ausmufwdkifrsm;udk puf0dkif;ykHwpfwef;&atmif a&$Œ&eftwGuf vaygif;rsm;pGmvdktyf-u
ayrnf? vG,ful&dk;pif;aom Tprf;oyfcsufuyif/ xdkumvrSvlwdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
wdk‹wifjyxm;onfhykHpHtwdkif; urBmOD;acwf twwfynm enf;ynmuif;rJh-ujcif;r[kwf
bJ/ jrifhrm;aomu|rf;usifr+&Sd-ua-umif; txif;om;ay:vGifapayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. tcsdefumvydkif;jcm;rSnfhac:jcif;ESifh a&SŒaemufnDnGwfr+r&Sd
jcif;tcsufwpfckrSm/ Tvuf&mudkcsefcJh-uonfhvlom;wdk‹acwfudk “ajrtdk;vkyfief; rvkyf
wwfao;onfh ausmufacwfaESmif;ydkif;”[k trnfay;xm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf? trSefw
&m;ESifh tvSrf;uGmonfh Tt"dy`g,faz:csufu/ xdkacwfumvrSvlom;wdk‹onf ajrtdk;
ajrcGufrvkyfwwfao;[k qdkonf? xdkvlom;rsm;onf/ ausmufwdkif-uD;rsm;udk pdkufxlEdkif
-ujcif;/ {&mr-uD;rm;aomausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;udk o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&GŒvsm;I pdwf0ifpm;
zG,faumif;aom wdkif-uD;rsm;tjzpf pdkufxlEdkif-ujcif;/ ausmuf*leH&Hrsm;wGif vSyaom

TypPnf;rsm;udkjyKvkyfaomacwfumvudk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ “ausmufacwf”[k rSnfhac:I

ausmufjzifhvkyfaom vufeufu&d,mrsm;udkomtokH;jyKonf[k qdkonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ awG‹&SdcJh
aomypPnf;rsm;u ,if;tqdkrSm;,Gif;a-umif;udk jyaeayonf? wdusjywfom;aom wd&pm>efykHrsm;
udk ausmufvufeufudkomtokH;jyKI xGif;xkEkdifjcif;r&Sday? vl&kyfqif;wkrsm;. rsufpd/ ESmacgif;/

yef;csDykHrsm;ESifh ydokumtif*sifeD,mvuf&mrsm;jzifh rGef;rHqif,ifwwf-ujcif;/ ponfwdk‹

udkodvsufESifh/ xdkacwfrSvlom;rsm;onf ajrtdk;ajrcGufrsm;udk rvkyfwwfao;[k qdkEdkif
ygrnfavm?

76
 tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'.wiful;rSef;qcsufrsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf ‚if;vdrfvnf
vSnfhpm;xm;onfhwifjycsufudk rqkwfrepfayuyfI xyfcgwvJvJajymqdkaz:jyvsuf&Sd
.? xdktEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk jyKvkyfcsef&pfxm;olwdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹,QifuxifcJh-u
onfxuf ydkrdkIwdk;wufaom todOm%fynm/ enf;ynmESifh ,Ofaus;r+&Sd-ua-umif; oH
o,uif;Edkifayonf? ,if;onfuyif ‚if;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vl&kdif;rsm;r[kwf-ua-umif;
udk az:jyaeayonf? bDvif;rf aA wufepfac: wl&uDr*~Zif;wpfapmifu *dkbufvD
awyDwl;az:awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. vl‹ordkif;ESifhywfoufaom rSm;,Gif;onfh
vufcH,lqcsufrsm;udk xkwfaz:vdkufonf[k a&;om;.? “Ttcsuftvufopfrsm;u
vl‹ordkif;ESifhywfoufaom t"duvufcH,lqcsufrsm;udk xkwfaz:vdkufayonf?”[l.?
‚if;trSm;rsm;onfvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'. vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;twGuf t"dy`g,faz:
jcif;a-umifhomv#if jzpfayonf?

77
 vGefavjyD;aom ESpfaygif; 8000 u oGm;bufqdkif&m u|rf;usifr+
enf;ynmjzifh ukojcif;
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pDajymif;vJwdk;wufvmjcif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ordkif;udk xyfrHy,fzsufvdkufjyef.?

78
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100000txd -umanmif;jyDjzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ayonf?27
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vm;AD,mEdkifiHajrmufydkif;&Sd ausmuf*lwGif tdkifAif wm;uf awG‹&SdcJhaom 0uf0Haygif&dk;jzifh
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-uonf[k twnfjyKvufcHxm;aom'g0if0g'udk tajzay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdatmif tusyf&dkuf
apawmhonf? Oyrm/ arsmuf0HESifhwlaom vlom;avmif;rsm;onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;
axmifaomif;rsm;pGmaomtcsdefumvwGif/ tcsif;csif;arsmuf0Hrsm;uJhodk‹ toH[def;-uD;

80
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rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJcJh-uoenf;? Ttcsufonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹twGuf t"dutusyf
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avmif;rsm;onf/ tb,fha-umifh ajrjyifay:odk‹ qif;oufvmI tajccsaexdkif-uonf/
tb,fha-umifh ajcESpfacsmif;jzifh rwfwyf&yfEdkifcJh-uonf/ tb,fuJhodk‹ pOf;pm;Om%ft
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onfhtajzr&Sdacs? “&Sif;jycsuftm;vkH;onf” wiful;rSef;qcsufESifh pdwful;,Ofudktajc
cHaom ykHjyifZmwfvrf;rsm;xuf rydkacs?
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. tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfojzifh/ ajcESpfacsmif;ESifhajcav;acsmif;jydKifwltokH;jyKv+yf&Sm;
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81
1996ckESpfrS uGefjyKwmtokH;jyKaomokawoeu ajcESpfacsmif;ESifh av;bufwGm;v+yf&Sm;
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ajctaev+yf&Sm;r+ vkH;0r&SdEdkifacs?

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82
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rnfonfh owW0gurS vlom;uJhodk‹Om%fynmESifhvlr+qufqHa&;zGH‹jzdK;r+ jzpfay:vmjcif;udk
rawG‹&acs? rnfonfhwd&pm>efurS ausmufwdkifrsm;wnfaqmufpdkufxljcif;rvkyf-uay?
rnfonfhwd&pm>efurS euQwfwm&mESifhtEkynmudk pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&Sdacs? tb,fha-umifh
qdkaomf/ Om%fynmtpGrf;ESifh wDxGifr+tpGrf;onf vlom;wGifom&Sdaom t&nftcsif;
jzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? twdwfumvrS usef&pfaeaomtEkynmvuf&mrsm;tm;vkH;wdk‹
onf/ vlom;rsm;. oD;jcm;t&nftcsif;jzpfaom tEkynm&otarGtESpfjzpfayonf?
xdkvlom;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vlom;avmif;rsm;.tajctaersdK;jzifh aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-u
jcif;r&SdcJha-umif; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;tcsuftvufrsm;u oufaocHvsuf&Sdayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf olwdk‹.oDtdk&Drsm;udk axmufcHEdkifonfh
odyH`taxmuftxm; r&Sd-uacs?
Evolutionists Have No Scientific EvidenceTo Back Up Their Theories
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ vlom;rsm;ESifh arsmuf0Hrsm;onf bdk;ab;wpfckwnf;rS
qif;oufvm-uonf[k twnfjyKxm;-uayonf? ‚if;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac: wpfpwpfpqifh
uJajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;u tb,fuJhodk‹jzpfay:vmcJhoenf;[k ar;aomtcg/ odyH`enf; vkH;
0rusonfh “u|Ekfyfwdk‹rodao;yg/ aemifwpfae‹ae‹rSm odvmEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk‹awmh ar#mfvifh
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D tDvdef; armf*ifu/ atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf?
vlom;rsm;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ESifhywfoufI Om%frrDEdkifao;aomtcsufav;csufrSm/ (1) t
b,fha-umifh olwdk‹ajcESpfacsmif;jzifh vrf;av#muf-uoenf;? (2) tb,fha-umifh olwdk‹.t
arG;rsm; u|wfukefoenf;? (3) tb,fha-umifh olwdk‹.OD;aESmuf -uD;xGm;vmcJhoenf;? (4)
tb,fha-umifh olwdk‹pum;ajymwwf-uoenf;?
or&dk;ustajzrSm/ (1) u|Ekfyfwdk‹rodao;yg/ (2) u|Ekfyfwdk‹rodao;yg/ (3) u|Ekfyfwdk‹rodao;
yg/ (4) u|Ekfyfwdk‹rodao;yg/ [lIjzpf.? ar;cGef;pm&if;rSm aemufxyft&Snf-uD;jzpfEdkifyg
onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkar;cGef;rsm;rSm wpfrsdK;wnf;aom xyfcgwvJvJtajzudk rnfodk‹r#
30
ajymif;vJay;Edkifjcif;&Sdrnfr[kwfay?

83
 tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. vl‹ordkif;qdkif&m ykHaz:csufrsm;udk y,fzsufaom
awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;?
Findings That Refute The Evolutionist Picture of Mankind's History
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ wifjytwnfjyKxm;aom vlom;wdk‹.wpfpwpfpqifhuJ
ajymif;vJzGH‹jzdK;jcif;ykHaz:csufrsm;udk/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifjzpf-uaom rdkufu,f
at u&DrdkESifh &pfcsm'f t,fvf aomfrfqefwdk. uG,f0Sufaeaomvlom;wdk‹.ordkif;=
wm;jrpfxm;onfhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif; (The Hidden History of the Human Race:
Forbidden Archeology) [laompmtkyfwGifay;xm;aomoufaoom"ursm;u ajymif;
jyefvSefvdkufayonf? TpmtkyfwGif/ vl‹ordkif;umvtydkif;tjcm;ESifhywfoufonfh
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wl;az:a&;vkyfief;wpfckudk aqmif&GufcJh&mY/ a&cJjrpfrsm;cef;ajcmufIusef&pfcJhaom
ausmufp&pfaygaomoJaomifjyiftxyfwGif awG‹&SdcJhonfhtokH;taqmifud&d,mwefqm
yvmrsm; jzpfonf? xdkypPnf;rsm;.oufwef;onf ESpfaygif; 65000 rS 125000
txd&SdjyDjzpfa-umif; od&Sd&onfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ ol.awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk a&;om;ykHESdyfxkwf
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vGrf;rdk;xm;aom rSm;,Gif;onfhcH,lcsufwpfckrSm/ vlom;rsm;onf qdkifab;&D;,m;rS

84
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jcif;onf vkH;0rjzpfEdkif vufrcHEdkif[k ,kH-unf-uayonf?
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trJ*DEdku tm*sifwDemEdkifiH rD&mr&ft&yfY oufwef;ESpfaygif; 3 oef;&SdjyDjzpfonfh
yvDtdkpif;(Pliocene formation)txyfwGif awG‹&SdcJhonfh ausmufvufeufud&d,m jzpfay
onf? ,if;txyfrS rsdK;okOf;oGm;jyDjzpfaom awmiftar&duwdkufrS cGmygaomausm&dk;yg
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vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; okH;oef;ausmfavmufu t±dk;ESifhr#m;OD;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u
rnfodk‹r# &Sif;jyEdkifjcif; r&Sd-uawmhacs? Ttcsufuvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf odyH`
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wGif awG‹&SdcJhaom a&$qGJ-udK;ESifhywfoufI Ancient Traces [laomol.pmtkyfwGif
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.? ‚if;rSm a&$&Spfydkif;ESifhtjcm;owWK wpfq,fhajcmufydkif; a&mxm;aoma&$jzpf.?
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&mrsm;onfvnf; jywfom;&Sif;vif;pGm xifusefvsuf&Sd.? Ttcsif;t&muyif/ ‚if;a&$
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xdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uaom vlom;wdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfrSmuJhodk‹ vuf0wf&wemrsm;
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pwmu oJausmufwpfwkH;xJrS&&SdcJh.? xdkoJausmufudk wl;az:&&Sdaom ausmufv$m

85
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.?33
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34
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&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ Tta&;-uD;onfhom"uypPnf;rsm;udk vlxk.&ifoyf±+armjzpfjcif;
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;vl‹ordkif;pmwrf;udk y,fzsufvdkuf.?
Discoveries At The "Ein Gev I" Excavations Refute The Thesis Of
The Evolution Of History
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ajymif;/ *sKHESifhqefpyg;-udwfonfhausmufjym;rsm;/ ausmufjiKyfqkHwpfckESifh wHpOfrsm;udk
wl;az:&&SdcJhayonf? xdkvufeufud&d,mrsm;teuf ta[mif;qkH;ypPnf;rSm bDpDouU&mZf
50000ckESpftxd -umanmif;ayonf?35

86
 ‚if;wl;az:a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH;u/ vlom;rsm;.vdktyfcsufrsm;onf trsm;
tm;jzifh tpOfwpdkuf qifwlcJh-ua-umif;udk az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf? vlom;wdk‹twGuf
rdrdwdk‹. vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhywfoufI ajz&Sif;csufajz&Sif;enf;zGH‹jzdK;r+rsm;onf wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD; wpfacwfESifhwpfacwf qifwlI/ xdkacwf.enf;ynmwdk;wufr+ESifh wdkuf&dkuf
tcsdK;usayonf? ,ae‹acwf aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaom ajymif;qHESifhqefp
yg;-udwfonfhypPnf;rsm;/ oD;ESH&dwfodrf;onfh ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk tqdkyga±S;
acwfwGifvnf; tokH;jyK-uayonf?

87
 tHhtm;oifhzG,fa&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;r+
t-uGif;tusefrsm;
Astonishing Remains Of Ancient Civilization
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qcsuf. vrf;n$ef-oZmoufa&mufr+a-umifh vlrqefonfhqufqHjyKrlr+vkyf&yfrsm; jyK
usifhcJh-uonf?
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odw&m;uif;rJhonfhwd&pm>efrsm;rSaygufzGm;vmonf[k xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif -udK;
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vkHap&ef odyH`ynmudk tumtuG,fvufeuftjzpfcdkvkHtokH;jyK-uayonf?
vlom;wdk‹u awmvdkufjcif; odk‹r[kwf pdkufysdK;arG;jrLjcif;jzifh toufarG;0rf;
ausmif;jcif;onf/ ydkrdkacwfaemufusjcif; odk‹r[kwf ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;r&Sd
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rsm;avmufom&SdI acwfaemufusojzifh xdkodk‹toufarG;0rf;ausmif;-ujcif;r[kwf?
pdkufysdK;arG;jrLjcif;onfvnf; urBmOD;acwfrSa0;uGmoGm;jcif;vnf;r[kwfacs? rnfonfh

88
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. vkyfaqmifcsufurS olwdk‹onftjcm;ouf&SdowW0grsm;rS qif;oufvm
jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;r&Sdacs? xdkvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf/ olwdk‹ajymonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOf
a-umifh Om%fynmydkrdkxufjrufI pGrf;yum;ydkI&Sdaomyk*~dKvfrsm;udk ay:xGef;apjcif; r&Sd
ay? ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwfwGif enf;ynmwufEdkvdk*sDwGif acwfaemufusaeao;aomvlrsdK;
rsm;onfvnf; awmvdkufrkqdk;tjzpf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;-uqJ jzpfonf? odk‹aomf
vnf;/ ,if;uJhodk‹ awmvdkufrkqdk;jzpfolwdk‹onf omrefvlom;xuf tqifhedrfhjcif; rrnf
ay? xdkenf;wl/ aemiftem*wf ESpfaygif;aomif;odef;wGifaygufzGm;rnfhvlom;wdk‹onf
vnf;/ vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;aomif;odef;aom twdwfumvrSvlom;rsm;jyKrlaqmif&GufcJh
ouJhodk‹omv#if jzpfayrnf? xdktwdwfumvrSvlom;rsm;onf urBmOD;vl&dkif;vlom;
avmif;rsm; r[kwf-uovdk/ aemiftem*wfvlom;rsm;onfvnf; ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;ajymif;
vJoGm;rnfh vlom;rsdK;opf jzpfvm-urnfr[kwfay?
vlom;wdk‹. tDAdkvl;&Sif;,Ofaus;r+acwfordkif;udk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. aexdkifr+ykHpH
udk-unfhI a&;qGJjcif;onf odyH`enf;rusacs? T±+axmifhonf/ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;a&S;
a[mif;ypPnf;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk &kyf0g'DodyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u/ ausmufvufeufud&d,mrsm;
udkomtokH;jyKwwfao;aom wd&pm>efwpf0ufomjzpfonfh vlom;avmif;rsm;. tjyKt
rlrsm;tjzpf bufvdkuft"dy`g,faz:jcif;rS xGufay:vmjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? odk‹aomf
vnf;/ xdkvlom;rsm;. OD;aESmufOm%fESifhywfoufonfhtcsuftvufrsm;udk az:jyEdkif
onfh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;wpfckr# az:xkwfawG‹&Sdjcif;r&Sdao;acs? tm;vkH;onf/ rSef;q
csufrsm;omv#if jzpfayonf? ,ae‹vuf&SdtEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk aemiftem*wf ESpf
aygif; 100000avmufwGif awG‹&SdI/ ‚if;wdk‹ESifhywfoufaom tao;pdwftcsufrsm;r&Sd

89
ygu/ ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.vuf&Sd vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ykHpHESifhenf;ynmwufEdkvdk*sDrsm;udk wpfrsdK;
wpfzkH t"dy`g,faz:-uayvdrfhrnf?

txufwGif u|Efkyfwdk‹az:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf wpfqifhpDajymif;vJ

vmcJhonf[laom tawG;tac:onf/ odyH`enf;us oufaotaxmuftxm;vkH;0r&Sdacs?
ToDtdk&Du/ vlom;rsm;onf tpueOD;uwnf;u wd&pm>efuJhodk‹aompdwf"gwfydkif
qdkifxm;onf[laom rSm;,Gif;I odyH`enf;rusonfhtjrifwGif tajccHI ay:aygufvm
jcif;jzpfayonf? [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DrEk\aA'ynm&Sif 0DvD,rf
[dk0Jvfu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf udk,fcE<mESifhywfoufonfhjy\emudkomaz:xkwf
onfr[kwfbJ/ odyH`ynmt&&SmazGowfrSwf&ef ydkrdkcufcJaom tawG;tac:ESifhywfouf
onfhtrltusifhtjyKtrlrsm;udkvnf; az:aeayonf? vl‹tjyKtrlvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
onf/ OD;acgif;cGHuJhodk‹ ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;tjzpf usef&pfaejcif;/ ausmufvufeuf
ud&d,mrsm;uJhodk‹ rysufrpD;usef&pfaejcif; r&Sdacs[k 0efcHxm;ayonf? xdk‹a-umifh vGefcJh
onfhtwdwfumvwGif bmjzpfcJhonf [laomtcsufESifhywfoufI u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf
enf;yg;vSaom oJvGefprsm;om &Sdayonf[k qdk.? olu xdkuJhodk‹aom ,lqcsufrsm;udk
vufawG‹prf;oyfEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifa-umif; rSwfcsufcsxm;ayonf?36
trSefrSm/ vGefcJhonfhr-umao;rDtcsdefwGif/ vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Siftrsm;pkwdk‹u/ tD
Adkvl;&Sif;tjrif.rSm;,Gif;csufrsm;teuf/ vlr+a&;tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmESifh
atmufygtcsufrsm;wGif uGJvGJqef‹usifaeonf[k jyqdkxm;-u.?

90
 1? ‚if;onf vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+ESifhqufEG,fvsuf&Sd.? xdk‹a-umifh uGJjym;aomvl‹
tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifhywfoufI bufvdkuft"dy`g,faz:aponf? Oyrm/ taemuf
EdkifiHom;rsm;onf ydkrdkI,Ofaus;onf[k ,lqaponf?

2? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;onf/ vrf;a-umif;wpfrsdK;wnf;jzifh/ enf;wpfrsdK;

wnf;tokH;jyKI &nf&G,fcsufwpfrsdK;wnf;jzifh -uD;xGm;ajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf/
[k wifjy.?
3? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk &kyf0g'tjrif±+axmifhjzifhom -unfh.?
4? awG‹&Sdcsuftrsm;pkESifh udkufnDjcif;r&Sdacs?
acwfaemufusvsuf&Sdaom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;todkif;t0dkif;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/
acwfrDonf[k owfrSwf-uaom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹xuf/ ydkrdk,Ofaus;I
oabmxm;ydkrdkjrifhjrwfaom pdwf"gwfwefzdk;&Sd-uayonf? qdkvkd&if;rSm/ olwdk‹onf jidrf;
csrf;a&;ESifh wef;wlnDr#r+udk ydkrdkESpfouf-uayonf? olwdk‹pm;aomufaom tpm;tpmt
[m&a-umifh ydkrdkI usef;rmoefpGrf;-uayonf?
Ttcsuftvufrsm;u/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf urBmOD;vl&dkif;rsm;acwfrSpI
,Ofaus;onfhacwftxd wpfppDwpfqifhpDwdk;wuf-uD;xGm;vm-uonf[laom cH,lcsuf
onf odyH`ynmwefzdk; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifhtH0ifjcif;r&Sda-umif;udk xif&Sm;pGm jyqdkvsuf
&Sdayonf? ToDtdk&Donf &kyf0g'tawG;tac:. -oZmoufa&mufr+jzifh vdk&modk‹qJGI r

91
rSefrueft"dy`g,faz:jcif;ay:wGif tajccHxm;ayonf? vGefavjyD;aom,Ofaus;r+acwf
rsm;u csefxm;cJhonfh tEkynmvuf&mt-uGif;tusefrsm;u “ordkif;ESifh,Ofaus;r+ tDAdk
vl;&Sif;”.vdrfvnfr+trSm;rsm;udk xkwfaz:vsuf&Sdayonf?
twdwfumvrS wpfpGef;wpfp usef&pfaom vuQ%mrsm;u
tDAdkvl;&Sif;udk jiif;y,fvdkuf.?
Traces Of The Past Refutes Evolution
twdwfumvrS ,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;onf/ urBm
OD;vl&dkif;acwfrS ,Ofaus;onfhacwfodk‹wpfppDwpfqifhpD wdk;wufajymif;vJvmcJhonf[l
aom oDtdk&Dudk y,fzsufypfavjyD? ordkif;udk ppfaq;-unfhaomtcg vlom;wdk‹onf t
pOfojzifh wlnDaomOm%ftpGrf;ESifhwDxGifr+&Sda-umif; ay:vGifvmayonf? vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif;odef;oef;umvrSvlwdk‹ xkwfvkyfcJhaomypPnf;rsm;ESifh olwdk‹.wpfpGef;wpfp
usefcJhaomvuQ%mrsm;u/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹wifjyxm;aomtqdkESifh t"dy`g,fwjcm;pD
xGufaeayonf? ‚if;usef&pfcJhonfh wpfpGef;wpfpvuQ%mrsm;udk-unfhjcif;tm;jzifh/
twdwfumvrSvltm;vkH;wdk‹onf Om%fynmtpGrf;tpESifhjynfhpkHI topftqef;rsm;udk
awG‹&SdwDxGifcJh-ujyD; olwdk‹twGufvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhpGrf;Edkif-uum ,Ofaus;r+acwf
udk wnfaxmifcJh-ua-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf apv$wfcJhaomwrefawmfrsm;onf/ t"duajymif;vJr+rsm;&Sdap
atmif vlwdk‹.wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+twGuf ulnDaz;rvrf;jy-uayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf
. vrf;jyr+jzifh olwdk‹wGif odyH`ynmtwwfynmrsm; &Sd-u.? Oyrm/ wrefawmfEl;[f
(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)onf oabFmaqmufvkyfonfh enf;ynm±Sdayonf? tb,fha-umifh
qdkaomf/ ol.oabFmudk a&aEG;aiG‹jzifharmif;ESifa-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfrSwqifh
od&dS&ayonf? (tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfomv#if todqkH;jzpf.?)
tqkH;wGif igt&Sifjrwf. trdef‹awmfonf a&muf&SdvmcJh&m rkef‹zdkonf qlyGuf
vmonf? (xdktcg) igt&Sifjrwfonf Todk‹rdef‹-um;awmfrlcJhavonf? toif
onf trsdK;tpm;toD;oD;wdk‹rS wpfpkHpDudkvnf;aumif;/ rdrdtdrfoltdrfom;wdk‹t
euf/ trdef‹awmfxkwfjyefcJhjyD;olrSwyg;/ useftdrfoltdrfom;wdk‹udkvnf;aumif;/
tDrmefouf0if,kH-unfcJhaomolwdk‹tm;vnf;aumif;/ xdkoabFmay:odk‹ wif
aqmifygav? pifppfaomfum; xdk(eADwrefawmfEl[f)ESifhtwl tenf;i,fr#aom
olwdk‹omv#if ouf0if,kH-unfcJh-uukefownf;? (pl&m[f [l'f 11;40)
xdkuJhodk‹aom wefEl&f ac:rkef‹zdk(rD;zdk)udk ae&ma'otrsm;wGif tokH;jyKqJjzpfay
onf? Ttm,wfwGif ‚if;rD;zdkrS a&qlyGufyef;xGufonf[k rdef‹awmfrlxm;.? xdk‹
a-umifh/ ,if;abFmonf rD;zdkay:YqlyGufaeaoma&aEG;pGrf;tm;jzifh a&GŒvsm;jcif;udk qdk
vdkayonf? tvfrmvDrS [rf'D ,ZD&f. “rD;zdktokH;jyKaom a&aEG;aiG‹okH;oabFm(rD;o
abFm)jzpfonf?”[k atmufygtwdkif; a0zefzGifhqdkxm;ayonf?
wefEl&f=tbd"gefwGif vkHjcHKpGmydwfxm;aom rkef‹zdk/ rD;zdk[k az:jyxm;.? “zg&m”[laomp
um;vkH;.t"dy`g,frSm qlyGufIwGef;tm;pGrf;tif-uD;pGmjzifh yef;xGufonf[k qdkvdkonf? qdk
vdk&if;rSm/ xdkoabFmonf &Gufrsm;wyfqifxm;aom&GufavSr[kwfbJ/ rD;zdkygaom a&aEG;aiG‹
37
okH;oabFm(rD;oabFm)jzpfayonf?

