PORTADA

UNIT GRAMMAR
Personal pronouns Verb "To Be" -Affirmative form -Negative form -Question form Articles -Definite article The -Indefinite article A, An -Some -Any Possession -Saxon genitive -Possessive adjectives -Possessive pronouns Verb "To Have" Affirmative form Negative form Question form Plurals -Regular plurals -Irregular plurals Demonstratives -This, That -These, Those Infinitive, participle and gerund Simple present -Affirmative form -Negative form The time The adjective -Degrees of comparison -Superiorty comparatives and superlatives -Inferiority comparatives -Equality comparatives Irregular forms of the comparative and superlative How to make comparisons The adverb I -Where to put the verb -Adverbs classification The adverb II -"-ly" ending adverbs Adverb degrees Irregular forms of the adverbs Adverbial phrases

CONTENTS MAP PULSE

DAILY SPEAKING
Greetings -Whats your name? -How old are you? -How are you?

CONTENTS MAP SOBRE EL CUADRO DE LA UNIDAD QUE DESEE VISUALIZAR

CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
Cardinal numbers I -(1-30) Ordinal number I -(1st-5th)

PROLOGO
MILITARY CONVERSATION
Conversation between a Staff Sergeant and a Private -May I come in, Sir? -This is. assigned to -Whats your post?

READING COMPREHENSION
"This is the description of Miguel and Teresa" -He /She is a -He /She is years old -His /Her telephone number is

MILITARY TERMS
Ranks Various

1
page 9-15

2
page 17-26

Introductions Good morning Good afternoon This is my Nice to meet you

Colours Cardinal numbers II -(30-100) Ordinal numbers II -(6th-25th)

"Description of Miguel's little brother" -He has lots of -He likes -He plays football

In the barracks and generalities

Conversation between a Full Corporal and a Private -Are you on duty? -Im the sentry -Did you clean your rifle? -There is an inspection parade in the battery

3
page 27-35

The time -What time is it? -Its half past five How are you? -How are you? -Im not fineIm very tired -Lately I don't sleep very well -Take some sleeping pills

Family and relationships Meals I

"My family" -My mother's name is -I have one brother -My mother's parent's are my grandparents

Units and command schelons

Conversation between a Private and a Corporal -Whats that unit? -Whos the commander?

4
IRRECONTENTS MAP page 37-46

5
page 47-54

At the travel agency -Id like to know if there are any seats on On the plane -Is there still a long way to go? -The plane is landing now

Moods Weather phenomena and natural catastrophes

"El Nio and La Nia" -El Nio takes place in -These effects occur around -These fires create -Opposite to El Nio -Climate historians speculate that

The uniform

Conversation between two Privates -These boots are very big for me -Whats your size? -I need size

R E V I E W

F R O M

U N I T

T O

U N I T

R E V I E W

F R O M

U N I T

T O

U N I T

6
page 59-68

"There is" and "there are" sentences and partitives -"There is" and "there are" sentences -The use of "Some" -The use of "Any" Quantities -The use of "too", "too much", "too many", "enough", "not enough" -"Some", "any" and "no" compounds

At the hotel -Ive booked two single rooms -How long are you going to stay at this hotel for? -Wed like to have half board -Could you change us pounds into euros?

Parts of the house Rooms of the house Furniture The bathroom

"The History of Harrods" -This tale begins with -Init becomes -It is the best and the most well known department store in the world

Light weaponry

Conversation between two Privates -Im collecting ammunition for -What kind of exercise is it about? -Will it be carried out with live ammunition?

7
page 69-77

Questions I -Auxiliary "To Do" -The verb "To Be" Prepositions I Past Simple of the regular verbs -Affirmative form -Negative form -Question form -Negative question form Past Simple of the irregular verbs Past Simple of the verb "To Be" -Affirmative form -Negative form -Question form -Negative question form

In the Restaurant -Where would you like to sit? -Could you bring me whatever you think is best on the menu? -Which wine do you recommend?

Breakfast Fruit, cereals and vegetablesmeat and fish Drinks, desserts, the table

"British meals" -British people have three meals a day -Beakfast is usually between -The second meal of the day is -The last meal of the day is

Heavy weaponry

Conversation between a Sergeant and a Private -Did you check the track of the tank? -Don't forget to install the machine on the turret -Did you already refuel the tank?

8
page 79-88

In the train station -Were about to take a train -When does your train leave? -Do you know where the platform?

Countries and nationalities

"Prejudices" -There are a lot of prejudices according to nationalities -German people are considered to -Danish people are thought to be -British people are believed to be

The Navy and the Air Force

Conversation between a Private and a Full Corporal -Did you see that warjet? -I think that it is an F-18 -Look at that helicopter

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CONTENTS MAP

On the phone -Who's calling? -This is -Do you want to leave a message? -I call you back later

Days of the week Seasons of the year Months of the year Dates Cardinal numbers III -(101-2.000.000)

"Holidays" -Christmas -New Year's Eve -St. Valentine's Day -Easter -Festival of Passover -Good Friday -Easter Day -Easter Monday -Mother's Day -Father's Day -Fourth of July

Weapons, specialities and assignments

Conversation between a Full Corporal and a Corporal -Whats your branch? -Im posted in -I don't have a driver license -I should apply for

CONTENTS MAP
UNIT GRAMMAR
Questions II -Wh questions -How to form Wh questions How to write a letter in English -Date and place of origin -Opening a letter -Closing a letter How to form the gerund Present Continuous -Affirmative form -Negative form Past Continuous -Affirmative form -Negative form Present and Past Continuous question -Question form -Negative question form Wh questions with present and Past Continuous Questions with "How"

PULSE SOBRE EL CUADRO DE LA UNIDAD QUE DESEE VISUALIZAR CONTENTS MAP

CIVILIAN VOCABULARY READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION
Conversation between two operators -Whats the position of? -Were deployed in -Move on up to -Over -Roger. Out

DAILY SPEAKING
Rent a car -Wed like to rent a car -Can I see your ID or passport? -I'm afraid you will have to pay an additional fee for being under 25 -Which car would you like to rent? -Is there an additional driver fee? -No, but there is limited mileage of

9
page 89-99

"Do" or "Make"? -When to use make -When to use do

Writing a Letter in British English

In the office On the maneuvers Formed in parade

10
page 101-111

How to make an appointment to see the doctor -Could I make an appointment to see the doctor? -Id like to see the doctor as soon as possible

Animals and plants Parts of the head Parts of the body

"Climatic Change" -People and environment are experiencing the consequeces of -This change is mainly due to -There are extreme weather events -Climate impacts -Predictions for the future -To slow down global warming -To avoid climate catastrophe -Renewable energy sources -Clean energies

In the training

Conversation between a Private and a Sergeant -NBC attack -To put the mask on -To avoid being affected by the radiations

R E V I E W
11
page 117-129

F R O M

U N I T

T O

U N I T

1 0

R E V I E W

F R O M

U N I T

T O

U N I T

1 0

-Future Tense -Affirmative form -Negative form and question form -Negative question form -Future with "going to" First Type Conditional Sentences Present Perfect -Use of "Since" and "For"

Asking the Way -Is far from here? -You might need to take a bus to -The bus stop is quite near -Go straight on along this street until -Take the third turning on -Could you show us in the map?

Means of transport Clothes The sizes and their equivalences The city

"The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" -The United Kingdom is situated in -Its neighbours are -The United Kingdom consists of four nations -Great Britain is often incorrectly used to refer to the United Kingdom

Parts of the rifle, machine gun & pistol

Conversation between a Private and a Sergeant -Show me your rifle -I have a cartridge in the chamber -Pull the charging handle down and take it out

CONTENTS MAP

page 131-138

Sports and leisure time

Communications First aid

13
page 139-148

Modal Verbs Can Could Must Need May Might Should /Ought to

Shopping. Buying food -Could I have some of? -Which one do you want? -How much is it? -I'll have Shopping. Buying clothes -It goes with -Try on. -I need a smaller size -To change for At the doctor's -Whats the matter? -My head hurts -How is the pain like? -Acute and constant pain -To be allergic to -To take pills

Length Weight Capacity

"David Bowie" -David Jones was born on -David Jones started playing -In, he changed his name to -He married -He produced albums for -Bowie had no luck in

Operations, offensive

Conversation between a Captain and a Lieutenant -Cross the departure line at -My platoon will advance up to -Where is the enemy position? -The attack will be performed -To receive the order by radio -Fire support -Departure line Conversation between a Sergeant and a Private -Watch that cord -Take care -Come back to the trench -To report by radio

14
page 149-157

Passive voice Prepositions II

Diseases and pains

"The Euro" -European single currency -The euro has replaced -To join the euro -Faces of the coin -Strong currency

Operations, defensive

15
page 159-171

Phrasal verbs -How to form phrasal verbs So/Neither do I -So -Neither -Grammatical constructions to disagree with someone Verb + -Ing (=Gerund)

Calling the insurance company -My cars broken down -To tow the car -Whats your insurance company?

Differences between British and American English

"Stonehenge" -The most famous monument of -To be built in several phases -Is Britain's greatest national icon -Its original purpose -Worship of -Astronomical observatory for -Sacred site -Burial of ancient

Peacekeeping missions

Conversation between a Corporal and a Private -My unit is in a peacekeeping mission -To operate in -Hot spot -There are lots of snipers in -What Organization is leading? -To be in charge -To be in command

R E V I E W

F R O M

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1 1

T O

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1 5
VERBS

R E V I E W
EXERCISES

F R O M

U N I T

1 1

T O

U N I T

1 5

VERBS

GLOSSARIES
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KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

GLOSSARIES

REGULAR VERBS: CONJUGATION . . . . . . . . . . IRREGULAR VERBS: LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREFACE . . . . . . . . . ABBREVIATIONS . . . . CIVILIAN GLOSSARY . MILITARY GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

KEYS

TO THE

EXERCISES

183 - 198 183 - 196 197 - 198 199 - 225 199 200 201 - 219 221 - 225 227 - 235

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CONTENTS MAP

12

The Conditional tense -Affirmative form -Negative form -Question form -Negative question form The Imperative

Customs -Where are you from? -Do you have an entry permit? -Whats the purpose of your journey?

"Terrorist Attack" -The terrorist attacks on -There is a great uncertainty about -An emergency communications plan -Meeting place -Disaster supplies kit -Seriously injured people

Conversation between two Privates -Do you know what happened to? -He was wounded on -Shell explosion -Mortar shrapnel -A severe injury

PRLOGO
La mayor integracin de los Ejrcitos de las naciones de nuestro entorno en estructuras supranacionales para, con la puesta en comn de las capacidades conjuntas, poder responder a los nuevos desafos de seguridad que pudieran amenazar la estabilidad mundial, ha obligado a que el Ejrcito de Tierra espaol se adapte a las nuevas circunstancias en consonancia con los cambios experimentados por la sociedad espaola, pasando de un Ejrcito territorial de guarnicin, a otro de proyeccin, con una alta disponibilidad y en el que se ha profesionalizado la tropa. Este operar conjunto con otros Ejrcitos exige, adems de contar con armamento y materiales interoperables con los de nuestros aliados, el disponer de unos procedimientos operativos comunes. No obstante, aun siendo importante lo anterior, resultara de todas luces mposible el llevar a buen trmino este trabajo conjunto, si los componentes de cada uno de estos Ejrcitos son incapaces de comunicarse en un lenguaje comn. Siendo el ingls la lengua adoptada por la comunidad internacional como el idioma en el que se desarrollan normalmente las operaciones militares, se hace necesario que los componentes del Ejrcito tengan una formacin adecuada en este idioma. Este libro de ingls ha sido concebido y diseado para responder fundamentalmente a las necesidades que en esta lengua tengan los componentes del ET., estando orientado a sus niveles bsicos, y sirviendo como pilar en el que se asienten posteriores conocimientos y niveles ms avanzados. En consecuencia, considero que el Basic English Book for Militaries es un libro pensado para los profesionales de las armas y que constituye una herramienta muy til para iniciarse en los fundamentos de la lengua inglesa.

Juan Ramn Amat Gutirrez TENIENTE GENERAL Jefe del Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina del Ejercito de Tierra

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GLOSSARIES
PREFACE
En los siguientes glosarios estn recogidos todos los trminos de la lengua inglesa que aparecen en el presente libro. Dichos trminos estn ordenados alfabticamente y vienen acompaados por su equivalencia en espaol. Adems de su equivalencia en espaol, de cada trmino se ofrece informacin a cerca de su categora gramatical en ingls y, en el caso de que sea necesario, si dicho trmino pertenece al ingls usado en Reino Unido o en Amrica (ver neighbour; neighbor). Adems, para evitar confusiones, las equivalencias en espaol que puedan resultar ambiguas vienen acompaadas por una aclaracin entre corchetes (ver wear). Para facilitar la consulta del glosario, las equivalencias en espaol de los adjetivos en ingls se dan nicamente en la forma masculina singular, a pesar de que dicha forma inglesa tambin equivalga a las formas del femenino singular y plural y del masculino plural en espaol. As, en la entrada African aparece como equivalente en espaol africano, pero ha de sobreentenderse que tambin puede equivaler a africana, africanos y africanas. Los participios pasados recogidos en el glosario tambin reciben este tratamiento. Bajo una misma entrada inglesa pueden aparecer: 1. Varias acepciones separadas entre s por punto y coma. En este caso las diferentes acepciones hacen referencia a trminos en espaol que, aunque puedan ser parecidos, no son equivalentes (ver bite). 2. Varias acepciones separadas entre s por coma. Las diferentes acepciones hacen referencia a trminos que se pueden considerar sinnimos entre s en espaol (ver brilliant). 3. Adems de las equivalencias en espaol, pueden aparecer trminos compuestos o derivados del trmino en ingls que se ofrece como entrada (ver board) o locuciones de uso frecuente en la que dicho trmino aparece (ver chemist). Puede haber dos o ms entradas en ingls idnticas. Esto se debe a que determinadas palabras en ingls, dependiendo de su uso, funcionan con diferentes categoras gramaticales, existiendo entre sus significados una evidente relacin (ver act1; act2) o no (ver can1; can2), o a que al menos una de ellas pertenece al ingls britnico o al americano (ver bill1; bill2).

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PREFACE

ABBREVIATIONS
adj adv AmE art BrE comp conj dem esp etc fem indet
ABBREVIATIONS

.......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... .......................................................... ..........................................................
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adjetivo adverbio ingls americano artculo ingls britnico comparativo conjuncin demostrativo especialmente etctera femenino indeterminado infinitivo interrogativo interjeccin modal participio pasado personal posesivo preposicin presente pronombre reflexivo relativo semimodal superlativo sustantivo tambin verbo

inf int interj mod p pas pers pos prep pres pron reflex rel semimod super sust tb v

CIVILIAN
ENGLISH a

GLOSSARY
ENGLISH American American-born among an analgesic analyse (BrE) analyze (AmE) ancient Angle angry animal ankle answer1 answer2 anthem any any SPANISH adj americano adj americano prep entre art indet un, una sust analgsico v analizar; valorar, evaluar v analizar; valorar, evaluar adj antiguo sust anglo adj enfadado sust animal sust tobillo sust respuesta v responder sust himno pron alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas adj algn, alguna, algunos, algunas; (in ~ case) en cualquier caso pron nadie; alguien, cualquier persona pron nadie; alguien, cualquier persona pron nada; algo, cualquier cosa adv de todos modos, de todas formas adv ninguna parte; alguna parte, cualquier parte sust apartamento sust aparicin sust pl anexos sust anexo sust apetito sust manzana sust formulario sust cita; (to make an ~) concertar una cita sust abril sust archipilago sust brazo sust silln sust axila prep alrededor de v organizar; fijar, concertar v detener v llegar adj arrogante sust artculo sust artista conj como; tan; cuando, mientras sust ceniza sust cenicero sust Asia adj asitico [esp India y Paquistn] adj asitico v preguntar

SPANISH art indet un, una; (~ bit of) un poco de; (~ few) unos pocos, unas pocas, algunos, algunas; (~ little of) un poco de; (~ long way) mucho tiempo; (~ lot of) un montn de, mucho sust abreviatura prep arriba; sobre adv en el extranjero adj absoluto p pas de accept aceptado v doler sust sigla prep a travs; al otro lado de sust acto v actuar adj activo sust actividad adj agudo sust consejo sust aeroplano p pas de affect afectado adj asustado; (to be ~) temer, tener miedo sust frica adj africano adv despus prep despus de, tras sust tarde; (good ~) buenas tardes prep contra sust agencia; (travel ~) agencia de viajes sust agente; (travel ~) agente de viajes adv (five days ~) hace cinco das v estar de acuerdo v ponerse de acuerdo en

abbreviation above abroad absolute accepted ache acronym across act1 act2 active activity acute advice aeroplane affected afraid Africa African after1 after2 afternoon against agency agent ago agree agree on AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) air air conditioning airport aisle alarm clock album all allergic almost along already altar although always amazing ambulance America

anybody anyone anything anyway anywhere apartment (AmE) appearance appendices appendix appetite apple application appointment April archipielago arm armchair armpit around arrange arrest arrive arrogant article artist as ash ashtray Asia Asian Asiatic ask

sust sida sust aire sust aire acondicionado sust aeropuerto sust pasillo [avin] sust despertador sust lbum pron todo; (~ right) todo bien, de acuerdo adj alrgico adv casi prep a lo largo de adv ya sust altar conj aunque adv siempre adj increble, asombroso sust ambulancia sust Amrica

