Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System Henry Clay implemented the famous American System, which consisted of three parts: Roads and Canals, stronger bank of US, and a protective tariff of 1819. Corrupt Bargain Because he was basically out of the election, Henry Clay (supposedly) traded all his supporters to John Quincy Adams for a spot as Secretary of the State. Jackson's supporters were furious and called this accusation the "Corrupt Bargain". Tariff of Abominations Jackson, unwillingly and fortuitously, passed the Tariff of Abominations. This extremely high tariff seemed to be biased to the Northerners and Westerners. South was the only one negatively affected by this and as a result, they felt immense antagonistic towards this tariff and the government. Later they came to the logical conclusion that, if this tariff can be passed forcibly, then doesn't that mean our slaves will be taken away forcibly as well? Nullification Nullies and Unionists fought over the nullification of the Tariff of Abominations. Congress attempted to tip the balance with the Tariff of 1832, but this hardly helped the southerners. Nullies would wear Palmetto ribbons on their hats, representing their loyalty to the Palmetto State. The State Legislature declared the existing tariff to be null and void within South Carolina and threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if Washington attempted to collect the customs duties by force.

Force Bill After the compromise of 1833, Congress passed the Force Bill which would allow the president to use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties. Five Civilized Tribes The Americans, after the War of 1812, began to respect the Native Americans. The Indians were no longer looked upon as obstacles that must be eliminated. The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was instituted and Congress appropriated $20,000 for the promotion of literacy, agricultural, and vocational instructions among the Indians. The Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles embraced this opportunity and became known as the "Five Civilized Tribes". Trail of Tears The Indian Removal Act forced 100,000 Indians to move to a reserved Indian Territory. 15,000 Cherokee Indians were forced to walk a 116 day journey with inadequate food supplies and blistering hot and cold weathers. 4,000 of them died. Nicholas Biddle Arrogant president of the National Bank of US, Nicholas Biddle was dubbed by many smaller banks as "Czar Nicholas 1" and the bank a "hydra of corruption". He had an immense amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. Democrats vs. Whigs In 1828, two new political parties emerged known as the Democrats and Whigs. South Carolina Exposition and Protest After the Tariff of Abomination, South Carolina was very upset because it favored the North and West highly over the South. John C. Calhoun denounced the tariff and unconstitutional and stated that states should nullify it. Martin Van Buren Vice President under Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren became the 8th president of United States. He only won the election because Jackson told his supporters to support him now. However, Buren became president as a bad time. He became president during the Financial Crisis of 1832. Specie Circular Jackson authorized the treasury to pass this law stating that buying lands in the West had to be bought with "hard" money. This slammed the brakes on speculative boom and contributed to the financial crisis of 1837; but, by then Jackson had retired to Nashville. Hayne-Webster Debate

Robert Y Hane of South Carolina argued eloquently that the South was being unfairly treated by Northerners determined to enrich themselves at the expense of the South. Mostly Hayne argued for States Rights and laid the groundwork for an argument that is still used to this age; 2007. Mainly that the Southern States had an ancient & honroable right to continue with Slavery and to ignore any Federal Laws it did not like.

The Alamo Mexico, led by Commander in Chief Santa Anna, marched into Alamo, Texas with 13,000 troops. A thirteen day siege ensued which wiped out two hundred Texans. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? Jacksonians accused Adams and Clay of doing a "Corrupt Bargain". This means that Clay gave all his supporters to Adam but in return was given the Secretary of State seat. This seat was important because all previous Secretary of States managed to become Presidents. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. John was rather fit for presidency but at the same time, was not. He was the most successful Secretary of the State but least successful president. He was not popular amongst the people and his views were opposite of those of the people. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. The two political parties would attack each other through the media and information they find. For example, the National Republicans found out that Jackson's wife, Rachel Jackson, was previously married to another man but ran away with Jackson. They used this information to tell the public of how dirty the Jackson's are. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? He was born amongst the common people. He started off as a man with no family and at the bottom of the food chain. However, he rose up in ranks. He gained fame when he defeat the Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, won the battle at New Orleans, and captured Canada.

The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. The point of supporting a political party is to gain a position in the political office once that president wins. Adams didn't understand this and lost many supporters as a result. Jackson, however, realized this and rewarded all his men with a political office position, regardless of their personality. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? The Jacksonians wanted to further tarnish Adam's name so they created a very high Tariff and expected it to not be passed. However, it was passed and the South Carolinans eventually called this Tariff the Tariff of Abomination. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. South Carolina was extremely upset at the Tariff of Abomination. They believed it favored the North and West and only the North and West. This sense of biasism led them to gather in a special assembly at Columbia where delegates would later determine the Tariff nullified. They also threatened to leave the union. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? The Cherokee Indians just wanted to assimilate into the White Society, to be free from their wrath and to live a peaceful life. In order to do this, they leave their Indian ways and learned American agriculture and education. However, despite their efforts, Jackson forced them to make a 116 day journey all the way to the Indian Territory. It's misfortune after misfortune for them. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. Well the lower banks say this because they despise the power that they themselves could not obtain. From what I've read, the bank is only doing its job and what Nicholas deems necessary. However, giving him the title of Czar, which means he obtains the power of a monarch, does seem accurate in this point because he basically controlled America through its economy. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?

For the first time a third party became involved, the Anti-Masonic party. Another novelty was the calling of national nominating conventions to name candidates. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. With the BUS out of the picture, Pet banks and smaller "wildcat" banks began producing printed notes and flooded the country with paper money. Jackson tried to stop this overflow of paper money so he created the Specie Circular. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Because being the Common Man understands the needs of the common people. They are not from aristocratic decent who do not know pain until they have experienced it themselves. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. The second two-party system developed gradually as Democratic-Republicans began quarreling over several issues. It emerged as a result of different ideals that no longer fit the main party's views and/or its supporters. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? They expected great things from Buren. However, he was not the military genius and dynamic man as Jackson was so people felt let down. And as Buren took to the position as president, he also obtained the former presidents enemies. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? Before he retired to Nashville, Jackson obliterated the BUS and formerly created the Specie Circular. These two factors left America in absolute depression. Now it was Martin Van Buren's job to fix this and he attempted it through the "Divorce Bill" which stated that the government would no longer rely on banks for deposit. They instead will deposit their money in the states. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? In part, it was their continued desire for expansion in the West. A new regime in

Mexico City gave a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin so that he could bring 300 American families into Texas. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? Texas managed to overwhelm the Mexicans at the battle of Alamo and forced a treaty upon Santa Anna. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? They did not intend to become Mexican Citizens and in the end revolted. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? They are actually intelligently making ways to support their political party. The Whigs didn't start insulting the other political party, but first waited for them to insult first. As a result, they created the image of a poor man who has risen to power and is known as the "common man". The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats and Whigs essentially believed in the same thing, that their sole purpose is to help the people. However, the Whigs seek to bring back the BUS, protective tariffs, and their philosophy differed. The Democrats seek to keep the banks out and glorified the liberty of the people.