92
 wrefawmfpkvdkifrmef(aqmvrGef)(tvdkifa[hqvmrf).vufxufwGifvnf;
ta&;ygaom-uD;us,fonfhodyH`wdk;wufr+&SdcJhayonf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif/ eAD
wrefawmfpkvdkifrmef.vufxufwGif acwfopfav,mOfysHuJhodk‹ jrefqefaom c&D;oGm;
vmjcif;ta-umif; rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf? “xdkenf;wlpGm (igt&Sifjrwfonf) avudk‘pkvdkif
rmef’.(trdef‹udk emcHapawmfrlcJh.?) ,if;av.eHeufvrf;c&D;rSm wpfvc&D;vrf;
jzpfI naevrf;c&D;rSmvnf; wpfvc&D;vrf;yif jzpfcJh.? xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkpk
vdkifrmef.tusdK;iSm (t&nfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom)a-u;eDacsmif;rsm;udk pD;qif;apawmfrlcJh.?
(pl&m &SDAm 34;12)
Ttm,mwfawmfu c&D;a0;udk jrefqefpGmoGm;vmEdkifjcif;ta-umif; jyqdkay
onf? ‚if;rSm u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfrSmtokH;jyKonfh enf;ynmuJhodk‹aom avudktokH;jyKonfh
,mOfESifhywfoufjcif;udk jyqdkayonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfuomv#if todqkH;jzpfawmf
rl.?) uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; xyfrHjyqdkxm;ayonf?
xdk*sifwdk‹onf xdkpkvdkifrmef.tusdK;iSm ‚if;tvdk&Sdaom -uD;us,faomtaqmuf
ttkHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ (ausmuf/ a-u;eD/ zef ponfrsm;jzifhjyD;aom)&kyfwkrsm;
udkvnf;aumif;/ a&uef-uD;rsm;wr#&Sdaom ZvkH/ tifwkHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ r
ajymif;ra&$ŒEdkifaom tdk;-uD;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;/ jyKvkyfay;-uukef.?
(xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf Todk‹rdef‹-um; awmfrlcJh.) tdk=‘'g0l'f’.om;ajr;/
tdrfoltdrfom;wdk‹/ toifwdk‹onf aus;Zl;odwwfaom taeESifh aumif;r+jyK-u
avukef? pifppfaomfum; igt&Sifjrwf. u|efwdk‹teuf aus;Zl;odwwf-uaom
olwdk‹rSm enf;yg;vSayownf;? (pl&m &SDAm 34;13)
qdkvdk&if;rSm/ eADpkvdkifrmef(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)onf/ jrifhrm;wdk;wufaom ydok
umenf;ynmrsm;&Sdonfh aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfom;rsm;udk tvkyfcef‹tyfaqmufvkyfapcJh
.? aemufxyftm,wfawmfwpfyg;wGifvnf; Todk‹qdkxm;ayonf?
====xdkenf;wlpGm(igt&Sifjrwfonf) qdk;oGrf;aom*sifefrsm; (0g) taqmuft
tkH aqmufolwdkif;udkvnf;aumif;/ a&ikyfolwdkif;udkvnf;aumif;/ (pl&m qGm'f
38;37)
eADwrefawmfpkvdkifrmefu a&ikwfolrsm;udk xdef;Edkifonf[laomtcsufrSm yif
v,fjyifatmuf&Sd &wemESifho,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk &SmazGwl;az:jcif;udk qdkvdkayonf?
yifv,fjyifatmuf&Sd owWK&wemrsm;ESifh a&eHudkwl;az:Edkifonfhvkyfief;onf wdk;wuf
aom enf;ynmvdktyfayonf? Ttm,wfrsm;u xdkuJhodk‹aom twwfynmenf;ynm
rsm;onfvnf; a&S;,Qifu &SdcJha-umif;udk az:jyjcif;jzpfayonf?
aemufxyftm,wfawmfwpfydk'fwGif/ “(t&nfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom)a-u;eDacsmif;rsm;
udk pD;qif;apawmfrlcJh.?”(uk&ftmef 34;12) [ktrdef‹&Sdxm;.? t&nfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom
a-u;eDacsmif;rSm/ eADwrefawmfpkvdkifrmef.vufxufwGuf v#yfppf"gwftm;okH;jcif;udk
jyqdkjcif;jzpfayonf? trsm;od-uonfhtwdkif;/ a-u;eDonf v#yfppf"gwfESifh tylpD;qif;
jcif;twGuf taumif;qkH;v#yfppful;ypPnf;ESifhtylul;ypPnf;jzpfI/ v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf
vkyfr+vkyfief;wGif tokH;jyKonfhtajccHypPnf;jzpfayonf? “igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkpkvdkif
rmef.tusdK;iSm (t&nfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom)a-u;eDacsmif;rsm;udk pD;qif;apawmfrlcJh.?”[l
aomtydk'fonf enf;ynmtrsdK;rsdK;wGif tokH;jyK&eftwGuf ajrmufjrm;pGmaom a-u;eDudk

93
t&nfaysmfatmifusdKcsufjcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfEdkifayonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfomv#if
todqkH;jzpfayonf?)
aemufxyfuk&ftmeftm,wfawmfrsm;wGif/ eADwrefawmf'g0l'f(tvdkifa[hq
vmrf)onf oHudkudkifwG,fonfhtwwfynmESifh oHcsyftuôsrsm;udkjyKvkyfonfhtwwfy
nm&Sda-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
==xdkrSwyg; igt&Sifjrwfonf “'g0l'f”tzdk‹ oHudkaysmhaysmif;apawmfrl.?
“toifonf jynfhpkHaomoHcsyftuôs&Snfrsm;udk jyKvkyfygav? ‚if;jyif toif
onf(uGif;qufrsm;udk)quf&mwGif oifhjrwfatmif csdefqcef‹rSef;IjyKvkyfygav?
xdk‹jyif toifwdk‹onf aumif;jrwfaomtusifhoDvudk usifhr+aqmufwnf-uav
ukef/ {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹usifhrl jyKvkyfor#wdk‹udk t-uGif;rJhod
jrifawmfrlaomt&Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrlayownf;”? (pl&m &SDAm 34;10=11)
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfu eADwrefawmfZkvfu&fEdkifef(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)u
xdkacwfumvxdkt&yfrS vlwdk‹xGif;azgufjcif;rjyKEdkifaomawmifESpfawmifudk qufoG,f
umqD;onfhwHwdkif;aqmufvkyfay;cJha-umif; jyqdkxm;ayonf? Ttm,wfawmft&
aysmhajymif;t&nfaysmfatmifusdKcsufxm;aom oHESifha-u;eDrsm;udk tokH;jyKa-umif; jyqdk
xm;ayonf?
toifwdk‹onf oHjym;oHwkH;(oHwdk oHp)rsm;udkom u|EkfyfxH,laqmifcJh-uav
ukef/ aemufqkH;wGif awmifESpfvkH;xdyfzsm;ESpfckt-um;wGif wnDwnGwfwnf;jzpf
atmif jyKvkyfcJhaomtcg ,if;Zkvfu&fEdkifefu toifwdk‹onf avr+wf-uav
ukef[k ajymqdkn$ef-um;cJh.? aemufqkH;wGif ,if;oHjym;rsm;udk rD;rsm;jzpfapaom
tcg ,if;Zkvfu&fEdkifefu toifwdk‹onf t&nfusdKxm;aom a-u;eDudk u|EkfyfxH
,lcJh-uavukef? ToHjym;ay:Y u|EkfyfoGef;avmif;tHh[k ajymqdkcJh.?
(pl&mtvfu[zf 18;96)

Ttm,wfawmft& Zk&fu&fEdkifefu tm;jznfhaumifu&pfenf;ynmudktokH;jyKcJh

a-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? oHowWKonf tiftm;awmifhwif;qkH;jzpfaomowWKwpfrsdK;jzpfI
taqmifttkH-uD;rsm;/ wHwm;rsm;ESifh a&umwmrsm;ponfh ydokumvkyfief;rsm;wGif tm;
jznfhaqmufvkyfa&;tjzpftokH;jyK&ayonf? Ttm,wfawmft& Zk&fu&fEdkifefu tpGef;
ESpfzufwGif oHjzifhpGJxm;jyD; tm;jznfht*Fawavmif;ykH&ayonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfom
v#if todqkH;jzpfawmfrl.?)
tar&duwdkuftv,fydkif;a'orS ,Ofaus;r+acwfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif t0wfjzL0wf
qifI rkwfqdwf&Sdonfhyk*~dKvfwpfOD; a&mufvmcJha-umif; tqdk&Sd.? wdkawmif;aomtcsdef
umvtwGif; wpfqlwnf;aomewfbk&m;udk udk;uG,fqD;uyfonfh ,kH-unfr+ysHŒyGm;vm
cJhI csufcsif;yif tEkynmESifh odyH`ynmwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ay:aygufcJhonf[k tqdk&Sday
onf?
eADwrefawmfrsm;jzpf-uaom ,mulbf/ ,lqGzf/ rlqmESifh [m&Gef(tvdkif[krfq
vmrf)wdk‹udk tD*spfEdkifiHodk‹ ydk‹cJh.? xdkacwfumv tD*spfEdkifiHY tEkynmESifhodyH`ynmwdk;
wufzGH‹jzdK;r+rsm;wGif xdkeADwrefawmfwdk‹. -oZm&SdcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&ayonf?

94
 rGwfpvifrfodyH`ynm±Sifwdk‹onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh wrefawmfjrwf(qG
v†v†m[ktvdkifa[h0qvmrf). usifhpOfqGEMwfawmfrsm;udk vdkufem-uojzifh euQwWaA
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95
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96
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97
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98
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wWKa&mrsm;onf ESpfaygif; 100rS 200t-um;wGif ysufpD;,dk,Gif;ukefayonf? qdkvdk&if;
rSm toif. tdrfeH&Hrsm;onf aqG;ajrŒysufpD;ukefjyD;/ y&dabm*rsm;onfvnf; tpte
usef&pf&ef cJ,Of;ayonf? tu,fI ajrivsifv+yfjcif;/ a&v$rf;rdk;jcif;ESifh avrkefwdkif;
wdkufcwfjcif;jzpfygu ydkIyifjrefqefpGm ysufpD;,dk,Gif;aysmufuG,foGm;Edkifayonf?
ausmufwkH;ausmufcJrsm;jzifhjyKvkyfxm;aom tydkif;rsm;avmufomv#if ydkrdk-um&SnfcHEdkif
ojzifh tcsdKŒtenf;i,favmuf usef&pfayvdrfhrnf? usef&pfrnfht&mrsm;onfvnf; t
ydkif;tprsm;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? ,if;tydkif;tprsm;udk-unfhI xdkacwfumvvl‹tzGJ‹t

99
pnf;. ae‹pOfb0udk t"dy`g,faz:&efrjzpfEdkifacs? olwdk‹. vlr+qufqHa&;/ ,kH-unfr+/
tEkynm&o/ ponfwdk‹udk az:xkwf&mYvnf; aocsCer+ &Sdrnfr[kwfacs?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf wl;az:awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;tay:tajccHI rjzpf
Edkifonfhta-umif;udk pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;trsdK;rsdK;xGifI t"dy`g,faz:ae-uao;onf?
trSefw&m;udk wpfrsdK;wpfzkHrrSefruefvkyf-uHwDxGif-uonfudk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DtcsdKŒ

udk,fwdkifuyif a0zef-uayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ rrSefruefvkyf-uHwDxGifaomZmwfvrf;cif;

enf;udk olwdk‹udk,fwdkifubJ “tJ'Dvdkajym-uowJh ykHjyif”[k trnfay;-uonf?
Ta0g[m&onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm±Sif pwDzif a*s a*gvf
u 1902ckESpfwGifjAdwdo#vlrsdK;uAsmq&mpma&;q&m &yf'f,'fuDyfvif(1865=1936)
a&;om;aom pmtkyfrStwk,ltokH;jyKxm;aompum;jzpfayonf? &yf'f,'fuDyfvifonf
cav;rsm;twGuf pdwful;,OfykHjyifa&;om;&mwGif wd&dpm>efrsm; olwdk‹.t*Fgtpdwft
ydkif;rsm; rnfuJhodk‹&&SdvmcJh-uonfudk a&;om;xm;.? Oyrm/ qifESmarmif;ta-umif;
atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;.?
a&S;a&S;wkef;u/ cspfp&maumif;wJhowW0g qif[m ESmarmif;r&Sdbl;wJh? rJrJeJ‹tzk-uD;-uD; jzpf
aewJhESmacgif;bJ&SdowJh?==='gayrJh/ qifwpfaumif&SdowJh/==qiftopfwpfaumifqdkbJ/

100
 qifuav;wpfaumifbJaygh?==tJ'Dqifuav;u pdwful;aygufor#bmrqdkudk odcsifvGef;
prf;csifvGef;owJh?==wpfae‹usawmh ae&mwuma&SmufoGm;&if; pdrf;vrf;pdkajywJh vifydkydk
jrpfem;udk a&mufoGm;owJh? tJ'Djrpfurf;em;rSm opfwkH;-uD;wpfckudk awG‹owJh? wu,fawmh
opfwkH;-uD;r[kwfbJ rdausmif;-uD;jzpfaeowJh? olvJ odcsifvGef;vdk‹bmrsm;vJ=qdkjyD; ikH‹-unfh
owJh? rdausmif;-uD;uvJ ol‹ESmacgif;av;udk zrf;udkufvdkufowJh?==qifuav;uvJ olŒ
zifuav;eJ‹xdkifvdkufjyD;/ aemufudk qGJowJh? qGJ=qGJ=qGJ&if; wajz;ajz;eJ‹olESmacgif;vJ
&Snf=&Snf=&SnfxGufvmawmhw,faygh? rdausmif;-uD;uvJ tjrD;&Snf-uD;udk a&rSm bdkif;ueJ
38
&dkuf&if; a&xJikwfqif;oGm;jyD;/ qifuav;&JhESmacgif;udk rv$wfwef; qGJ=qGJ=qGJ owJh?
a*gvfESifhtwl aemufxyftDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm±SifwcsdKŒu pmayavmuwGif
txufygykHjyifuJhodk‹aom odyH`taxmuftxm;r&Sdonfh Zmwfvrf;rsm;ESifh jynfheufae
onf[k a0zef-u.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹uvnf; vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;.wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+qdkif
&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk &yf'f,'fudy`vif.ykHjyiftwdkif; &Sif;jy-uayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;
vlr+a&;odyH`ynm±Sifrsm;u &yf'f,'fudy`vif. “tJ'Dvdkajym-uowJh'¾m&DykHjyif”uJhodk‹
pdwful;,Ofudkom tajccHtjzpftm;udk;-uayonf? vlom;wdk‹onf arsmuf0Hrsm;uJhodk‹ t
oH[def;rsm;jzifhom qufoG,fwwfI ausmuf*lwGif;Yaexdkifum opfoD;0vHrsm;udk pk
aqmif;-uaomb0rS pum;ajymwwfvmjcif;/ pdkufysdK;arG;jrLwwfvmjcif;ESifh owWKrsm;
udktokH;jyKwwfvmjyD; vlr+qufqHa&;wnfaqmufzGH‹jzdK;vm-uonf[laom tDAdkvl;&Sif;

0g'Dwdk‹. vl‹ordkif;onfvnf; txufygqifuav;ESmarmif;&&SdvmonfhykHjyifESifh jcm;

em;jcif; r&Sday? wpfykHpHwnf;jzpfayonf?
odyH`enf;rusonfh Tvkyfenf;vkyf[efcsOf;uyfenf;ESifhywfoufI a*gvfu
atmufygtwdkif; a0zefxm;.?
odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u ‚if;Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf '¾m&DykHjyifjzpfa-umif;udk odxm;-uayonf? ‚if;
ykHjyifrsm;udk u|rf;usifr+qdkif&mpmayrsm;wGif az:jyjcif;u uHqdk;onf[kqdk&ayrnf? pmzwf

101
 olwdk‹u tav;teufoabmaumufvGef;-uayonf? xdk‹aemuf “rSefuefcsuf”rsm;tjzpfodk‹
39
ajymif;vJoGm;jyD;/ tjcm;pmayrsm;odk‹ ul;ajymif;pdrfh0ifoGm;awmhonf?===
a*gvfu TykHjyifrsm;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;r#
ray;Edkifa-umif; atmufygtwdkif; xyfrHaz:jyxm;ayoonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;qdkif&m obm0ordkif;wGif T“tJ'Dvdkajym-uowJh'¾m&DykHjyif”rsm;u rnfuJhodk‹
aomoufaocHr# ay;Edkifjcif;r&Sdacs? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹.oufa&mufr+onf u|Ekfyf.,kH
-unfcsufudk i,fpOfawmifaus;rSpI wajz;ajz;csif;tm;enf;oGm;apcJhayonf? wDxGifOm%f
rsm;u tenf;tusOf;usefaeatmif u,fq,fxm;Edkifao;ojzifh/ tay:,Hausmavmufudk
40
om-unfhI aumufcsufcsjcif;rsdK;udkjzifh u|EkfyfrESpfoufvSyg?
e,l;*&ef;*sf = Newgrange
'bfvifteD;&Sd TarmfuGef;0ifocsõKif;onf/ bDpDouU&mZf 3200ckESpfavmufu
ocsõKif;jzpfa-umif; oabmwlxm;-ujyD;jzpfayonf? tD*spf,Ofaus;r+acwfay:aygufcsdef
wGif/ e,l;*&def;*sfonf a[mif;EGrf;jyD;jzpfaeavjyD? abbDvdkeD,m;ESifh c&Dwef,Ofaus;r+
rsm;yif ray:aygufao;acs? urBmausmf pwkH;[if;csfausmufwdkif-uD;rsm;yif raqmufvkyf
&ao;ay? okawoet& e,l;*&ef;*sfonf ocsõKif;omr[kwfbJ/ ‚if;udk aqmufvkyfol
wdk‹onf/ euQwWaA'ynm&yfwGif tawmftwefu|rf;usifa-umif;udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? ol
wdk‹. tif*sifeD,mtwwfynmESifh ydokumynmtwdkif;twmudk tav;xm;az:jyxdkuf
ayonf?
e,l;*&ef;*sfudk ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifha&S;a[mif;ypPnf;qdkif&mynm±Siftajrmuf
tjrm;u tHhzG,faumif;aomenf;ynmrsm;yg0ifa-umif; az:jy-uayonf? Oyrm/ xdkt
aqmufttkH.xdyfqkH;ydkif; vdyfckH;ykHtrdk;uyif tHhzG,frcef;aom aqmufvkyfa&;enf;
ynmjzpfaeayonf? t&if;ydkif;wGif ydkrdkav;vHI txufydkif;wGif ydkrdkayghyg;onfhausmuf
wkH;wpfvkH;pDudk tay:ydkif;rSausmufwkH;udk atmufydkif;rSausmufwkH;xuf tenf;i,ft
jyifodk‹plxGufaeatmif tifrwefu|rf;usifpGm pDIxyfxm;onf? ‚if;rSaeI tv,fA[dk
ydkif;wGif ajcmufrDwmtjrifhtxdjrifhwufoGm;aom ajcmufaxmifhykHrD;cdk;acgif;wdkifudk
aqmufvkyfxm;jyefonf? xdkrD;cdk;acgif;wdkif.xdyfwGif vdkovdkzGifhydwfEdkifaom ausmuf
wkH;tzkH;wpfck wyfqifxm;.?
Tavmuf-uD;rm;onfh taqmufttkHudk aqmufvkyfolwdk‹onf aqmufvkyfa&;
tif*sifeD,mtwwfynmudk aumif;rGefpGmu|rf;usif-ua-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? wduspGm
wGufcsufEdkifjcif;/ rSefuefpGmpDrHudef;csEdkifjcif;/ av;vHonfhausmufwkH;rsm;udk a±$Œajymif;
o,fydk‹Edkifjcif;/ olwdk‹. aqmufvkyfa&;twwfynmudk ajyjypfpGmtokH;cswwfjcif;rsm;
ESifhjynfhpkHa-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u TtaqmufttkHudk rnfuJhodk‹
aqmufvkyfcJh-urnfhta-umif;udk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd-uacs? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ olwdk‹
. ,kwWdr&Sdaomtjrift&/ xdktaqmufttkHudk aqmufvkyfolwdk‹onf urBmOD;vl&kdif;
rsm;tjzpf tvGeftrif;acwfaemufusaom enf;rsm;udkom tokH;jyKI yifyef;w-uD; vkyf
aqmif-u&rnfjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkr#-uD;rm;aom armfuGef;0ift
aqmufttkH-uD;udk acwfrDaqmufvkyfa&;tif*sifeD,mtwwfynmrokH;bJ aqmufvkyf
Edkif&ef rjzpfEdkifay?
TtaqmufttkH. euQwWaA'qdkif&mt*Fg&yfrsm;onf tHhtm;oifhzG,faumif;
ayonf? T-uD;rm;aomtaqmufttkHudk aqmif;,OfpGef;csdef('DZifbmv 22&ufae‹)

102
wGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tvif;a&mifya'omjyor+&Sdatmif aqmufvkyf
xm;ayonf? aqmif;,OfpGef;csdefae‹v,frGef;vGJonfESifhwjydKifwnf; e,l;*&ef;*sftwGif;
&Sd ocsõKif;&ifjyifudk tvif;a&mif0if;xdefaeatmif aea&mifjcnfwef;xdk;jyxm;.?
ausmufwkH;rsm;tm;vkH;udk aea&mifjcnfusa&mufI ‚if;wdk‹rStvif;jyefatmif pDpOfxm;
onf? xdkuJhodk‹pDpOfjcif;uyif xdkae‹rGef;vGJcsdefY aea&mifjcnfwef;upm;jyonfh tvif;
a&mifya'omjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf?

xdk‹a-umifh/ T{&mr-uD;rm;onfh ausmuftaqmufttkH-uD;udk aqmufvkyfcJhol

wdk‹onf/ aqmufvkyfa&;tif*sifeD,mtwwfynmESifhom jynfhpkH-uonfr[kwfbJ/ xdkae‹
xdk&ufwGif wae‹wmtcsdeftwGif; ol&d,aerif;onf rnfodk‹a&GŒvsm;oGm;vmonfudk
aumif;pGm wGufcsufEdkif-ua-umif; awG‹Edkifayonf?
e,l;*&ef;*sfonf xdka'oY usef&pfcJhaomausmufom;taqmufttkHrsm;teuf wpfck
omv#ifjzpfonf? TtaqmufttkHwpfckwnf;udk-unhfjcif;jzifh/ xdkacwfumvrS vlwdk‹
onf eufeJaomtodynmESifh enf;ynmrsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;cJh-ua-umif; rSwfcsuf
csEdkifayonf? xdkacwfumvrSvlwdk‹onf rnfokd‹rnfykHaexdkifpm; aomuf-uonfudk rnf
odk‹cef‹rSef;t"dy`g,faz:rnfenf;? xdkr#-uD;us,f cef;em;aom taqmufttkHudk aqmuf
vkyfEdkifolwdk‹onf/ oifhawmifhoifhw,fpGm aexdkifpm;aomufEdkif-uolrsm;om jzpfEdkifay
onf? tu,fI olwdk‹onf euQwfwm&mESifhywfoufIem;vnf oabmaygufjyD; wdus
rSefuefpGm apmifh-unhft"dy`g,faz:wwf-uygu/ olwdk‹. ae‹pOfpm;aomufaexdkifr+ xkH;

103
wrf;pOfvmonf olwdk‹pkaqmif;xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom todynmtwwfynmrsm;ESifh t
csdK;ususvdkufavsmnDaxGjcif;&Sdrnfomjzpf.? TausmuftaqmufttkHonf ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fr+&Sdjcif;/ acwfrDaq;&kHrsm;wGifukojcif;/ yef;rvfESifh jynfheufaeonfhO,smOf&Sd
onfhtdrfrsm;wGif ZdrfususaexdkifEdkifI pmayusrf;
*ef wwfajrmufonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. usef&pfcJh
aomwpfckwnf;aomjynfheufaeonfhO,smOf&Sd
onfhtdrfrsm;wGif ZdrfususaexdkifEdkifI pmayusrf;
*efwwfajrmufonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. usef&pfcJh
aomwpfckwnf;aom taqmufttkHjzpf ayvdrfh
rnf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;onfuyif olwdk‹.zGH‹jzdK;
wdk;wufonfhtarGtESpfwpfckjzpfayonf? T
onfausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifha&S;a[mif;ypPnf;awG‹
&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh ordkif;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: t
ajccHI rSefuefpGmobm0usust"dy`g,f az:jcif;
jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D wdk‹onf
&kyf0g'ykHpHtwdkif;omv#if awG;ac:avh&Sd-uojzifh/
odyH`ynmESifho[ZmwoifhIobm0usus t"d
y`g,faz:rnfhtpm;/ olwdk‹,kH-unfvufcHxm;aom
w&m;aotcsufESifhvdkufzufatmifomv#ifZmwf
vrf;xGif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdkwDxGifxm;aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf trSefw
&m;udk az:jyEdkifpGrf;r&Sday?

104
 pwkH;[ifh*sf
pwkH;[ifh*sf = Stonehenge
pwkH;[ifh*sfonf/ t*FvefEdkifiHwGif {&mr-uD;rm;aomausmufwkH;-uD;tvkH; 30jzifh
puf0dkif;ykHpDI pdkufxlxm;aom armfuGef;ausmufwdkifrsm;jzpfonf? ausmufwpfvkH;pDonf
ysrf;r# 4˜5rDwm(15 ay)jrifhI 25wefr#av;vH.? xdkarmfuGef;ausmufwdkifrsm;u okaw
oDtajrmuftjrm;udk pdwf0ifpm;apI/ rnfuJhodk‹ESifh tb,hfa-umifhpdkufxlxm;jcif;jzpf
rnf[laom awG;awm,lqcsufoDtdk&DtrsdK;rsdK; wifjy-uayonf? xdkoDtdk&Drsm;rnfr#rSef
uefr+&Sdr&SdrSm ta&;r-uD;aomfvnf;/ TarmfuGef;ausmufwdkif-uD;rsm;u vl‹ordkif;qdkif&m
“tDAdkvl;&Sif;”oDtdk&Dudk xyfrHIysufjy,fapaom taxmuftxm;wpfckjzpfayonf?

okawoet& pwkH;[ifh*sfarmuGef;ausmufwdkifonf bDpDouU&mZf 2800wGif p

wifaqmufvkyfcJhI/ tqifhokH;qifhtjzpfaqmufvkyfxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&.? xdk‹a-umifh
Tausmufwdkifonf oufwef;ESpfaygif; 5000 ausmf&SdavjyD? taqmufttkH.twGif;
ydkif;qkH;wGif csdKifhrsm;wl;xm;I tem;w0dkufwGif wGif;i,frsm;pDI wl;xm;onf? 'kwd,
tqifhwGif tjyma&mifausmufwkH;rsm;udk tv,fA[dkudk0dkif;I ESpfxyfpDxm;onf? aemuf
qkH;ausmufwkH;udk tjyifcyfususpdkufxm;onf? tjyifqkH;puf0dkif;wGif t-uD;qkH;ausmuf
wkH;rsm;udk pdkufxlxm;I xkyfwef;ausmufwkH;&Snfrsm;qufwdkufwifxm;onf?
TarmfuGef;0ifausmufwdkifwGif rSwfom;oifhqkH;tcsufwpfcsufrSm/ ‚if;wGift
okH;jyKxm;aom tjyma&mifausmufrsm;onf/ teD;w0dkufwGif&Smr&EdkifaomausmufwkH;
rsm;jzpfaeonf? TausmufwkH;rsm;udk uDvdkrDwm 380(rdkif 24)a0;uGmaom y&DapvD
awmifrsm;rS wifoGif;,laqmifvmjcif;jzpfayonf? tu,fI tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dordkif;
q&mwdk‹.tqdkjyKcsuft&/ xdkacwfumvrSvlom;wdk‹onf/ ausmufvufeufrsm; jzpf
onfh ausmufykqdefrsm;ESifh opfom;azgifrsm;udkomtokH;jyKwwfao;onfh vl&dkif;rsm;
jzpf-urnfqdkv#if/ TuJhodk‹aom {&mrausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;udk ,QKpwkH;[ifh*sf&Sdaeonfh
ae&mtxd rnfuJhodk‹o,faqmifvmEdkif-urnfenf;? Tar;cGef;udk rSef;qI wDxGifxm;
aom pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;rsm;jzifh tajzray;Edkifay?