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CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH asleep assemble assignment assistant astronomical at

SPANISH adj dormido v montar, organizar, reunir sust misin; nombramiento sust dependiente, empleado adj astronmico prep a; en; (~ least) por lo menos; (~ once) de una vez; (~ the back) al fondo de; (~ the chemists) (BrE) en la farmacia; (~ the moment) en este momento sust atletismo sust tomo sust ataque sust intento; (to make an ~) hacer un intento, intentar v asistir sust atencin sust agosto sust ta sust Australia adj australiano sust Austria adj austraco sust otoo adj auxiliar adj disponible sust avenida adj disponible v evitar adj despierto sust canguro, niera sust fondo; (at the ~) al fondo de sust bacon, panceta adj malo adv mal sust bolso sust pelota; (tennis ~) pelota de tenis sust pltano sust banco sust ganga sust base sust bisbol sust baloncesto sust baera sust cuarto de bao v ser; estar; (~ afraid) temer, tener miedo; (~ in a hurry) tener prisa; (may ~) puede ser; (~ sure) estar seguro v ser capaz, poder sust playa sust juda v llevar, portar; aguantar, resistir adj guapo; bonito sust cama;(to go to ~) irse a la cama, acostarse; (to make the ~) hacer la cama sust dormitorio; habitacin sust mesita de noche

ENGLISH beef beer before begin beginner beginning behind being Belgian Belgium believe belly button belong below belt bench beneath Berlin beside besides best1 best2 better1 better2 between beyond bibliography bicycle big bill1 (AmE) bill2 (BrE) billiards Biology bird birthday biscuit (BrE) bit bite black blanket blind blond blood pressure blouse blue board

SPANISH sust ternera sust cerveza prep delante de, ante; antes de, antes v comenzar sust principiante sust comienzo, principio prep tras, detrs de sust ser adj belga sust Blgica v creer sust ombligo v pertenecer prep debajo de sust cinturn sust banco prep debajo de; por debajo de sust Berln prep al lado de prep adems de adj super mejor adv mejor adj comp mejor adv mejor prep entre prep ms all de; sobre sust bibliografa sust bicicleta adj grande sust billete sust cuenta; factura sust pl billar sust biologa sust pjaro sust cumpleaos sust galleta sust pedazo, trozo; (a ~ of) un poco de v morder; comer adj negro sust manta adj ciego adj rubio sust tensin arterial sust blusa adj azul sust pensin;(full ~) pensin completa; (half ~) media pensin sust barco sust cuerpo v hervir p pas de boil hervido; (~ egg) huevo pasado por agua; huevo duro sust hueso sust cap sust libro; (~ stall) quiosco de prensa; (phone ~) agenda de telfonos; gua telefnica v reservar sust bota

athletics atom attack attempt attend attention August aunt Australia Australian Austria Austrian autumn (BrE) auxiliarity available avenue avialable avoid awake babysitter back bacon bad badly bag ball banana bank bargain base baseball basketball bath bathroom be

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

be able beach bean bear beautiful bed

boat body boil boiled

bone bonnet (BrE) book1

bedroom bedside table

book2 boot1

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH boot2 (BrE) booth borrow both bottle box boxing boy boyfriend bracket brave bread break down breakfast breast breath brilliant bring brother brother-in-law brown brush building bullet bullfight burial burning burning pain bury bus bush business busy but butter by

SPANISH sust maletero sust cabina v coger prestado adj ambos sust botella sust caja sust boxeo sust chico; nio sust novio sust parntesis adj valiente sust pan v averiarse sust desayuno sust seno sust aliento adj brillante, genial v traer sust hermano sust cuado adj marrn sust cepillo sust edificio sust bala sust corrida de toros sust entierro adj ardiente, abrasador; (~ pain) ardor [estmago] sust ardor v enterrar sust autobs; (~ stop) parada de autobs sust arbusto sust negocio; (to do ~) hacer un negocio; trabajar adj ocupado conj pero sust mantequilla prep por; en; mediante; de; junto a; (~ day) durante el da; (~ the way) por cierto interj adis sust cactus sust pastel, tarta sust calendario sust ternero; pantorrilla v llamar v volver a llamar, devolver una llamada adj tranquilo, en calma sust calma sust lata v mod poder adj abierto; sincero sust vela sust caramelo, dulce sust gorra sust capacidad sust capital adj capitalista sust coche sust tarjeta; carta, naipe adj cardinal

ENGLISH career carnation carpet carrot carry out cartoon case

SPANISH sust carrera sust clavel sust alfombra sust zanahoria v llevar a cabo, realizar sust dibujos animados sust caso; (in any ~) en cualquier caso; (just in ~)por si acaso sust espolvoreador sust castillo sust gato sust catstrofe v agarrar, coger v causar sust CD, compact, compacto sust celda sust cementerio sust centro sust centro sust cereal adv ciertamente sust silla sust cambio v cambiar v cobrar sust cuadro adj barato sust cuenta, factura v comprobar sust queso sust farmacutico; (at the ~s) en la farmacia sust farmacia sust ajedrez sust pecho sust castao v mastica sust pollo sust nio sust pl hijos; nios sust barbilla sust China adj chino sust chocolate sust crema de chocolate v asfixiar v elegir sust Cristo sust Navidad sust iglesia sust cigarro, cigarrillo sust cine sust ciudadano sust ciudad adj civil sust civilizacin sust clase adj clsico adj limpio v limpiar sust limpieza; (to do the~) hacer la limpieza

bye cactus cake calendar calf call call back calm1 calm2 can1 can2 candid candle candy (AmE) cap capacity capital capitalist car card cardinal

chemists chess chest chestnut tree chew chicken child children chin China Chinese chocolate chocolate pudding choke choose Christ Christmas church cigarrete cinema citizien city civilian civilization class classical clean clean up cleaning

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CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

caster castle cat catastrophe catch cause CD (Compact Disk) cell cemetery center (AmE) centre (BrE) cereal certainly chair change1 change2 charge chart cheap check1 (AmE) check2 cheese chemist (BrE)

Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH clear clerk (AmE) clever climate climatic climb cloakroom close1 close2 closet cloth clothes cloudy coach coal coat cod coffee coffee-house coffeepot coin Coke cold1 cold2 collapse collect collect call (AmE) color (AmE) colour (BrE) column comb come come back commercial committee communication comparative compete competition complement compliment computer concentric concerned concert condition conditional confusion conjugation connection consequence consider considerable consist consisting constant consulat contact content

SPANISH adj claro sust dependiente adj inteligente, listo sust clima adj climtico v escalar sust guardarropa adj cercano, prximo v cerrar sust armario sust tela, tejido; (table ~) mantel sust pl ropa adj nublado sust autocar sust carbn sust abrigo sust bacalao sust caf; (to make a ~) hacer un caf sust cafetera sust cafetera sust moneda sust Coca-Cola adj fro sust resfriado v derrumbarse, desplomarse v recoger, recolectar; coger sust llamada a cobro revertido sust color sust color sust columna sust peine v venir; llegar v volver, regresar adj comercial sust comit sust comunicacin adj comparativo v competir sust competicin sust complemento sust cumplido; (to make a ~) hacer un cumplido sust ordenador adj concntrico p pas de concern preocupado sust concierto sust condicin adj condicional sust confusin sust conjugacin sust conexin sust consecuencia v considerar, creer adj considerable v consistir; (~ of) consistir en adj consistente adj continuo, constante sust consulado sust contacto sust contenido

ENGLISH continent continuous past continuous present continuous contracted contraction controled (AmE) controlled (BrE) conventional conversation cook1 cook2 cooker (BrE) cooking cooky (AmE) cooling coral corner corporation correct cost cough1 cough2 could counsel count countable country couple course court cousin crab cradle create credit crosswalk (AmE) crowd cruise cry cucumber cult cup currency curriculum curtain custard customer customs cut cutlet cycling daily1 daily2 daisy damage

SPANISH sust continente adj continuo sust pasado continuo sust presente continuo p pas de contract contrado sust contraccin p pas de control controlado p pas de control controlado adj tradicional, clsico; convencional sust conversacin sust cocinero v cocinar sust cocina, hornillo sust cocina, comida, forma de cocinar sust galleta sust corriente de agua fra sust coral sust rincn; esquina sust empresa adj correcto v costar sust tos v toser v mod p pas de can v aconsejar v contar adj contable sust pas sust pareja; par sust curso; plato; (of ~) por supuesto sust tribunal sust primo sust cangrejo sust cuna v crear sust crdito sust paso de peatones sust muchedumbre, multitud; (a ~ of) un montn de sust crucero v llorar sust pepino sust culto sust taza; (tea ~) taza de t sust moneda, unidad monetaria sust currculo sust cortina sust crema; natillas sust cliente sust aduana; (~ officer) empleado de la aduana v cortar sust chuleta sust ciclismo adj diario adv diariamente sust margarita sust dao; (to do a ~) causar un dao

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH dance dangerous Danish dark date daughter daugther-in-law day

SPANISH sust danza, baile adj peligroso adj dans adj oscuro sust fecha; cita sust hija sust nuera sust da; (~ off) da libre; (by ~) durante el da; (in the ~ time) de da sust trato; (to make a ~) hacer un trato adj querido, estimado sust muerte sust diciembre v decidir sust decisin v declarar adj profundo sust grado sust deidad sust placer sust demostrativo sust Dinamarca sust densamente sust dentista sust depsito sust diseo sust escritorio, pupitre prep a pesar de sust postre v destruir p pas de determine determinado, decidido adj devastador adj en vas de desarrollo sust desarrollo sust diarrea sust diarrea v morir sust diferencia adj difcil sust comedor, saln sust cena sust dinosaurio sust direccin adv directamente adj sucio adj incapacitado v estar en desacuerdo p pas de disappoint decepcionado sust desastre adj desastroso v descubrir sust descubrimiento; (to make a ~) hacer un descubrimiento sust plato; fuente; (to do the ~es) fregar los platos sust trastorno adj bien diferenciado v divorciarse

ENGLISH do

SPANISH v hacer; (~ a business) hacer un negocio; (~ a damage) causar un dao; (~ a favour) hacer un favor; (~ a work) hacer un trabajo; (~ an exam) hacer un examen; (~ an exercise) hacer un ejercicio; (~ drugs) drogarse; (~ films) hacer pelculas; (~ good) hacer el bien; (~ harm) hacer dao; (~ honours in) licenciarse en; (~ miracles) obrar milagros, hacer milagros; (~ repairs) hacer arreglos, hacer reformas; reparar; (~ research) investigar; (~ right) hacer bien; (~ the cleaning) hacer la limpieza; (~ the dishes) fregar los platos; (~ the hair) arreglarse el pelo; (~ the homework) hacer los deberes; (~ the housework) hacer la tareas domsticas; (~ the nails) arreglarse las uas; (~ the washing-up) hacer la colada; (~ wrong) hacer mal sust mdico; doctor sust perro sust mueca sust dlar adj hecho p pas de do hecho sust puerta adj dubitativo, indeciso prep abajo sust sedante adj dramtico; drstico sust pl damas v correr; descorrer sust cajn sust temor, pavor v temer, tener terror a v empapar; inundar sust vestido sust bebida v beber v conducir sust conductor v dejar caer sust sequa sust droga; (to do ~s) drogarse sust farmacia adj borracho adj (~ to) debido a sust do prep durante adj holands sust responsabilidad, obligacin pron cada sust guila

deal dear death December decide decision declare deep degree deity delight demonstrative Denmark densely dentist deposit design desk despite dessert destroy determined devastating developing development diarrhea (AmE) diarrhoea (BrE) die difference difficult dining room dinner dinosaur direction directly dirty disable disagree disappointed disaster disastrous discover discovery dish disruption distinct divorce

doctor dog doll dollar done1 done2 door doubtful down downer dramatic draughts draw drawer dread1 dread2 drench dress drink1 drink2 drive driver drop drought drug drugstore (AmE) drunk due duo during Dutch duty each eagle

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH ear earache early earth earthquake easier east Easter Easter Day Easter Monday easy eat economy effect effort egg

SPANISH sust oreja sust dolor de odo adv temprano sust tierra; la Tierra sust terremoto adj comp ms fcil sust este sust Semana Santa sust Domingo de Pascua, Domingo de Resurreccin sust Lunes de Pascua adj fcil v comer sust economa sust efecto sust esfuerzo; (make an ~) intentar sust huevo; (boiled ~) huevo pasado por agua; huevo duro; (fried ~) huevo frito sust Egipto sust codo adj comp mayor adj anciano adj super de ms edad adj elctrico adj electrnico sust elefante sust ascensor sust duende adv lo dems sust embajada sust urgencia sust fin; final adj terminado en sust resistencia sust energa adj comprometido, prometido sust Inglaterra adj ingls sust el Canal de la Mancha v disfrutar, gustar adv suficiente, bastante v entrar sust entrada sust medio ambiente adj medioambiental sust episodio v escapar v establecer sust eucalipto sust euro sust Europa adj europeo sust Unin Europea sust tarde; (good ~) buenas tardes; buenas noches sust acontecimiento; caso; (in the ~) en el caso adj cada; todo pron todos, todo el mundo sust prueba sust examen

ENGLISH examination example exchange excuse1 excuse2 exercise exhausted exist expect expensive experience1 experience2 explain explore expressive extra extreme extremely eye eyebrow eyelash eyelid face fact factory failure fairtale faithful faithfully fall (AmE) false family far farmyard father father-in-law favor (AmE) favour (BrE) favourite feather February fee feel feet Festival of Passover few

SPANISH sust examen; (to do an ~) hacer un examen sust ejemplo v cambiar sust excusa; (to make an ~) poner una excusa v disculpar, perdonar sust ejercicio; (to do an ~) hacer un ejercicio adj exhausto v existir v esperar, suponer adj caro sust experiencia v experimentar v explicar v explorar adj expresivo adj extra adj extremo adv extremadamente sust ojo sust ceja sust pestaa sust prpado sust cara; (to make a ~) poner mala cara sust hecho sust fbrica sust fracaso sust cuento de hadas adj fiel; digno de confianza adv atentamente sust otoo adj falso sust familia; (~ tree) rbol genealgico adv lejos sust corral sust padre sust suegro sust favor sust favor (to do a ~) hacer un favor adj favorito sust pluma sust febrero sust suma de dinero v sentir; sentirse sust pl pies sust Pascua Juda o Pesah pron pocos, pocas; (a ~) unos pocos, unas pocas, algunos, algunas sust fibra sust fibra sust campo sust higo v llenar; completar v rellenar sust pelcula; (to do ~s) hacer pelculas v encontrar

Egypt elbow elder elderly eldest electrical electronic elephant elevator (AmE) elf else embassy emergency end ending endurance energy engaged England English English Channel enjoy enough enter entry environment environmental episode escape establish eucalyptus euro Europe European European Union evening event every everybody evidence exam

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

fiber (AmE) fibre (BrE) field fig fill fill in film (BrE) find

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ENGLISH fine finger finish fire fireplace firm first first aid fish fisherman fishing fit flag flamenco flashlight flat (BrE) flavor (AmE) flavour (BrE) flight flood floor flour flower fluently fluid fly fog foggy following fond fondest fondly food fool foot football for forehead forest1 forest2 fork form former fortunately fortune fossil fountain franc France frankfurter Frech fries freeze French frequent Friday fridge fried friend friendly1

SPANISH adj magnfico, muy bueno sust dedo v acabar sust incendio sust chimenea sust empresa adj primero sust primeros auxilios sust pescado sust pescador sust pesca v colocar; quedar bien sust bandera sust flamenco sust linterna sust apartamento sust sabor sust sabor sust vuelo sust inundacin sust suelo; piso sust harina sust flor adv con fluidez adj fluido; (~ ounce) onza fluida v volar sust niebla adj de niebla, nebuloso adj siguiente adj carioso adj super el ms carioso, cariossimo adv cariosamente sust comida adj tonto sust pie sust ftbol; pelota de ftbol prep por; durante; para; desde; (~ sale) en venta sust frente adj forestal sust bosque sust tenedor sust forma; formulario, impreso adj anterior; antiguo adv afortunadamente sust fortuna adj fsil sust fuente sust franco sust Francia sust salchicha de Frankfurt sust pl patatas fritas v helar; helarse adj francs adj frecuente sust viernes sust nevera, frigorfico p pas de fry frito; (~ egg) huevo frito sust amigo adj amistoso