105
 okawoeynm±Sifwpfpkonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqdktwdkif; xdkacwfwGiftokH;jyKrnfh
enf;rsm;udktwk,ljyD; opfom;jzifhjyKvkyfonfh vufvSnfhaumufwHESifh azgifrsm;udktokH;
jyKI t&G,fwlausmufwkH;wpfwkH;udk pwkH;[ifh*sfae&mtxd prf;oyfo,faqmif-uonf?
azgifokH;xyfvkyfI opfom;wkwfrsm;udkomokH;I -udK;pm;yef;pm; jrpfudkqefwufo,f
aqmif-uonf? xdk‹aemuf opfom;jzifht-urf;jzif;jyKvkyfxm;aom bD;jzifhqGJ-uonf?
xdk-udK;pm;r+onf tv[oomv#ifjzpfcJhavonf? ‚if;rSm pwkH;[ifh*sftxd tjyma&mif
ausmufwkH;wpfwkH;udk o,faqmif&ef-udK;pm;-unfh-ujcif; prf;oyfcsufwpfckomjzpf.?
okawoeynm±Sifwdk‹u xdkvl&dkif;acwfumvwGif tokH;jyKEdkifonfhawG;Edkifonfhenf;rsdK;
pkHjzifh prf;oyf-unfh-uayonf? rnfonfhprf;oyfcsufur# ratmifjrifcJhay? xdkacwfum
vwGif ausmufESifhopfom;jzifhjyKvkyfaomvufeufud&d,mrsm;om tokH;jyKcJhvdrfh[laom
rSm;,Gif;onfh ,lqcsufa-umifh jzpfayonf?
aemufxyftav;xm;&rnfhtcsufrSm/ xdkprf;oyfcsufwGiftokH;jyKaom -udK;rsm;
onf ,ae‹acwfenf;ynmokH;puf&kHxGuf -udK;rsm;jzpfonf? vufvSnfhaumufwHESifh t
jcm;ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;onfvnf; vuf&Sda&wyfrsm;wGiftokH;jyKaeaom ykHpHrsm;udktwk,lxm;
onf? tao;pdyfpDrHudef;csonfhwGufcsufr+rsm;onfvnf; acwfopfynm&yfrsm;udk t
okH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ prf;oyfcsufrSm ratmifjrifbJjzpfcJhayonf? vGefcJh
onfhESpfaygif; 5000ausmftvsifu vlrsm;onf/ wefcsdefajrmufjrm;pGm av;vHaom
ausmufwkH;rsm;udk/ wdusonfhtaetxm;rsm;wGif puf0dkif;ykHcsI pdkufxlxm;cJh-uay
onf? olwdk‹onf xdkvkyfief;-uD;udk opfom;opfwkH;rsm;ESifhausmufvufeufrsm;/
opfom;vufvSnfhaumufwHrsm; ponfwdk‹udkomtokH;jyKI jyD;ajrmufatmifvkyfEdkif-u
rnfr[kwfa-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf? pwkH;[ifh*sfESifh tjcm;ausmufarmfuGef;wdkif-uD;
rsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk‹u awG;-unfhIyifr&Edkifaom enf;ynmud&d,mrsm;tokH;jyKI aqmuf
vkyfcJh-uavonf?
tHh-ozG,faumif;aom
wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒ-uD;. t-uGif;tusefrsm;
The Astonishing Remains in the City of Tiahuanaco
yifv,frsufESmjyifrS rDwm 4000 (ay 13000)jrifhaom bdkvDAD;,m;EdkifiHESifh yD&l;
EdkifiHt-um;&Sd tef'ufpfawmifay:wGifwnf&Sdaom wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒysuf-uD;udk oGm;
a&mufawG‹jrifolwdkif; rtHh-obJ raeEdkif-uay? xdka'oonf awmiftar&duwdkuf. tHh
zG,frcef;-uD;us,faoma&S;a[mif;ypPnf;a'otjzpfowfrSwfxm;.? trSefpifppf urBm
wpf0Srf;vkH;. tarGtESpfyifjzpfayonf?
wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒysuf-uD;rS tHh-ozG,ftaumif;qkH;ypPnf;wpfckrSm/ aqmif;ESifhaEG
,OfpGef;csdefrsm;/ &moDOwkrsm;ESifh v.oGm;vmonfhvrf;a-umif;tjyif v.tcsdefem&D
ESifh wnfae&mrsm;udkyg jyaomjyuQ'defjzpfayonf? TjyuQ'defonf xdkt&yfY aexdkif
olrsm;onf tvGefwdk;wufaom enf;ynmtwwfynmrsm;&Sd-ua-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sd.?
wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒysuf-uD;. t-uGif;tusefrsm;teuf tHh-ozG,faumif;aomypPnf;rsm;
rSm/ {&mr-uD;rm;aom ausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;onfh armfuGef;ausmuf
taqmufttkHrsm;jzpfonf? tcsdKŒausmufwkH;rsm;rSm wefcsdef 100 txd av;vH.?

106
 &D'g'dkif*sufr*~Zif; . aqmif;yg;&SifwpfOD;u/ “==,ae‹acwfrS tawmfqkH;tif
*sifeD,mrsm;u xdkjrdKŒ-uD;wGifaqmufvkyfxm;onfh ausmufwkH;ausmufaqmif-uD;rsm;
uJhodk‹aomausmufwkH;rsm;udk jzwfawmufEdkifrnfavm[k rdrdudk,fudk ar;oifhonf? {&mr
-uD;rm;onfhausmufwkH;rsm;onf oHykHpHwGifjzwfxm;ouJhodk‹ jywfom;vSayonf?==”41
[k a&;om;xm;ayonf?
Oyrm/ jrdKŒ&dk;wHwdkif;wnfaqmuf
onfh wefcsdefaygif;60r# av;vHaom
ausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;udk wefcsdef100cef‹av;
aom oJausmufwkH;ay:wGif wpfvkH;pDqifh
I wifxm;onf? TausmufwHwdkif;udk
wnfaqmuf&mY ausmufjzwfvkyfief;
tifrwefu|rf;usif&efvdktyfayonf? -uD;
rm;onfh ausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;udk qufxm;
&ef wdusonfhcsdKifhaygufrsm; azgufxm;
.? xdktaygufcsdKifhrsm;onf tvsm;2˜5rD
wm(8 ay)pD &SdI 10wefavmufav;vH
aom ausmufwkH;rsm;wGif xGif;azgufxm;
.? tcsdKŒae&mrsm;Y ausmufwkH;udk xGif;
I jyKvkyfxm;aom ajrmif;oG,fonfh a&
oG,fjyGefrsm;onfvnf; jyefŒusJvsuf&Sd
onf? xdkausmufa&oG,fjyGefrsm;onf 1˜5
rDwm (6 ay)&SnfI wpfrDwm (1˜5ay)
us,f.? ,ae‹acwfwGiftokH;jyKaom uGefu&pfa&oG,fjyGefrsm;onf Ta&S;a[mif;
a&oG,fjyGefESifh ,SOfEdkif&ef cufcJayonf? TypPnf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfcJhonfhyk*~dKvfwdk‹onf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ wifjytwnfjyKxm;ouJhodk‹ enf;ynmtwwfynmuif;rJholrsm; r
jzpfEdkifacs? urBmOD;vl&dkif;acwfwGif tokH;jyKonf[k qdkaomvufeufud&d,mrsm;jzifh T
uJhodk‹aomvkyfief;teuf tpwpfpavmufudk jyD;pD;atmifvkyfEdkif&efrSm vl‹oufwef;wpf
ckvkH; -umjrifhayvdrfhrnf? xdktwdkif;om aqmufvkyfygu wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒ-uD;udk
wnfaqmuf&ef &mpkESpfaygif;tajrmuftjrm;vdktyfayvdrfhrnf? Ttcsufwpfcsuf
wnf;uyif tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. pmwrf;rsm; rSm;,Gif;onf[k y,fzsufypfayonf?
txl;*&kjyKoifhonfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm/ wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒ. “ol&d,wHcg;
ayguf” [kac:aom jrdKŒwHcg;-uD;jzpfayonf? tjrifh 3rDwm(10ay)&SdI 5rDwm(16˜5ay)
us,faom ausmufwkH;wpfwkH;wnf;jzifh azgufxGif;aqmufvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? cef‹
rSef;acstm;jzifh tav;csdef 10wef&Sdayonf? xkdjrdKŒwHcg;-uD;wGif &kyfykHtrsdK;rsdK;xGif;
xm;onf? Tr#pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfh jrdKŒwHcg;-uD;udk rnfuJhodk‹aom enf;ynm
rsm;tokH;jyKI aqmufvkyfxm;onfudk awG;Iyifr&Edkifatmif jzpfaeayonf? 10wefr#
av;vHaom ausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;udk rnfonfhud&d,mypPnf;rsm;tokH;jyKIwl;az:jyD; rnf
uJhodk‹ausmufwGif;rsm;rS o,faqmifa&GŒvsm;cJh-uygoenf;? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹wifjy
xm;onfhenf;t& &dk;pif;onfhvufeufud&d,mrsm;udkomtokH;jyKI vkyfaqmifEdkifrnfr
[kwfa-umif;rSm txif;om;ay:vGifvsuf&Sdayonf?

107
 wD,m[GmemudkjrdKŒ-uD;wnf&Sd&mt&yf. yx0Dtaetxm;udk okH;oyf-unfhygu
xdkaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;wpfckvkH;onf ydkIyiftHh-op&maumif;ayonf? xdkjrdKŒ-uD;onf
vlaetdrfajcrsm;wnf&Sd&mt&yfESifh uDvdkrDwmaygif;tajrmuftjrm;uGmvSrf;vsuf&SdjyD;/
rDwm 4000 (ay 13000) jrifhaom ukef;jyifjrifhaomae&mjzpfI yifv,frsufESmjyif&Sd
avzdtm;. xuf0ufavmufom&Sdaomae&mjzpfonf? atmufpD*sif"gwf Tr#enf;yg;
aomt&yfwGif xdkr#-uD;us,faomvkyfief;udk aqmif&GufvkyfudkifEdkif&ef ydkrdkcufcJayvdrfh
rnf?

ol&d,aerif;wHcg;onf/ cef‹rSef;ajctm;jzifh tav;csdef 10wefr#&Sd.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajymaom wdk;wuf

aom enf;ynmrwwfajrmufonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;u Tr#-uD;rm;aom jrdKŒwHcg;-uD;udk aqmufvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwf
acs? TuJhodk‹aom taqmufttkHrsm;u vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;onf acwfaemufusonfhtajctaerS acwfrD
aom tajctaetxd wpfppDwpfqifhpDajymif;vJvmcJhonf[laomtqdkudk y,fzsufypf.?

Ttcsufrsm;onf/ urBmt&yf&yfrSmuJhodk‹/ Ta'oYvnf; twdwfumvwGif

acwfrD,Ofaus;r+ ay:aygufcJha-umif; jyqdkayonf? ,if;onfuyif/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;
onf/ tpOfojzifh ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzKd;aomtajctaeodk‹ ”wpfqifhpDajymif;vJ”vmcJhonf
[laom pmwrf;udk w&m;r0ifatmif y,fzsufvdkufayonf?

108
 vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 11000 tvsifu *dkbuUvDawyDrS
u|rf;usifonfh ausmufyef;ykq&mrsm;
Expert Stonemasons on Gobekli Tepe
11,000 Years Ago
atmufyg"gwfykHrsm;wGifawG‹&aom ausmufwkH;ausmufjym;rsm;wGif xGif;xkxm;
onfhvuf&mrsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹udkjyKvkyfcJhonfh vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 11000tvsifu vl
wdk‹. okckrtEkynm&oudk az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf? Tvuf&myg &kyf-uGykHrsm;udk yef;yk
q&mu ausmufjzifhjyKvkyfaom vufeufud&d,mrsm;udktokH;jyKI yGwfoyfxGif;xkjcif;
jzifh &kyfykHaz:xm;jcif;r[kwfbJ/ oHESifhoHr%dypPnf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKI xGif;xk ykHaz:xm;cJh
a-umif;udk az:jyaejcif;u/ ydkIta&;-uD;aomtcsufjzpfayonf?
atmufygvufsmbuf&Sd"gwfykHY ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwfwGif ausmufyef;ykq&mrsm; xdk
uJhodk‹aomenf;ynmudktokH;jyKI ausmufwkH;ay:wGif &kyfykHaz:aeonfudk jyxm;.? vGef
cJhonfhtwdwfumv ESpfaygif; 11000tvsifu ausmufyef;ykq&m tEkynmonfwdk‹
onfvnf; TuJhodk‹aomenf;ynmrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-urnf[k cef‹rSef;&ayonf?

109
 wefcsdefaygif; 20000txd av;vHaom {&mrausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;jzifh
aqmufvkyfxm;onfh taqmufttkH
Giant Building Blocks Weighing 20,000 Tons

yD&l;EdkifiH ukZfudkt&yf&Sd qufqm[Gmrmefac: a&S;a[mif;tifumvlrsdK;rsm;.jrdKŒ

awmf-uD;wGif wefcsdefaygif;rsm;pGmav;vHonfh ausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;jzifh aqmufvkyfxm;
aom jrdKŒwHwdkif;-uD;&Sd.? xdkausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;.pyf-um;wGif puULyg;udkyif xdk;xnfhI
r&Edkifavmufatmif aooyfpGmpDxm;ayonf? xdkausmufwkH;-uD;rsm;t-um;wGif bdvyf
ajruJhodk‹aom t*FawudkifI qufpyfxm;jcif;r[kwfay? wpfwkH;ay:wpfwkH; wifxm;I
ompDxm;aomfvnf; tifrwefu|rf;usifpGm wdusaooyfvSayonf? ,if;{&mrausmuf
wkH;-uD;rsm;udk Tr#avmufwdusaooyfatmif ykHxGif;jzwfawmufI pDxm;qifhxm;jcif;
onf/ ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwfrS enf;ynmrsm;uyif wkjydKifI r&Edkifay?
‚if ; {&mrausmuf w k H ; rsm;teuf
ausmufwkH;wpfwkH;onf usefausmufwkH;tm;
vkH;xuf ydkrdk-uD;rm;ayonf? TausmufwkH;
onf ig;xyfwdkuftdrfavmuf-uD;rm;I t
av; wefcsdefaygif; 20000cef‹&Sd.? Tquf
qm[GmrmefwHwdkif;udk aqmufvkyfonfh yk
*~dKvfwdk‹onf ‚if;ausmufwkH;-uD;udk rnfuJhodk‹
o,faqmif a&$Œ,lvmcJhonfrSm tHh-oIrqkH;
Edkifaomtcsufjzpfaeayonf? ,ae‹acwf&Sd
pufud&d,mrsm;jzifhyif TausmufwkH;-uD;udk
a&$ŒEdkif&ef rjzpfEdkifacs? vuf&SdacwfwGif&Sdaom
t-uD;qkH;u&def;-uD;rsm;uyif pkaygif;Ia&$ŒEdkif
rnfr[kwfay? xdkacwfumvrS tifumvlrsdK;
wdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹pOf;pm;IraygufEdkifaom/
awG;-unfhIyif r&Edkifaom tjcm;enf;ynmrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-uonf[kom cef‹rSef;&
ayonf?

110
111
*sLyDwmewfrif;ausmif;[k wGifac:aom a&S;a[mif;Adrmef-uD;udk aqmufvkyf&mYvnf; ausmuf
wkH;-uD;rsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh.? ykHi,fwGif teDa&mifjzifhjyxm;aomausmufwkH;onf eH&HwHwdkif;udkcH
xm;aom t-uD;qkH;ausmufwkH; okH;vkH;teufwpfvkH;jzpfonf? 4˜5rDwm(15ay)jrifhI 3˜5rDwm
(11ay)r#xljyD; 19rDwm(62ay)&Snf.? wefcsdefaygif; 800cef‹av;.? xdkr#-uD;rm;aom ausmuf
wkH;-uD;rsm;udk ausmufwGif;rsm;rS wl;xkwfI aqmufvkyfa&;ajrae&mtxd o,faqmifvmEdkifjcif;
onf/ tvGefacwfrDaom pufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sd.?

112
 tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ r&Sif;jyEdkifonfh av;axmifhykHausmufwdkif-uD;rsm;
The Obelisks That Evolutionists Cannot Explain
tdkabvpf[lonf/ a&S;vGefavjyD;aom a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;rS ,ae‹
txd-uGif;usefaeao;onfh tHh-ozG,faumif;aomav;axmifhykHarmfuGef;ausmufwdkif-uD;
rsm;jzpfonf? ysrf;r#tm;jzifhtvsm;20rDwm(65ay)±SdI wefcsdefaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm av;
vHaom {&mr-uD;rm;onfh Tausmufwdkif-uD;rsm;udk wl;az:xkwfvkyfjcif;/ rsufESmjyif
rsm;wGif &kyfykHrsm;xGif;xkqif,ifjcif;/ o,f,la&$Œajymif;jcif;ESifh pdkufxljcif; vkyfaqmif
&mwGif jrifhrm;pGmwdk;wufaomenf;ynmESifhpufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-urnf jzpf.?
a[mif;EGrf;qkH;rSm bDpDouU&mZf 1400ckESpfavmufwGif tD*spfEdkifiH um&feuf t&yfwGif
pdkufxlxm;cJhaom tdkbDvpfausmufwdkifjzpfayonf? 29˜5rDwm(97ay)jrifhI 1˜62rDwm
(5˜3ay) us,fjyD; 325wefcef‹av;vH.? xdkuJhodk‹ tifrwefav;vHaom ausmufwkH;wpf
wkH;vkH;udk cGJpdwfjcif;rjyKbJ ausmufwGif;rSaqmufvkyf&mae&mtxd o,f,loGm;&efrSm
enf;ynmt& tifrwefu|rf;usif&rnfhtjyif vrf;yef;uvnf; tvGefaumif;rGeftqif
ajy&ayrnf? a-u;ndKESifha-u;eDuJhodk‹aom aysmhajymif;auG;aumufvG,fonfh owWKud&d
,mwefqmyvmrsm;udk tokH;jyKIr&Edkifacs? oHESifhoHr%dvufeufud&d,mrsm; vdktyf
rnfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? Ttcsufuyif xdkacwfwGif oHESifhoHuJhodk‹rma-umaom owWK
rsm;udk rokH;wwfao;[lonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;rsm;.tqdkudk acsyjiif;y,fvdkufayonf?

113
 ylrmyefulrS awG‹&Sdcsufonf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk jiif;y,fvdkuf.?
Discoveries In Puma Punku That Refute Evolution

ylrmyefulwGifawG‹&SdaomyD&rpfudk
aqmufvkyfonfh rJ*gvpfausmuf
rsm;.t&G,ftpm;onf awG‹jrifol
wdkif;tm; tHh-oap.? yD&rpft
wufae&m&Sd ausmufjym;-uD;onf
tvsm; 60rDwm(197ay)ESifh teH
50rDwm(164ay)&SdI 447wef
av;vH.? tjcm;ausmufwkH;rsm;
rSm wefcsdef 100rS 200txdav;vH.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ajymavh&Sd-uonfhtwdkif; {&m
r-uD;rm;onfhTausmufwkH;ausmufjym;rsm;udk opfwkH;'vdrfhay:wGif omrmef-udK;-uD;rsm;
jzifh 0dkif;qGJcJh-uonf[laomtqdkrSm ,kwWdr&Sday?
ylrmyefulrS rJ*gvpfausmufwkH;rsm;.tqufrsm;wGif xGif;xm;aomcdsKifhrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI tDAdkvl;&Sif;a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;ESifhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifwdk‹ rnfodk‹rS&Sif;
rjyEdkif-uacs? owWKn‡yfodk‹r[kwf jyKwfwlrsm;wyfqifonfhcsdKifhrsm;jzpfonf? TcsdKifh
rsm;onf t*FvdyfpmvkH;wDykHowWKn‡yfrsm;udk t&nf-udKoGef;avmif;I tat;cHjyD;aemuf
xGif;xm;aomcsdKifhaygufrsm;wGif &dkufoGif;xm;onf[k ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm,lqcJh-uonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif tDvuf-wGefrSefbDvl;jzifhjzef‹-uufxdk;-unfh&m t&nf-udK
xm;aomowWK&nfylyludk ‚if;csdKifhrsm;wGif oGef;avmif;cJha-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? pyuf-wdK
*&m;zpfenf;jzifh xyfrHppfaq;-unfh&m/ xdkoGef;avmif;aomowWKonf tmqDepf2˜05µ/
a-u;eD 95˜15µ/ oH 0˜26µ/ qDvDuGef 0˜84µESifh edu,f 1˜70µ yg0if onfh owWKa&m
(alloy)jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? Ttcsufrsm;onf/ a&S;vGefavjyD;aomacwfrsm;wGif
aqmufvkyfa&;Y wdk;wufonfhvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; taxmuf
txm; jzpfayonf?42

ylrmyefulwGif rsm;pGmawG‹&Sd tdkv†HawwrfbdkrS ausmuf uarBm'D,m;EdkifiH tefaumf

&aom owWKn‡yft&mrsm;? wkH;rsm;wGifawG‹&aom apwDrS ausmufwkH;rsm;wGGif
owWKn‡yft&mcsdKifhrsm;? awG‹&aomowWKnyft&mrsm;?

114
 a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiH = tEkynmESifh odyH`ynmt&
-uD;us,fcef;em;aom,Ofaus;r+acwf?
Ancient Egypt: A Magnificent Civilization
in Terms of Art and Science
tu,fI vlom;rsm;onf urBmOD;vl&dkif;acwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rSwpfqifhpDtarGcHI
zGH‹jzdK;vmcJh&dk;rSefygu/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spf,Ofaus;r+acwfonf vl‹om;wdk‹wnfaxmifcJh
onfh tEkynmESifhodyH`ynmt& t-uD;us,fcef;em;qkH;aom,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;teuf
acwfwpfacwftjzpf yg0ifrnfr[kwfay? rSefuefonfhbmomt,l0g'rS aoGznf-u
onfhrdpm>'d@dtD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;t-um;wGif wrefawmfEl;[fESifhtDA&m[ifrf(tvdkif;[krfq
vmrf)wdk‹rSpwifI tarGqufcHvmcJh-uaom *sL;vlrsdK;tEkynmonfrsm;yg0ifcJh.? xdk
yk*~dKvfwdk‹onf olwdk‹.u|rf;usifaomvufr+ynmpGrf;yum;udk tokH;jyKcJh-uayonf?
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;. atmifjrifr+rsm;udk ,ae‹acwfurBmt&yf&yfwGifyif
twk,l ykHwlul;Edkifjcif;r&Sdao;acs? tm&Swdkuf/ awmiftar&duwdkufESifh tD*spfEdkifiHtyg
t0if tmz&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHtajrmuftjrm;wGif/ vGefcJhonfha&S;a[mif;tD*spf,Ofaus;r+
acwftqifhxuf ajrmufjrm;pGm acwfaemufusaeao;onf? a±S;a[mif;tD*spf,Ofaus;
r+acwfwGif aq;ynm/ cE<maA'/ jrdKŒjypDrHudef;ynm/ ydokumynm/ tEkynmESifh vufr+
ynm/ txnfxkwfvkyfr+ynm ponfwdk‹wGif wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;cJhaomatmifjrifr+rsm;udk ,
ae‹acwf odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u avhvm&if; r,kH-unfEdkifatmif wtHhw-ojzpfae-uayonf?
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfaq;ynm. rlvblw
The Origins of Ancient Egyptian Medicine
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS orm;awmf-uD;rsm;. acwfrDqef;jym;aomaq;ynmqdkif
&m atmifjrifr+rsm;onf/ rtHh-obJraeEdkifay? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf bDpDouU&mZf
3000ausmfu acwfumvrsm;wGif xdkr#txdwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aomenf;ynmrsm; ay:ayguf
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csufrsm;onf ynm&Sifwdk‹tm; tvGeftrif;tHhtm;oifhapayonf?
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OD;aESmufcGJpdwfukojcif; aqmif&GufcJh-ua-umif;od&Sd&ayonf?43 txl;ojzifh tifrwef
jrifhrm;aom oufarG;0rf;ausmif;u|rf;usifr+enf;ynmrsm;udk tokH;jyKa-umif; xyfrHawG‹
&Sd&jyefonf? OD;aESmufcGJpdwfukojcif;cHcJh&ol. rrfrDOD;acgif;cGHudk ppfaq;-unhf&mwGif
cGJpdwfukoonfht&monf tvGefjywfom;vSayonf? cGJpdwfukojcif;cH&aom vlem.
OD;acgif;cGHcGJpdwft&mwdk‹onf qufpyfvsuf&Sdojzifh xdkvlemonf cGJpdwfukojyD;aemuf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm touf&SifcJha-umif;udk jyayonf?44
tjcm;Oyrmwpfckonf aq;ynmESifhywfouf.? 19&mpkESpfwGif/ tifwDbdkiftdk
wpf(yËdZD0)aq;0g;rsm;tygt0if/ aq;0g;ESifhywfoufaomvufawG‹odyH`ynmavmuY
-uD;rm;aomwdk;wufr+ &SdcJhayonf? trSefrSm ,QKacwfaq;0g;qdkif&m“awG‹&Sdcsuf”[laom
a0g[m&onf vkH;0rSefuefwdusonf[krqdkomacs? aq;0g;enf;ynmtajrmuftjrm;
wdk‹udk a&S;a[mif;tD*spf vlrsdK;wdk‹u odESifhjyD;jzpfonf?45

115
 tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ odyH`ynmESifhcE<maA'qdkif&m wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+rnfr#±SdcJhonf[laom
tcsufESifhywfoufI ta&;-uD;qkH;oufaotaxmuftxm;wpfckrSm olwdk‹csefxm;cJh
aomrrfrDtavmif;rsm;yifjzpfayonf? ouf&SdowW0grsm;.tavmif;aumifudk ESpfaygif;
axmifaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm rysufrpD;&Sdaeatmif pDrHxm;jcif;Y enf;ynmaygif;tajrmuf
tjrm;udk tokH;jyK-u.?

a&S;a[mif; tD*spfvlrsddK;wdk‹. rrfrDtavmif;aumifrsm;ESifhywfoufI pDrHonfhenf;ynmrsm;

onf olwdk‹. aq;ynmqdkif&m wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+twdkif;twmudk jyqdkvsuf&Sd.?

rrfrD&kyftavmif;rsm;udk pDrHjcif;onf tvGefeufeJ±+yfaxG;ayonf? yxrOD;qkH;

tavmif;aumif. OD;aESmufESifh udk,fcE<mtwGif;ydkif;&SdtcsdKŒaomtydkif;rsm;udk txl;pDrH
xm;aomud&d,mrsm;jzifh cGJpdwfxkwfypfvdkufonf? aemufwpfqifhrSm xdk&kyftavmif;udk
ae-wGef"gwfqm;jzifh &ufaygif; 40 tajcmufcHonf? (ae-wGef"gwfqm;onf t"dutm;
jzifh qdk'D,rfbkdifumbdkedwfESifh qdk'D,rfumbGefedwftrsm;qkH;yg0ifI/ qdk'D,rfuvdk&dk'f
ESifh qdk'D,rfqmvzdwftenf;i,fpDyg0ifaom obm0"gwfqm;jzpfonf)? tavmif;
aumif.udk,fcE<mrS vdkonfxufydkaomtpdk"gwfrsm;udk av#mhypfjyD;aemuf/ udk,fcE<m
wGif;tacgif;aygufudk t0wfpESifh v$pmr+ef‹rsm;jzifh oGwfxm;vdkufonf? jyifyta&cGH
ydkif;udk txl;pDrHxm;aom b,aq;rsm;okwfvdrf;I a&qif;(resin) t&nfjzifh xyfrH
okwfvdrf;onf? aemufqkH;wGif xdktavmif;aumifudk t0wfywfwD;rsm;jzifh pnf;vdkuf
onf?46
rrfrD&kyftavmif;rsm;udkpDrH&mwGif udk,fcE<mudk rysufrpD;apbJcE<mudk,f.t
wGif;ydkif; tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk aocsmpGmcGJpdwfxkwfypfjcif;udk-unfhjcif;jzifh/ rrfrD&kyft
avmif;oGif;olonf cE<maA'udk aumif;pGmu|rf;usifoljzpfayonf? odk‹rSomv#if udk,f
cE<mt wGif;&Sdtpdwftydkif;rsm;. wnfae&mudk aumif;pGmod&SdI cGJpdwfEdkifayrnf?