ENGLISH friendly2 from front fruit fry fuel full fully

SPANISH adv amistosamente prep de; desde; por sust frente, fachada; (in ~) en frente sust fruta v frer sust combustible adj completo; (~ board) pensin completa adv completamente, totalmente; (~ comprehensive insurance policy) seguro a todo riesgo sust diversin; (to have ~) pasrselo bien sust parque de atracciones sust estadio sust mobiliario adj futuro sust futuro sust galera sust galn sust juego sust espacio, hueco sust garaje sust jardn sust gas; (~ station) (AmE) gasolinera; estacin de servicio sust gasolina sust puerta sust pl gansos sust geografa sust geranio adj alemn sust Alemania sust gerundio v ponerse v llevarse bien con v devolver v subir a; entrar en v casarse v bajarse v comunicarse; estar con v levantarse sust fantasma v ginebra adj color zanahoria sust jengibre sust jirafa sust chica; nia sust novia v dar; (~ a hand) echar una mano v dejar, abandonar; renunciar a sust glamour sust glamour sust vaso sust pl gafas adj global sust glosario sust guante

fun funfair furlong furniture future1 future2 gallery gallon game gap garage garden gas

gasoline (AmE) gate geese Geography geranium German Germany gerund get get along with get back get into get married get off get through get up ghost gin ginger1 ginger2 giraffe girl girlfriend give give up glamor (AmE) glamour (BrE) glass glasses global glossary glove -207-

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH go go away go back go for a walk go on go out goat golf gonorrhea (AmE) gonorrhoea (BrE) Good Friday good looking good1

SPANISH v ir v irse v volver v pasear v seguir, continuar v salir sust cabra sust golf sust gonorrea sust gonorrea sust Viernes Santo adj guapo adj bueno; (~ afternoon) buenas tardes; (~ evening) buenas tardes; buenas noches; (~ morning) buenos das sust bien; (to do ~) hacer el bien interj adis sust adis sust ganso sust gobierno sust nota, calificacin sust pl notas, calificaciones sust gramtica sust nietos, nietas sust nieta sust abuelo sust abuela sust abuelo, abuela sust nieto sust uva adj gris sust Gran Bretaa sust Grecia adj griego adj verde sust saludo adj gris v moler v defender adj culpable sust guitarra sust pelo; (to do the ~) arreglarse el pelo sust peluquera sust merluza adj medio; (~ board) media pensin sust jamn York sust hamburguesa sust mano; (to give a ~) echar una mano sust balonmano sust pauelo v colgar v pasar, suceder, ocurrir adj feliz, contento adj duro adv duramente adv comp ms duramente

ENGLISH harm hat hate have have breakfast have dinner have lunch have to hazard he head headache hear heart heart attack heavy height hello help hepatitis her here hero hers hi high high school high-ranking highway (AmE) hiking him hip hippopotamus his1 his2 historian History hobby holiday (BrE) Holland home homework honey honour hood (AmE) hope horse hospital hot hotel hour house household housework

SPANISH sust dao; (to do ~) hacer dao sust sombrero v odiar v tener; haber; tomar; (~ fun) pasrselo bien v desayunar v cenar v almorzar v tener que sust peligro, riesgo pron pers l sust cabeza sust dolor de cabeza v or sust corazn sust ataque al corazn adj pesado sust altura interj hola v ayudar sust hepatitis adj pos su, sus [de ella] adv aqu sust hroe pron pos suyo, suya, suyos, suyas [de ella] interj hola adj alto, elevado sust instituto adj alto rango sust carretera sust senderismo pron pers l sust cadera sust hipoptamo adj pos su, sus [de l] pron pos suyo, suya, suyos, suyas [de l] sust historiador sust historia sust pasatiempo sust da festivo, vacaciones sust Holanda sust hogar, casa sust tarea, deberes; (to do the ~) hacer los deberes sust miel sust honor; (to do ~s in) licenciarse en sust cap v esperar, desear sust caballo sust hospital adj caliente; clido sust hotel sust hora sust casa sust casa sust tarea domstica; (to do ~) hacer las tareas domsticas adv int cmo

good2 goodbye1 goodbye2 goose government grade grades grammar grandchildren granddaughter grandfather grandmother grandparent grandson grape gray (AmE) Great Britain Greece Greek green greeting grey (BrE) grind guard guilty guitar hair hairdressers hake half ham hamburger hand handball handkerchief hang happen happy hard1 hard2 harder

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

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ENGLISH human human being human-induced hungry hurricane hurry hurt husband hypothesis I ice hockey ice-cream icon ID (Identity Card) identity idol ill immediately impact impersonal in

SPANISH adj humano sust ser humano adj provocado por el hombre adj hambriento sust huracn sust prisa; (to be in a ~) tener prisa v doler sust marido, esposo sust hiptesis pron pers yo sust hockey sobre hielo sust helado sust icono sust carnet de identidad sust identidad sust dolo adj enfermo adv inmediatamente sust impacto adj impersonal prep en; dentro; dentro de; adentro; (~ any case) en cualquier caso; (~ late 1998) a finales de 1998; (~ the event) en el caso; (~ total) en total adj inapropiado sust pulgada sust incidente v incluir adv incorrectamente v incrementar adj indefinido sust Da de la Independencia sust ndice sust India adj hind sust Indonesia sust infinitivo sust informacin par pas de injure herido sust herida v insertar v insistir sust institucin sust instruccin sust seguro sust registro de seguro adj intelectual adj inteligente adj interesado adj interesante adj interno adv internamente adj interrogativo sust entrevista prep en v presentar sust presentacin v invertir v invitar sust Iraq

ENGLISH Iraqi Ireland Irish iron irregular isle it Italian Italy its1 its2 jacket jam January Japan Japanese jazz bass jelly jersey jewel job jog join journey jug juice July jump June just kennel key kid kidney kind1 kind2 kindest kiss kit kitchen knee knife know knuckle labyrinth lamb lamp land large last name last night last1 last2 late law laxative lay

SPANISH adj iraqu sust Irlanda adj irlands v planchar adj irregular sust isla pron pers *ello adj italiano sust Italia adj pos su, sus [de *ello] pron pos suyo, suya, suyos, suyas [de *ello] sust chaqueta; cazadora sust mermelada sust enero sust Japn adj japons sust bajo sust gelatina sust jersey sust joya sust trabajo, empleo v correr, hacer footing v unirse sust viaje sust taza sust zumo sust julio v saltar sust junio adv slo; (~ in case) por si acaso sust perrera sust llave; clave v bromear sust rin adj agradable; amable sust clase, categora adj super el ms amable, amabilsimo v besar sust equipo, set sust cocina sust rodilla sust cuchillo v conocer; saber sust nudillo sust laberinto sust cordero sust lmpara; (street ~) farola v aterrizar adj grande sust apellido adv anoche sust ltimo; pasado v durar adv tarde; (in ~ 1998) a finales de 1998 sust ley sust laxante v poner; extender; (~ the table) poner la mesa

inaccurate inch incident include incorrectly increase indefinite Independence Day index India Indian Indonesia infinitive information injured injury insert insist institution instruction insurance insurance form intellectual intelligent interested interesting internal internally interrogative interview into introduce introduction invest invite Irak

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH lay around lay down lazy leak learn least1 least2 leave1 leave2 lecture left1 left2 leg leisure lemon lemonade length less1 less2 lesson let letter letter box (BrE) lettuce level library license lie lie down life-threatening lift (BrE) light1 light2 light3 like limited linked lion lip lira list listen Literature little1 little2 little3 live liver living-room lobster local authority located London long look after

SPANISH v estar esparcido, estar en desorden v echarse, tumbarse adj perezoso sust escape v aprender adj super el ms pequeo, pequesimo adv super lo menos; (at ~) por lo menos sust hoja v partir, marcharse, salir; abandonar sust clase; conferencia adj izquierdo sust izquierda sust pierna sust tiempo libre sust limn sust limonada sust longitud adj comp menor adv comp menos sust leccin v dejar, permitir v grabar; estampar sust buzn sust lechuga sust nivel sust biblioteca sust permiso v mentir v tumbarse adj de vida o muerte sust ascensor; impulso adj claro; ligero sust luz v encender v gustar p pas de limit limitado p pas de link relacionado; (~ to) relacionado con sust len sust labio; (sore ~s) labios resecos sust lira sust lista v escuchar sust literatura adj pequeo adv poco pron poco, poca; (a ~ of) un poco de v vivir sust hgado sust sala de estar sust langosta sust diputacin p pas de locate localizado, ubicado sust Londres adj largo; prolongado v cuidar

ENGLISH look at look for lorry (BrE) lose loss lot lotion lottery loud louder loudly love1 love2 lover luck luggage lunch lung lust luxurious madam made mail box (AmE) mailman (AmE) mailwoman (AmE) main mainly maintain make

SPANISH v mirar v buscar sust camin v perder sust prdida; (to make a ~) perder dinero sust montn; (a ~ of) un montn de, mucho sust locin sust lotera adj alto, elevado adv comp ms fuerte, ms alto adv fuerte, en voz alta sust amor v amar, querer; encantar sust enamorado; amante sust suerte sust equipaje sust almuerzo sust pulmn sust lujuria adj lujoso sust seora p pas de make hecho; (~ in) hecho en; (~ of) hecho de sust buzn; casillero sust cartero sust fem cartera adj principal adv principalmente v mantener v hacer; cometer; (~ a coffe) hacer un caf; (~ a compliment) hacer un cumplido; (~ a deal) hacer un trato; (~ a discovery) hacer un descubrimiento; (~ a face) poner mala cara; (~ a loss) perder dinero; (~ a mess) desordenar; ensuciar; hacer algo mal; hacer una chapuza; arruinar; (~ a mistake) cometer un error, equivocarse; (~ a money) ganar dinero, hacer dinero; (~ a noise) hacer un ruido; (~ a note) anotar; (~ a phone call) hacer una llamada, llamar [telfono]; (~ a profit) ganar dinero, hacer dinero; (~ a right) girar a la derecha; (~ a speech) pronunciar un discurso; (~ a suggestion) hacer una sugerencia; (~ a tea) hacer t; (~ a trouble) causar problemas; (~ a war) estar en guerra; (~ a will) hacer testamento; (~ an appointment) concertar una cita; (~ an attempt) hacer un intento, intentar; (~ an effort) intentar; (~ an excuse) poner una excusa; (~ an offer) hacer una oferta, ofrecer; (~ peace) hacer las paces; (~ preparations) hacer preparativos; (~ the bed) hacer la cama

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ENGLISH make up man maneuver (AmE) manoeuvre (BrE) manner map March mark market marmalade master match1 match2 matress matter may May meal mean meat medical medicine meet meeting1 meeting2 melt melting men menu mess

SPANISH v constituir sust hombre v maniobrar; colocar; mover. sust maniobra v maniobrar; colocar; mover. sust maniobra sust modo sust mapa sust marzo sust marco sust mercado sust mermelada sust dueo; maestro; (station ~) jefe de estacin sust cerilla / partido v unir sust colchn sust problema; cuestion v mod poder; (~ be) puede ser sust mayo sust comida v significar; suponer sust carne adj mdico sust medicamento v conocer; encontrarse adj de encuentro sust reunin v derretir adj enternecedor; (~ pot) crisol sust pl hombres sust men sust lo, desorden, confusin; (to make a ~) desordenar; ensuciar; hacer algo mal; hacer una chapuza; arruinar sust mensaje sust pl ratones sust microondas sust medioda sust medianoche v mod p pas de may sust milla sust kilometraje sust leche sust lechero sust mente; mentalidad v importar, molestar pron pos mo, ma, mos, mas sust minuto sust milagro; (to do ~s) obrar milagros, hacer milagros v echar de menos sust error; (to make a ~) cometer un error, equivocarse sust telfono mvil sust modelo sust momento; (at the ~) en este momento sust lunes

ENGLISH money monkee monkey month monument mood more morning most mother mother-in-law motorbike mountaineering mouse movie (AmE) mph (miles per hour) Mr (Mister) much mug museum mushroom music mussel must my mystery nail name napkin nation national nationality nature near1 near2 neck need need negative neighbor (AmE) neighbour (BrE) Neolithic nephew nervous never nevertheless New Years Eve New York news newspaper next to nice

SPANISH sust dinero; (to make a ~) ganar dinero, hacer dinero sust mono sust mes sust monumento sust estado de nimo; modo adv ms sust maana; (good ~) buenos das adv ms sust madre sust suegra sust moto sust alpinismo sust ratn sust pelcula sust millas por hora sust Sr. (Seor) adv mucho sust taza sust museo sust champin sust msica sust mejilln v mod deber adj pos mi, mis sust misterio sust ua; (to do the ~s) arreglarse las uas sust nombre sust servilleta sust nacin adj nacional sust nacionalidad sust naturaleza adv cerca prep cerca de; junto a sust cuello v necesitar v mod necesitar, estar obligado a adj negativo sust vecino sust vecino adj neoltico sust sobrino adj nervioso adv nunca adv sin embargo, no obstante sust Nochevieja sust Nueva York sust pl noticias sust peridico prep cerca de, junto a; (right ~) justo al lado de adj simptico, agradable; encantado; (~ to meet you) encantado de conocerle sust sobrina sust noche sust discoteca adv no

message mice microwave midday midnight might mile mileage milk milkman mind1 mind2 mine minute miracle miss mistake mobile model moment Monday

niece night night club no

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH noble nobody noise non-alcoholic non-smoking noodle noon north Northern Ireland Norway Norwegian nose not note note (BrE) nothing notice November now nowadays nowhere number O.K., OK oclock oak tree observatory observe occasion occur October of off offensive offer1 offer2 office

SPANISH adj noble pron nadie sust ruido; (to make ~) hacer ruido adj sin alcohol adj no fumador sust fideo sust medioda sust norte sust Irlanda del Norte sust Noruega adj noruego sust nariz adv no sust nota; (to make a ~) anotar sust billete pron nada sust aviso; letrero sust noviembre adv ahora; (right ~) ahora mismo adv hoy en da, hoy por hoy adv ninguna parte sust nmero interj vale; todo bien; de acuerdo adv en punto sust roble sust observatorio v observar sust ocasin v ocurrir, suceder sust octubre prep de; (~ course) por supuesto prep separado de; lejos de; (day ~) da libre sust ofensiva sust oferta; (to make an ~) hacer una oferta, ofrecer v ofrecer sust oficina; (the post and telegraph ~) oficina de correos y telgrafos; (tourist ~) oficina de turismo sust oficial; (customs ~) empleado de la aduana sust agente; funcionario adv a menudo sust aceite; petrleo; (olive ~) aceite de oliva adj viejo; mayor sust aceituna; olivo; (~ oil) aceite de oliva sust tortilla prep sobre, en adv una vez; (at ~) de una vez sust cebolla adv slo v abrir sust pera

ENGLISH opinion opposite optional or orange1 orange2 orchid ordinal origin ought to ounce our ours out outside oven over overcoat overtime own1 own2 ox oxen Pacific Ocean pain painkiller paint painting pair pajamas (AmE) palace palm tree panties pants (AmE) paper parachute paralized paralyzed parcel parents participant participle particulary party pass passenger passive passport past past past continuous past perfect past simple pasta patient pavement (BrE)

SPANISH sust opinin adj opuesto, contrario adj opcional conj o adj naranja sust naranja sust orqudea adj ordinal sust origen; residencia, direccin v mod debera (o deberas etc), debiera (o debieras etc) sust onza; (fluid ~) onza fluida adj pos nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras pron pos nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras prep fuera adv fuera sust horno prep sobre; ms all de sust abrigo sust horas extra adj propio v poseer sust buey sust pl bueyes sust Ocnao Pacfico sust dolor; (burning ~) ardor [estmago] sust analgsico v pintar sust pintura sust par sust pl pijama sust palacio sust palmera sust pl bragas sust pl pantalones sust papel sust paracadas p pas de paralize paralizado p pas de paralyze paralizado sust paquete sust pl padres sust participante sust participio adv en particular sust fiesta v aprobar sust pasajero adj pasivo sust pasaporte adj pasado sust pasado sust pasado continuo sust pretrito perfecto compuesto sust pasado simple sust pasta adj paciente sust acera

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

officer official often oil old olive omelet on once onion only open opera

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ENGLISH pay PC peace

SPANISH

ENGLISH policy

SPANISH sust pliza; (fully comprehensive insurance ~) seguro a todo riesgo sust charca; pozo; (swimming ~) piscina p pas de populate poblado sust cerdo sust avena; gachas sust retrato, efigie sust Portugal adj portugus adj positivo sust posesin adj posesivo sust posibilidad adj posible sust correo; (the ~and telegraph office) oficina de correos y telgrafos sust oficina de correos sust cartero sust fem cartera sust olla; (melting ~) crisol sust patata sust pl patatas fritas adj potencial sust carne de ave sust libra sust libra esterlina sust poder adj poderoso sust prediccin sust prlogo, prefacio v preferir sust embarazo sust prejuicio sust preparativo; (to make ~s) hacer preparativos v preparar sust preposicin sust regalo; presente sust presente continuo sust pretrito perfecto compuesto sust presidente adj guapo [esp mujer] adj anterior sust precio sust prisin, crcel sust premio sust problema v producir sust profesor sust beneficio; (to make a ~) ganar dinero, hacer dinero sust pronombre v pronunciar adj orgulloso sust bar; pub; discoteca adj pblico sust pudn, budn v bajar sust pupila

v pagar; prestar sust PC, ordenador personal sust paz; (to make ~) hacer las paces peach sust melocotn peak sust cima, cumbre pear sust pera pedestrian sust peatn pedestrian crossing (BrE) sust paso de peatones pen sust bolgrafo; lpiz; pluma pencil sust lpiz penicillin sust penicilina Pentagon sust el Pentgono people sust pl personas; gente pepper sust pimienta perfect adj perfecto perfectly adv perfectamente permit1 sust permiso permit2 v permitir person sust persona personal adj personal Peruvian adj peruano petrol (BrE) sust gasolina; (~ station) (BrE) gasolinera phase sust fase phenomena sust pl fenmenos phenomenon sust fenmeno phone sust telfono; (~ book) agenda de telfonos; gua telefnica phone call sust llamada telefnica; (to make a ~) hacer una llamada, llamar [telfono] photographer sust fotgrafo Physics sust fsica piano sust piano picnic sust picnic picture sust cuadro, pintura; fotografa piece sust trozo, pedazo pig sust cerdo pill sust pastilla pillow sust almohada pine tree sust pino pink adj rosa pint sust pinta pizza sust pizza place sust lugar, sitio; (to take ~) tener lugar plane sust avin plate sust plato platform sust andn play v jugar; tocar player sust jugador please interj por favor plum sust ciruela plural adj plural point sust punto polar adj polar police sust polica; (~ station) comisara de polica policeman sust polica

pool populated pork porridge portrait Portugal Portuguese positive possession possessive possibility possible post

post office postman (BrE) postwoman (BrE) pot potato potato chips (AmE) potential poultry pound pound sterling () power powerful prediction preface prefer pregnancy prejudice preparation prepare preposition present present continuous present perfect president pretty previous price prison prize problem produce professor profit pronoun pronounce proud pub public pudding pull down pupil

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH pupil purple purpose push put put on pyjamas (BrE) quart queen question1 question2 quickly quite radiation radio rain1 rain2 rampant range (AmE) rat rather real realize reason receive recently reception receptionist recommend red reduce reef refer refuse region regular related relationship relaxed relaxing remain renewable rent repair

SPANISH

ENGLISH rich ride riding right1

SPANISH adj rico v montar; ir en sust hpica adj derecho, recto; correcto; (~ next to) justo al lado; (~ now) ahora mismo; (all ~) todo bien, de acuerdo adv bien; (to do ~) hacer bien sust derecha; (to make a ~) girar a la derecha sust anillo sust aumento sust rito sust ro sust carretera sust Roma sust tejado sust habitacin sust rosa prep alrededor de sust fila v remar adj real, regio sust rugby v destruir sust ron v correr; conducir sust Rusia adj ruso adj sagrado adj triste adj seguro sust ensalada sust salchichn sust venta; (for ~) en venta sust dependiente sust dependiente sust dependienta sust sal sust salero adj mismo sust sardina sust sbado sust salchicha sust genitivo sajn sust saxofn v decir v asustar adj asustado sust escuela, colegio adj en edad escolar sust cientfico sust pl tijeras sust Escocia adj escocs p pas de scramble revuelto sust mar sust gaviota sust maremoto sust estacin; temporada sust asiento; plaza adj segundo sust sedante

sust alumno adj morado sust motivo, propsito v empujar v poner; colocar v ponerse [ropa] sust pl pijama sust cuarto sust reina adj interrogativo sust pregunta adv deprisa adv completamente; bastante sust radiacin sust radio sust lluvia v llover adj desenfrenado sust cocina, hornillo sust rata adv bastante adj real, verdadero v darse cuenta sust razn, motivo v recibir adv recientemente sust recepcin sust recepcionista v recomendar adj rojo; (~ wine) vino tinto v reducir sust arrecife v remitir; enviar, mandar v rechazar; negarse sust regin adj regular adj relacionado sust parentesco adj relajado adj relajante v mantener; permanecer adj renovable v alquilar sust reparacin; (to do ~s) hacer arreglos, hacer reformas; reparar replace v sustituir, reemplazar republic sust repblica research sust investigacin; (to do ~) investigar responsible adj responsable rest sust descanso restaurant sust restaurante result sust resultado retire v jubilarse, retirarse return ticket sust billete de ida y vuelta reverse charge call (BrE) sust llamada a cobro revertido review sust crtica; revisin revitalize v revitalizar rewrite v volver a escribir rib sust costilla rice sust arroz rice pudding sust arroz con leche

right2 right3 ring rising rite river road (BrE) Rome roof room rose round row1 row2 royal rugby ruin rum run Russia Russian sacred sad safe salad salami sale salesclerk (AmE) salesman (AmE) saleswoman (BrE) salt salt cellar same sardine Saturday sausage Saxon genitive saxophone say scare scared school school-age scientist scissors Scotland Scottish scrambled sea seagull seaquake season seat second sedative

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH see seem self-govern sell send sensible sentence September serious seriously serve serviette set several sewer she sheep sheet shine shirt shoe shop shop assistant (BrE) shopping should shoulder shout shout down show shower shrimp shut shut off sick sick-bag side sidewalk (AmE) significant silver simple since sing single sir sister sister-in-law sit sit down sitting room size skate skating skiing skirt sky sleeping pill slight slim slow

SPANISH v ver v parecer sust autogobierno v vender v enviar adj sensato sust frase; oracin sust septiembre adj grave; serio adv gravemente v sevir sust servilleta v poner, colocar; (~ the table) poner la mesa adj varios sust alcantarilla pron pers ella sust oveja sust sbana v brillar sust camisa sust zapato sust tienda; (~ window) escaparate sust dependiente sust compra, compras v mod debera (o deberas etc), debiera (o debieras etc) sust hombro sust grito v hacer callar a gritos v mostrar, ensear sust ducha sust gamba v cerrar v desconectar, apagar adj enfermo; mareado sust bolsa para el mareo sust lado sust acera adj importante, significativo sust plata adj simple; sencillo; (past ~) pasado simple prep desde v cantar adj individual; soltero; nico sust seor sust hermana sust cuada v sentar; sentarse v sentarse sust sala de estar, saln sust talla sust patn sust patinaje sust esqu sust falda sust cielo sust somnfero adj leve adj delgado v frenar

ENGLISH slowly small smaller smoke smoking sneeze sniff snob snow1 snow2 so soap society sock soda sofa solar soldier solution solve Somalian some somebody something somewhere son song son-in-law soon sore sound soup source south southeast space Spain Spanish speak speaking special speech spell spend spice spirits split sponge spoon sport spot spring squid St Valentines Day St. Patricks Day stage stall stand

SPANISH adv lentamente, despacio adj pequeo adv comp ms pequeo v fumar adj fumador v estornudar v olfatear, oler sust snob, cursi sust nieve v nevar adv as sust jabn sust sociedad sust calcetn sust agua con gas sust sof adj solar sust soldado sust solucin v solucionar adj somal adj alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas pron alguien pron algo adv alguna parte sust hijo sust cancin sust yerno adv temprano; pronto adj dolorido; (~ lips) labios resecos sust sonido sust sopa sust fuente sust sur sust sudeste sust espacio sust Espaa adj espaol v hablar sust conversacin adj especial sust discurso; (to make a ~) pronunciar un discurso v deletrear v gastar sust especia sust pl bebidas alcohlicas, licores v dividir sust esponja sust cuchara sust deporte sust punto sust primavera sust calamar sust da de San Valentn sust da de San Patricio sust escenario; etapa sust estante, quiosco; (book ~) quiosco de prensa v permanecer

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CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH stand for standing stark start station

SPANISH v significar adj en pie adj severo, duro v empezar sust estacin; (~ master) jefe de estacin; (bus ~) estacin de autobuses; (gas ~) (AmE) gasolinera; estacin de servicio; (petrol ~) (BrE) gasolinera; (police ~) comisara de polica; (train ~) estacin de tren; (tube ~) (BrE) estacin de metro v permanecer, quedarse sust filete v robar adj estreo; (~ system) radiocaset sust bastn adv todava, an sust media sust dolor de estmago sust estmago sust piedra sust parada; (bus ~) parada de autobs v parar sust piso, planta sust cigea sust tormenta sust historia, relato sust piso, planta adj inflexible adv recto sust fresa sust calle; (~ lamp) farola sust fuerza sust estrs, tensin p pas de stress estresado p pas de stress out estresado sust huelga v estallar adj fuerte p pas de stick atascado sust estudiante v estudiar adj estpido sust materia adj sustancioso sust metro sust xito pron como v sufrir sust azcar v sugerir sust sugerencia; (to make a ~) hacer una sugerencia sust traje v sentar bien; venir bien, convenir adj adecuado sust maleta

ENGLISH summer sun Sunday superlative supermarket supermodel supper supply sure surely surprise1 surprise2 surprised sweater sweet (BrE) swim swimming Swiss switch Switzerland sword-fish symbol symbolize synonym syphilis system table

SPANISH sust verano sust sol sust domingo adj superlativo sust supermercado sust supermodelo sust cena sust suministro adj seguro; (to be ~) estar seguro adv con seguridad, sin duda sust sorpresa v sorprender p pas de surprise sorprendido sust suter; sudadera sust caramelo v nadar sust natacin; (~ pool) piscina adj suizo sust interruptor sust Suiza sust pez espada sust smbolo v simbolizar sust sinnimo sust sfilis sust sistema; (stereo ~) radiocaset sust mesa; (~ cloth) mantel; (to lay the ~) poner la mesa; (to set the ~) poner la mesa sust cola, rabo v tomar, coger; (~ place) tener lugar v quitarse [ropa]; despegar [avin] v sacar sust despegue adj alto sust grifo sust cinta adj rico, sabroso sust taxi sust t; (~ cup) taza de t; (~ time) hora del t; (to make a ~) hacer t; (white ~) t con leche sust maestro, profesor sust tetera sust cucharilla adj tcnico sust pl dientes sust telfono; (~ booth) cabina de telfonos v telefonear, llamar por telfono sust televisin sust televisor v decir; contar sust humor sust fiebre

stay steak steal stereo stick still stocking stomachache stomach stone stop1 stop2 storey (BrE) stork storm story1 story2 (AmE) straight straight strawberry street strength stress stressed stressed out strike1 strike2 strong stuck student study stupid subject substantial subway (AmE) success such suffer sugar suggest suggestion suit1 suit2 suitable suitcase

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

tail take take off take out take-off tall tap tape tasty taxi tea

teacher teapot teaspoon technical teeth telephone1 telephone2 television television set tell temper temperature

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH temple tenant tennis tense terrible terrified terrorist textbook than thank thanks Thanksgiving Day that1 that2 the theatre their theirs theme then there these they thigh thin thing think third thirsty this those throat through Thursday thus ticket tie tiger till time

SPANISH sust templo sust inquilino sust tenis; (~ ball) pelota de tenis sust tiempo verbal adj terrible p pas de terrify aterrorizado adj terrorista sust libro de texo conj que v agradecer; (~ you very much) muchas gracias sust pl gracias sust Da de Accin de Gracias dem ese, eas, eso; aquel, aquella, aquello pron rel que art el, la sust teatro adj pos su, sus [de ellos /as] pron pos suyo, suya, suyos, suyas [de ellos /as] sust tema adv despus; entonces adv all dem estos, estas pron pers ellos , ellas sust muslo adj delgado sust cosa v pensar; creer adj tercero sust sediento dem este , esta, esto dem esos, esas; aquellos, aquellas sust garganta prep por; por medio de; a travs de; por completo sust jueves adv as sust entrada; billete sust corbata sust tigre prep hasta sust tiempo; (free ~) tiempo libre; (in the day ~) de da; (tea ~) hora del t; (to be at ~) ser puntual p pas de tire cansado prep a, hacia sust tostada sust dedo del pie adv juntos sust cuarto de bao, aseo sust tomate adv maana sust lengua adv esta noche adv demasiado sust diente sust palillo de dientes sust tornado

ENGLISH total tourist tow away towards towel tower town town hall traffic lights train trainer transformer translation trapped travel

SPANISH sust total; (in ~) en total sust turista; (~ office) oficina de turismo v remolcar prep hacia sust toalla sust torre sust pueblo sust ayuntamiento sust pl semforo sust tren; (~ station) estacin de tren sust zapatilla de deporte sust transaformador sust traduccin p pas de trap atrapado v viajar; (~ agency) agencia de viajes; (~ agent) agente de viajes p pas de travel viajado p pas de travel viajado sust bandeja sust rbol; (family ~) rbol genealgico sust excursin viaje sust problema; (to make a ~) causar problemas sust pl pantalones sust trucha sust camin adj cierto, verdadero sust maletero sust verdad v intentar v probarse sust camiseta sust metro; (~ station) (BrE) estacin de metro sust martes sust tulipn sust atn adj turco sust pavo sust Turqua v girar; torcer; dar la vuelta v bajar [volumen] v apagar, desconectar v encender, conectar v subir [volumen]; presentarse, aparecer sust bocacalle sust televisin adv dos veces sust gemelo; mellizo sust tipo sust paraguas sust incertidumbre sust to adj poco claro, confuso adj inconsciente adj incontable, no numerable prep debajo de, bajo sust metro

traveled (AmE) travelled (BrE) tray tree trip trouble trousers (BrE) trout truck (AmE) true trunk (AmE) truth try try on T-shirt tube (BrE) Tuesday tulip tuna Turk turkey Turkey turn turn down turn off turn on turn up turning tv, TV twice twin type umbrella uncertainty uncle unclear unconscious uncountable under underground (BrE)

tired to toast toe together toilet tomato tomorrow tongue tonight too tooth toothpick tornado

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CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH underneath underpants understand unemployed unemployment unexpected unfortunate unit United Kingdom (UK) United States of America (USA) university unless unlocked until up upon upstairs1 upstairs2 use usually vacation (AmE) valley valve vase veal vegetable vegetarian Venice verb very vice versa vinegar violin visit vitamin vodka volleyball volume waist wait wake up Wales walk wall want war warehouse warm warming wash wash-basin washing-up watch1 watch2 watchman water1 water2

SPANISH prep debajo de, bajo sust pl calzoncillos v comprender, entender sust parado, desempleado sust paro, desempleo adj inesperado adj desgraciado sust unidad sust Reino Unido sust Estados Unidos de Amrica sust universidad conj a no ser que p pas de unlock sin cerrar, abierto prep hasta, hasta que prep sobre; en lo alto de prep sobre adv arriba sust planta de arriba v usar adv normalmente sust vacaciones sust valle sust vlvula sust jarrn, florero sust ternera sust verdura; hortaliza adj vegetariano sust Venecia sust verbo adv muy adv viceversa sust vinagre sust violn v visitar sust vitamina sust vodka sust vleibol sust volumen sust cintura v esperar, aguardar v levantarse, despertarse sust Gales v andar; pasear sust pared, muro v querer sust guerra; (to make ~) estar en guerra sust depsito; almacn adj carioso, afectuoso sust calentamiento v lavar sust lavabo sust ; colada; (to do the ~) hacer la colada sust reloj de pulsera v ver la televisin sust vigilante sust agua v regar