116
 rrfrDtavmif;rsm;udk pDrHxdef;odrf;jcif;enf;ynmtjyif/ vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;
5000 u tD*spfvlrsm;rsm;onf tjcm;aq;ynmydkif;wGifvnf; tvGefwdk;wufu|rf;usif
cJh-uayonf? Oyrm/
=tD*spfEdkifiHwGif aq;0g;ukoa&;ESifhywfoufonfh bkef;-uD;rsm;onf vlemrsm;
udk olwdk‹.bkef;-uD;ausmif;rsm;wGif uko-uayonf? ,ae‹ypPKy`eftcsdefrS tD*spfq&m
0efrsm;uJhodk‹yif rdrdu|rf;usif&maq;0g;ESifh a&m*grsm;udk txl;jyKIuko-uayonf? q
&m0efwdkif;onf rdrdu|rf;usifaom a&m*gudkom uko-u.?
=tD*spfEdkifiHwGif q&m0efrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u uGyfuJonf? vlemonf t
ema&m*gaysmufuif;jcif;r&Sdonfjzpfap/ aoqkH;oGm;onfjzpfap/ tpdk;&u ,if;udpPudkt
xl;tav;xm;I ppfaq;onf? xdkq&m0efonf tpdk;&rSowfrSwfxm;aomukoenf;
rsm;ESifh tokH;jyKaomaq;0g;rsm;twdkif; udkufnDr+&Sdr&Sdudk pkHprf;ppfaq;ayonf? tu,f
I aq;0g;uko&mY q&m0ef.csdKŒ,Gif;r+&Sdonfudk awG‹&Sdygu xdkq&m0efudk Oya't&
-uD;av;aomjypf'%fudk ay;.?
=bk&m;ausmif;wdkif;wGif "gwfcGJcef;&SdI aq;0g;rsm;udk jyKjyifpDrHodkavSmifxm;-u
onf?
=aq;0g;aA'.yxrtqifhrSm ywfwD;rsm;udktokH;jyKjcif;jzpfI a&S;a[mif;tD*spf
acwfudk tajccHayonf? aq;0g;ESifhomywfoufaom prpfygydkif&yfpfrS ap;xef;aom
ydwfponf tempnf;&ef ywfwD;twGuf taumif;qkH;ypPnf;jzpfa-umif; az:jyxm;.?
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS aq;0g;ukoa&;qdkif&m tao;pdwfta-umif;t&mrsm;udk
a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;wl;az:a&;ESifhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;vkyfief;rsm;u az:xkwfxm;ayonf?
xdk‹xufru txl;a&m*gukoa&;orm;awmf 100 ausmf.trnfESifhbGJ‹wdk‹udk awG‹&Sd az:
xkwfxm;-uayonf?
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xnfhonfh aowWmwpfvkH;udk xkxGif;xm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&onf? TaowWmwGif owWK
uyfaus;rsm;/ cGJpdwfukoa&;qdkif&m "g;/ v$/ xdyfum;ZGef;/ prf;wHrsm;/ csdwfi,frsm;ESifh
n‡yfi,frsm;yg0ifonf?
=tokH;jyKaomenf;ynmrsm;onf uGJjym;rsm;jym;avonf? usdK;aeaomt&dk;rsm;
ESifh uGJtufausoGm;aomt&dk;rsm;udk aeom;wpfusjyefvnfpDrHI usyfpD;jcif;/ temudk
csKyfI ydwfjcif;rsm; jyK-uonf? ausoGm;aomt&dk;rsm;udkuko&mY atmifjrifpGmjyefvnf
aumif;rGefoGm;onfudk rrfrDtavmif;rsm;pGmwGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
rrfrDtavmif;rsm;wGif cGJpdwfukoxm;onfh trm&Gwfrsm;udk rawG‹&aomfvnf;/
prpfygydkif&yfpfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tem'%f&mcsKyfenf; 13rsdK;az:jyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ay
onf? ,if;tcsufrsm;u tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;onf tem'%f&mrsm;udk csKyfjcif;jzifh aumif;pGm
ukoEdkif-ua-umif;udk jyqdkvsuf&Sdayonf? tokH;jyKonfh tyfrsm;rSm a-u;eDtyfrsm;jzpf
Edkifonf[k trsm;tm;jzifh cef‹rSef;-uonf?
=a&S;tD*spform;awmfwdk‹onf vwfqwfaomtemESifh &if;aeaomtemrsm;udk cGJ
jcm;ukowwf-u.? &if;aeaomtemrsm;udk awmifqdwftqD/ xif;&SL;qDESifh yJr+ef‹ p
onfwdk‹udk a&mpyfxm;aomaq;&nfjzifh aq;a-um-uonf?

117
 =yifeDqDvifESifh tjcm;tifwDbdkiftdkwpf(yËdZD0)aq;rsm;udk r-umao;rDurS awG‹
&Sdayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf ‚if;aq;rsm;. yxrqkH;ZD0t
ajccHykHpHrsm;ESifh tjcm;yËdZD0aq;rsdK;rsm;udk tokH;jyKukocJh-uavjyD? xdkaq;rsm;udkvnf;
oifhawmfonfh a&m*gtoD;oD;twGuf tokH;csenf;rsm;udk a&;om;cJh-uayonf?47
TuJhodk‹ aq;ynmydkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufr+ajcvSrf;rsm; vSrf;EdkifcJh-uouJhodk‹/ tD
*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf jrdKŒjypDrHudef;uJhodk‹aombmom&yfrsm;wGifvnf; tvGefpdwf0ifpm;cJh-u
a-umif; a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;wl;az:a&;vkyfief;rsm;u az:xkwfxm;ayonf?
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfEdkifiHrS acwfrDaomowWKaA'
Advanced Metallurgy in Ancient Egypt
a,bk,stm;jzifh owWKaA'onf owWKukefpdrf;rsm;udk oef‹pifjcif;/ oef‹pifjyD;
aomowWKrsm;ESifh ‚if;owWK."gwfaygif;rsm;udkykHpHoGif;jcif;ESifh odkavSmifxdef;odrf;jcif;/
ponfhodyH`ynmESifhenf;ynmrsm;yg0ifayonf? a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r+
acwfudk qef;ppf&mwGif/ vGefcJhonfh bDpDouU&mZf 3000 rS 3500avmufwGif/ tD*spfvl
rsdK;rsm;onf owWKESifhowWK"gwfqm;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh a&$/ a-u;eDESifh oHowWKwdk‹udk wl;
az:I usKdcsufoef‹pifxkwfvkyfjcif;vkyfief;wGif u|rf;usif-ujyDjzpfa-umif;udk awG‹&Sd&ay
onf? tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. jrifhrm;wdk;wufaomowWKaA'bmom&yfu owWKa-umrsm;udk
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wufu|rf;usifjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk jyqdkayonf?
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wGif/ a-u;eDowWKESifhowWK"gwfaygif;rsm;udk wl;az:xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;udk tao;pdwf
aqmif&Guf-ua-umif; az:xkwfxm;.? pwkwˆrif;quf(bDpD 2900)acwfwGif/ owWKwl;
az:a&;ESifhokawoevkyfief;rsm;udk zg&dk;bk&if.om;awmf rif;om;wdk‹.apmifh-uyfn$ef
-um;r+atmufwGif t&m&Sd-uD;rsm;u -uD;-uyfaqmif&Guf-uonf?
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xkwfvkyf&ef oGwfowWKudk tokH;jyKI/ a&mifpkHzefrsm;xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf udkabmh"gwf
udk tokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? tD*spfEdkifiHwGif rawG‹&Sd&onfhowWKrsm;udk tjcm;
a'orsm;rS wifoGif;-uonf? txl;ojzifh yg;±Sm;EdkifiHrSwifoGif;cJh-uonf?
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ajrmuftjrm;ESifh ,ae‹ql'efEdkifiH. tcsdK‹a'oydkif;wGif &maygif;rsm;pGmaom a&$wGif;rsm;
udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? bDpDouU&mZf 14&mpkESpfrS ygydkif&yfpfrSwfwrf;wGif tydkv†DEdkydkvpfa'
oY a&$wGif;wl;az:a&;vkyfief;pDrHudef;a&;qGJxm;onfh rSwfwrf;udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf? xdk
rSwfwrf;rsm;t& a&S;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;onf a&$wl;az:a&;vkyfief;wGif tifrwefu|rf;usif
cJh-ua-umif; od&Sd&ayonf? xdkygydkif&yfpfrSwfwrf;rsm;u/ a&$wGif;teD;w0dkufwGif a&$
wGif;tvkyform;aetdrfaygif; 1300 aqmufvkyfrnfhta-umif;vnf; yg&Sd.? ,if;rSwf
wrf;rsm;t&/ a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ a&$yef;wdrftwwfynmwGif u|rf;usif-u
a-umif;vnf; xif&Sm;ayonf? trSefrSm a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;wl;az:&SmazGa&;vkyfief;rsm;u
az:xkwfxm;aom &maygif;rsm;pGmaom a&$&wemypPnf;rsm;u a&S;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf/
a&$wl;az:a&;ESifhowWKvkyfief;wGif u|rf;usifa-umif; az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf?

118
 Ttaxmuftxm;rsm;rSwpfqifh/ tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;wGif/ owWKa-um&SmazGa&;qdkif
&modyH`ynm/ wl;az:xkwfvkyfa&;/ -udKcsufoef‹pifa&;ESifh tjcm;owWKrsm;ESifh a&maESmI
owWKa&mxkwfvkyfEdkifonfh twwfynmrsm;&Sdonfh owWKaA'tif*sifeD,mrsm;ESifh owWK
wl;az:a&; tif*sifeD,mrsm; jzpf-ua-umif; qufvufI az:jyayonf?

119
120
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pDrHudef;csxm;.? ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufrSm txufygtcsufrsm;teuf rnfonfhtcsufu
rS trSm;rcHEdkifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf Ttcsuftm;vkH;udk od&Sda-umif;
olwdk‹csefxm;aom taqmufttkHrsm;u oufaoxlvsuf&Sdayonf?
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wdkif;xuftvGef u|rf;usifr+&SdI aqmufvkyfa&;qdkif&mtcuftcJESifhjy\emtm;vkH;udk
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&acs? tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifhtwl wpfacwfwnf;wGifaexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uaomtjcm;vl
rsm;tygt0if/ olwdk‹ ESpfaygif;aomif;odef;tvsifrS vlom;wdk‹onf/ t*FgvuQ%m
tawG;tac: tppt&m&mwGif/ ,ae‹vuf&SdurBmay:wGif aygufzGm;aexdkifaomvlrsm;
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ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;I tcsdKŒaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;rS acwfaemufusaomb0jzifh aexdkif
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.tqdkt&/ xdkodk‹qif;oufvm-uonfh t*Fg&yfvuQ%mr&Sd-uacs? rnfolurS tjcm;

123
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131
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.?) ,if;av. eHeufvrf;c&D;rSm wvc&D;vrf;jzpfI naevrf;c&D;rSmvnf;
wvc&D;vrf;yif jzpfcJh.? xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf xdkpkvdkifrmef.tusdK;iSm
a-u;eDacsmif;rsm;udk pD;qif;apawmfrlcJh.? (pl&m&SDAm 34;12)
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif az:jyxm;onfh a0;vHaomwpfvc&D;udk eADwref
awmfpkvdkifrmef(tvdkifa[hqvmrf).vufxufwGif ava-umif;c&D;jzifh oGm;vmcJhjcif;

132
jzpfEdkifonf? ,ae‹acwfav,mOfysHrsm;wGif tokH;jyKonfhenf;ynmtwdkif; avtm;udk
tokH;jyKonfh pufwyfqifxm;aom o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&;pufud&d,mwpfrsdK;rsdK;jzifh oGm;
vmcJhjcif;jzpfEdkifayonf? (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfomv#if todqkH;jzpf.?)
vGefcJhonfh a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;wGif tokH;jyKcJhaomava-umif;o,f
,lydk‹aqmifa&;oufaowpfckrSm tD*spfEdkifiHwGifawG‹&Sd&aom pufrJhav,mOfykHpHjzpfonf?
TpufrJhav,mOfykHpHudk 1898ckESpfwGif awG‹&SdcJhI bDpDouU&mZf 200 avmufwGif jyKvkyf
cJhonf[k od&.? trSefpifppf vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; 2200avmufu jyKvkyfcJhaom puf
rJhav,mOfykHpHudk awG‹&Sd&jcif;onf txl;wvnfrSwfom;zG,faumif;onfh xl;jcm;aom
jzpf&yfwpfckyif jzpfayonf? Ta&S;a[mif;ypPnf;ESifhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;wl;az:a&;vkyf
ief;u wl;az:awG‹&SdaomypPnf;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. ordkif;cH,lcsuf tjyD;tydkif acs
zsufavsmhyg;apayonf?

Tav,mOfykHpH. t*Fg&yfrsm;udk tao;pdwfppfaq;-unfhaomtcg ydkrdkI pdwf

0ifpm;zG,faumif;ayonf? Topfom;av,mOfykHpH.awmifyHrsm;onf av,mOfysHoef;
r+wGif ,ae‹acwfrS taumif;qkH;enf;ynmjzifhwDxGifxm;aomuGef;aumhav,mOfysHuJh

133
odk‹ avyifhtm;trsm;qkH;&EdkifatmifykHpHxGifxm;a-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? Ttcsufu
vnf;/ a&S;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;onf at&dk'dkifemrpf(avwGifysHoef;v+yf&Sm;r+tm;qdkif&modyH`y
nm)udk aumif;pGmod&Sd-ua-umif; az:jyayonf?

pifppf ajrmufjrm;pGmaom jrdKŒrsm;udk igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;jrdKŒ/ &Gm(om;)rsm;

rw&m;usL;vGefolrsm;jzpf-upOf zsufqD;awmfrlcJhavonf? odk‹jzpfay&m
,if;jrdKŒ&Gmrsm;(&Sd wdkufwmtdrfa*[mrsm;)rSm ,if;taqmufttkH.
acgifrdk;rsm;ay:odk‹ jydKusvsuf &Sdaeayonf?
xdk‹jyif rsm;pGmaom ysufpD;aeonfh a&wGif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/
jrifhpGifhaomwdkufwmtdrfa*[mtp&Sdonfh taqmufttkHrsm;onf
vnf;aumif;/ (,ckwdkifatmif vufikwfvufptjzpf) usef&Sdaeao;.?
(pl&mtvf[*sf 22;45)

134
v#yfppfumtjzpf tokH;jyKonf[k ,kH-unf&.?) T&kyf-uGykHrSypPnf;onf v#yfppfrD;zef
oD;ESifhwlvGef;aejcif;a-umifh wtHhw-ojzpf-u&ayonf?58

135
 xdkZufwdkifudk tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹. yef;csDum;rsm;wGifvnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;a&;qGJxm;onfudk awG‹
&ojzifh v#yfppf"gwfESifhoufqdkifaomypPnf;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf&ayonf? wdkiftydkif;rSm v#yfppf
"gwftm;ay;puf*sifea&wm jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayonf?

1933ckESpfwGif/a&S;a[mif;tD*spfowWKrsm;udk ppfaq;aepOf tjzdKufeuf(wefp

wefowWK)eef;-udK;r#ifjzifh v#yfppfrD;zefoD;udk wDxGifol a'gufwm udkvif *sD zifhuf u
tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹onf vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 4300cef‹wGif a-u;eD;ay:Y caemufpdrf;(tifwD
rdkeD)jzifh ,ae‹acwfv#yfppfjzifha&$&nfpdrfouJhodk‹zkH;tkyft&nfpdrfaomynmudk od&Sdwwf
ajrmuftokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; awG‹&Sdayonf?59
odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹onf/ ,if;&kyf-uGykHrsm;wGif jyxm;onfhykHpHrsm;twdkif; xyfrH
aqmufvkyf-unfhv#if/ trSefwu,fyif rD;vif;jcif;&Sdr&Sdudk prf;oyf-u.? -op-wD;,m
EdkifiHom; v#yfppftif*sifeD,m a0:vfwm *g;efu/ tvGeftao;pdwfavhvmI Zufwdkif
v#yfppfumypPnf;/ rD;vkH;ESifh vdrfaumufaeaom0g,m-udK;rsm;twdkif; jyKvkyfavonf?
olaqmufvkyfaomykHpHonf wu,fyifrD;vif;onfudk awG‹&ayonf?60
a&S;a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ v#yfppf"gwftm;udk tokH;jyK-ua-umif;udk oufao
cHonfhae&mwpfae&mrSm yD&rpftwGif;eH&Hrsm;ESifh ‚if;rSocsõKif;*leH&Hrsm;wGif rD;cdk;-uyfcdk;
vkH;0r&Sdjcif;yifjzpf.? tu,fIom/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Da&S;a[mif;ypPnf;ESifhausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;ynm&Sifwdk‹.tqdktwdkif;/ rD;wkwfrsm;ESifhqD;rD;cGufrsm;udktokH;jyKcJh-uygu/ -uyf
cdk;tenf;tusOf;udkrl wpfae&m&mY rvGJ{uefawG‹&rnfjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;rnf
onfhae&mrSmrS rawG‹&acs? tvGefeufaomajratmuftcef;rsm;wGifyif -uyfcdk;tenf;
i,favmufudkr#yif rawG‹&acs? tvif;a&mifr&SdbJ xdkajratmuftcef;rsm;udk rnfodk‹r#
qufvufI aqmufvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfay? txl;ojzifh xdktcef;rsm;. eH&Hay:wGif a&;
qGJxm;aom yef;csDrsm;udk a&;qGJEdkif&ef ydkIyifrjzpfEdkifacs? Ttcsufrsm;u a&S;a[mif;
tD*spfvlrsdK;wdk‹ v#yfppf"gwftm;udk tokH;jyKcJh-ua-umif; ydkrdkcdkifvkHapayonf?

136
 plrm,Ofaus;r+acwf
The Sumerian Civilization
“tDAdkvl;&Sif;csDwufjcif;”[kqdkaom vl‹ordkif;udk o&kyfaz:&mwGif/ 'g0if0g'D odyH`
ynm±Sifwdk‹twGuf/ wuUodkvfrsm;/ aq;&kHrsm;/ puf&kHrsm;/ jrdKŒjyEdkifiHawmfrsm;udk aqmuf
vkyfI/ aw;oDcsif;oDukH;oDqdkjcif; tdkvrfypftm;upm;yGJusif;yjcif;/ tmumoodk‹ c&D;
qef‹jcif; ponfvl‹t*Fg&yfjzpfonfh vlom;wdk‹.pdwful;Om%fESifhywfoufaomta-umif;
onf olwdk‹&Sif;jyEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom aemufxyfbmom&yfwpfckjzpf.?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ vuf&SdacwfrSvlom;rsm;.pGrf;yum;wdk‹onf/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹
.teD;qkH;aomvuf&Sdtoufxif&Sm;vsuf&Sdaom aqGrsdK;nmwdjzpfonfh csifyefZDarsmuf
rSwajz;ajz;csif;ajymif;vJwdk;wufvmcJhonf[k pGJrSwfqkyfudkifcH,lxm;-u.? xdkuJhodk‹
pdwful;pdwfoef;ESifhpGrf;&nfrsm; wpf&Sdefxdk;wdk;wufajymif;vJvmI vufeufud&d,m
rsm;wDxGiftokH;jyKwwfvmjcif;onf/ OD;aESmuftwGif;tvsif;oifhovdk-uHK&musyef; t
oGifajymif;vJr+ jzpfay:vmjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf[k&Sif;jy-uayonf? pmzwfolu
&kyfjrifoH-um;ESifh pmayr*~Zif;rsm;wGif arsmuf0Hwpf0ufvl&dkif;rsm;u ausmufrsm;udk
'g;vSHrsm;tjzpf pwifwDxGifjyKvkyfwwfvmonfhykHrsm;vkyfZmwf Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk awG‹cJh
bl;ygvdrfhrnf? trSefrSm ‚if;uJhodk‹aom 0g'jzef‹r+rsm;onf w&m;r0ifay? olwdk‹wDxGif
xm;aomZmwfvrf;rsm;udk odyH`enf;usonf[k ajymavh&Sd-uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;
rSm 'g0if.rSef;qcsufrsm;wGiftajccHI pdwful;,OfaomZmwfvrf;rsm;omjzpfI/ vkH;0
odyH`enf;rusacs? TudpPwGif ta&;-uD;qkH;rSm vlom;wdk‹. pdwfonf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;
tjzpf ajymif;vJjcif;rjyKEdkifjcif;yifjzpf.? &kyf0g'.w&m;r0ifrSm;,Gif;csufrsm;udk pk
aygif;rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif/ Ttcsufwpfcsufwnf;uyif vlom;wdk‹. pdwf"gwfwpfp
pDajymif;vJwdk;wufvmjcif;,lqcsufudk y,fzsufypfEdkifayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u/ pdwfonftDAdkvl;&Sif;wpfpwpfptvdktavsmufajymif;vJ
wdk;wufvmcJhonf[k tqdkjyK-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkurBmOD;vlom;wdk‹. Om%fpGef;
Om%fptqifh rnfodk‹&Sdonfudk prf;oyfI r&Edkif-uacs? olwdk‹tqdkjzpfonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;
jzpfpOfESifhudkufnDEdkifonfhtajctaeudkvnf; zefwD;Edkifjcif;r&Sdacs? Nature r*~Zif;t,f'D
wmjzpfol [ife&D*D;onf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Djzpfaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk‹aom
tqdkjyKcsufonf odyH`enf;rusa-umif; atmufygtwdkif; yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif 0efcHxm;
ayonf?
Oyrm/ vlom;rsm;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;onf oGm;vmv+yf&Sm;ykHudk,faeudk,fxm;/ OD;aESmuft&G,f/
vufESifhrsufpdt-um;qufoG,fr+/ ponfwdk‹. zGH‹jzdK;r+rsm;uwGef;tm;ay;jcif;a-umifh rD;udktokH;jyK
wwfvmjcif;/ vufeufud&d,mrsm;udkwDxGiftokH;jyKwwfvmjcif;/ pum;ajymwwfvmjcif; ponfh
ajymif;vJwdk;wufr+&SdvmcJhonf[k tqdkjyKxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkodk‹aomZmwfvrf;rsm;onf
"rR'd@mefrusay? ‚if;wdk‹udk prf;oyfr+b,faomtcgrS jyKvkyfEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs? xdk‹a-umifh odyH`enf;rus
ay? xdktqdkrsm;onf odyH`ynmwGiftajccHjcif;r[kwfbJ/ olwdk‹.-oZmtm%mudktokH;jyKI wifoGif;
61
owfrSwfxm;jcif;om jzpfayonf?
xdkZmwfvrf;rsm;onf/ odyH`enf;rusonfomru/ ,kwWdvnf;r&Sday? tDAdkvl;&Sif;
jzpfpOfa-umifh Om%fpGrf;Om%fprsm;jzpfay:vm&if;/ vufeufud&d,mrsm;udk wDxGiftokH;
jyKwwfvmjyD;/ xdktpGrf;tprsm;uqufvufI Om%fynmzGH‹jzdK;vmonf[k tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g

137
'Dwdk‹u twnfjyKxm;-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkodk‹aom zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+onf eudku
wnf;u vlom;.yifudkOm%fpGrf;&SdaerSomv#if jzpfEdkifayonf? xdk‹a-umifh Om%fynm
pdwftpGrf;ESifh enf;ynmwdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfwGif rnfonfht&mu OD;pGmjzpfay:vm
onfudk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd-uacs?
'g0if0g'udktxda&mufqkH;a0zefEdkifonfh
zDvpf*|efqefu/ TudpPESifhywfoufI/ atmufyg
twdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
pdwfxJrSxGufay:vmaom oDtdk&Donf xdkoDtdk&Dudkaz:
xkwfonfh pdwfudk rSefuefpGm&Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sday? trSef
w&m;rsm;udk awG;xkwfcJhonfh -uD;us,fonfh odyH`ynm
&Sifwdk‹ta-umif;udk vufcHEdkif&ef xdkolwdk‹.pdwful;Om%f
onf txkHyg&rDjzpfonf[k vufcH&ygrnf? xdkpdwful;
Om%fudk xdkolaz:xkwfaomoDtdk&Djzifh &Sif;jy&ef-udK;yrf;
ygu/ xGufaygufr&Sdaom rSef(a-u;rkH)tcef;wGif a&muf
62
aeouJhodk‹om jzpfaevdrfhrnf?
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹u vlom;rsm;.pdwful;pdwf
oef;Om%ftpGrf;ESifhpdwfudk &Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh
olwdk‹pDpOfa&;om;aomvl‹ordkif;onfvnf; w&m;
zDvpf *|efqef r0ifawmhacs? u|Efkyfwdk‹Ttcsdeftxd aqG;aEG;cJh
aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. “ordkif;. tDAdkvl;
&Sif;”tqdkrSm vkH;0t"dy`g,fuif;rJhayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkESifh zDvmqef‹usifbuftjzpf/ vlom;wdk‹.ordkif;wGif/
a&S;a[mifacwfvlom;wdk‹onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹xifonfxufydkrdkjrifhrm;aom enf;ynmESifh ,Of
aus;r+rsm;&SdcJh-ua-umif; ouftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdayonf? xdk,Of
aus;r+acwfrsm;wGif plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹onfvnf; wu¾yg0ifcJhayonf? olwdk‹csefxm;cJh
aom tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;u/ vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;axmifaomif;rSpkaqmif;cJhaom
ynmrsm;jzpfa-umif; oufaoxlvsuf&Sdayonf?
plrmvlrsdK;rsm; = wdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r+acwf
The Sumerians: An Advanced Civilization
r,fqdkydkaw;rD,m; qdkonfrSm *&dbmompum;jzifh “jrpfrsm;t-um;”[k t"d
y`g,fayguf.? Ta'oonf urBmay:wGif ajr-oZmtaumif;qkH;a'owpfckjzpfojzifh
-uD;us,fonfh ,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;ay:xGef;&ma'ojzpfayonf?
r,fqdkydkaw;rD,ma'o.awmifydkif; ,ae‹ul0dwfEdkifiHESifhqtl'Dta&AsEdkifiH
ajrmufydkif;a'owGif/ xdkywf0ef;usifrSvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh pum;rwlaomvlrsdK;wpfpkay:ayguf
cJhI/ jrdKŒjyrsm;wnfaqmufum Oya'pdk;rdk;aombk&ifpepfudk wnfaxmifcJh-uavonf?
olwdk‹onf pmayudkvnf; wDxGif-uonf? TvlrsdK;udk plrmvlrsdK;[kac:wGif-uonf? pl
rmvlrsdK;rsm;onf bDpDouU&mZf 3000 rSpwifI -uD;us,fonfhjrdKŒjyrsm;udk wnf
aqmufI ywf0ef;usife,fajrrsm;rS vltajrmuftjrm;udk -oZmv$rf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcJh-u
onf?63

138
 aemifwGif/ plrmwdk‹udk tuUm'DvlrsdK;wdk‹u wdkufcdkufatmifEdkifcJhojzifh/ tuUm'D
vlrsdK;wdk‹. vufatmufodk‹a&mufoGm;-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ tuUm'DvlrsdK;wdk‹u plrm
wdk‹.,Ofaus;r+/ bmomt,l0g'/ tEkynm/ Oya'ynm/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfykHpepfESifh pmay
rsm;udk tarGcHI r,fqdkydkaw;rD,m&yf0Srf;a'owGif ,Qifu,Ofaus;r+acwfudk quf
vufxdef;odrf;cJh-uayonf?

bDpD ouU&mZf 3000ckESpfavmufrSpwifI/ plrm&D,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ -uD;us,faomjrdKŒjyrsm;udk wnf

aqmufjcif;jzifh us,f0ef;aome,fajrrsm;udk olwdk‹.tkyfcsKyfa&;-oZmatmufodk‹ oGwfoGif;EdkifcJh-u
.?
olwdk‹.acwfumvwGif/ plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹onf enf;ynmtrsdK;rsdK;rS tEkynmtxd/
Oya'a&;&mrSpmayydkif;txd odomxif&Sm;I ta&;ygaom wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+udk pGrf;aqmif
cJh-uayonf? tajccdkifaomul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;tiftm;aumif; &Sd-u.?
a-u;ndKvkyfief;/ bD;wyf,mOfrsm;/ &GufavSrsm;/ armfuGef;0iftaqmufttkHrsm;ESifh
ausmufwdkifrsm;onf olwdk‹.jrefqefaomzGH‹jzdK;r+udkjyqdkaom ,ae‹wdkifusef&pfaeao;
onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfayonf? xdk‹xufru/ plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ ,ae‹tcsdeft
xd rawG‹&awmhonfh vufeufypPnf;tokH;taqmifrsm;vnf; &SdcJha-umif; od&ayonf?
r,fqdkydkaw;rD,mjrdKŒrsm;. EdkifiHjcm;xkwfukefwpfckjzpfaom ta&mifqdk;odk;arG;xnf
onf ta&;-uD;onfhvkyfief;wpfckjzpfayonf?64
plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹wGif wdk;wufaomvlr+a&;taqmufttkHvnf; &SdcJhayonf? olwdk‹
.EdkifiHonf/ omoemhacgif;aqmifjzpfaom bk&iftkyfpdk;aompepfjzpfonf? bk&ifonf
rsm;pGmaom rSL;rwft&m&Sdt&mcHtr+xrf;rsm;jzifh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfonf? oD;ESH&dwf
odrf;jyD;csdefwGif xdktr+xrf;rsm;onf/ awmifolv,form;rsm;xHodk‹oGm;a&mufI/ v,f
,majrrsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;/ tcGefaumufjcif; ponfwdk‹udk aqmif&Guf-uonf? jAL&dk
ua&pDpepfonf plrmtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf. t"du,EW&m;jzpfayonf? jrdKŒ&Gm&yfuGuf
wdkif;wGif/ bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;u jynfolwdk‹. pm;0wfaea&;vkHavmufr+udk ppfaq;pDrH

139
uGyfuJ.? bkef;awmf-uD;rsm;aqmif&Gufaom vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifI
ausmufpmxGif;armfuGef;wifxm;onf?