ENGLISH way

SPANISH sust camino; forma, manera; (a long ~) mucho tiempo; (by the ~) por cierto pron pers nosotros, nosotras v llevar [ropa] sust tiempo metereolgico sust hombre del tiempo sust boda sust mircoles sust semana sust peso v pesar adj bienvenido; (you are ~) de nada, no hay de qu adv bien sust gals sust oeste sust interrogativa parcial pron int qu; cul, cules adv cualquier cosa, lo que sea adv int cundo adv int dnde conj si pron int qu; cul, cules conj mientras sust whisky adj blanco; (~ tea) t con leche; (~ wine) vino blanco sust la Casa Blanca pron int quin, quines adv int por qu sust mujer, esposa adj salvaje sust testamento; (to make a ~) hacer testamento v ganar adj elico sust viento sust ventana; ventanilla; (shop ~) escaparate sust vino; (red ~) vino tinto; (white ~) vino blanco sust vino de mesa sust ganador sust invierno adj sabio; prudente prep con prep en, dentro de prep sin, fuera de sust testigo v atestiguar sust mujer sust pl mujeres v preguntarse adj maravilloso sust palabra sust trabajo; (to do a ~) hacer un trabajo v trabajar; funcionar sust trabajador sust mundo adj mundial

we wear weather weatherman wedding Wednesday week weight1 weigh2 welcome well Welsh west wh question what whatever when where whether which while whisky white White House who why wife wild will win wind1 wind2 window wine wine table winner winter wise with within without witness1 witness2 woman women wonder wonderful word work1 work2 worker world worldwide1

CIVILIAN GLOSSARY

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Civilian Glossary

ENGLISH worldwide2 worship wounded wrist writer wrong yard year yellow yes yes /no question yesterday yoghourt you young your

SPANISH adv por todo el mundo sust culto, adoracin p pas de wound herido sust mueca sust escritor adv mal; (to do ~) hacer mal sust yarda sust ao adj amarillo adv s sust interrogativa total adv ayer sust yogurt pron pers t; vosotros, vosotras; usted, ustedes adj joven adj pos tu, tus; vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras; su, sus [de usted /es] pron pos tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas; vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras; suyo, suya, suyos, suyas [de usted /es] pron reflex t mismo; usted mismo sust paso de cebra sust zoolgico CIVILIAN GLOSSARY -219-

yours

yourself zebra crossing zoo

MILITARY
ENGLISH about turn about-face advance advanced aerial agreement aim at Air Force airborne operation

GLOSSARY
ENGLISH blank cartridge blister blow up body bombardment booby trap boot boot camp bore branch break through brigade brigade headquarters brigadier bruise buckle buffer bugler bullet bunker burn burst butt caliber call sign call the roll camouflage campsite canteen captain cartridge casualty caution cavalry cease-fire chain of command chamber channel charging handle checkpoint chinstrap chopper code coded message colonel combat combat aircraft combat diver combat harness combat pack combat vehicle command command schelon commander communications company company commander company task force SPANISH sust cartucho de fogueo sust ampolla v explotar sust grueso sust bobardeo sust trampa explosiva sust bota sust campamento de reclutas (instruccin bsica) sust nima sust rama; arma v abrir brecha sust brigada sust pl cuartel general de brigada sust general de brigada sust magulladura sust hebilla (del cinturn) sust muelle recuperador sust corneta (persona) sust bala sust bnker sust quemadura sust rfaga sust culata sust calibre sust indicativo v pasar lista sust camuflaje sust campamento sust cantimplora sust capitn sust cartucho sust baja sust prudencia sust caballera sust alto el fuego sust cadena de mando sust recmara sust canal sust palanca de montar sust puesto de control sust barbuquejo sust helicptero v cifrar sust mensaje cifrado sust coronel sust combate sust avin de combate sust buceador de combate sust correaje de combate sust mochila de combate sust vehculo de combate v ordenar, mandar sust escaln de mando sust jefe sust pl transmisiones sust compaa sust jefe de compaa sust subgrupo tctico

SPANISH interj media vuelta interj media vuelta v avanzar sust vanguardia sust antena sust acuerdo v apuntar a sust Ejrcito del Aire sust operacin aerotranspotada sust aeronave sust portaaviones sust aeropuerto sust misil aire-aire sust misil aire-tierra sust tropa sust emboscada sust municin sust antena sust artillera antiarea sust mina contracarro sust arma contracarro

aircraft aircraft carrier airport air-to-air missile air-to-surface missile all file and ranks ambush ammunition antenna antiaircraft artillery antitank mine antitank weapon APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) sust transporte de personal APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) sust vehculo de combate application form sust impreso de solicitud approaching avenue sust avenida de aproximacin arm bandage sust vendaje de brazo armour squadron sust escuadrn acorazado armoured (BrE) sust acorazado armored (AmE) sust.acorazado Army sust Ejrcito Army Aviation sust FAMET (Fuerzas Aeromviles del E.T.), helicpteros del E.T. arson sust incendio artillery piece sust pieza de artillera assault sust asalto assembly area sust zona de reunin assignment sust destino at ease interj descanso at ease-march sust paso de maniobra attack v atacar attack sust ataque badge sust parche, emblema barbed wire sust alambrada barracks sust pl cuartel barrage sust barrera barrel sust can base sust base-acuartelamiento battalion sust batalln battery sust batera battle group sust grupo tctico bayonet sust bayoneta belt sust cinturn beret sust boina bipod sust bpode blank adj de fogueo

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MILITARY GLOSSARY

Military Glossary

ENGLISH company team compass computer concealment conscript soldier contaminated zone convoy coordination line copy cord corporal corps counterattack courtyard cover crawl creep crest crew deadline deck defeat defense defensive deliver demolition departure line deputy deputy officer destroy dial ditch division dormitory double action DP (Displaced People) drag dress uniform drill drill parade ejection port electronic warfare encircle endurance march enemy engineer entrenchment equipment ethnical cleansing evacuation exercise explosive extractor facility fall in fall out fatigue uniform

SPANISH sust subgrupo tctico sust brjula sust ordenador sust abrigo sust soldado de reemplazo sust zona contaminada sust convoy sust lnea de coordinacin sust copia sust cable sust cabo sust pl cuerpo de ejrcito sust contraataque sust patio de armas sust cubierta v gatear v reptar sust metopa (de una unidad) sust tripulacin sust fecha lmite sust cubierta sust derrota sust defensa sust defensiva v distribuir sust demolicin sust lnea de partida sust segundo al mando sust oficial segundo en el mando v destruir v marcar (un nmero de telfono) sust zanja sust divisin sust nave de dormitorio colectivo sust desplazado v arrastrar sust uniforme de paseo sust ejercicio sust ejrcicios de orden cerrado sust ventana de expulsin sust guerra electrnica v rodear sust marcha de endurecimiento sust enemigo sust ingeniero sust fortificacin sust equipo sust limpieza tnica sust evacuacin sust ejercicio sust explosivo sust extractor sust instalacin interj a formar interj rompan filas sust uniforme de faena

ENGLISH fax feed cover feed tray fever FIBUA (Fight In Build-Up Areas) field artillery field jacket file fire team firing pin firing position firing range first aid first lieutenant five star general flagpole flak jacket flank flash suppressor

SPANISH sust sust sust sust fax teja bandeja fiebre

forearm fortification fortify forward-march four star general foxhole fracture friendly fire frigate front sight frostbite full corporal garrison cap general election GO (Governmental Organization) sust OG (Organizacin Gubernamental) grazing fire sust fuego rasante ground sust suelo group sust batalln group sust grupo guerrilla sust guerrilla guided weapon sust arma guiada gun sust can gunner sust tirador halt interj alto hammer sust martillo hand grenade sust granada de mano hand-to-hand combat sust combate cuerpo a cuerpo hard disk sust disco duro hatch sust escotilla headquarters sust cuartel general headquarters battery sust batera de plana mayor heavy weaponry sust armamento pesado helicopter sust helicptero helipad sust helipuerto helmet sust casco hit sust impacto

sust combate en localidades sust artillera de campaa sust chaquetn sust archivo, archivo informtico sust escuadra sust percutor sust posicin de tiro, posicin de fuego sust campo de tiro sust primeros auxilios sust teniente sust capitn general sust mstil de la bandera sust chaleco antifragmentacin sust flanco sust bocacha apagafuegos, apagallamas sust guardamanos sust fortificacin v fortificar interj de frente sust general de ejrcito sust pozo de tirador sust fractura sust fuego amigo sust fragata sust punto de mira sust congelacin sust cabo primero sust gorra cuartelera sust elecciones generales

MILITARY GLOSSARY

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Military Glossary

ENGLISH hit holster howitzer humanitarian aid impact impact in charge indirect fire information source inspection parade interference INTREP (Intelligent Report) IO (International Organization)

SPANISH v impactar sust pistolera sust obs sust ayuda humanitaria sust impacto v impactar adv al mando, al cargo sust fuego indirecto sust fuente de informacin sust revista sust interferencia

ENGLISH

SPANISH

minefield sust campo de minas missile sust misil mortar sust mortero motorised unit sust unidad motorizada mouse sust ratn movement sust movimiento murder sust asesinato name tag sust tirilla del nombre NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) sust OTAN (Organizacin del Tratado del Atlntico Norte) sust informe de inteligencia Navy sust Armada NBC sust OI (Organizacin (Nuclear Bacteriological Chemical) adj NBQ (Nuclear, Internacional) Bacteriolgico y Qumico) jamming sust interferencia NCO join (up) v unirse a (Non Commissioned Officer) sust suboficial jumper sust jersey NGO (Non Governmental Organization) sust ONG (Organizacin No keyboard sust teclado Gubernamental) knife sust cuchillo night combat sust combate nocturno landing zone sust zona de lanzamiento sust visin nocturna landmark sust referencia en el terreno night vision obstacle sust obstculo lead v liderar, mandar offensive sust ofensiva leader sust lder officer sust oficial left turn interj izquierda on duty adv de servicio left-face interj izquierda on leave adv de permiso lieutenant colonel sust teniente coronel on one rank interj en una fila light infantry sust infantera ligera one star general sust general de brigada light injure sust herida leve operate v operar light weaponry sust armamento ligero operation sust operacin live ammunition sust municin de guerra, operator sust operador municin real outpost sust puesto avanzado loader sust cargador overall sust mono logistics sust logstica papers sust pl documentacin loot sust saqueo parachutist sust paracaidista loot v saquear parka sust chaquetn lorry sust camin parking place sust aparcamiento machine gun sust ametralladora path sust camino, senda magazine sust cargador sust patrulla magazine pouch sust cartuchera del correaje patrol peacekeeping mission sust misin de paz main gate sust puerta principal pill sust pastilla maintenance team sust equipo de pillbox sust casamata mantenimiento pilot sust piloto major sust comandante pistol sust pistola major general sust general de divisin pistol grip sust empuadura maneuver (AmE) sust maniobra plaster sust escayola manoeuvre (BrE) sust maniobra platoon sust seccin march sust marcha platoon position sust posicin de seccin march off interj de frente political asylum sust asilo poltico march past sust desfile polling station sust colegio electoral marksman sust tirador selecto poncho sust poncho mask sust mscara port sust proa mat sust esterilla post sust puesto, destino mechanised infantry sust infantera mecanizada pothole sust bache MEDEVAC REP sust prisionero de guerra (Medical Evacuation Report) sust informe de evacuacin PoW (Prisoner of War) printer sust impresora mdica private sust soldado mess sust mesn, cantina professional soldier sust soldado profesional message sust mensaje promotion sust ascenso military parade sust formacin prow sust puerto military police sust polica militar pursue v perseguir mined zone sust zona minada -223-

MILITARY GLOSSARY

Military Glossary

ENGLISH radio communication raid rank rate of fire ration RC (Red Cross) rear sight rearguard receive recognisance recovery lorry

SPANISH

ENGLISH sleeping bag sling sniper Spanish Legion special operations speciality splinter squad squadron team Staff staff sergeant stretcher stronghold sub-machine gun submarine submit sunstroke supply unit support suppress surveillance flight survival sword tab tactical communications tank tanker plane target task task force technical branch temporary officer tense tent terrain three star general to apply for to file towed artillery track trail trail trainer training Training Centre transportation trench trigger trigger guard tripod turret two star general UN (United Nations)

SPANISH sust saco de dormir sust portafusa sust francotirador sust Legin Espaola sust pl operaciones especiales sust especialidad sust esquirla sust escuadra sust subgrupo tctico sust Estado Mayor sust sargento primero; brigada sust camilla sust punto fuerte sust subfusil sust submarino v remitir, enviar sust golpe de calor sust unidad de abastecimiento sust apoyo v neutralizar sust vuelo de reconocimiento sust supervivencia sust espada sust hombrera sust pl transmisiones tcticas sust carro de combate sust avin nodriza sust objetivo sust misin sust agrupacin tctica sust especialidad tcnica sust oficial de complemento interj firmes sust tienda de campaa sust terreno sust teniente general v solicitar v archivar sust artllera remolcada sust cadena sust camino, senda sust huella, rastro sust instructor sust instruccin sust Centro de Instruccin sust transporte sust trinchera sust gatillo, disparador sust guardamontes sust trpode sust torreta sust general de divisin sust ONU (Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas)

sust transmisin radio sust golpe de mano sust empleo sust cadencia de fuego sust racin sust Cruz Roja sust alza sust retaguardia v recibir sust reconocimiento sust camin gra, recuperador recruit sust recluta refugee sust refugiado regiment sust regimiento reinforce v reforzar reinforcement sust refuerzos replacement sust relevo report sust informe report v informar returnee sust retornado revolver sust revlver rifle sust rifle right turn interj derecha right-face interj derecha riot sust alboroto rocket sust cohete rocket launcher sust lanzagranadas round sust disparo rucksack sust mochila rush v avanzar rpidamente safe-conduct sust salvoconducto salary sust sueldo salute sust saludo salute v saludar sapper sust zapador screen sust pantalla seaman sust marinero second lieutenant sust alfrez section sust pelotn seize an objective v tomar un objetivo self propelled gun sust can autopropulsado send v enviar sentry sust centinela sergeant sust sargento sergeant major sust suboficial mayor serve v servir (en el Ejrcito) service cap sust gorra (tb gorro) de bonito service record sust hoja de servicios severe injury sust herida grave shell sust granada de mortero shell crater sust crter de granada shelter sust contenedor shock sust shock shoot v disparar shooting range sust campo de tiro shoulder arms interj sobre el hombro shrapnel sust metralla siege v sitiar signal sust transmisin simulation sust simulacin SITREP (Situation Report) sust informe de situacin

MILITARY GLOSSARY

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Military Glossary

ENGLISH

SPANISH

UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) sust ACNUR (Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados) uniform sust uniforme unit sust unidad UNMO (United Nations Military Observer) sust observador militar de las Naciones Unidas urban combat sust combate en localidades, combate urbano vehicle sust vehculo vessel sust buque warehouse sust almacn warjet sust avin de combate warning order sust orden preparatoria warrant officer sust subteniente warrior faction sust bando combatiente warship sust barco de guerra wave sust onda weapon support company sust compaa de armas de apoyo wine sweeper sust dragaminas wing sust ala wire sust cable wireless adj sin cable withdraw v retirarse withdrawal sust retirada wound v herir wound sust herida; herido

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MILITARY GLOSSARY

VERBS
REGULAR
PREFACE A continuacin se ofrece el modelo de conjugacin para los verbos regulares de los tiempos verbales que se ven en el libro. El presente anexo aparece dividido en dos partes principales: la conjugacin activa (active voice) y la conjugacin pasiva (passive voice). A su vez cada parte cuenta con tres bloques: En el primer bloque estn recogidas las formas afirmativas (affirmative form), negativas (negative form) e interrogativas (question form*) de los siguientes tiempos verbales: el presente simple de indicativo (simple present) el pretrito perfecto de indicativo (present perfect) el presente continuo de indicativo (present continuous)
REGULAR VERBS

VERBS

el pretrito imperfecto y el pretrito indefinido de indicativo (simple past) el pasado continuo de indicativo (past continuous) el futuro simple de indicativo (future) el futuro prximo de indicativo (future with going to [present]) el pasado prximo de indicativo (future with going to [past]) y el condicional simple de indicativo (conditional)

En el segundo bloque se recogen las formas afirmativas y negativas del imperativo (imperative). Por ltimo, en el tercer bloque se presentan las formas conocidas en espaol como no personales del verbo, a saber, el infinitivo (infinitive), el participio pasado (past participle) y el gerundio (gerund).

* Cabe sealar que por defecto se ofrece la forma interrogativa para la segunda persona del singular (you, t, usted) y del plural (you, nosotros/ as, ustedes) ya que esta forma suele coincidir con el resto de las formas verbales para el mismo tiempo a excepcin, claro est, del pronombre personal que sirve como sujeto (you, we, they, etc.). En el caso de que dicha forma verbal sea diferente para otra persona (como suele ocurrir con la primera y tercera del singular [I, yo; he/ she/ it, l/ ella/ *ello]) dicha forma tambin aparece recogida.

-183-

ACTIVE VOICE
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Simple present English 1st S I love (yo) amo (t) amas 2nd S you love (usted) ama 3rd S he/ she/ it loves 1st P we love (l/ ella/ *ello) ama (nosotros/ as) amamos (vosotros/ as) amis 2nd P you love (ustedes) aman 3rd P they love (ellos/ as) aman Spanish I have loved 1st S Ive loved you have loved 2nd S youve loved Present perfect English Spanish (yo) he amado (t) has amado (usted) ha amado

he/ she/ it has loved 3rd S hes/ shes/ its loved (l/ ella/ *ello) ha amado we have loved 1st P weve loved you have loved 2nd P youve loved they have loved 3rd P theyve loved (nosotros/ as) hemos amado (vosotros/ as) habis amado (ustedes) han amado (ellos/ as) han amado

Present continuous English Spanish I am loving 1st S Im loving

REGULAR VERBS

Simple past English 1st S I loved 2nd S you loved (usted) amaba; am 3rd S he/ she/ it loved 1st P we loved (l/ ella/ *ello) amaba; am (nosotros/ as) ambamos; amamos (vosotros/ as) amabais; amasteis (ustedes) amaban; amaron 3rd P they loved (ellos/ as) amaban; amaron Spanish (yo) amaba; am (t) amabas; amaste

(yo) estoy amando (t) ests amando (usted) est amando

you are loving 2nd S youre loving

he/ she/ it is loving 3rd S hes/ shes/ its loving (l/ ella/ *ello) est amando we are loving 1st P were loving you are loving 2nd P youre loving they are loving 3rd P theyre loving (nosotros/ as) estamos amando (vosotros/ as) estis amando (ustedes) estn amando (ellos/ as) estn amando

2nd

P you loved

Past continuous English 1st S I was loving 2nd S you were loving he/ she/ it was 3rd S loving 1st P we were loving Spanish (yo) estaba amando (t) estabas amando (usted) estaba amando (l/ ella/ *ello) estaba amando (nosotros/ as) estbamos amando we will love 1st P well love (vosotros/ as) estabais amando 2nd P you were loving (ustedes) estaban amando 3rd P they were loving (ellos/ as) estaban amando you will love 2nd P youll love they will love 3rd P theyll love -184English I will love 1st S Ill love you will love 2nd S youll love

Future Spanish (yo) amar (t) amars (usted) amar (l/ ella/ *ello) amar

he/ she/ it will love 3rd S hell/ shell/ itll love

(nosotros/ as) amaremos (vosotros/ as) amaris (ustedes) amarn (ellos/ as) amarn

Future with going to (present) English I am going to love 1st S Im going to love you are going to love 2nd S youre going to love Spanish (yo) voy a amar (t) vas a amar (usted) va a amar

Future with going to (past) English 1st S I was going to love 2nd S you were going to love Spanish (yo) iba a amar (t) ibas a amar (usted) iba a amar 3rd S he/ she/ it was going to love (l/ ella/ *ello) iba a amar 1st P we were going to love (nosotros/ as) bamos a amar 2nd P you were going to love (vosotros/ as) ibais a amar (ustedes) iban a amar

he/ she/ it is going to love 3rd S hes/ shes/ its going to love (l/ ella/ *ello) va a amar we are going to love 1st P were going to love you are going to love 2nd P youre going to love they are going to love 3rd P theyre going to love (nosotros/ as) vamos a amar (vosotros/ as) vais a amar (ustedes) van a amar (ellos/ as) van a amar

3rd P they were going to love (ellos/ as) iban a amar

Conditional English I would love 1st S Id love you would love 2nd S youd love he/ she/ it would love 3rd S hed/ shed/ itd love we would love 1st P wed love you would love 2nd P youd love they would love 3rd P theyd love (yo) amara (t) amaras (usted) amara
REGULAR VERBS

Spanish

(l/ ella/ *ello) amara (nosotros/ as) amaramos (vosotros/ as) amarais (ustedes) amaran (ellos/ as) amaran

ACTIVE VOICE
NEGATIVE FORM
Simple present English I do not love 1st S I dont love you do not love 2nd S you dont love Spanish (yo) no amo (t) no amas (usted) no ama Present perfect English I have not loved 1st S I havent loved you have not loved 2nd S you havent loved Spanish (yo) no he amado (t) no has amado (usted) no ha amado

he/ she/ it does not love 3rd S he/ she/ it doesnt love (l/ ella/ *ello) no ama we do not love 1st P we dont love you do not love 2nd P you dont love they do not love 3rd P they dont love (nosotros/ as) no amamos (vosotros/ as) no amis (ustedes) no aman (ellos/ as) no aman

he/ she/ it has not loved 3rd S he/ she/ it hasnt loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no ha amado we have not loved 1st P we havent loved you have not loved 2nd P you havent loved they have not loved 3rd P they havent loved (nosotros/ as) no hemos amado (vosotros/ as) no habis amado (ustedes) no han amado (ellos/ as) no han amado

-185-

Present continuous English Spanish I am not loving (yo) no estoy amando 1st S Im not loving (t) no ests amando you are not loving 2nd S you arent loving (usted) no est amando he/ she/ it is not loving 3rd S he/ she/ it isnt loving we are not loving 1st P we arent loving you are not loving 2nd P you arent loving they are not loving 3rd P they arent loving (l/ ella/ *ello) no est amando (nosotros/ as) no estamos amando (vosotros/ as) no estis amando (ustedes) no estn amando (ellos/ as) no estn amando

Simple past English I did not love 1st S I didnt love you did not love 2nd S you didnt love Spanish (yo) no amaba; no am (t) no amabas; no amaste (usted) no amaba; no am

he/ she/ it did not love (l/ ella/ *ello) no amaba; no 3rd S he/ she/ it didnt love am we did not love 1st P we didnt love you did not love 2nd P you didnt love they did not love 3rd P they didnt love (nosotros/ as) no ambamos; no amamos (vosotros/ as) no amabais; no amasteis (ustedes) no amaban; no amaron (ellos/ as) no amaban; no amaron

Past continuous English I was not loving 1st S I wasnt loving you were not loving 2nd S you werent loving
REGULAR VERBS

Future Spanish English I will not love 1st S I wont love you will not love 2nd S you wont love Spanish (yo) no amar (t) no amars (usted) no amar

(yo) no estaba amando (t) no estabas amando (usted) no estaba amando

he/ she/ it was not loving (l/ ella/ *ello) no estaba 3rd S he/ she/ it wasnt loving amando we were not loving 1st P we werent loving you were not loving 2nd P you werent loving they were not loving 3rd P they werent loving (nosotros/ as) no estbamos amando (vosotros/ as) no estabais amando (ustedes) no estaban amando (ellos/ as) no estaban amando

he/ she/ it will not love 3rd S he/ she/ it wont love (l/ ella/ *ello) no amar we will not love 1st P we wont love you will not love 2nd P you wont love they will not love 3rd P they wont love (nosotros/ as) no amaremos (vosotros/ as) no amaris (ustedes) no amarn (ellos/ as) no amarn

Future with going to (past) English Spanish I was not going to love 1st S I wasnt going to love you were not going to love 2nd S you werent going to love (yo) no iba a amar (t) no ibas a amar (usted) no iba a amar

Future with going to (present) English I am not going to love 1st S Im not going to love Spanish (yo) no voy a amar

you are not going to love (t) no vas a amar 2nd S you arent going to love (usted) no va a amar he/ she/ it is not going to love 3rd S he/ she/ it isnt going to love (l/ ella/ *ello) no va a amar we are not going to love 1st P we arent going to love (nosotros/ as) no vamos a amar

he/ she/ it was not going to love 3rd S he/ she/ it wasnt going to love (l/ ella/ *ello) no iba a amar we were not going to love (nosotros/ as) 1st P we werent going to love no bamos a amar you were not going to love 2nd P you werent going to love (vosotros/ as) no ibais a amar (ustedes) no iban a amar

(vosotros/ as) you are not going to love 2nd P you arent going to love no vais a amar (ustedes) no van a amar they are not going to love 3rd P they arent going to love (ellos/ as) no van a amar

they were not going to love 3rd P they werent going to love (ellos/ as) no iban a amar

-186-

Conditional English 1st S I would not love I wouldnt love (yo) no amara (t) no amaras (usted) no amara (l/ ella/ *ello) no amara Spanish

you would not love 2nd S you wouldnt love he/ she/ it would not love he/ she/ it wouldnt love we would not love we wouldnt love

3rd S

1st P

(nosotros/ as) no amaramos (vosotros/ as) no amarais (ustedes) no amaran (ellos/ as) no amaran

you would not love 2nd P you wouldnt love 3rd P they would not love they wouldnt love

ACTIVE

VOICE

QUESTION FORM

Simple present English amas (t)?; ama (usted)? Affirmative do you love?
REGULAR VERBS

Spanish

amis (vosostros/ as)?; aman (ustedes)? no amas (t)?; no ama (usted)? no amis (vosostros/ as)?; no aman (ustedes)? ama (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Negative

do you not love? dont you love?

Affirmative

does he/ she/ it love? does he/ she/ it not love? doesnt he/ she/ it love?

Negative

no ama (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Present perfect English Spanish has amado (t)?; ha amado (usted)? Affirmative have you loved? habis amado (vosostros/ as)?; han amado (ustedes)? no has amado (t)?; no ha amado (usted)? no habis amado (vosostros/ as)?; no han amado (ustedes)? ha amado (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Negative

have you not loved? havent you love?

Affirmative

has he/ she/ it loved? has he/ she/ it not love? hasnt he/ she/ it love? -187-

Negative

no ha amado (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Present continuous English Affirmative Negative Affirmative am I loving? am I not loving? are you loving?

Spanish

estoy amando (yo)? no estoy amando (yo)? ests amando (t)?; est amando (usted)? estis amando (vosotros/ as); estn amando (ustedes)? no ests amando (t)?; no est amando (usted)? no estis amando (vosotros/ as); no estn amando (ustedes)? est amando (l/ ella/ *ello)? no est amando (l/ ella/ *ello)? Simple past

Negative Affirmative Negative

are you not loving? arent you loving? is he/ she/ it loving? is he/ she/ it not loving? isnt he/ she/ it loving?

English

Spanish amabas; amaste (t)?; amaba; am (usted)?

Affirmative

did you love? amabais; amasteis (vosostros/ as)?; amaban; amaron (ustedes)? no amabas; no amaste (t)?; no amaba; no am (usted)? no amabais; no amasteis (vosostros/ as)?; no amaban; no amaron (ustedes)? Past continuous English

Negative
REGULAR VERBS

did you not love? didnt you love?

Affirmative Negative

was I loving? was I not loving? wasnt I loving? were you loving?

Spanish estaba amando (yo)? no estaba amando (yo)? estabas amando (t)?; estaba amando (usted)? estabais amando (vosotros/ as); estaban amando (ustedes)? no estabas amando (t)?; no estaba amando (usted)? no estabais amando (vosotros/ as); no estaban amando (ustedes)? estaba amando (l/ ella/ *ello)? no estaba amando (l/ ella/ *ello)? Future

Affirmative

Negative Affirmative Negative

were you not loving? werent you loving? was he/ she/ it loving? was he/ she/ it not loving? wasnt he/ she/ it loving?

English

Spanish amars (t)?; amar (usted)?

Affirmative

will you love? amaris (vosostros/ as)?; amarn (ustedes)? no amars (t)?; no amar (usted)? no amaris (vosostros/ as)?; no amarn (ustedes)? -188-

Negative

will you not love? wont you love?

Future with going to (present) English Affirmative Negative am I going to love? am I not going to love? Spanish voy a amar (yo)? no voy a amar (yo)? vas a amar (t)?; va a amar (usted)? vais a amar (vosotros/ as); van a amar (ustedes)? no vas a amar (t)?; no va a amar (usted)? no vais a amar (vosotros/ as); no van a amar (ustedes)? va a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)? no va a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Affirmative

are you going to love?

Negative

are you not going to love? arent you going to love? is he/ she/ it going to love? is he/ she/ it not going to love? isnt he/ she/ it going to love?

Affirmative Negative

Future with going to (past) English Affirmative Negative was I going to love? was I not going to love? wasnt I going to love? Spanish iba a amar (yo)? no iba a amar (yo)? ibas a amar (t)?; iba a amar (usted)? ibais a amar (vosotros/ as); iban a amar (ustedes)? no ibas a amar (t)?; no iba a amar (usted)? no ibais a amar (vosotros/ as); no iban a amar (ustedes)? iba a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)? no iba a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Affirmative

were you going to love?

Negative

were you not going to love? werent you going to love? was he/ she/ it going to love? was he/ she/ it not going to love? wasnt he/ she/ it going to love?

Affirmative Negative

Conditional English Spanish amaras (t)?; amara (usted)? Affirmative would you love? amarais (vosostros/ as)?; amaran (ustedes)?

no amaras (t)?; no amara (usted)? Negative would you not love? wouldnt you love? no amaras (vosostros/ as)?; no amaran (ustedes)?

-189-

REGULAR VERBS

ACTIVE VOICE
IMPERATIVE FORM
Imperative English Spanish ama (t); ame (usted) Affirmative love amad (vosostros/ as); amen (ustedes) no ames (t); no ame (usted) no amis (vosostros/ as); no amen (ustedes) amemos (nosotros/ as) no amemos (nosotros/ as) Gerund Past Participle Infinitive

ACTIVE VOICE
INFINITIVE

/ PAST PARTICPLE / GERUND FORM

English Spanish

to love

amar

loved

amado/ a, amados/ as

Negative

do not love dont love

Affirmative lets love Negative lets not love

loving

amando

PA S S I V E V O I C E
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Simple present English Spanish 1st S
REGULAR VERBS

Present perfect English I have been loved 1st S Ive been loved you have been loved 2nd S youve been loved Spanish (yo) he sido amado/ a (t) has sido amado/ a (usted) ha sido amado/ a

I am loved Im loved

(yo) soy amado/ a (t) eres amado/ a (usted) es amado/ a

you are loved 2nd S youre loved 3rd S 1st P

he/ she/ it is loved hes/ shes/ its loved (l/ ella/ *ello) es amado/ a we are loved were loved (nosotros/ as) somos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) sois amados/ as (ustedes) son amados/ as (ellos/ as) son amados/ as

he/ she/ it has been loved 3rd S hes/ shes/ its been loved (l/ ella/ *ello) ha sido amado/ a we have been loved 1st P weve been loved you have been loved 2nd P youve been loved they have been loved 3rd P theyve been loved (nosotros/ as) hemos sido amados/ as (vosotros/ as) habis sido amados/ as (ustedes) han sido amados/ as (ellos/ as) han sido amados/ as

you are loved 2nd P youre loved 3rd P they are loved theyre loved

Present continuous English Spanish I am being loved 1st S Im being loved 2nd you are being loved S youre being loved (yo) estoy siendo amado/ a (t) ests siendo amado/ a (usted) est siendo amado/ a

Simple past English 1st S I was loved 2nd S you were loved (usted) era; fue amado/ a 3rd S he/ she/ it was loved (l/ ella/ *ello) era; fue amado/ a 1st P we were loved (nosotros/ as) ramos; fuimos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) erais; fuisteis amados/ as (ustedes) eran; fueron amados/ as (ellos/ as) eran; fueron amados/ as Spanish (yo) era; fui amado/ a (t) eras; fuiste amado/ a

he/ she/ it is being loved (l/ ella/ *ello) 3rd S hes/ shes/ its being loved est siendo amado/ a we are being loved 1st P were being loved you are being loved 2nd P youre being loved they are being loved 3rd P theyre being loved (nosotros/ as) estamos siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as) estis siendo amados/ as (ustedes) estn siendo amados/ as (ellos/ as) estn siendo amados/ as

2nd P you were loved

3rd P they were loved -190-

Past continuous English 1st S I was being loved 2nd S you were being loved (usted) estaba siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello) 3rd S he/ she/ it was being loved estaba siendo amado/ a (nosotros/ as) 1st P we were being loved estbamos siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as) estabais siendo amados/ as (ustedes) estaban siendo amados/ as Spanish (yo) estaba siendo amado/ a (t) estabas siendo amado/ a you will be loved 2nd S youll be loved English I will be loved 1st S Ill be loved

Future Spanish (yo) ser amado/ a (t) sers amado/ a (usted) ser amado/ a

he/ she/ it will be loved 3rd S hell/ shell/ itll be loved (l/ ella/ *ello) ser amado/ a we will be loved 1st P well be loved you will be loved 2nd P youll be loved they will be loved 3rd P theyll be loved (nosotros/ as) seremos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) seris amados/ as (ustedes) sern amados/ as (ellos/ as) sern amados/ as

2nd P you were being loved

(ellos/ as) 3rd P they were being loved estaban siendo amados/ as

Future with going to (past) English Spanish 1st S I was going to be loved (yo) iba a ser amado/ a (t) ibas a ser amado/ a 2nd S you were going to be loved (usted) iba a ser amado/ a he/ she/ it 3rd S was going to be loved (l/ ella/ *ello) iba a ser amado/ a