140
 u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwftvsif vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 5000 ausmfwGif aygufzGm;aexdkif
cJh-uonfh plrmvlrsdK;wdk‹. vlr+qufqHa&;/ tEkynm/ odyH`ynmESifhpD;yGm;a&;u¾ydkif;wdk‹
onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkjzpfonfh vlom;rsm;onf urBmOD;vl&dkif;acwfrSpI
wajz;ajz;csif;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmcJhonf[laomykHpHESifh wjcm;pDuGJjym;vsuf&Sdayonf? pl
rmvlrsdK;wdk‹wnfaxmifcJhaom -uD;us,fonfh,Ofaus;r+acwfonf/ olwdk‹.acwft&
tvGeftrif;wdk;wufaeonfomru/ ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.ypPKy`efacwf&Sd vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;t
ajrmuftjrm;ESifhEd+if;,SOfvdkufygu rsm;pGmydkrdkwdk;wufcJhayonf? TuJhodk‹aom ,Ofaus;
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141
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142
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145
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146
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147
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The Mayans: Another Civilization That Refutes the Idea of the
Evolution of History
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148
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149
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 rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ ocFsmbmomY u|rf;usif-u.
The Mayans: Expert Mathematicians
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf tar&duwdkuftv,fydkif;wGif/ bDpDouU&mZf 1000ausmf
avmuftcsdefY/ tjcm;acwfjydKif,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;jzpfaom a&S;a[mif;tD*spf/ *&dESifh
r,fqdkydkaw;rD,mt&yfa'orsm;rS tvGefuGma0;aoma'owGif aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uay
onf? rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹.ta&;-uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm odyH`ynmwdk;wufr+jzpfI txl;ojzifh
euQwWaA'/ ocFsmbmom&yfESifh cufcJ&+yfaxG;aompmaya&;om;enf;wDxGifEdkifjcif;
ponfwdk‹ jzpfayonf?
rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹./ tcsdef/ euQwWaA'ESifh ocFsmbmom&yfqdkif&mynmwdk‹onf/ xdk
umvtaemufEdkifiHom;rsm;xuf ESpfaygif; 1000r# apmcJhayonf? Oyrm/ urBmajr-uD;
. aeudkwpfESpfywfaomtcsdefonf uGefjyLwmray:aygufrDu wGufcsufr+tm;vkH;xuf
ydkrdkwdusayonf? rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹onf/ taemufEdkifiHom;rsm; okn*%ef;udkrawG‹&SdrD ESpf
aygif; 1000 ausmfuwnf;u od&SdtokH;jyKcJh-uavonf? xdkacwfumvrS ,Ofaus;r+
acwfrsm;tm;vkH;xuf ydkrdkwdk;wufaomudef;*%ef;rsm;ESifh oauFwrsm;udkvnf; tokH;
jyKcJh-uayonf?
rm,HjyuQ'def
The Mayan Calendar
[m;bf[kac:wGifonfh rm,HjyuQ'defwGif 365&uf&SdI TjyuQ'defonf olwdk‹.
wdk;wufaom ,Ofaus;r+acwf. tarGtESpfwpfckjzpfayonf? trSefrSm olwdk‹u wpfESpf

153
umvonf 365&ufxuf tenf;i,fydkI -uma-umif;od-uayonf? olwdk‹.wGufcsuf
r+t&/ wpfESpfwmonf 365˜242036 &uf&Sd.? *&d*dk&D,HjyuQ'defonf 365˜2425&Sd.?67
xdkudef;*%ef;ESpfckwGif tenf;i,fomjcm;em;onfudk awG‹&ayonf? Tonf
vnf; rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹. ocFsmbmom&yfESifheuQwWaA'bmom&yfrsm;wGif u|rf;usifr+&Sd
a-umif;udk jyqdkonfhaemufxyftcsufwpfcsufjzpfayonf?

rm,HjyuQ'defonf wpfESpfwGif 365&uf

&Sdaom ,ae‹tokH;jyKaeonfh *&D*dk&D,H
jyuQ'defESifh tvGefeD;pyf.? rm,HvlrsdK;
wdk‹.jyuQ'defonf 365&ufxuf t
enf;i,f ydkItcsdef&Snfonf? vuf0JykH
rSm tZfwufjyuQ'defausmufjym;jzpf.?

rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;. euQwWaA'ynm
The Mayans' Knowledge of Astronomy
rm,Haypmrsm;[kac:onfh ,ae‹acwftxdusef&Sdaeaom a±S;a[mif;rm,HvlrsdK;
rsm; a&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfokH;tkyfwGif olwdk‹.b0ESifheuQwWaA'qdkif&mtcsuftvuf
rsm; yg&Sdayonf? rwf'&pfaypm(Madrid Codex), yg&pfaypm (Paris Codex) ESifh '&ufp
'ifaypm(Dresden Codex) rsm;teuf aemufqkH;aypmonf/ ta&;-uD;qkH;aypmjzpfI/ rm
,HvlrsdK;wdk‹. euQwWaA'ESifhywfoufI eufeJpGmaz:jyxm;ayonf? olwdk‹onf tvGef
cufcJ&+yfaxG;aom pmaya&;om;enf;&SdI/ ,ae‹tcsdefwGif 30µomt"dy`g,faz:Edkifao;
onf? Tr#avmufESifhyif olwdk‹&&SdcJhaom odyH`ynmwdk;wufr+tqifhudk az:jy&efvkH
avmufayonf?
Oyrm/ '&ufp'ifaypm. pmrsufESm 11wGif aom-umj*dKvfta-umif; az:jyxm;
ayonf? rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf aom-umj*dKvf.wpfywfumv(aom-umj*dKvfwpfESpf)udk
583˜92 &uf&Sda-umif;jyqdkxm;.? ‚if;udk udef;jynfhtjzpf 584&uf[kowfrSwfvdkuf-u
onf? ‚if;jyif j*dKvfrsm;.ywfvrf;umvrsm;udk aemifESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI wGufcsuf
xm;-uonf? txufygaypmwGif pmrsufESm 2rsufESmtjynfh v/ Ak'<[l;j*dKvfESifh pae
j*dKvfwdk‹ aeudkvSnfhywfjcif;ESifhywfoufI a&;om;xm;onfudk awG‹ayonf? ‚if;j*dKvf
rsm;. oGm;vmjcif;udk urBmajr-uD;ESifhqufpyfr+wdk‹udkyg tifrwefeufeJ&+yfaxG;pGm wGuf
csufjyoxm;ayonf?
rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹euQwWaA'wGufcsufr+onf tvGefwdusav&m/ aom-umj*dKvfESpf
aygif; 6000 wGif wpf&ufE+wf&rnfjzpfa-umif;txd az:jyxm;ayonf? Ttcsuft

154
vufrsm;udk rnfuJhodk‹&&Sd-uygoenf;? ,if;udpPESifhywfoufI euQwWaA'ynm&Sif/ &ly
euQwWaA'ynm&SifESifh a±S;a[mif;ypPnf;ESifhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifwdk‹ jiif;ckHI rjyD;
Edkifao;aom ar;cGef;wpfyk'fjzpfaeao;onf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif xdkuJhodk‹aomwGufcsufr+

aom-umj*KdvfESpfaygif; 6000 -umv#if wpf&uf

av#mh&efvdktyfa-umif;txd wduspGmwGufcsufEdkif
onfhocFsmynmonf vGefavjyD;aom a&S;vla[mif;
rsm;. wdk;wufaomacwfudk jyqdkonfh ta&;-uD;
aom O'g[&k%f jzpfayonf?

udk uGefjyKwmpuftultnDjzifhom wGufcsuf-uayonf? odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;onf tmum

o&Sd -u,fwm&meuQwfrsm;udk v#yfppf"gwfokH;pufypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh enf;ynmtrsdK;rsdK;
udk tokH;jyKI avhvm-uayonf? rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf/ ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif wD

155
 rm,Hbk&ifyguvf.ocõsKif;*l&Sd bk&ifhtavmif;xnfhxm;aomacgif;jyifyydkif;wGif
xGif;xm;aomykHjzpfonf? armfawmfqdkifu,fuJhodk‹aom,mOfwpfpD;ykHjzpfonf? xdkacwfwGifokH;aom
,mOfwpfrsdK;jzpfonf[k ,lq&.?

xGifxm;aomenf;ynmrsm;rwdkifrD vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif; 2000 tvsifuwnf;u xdkt

csuftvufrsm;udk az:xkwfEdkifcJhayonf? Ttcsufuvnf;/ vlom;wdk‹onf ordkif;w
av#mufvkH;wGif wpfpwpfppDqifhuJydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmcJh-uonf[laompmwrf;udk y,f
csvdkufaomtcsufwpfcsufjzpfayonf? vGefavjyD;aom vlom;rsm;.acwftajrmuft
jrm;onf/ vuf&SdacwfopfESifh xl;rjcm;em;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;cJh-uavonf? tcsdKŒrSm ,ae‹
acwfxufyif ydkrdkwdk;wufcJh-uayonf? ,ae‹vuf&Sdvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹
onf/ vGefavjyD;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹.tqifhudk rrSDEdkif-uao;acs? twdkcsKH;&rnfqdk
v#if/ ,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H ydkrdkwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;ovdk/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf;
aemufqkwfoGm;ayonf? acwfrDwdk;wufaom,Ofaus;r+acwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifh acwf
aemufusaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onfvnf; wpfacwfwnf;wpfjydKifwnf; aygufzGm;-u
onfvnf;&Sdayonf?
wDuvfjrdKŒrS a&S;a[mif;rm,HjrdK‹a[mif;&Sd vrf;qufoG,fr+rsm;
Network of Roads in the Ancient Mayan City of Tikal
rm,HjrdKŒrsm;teuf ta[mif;qkH;jrdKŒwpfjrdKŒjzpfaom wDuvfonf bDpDouU&mZf
&Spf&mpkESpfydkif;wGif wnfaqmufcJhaomjrdKŒjzpfonf? xdkjrdKŒa[mif;onf ,QKtcg awmeuf
-uD;wGif&SdI/ a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;wl;az:a&;vkyfief;rsm;u tdrfrsm;/ eef;awmfrsm;/ yD&rpf
rsm;/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm;ESifh pnf;a0;cef;rrsm;udk wl;az:awG‹&Sd&ayonf? xdkae&mrsm;tm;

156
vkH;onf vrf;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fxm;onf? &m'g"gwfykH&dkuf-unfh&mwGif/ xdkjrdKŒY a&v$J
ajrmif;rsm;tjynfhtpkH&Sdonfudk awG‹&Sd&.? aumif;rGefaomqnfajrmif;pepfvnf; &Sd.?
wDuvfonf jrpfurf;ab;wGifvnf;aumif;/ a&uefteD;wGifvnf;aumif; wnfaqmuf
xm;aomjrdKŒr[kwfay? xdkjrdKŒ-uD;wGiftokH;jyKonfh a&avSmifuef tvkH;wpfq,ftxd&Sd
onf?

odyH`enf;usonfhtaxmuftxm; r&Sd
aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf/ a&S;
vla[mif;rsm;onf/ urBmOD;vl&dkif;rsm;
jzpf-uI edrfhusaomb0jzifh aexdkifcJh-u
onf/ olwdk‹.todOm%ftpGrf;tponf
tcsdefumv-umjrifhvmaomtcg zGH‹jzdK;
vmcJhonf[k tqdkjyKxm;-u.? Tt
csufudk a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;ESifh ausmufjzpf
&kyf-uGif;awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u y,fzsufvdkuf
ayjyD? Oyrm/ a&S;a[mif;rm,HjrdKŒa[mif;
jzpfonfh wDuvfjrdKŒa[mif;udk wl;az:&Sm
azG&mY/ tHhzG,frcef;aom aqmufvkyf
a&;tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;
xGufay:vmayonf? rm,HjrdKŒrsm;onf
us,f0ef;aomvrf;r-uD;rsm;jzifh quf
oG,fxm;ayonf? TawG‹ &Sdcsufrsm;u
vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif wdk;wufonfh
,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm; ay:aygufcJha-umif;
az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf?

vrf;r-uD;ig;ckonf wDuvfjrdKŒrS awmeufodk‹OD;wnfI aqmufxm;onf? a&S;

a[mif;ypPnf;ESifhausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifwdk‹u xdkvrf;rsm;udk yGJvrf;obifESifhtcef;
tem;qdkif&mvrf;r-uD;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? aumif;uifrS&dkufaom"gwfykHt&
rm,HjrdKŒrsm;udk vrf;r-uD;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fxm;I pkpkaygif; 300 uDvdkrDwm(190rdkif)
&SdI aqmufvkyfa&;tif*sifeD,mtwwfynmwGif u|rf;usifa-umif; az:jyvsuf&Sd.?
vrf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk xkcGJxm;aomausmufrsm;jzifhcif;xm;I rsufESmjyifwGif ta&mifazsmh
azsmhrmausmaomt&mjzifh cif;xm;onf? Tvrf;rsm;onf aywHjzifh wdkif;ouJhodk‹
tvGefw&majzmifhwef;.? ta&;-uD;onfhar;cGef;rSm rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;onf wpfjrdKŒESifhwpf
jrdKŒt-um;wGif vrf;aqmufaecsdeftwGif; xdkr#ajzmifhwef;atmif rnfodk‹wdkif;wm-uo
enf;? rnfuJhodk‹aomud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyK-uoenf;? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u Ttcsuf
ESifhywfoufI avsmfuefI,kwWd&Sdaomtajzray;Edkif-uacs? u|Ekfyfwdk‹onf uDvdkrDwm
aygif; &mESifhcsDaomvrf;udk aqmufvkyfonfh tHhzG,frcef;aomaqmufvkyfa&;tif*sifeD
,mESifhywfoufaom udpPudk okH;oyfaejcif;jzpfonf? Tvkyfief;rsm;onf wdusaom
wGufcsufr+/ wdusaomwdkif;wmr+ESifh oifhawmfaomvdktyfonfhvufeufud&d,mrsm;udk
tokH;jyK&rnfh vkyfief;jzpfayonf?

157
 rm,Hwdk‹tokH;jyKaom acG;oGm;pdyfvSnf;bD;
Cogs Used by the Mayans
rm,HvlrsdK;rsm;aexdkifonfha'oudk okawoejyK&mwGif acG;oGm;pdyfygaombD;
rsm;udk tokH;jyK-ua-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf?

txufygykHonf rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹. t"dujrdKŒ-uD;jzpfaom udkyefjrdKŒwGif awG‹&Sd

onfh acG;oGm;pdyfygaom bD;rsm;jzpfonf? acG;oGm;pdyfygaombD;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonfh
enf;ynm±Sdaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf/ pufr+tif*sifeD,mtwwfynm wwfu|rf;&rnfom
jzpf.?
rnfolrqdk pufr+tif*sifeD,mynmrwwfajrmufbJ acG;oGm;pdyfbD;tokH;jyKonfh
vSnf;odk‹r[kkwf,mOfudkjyKvkyfEdkif&efrjzpfEdkifay? tu,fI oD;jcm;oifwef;wufxm;
jcif; r&Sdygu toifhudk ykHygbD;wyfpufypPnf;udk aqmufvkyfcdkif;ygu/ tifrwefcufcJ
ayvdrfhrnf? tu,fI aqmufvkyfEdkifaomfvnf; aumif;rGefpGm tokH;jyKEdkifonfhtqifh
a&mufrnfr[kwfay?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ rm,HvlrsdK;wdk‹onf xdkypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm aqmuf
vkyftokH;jyKEdkifjcif;u/ olwdk‹onf=tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.tqdkuJhodk‹ a±S;vla[mif;rsm;
onf“acwfrrDaom”vlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfa-umif;oufaoxlvsuf&Sdayonf?
,QKxd az:jycJhaomOyrmrsm;onf vGefavjyD;aom a&S;a[mif;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;
. jrifhrm;aom,Ofaus;r+twwfynmtqifhudk jyqdkaomoufaotcsdKŒomv#if jzpfyg
onf? Ttcsufonf tvGefxif&Sm;aomrSefuefcsufjzpfayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du
a±S;vGefavjyD;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onf todynmacgif;yg;&dk;taomb0/ acwfaemuf
usaomb0twdkif; aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uonf[k ESpfaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmjy@mef;oGwf
oGif;cJh-ujcif;onf vkH;0rSm;,Gif;ayonf? tqifhcsif;rwlnDonfhacwfESifh rwlnDonfh
,Ofaus;r+rsm;onf/ vlom;wdk‹.acwfumvwdkif;wGif &SdcJh-upjrJjzpfayonf? odk‹aomf
vnf; wpfacwfuaemufwacwfrSqifhuJajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;r[kwfacs? vGefcJhonfhESpf
1000tvsifu acwfaemufus acwfrrDaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;&SdcJhjcif;onf/ ordkif;.wpfp
wpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjcif;r[kwfay? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onfvnf; xdkodk‹aom urBmOD;vl
&dkif;rSwpfppcsif; wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmcJh-ujcif;vnf;r&Sday? xdkacwfaemufusonfhvl‹tzGJ‹

158
tpnf;ESifhtwl/ tvGeftrif;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;I odyH`ynmESifhenf;ynmbufwGif -uD;rm;
onfhajcvSrf;rsm;wufvSrf;EdkifcJhI/ eufeJaom,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;udk wnfaxmifEdkif
onfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹onfvnf;/ jydKifwlay:aygufcJh-uayonf? ,Ofaus;r+zvS,f
jcif;ESifh vl‹oufwef;wpfacwfrSwpfacwfodkŒ vufqifhurf;pkaqmif;vmcJhonfh twwf
ynm todynmrsm;u vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;. wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+wGif ta&;ygaomu¾wGif
yg0ifonfum; rSef.? odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;vufqifhurf;jcif;ESifhtodynm twwfynm
rsm; pkaqmif;vmcJhjcif;onf wpfpwpfp qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;r[kwfacs?
a&S;vGefavjyD;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfhOyrmrsm;tjzpf/ uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfwGif xdkvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tcsdKŒwdk‹u wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aom,Ofaus;r+rsm;wnf
aqmufcJh-ua-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
xdkolwdk‹onf urBmajr0,f vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif; rjyKcJh-uavoavm? odk‹jzpf
-uv#if/ ‚if;wdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tvsif &SdcJhbl;-uaomolwdk‹. aemufqkH;tusdK;onf
rnfodk‹rnfykH &SdcJhonfudk jrif-u&ayrnf? xdka&S;ola[mif;wdk‹onf xdkolwdk‹xuf
yif ol&owWd/ cGeftm;Avtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ yx0Dajr0,f csef&pfcJh-uaom
ajc&mvuf&mtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ydkrdkxl;uJolrsm; jzpfcJh-uayonf?
(pl&m tvf*sZtf 40;20)
‚if;wdk‹onf urBmajr0,f vSnfhvnfoGm;vmjcif; rjyKcJh-uoavm? odk‹jyKcJh-u
v#if ‚if;wdk‹onf rdrwdk‹tvsif &SdcJhbl;-uaomolwdk‹. aemufqkH;tusdK;onf
rnfodk‹rnfykH &SdcJhonfudk jrif-uayrnf? xdka&S;ola[mif;wdk‹onf xdkolwdk‹xuf
vlOD;a&rsm;cJh-uonfhjyif ol&owWd/ cGeftm;Avtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ yx0Dajr
0,fcsef&pfcJhaomajc&mvuf&mrsm;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ydkrdkxl;uJolrsm; jzpfcJh
-uukef.? (pl&m tvf*sZtf 40;82)
pifppf ajrmufjrm;pGmaomjrdKŒ&Gmrsm;udk igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;jrdKŒ/ &Gm(om;)rsm;
rw&m;usL;vGefolrsm;jzpfae-upOf zsufqD;awmfrlcJhavonf? odk‹jzpfay&m ,if;
jrdKŒ&Gmrsm;(&Sd wdkufwmtdrfa*[mtp&Sdaom taqmufttkHrsm; jydKusum eH&Hrsm;)
rSm ,if;taqmufttkHrsm;. acgifrdk;rsm;ay:odk‹ jydKus(ysufpD;)vsuf &Sdaeay
onf? xdk‹jyif rsm;pGmaomysufpD;aeonfh a&wGif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ jrifhpGifh
aomwdkufwmtdrfa*[mtp&Sdonfh taqmufttkHrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ (,ck
wdkifatmif vufikwfvufptjzpfusef&Sdaeao;.?) pl&m tvf[*sf 22;45

uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfyg ToGefoifcsufrsm;udk/ a&S;a[mif;okawoeawG‹&Sd

csufrsm;u axmufcHvsuf&Sdayonf? vGefavjyD; aom a&S;vla[mif;rsm;aexdkifcJhonfh
ae&ma'orsm;udk &SmazGwl;az:avhvm&mY/ xdka'orsm;wGif aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uonfh
vlrsm;onf/ ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwfrS tcsdKŒaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;xuf vlaer+pepf ydkrdktqifh
jrifh-uonfudk a&S;a[mif;okawoevkyfief;rsm;rS od&Sd&ayonf? olwdk‹onf ydkrdkwdk;
wufzGH‹jzdK;-uI/ aqmufvkyfa&;enf;ynm/ euQwWaA'/ ocFsmESifh aq;ynmwdk‹wGif t
vGeftrif;omvGefpGmwwfajrmuf u|rf;usif-uonfudkvnf; awGŒ&Sd&ayonf? Ttcsuf
rsm;onfvnf; 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. ordkif;ESifhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk‹.tDAdkvl;&Sif; pdwful;,Of
'¾m&DZmwfvrf;rsm; w&m;r0ifa-umif; xyfrHaz:jyvsuf&Sdayonf?

159
160
 rajz&Sif;Edkifao;aom emZfumrsOf;a-umif;rsm;
The Still-Unsolved Nazca Lines
yD&l;EdkifiH vdkifrmjrdKŒawmf. jrdKŒjyifwGif odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹u tajz±Sm &Sif;rjyEdkif
aomt&mwpfckudk awG‹&Sd-uayonf? 1939ckESpfwGif e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ avmif;tdkifvifw
uUodkvfrS a'gufwm aygvf udkqkwfu tifrweftHh-obG,faumif;aom rsOf;a-umif;rsm;
udk awG‹&Sda-umif; az:xkwfajymqdkcJh.? TrsOf;a-umif;rsm;onf tvsm;uDvdkrDwmt
awmfrsm;rsm;±Snfvsm;I wpfcsdKŒtydkif;onf av,mOfajy;vrf;a-umif;ESifhvnf;wlI/ iSuf
trsdK;rsdK;ykH/ arsmuf&kyfykH/ yifhulykHrsm;ESifhwl.? yD&l;EdkifiHrS ajcmufaoG‹aomoJuEWm&wGif
rnfolu TrsOf;a-umif;rsm;udk qGJxm;oenf;? tb,fha-umifhenf;? rnfuJhodk‹a&;qGJo
enf;? Tar;cGef;rsm;onf tajz±Smr&ao;aomya[Vdjzpfaeonf[k tcsdKŒodyH`ynm&Sif
wdk‹u qdk-u.? av,mOfay:rSomv#if xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrif&aom TrsOf;a-umif;rsm;
onf rnfonfhcsdKŒ,Gif;csufrSvnf;r&Sday? xdk‹a-umifh tajz&Smoifhonfh xl;jcm;aomt&m
jzpfayonf?

1? 45 rDwm (ay 150) &Snfvsm;aom yifhulykH?

2? vlykH?
3? rDwm 140 (ay 450)&Snfvsm;aom awmiftar&duwdkuf vif;wykH?
4? arsmufwpfaumif.ykH-uD;? 58rDwm(190ay)us,fI 93rDwm(305ay)&Snfvsm;.?
5? opfyifykH?
6? acG;wpfaumifykH?

161
162
vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif/ rsm;jym;onfhodyH`ynmESifhenf;ynmtrsdK;rsdK;zGH‹jzdK;r+tygt
0if/ e,fy,fu¾tzufzufwGifwdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+&SdcJhayonf? Tajymif;vJr+rsm;onf
tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+jzpfonf[k,lqjcif;onf usdK;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sday? ,Ofaus;r+
ESifhtodynm twwfynmrsm;udk pkaqmif;vmcJhjcif;a-umifh odyH`ynmESifhenf;ynmtrsdK;
rsdK;wdk;wufcJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vGefcJhonfESpfaygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmtvsifu
aexdkifaygufzGm;cJh-uonfh vlom;rsm;onf/ udk,fum,tm;jzifh ,ae‹ypPKy`efacwfvlrsm;
ESifh jcm;em;jcif;r&Sd-uouJhodk‹/ olwdk‹.todOm%fpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;ESifh tpGrf;tprsm;
onfvnf; jcm;em;r+r&Sd-uacs? 20&mpkESpfrSvlom;rsm;. OD;aESmufonf ydkrdk-uD;xGm;vm
ojzifh ydkrdkIacwfrDaom,Ofaus;r+&Sdonf[laomt,ltqonf rSm;,Gif;.? tDAdkvl;&Sif;
0g'Dwdk‹. 0g'jzef‹r+om jzpfayonf?

163
 bmompum;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;wGif acsmifydwfrdjcif;
The Impasse of Language Evolution

vlom;wdk‹.ordkif;ESifhywfoufaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;(wpfwpfpol‹tvdkvdkajymif;vJ
jcif;)oDtdk&Dudk tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u tao;pdwf&Sif;jyaomtcg tvGefcufcJaomjy\
emtajrmuftjrm;ESifh -uHKawG‹-uayonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf/ vlom;wdk‹. todw&m;onf
rnfuJhodk‹jzpfay:vmoenf; [laomjy\emonf xdyfqkH;Yyg0ifonf? aemufxyfvdkuf
vmaomjy\emrSm pum;ajymjcif;jzpfonf? Tt*Fg&yfonf vlom;rsm;udk tjcm;ouf
&SdypPnf; owW0grsm;ESifh cGJjcm;xm;aom t*Fg&yfyifjzpfayonf?
u|Ekfyfwdk‹pum;ajymonfhtcg/ u|Ekfyfwdk‹. pdwfxJwGifjzpfay:vmaom ajymvdk
aomtcsufrsm;udk wwfajrmufxm;aombmompum;rS pum;vkH;rsm;a&G;cs,fI tjcm;
ol em;vnfoabmaygufatmif 0guspDjyD;aemuf toHxGufjyD;ajymcsvdkuf-uonf? T
uJhodk‹jyKvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf/ E+wfcrf;/ tmacgif/ v#m ponfhtydkif;rsm;u tifrwefu|rf;
usifpGmv+yf&Sm;ay;&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk‹owdrxm;rd-uay? u|Ekfyfwdk‹u pum;
ajymcsifonfh qENom±Sd-uonf? toH/ 0À/ a0g[m& ponfwdk‹twGuf -uGufom;
aygif; 100 avmufu o[Zmwoifhoifh v+yf&Sm;ay;&onf? oifhawmfonfh 0gus jzpf
atmifvnf;/ emrf/ -ud,m/ emr0daooe tp±Sdonfho'NgtpDtpOfusatmifvnf; pDpOf
&onf? xdkuJhodk‹aom ±+yfaxG;eufeJaomtqifhrsm;onf u|Ekfyfwdk‹. pum;ajymcsif
aomqENwpfckwnf;rS qufvufjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf? xdkodk‹aom pum;ajymonfh
tqifhrsm;onf ZD0aA'wnfaqmufr+rsm;rSomv#if jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kwfa-umif; jyqdk
vsuf&Sdayonf?
vlom;wdk‹.pum;ajymEdkifonfht*Fg&yfonf tvGeftrif;±+yfaxG;eufeJojzifh p
um;ajymEdkifjcif;tpGrf;udk pdwful;,OftDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOf,EW&m;jzifh &Sif;jyIr&Edkifacs?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DodyH`ynm&Sifyg&*ltajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm okawoejyKcJh-u
aomfvnf; wd&pm>eftoHrS vlom;rsm;.pum;ajymoHtxd tvdkvdkwpfpjyD;wpfpajymif;
vJvmcJhonf[laom tawG;tac:twGuf oufaotaxmuftxm;wpfckrS &SmrawG‹Edkif
-uao;acs? tar&duefEdkifiH yifpdvfaA;eD;,m;wuUodkvfrS a';Apf y&rufu/ “vlom;
wdk‹. pum;ajymEdkifaomtpGrf;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DtwGuf t-uD;us,fqkH;tusyf
&dkufaponfh jy\emwpfckjzpfonf==”68[k olwdk‹.okawoejyKcsuf vkH;0vufajr‡muf
t±+H;ay;ykHudk az:xkwfajymqdkayonf?
tvGefausmf-um;aom bmomaA'ynm&Sif 'D&uf bpfumwGefu xdktusyf&dkuf
aponfhjy\emudk atmufygtwdkif; twdkcsKH;I &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?
pum;ajymjcif;onf vlrjzpfrDowW0grsm;rSpwifI tarGcHcJhoavm? r[kwfyg? wd&pm>efrsm;
tcsif;qufoG,faomykHpHESifh qifwlygovm;? rwlyg?==rnfonfharsmuf odk‹r[kwf arsmuf
0HurS==tcsdef-um-um tjyif;txefpum;ajym oif-um;ay;aomfvnf;/ pum;.tajccHo
abmw&m;ESifh 0guszG‹JykHzGJ‹enf;udk wwfajrmufjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomfvnf; Ttcsufonf
69
pum;ajymjcif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ESifhywfoufonfh t"dutc&mtcsufjzpfayonf?