Future with going to (present) English Spanish I am going to be loved (yo) voy a ser amado/ a 1st S Im going to be loved you are going to be loved (t) vas a ser amado/ a 2nd S youre going to be loved (usted) va a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello) va a ser amado/ a
REGULAR VERBS

(nosotros/ as) 1st P we were going to be loved bamos a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as) ibais a ser amados/ as (ustedes) iban a ser amados/ as 3rd P they were going to be loved (ellos/ as) iban a ser amados/ as

he/ she/ it is going to be loved 3rd S hes/ shes/ its going to be loved we are going to be loved 1st P were going to be loved

2nd P you were going to be loved

(nosotros/ as) vamos a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as) vais a ser amados/ as you are going to be loved 2nd P youre going to be loved (ustedes) van a ser amados/ as they are going to be loved 3rd P theyre going to be loved (ellos/ as) van a ser amados/ as

Conditional English 1st S I would be loved Id be loved Spanish (yo) sera amado/ a (t) seras amado/ a (usted) sera amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello) sera amado/ a (nosotros/ as) seramos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) serais amados/ as (ustedes) seran amados/ as (ellos/ as) seran amados/ as -191-

you would be loved 2nd S youd be loved he/ she/ it would be loved 3rd S hed/ shed/ itd be loved 1st P we would be loved wed be loved

you would be loved 2nd P youd be loved they would be loved 3rd P theyd be loved

PA S S I V E V O I C E
NEGATIVE FORM
Simple present Spanish (yo) no soy amado/ a Present perfect English Spanish I have not been loved (yo) no he sido amado/ a 1st S I havent been loved you have not been loved (t) no has sido amado/ a 2nd S you havent been loved (usted) no ha sido amado/ a he/ she/ it has not not been loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no ha sido 3rd S he/ she/ it amado/ a hasnt been loved we have not been loved (nosotros/ as) no hemos sido 1st P we havent been loved amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no habis sido you have not been loved amados/ as nd 2 P you havent been loved (ustedes) no han sido amados/ as they have not been loved (ellos/ as) no han sido 3rd P they havent been loved amados/ as

English I am not loved 1st S Im not loved

you are not loved (t) no eres amado/ a 2nd S you arent loved (usted) no es amado/ a he/ she/ it is not loved 3rd S he/ she/ it isnt loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no es amado/ a we are not loved 1st P we arent loved (nosotros/ as) no somos amados/ as you are not loved (vosotros/ as) no sois amados/ as 2nd P you arent loved (ustedes) son no amados/ as they are not loved 3rd P they arent loved (ellos/ as) son no amados/ as

Present continuous English Spanish I am not being loved (yo) no estoy siendo 1st S Im not being loved amado/ a (t) no ests siendo you are not being loved amado/ a nd 2 S you arent being loved (usted) no est siendo amado/ a he/ she/ it is not being loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no est 3rd S he/ she/ it isnt being siendo amado/ a loved we are not being loved (nosotros/ as) no estamos 1st P we arent being loved siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no estis siendo amados/ as you are not being loved 2nd P you arent being loved (ustedes) no estn siendo amados/ as they are not being loved (ellos/ as) no estn 3rd P they arent being loved siendo amados/ as

Simple past English I was not loved 1st S I wasnt loved you were not loved 2nd S you werent loved he/ she/ it was not loved 3rd S he/ she/ it wasnt loved we were not loved 1st P we werent loved you were not loved 2nd P you werent loved they were not loved 3rd P they werent loved Spanish (yo) no era; no fui amado/ a (t) no eras; no fuiste amado/ a (usted) no era; no fue amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello) no era; no fue amado/ a (nosotros/ as) no ramos; no fuimos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no erais; no fuisteis amados/ as (ustedes) no eran; no fueron amados/ as (ellos/ as) no eran; no fueron amados/ as

REGULAR VERBS

1st

2nd S

3rd S 1st P 2nd P

3rd P

Past continuous English Spanish I was not being loved (yo) no estaba siendo I wasnt being loved amado/ a (t) no estabas siendo amado/ a you were not being loved you werent being loved (usted) no estaba siendo amado/ a he/ she/ it was not being loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no estaba he/ she/ it wasnt being siendo amado/ a loved we were not being loved (nosotros/ as) no estbamos we werent being loved siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no estabais you were not being loved siendo amados/ as you werent being loved (ustedes) no estaban siendo amados/ as they were not being loved (ellos/ as) no estaban they werent being loved siendo amados/ as

Future English I will not be loved 1st S I wont be loved you will not be loved 2nd S you wont be loved Spanish (yo) no ser amado/ a (t) no sers amado/ a (usted) no ser amado/ a

he/ she/ it will not be loved 3rd S he/ she/ it wont be loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no ser amado/ a we will wont be loved (nosotros/ as) no seremos 1st P we wont be loved amados/ as you will not be loved 2nd P you wont be loved (vosotros/ as) no seris amados/ as (ustedes) no sern amados/ as

they will not be loved (ellos/ as) no sern amados/ as 3rd P they wont be loved

-192-

Future with going to (past) English Spanish I was not going to be loved 1st S I wasnt going to be loved (yo) no iba a ser amado/ a you were not going to be loved (t) no ibas a ser amado/ a 2nd S you werent going to be loved (usted) no iba a ser amado/ a he/ she/ it was not going to be loved 3rd S he/ she/ it wasnt going to be loved we were not going to be loved 1st P we werent going to be loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no iba a ser amado/ a

Future with going to (present) English Spanish I am not going to be loved 1st S Im not going to be loved (yo) no voy a ser amado/ a you are not going to be loved (t) no vas a ser amado/ a 2nd S you arent going to be loved (usted) no va a ser amado/ a he/ she/ it is not going to be loved 3rd S he/ she/ it isnt going to be loved we are not going to be loved 1st P we arent going to be loved you are not going to be loved 2nd P you arent going to be loved they are not going to be loved 3rd P they arent going to be loved (l/ ella/ *ello) no va a ser amado/ a (nosotros/ as) no vamos a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no vais a ser amados/ as (ustedes) no van a ser amados/ as (ellos/ as) no van a ser amados/ as

(nosotros/ as) no bamos a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no ibais a you were not going to be loved ser amados/ as nd 2 P you werent going to be loved (ustedes) no iban a ser amados/ as they were not going to be loved (ellos/ as) no iban a ser 3rd P they werent going to be loved amados/ as

Conditional English I would not be loved 1st S I wouldnt be loved you would not be loved 2nd S you wouldnt be loved he/ she/ it would not be loved 3rd S he/ she/ it wouldnt be loved we would not be loved 1st P we wouldnt be loved you would not be loved 2nd P you wouldnt be loved they would not be loved 3rd P they wouldnt be loved Spanish (yo) no sera amado/ a (t) no seras amado/ a (usted) no sera amado/ a
REGULAR VERBS

(l/ ella/ *ello) no sera amado/ a (nosotros/ as) no seramos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) no serais amados/ as (ustedes) no seran amados/ as (ellos/ as) no seran amados/ as

PA S S I V E V O I C E
QUESTION FORM
Simple present English Affirmative am I loved? Negative am I not loved? Spanish soy amado/ a (yo)? no soy amado/ a (yo)? eres amado/ a (t)?; es amado/ a (usted)? sois amados/ as (vosotros/ as); son amados/ as (ustedes)? no eres amado/ a (t)?; no es amado/ a (usted)? no sois amados/ as (vosotros/ as); no son amados/ as (ustedes)? es amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? no es amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? -193-

Affirmative are you loved?

Negative

are you not loved? arent you loved?

Affirmative is he/ she/ it loved? Negative is he/ she/ it not loved? isnt he/ she/ it loved?

Present perfect English Spanish has sido amado/ a (t)?; ha sido amado/ a (usted)? Affirmative have you been loved? habis sido amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?; han sido amados/ as (ustedes)? no has sido amado/ a (t)?; no ha sido amado/ a (usted)? no habis sido amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?; no han sido amados/ as (ustedes)? Affirmative Negative has he/ she/ it been loved? has he/ she/ it not been love? hasnt he/ she/ it been love? ha sido amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? no ha sido amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Negative

have you not been loved? havent you been love?

Present continuous English Affirmative Negative am I being loved? am I not being loved? Spanish estoy siendo amado/ a (yo)? no estoy siendo amado/ a (yo)? ests siendo amado/ a (t)?; est siendo amado/ a (usted)? estis siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as); estn siendo amados/ as (ustedes)? no ests siendo amado/ a (t)?; no est siendo amado/ a (usted)? no estis siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as); no estn siendo amados/ as (ustedes)? est siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? no est siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?

REGULAR VERBS

Affirmative

are you being loved?

Negative

are you not being loved? arent you being loved?

Affirmative Negative

is he/ she/ it being loved? is he/ she/ it not being loved? isnt he/ she/ it being loved?

Simple past English Affirmative Negative was I loved? was I not loved? wasnt I loved? were you loved? Spanish era; fui amado/ a (yo)? no era; no fui amado/ a (yo)? eras; fuiste amado/ a (t)?; era; fue amado/ a (usted)? erais; fuisteis amados/ as (vosotros/ as); eran; fueron amados/ as (ustedes)? no eras; no fuiste amado/ a (t)?; no era; no fue amado/ a (usted)? no erais; no fuisteis amados/ as (vosotros/ as); no eran; no fueron amados/ as (ustedes)? era; fue amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? no era; no fue amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? -194-

Affirmative

Negative

were you not loved? werent you loved? was he/ she/ it loved? was he/ she/ it not loved? wasnt he/ she/ it loved?

Affirmative Negative

Past continuous English Affirmative Negative was I being loved? was I not being loved? wasnt I being loved? were you being loved? Spanish estaba siendo amado/ a (yo)? no estaba siendo amado/ a (yo)? estabas siendo amado/ a (t)?; estaba siendo amado/ a (usted)? estabais siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as); estaban siendo amados/ as (ustedes)? no estabas siendo amado/ a (t)?; no estaba siendo amado/ a (usted)? no estabais siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as); no estaban siendo amados/ as (ustedes)? estaba siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Affirmative

Negative

were you not being loved? werent you being loved? was he/ she/ it being loved?

Affirmative Negative

was he/ she/ it not being loved? no estaba siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? wasnt he/ she/ it being loved?

Future English Spanish sers amado/ a (t)?; ser amado/ a (usted)? Affirmative will you be loved? seris amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?; sern amados/ as (ustedes)?
REGULAR VERBS

no sers amado/ a (t)?; no ser amado/ a (usted)? Negative will you not be loved? wont you be loved? no seris amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?; no sern amados/ as (ustedes)?

Future with going to (present) English Affirmative Negative am I going to be loved? am I not going to be loved? Spanish voy a ser amado/ a (yo)? no voy a ser amado/ a (yo)? vas a ser amado/ a (t)?; va a ser amado/ a (usted)? vais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as); van a ser amados/ as (ustedes)? no vas a ser amado/ a (t)?; no va a ser amado/ a (usted)? no vais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as); no van a ser amados/ as (ustedes)? va a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? no va a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Affirmative

are you going to be loved?

Negative

are you not going to be loved? arent you going to be loved? is he/ she/ it going to be loved? is he/ she/ it not going to be loved? isnt he/ she/ it going to be loved? -195-

Affirmative Negative

Future with going to (past) English Affirmative was I going to be loved? Negative was I not going to be loved? wasnt I going to be loved?

Spanish

iba a ser amado/ a (yo)? no iba a ser amado/ a (yo)? ibas a ser amado/ a (t)?; iba a ser amado/ a (usted)? ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as); iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)? no ibas a ser amado/ a (t)?; no iba a ser amado/ a (usted)? no ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as); no iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)? iba a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?

Affirmative were you going to be loved?

Negative

were you not going to be loved? werent you going to be loved?

Affirmative was he/ she/ it going to be loved? Negative

was he/ she/ it not going to be loved? no iba a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)? wasnt he/ she/ it going to be loved?

Conditional English Spanish seras amado/ a (t)?; sera amado/ a (usted)? Affirmative would you be loved? serais amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?; seran amados/ as (ustedes)?
REGULAR VERBS

no seras amado/ a (t)?; no sera amado/ a (usted)? Negative would you not be loved? wouldnt you be loved? no serais amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?; no seran amados/ as (ustedes)?

PA S S I V E V O I C E
IMPERATIVE FORM
Imperative English Spanish s amado/ a (t); sea amado/ a (usted) Affirmative be loved sed amados/ as (vosostros/ as); sean amados/ as (ustedes) no seas amado/ a (t); no sea amado/ a (usted) Infinitive

PA S S I V E V O I C E
INFINITIVE

/ PAST PARTICPLE / GERUND FORM

English Spanish

to be loved

ser amado/ a, amados/ as

Negative do not be loved dont be loved

Past Participle been loved no seis amados/ as (vosostros/ as); no sean amados/ as (ustedes) seamos amados/ as (nosotros/ as) Gerund being loved

sido amado/ a, amados/ as

Affirmative lets be loved

siendo amado/ a, amados/ as

Negative lets not be loved no seamos amados/ as (nosotros/ as) -196-

IRREGULAR
PRESENT

VERBS
PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH

SIMPLE PAST

arise awake be beat become begin bend bind bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy can catch choose come cost creep cut dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget forgive freeze get go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead lean

arose awoke was, were beat became began bent bound bit bled blew broke brought built burnt burst bought could caught chose came cost crept cut dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led leant
-197-

arisen awoke(n) been beaten become begun bent bound bitten bled blown broken brought built burnt burst bought could caught chosen come cost crept cut dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got (BrE) gotten (AmE) gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led leant

levantarse despertar ser; estar golpear llegar empezar doblar atar, amarrar morder sangrar soplar romper traer construir quemar estallar comprar poder coger escoger venir costar trepar cortar cavar hacer arrastrar, tirar; dibujar soar beber conducir comer caer alimentar sentir luchar encontrar escapar, huir arrojar volar prohibir olvidar perdonar helar lograr, alcanzar ir crecer colgar tener or esconder golpear sujetar, agarrar herir, daar gardar, mantener saber poner, colocar conducir, guiar apoyarse

IRREGULAR VERBS

PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

SPANISH

leave lend let lie lie light lose make mean meet pay put read rent ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set shake shine shoot show shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell speak speed spell spend spill split spoil spread spring stand steal sting swear sweep swell swim take teach tell think throw understand wake wear win write

left lent let lay lied lit lost made meant met paid put read rent rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt spoke sped spelt spent spilt split spoilt spread sprang stood stole stung swore swept swelled swam took taught told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote
-198-

left lent let lain lied lit lost made meant met paid put read rent ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set shaken shone shot shown shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt spoken sped spelt spent spilt split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stung sworn swept swollen swum taken taught told thought thrown understood woke(n) worn won written

dejar, abandonar prestar dejar echarse, tumbarse mentir encender perder hacer significar encontrarse pagar poner leer alquilar montar [caballo, bicicleta] sonar levantarse; elevarse correr decir ver buscar vender enviar colocar temblar, agitar brillar disparar mostrar cerrar cantar hundir sentarse dormir resbalar oler hablar aligerar deletrear gastar; pasar tiempo derramar dividir estropear derramar brotar sostenerse, estar en pie robar picar [insecto] jurar barrer hinchar, inflamar nadar tomar ensear decir pensar arrojar comprender despertar llevar puesto [ropa] ganar escribir

IRREGULAR VERBS

UNIT 1
GRAMMAR
1.-PERSONAL PRONOUNS (PRONOMBRES PERSONALES)
SINGULAR English 1st 2nd 3rd I you he/ she/ it yo t/ usted l/ ella/ *ello TO BE (ser; estar) Simple present / Negative form English Spanish Spanish 1st S I am not I'm not (yo) no soy (yo) no estoy (t) no eres; (t) no ests (usted) no es; (usted) no est

you are not 2nd S you arent 3rd S

PLURAL English 1st 2nd 3rd we you they

he/ she/ it is not (l/ ella/ *ello) no es he/ she/ it isnt (l/ ella/ *ello) no est we are not we arent (nosotros/ as) no somos (nosotros/ as) no estamos (vosotros/ as) no sois (vosotros/ as) no estis (ustedes) no son (ustedes) no estn (ellos/ as) no son (ellos/ as) no estn

Spanish nosotros/ as vosotros/ as ustedes ellos/ as

1st P

Ntese que en ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol, hay tres gneros (masculino, femenino y neutro) para el pronombre personal de tercera persona del singular. La traduccin que ofrecemos para el pronombre personal neutro de tercera persona del singular (it) es *ello. 2.-THE VERB TO BE (EL VERBO TO BE)
TO BE (ser; estar) Simple present / Affirmative form English Spanish 1st S I am I'm (yo) soy (yo) estoy (t) eres; (t) ests (usted) es; (usted) est (l/ ella/ *ello) es (l/ ella/ *ello) est (nosotros/ as) somos (nosotros/ as) estamos (vosotros/ as) sois (vosotros/ as) estis (ustedes) son (ustedes) estn (ellos/ as) son (ellos/ as) estn

you are not 2nd P you arent

3rd P

they are not they arent

TO BE (ser; estar) Simple present / Question form English Spanish 1st S am I? soy (yo)? estoy (yo)? eres (t)?; ests (t)? es (usted)?; est (usted)? es (l/ ella/ *ello)? est (l/ ella/ *ello)? somos (nosotros/ as)? estamos (nosotros/ as)? sois (vosotros/ as)? estis (vosotros/ as)? son (ustedes)? estn (ustedes)? son (ellos/ as)? estn (ellos/ as)?