164
 urBmay:wGif bmompum;trsdK;rsdK;ajymaom vlrsdK;tajrmuftjrm;&Sd.? olwdk‹. pum;
rsm;onfvnf; tifrwefeufeJ±+yfaxG;ayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u xdkodk‹aombmomp
um;rsm;. ±+yfaxG;r+onf wpfpcsif;wpfpcsif; rnfuJhodk‹ajymif;vJvmcJhoenf; [laom
tcsufudkyif rpOf;pm;wwf-uay?
urBmajray:&Sd bmompum;tm;vkH;wdk‹onf eufeJ±+yfaxG;-uonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g
'Dwdk‹yifv#if/ xdkeufeJr+rsm;onf rnfodk‹rnfykHwpfpwpfp qifhuJajymif;vJvmcJhonfudk
pOf;pm;I raygufEdkif-uacs? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DZD0aA'ynm±Sif &pfcsm'fa':uifpfu urBm
ay:rSbmompum;tm;vkH;=acwfaemuftusqkH;vlrsdK;i,frsm;.bmompum;rsm;tygt
0if=wdk‹onf tifrwef eufeJ±+yfaxG;onf[k qdk.?
u|EkfyftwGuf t&Sif;qkH;Oyrmonf bmompum;jzpfonf? rnfuJhodk‹pwifay:aygufcJhonf
udk rnfolurSrodacs?===a0g[m&ESifh0guswdk‹.t&if;tjrpfESifht"dy`g,fwdk‹onf rnfodk‹pwifcJh
onf[laomtcsufuvnf; xdkenf;wlr&Sif;vif;ay?=== urBmay:&Sd axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom bm
ompum;wdk‹onf eufeJ±+yfaxG;-uayonf? u|Ekfyfonf wajz;ajz;wpfpjyD;wpfjzpfay:vmonf[l
aom tqdkudk bufvdkuf,lqxm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹wpfpjyD;wpfpay:aygufvma-umif;
rxif&Sm;yg? tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹u wjydKifwnf;csufcsif;ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ tenf;qkH; Om%fynm
xl;c|efol yg&rD&SifwpfOD;OD;u wpfcsdefaomtcgY wpfae&m&mwGif wDxGifay;onfvnf; jzpfEdkif
70
onf[k qdk-uonf?
tm&DZdkemjynfe,fwuUodkvfrS tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Djzpfaom OD;aESmufqdkif&mokawoe
ynm±Sif W.K. Williams ESifh J. Wakefield wdk‹u TudpPESifhywfoufI atmufygt
wdkif;qdkonf?

165
 bmompum;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;-um;tqifhrsm;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;r&Sdapumrl/ tjcm;t
,ltqudk vufcH&efum; cufcJ.? ouf&SdowW0grsdK;pkwpfcsdKŒ.t*FgvuQ%mrsm;onf
wpfppDajymif;vJvmjcif;r&Sdygu/ Tt*Fg&yfjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhywfoufI &Sif;jyEdkif&ef
enf;vrf;wpfckwnf;om usefawmhonf? bk&m;ocif.vkyf&yfomv#ifjzpfayrnf? odk‹r
[kwfv#ifvnf; wjydKifwnf;tus,fw0ifhoaE<ajymif;vJr+vnf; jzpfayrnf?===odk‹aomf
vnf;/ uHtm;avsmfpGm xdkuJhodk‹tvsif;oifhjzpfay:cJhjcif;rSm oHo,ruif;p&mjzpfaeayonf?
qdkcJhjyD;onfhtwdkif; (yifumESifhbvl;rf 1990) pum;ajymjcif;uJhodk‹aom eufeJ±+yfaxG;
onfhpepfwpfck oaE<ajymif;vJr+a-umifh tqifajyajyay:xGufvmEdkif&eftcGifhta&;onf
71
tifrwefcufcJayonf?
bmomaA'ynm&Sif ygarmuQ Edktrf c|rfpuDu pum;ajymEdkifaomtpGrf;. euf
eJ±+yfaxG;r+ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; ajymqdkayonf?
,cktcsdeftxd bmompum;jzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhywfI rnfodk‹rS ajymqdkcJhjcif;r&Sdao;yg? ajym
p&modwfr&Sdaoma-umifhwpfa-umif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,fr&SdIwpfa-umif;a-umifh jzpfygonf? ty,du±+
axmifhrSvGJI ta-umif;&yfwpfckvkH;onf Om%frrDSEdkifavmufatmifqef;jym;onfhta-umif;&yf jzpf
72
ygonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;uJhodk‹ wiful;rSef;qxm;jcif;r&Sdol rnfolrqdk/ pum;ajym
wwfonfhpGrf;&nfonf txif;om;&Sif;aeayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu vlom;udk t
xl;jyKIay;oem;awmfrlaom qkvmbfjzpfayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;rsm;
udk pum;ajymEdkifaompGrf;&nf oGwfoGif;ay;awmfrl.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif
atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?
===u|Ekfyfwdk‹tm; t-uiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonfyif pum;ajymqdkapawmfrl.?
xdkt&Sifjrwfonf t&mcyfodrf;wdk‹udk pum;ajymqdkapawmfrlcJh.? pifppfaomf
um; xdkt&Sifjrwfonfyif toifwdk‹tm; yxrt-udrfzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹
tjyif toifwdk‹onf xdkt&SifjrwftxHawmfodk‹yif jyefvnfa&mufapjcif;udk cH
-u&avonf? (pl&m tvf*sZmtf 41;21)
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u pum;ajymjcif;. ZD0qdkif&mwnfaqmufr+.eufeJ±+yfaxG;r+
rsm;udk&Sif;jyEdkifjcif;r&Sd-uouJhodk‹/ bmompum;ajymxGufvmEdkifjcif;twGufvdktyfonfh
todw&m;pwifjzpfay:vmykHudkvnf; &Sif;jyEdkifjcif; r&Sd-uay? vlom;rsm;.todw&m;
ESifh bmompum;rsm;. eufeJ±+yfaxG;r+onf/ todOm%fjrifhrm;aom wefcdk;tm%kabmf
ESifhjynfhpkHonfh t&Sifocif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. zefqif;jcif;jzpfayonf?

166
 vl‹ordkif;pwifuwnf;u
rSefuefaom bmomt,l0g'&SdvmcJh.
The True Religion Has Existed Since The Beginning of History
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhvl‹ordkif;onf wpfpwpfpajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonf[k vdrf
vnf&mY tm;ay;taxmuftuljyKolwdk‹onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.tjrifhqkH;wefzdk;jzpfaom
bmom,kH-unfr+omoemonfvnf; wpfpcsif;ajymif;vJwdk;wufvmcJhonf[k wifjy-u
onf? Ttqdkudk 19&mpkESpfwGif wifjy-uI rdpm>'d@dESifh&kyf0g'Dwdk‹u pdwftm;xufoef
pGm axmufcHumuG,f-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; Twifjycsufudk taxmuftuljyKrnfh
a&S;a[mif;okawoetaxmuftxm;[lI wpfckrSr&Sdojzifh/ rSef;qcsuftjzpfom usef
aeayonf?
vGefavjyD;aoma&S;vla[mif;rsm;onf/ “urBmOD;vl&dkif;”rsm;jzpf-uojzifh ewf
bk&m;tqlaygif;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-uI/ vlom;wpfckvkH;twGuf
tm'rf(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)rSwqifh wpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
aom rSefuefonfh omoemonf aemufydkif;,Ofaus;vmonfhtcgrS ay:aygufvmonf
[k wifjyaom tqdkonfvnf; rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;rS r&Sdacs? tcsdKŒtDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D
wdk‹u Ttcsufudk ordkif;trSefjzpfonf[k -udK;pm;wifjy-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkt
qdkonf rSm;,Gif;ayonf? 'g0if.ZD0aA'oDtdk&Drsm;onf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+rsm;jzpfo
vdk/ bmomt,l0g' omoema&;qdkif&m tDAdkvl;&Sif;onfvnf; 'g0if.oGefoifcsufwGif
tajccHaom vdrfvnfcsufom jzpfayonf?
rSm;,Gif;onfh “omoemt,l0g'=tDAdkvl;&Sif;”
rnfodk‹ ay:aygufvmcJhoenf;
How Did the "Evolution of Religions" Error Come About?
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif;wpf&mhig;q,fu/ 'g0if. rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif;
pmtkyf yxrOD;qkH;t-udrfykHESdyfxkwfa0pOftcsdefwGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf &kyf0g
'DESifh bk&m;w&m;rJhrdpm>'d@dwdk‹xHrS t-uD;tus,faxmufcHtm;ay;r+ &&SdcJhavonf? xdk
acwfumvrS tawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹onf vl‹ordkif;tjzpftysufwdkif;udk tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk
&Djzifh &Sif;jyI&Edkifonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? tppt&m&monf tajccH[k owfrSwf
aom urBmOD;umvtqifhrSpwifI ydkrdkaumif;rGefjynfhpkHaomtqifhodk‹ajymif;vJwdk;wuf
vmonf[k ,lq-u.?
TrSm;,Gif;csufudk bmom&yftajrmuftjrm;wGif tokH;jyK-uonf? Oyrm/ pD;
yGm;a&;avmuwGif/ rm;ufP0g'u xdkodk‹aomwdk;wufajymif;vJr+onf rvGJra&Smifom
aomudpPjzpfI vlwdkif;onf uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufcHvdkufemusifhokH;-u&vdrfhrnf[k
qdkonf? tawG‹t-uHKt& ,if;tqdkonftdyfrufwpfck omjzpfa-umif; jyqdkayonf?
rm;ufP0g'tqdkjyKcsufonfvnf; trSefw&m;udk xif[yfjcif;r&Sda-umif; az:xkwfxm;
avjyD?

167
 pdwfynmESifhywfoufI vlom;onf wdk;
wufajymif;vJr+.tjrifhqkH;tqifhodk‹a&mufaejyD
jzpfaomfvnf;/ ol.urBmOD;vll&dkif;acwfrSOmOf
u ol.jyKvkyfaqmif&GufcsufwGif 0ifa&muf
wGef;tm;ay;vsuf&Sdaeao;onf[k qd*frGef z±l'f
uqdk.? TtqdkrS,lq csufjzpfaom z±l'gvpf
Zif;rfonf odyH`tajccHvkH;0r±Sda-umif; pdwfynm
avmurS y,fcsvdkufavonf?

xdkenf;wl/ vlr+a&;bmom&yf/ rEk\aA'

ESifh ordkif;rsm;wGifvnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oD tdk&D. -o
Zmanmif;jcif;qufvufjzpfay:cJhayonf? odk‹aomf
vnf; vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpftwGif;rS odyH`ynmESifht
jcm;bmom&yfqdkif&mokawoersm;.az:xkwfcsuf
rsm;t&/ xdk -oZmanmif;jcif;onf aumif;usdK;ray;
aom -oZmanmif;r+om jzpfcJha-umif; od&ayonf?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;qdkif&moDtdk&Dtm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ociftm; ouf0if,kH

-unfr+udk qef‹usifjcif;jzpfayonf? Ttcsufonfyif bmomt,l0g' qdkif&mtDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&D. rSm;,Gif;aomtajccHtawG;tac:jzpfayonf? [m;bwfpyifqm. trSm;
rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;jzpfaomtqdkjyKcsufwGif t"durSm;,Gif;csufrSm/ a&S;vla[mif;rsm;onf
omoemr&Sd[laom ,lqcsufjzpfonf? ol.tqdkt& vlom;wdk‹. yxrOD;qkH;aom
bmomudk;uG,fr+t,l0g'onf aooGm;oludk udk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkonf? bmom
a&;tDAdkvl;&Sif;vdrfvnfr+udk 0dkif;0eftm;ay;-uonfh rEk\aA'ynm&Sif trsm;uvnf;
tqdktrsdK;rsKd; wifjy-uonf? tcsdKŒu bmomomoem.tponf ewfudk;uG,fjcif;rS
pwifonf[k qdkonf? tjcm;olrsm;u wdkwJrfac: ewf&kyfvl&kyftrsdK;rsdK;xGif;xm;aom
wdkifudk udk;uG,fonfhxkH;"avhrS tpjyKvmcJhonf[kqdk-uonf? aemufxyfrEk\aA'
ynm±SifwpfOD;jzpfol tDbDawvmu/ bmomt,l0g'onf ewfudk;uG,f&mrSwqifh
vlyk*~Kdvfbdk;bGm;rsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf&mu pwifvmonf[k qdkjyefonf? xdkrSw
qifh ewfbk&m;trsdK;rsdK;udk udk;uG,faom(A[kemx0g')t,l0g'odk‹ajymif;vJvm&if;
aemufqkH;wpfyg;wnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fonfh bmomt,l0g' jzpfay:vmcJh
onf[k qdk.?
ToDtdk&Dudk 19&mpkESpfwGif bk&m;w&m;r,kH-unfol rdpm>'d@drEk\aA'ynm&Sif
wpfOD;u wifoGif;cJhonf? xdktcsdefrSpI ,if;,lqcsufqufvuf&SifoefvmcJh&m Zmwf
vrf;trsdK;rsdK; xyfrHjznfhpGufvmcJh-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ‚if;onf vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;
r+xufrydkacs? a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;okawoeESifh ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;u/ xdkodyH`
ynm&Sifwdk‹ wifjyonfhtqdkESifhqef‹usifI/ wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,f
qnf;uyfonfhbmomomoemonf xdkt±Sifjrwf.wrefawmfrsm;rSwqifh yd‹kcscJha-umif;
az:jyvsuf&Sdayonf? wpfcsdefwnf;wGif/ rSefuefaomomoemrS vrf;vGJoGm;aom,kH
-unfcsufrsm;ESifh t,lonf;r+rsm;onfvnf; rSefuefaomomoemESifhjydKifwl ay:ayguf
jrJjzpfayonf? ,ae‹acwfumvwGif bk&m;ocif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;
aomudk;uG,fqnf;uyf&m t&Sifjzpfonf[k,kH-unfI xdkt&Sifjrwf csrSwfay;oem;awmf

168
rlaom usrf;*ef.oGefoifcsuftwdkif; vdkufemaexdkifaygufzGm;olrsm;&Sdovdk/ wpfcsdef
wnf;wGif opfom;/ ausmufwkH;rsm;jzifh xkxGif;xm;aom&kyfxkrsm;udk udk;uG,folrsm;ESifh
±+difwGmefr&fewfudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfol/ rdrdwdk‹.aovGefjyD;aombdk;ab;rsm;udk ylaZmf
youdk;uG,folrsm;/ ewfrdpm>0dnmOfrsm;udk ylaZmfyoolrsm;/ wd&pm>efrsm;udk udk;uG,f
yoolrsm;/ ae v -u,fwm&mrsm;udk ylaZmfyoudk;uG,folrsm; ponfwdk‹vnf; &Sday
onf? TuJhodk‹aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹teuf rsm;pGmwdk‹onfvnf; acwfaemufusolrsm;r[kwf-u
ay? tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹onf tvGefw&m jrifhrm;aom tqifhtwef;jzifh aexdkifolrsm;jzpf
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vdkufemonfhtjyif/ bmomw&m;wGif oGefoifxm;aom vl‹usifh0wfwefzdk;rsm;udkyif
azsmufzsufypf&ef -udK;yrf;-uolrsm;vnf; &Sdayonf? tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹onf/ rSefuefaom
w&m;a'oemwGif t,lonf;r+rsm;ESifh roifhawmfaomvkyfaqmifr+rsm;udkyif xnfhoGif;
I ,if;w&m;vrf;rSefudk ajymif;vJypfum tqkH;wGif azsmufzsufypfvdkolrsm;vnf; &Sd-u
a-umif; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif jyqdkxm;ayonf?
odk‹jzpfI usrf;*efrsm;udk rdrdwdk‹udk,fwdkif rdrdwdk‹vufjzifh pD&ifa&;om;jyD;/ tenf;
i,fr#aomtbdk;tcESifh vJvS,fa&mif;cs(pm;okH;)&eftvdk‹iSg/ Tusrf;*efonf
um; tv†m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfrSxkwfjyefydk‹csawmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmf
usrf;*efwnf; [lIajymqdk-uaom omoemha&SŒaqmifa&SŒ&yfwdk‹onf ysufpD;-u
&ukefvwWH‹? wzef,if;olwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fwdkif rdrdwdk‹vufjzifh(r[kwfrrSef)
a&;om;cJhjcif;a-umifh‚if;/ rjyKxdkufrjyKtyfaomenf;rsdK;jzifh OpPmypPnf; &SmazG
jcif;a-umifh‚if;/ ysufpD;-u&vwWH‹? (pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;79)
xdk‹a-umifh/ tcsdefumv-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr#/ wpfyg;wnf;aomtv†m[ft&Sif
jrwfudk ,kH-unfudk;uG,fI xdkt±Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmfudk vdkufemusifhokH;oltcsdKŒonf
rSefuefaomw&m;a'oemudk pGef‹v$wfoGm;-uavonf? Todk‹jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.
rSefuefaomw&m;a'oemawmfrS vrf;vGJaom usifhpOfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhayonf? xdk‹
a-umifh/ tcsdKŒaomtawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹wifjyouJhodk‹aom bmomt,l0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif; r&Sd
cJhacs? odk‹aomfvnf; rSefuefaomw&m;a'oem bmomt,l0g'udk vdk&mqJGIrrSefruef
ajymif;vJ-ujcif;jzifh/ eudkw&m;a'oemESifhqef‹usifonfh t,l0g'usifhpOfrsm; ay:ayguf
vmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf?
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Distortion of the True Religion
20&mpkESpfwGif/ bmomomoemrsm;.pwif&mrlvblwESifhywfoufaom ta&;
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wpfpwpfpzGH‹jzdK;ajymif;vJvmcJhonf[laom bmoma&;tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqdkonf odyH`qdkif&m
wefzdk;r&Sda-umif;od&Sd&I/ ‚if;tqdkrsm;onf pdwful;,OfZmwfvrf;rsm;omjzpfa-umif;
az:xkwfvdkufayonf? emrnfausmf-um;aomrEk\aA'ynm±Sif tif'&l;vdkif;ESifh 0Dvf
[Jrf&Srd'fwdk‹ESpfOD;jyKaom urBmay:±Sd ,kH-unfr+bmomt,l0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh ok
awoeu/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;onf wpfpwpfpcsif;ajymif;vJzGH‹jzdK;vmcJhjcif;r[kwfbJ/
tcsdefumv -umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# vdk&mqGJIuarmufur jzpfatmifajymif;vJcJhonf

169
udk awG‹&Sd&a-umif;xkwfaz:a&;om;.? vdkif;ESifh&Srd'fwdk‹.okawoepmwrf;udk tif-wdK
ydk‹pf (Anthropos) pmapmifwGif tjynfhtpkH az:jyxm;ayonf?
c&pfouU&mZf 1900=1935ckESpftwGif; jyKvkyfcJhaomokawoeu bmomomo
emrsm;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqdkonf vkH;0rSm;,Gif;a-umif; az:xkwfwifjyayonf? xdk‹a-umifh
rEk\aA'ynm±Siftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u xdktDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:udk pGef‹v$wfcJh-uav
onf? TodyH`ESifhordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ tpGef;a&muf&kyf0g'DtcsdKŒu
,kwWdr&Sdonfhtjyif umuG,fEdkifrnfhvrf;r&Sdawmhonfh ,if;Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk qufvuf
umuG,fae-uao;onf?
tD*spfESifhr,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;rS
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Archaeological Finds from Egypt and Mesopotamia
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a0;uGmvSaomt&yfjzpfI/ urBmh,Ofaus;r+rsm;. tpysdK;&mt&yf[k wGifac:onf?
Ta'orsm;wGif aqmif&GufcJh-uaom a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;ESifh ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;
okawoersm;rS xGufay:vmaom ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftvufrsm;wGif xdkacwfvl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;wdk‹. bmomt,l0g'ESifhywfoufaomtcsuftvufrsm;jzpfayonf? armfuGef;
wif xGif;xkxm;aomausmufpmrsm;ESifh&kyfykHrsm;u/ ra&rwGufEdkifaom ewfa'0grsm;udk
udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-ua-umif; az:jyayonf? tcsuftvufydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm wl;az:awG‹&Sd
onfomru/ xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:rnfh ydkrdkaumif;rGefwdusaomenf;
rsm;udkvnf;awG‹onfESifhtr#/ xdk,Ofaus;r+acwfumvrsm;. bmomt,l0g'rsm;onf
vnf; ydkrdkxif&Sm;pGm ay:vGifvmayonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftaumif;qkH;tcsufrSm/ xdkacwf
vlwdk‹onf ewfa'0gtrsdK;rsdK;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfESifhtr#/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif wpf
yg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudkvnf; ,kH-unf-uonfhtcsufyif jzpfayonf? ordkif;t
axmuftxm;rsm;u rSefuefonfh bmomw&m;onf acwfwdkif;wGif tpOftjrJ &SdvmcJh
a-umif; jyqdkayonf? a&SŒvmrnfhpmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ r,fqdkydkaw;rD,m;/ a&S;a[mif;
tD*spf/ tdENd,ESifhOa&my,Ofaus;r+acwfrsm;udk avhvm-urnfhtjyif/ tZfwufrS tifum
ESifhrm,HvlrsdK;rsm;ta-umif;udkvnf; avhvm&if; olwdk‹tm;vkH;xH wrefawmfrsm;a&muf
&SdcJhjyD; rSefuefaombmomt,l0g'ta-umif; w&m;a'oemydk‹cscJh-ua-umif;ESifh wpfyg;
wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocifudk ,kH-unfudk;uG,fcJh-ua-umif; qef;ppfoufaoxl
-uygrnf? ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh bmomt,l0g'onf/
tpueOD;wGif wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,faomtawG;tac:yg&SdvmcJhjyD;
a-umif; OD;qkH;awG‹&SdolrSm/ atmufpzdk‹wuUodkvfrS pwDzif vdkif;'Gef jzpfayonf? 1931ck
ESpfwGif/ pwDzifvdkif;'Gefu/ ol.awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;onf rar#mfvifhaom tcsufrsm;jzpfI
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nmcJhavonf? vdkif'Gefu atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyayonf?
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tpGef;a&mufonfh ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh bmomodk‹ usqif;
qkwf,kwfoGm;I/ ted@m&kHraumif;qdk;0g;ewfrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹ ,kH-unfudk;uG,f
73
jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.?

170
 aemif ig;ESpft-umwGif/ vdkif;'Gefu atmufygtwdkif; xyfrHa-unmjyef.?
oufaotaxmuftxm;tm;vkH;wdk‹u/ wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
jcif;udkom rrSm;r,Gif;n$efjyvsuf&Sdayonf? qDrdkufvlrsdK;rsm;. a&S;tusqkH; ausmufpm
rsm;onfvnf; wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifjrwfudkomudk;uG,fa-umif; n$ef;vsuf&Sdayonf?
ewf&kyf xkxm;onfhwdkifudk udk;uG,fjcif;onf [DjAL;vlrsdK;rsm;tygt0if tjcm;qDrdkufvlrsdK;
74
rsm;rS pwifvmcJhonf [laomtcsufudk vufcHEdkif&efta-umif;r&Sdawmhacs?

vufsmbuf&SdykHwGif bk&m;ocifxHrS rSefuefonfh rdk;usomoem

,kH-unfr+ rl,if;udkysufjym;aponfhaemuf ay:aygufvmaom
plrmvlrsdK;rsm;. “rdk;-udK;ewfrif;”ykHjzpfonf?

vGefcJhonfhbDpDouU&mZf 3000 ausmfwGif plrmvlrsdK;rsm;

tajcpdkufaexdkifcJhonfha'ojzpfaom ,QKacwf wJvf tmpfr&f
t&yfY wl;az:awG‹&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm;onf vdkif;'Gef;.
tawG;tac:ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfaeayonf? wl;az:a&;n$ef-um;
r+; [ife&D z&ifhzdk‹'fu atmufygtwdkif; tpD&ifcH.?
ydkrdkaocsmaomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;tjyif/ abbDvdkeD,m;a'orS bm
omt,l0g'rsm;udk avhvmolrsm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;-u&rnfh t
opftqef;rsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk‹. wl;az:a&;vkyfief;rS az:xkwfxm;
ayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹odxm;oavmufqdkv#if u|Efkyfwdk‹awG‹&Sdxm;
aom abbDvdkeD,m;vlrsdK;rsm;. vlr+a&;pepfESifhywfoufonfh
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aom qufpyfr+taxmuftxm;rsm; wykHwacgif;-uD; &&Sdxm;yg
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rS yk*~dKvfwdk‹udk,fwdkifyif avhvmaz:xkwfEdkifjcif;r&SdEdkif[k ,lqyg
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Tbk&m;ausmif;wGif udk; uG,faom wpfqlwnf;aomA
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75
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jzifh rsm;jym;vSaom abbDvkHewfbk&m;taygif;wdk‹onf/ oD;jcm;
ewfbk&m;rsm;r[kwfbJ/ wpfql wnf;aomewfbk&m;. trnf

171
emr*k%fawmfrsm;jzpfI/ ,Qifu ‚if;*k%fawmfrsm;udk t"dy`g,f jyefqdk&mY rSm;,Gif;pGm,lqcJh-u
jcif;jzpfa-umif; ay:vGifvmay onf?

z&ifhzdk‹'f.awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;onf/ t,lonf;r+rsm;ESifh ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk

udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfht,l0g' rnfuJhodk‹pwifcJhjcif;ESifhywfoufonfhta&;-uD;onfh
tcsufrsm;udk az:xkwfay;avonf? ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
onfh bmomt,l0g'onf vlwdk‹u obm0tiftm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh ewfESifh0dnmOf
rsm;udk ylaZmfyo&mu pwifvmcJhonf[k bmomt,l0g'qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du qdk
onf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹rjzpfcJhacs? tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# vlwdk‹onf wpf
yg;wnf;aom bk&m;ociftv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. *k%fawmfrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf
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,kH-unfudk;uG,fjcif;Y wpfrsdK;wpfzkHajymif;vJ-ujcif;jzifh ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh t,l0g' jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfayonf? wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sif
jrwf. *k%fawmfrsm;u ewfbk&m;trsdK;rsdK;udk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfay:vmavonf?
vdkif;'Gef;u plrmausmufpmrsm;udk bmomjyefjcif;rjyKrDtvsif ESpftwef-um
uwnf;u z&yf'&pf 'Dvpfcsf trnf&Sdokawoeynm&SifwpfOD;uvnf; xdkuJhodk‹awG‹&Sd
xkwfaz:cJhbl;onf? abbDvdkeD,m;ewfbk&m;taygif;wdk‹onf/ rm&f'l*ftrnf&Sdaom ewf
bk&m;. *k%ft*Fgrsm;rS cGJjcm;jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k qdkonf? okawoevkyfief;rsm;t&/
rm&f'l*fewfbk&m;udk udk;uG,fjcif;onf/ wpfyg;wnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fqnf;
uyfonfh t,l0g'rSefrS ysufjym;vmcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; od&Sd&ayonf?
Twpfqlwnf;aomewfbk&m;rm&f'l*fonf/ trnftrsdK;rsdK;&Sd.? ededbfodk‹r[kwf
“wefcdk;tm%mydkifqdkifol”/ edbdk odk‹r[kwf “ppfyGJrsm;.t&Sifocif”/ pif odk‹r[kwf
“nnfhtarSmifudkxGef;vif;apaomt&Sif”/ &Smrm;&Sf odk‹r[kwf “w&m;r#waomt&Sif”/
t'NL odk‹r[kwf “rdk;&GmoGef;apaomt&Sif”/
ponfjzifh trnfemrtrsdK;rsdK;ydkifqdkif.? t
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t"duewfbk&m; rm&f'l*f.ykH?

172
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a[mif;tD*spfvlrsdK;rsm;onf wpfyg;wnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfolrsm;
jzpfa-umif; okawoersm;rS awG‹&Sd&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; aemifwGif xdkbmomt,l0g
'pepfudk zsufodrf;I aerif;udkudk;uG,fylaZmfaompepfodk‹ ajymif;vJcJh-uonf? tJrf 'D&l*sf
u atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
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76
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urmBajr-uD;udk t&Sifjrwftvdk&Sdovdk
zefqif;xm;.? vlcyif;taygif;wdk‹udk
‚if;/ u|JEGm;odk;qdwf tkyfvdkuftdkyfvdkuf
udk‚if;/ urBmajr0,f ajcjzifhvrf;av#muf
onfhowW0gtm;vkH;udk‚if;/ rdk;ay:wGif
ysHoef;onfh awmifyH&SdowW0grsm;udk‚if;/
t&Sifjrwfwpfyg;wnf;uomv#ifzefqif;
awmfrlyg.?

rEk\aA'okawoet& ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfht,l0g'onf wpf

yg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk ,kH-unfudk;uG,fonfhbmomt,l0g'rS azgufjyefajymif;vJvmcJhjcif;
a-umifhjzpfay:vma-umif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹u/ bmomt,l0g'onf wpfppDwpfqifh
pD ajymif;vJvmcJhonf[k u|Efkyfwdk‹tm;t,kHoGif;ouJhodk‹r[kwfa-umif; taxmuftxm;jzpfayonf?

173
 rEk\aA'ynm±Sif qm zvif'gpf yufx&Du t,loD;jcif;ESifh bk&m;tajrmuf
tjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfht,l0g'onf/ wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk udk;
uG,fjcif;rS wpfajz;ajz;ysufjym;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k qdk.? xdk‹tjyif/ TuJhodk‹ysufjym;
jcif;vuQ%mrsm;udk ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹. rsufarSmufacwfwGif&Sdaeovdk/ a&S;,Qifuvnf;
xdkenf;twdkif; &SdvmcJhonf[k xyfrHajymqdk.?
a&S;a[mif;bmoma&;t,l0g'rsm;wGif ewfbk&m;rsm;.tqifh trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf? Oyrm [dENL
vlrsdK;rsm;wGif/ ,ae‹acwfopfumvrSmuJhodk‹yif/ ewfbk&m;-uD;i,ftrsdK;rsdK; rsm;oxufrsm;
vmayonf? tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm===t"dujzpfonfh t-uD;qkH;bk&m;udk ylaZmfyoudk;uG,fjcif;
avsmhenf;oGm;-uum rsm;jym;vSonfh ewfi,frsm;/ pkH;rsm;/ ponfwdk‹udkom ylaZmfyo-u.?
tu,fIom ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh bmomt,l0g'
rSwqifh wpfppDwpfqifhpDajymif;vJvmcJhygu/ wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ociftvsif rsm;pGm
aomewfbk&m;rsm;udk OD;pGmudk;uG,f-urnfom jzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkodk‹r[kwfrlbJ
wpfyg;wnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfht,l0g'onf a&S;tusqkH;jzpf
onfudk u|Ekfyfwdk‹avhvmawG‹&Sd&ygonf?===
ajrmufjrm;pGmaomewfbk&m;rsm;udk udk;uG,fonfhbmomt,l0g'udk aemufa-umif;jyef avh
vmwdkif;wGif/ wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fonfht,l0g'ESifh a&mjyGef;aeonfudk
77
om tpOftjrJ awG‹&Sd&ayonf?==

174
 tdEdN,rS t,loD;A[kemx0g'. rlvblw
The Origins of Superstitious Polytheism in India
tdEdN,,Ofaus;r+onf ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o,Ofaus;r+rsm;avmuf a&S;usjcif;
r&Sdaomfvnf;/ vuf&SdypPKy`efurBmwGif a&S;tusqkH;aom ,Ofaus;r+rsm;teuf wpfckt
ygt0if jzpfayonf?
tdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;. ewfbk&m;rsm;onf a&wGufIrqkH;Edkifavmufatmif rsm;jym;
ayonf? tdEdN,vlrsKd;rsm;. bmomt,l0g'udk tcsdef-umjrifhpGmavhvmcJhaom tif'&l;
vdkif;u tdEdN,bmomt,l0g'rsm;. ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
jcif;onfvnf; ta±SŒtv,fydkif;a'ouJhodk‹yif wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk udk;
uG,fjcif;rSysufjym;ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf[k aemufqkH;aumufcsufcsayonf?
tdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;. bmomt,l0g'ESifhywfoufI avhvma&;om;ol tuf'Gwf
ruUa&'D u/ a&S;tcgu (Rig Veda)&pfaA'ifusrf;(´)wGif ewfbk&m;taygif;wdk‹onf
wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;. *k%ft*Fg&yfrsm;udk o&kyfouefaz:jyjcif;jzpfonf[k a&;om;
az:jyxm;ayonf?78 xdkusrf;wGif wpfyg;wnf;aomewfbk&m;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf
onfh t,lt0g'rS ysufjym;vmjcif;jzpfa-umif; oJvGefpvuQ%mrsm;udk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
TudpPESifhywfoufI okawoejyKavhvmol rufPrlv†m uvnf; a&S;,Qifu wpfyg;
wnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfh t,l0g'&Sda-umif; oabmwlonf?
aA'ifusrf;t& bk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;
uG,fqnf;uyfonfht,l0g'tvsif wpfyg;
wnf;aom bk&m;udkudk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfht
,l0g' &SdcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ajrmufjrm;pGmaombk&m;
rsm;udk ,kH-unfudk;uG,faevifhupm; wpfyg;
wnf;aom bk&m;ocifudk ,kH-unfjcif;onf t
pOftjrJ&SdcJhayonf? xdk,kH-unfcsufonf tjym
a&mifrdk;aumif;uifudk wdrfcdk;wdrfaiG‹rsm;vGifpif
vmpOf aemufcHwGif v#dKaeonfESifhtvm;wlay
79
onf?

[dEdNLbmomwGif twkta,mifbk&m; tajrmuf

tjrm;&Sdonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ okawoeavhvm
csufrsm;u a&S;tdEdN,,Ofaus;r+wGif vlwdk‹onf
wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocifudk ,kH-unfudk;
uG,fcJh-ua-umif; az:xkwfxm;ayonf?

Ttcsufrsm;uvnf;/ bmomt,l0g'tDAdkvl;&Sif; r&SdcJha-umif;/ rSefuefaom

bmomt,l0g'wGif vlwdk‹ujznfhpGufjcif;/ trdef‹tcsKdŒudk ypfy,fjcif;/ ponfjzifh ajymif;
vJcJh-uaoma-umifh/ aemufqkH;wGif rSefuefaombmomt,l0g'onf uajymif;ujyef
azgufjyefonfh ykHpHtjzpf ajymif;vJvmcJha-umif; xif&Sm;ayonf?

175
 Oa&myordkif;wGif bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk npfnrf;apjcif;?
Contamination of Religions in European History
Oa&mywdkuf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;wGifvnf; txufuqdkcJhonfh bmom,kH-unfr+
rsm;udk npfnrf;aponfh oJvGefpvuQ%mrsm;twdkif; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? okawoeynm
&SifwpfOD;jzpfol tufpJvf 'AfvsL ygqefa&;om;aom ordkif;OD;acwf *&dEdkifiHrSbmom
t,l0g' [laompmtkyfwGif/ a&S;a[mif;*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹. rdpm>'d@dt,l0g'ESifhywfoufI
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;az:jyxm;ayonf?
===aemufydkif;wGif *&dvlrsdK;rsm;.'¾m&Drsm;wGifawG‹&Sd&ouJhodk‹aom ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
ewfbk&m;rsm; xif&Sm;pGm ay:aygufvmayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ ta&twGufwdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vm
jcif;rSm rlvyxrwGif vufcH,kH-unfxm;aom wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;. trnfemrt&if;
udk xyfrHwifpm;ac:wGifonfh *k%ft*Fg&yftrnfrsm;a-umifh ay:aygufvmonf[k u|Ekfyf,kH
80
-unfygonf?
xdkuJhodk‹aom ajymif;vJr+udk tdwmvDEdkifiHwGifvnf; awG‹&Sd&ayonf? a&S;a[mif;
okawoeynm±Sif tdkif&if; &dkZif0d*fu/ tD-wLpuifacwfumvrS tD*lAdkif;ausmufpm
rsm;udk okawoejyK&mrS “ewfbk&m;rsm;udk emr0daooersm;jzifh cGJjcm;xm;onf? ,if;
tcsufrS oD;jcm;bkef;wefcdk;pGrf;yum;pD&Sdonfh ewfbk&m;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpf
onf?” 81[k ed*kH;csKyf wifjyxm;ayonf?
vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftwGif; avhvmcJhonfh rEk\aA'ESifh a&S;a[mif;ypPnf;okaw
oersm;onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf ordkif;wav#mufvkH; wpfyg;wnf;aombk&m;ocif
t&Sifjrwfudk yxrtqifhtjzpf,kH-unfudk;uG,fcJh-u&mrS tcsdefumv-umjrifhvmaomt
cg xdk,kH-unfr+onf wpfrsKd;wpfzkHajymif;vJvmcJhonf[k twdkcsKH;IajymEdkifayonf? yx
rwGif vlom;wdk‹onf t&mcyfodrf;udk Avmewˆdtvsif;r&Sd&mrS zefqif;awmfrlaom/
t&mcyfodrf;udk odjrifawmfrlaom urBmtaygif;.t&Sifocifjzpfawmfrlaom tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwfudk ,kH-unfudk;uG,f-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. *k%f
awmfrsm;udk oD;jcm;ewfbk&m;rsm;tjzpf,lqum/ vlwdk‹onf rSm;,Gif;pGmjzifh olwdk‹pdwf
ul;aygufaomewfbk&m;rsm;tjzpf udk;uG,fylaZmfyo-uayawmhonf? rSefuefaom bm
om omoemonf wpfyg;wnf;aomtv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk udk;uG,fjcif;jzpfayonf?
xdkodk‹ ewfbk&m;tajrmuftjrm;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfonfht,l0g'onf eADwrefawmf
tm'rf(tvdkif;a[hpvmrf).acwfumvrSyif pwif&SdvmcJhjyDjzpfa-umif; tv†m[ft&Sif
jrwfu rdef‹-um;xm;awmfrl.?

176
 okawoeynm&Sif wpfOD;jzpfol tufpJvf 'AfvsL ygqefa&;om;aom ordkif;OD;acwf *&dEdkifiHrS
bmomt,l0g' [laompmtkyfwGif/ a&S;a[mif;*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹. rdpm>'d@dt,l0g'ESifh ywfoufI
“===xdkuJhodk‹ ta&twGufwdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmjcif;rSm rlvyxrwGif vufcH,kH-unfxm;aom
wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;. trnfemrt&if;udk xyfrHwifpm;ac:wGifonfh *k%ft*Fg&yftrnf
rsm;a-umifh ay:aygufvmonf[k u|Ekfyf,kH-unfygonf?” [k a&;om;xm;ayonf?

tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf csrSwfay;oem;awmfrlaom ppfrSefonfhomoem

The True Religion Revealed by God
urBmht&yf&yf&Sd vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r+ESifh bmomt,l0g'qdkif&mwef
zdk;rsm;udk -unfhygu/ ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;onf wpfckESifhwpfck tvGefeD;pyfqifwlae-uonf
udk u|Efkyfwdk‹awG‹&Sd&ayonf? Tvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;onf tcsif;csif;,Ofaus;r+zvS,f
jcif;r&SdcJh-uaomfvnf;/ aumif;uifwrefodk‹r[kwfewfom;ewforD;ewfaumif;rsm;/ ±+dif
wGmefewfqdk;rsm;/ *sifrsm;ponfh vlom;avmuESifhtwlraeonfhowW0ga0ae,srsm;udk
,kH-unf-uayonf? aovGefjyD;aemufwrvGefb0udk,kH-unf-uonf? vlom;ESifhurBm
ajr-uD;udk t&Sifocifwpfyg;u zefqif;xm;onf[k,kH-unf-uonf? Oyrm/ wrefawmf
EL;[f(tvdkifa[hqvmrf)(Noah).avSESifhywfoufI plrmvlrsdK;rsm;.pmwrf;rsm;/
a0ve,fom;wdk‹.bmomt,l0g'/ w&kwfvlrsdK;wdk‹.ausmufpmrsm;/ a&S;a[mif;
vDol0g;eD,m;bmomt,l0g'/ ponfwdk‹wGif yg&Sd.? Tonfuyif/ p-um0Vmudkydkifpdk;
awmfrlaom wefcdk;tm%kabmft-uD;qkH;jzpfaom wpfyg;wnf;aom tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf
onf omoemhw&m;awmfrsm;udk ydk‹cscJhonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;wpfckjzpfayonf?
urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif &Sd&Sdor#aom ,Ofaus;r+rsm;onf tjcm;rnfonfhewfbk&m;rsm;u
rSE+dif;,SOfIr&Edkifaom t&Sifocif&Sda-umif;udk oifay;onfhbmomt,l0g' omoem
rsm; yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf acwfumvwdkif;wGif/ rdrdtvdk&SdESpf
oufawmfrlaomolwdk‹udk a&G;cs,fI apwrefawmftjzpfcef‹tyfI xdkwrefawmfrsm;rS

177
wqifh t&Sifjrwf.w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk vlom;rsm;twGufydk‹csay;awmfrlcJhay
onf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfu/ t&Sifjrwf. aemufqkH;ydk‹
csonfhtrdef‹a'oemawmftjzpf/ “==vlrsdK;wdkif;tzdk‹ w&m;vrf;rSefudk n$ef-um;jyo
olonf &Sdacsownf;?”[k pl&m tvf&t'f 13;7 wGif rdef‹-um;xm;awmfrl.? tjcm;t
ydk'frsm;wGif vlrsdK;wdkif;udk w&m;vrf;rSefjzifhowday;ol apwrefawmfrsm;udk v$wfcJh
a-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
pifppf igt&Sifjrwf uGyfrsufzsufqD;awmfrlcJhaom jrdKŒ&Gmwdkif;Y (xdkjrKdŒoljrdKŒ
om;wdk‹tm;) owday;qkH;r-o0g'ay;&ef owday;E+d;aqmfolrsm; a&muf&SdcJh-uonfom
jzpfonf? pifppf igt&Sifjrwfonf rw&m;ojzifh ESdyfpufn‡Of;yef;awmfrlaomt&Sif r
[kwfay? (pl&m tvf*sZtf26;208=209)
xdkrGefjrwfonfh eADwrefawmfwdk‹onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf
tm; wpfyg;wnf;aomt&Sifjrwftjzpf ,kH-unf-u&ef/ xdkt±Sifjrwfudkomv#if c0yfudk;
uG,ftvkyftau|;jyK-u&efESifh aumif;r+udkomusifh-uH-uI raumif;r+udk a&Smif-uOf-u
&ef oGefoifcJh-uayonf? vlom;wdk‹onf xdkeADwrefawmfrsm; ay;aomoGefoifqkH;r-o
0g'rsm;udk vdkufemjcif;jzifh u,fwifjcif;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. ESpfoufjrwfEdk;jcif;udk
cH,l-uayrnf? xdkw&m;a'oemoGefoifcsufrsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH;olwdk‹twGuf tarG
tESpftjzpf usrf;*efrsm;udk csefxm;ay;cJh-uayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. zefqif;&Siftv†m[f
t&Sifjrwfonf/ urBmolurBmom;rsm;tm; r[m*&k%m-uD;rm;pGmjzifh eADwrefawmf rdk
[rR'f (qGv†v†m[l tvdkifa[h0pvmrf)udk wrefawmftjzpf cef‹tyfI uk&ftmefusrf;
awmfjrwfudk aemufqkH;Asm'dwfawmfusrf;*eftjzpf ydk‹csay;awmfrl.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmf
jrwfudkvnf; urBmajr-uD;wnf&SdaeoI tpOftjrJ rajymif;rvJwnf&Sdaeatmifxdef;
odrf;xm;&efvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfuyif wm0ef,lawmfrl.? xdk‹a-umifh uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfonf vlom;rsm;twGuf trSefuefqkH; w&m;a'oemvrf;n$efjzpf.?

178
 ed*kH;
tcsdefuif;rJhjcif;trSefw&m;udk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;rjyKoifh
The Reality of Timelessness Should Not Be Ignored
TpmtkyfwGif u|Ekfyfwdk‹avhvmaqG;aEG;cJhjyD;aom ordkif;ESifha&S;a[mif;ypPnf;ok
awoeawG‹&Sdaz:xkwfcsufrsm;u 'g0if0g'rSwifjyxm;aom ordkif;ESifhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;
qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif;onf t"dy`g,fuif;rJhI tajctjrpfr&Sdonfhjyif odyH`ynmt& w&m;r
0ifa-umif; az:jyxm;ayonf? ,if;oDtdk&Dw&m;r0ifrSm;,Gif;aea-umif;xif&Sm;aeaomf
vnf;/ qufvufI xdrf;odrf;umuG,fae-ujcif;. wpfckwnf;aomta-umif;&if;rSm
&kyf0g'ysufokOf;jcif;ESifh oufqdkifaeayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹tm;vkH;odxm;-uonfhtwdkif;/
&kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf zefqif;jcif;trSefw&m;udk ypfy,fjcif;ESifh j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf vkH;0O\kH
y&rwfjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfI/ tpOfojzifhwnf&SdcJhovdk aemiftem*wfwGifvnf; tpOf
ojzifh qufvufwnf&Sdaernf[laom,kH-unfcsufonf olwdk‹.t-uD;qkH;trSm; jzpfay
onf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf/ olwdk‹onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;udk bk&m;tjzpf udk;uG,fae-u
ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ,ae‹acwfwGif odyH`ynmu p-um0Vmonf Avmewˆdtvsif;
r&Sd&mrS &Sdjcif;tjzpfodk‹jzpfay:vma-umif;(wpfenf;tm;jzifh zefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfa-umif;)
twnfjyKEdkifonfh tqifha&mufaeayjyD? ,if;odyH`awG‹&Sdcsufuyif &kyf0g'ESifhtwl &kyf0g
'qdkif&moDtdk&Dtm;vkH;tjyif/ ‚if;udktaxmuftuljyKonfh tawG;tac:tm;vkH;wdk‹onf
w&m;r0ifa-umif; y,fzsufvdkufavjyD?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹.tjrif±+axmifhrsm;onf odyH`taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh
qef‹usifaevifhupm;/ j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf y&rwfr[kwfrlbJ zefqif;jcif;a-umifh ay:
aygufvmonf[laomtcsufudk aoao±Sif±Sifrnfodk‹rS vufrcHEdkif-uay? xdkw&m;ao
bufvdkufcH,lcsufrS wpfvSrf;avmufaemufqkwfvdkufygu/ olwdk‹onf &kyf0g'ujyKpm;
xm;onfhnd‡KŒ"gwfrS vGwfajrmuf-uum xif&Sm;aomtrSefw&m;udk jrifEdkif-urnfjzpfay
rnf? Todk‹jyKEdkif&ef/ olwdk‹usifhom;& ,Ofyg;aeustjrifudkab;z,fxm;jyD; tawG;t
ac:ydkif;qdkif&m wpf,loefjcif;udkazsmufzsufum &ifzGifhxm;&kHESifh vkHavmufayonf?
olwdk‹taeESifh tcsdef.obm0tppftrSefudk yxrOD;qkH;awG;awmqifjcif&rnf?
tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ &kyf0g'Dwdk‹onf tcsdefudk j'yf0wˆKypPnf;uJhodk‹ y&rwftjzpf cH,l
xm;-u.? TvSnfhpm;r+uyif trSefw&m;udk od&Sd&ef[ef‹wm;aeayonf? acwfopf
odyH`ynmu tcsdefonf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;rS qifhyGm;vmjcif;jzpfI j'yf0wˆKypPnf;uJhodk‹yif
Avmewˆdtvsif;r&Sd&mrS zefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfa-umif;udk oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfayonf?
qdkvdk&if;rSm/ tcsdefonf pwifr+&Sd.? ‚if;jyif tcsdefonf E+dif;,SOfcsuft&jzpfaom
t,ltq jzpfa-umif; vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpfwGif od&SdcJh-uayonf? tcsdefonf ajymif;vJae
aom todjzpfI &kyf0g'Dwdk‹ &mpkESpfaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm ,kH-unfvmcJhouJhodk‹ rajymif;
rvJwnfjidrfaeonfht&m r[kwfay?
tcsdef. ppfrSefaomobm0ESifht,ltq
The Real Nature of the Concept of Time
u|Ekfyfwdk‹ “tcsdef”[kac:aomt&monf trSefpifppf tcgor,wpfckudk tjcm;
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179
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u|Ekfyfwdk‹. “twdwf”[laom,lqcsufonf
u|Ekfyfwdk‹.rSwfOm%fwGif&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;om jzpf.
Our Concept of the "Past" Is Merely Information in Our Memories
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181
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182
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183
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185
 &dk;om;aom qifjcifokH;oyfr+
Honest Reflection
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186
 tDAdkvl;&Sif;. vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;r+
The Deception Of Evolution

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rkom;rsm;om jzpfayonf?
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187
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188
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aombmom&yfrsm;jzpfonfh tm&kHig;yg;jyifytodrsm; odk‹r[kwf ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;udk
t"dy`g,faz:jcif;rsm;/ ponfwdk‹wGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk opPmcHxm;oltwGuf bmrqdkjzpf
Edkifayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DwGif pdwfxufoefolwpfOD;twGuf wpfckESifhwpfck qef‹usif
100
bufjzpfaeaom t&mrsm;udkyif wpfjydKifwnf;wGif ,kH-unfEdkifayonf?
xdk‹a-umifh/ vlom;rsm;qdkif&mtDAdkvl;&Sif; (vlom;rsm;wpfpwpfpajymif;vJjzpfay:
vmjcif;)Zmwfvrf;wGif/ olwdk‹awG‹&Sdaom ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;tcsdKŒay: tajccHxm;aom
oDtdk&Dudk rsufpdrSdwf,kH-unfoltcsdKŒ. okH;oyfa0zefcsufrsm;om jzpfayonf?

199
 'g0if0g'ykHaoenf;!
Darwinian Formula!
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cJhjyD jzpfaomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹ rnfuJhodk‹aom t,lonf;r+rsm;&Sdae-uonfudk/
uav;oli,frsm;yif oabmaygufEdkifonfh &dk;&dk;&Sif;&Sif;vG,fulaomOyrmrsm;jzifh wzef
qef;ppf-unfh-uygrnf?
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trmqdk.? Ttqdkt&/ oufrJhypPnf;t%kjrLtwrfrsm;pk&kH;vmjyD; qJvfwpfckjzpfay:
vmI/ wpfenf;enf;jzifh vlom;tygt0iftjcm;ouf&SdowW0gtrsdK;rsdK;jzpfay:vmcJhonf
[kqdkonf? TudpPudk awG;-unfh-uygpdk‹? tu,fI ouf&SdqJvfwGifyg0ifwnfaqmuf
xm;onfh j'yfpifrsm;jzpfaom umbGef/ azghpfzdk&yfpf/ Edkuf-wdK*sif/ ydkwufpD,rf ponfwdk‹
udk pk&kH;xm;ygu/ xdkj'yfpifwdk‹pkykHaeaom tykHwpfykHom&&Sdayrnf? xdktwrftpktykHudk
rnfodk‹yifjyKrlapumrl/ ouf&SdypPnf;wpfckwpfavrS jzpfay:vmrnfr[kwfay? tu,fI
toifonf vufawG‹prf;oyfvdkygu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.udk,fpm; vufawG‹prf;oyf
csufwpfckudk “'g0if0g' ykHaoenf;”[k trnfay;I xdkprf;oyfcsufudk awG;-unfhEdkifyg
onf?
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tjrm; ,laqmifvmapI pnfydkif;-uD;wGif xnfhcdkif;yg? obm0tajctaewGif r&Sdaomf
vnf; olwdk‹taejzifh vdktyfonf[kxifonfh tjcm;ypPnf;rsm;udkvnf; xyfrHjznfhygap?
T"gwfa&mxJodk‹ trdkifEdktufppfvdkcsifoavmufESifh y&dkwif;armfvD-uLwpfvkH;jzpfvm
&ef tcGifhta&;aygif; 10=950 om&Sdaomfvnf; y&dkwif;vdktyfoavmufxyfjznfhygap?
T"gwfa&mudk tyl&SdefESifh tpdk"gwfvdkcsifoavmuf ay;-uygap? T"gwfa&mudk rnf
onfhenf;ynmjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomud&d,mrsm;udk tokH;jyKIjzpfap ar$aESmuf-uygap?
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tajctaetm;vkH;udk tokH;jyK-uygap? olwdk‹u rnfodk‹yifvkyfapumrl/ Tpnfydkif;rS
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jcaoFhawG/ ysm;aumifawG/ jrif;awG/ vif;ydkifawG/ ESif;qDyef;awG/ opfcGyef;awG/ -um
yef;awG/ iSufaysmoD;awG/ vdarRmfoD;awG/ pGefyvGefoD;awG/ c&rf;csOfoD;awG/ z&JoD;awG/
ozef;oD;awG/ pyspfoD;awG/ opfawmhoD;awG/ &pf-uufawG/ a'gif;awG/ a&mifpkHvdyfjym
awG tp±Sdojzifh trsdK;aygif;odef;oef;ruaom tjcm;owW0gawGrS wpfaumifwav
avmufudkyif xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwf? xdktaumifrsm;udk rqdkxm;bd/ ouf&SdqJvfwpf
ckckudkyif xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfay?
twdkcsKH;Iajym&rnfqdkv#if/ oufrJhtwrf(t%kjrL)rsm;pkaygif;vmjyD; ouf&Sd
qJvfjzpfay:vmEdkifrnfr[kwfay? j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf oufrJhjzpf.? pkykHxm;aomfvnf;
oufrJhtpktykHomjzpf.? xdktpktykHudk bk&m;oQiftv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. zefqif;jcif;wef
cdk;tm%kabmfjzifhomv#if toufZD0def &SdvmEdkifayonf?

200
 toufZD0defudk zefqif;jcif;tjzpfudk qef‹usifonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf usdK;
a-umif;qifjcifjcif;ESifh zDvmuef‹vef‹ qef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹.
Ttqdkudk tenf;i,favmuf pOf;pm;onfESifhyif txufuaz:jycJhonfh OyrmuJhodk‹
trSefw&m;udk az:xkwfEdkifayonf?
rsufpdESifhem;wGif&Sdaom enf;ynm
Technology in the Eye and the Ear
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du tajzray;EdkifaomaemufxyfudpPrSm/ rsufpdESifhem;wdk‹.
xl;uJajymifajrmufaom t&nftaoG;jzpfayonf?
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&dyfay:.? Tae&mwGif tvif;wef;rSjzpfay:aomykH&dyfudk txl;pDrHxm;aomqJvfrsm;u
v#yfppftcsufjyvd+if;rsm;tjzpfajymif;vJay;I OD;aESmuf.taemufydkif;&Sd jrifjcif;t
uGufodk‹ o,faqmifoGm;ayonf? TtuGufwGif a&muf&Sdvmaom ykH&dyf.v#yfppfv+dif;
rsm;udk t"dy`g,faz:ay;avonf? Tenf;ynmtajccHay:rlwnfI qufvufpOf;pm;-u
ygrnf?
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uGuf”onf tvif;a&mifrnfonfhtcgrSrxdbl;aomtuGufjzpfI/ oifodoavmufwGif
tarSmifrdkufqkH;ae&myif jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdk ydef;ydwfatmifarSmifaeonfh
ae&mwGif vif;xif;aeaomt&m/ vif;xif;awmufyvsuf&SdaomurBmudk toif-unfh
jrifvsuf&Sdayonf?
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ao;acs? Oyrm/ toifzwfaeaom pmtkyfudk -unfhprf;yg? xdkpmtkyfudk udkifxm;aom
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qkH;puf&kHuyif rsufpdjzifhjrif&aomykH&dyftwdkif; -unfvifjywfom;aomykH&dyfudk jyay;Edkif
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rsm;rSm okH;bufwef/ a&mifpkHjzpfI tifrwefjywfom;.? ESpfaygif; 100ausmftwGif;
tif*sifeD,maygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹u xdkodk‹jywfom;aom okH;bufwefykH&dyfudk jy
oEdkif&ef -udK;pm;vmcJh-uayonf? TudpPwpfckwnf;twGuf -uD;rm;onfhpuf&kHrsm;udk
aqmufvkyfI/ pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfjcif;/ okawoejyKjcif;/ 'DZdkif;ykHrsm;qGJjcif; ponfjzifh
tcsdefukefaiGukefa-u;us -uKd;yrf;-uayonf? &kyfjrifoH-um;wGifxGufaomykH&dyfudkwzef
-unfhyg? oif.vufudkvnf;-unfhyg? -unfvifjywfom;r+t& tvGefjcm;em;aeonf
udk awG‹&ygvdrfhrnf? xdk‹xufru &kyfjrifoH-um;wGifawG‹&aomykH&dyfrSm ESpfbufwefykH&dyf
omjzpf.? oif.rsufpdjzifh jrif&aomykH&dyfrSm okH;bufwefykH&dyfjzpfonf? tvsm;teHt
euftm;vkH;udk twdkif;om; jrif&.?

201
 tif*sifeD,maxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹onfvnf; rsufpdjzifh awG‹jrif&onfhykH&dyft
wdkif; jyoEdkifonfh&kyfjrifoH-um;pufudk xkwfvkyfEdkif&ef tywfwukwf-udK;yrf;-u.?
okH;bufwefykH&dyfjyEdkifonfh &kyfjrifoH-um;pufudkawmh xkwfvkyfEdkif-uonf? odk‹aomf
vnf; txl;pDrHxm;aomrsufrSefwyfI-unfhrSomv#if okH;bufwefykH&dyfudk jrif&.?
aemufcHuvnf; puULtcsyfcHaeovdk r+ef0g;0g;jzpfaejyefonf? rsufpdjzifh awG‹jrif&aom
ykHavmuf -unfvifjywfom;aomykHudk r&Edkif-uay? uifr&mESifh &kyfjrifoH-um;pufESpf
rsdK;pvkH;wGif ykH&dyf.t&nftaoG;tcsdKΠaysmufqkH;aeayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹u Tr#-unfvifjywfom;aomykH&dyfudk awG‹jrif&onfh ud&d,m
(rsufpd)onf tvdkvdkrawmfwq-uHKI jzpfay:vmcJhonf[k tcdkiftrmqdk-uonf? t
u,fI oif.tcef;wGif&Sdonfh &kyfjrifoH-um;pufonf rnfolurS xkwfvkyfjcif;r
[kwf/ 0wˆKypPnf;trsdK;rsdK;twrft%kjrLrsm; ol‹tvdkvdkvma&mufpk&kH;jyD; ol‹tvdkvdk r
awmfwqjzpfay:vmcJhonf[k wpfOD;wpfa,mufu ajymygu toifrnfodk‹xifrnf
enf;? u|rf;usifonfhynm±Sifaygif; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk‹u -udK;pm;xkwfvkyfI r&Edkif
aomt&mwpfckudk ol‹tvdkvdk jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfavm?
rsufpdjzifhawG‹jrif&aomykH&dyfavmuf rxif&Sm;onfhykH&dyfudkom jyoay;Edkifonfh
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udk jyoay;Edkifonfh rsufpdonfvnf; ol‹tvdkvdkrawmfwqjzpfay:vmEdkifrnfr[kwf?
em;ESifhywfoufIvnf; rsufpdjrifonfhenf;twdkif; jzpfayonf? jyify&Sd
em;tpdwftydkif;rsm;u vufcH&&SdaomtoHudk em;.tv,fydkif;odk‹ ydk‹vdkufonf? em;
tv,fydkif;wGif toHvd+if;udk v#yfppftcsufjyv+dif;tjzpfajymif;vJvdkufjyD; OD;aESmuf&Sd
toHqdkif&mtcef;odk‹qufvuf ydk‹vdkufonf? rsufpdrSmuJhodk‹/ OD;aESmuf&Sd xdktoHtcef;
wGif/ rnfonfhtoHjzpfonfudk t"dy`g,faz:vdkuf.? oabmrSm/ OD;aESmuf. xdkaom
wm&kHtcef;wGif toHudk-um;&.? jyifyY rnfr#yif qlnHaeonfjzpfap/ OD;aESmuf
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aom OD;aESmufwGif/ toifonf aw;oDcsif;rsm;udkvnf; em;qifEdkifayonf? vltkyf-um;
wGif qlnHvsuf&SdaomtoHtm;vkH;udkvnf; -um;&.? tu,fI OD;aESmufwGif;&Sd
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v#if vkH;0wdwfqdwfaeonfudkom -uKH&vdrfhrnf?
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okH;jyKI ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm-udK;yrf;-uaomfvnf;/ em;jzifh-um;&onfh toHuJhodk‹ -unfvif
jywfom;aomtoHudk zrf;Edkifonfhpuf rxkwfvkyfEdkif-uao;acs? aw;*DwypPnf;qdkif&m
t-uD;qkH;puf&kHrsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh [dkifzdkiftoHzrf;pepfrsm;udk pOf;pm;-unfhyg? ‚if;
pufrsm;jzifh zrf;aomtoHrsm;wGif toHtcsdKŒaysmufaeonfudk awG‹&.? w-uD-uDwusm
usmtoHydkrsm;vnf; ygvmpjrJjzpf.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;wdk‹.em;wGifyg0ifaom
enf;ynmjzifh zrf;,laomtoHonf tvGef-unfvifjywfom;ayonf? vlom;rsm;udk p
wifzefqif;uwnf;u Ttwdkif;yifjzpfvmcJhayonf?

202
 ,ae‹txd vlom;rsm;xkwfvkyfaom tjrifqdkif&mypPnf;ud&d,mESifh toHqdkif&m
ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;onf vlom;wdk‹. puQKtm&kHESifh aomwm&kHrsm;rS vufcHaomtm&kHqdkif
&mtcsuftvufrsm;avmuf aumif;rGef-unfvifjywfom;jcif; r&SdEdkifao;acs? trSefrSm/
xdkpuQKtm&kHESifh aomwm&kH. aemufuG,fwGif xdkxufruaom trSefw&m; &Sdaeygao;
onf?
OD;aESmufwGif;&Sd puQKtm&kHESifhaomwm&kHtodonf
rnfolESifh oufqdkifygoenf;
To Whom Does the Conciousness that Sees and
Hears within the Brain Belong?
rnfolu rufarmp&maumif;aomurBm-uD;udk OD;aESmufwGif;rS -unfhaeygo
enf;? rnfolu aw;*DwoHrsm;ESifh wDwDwmwmiSufoHrsm;udk em;qifaeygoenf;? rnf
olu ESif;qDyef;teH‹udk ±SLaeygoenf;?
vlwpfa,muf. rsufpd/ em;ESifhESmacgif;rsm;rS E+d;qGr+rsm;u v#yfppf="gwktm&kH
a-umE+d;qGr+rsm;tjzpf OD;aESmufodk‹ a&mufoGm;onf? ZD0aA'/ ZD0urRaA'ESifh ZD0"gwkaA
'pmtkyfrsm;wGif OD;aESmufwGif;Y rnfuJhodk‹awG‹jrifEdkifonf/ rnfuJhodk‹-um;Edkifonf/ rnf
uJhodkteH‹touf&&Sdonf/ ponfhta-umif;rsm;udk tao;pdwf zwf±+Edkifygonf? odk‹aomf
vnf;/ ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufwpfcsufudk toif&SmazGzwf±+&rnfr[kwfay? xdkv#yfppf=
"gwktm&kHa-umE+d;qGr+rsm;rS ykH&dyfrsm;/ toH/ teH‹/ t&om xdawG‹r+ponfwdk‹udk OD;aESmuf
wGif;Y rnfolu vufcH cHpm;aeygoenf;? OD;aESmufwGif;Y xdkcHpm;csufrsm;udk rsufpd/
em;/ ESmacgif; tp&Sdonfh t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;rvdktyfbJ vufcHEdkifonfh todwpfck &Sd
aeayonf? xdktodonf rnfolESifhoufqdkifygoenf;? OD;aESmufudk zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom
tm&kHa-umrsm;/ tqDtv$mrsm;ESifh eAfqJvf(EsL&Gef)rsm;ESifh oufqdkifrnfr[kwfay? xdk‹
a-umifh/ t&mcyfodrf;onf j'yf0wˆKypPnf;omv#if yg0ifonf[k ,kH-unfonfh 'g0if0g'D
&kyf0g'orm;rsm;u Tar;cGef;rsm;udk rajzEdkif-ujcif;jzpfonf?
tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Ttodonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf zefqif;awmfrlaom
0dnmOf jzpfaoma-umifhwnf;? 0dnmOfonf ykH&dyfrsm;udk-unfh&ef rsufpdrvdktyfay? toH
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acs?
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pm;awG;qoifhayonf? xdkt±Sifjrwf. umuG,fr+apmifha&Smufr+udk &SmazGawmif;cH
cdkvkHoifhayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ukApifwDrDwmtenf;i,fr#om±Sdaom ydef;ydwf
atmif arSmifaeonfhae&mwGif p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk 0if;xdefvsuf&Sdaom okH;bufwef
a&mifpkHykHpHtjzpf zspfn‡pfjyoxm;Edkifaomt&Sifjrwf jzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?

203
 &kyf0g',kH-unfcsuf
A Materialist Faith
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ayjyD?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudkrl odyH`ynmpm&if;wGif usef&Sdaeao;onf? t
csdKŒaomolwdk‹u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk wdkufzsufjcif;onf “odyH`ynmudk wdkufzsufjcif;
jzpfonf”[kyif qdkae-uao;onf? tb,fha-umifhenf;?
ta-umif;rSm/ ToDtdk&Donf tcsdKŒaomtodkif;t0dkif;twGuf olwdk‹. wpf,l
oefw&m;ao,kH-unfcsuftwGuf r±Sdrjzpfaom tajctaea-umifh jzpfayonf? Tt
odkif;t0dkif;onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:udk rsufpdrSdwfopPmcHxm;-uojzifh 'g0if0g'onf
vnf; &kyf0g'udk obm0.vkyfaqmifcsuftjzpf wifjy&Sif;jyEdkifaom wpfckwnf;aom
oDtdk&D jzpfaeaoma-umifhwnf;?
wcgw&Holwdk‹u yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif 0efcH-uayonf? [m;AwfwuU
odkvfrS ausmf-um;aom rsdK;ADZaA'ygarmuQvnf;jzpf/ wcsdefwnf;wGifa&SŒwef;rStDAdkvl;
&Sif;0g'Dvnf;jzpfol &pfcswf pD vD0efwifu olonf“yxra±SŒwef;wGif&kyf0g'DjzpfI/
odyH`ynm±Sifb0onf 'kwd,tqifhjzpfonf”[k atmufygtwdkif; 0efcHxm;ayonf?
odyH`ynmxkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm;u tHhzG,fxl;uJaomurBmta-umif; &kyfydkif;
qdkif&m&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk twif;vufcHapjcif;r[kwfrlbJ/ u|Efkyfwdk‹. &Sd&if;pGJ,kH-unfcsuf
rsm;u &kyf0g'udk&Sif;jyEdkifonfh tawG;tac:enf;ynmrsm;udk&SmazG&ef twif;t-uyfjyKae
jcif; jzpfonf? xdkodk‹&SmazG&mwGif/ rdrdwdk‹tvdkvdkodEdkifaom todw&m;ESifhyif qef‹usifae
jcif;ESifh/ rnfr#yif pdwful;,Ofqefaejcif; &Sdaomfvnf; ta&;r-uD;yg? &kyf0g'uomv#if
vkH;0O\kHrSefuefonf[k cH,lxm;ygonf? “zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocif &Sdonf[laom tawG;
101
tac:onf u|Efkyfwdk‹. wHcg;0odk‹ a&mufrvm&ef”om ta&;-uD;qkH; jzpfygonf?
Tpum;vkH;rsm;u/ 'g0if0g'onf &kyf0g'tawG;tac:wGif wG,fuyfae&eft
wGuf w&m;ao0g'wpfckjzpfa-umif; xif&Sm;apygonf? Tw&m;ao0g'wGif j'yf0wˆK
ypPnf;rSvGJI tjcm;rnfonfht&mrS wnf&Sdjcif;r&Sd[kqdkonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ todw&m;
uif;rJhonfh oufrJhypPnf;jzpfaom j'yf0wˆKypPnf;onf toufudkzefwD;Edkifonf[k ,kH
-unfjcif;jzpf.? urBmay:&Sd oef;ESifhcsDaom ouf&SdtrsdK;tpm;rsm;/ Oyrm iSufrsm;/ ig;
rsm;/ opfukvm;tkyfrsm;/ usm;rsm;/ ydk;r$m;rsm;/ opfyifrsm;/ yef;rmvfrsm;/ a0vig;
rsm;ESifh vlom;rsm;onf/ rdk;ESifhv#yfpD;vufjcif;ponfhoufrJhpGrf;tifrsm;a-umifh jzpfay:
vmonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;jzpfonf? T,kH-unfcsufonfum;/ vl‹todOm%fESifh odyH`
ynmwdk‹ESifh trSefyifqef‹usifbufjzpfaeayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ “zef;qif;&Sif&Sdonf
[laomtawG;tac:u wHcg;0odk‹a&mufrvmap&ef”twGuf T,kH-unfcsufudk um
uG,faxG;ydkufvsuf&Sd -uayonf?

204
 &kyf0g'udk -udKwifbufvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ touftm;vkH;.tprlvblwudk -unfh
jrifokH;oyfolonf/ ouf&SdypPnf;tm;vkH;udk teEWwefcdk;awmf&Sif/ tvkH;pkHudkod&Sdawmfrl
onfh oAŠnKwOm%fawmf&Sif/ todw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHawmfrlaomzefqif;&Sif. vkyfaqmif
csufjzpfa-umif;udk od&Sdrnfjzpfayonf? xdkzefqif;&Sifonf/ p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk Avm
ewˆdtvsif;r&Sd&mrS ykHpHcsI jyD;jynfhpkHqkH;tjzpfodk‹ zefqif;xm;I ouf&SdowW0gtm;vkH;
udkvnf; zefqif;xm;aom tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfyif jzpfawmfrl.?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf
urBmay:wGif tjyif;xefqkH;aom ya,m*jyKpm;r+jzpf.?
The Theory of Evolution: The Most Potent Spell in the World
bufvdkufjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif/ tawG;tac:wpfrsdK;rsdK;.-oZmanmif;jcif;r&Sdol/
rdrd. udk,fydkifOm%ftajrmftjrifjzifh awG;awmqifjcifokH;oyfoltwGuf/ odyH`ynmA[k
okwuif;rJhI ,Ofaus;r+r&Sdonfh vl‹todkif;t0dkif;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udkom t,kHoGif;
Edkifaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;oabmaygufonfomru ,kH-unf&ef
vnf; rjzpfEdkifacs?
txufu &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk ,kH-unfolwdk‹onf/ tdk;-uD;
wpfvkH;xJodk‹ tEkjrLtwrftcsdKŒESifh armfvD-uLtcsdKŒudkxnfhI a&maESmvdkufojzifh/ awG;
awmqifjcifOm%f&Sdonfh ygarmuQrsm;/ wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;/ tdkifpwdkif; ESifh *vD
vDtdkuJhodk‹aom odyH`ynm±Sif-uD;rsm;/ z&ifhqDaex&mESifh vlqD,mEdk ygAga&mhwWD uJhodk‹
aomtqdkawmftEkynmonfrsm;/ orif'&,faumifrsm;/ vdarRmfoD;rsm;/ ESif;qDyef;rsm;
tvdkvdkay:xGufvmonf[k ,kH-unf-uonf? ,if;uJhodk‹aom t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfht
awG;tac:udk vufcH,kH-unfoltajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onfvnf;/ odyH`ynm±Sifrsm;/ ygarmuQ
rsm;jzpfaejyefonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ ToDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf/ “ordkif;wGif tjyif;xefqkH;
aomya,m* jyKpm;r+-uD;”[kqdkv#if rSm;rnfr[kwfyg? urBmhordkif;wav#mufwGif/ vl
wdk‹. awG;awmqifjcifEdkifjcif;tpGrf;r&Sdatmif nd‡KŒxm;Edkifjcif;/ Om%ftajrmftjrif&Sd&Sd
pOf;pm;qifjcifvdkpdwfudk ypfy,fxm;apjcif;/ rsufpdudkydwfxm;ouJhodk‹ trSefw&m;udk
rjrifEdkifatmifjyKpm;xm;Edkifjcif;ESifhjynfhpkHonfh tawG;tac: b,faomtcgurS r±SdcJh
bl;acs? tD*spfjynfom;rsm; aerif;bk&m;“&m”udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/ tmz&duESifh
ajrmuftar&duwdkuf wdkif;&if;om;tcsdKΠudk,fpm;jyK&kyfrsm; xkvkyfxm;aomwdkifudk udk;
uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/ qbmu|ef;om;rsm; aerif;udkudk;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;/ wrefawmftd
A&m[ifrf(tmA&m[rf).vufxufwGif &kyfxkrsm;udk xkvkyfI udk;uG,f-ujcif;/ odk‹r
[kwf wrefawmfrlqm(arm&S,f).vufxufwGif a&$jzifhoGef;avmif;xm;aom EGm;odk;
&kyfxkuav;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyf-ujcif;/ ponfwdk‹xuf r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif
ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;ayonf?
TuJhodk‹ awG;awmqifjcifEdkifpGrf;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh ywfoufI uk&ftmefusrf;awmf
jrwfwGif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu jyqdkxm;awmfrl.? tm,wfawmftajrmuftjrm;wGif/
tcsdKŒvlwdk‹. pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk trSefw&m;rsm;udkjrifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdatmif ydwfxm;awmfrl
onf[k xdkt&Sifjrwfu jyqdkxm;awmfrl.? ‚if;tm,wfawmfrsm;teuf tcsKdŒudk az:
jytyfygonf?

205
{uefrkcs toifonf aoGznfjiif;qefaom “umzd&f”rdpm>'d@drsm;tm; owday; E+d;aqmf
onfjzpfap/ rE+d;aqmfonfjzpfap xdkolwdk‹tbdk‹ ta-umif;rxl;/ xdkolwdk‹wrlum; ,kH
-unf-u rnfr[kwfay?
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf xdkolwdk‹. pdwfESvkH;rsm;ESifh aomwm&kHtay:Y wHqdyfcwfESdyf
awmfrlvdkufjyD/ xdk‹jyif xdkolwdk‹. puQKtm±kHrsm;tay:Yvnf; tumtuG,f&Sdaeav
onf? xdk‹aemuf xdkolwdk‹tbdk‹ -uD;av;aom tjypf'%fonfvnf; toifh&SdacsjyD?
(pl&mtvfbuU&m[f 2;6=7)
==xdkolwdk‹Y pdwfESvkH;rsm;um;&Sd.? odk‹aomf ,if;pdwfESvkH;rsm;jzifh xdkolwdk‹onf (pOf;
pm;qifjcif em;vnfjcif; r±Sd-uacs?) xdkolwdk‹Y puQKtm&kHrsm;um;&Sd.? odk‹aomf xdkol
wdk‹onf rjrif-uacs? xdkolwdk‹Y aomwm&kHrsm;&Sd.? odk‹aomf xdkolwdk‹onf ,if;aom
wm&kHrsm;jzifh r-um;-uacs? xdkolrsm;onf wd&dpm>efrsm;ESifh wl-uonfomru wd&dpm>ef
xufyif vGefpGmrdkufrJvrf;vGJolrsm;jzpf-u.? pifppfxdkolrsm;onf (rdrdwdk‹. wm0ef
0wW&m;rsm;udk) arhavsmholrsm;om jzpf-uukefownf;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;179)
tu,fI igt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;wdk‹tay:0,f rdk;aumif;uifY wHcg;aygufwpfckckudk zGifh
ay;awmfrlcJhygv#if xdk‹aemuf ‚if;wdk‹onf ae‹a-umifawmifyif xdkwHcg;aygufrS qif;
wufoGm; vmcJh-uaomfvnf;/
‚if;wdk‹u u|Ekfyf.rsufpdrsm;onf (vSnfhpm;)ydwfyifxm;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&ayonf? xdlr#
ru u|Efkyfwdk‹onf pkef;jyKpm;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&aom vlpkyifjzpf-uayonf[k ajymqdk-u
rnfrSm trSefyif? (pl&mtvf[*s&f 15;14=15)
TjyKpm;r+onf tawmfus,fjyef‹aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk ESpfaygif;150avmuf-um
onfwdkifatmif trSefw&m;rSa±SmifuGif;aeapcJhonfrSm pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh az:jyEdkifjcif;
r&Sdavmufatmif tHhzG,faumif;ayonf? rjzpfEdkifonfh Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk vlwpfa,muf
odk‹r[kwf tcsdKŒu ,kH-unf-ujcif;ESifh qifjcifwkHw&m;r&Sd-ujcif; &SdEdkifayonf? odk‹aomf
vnf; csKdŒ,Gif;csufuif;rJhI pnf;urf;wuspDrHcef‹cGJxm;aom Tp-um0VmwpfckvkH;ESifh
twl touf&Sifjcif;twGuf txl;oifhavsmfavsmufywfatmifwduspGmpDpOfxm;aom
urBmajr-uD;udk oufrJhypPnf;tEkjrLtwrfrsm; tvdkvdkvma&mufpkpnf;aygif;pyfI jzpf
ay:vmonf[k vltkyfvdkuf,kH-unf-ujcif;rSm/ “ya,m*arSmftwwf yOPvufynm“
vSnfhpm;jyKpm;jcif;jzpfonf[komv#if &Sif;jyEdkifawmhonf?
trSefrSm bmomrJhtawG;tac:udk axmufcHusifhokH;oltcsdKŒonf ya,m*arSmf
twwfyOPvufynmjzifh tjcm;vltrsm;tay: -oZmanmif;atmifvkyf-ua-umif; uk&f
tmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif wrefawmfrlpm(arm&S,f)ESifhzg&dk;bk&ifta-umif;udk jyqdkxm;
ayonf? wrefawmfrlpmu zg&dk;bk&ifudk w&m;vrf;rSefa[m-um;aomtcg/ zg±dk;
bk&ifu ol.ya,m*arSmftwwfyOPvufq&mrsm;ESifh awG‹qkHjydKifqdkifcdkif;avonf?
wrefawmfrlpmu xdkarSmfq&mrsm;ESifh awG‹qkHaomtcg olwdk‹.ya,m*yOPvuf
twwfynmudk OD;pGmjyoaponf? xdktjzpftysufESifh ywfoufaom uk&ftmefusrf;
awmfjrwf tm,mwfawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;ayonf?
xdkwrefawmf(rlpm)u/ toifwdk‹onfyifv#if ypfcsavukef[k ajym-um;av.? xdk‹
aemuf ‚if;(yOPvufq&m)wdk‹onf (rdrdwdk‹. vSifuefrsm;ESifh -udK;rsm;udk) ypfcs-uI
vlwdk‹. rsufpdrsm;udk vSnfhpm;-uavonf? ‚if;jyif xdkolwdk‹tm; a-umufvef‹apcJh-u

206
avonf? pifppfaomfum; ‚if;wdk‹onf -uD;us,faom pkef;ya,m*arSmftwwfudk
aqmif,lcJh-uavownf;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;116)
zg&dk;bk&if. ya,m*yOPvufq&mwdk‹onf wrefawmfrlpmESifh ol‹tm;,kH-unf
aom aemufvdkufom;wdk‹rSty/ usefvltm;vkH;wdk‹udk rsufpdvSnfhpm;EdkifcJh-uonf? odk‹
aomfvnf; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftqdkt& wrefawmfrlpm.rSefuefr+w&m;awmfu
xdkya,m*jyKpm;jcif;arSmftwwfudk acszsuf0g;rsdKvdkufEdkifcJhavonf? uk&ftmefusrf;
awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;.?
xdktcg igt&Sifjrwfonf (eADwrefawmf)rlpmxH toifonf rdrdvSifuefawmifa0S;udk
ypfcsavmh [lItrdef‹awmfxkwfjyefawmfrlcJhavonf? odk‹jzpf&m eADwrefawmf(rlpm)
onf rdrdvSifuefawmifa0S;udk ypfcsav&m xdkvSifuefawmifa0S;onf &kwfw&uf
(ajrGe*g;-uD;jzpfvmjyD;) xdkrsufvSnfhq&mrsm;vSnfhpm;-uonfh t&mrsm;udk rsKdavawmh
onf?
odk‹jzpfay&m trSefonfxif±Sm;cJhjyD/ ‚if;jyif xdk(yOPvufq&m)wdk‹ jyKvkyfxm;aom tr+
udpPwdk‹onf tcsnf;ESD; ysufpD;oGm;acsjyD? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;117=118)
txufu az:jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ vlwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹tm; ya,m*jyKpm;jcif;cH&onf
udk owd&onfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ olwdk‹awG‹jrifcJh-uonfht&mrsm;onfvnf; wHvSyfom
v#ifjzpfa-umif;udk od&Sd-uayonf? zg±dk;bk&if.yOPvufq&mrsm;tm; t,kHt-unf
uif;rJhukef-uavjyD? ,ae‹acwfwGifvnf;/ olwdk‹tm; jyKpm;xm;aomya,m*.-oZm
a-umifh/ odyH`ynmt&nfjcHKI t"dy`g,fuif;rJhaomtqdkrsm; oDtdk&Drsm;udk ,kH,kH-unf
-unfjzifh umuG,fae-uolrsm;onf/ trSefw&m;xif&Sm;ay:xGufvmjyD;/ ‚if;wdk‹tm;jyK
pm;xm;aomya,m*rsm; ysufys,foGm;aomtcg/ t&SufwuGJjzpf-uOD;rnfrSm trSefyif?
urBmausmf jAdwdo#EdkifiHom; tawG;tac:&Sifpma&;q&m rvfuGrf r*sf*sm&pfu atmufyg
twdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf/ txl;ojzifh ‚if;udktokH;jyKonfhtwdkif;twmrsm;onf/
aemiftem*wfurBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom [m;uGuf[mojzpfvdrfhrnf
[k u|Efkyfudk,fwdkif wpfxpfcs,kH-unfygonf? xkdr#avmuf,kwWdrwefI 'dG
[oHo, jzpfzG,faumif;aom ,lqcsufudk tkH;tkH;-uGuf-uGufvufcHcJh-u
onfudk aemifvm aemufom;rsm;u vufzsm;cg-uygvdrfhrnf?102
xdktem*wfonfvnf; ra0;vSawmhyg? vlwdk‹onf “rawmfwq-uHKIjzpfjcif;”
onf udk;uG,f&mbk&m;r[kwfa-umif;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf/ urBmay:wGif a-umuf
p&m taumif;qkH; tqdk;qkH;aom yOPvufya,m*jyKpm;jcif;yif jzpfa-umif;udk jyefvnf
owd&-uawmhrnf? xdkjyKpm;r+onf wurBmvkH;&Sd vlwdk‹.ykckH;ay:rS tjrefqkH;jyKwfus
vmaeygjyD? xdkya,m*. ykHyef;o¾mefrSefudk awG‹&Sd-ujyD;onfhyk*~dKvftajrmuftjrm;wdk‹
onfvnf;/ rdrd wdk‹udk,fwdkifu tb,fha-umifh ,kH-unfcJh-uonfudk wtHhw-ojzpfae-u
avjyD?

207
 tdk=t&Sif/ udk,fawmft&SifjrwfonfcsKdŒwJhjcif;taygif;wdk‹rS
oef‹&Sif;pif-u,fawmfrlaomt&Sif jzpfawmfrlygonf?
udk,fawmft&Sif oif-um;ay;oem;awmfrlaom ynm&yfrsm;rSty
u|efawmfrsKd;wdk‹tbdk‹rSm tjcm;todw&m;[lI tvsif;r&Sdyg?
{uefrkcs udk,fawmft&Sifonfomv#if t&mcyfodrf;wdk‹udk t-uGif;rJh
od&Sdawmfrlaomt&Sif/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh
jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t&Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrlygownf;?
(pl&m tvfbuU&m 2;32)

208
209
210