2nd S are you? 3rd S 1st P is he/ she/ it? are we?

you are 2nd S you're 3rd S 1st P he/ she/ it is he's/ she's/ it's we are we're

2nd P are you?

you are 2nd P you're

3rd P

are they?

3rd P

they are they're

A diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol, todas las formas verbales en ingls han de estar acompaadas por un sujeto explcito, ya sea un pronombre personal (I, you, etc.) o uno o varios sustantivos (John, Paul and Ane, etc.)
-9-

DAILY
1.-GREETINGS (SALUDOS)

SPEAKING

Hello! My names Isabel. Whats your name?

My names Nuria

Isabel:
Isabel:

Hello! My names Isabel. Whats your name? Hola! Me llamo Isabel. Cmo te llamas? My names Nuria. Me llamo Nuria. How old are you? Cuntos aos tienes? Im thirty-six years old. And you? Tengo treinta y seis aos. Y t? Im thirty-nine. Tengo treinta y nueve. Hi! Hola! Hi! How are you? Hola! Cmo ests? Fine, thank you. And you? Bien, gracias. Y t? Fine, thanks. Bien, gracias.

Nuria: Nuria: Isabel: Isabel:

Nuria: Nuria: Isabel: Isabel: Alicia: Alicia. Isabel: Isabel: Alicia: Alicia: Isabel: Isabel:

How old are you? Im thirty-nine

Im thirty-six years old. And you?

Hi!
Hi! How are you? Fine, thank you. And you? Fine, thanks

-10-

CIVILIAN
1.-CARDINAL NUMBERS I (1-30) (NMEROS CARDINALES I [1-30])
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

VOCABULARY

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine thirty

Examples:
English I have three cars. George is twenty-six years old. My brother spent eight days in London. Tengo tres coches. George tiene veintisis aos. Mi hermano estuvo ocho das en Londres. Spanish

2.-ORDINAL NUMBERS I (1st-5th) (NMEROS ORDINALES I [1-5])

English 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th first second third fourth fifth

Spanish primero/ a/ os/ as segundo/ a/ os/ as tercero/ a/ os/ as cuarto/ a/ os/ as quinto/ a/ os/ as

Examples:
English The Fourth of July is the American Independence Day. The second day of the week is Tuesday. His first last name is Prez. Spanish El cuatro de julio es el Da de la Independencia estadounidense. El segundo da de la semana es martes. Su primer apellido es Prez.

-11-

READING

COMPREHENSION
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) How old is Miguel? 2) What are they? 3) What is her telephone number?

1.DESCRIPTION OF MIGUEL AND TERESA (DESCRIPCIN DE MIGUEL Y TERESA)

Miguel and Teresa are a couple. He is twenty-four years old and she is twenty-three years old. They are students. He is a biologist and she is an economist. His telephone number is 4-8-6-7-1-5 and her telephone number is 7-6-9-1-6-4. Miguel is a sportsman but she is not. They are in Granada, they live at 13 Telephone Road. This is the first time they live together.

MILITARY
1.-RANKS (EMPLEOS MILITARES)

TERMS

all rank and file Private Corporal Full Corporal Corporal Major

N.C.O. Sergeant Staff Sergeant Warrant Officer Sergeant Major

officers Second First Captain Lieutenant Lieutenant Major Lieutenant Colonel Colonel

generals Brigadier 2.-VARIOUS (VARIOS)

English English recruit all rank and file N.C.O. tropa suboficiales -12Spanish recluta temporary officer conscript soldier professional soldier generals Spanish oficial de complemento soldado de reemplazo soldado profesional oficiales generales

Major General

Three Star General

Four Star General

Five Star General

MILITARY

CONVERSATION
Private: Soldado: May I come in, Sir? Puedo entrar, mi Brigada?

Staff Sergeant: Yes, come in. Brigada: S, entre. Private:

May I come in, Sir?

Soldado:
Yes, come in

This is the Private Juan Ramrez Martnez, assigned to this Rifle Company, Sir. Mi Brigada, soy el Soldado Juan Ramrez Martnez, destinado a la Compaa de Fusiles.

This is the Private Juan Ramrez Martnez, assigned to this Rifle Company, Sir Whats your post given to you by the Sergeant? OK, why did you join the Army? Second Rifle Platoon, first Squad

Staff Sergeant: Whats your post given to you by the Sergeant? Brigada: Cul es el encuadramiento que te ha dado el Sargento? Private: Soldado: Second Rifle Platoon, first Squad. Segunda Seccin de Fusiles, primer Pelotn.

Staff Sergeant: OK, why did you join the Army? Brigada: De acuerdo, por qu entr en el Ejrcito? Private: Soldado: Because I always liked this kind of life and I love serving my country in the Army. Porque siempre me ha gustado este tipo de vida y me encanta servir a mi patria en el Ejrcito.

Because I always liked this kind of life and I love serving my country in the Army

EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH
OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE CORRECT WORD.

2) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB TO BE.

a) Hello. My name is Cristina. What is your name? b) My _____ is Patricia. c) Hello. I _____ Charles. What is _____ name? d) _____ _____ _____ Hellen. e) I am twenty-two years old. How old _____ you? f) _____ _____ nineteen _____ old. g) _____ old are _____? h) I am _____ years _____? i) What is your telephone number? j) My _____ number is 5-6-2-8-4-5. k) Is your telephone _____ 5-6-2-8-4-5 l) Yes, it _____.
-13-

a) Are you a student? b) _____ she Patricia? c) _____ they Spanish? d) _____ I nice? e) _____ we friends?

3) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD.

a) Are you a student? b) No, I am not a _____. c) Are they Paul and Mary? d) _____, they are. e) _____ I your friend? f) Yes, you _____. g) Are you a soldier? h) No, I _____ _____ a soldier.

4) REWRITE
a) 14

THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERS BY USING WORDS.

6) REWRITE
a) 1st a) First b) 2nd b)

THE FOLLOWING ORDINAL NUMBERS BY USING WORDS.

a) Fourteen b) 30 b) __________________

__________________

c) 28 c) __________________

c) 3rd c) __________________

d) 16 d) __________________

d) 4th d) __________________

e) 13 e) __________________ e) 5th e) f) 11 f) __________________ __________________

7) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP? WRITE THE SOLUTIONS WITH THE CORRECT WORD.
a) six + ten a) Sixteen b) five + nine b) __________________

g) 25

g) h) 3 h)

__________________

__________________ c) one + three c) __________________ d) thirteen + nine d) __________________ e) two + eight e) __________________ f) three + three f) __________________ g) four + ten g) __________________ h) eleven + twelve h) __________________ i) twenty + ten i) __________________ j) twenty-four + one j) __________________
-14-

5) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING CONTRACTIONS.

a) What is your name? a) What's your name? b) My name is Michael. b) ______________________________. c) What is your telephone number? c) ______________________________? d) My telephone number is 4-5-6-3-7-5. d) ______________________________. e) I am thirty years old. e) ______________________________. f) She is twenty-four years old. f) ______________________________.

8) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms 1) Recruit 2) First Lieutenant 3) Conscript 4) Non-commissioned officer 5) Staff Sergeant 6) Full Corporal 7) Brigadier 8) Colonel

Spanish terms a) General de Brigada b) Teniente c) Cabo Primero d) Coronel e) Recluta f) Suboficial g) Soldado de reemplazo h) Sargento Primero/ Brigada

9) PUT a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j)

THE RANKS IN THE RIGHT DECREASING ORDER.

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ 1 ____________

Three Star General Lieutenant Colonel Warrant Officer Corporal Sergeant Major General Second Lieutenant Captain Five Star General Private

-15-

UNIT 2
GRAMMAR
1.-ARTICLES (ARTCULOS) 2.-POSSESSION (POSESIN)

El artculo determinado "the" es invariable, 2.1.-SAXON GENITIVE esta nica forma se usa para el masculino, el (GENITIVO SAJN) femenino, el singular y el plural: En ingls para expresar posesin o pertenencia se puede emplear el genitivo sajn. Examples: Se forma aadiendo al nombre del poseedor una "s" precedida de un apstrofo. Para expresar English Spanish posesin tambin puede utilizarse la preposicin the girl la chica "of" (de), como ocurre en espaol. Cuando se usa el genitivo sajn, el orden de las palabras en the boy el chico la oracin se altera y se coloca el poseedor en the girls las chicas primer lugar seguido del apstrofo y la "s", y a continuacin el objeto posedo sin artculo. the boys los chicos Examples: El artculo indefinido para las formas del masculino, del femenino y del neutro singular es "a", pero se cambia por "an" delante de "h" muda y de vocal cuyo sonido no sea [ju:]: Examples:
English a girl a boy a dog an arm an hour a human being Spanish una chica un chico un perro un brazo una hora un ser humano English the mother of the girl la madre de la nia the girl's mother the hats of these men los sombreros de estos hombres these men's hats Spanish

La "s" del genitivo, en los siguientes casos, se omite aunque se conserva el apstrofo : a) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo en plural acabado en "s":
English these girls' mother Spanish la madre de estas nias

El artculo indefinido no tiene plural, y en su lugar se usan adjetivos indefinidos, la forma "some" para oraciones afirmativas y "any" para oraciones negativas e interrogativas: Examples:
English I have some questions. Is there any question? I don't have any question. He has a question. Spanish Tengo algunas preguntas. Hay alguna pregunta? No tengo ninguna pregunta. (l) tiene una pregunta.

these boys' pens

los bolgrafos de estos nios

b) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo singular acabado en "s":

English Moses law Spanish la ley de Moiss

There are some students. Hay algunos estudiantes. There is a student. Hay un estudiante. Jess friend el amigo de Jess

-17-

Sin embargo, si el poseedor es un sustantivo Ntese que el adjetivo posesivo en ingls monoslabo terminado en "s", se conserva la "s" concuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente del del genitivo: gnero y nmero del objeto posedo: Examples:
English Bess's table Spanish la mesa de Bess her houses sus casas (de ella) su casa (de ellos/ as) sus casas (de ellos/ as) nuestro coche nuestras manzanas their house their houses our car Spanish el gato de Mary el libro de mi hermana el rabo del perro SINGULAR English 1st 2nd Spanish el coche de mi cuada la casa de Mary y Peter English 3rd his, hers, its suyo/ a/ os/ as mine yours Spanish mo/ a/ os/ as tuyo/ a/ os/ as suyo/ a/ os/ as (de usted) our apples

Examples:
English her house Spanish su casa (de ella)

El genitivo sajn se emplea con nombres propios, sustantivos que denotan persona, sustantivos que denotan seres animados, etc.: Examples:
English Mary's cat my sister's book the dog's tail

2.3.-POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS)

Si el poseedor es un sustantivo compuesto o bien son varios poseedores, el genitivo se forma con el ltimo sustantivo: Examples:

English my sister-in-law's car Mary and Peter's house

PLURAL Spanish nuestro/ a/ os/ as vuestro/ a/ os/ as suyo/ a/ os/ as (de ustedes) suyo/ a/ os/ as

2.2.-POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS)

SINGULAR English 1st 2nd 3rd my your his, her, its mi tu/ su (de usted) su/ sus Spanish

1st 2nd 3rd

ours yours theirs

Ntese que el pronombre posesivo en ingls concuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente del gnero y nmero del objeto posedo: Examples:
English Spanish Este coche es mo. Estas naranjas son mas. El gato es suyo (de ella). Las mesas son suyas (de ella).

PLURAL English 1st 2nd 3rd our your their Spanish nuestro/ a/ os/ as vuestro/ a/ os/ as su/ sus (de ustedes) su/ sus

This car is mine. These oranges are mine. The cat is hers. The tables are hers.

-18-

3.-THE VERB TO HAVE (EL VERBO TO HAVE)

TO HAVE (tener) Simple present / Affirmative form English Spanish 1st S I have (yo) tengo

TO HAVE (tener) Simple present / Question form English Spanish 1st S have I? tengo yo?

2nd S have you? (t) tienes (usted) tiene

(t) tienes? (usted) tiene?

2nd S you have

3rd S

has he/ she/ it?

tiene (l/ ella/ *ello)?

3rd S

he /she /it has

(l/ ella/ *ello) tiene 1st P have we? tenemos (nosotros/ as)?

1st P

we have

(nosotros/ as) tenemos 2nd P have you ? (vosotros/ as) tenis (ustedes) tienen

tenis (vosotros/ as)? tienen (ustedes)?

2nd P you have

3rd P

have they?

tienen (ellos/ as)?

3rd P

they have

(ellos/ as) tienen

4.-PLURALS (PLURALES) 4.1.-REGULAR PLURALS (PLURALES REGULARES) El plural de los nombres en ingls se forma aadiendo una "s" al singular: Examples:
English Spanish plato/ platos tejado/ tejados

TO HAVE (tener) Simple present / Negative form English Spanish 1st S I have not I havent (yo) no tengo

you have not 2nd S you havent

(t) no tienes (usted) no tiene

plate/ plates roof/ roofs

3rd S

he /she /it has not he /she /it hasnt

(l/ ella/ *ello) no tiene

1st P

we have not we havent

Los nombres que terminan en "s", "ss", "sh", "x" o "z" forman el plural aadiendo la slaba "es":
(nosotros/ as) no tenemos

Examples:
English Spanish clase/ clases caja/ cajas reloj/ relojes (vosotros/ as) no tenis (ustedes) no tienen

you have not 2nd P you havent

class/ classes box/ boxes

3rd P

they have not they havent

(ellos/ as) no tienen watch/ watches

-19-

Los nombres terminados en "o" precedida de 4.2.-IRREGULAR PLURALS consonante tambin forman el plural aadiendo (PLURALES IRREGULARES) la slaba "es". Sin embargo, si la "o" est precedida por una vocal forman el plural Existen algunos nombres en ingls cuyo aadiendo solamente "s": plural es irregular: Examples:
English potato/ potatoes Spanish patata/ patatas

Examples:
English ox/ oxen Spanish buey/ bueyes

hero/ heroes

hroe/ hroes

child/ children

nio/ nios

duo/ duos

do/ dos

man/ men

hombre/ hombres

Algunos nombres de origen sajn terminados en "f" o en "fe" cambian la "f" en "v" antes de aadir la terminacin "es": Examples:

woman/ women

mujer/ mujeres

tooth/ teeth

diente/ dientes

foot/ feet

pie/ pies

English calf/ calves

Spanish ternera/ terneras mouse/ mice ratn/ ratones

elf/ elves

duende/ duendes

goose/ geese

ganso/ gansos

leaf/ leaves

hoja/ hojas

person/ people

persona/ personas

Los nombres terminados en "y" precedida de consonante al formar el plural cambian aqulla en "i" antes de aadir la terminacin "es". Cuando la "y" est precedida por vocal al para formar el plural simplemente hay que aadir "s": Examples:
English sky/ skies body/ bodies boy/ boys day/ days Spanish

Hay nombres que siempre se emplean en plural: Examples:

English trousers Spanish pantalones

sweets cielo/ cielo cuerpo/ cuerpos nio/ nios scissors da/ das

caramelos

thanks

gracias

tijeras

-20-

DAILY
1.-INTRODUCTIONS (PRESENTACIONES)

SPEAKING

Good afternoon!! It's one o'clock

Alicia: Alicia:
Good morning!

Good morning! Buenos das! Good afternoon!! Its one oclock. Buenas tardes!! Es la una de la tarde. Nuria, this is my friend Miguel. Nuria, ste es mi amigo Miguel. Hi, Miguel! Hola, Miguel! Nice to meet you. Encantado de conocerte.

Nuria: Nuria:

Hi, Miguel!

Nuria, this is my friend Miguel

Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria:

Nice to meet you

Miguel: Miguel:

CIVILIAN
1.-COLOURS (COLORES)

VOCABULARY

English

Spanish

English

Spanish

black white red blue yellow

negro blanco rojo

green pink purple grey

verde rosa violeta gris naranja marrn

azul orange amarillo brown

-21-

La mayora de los colores son susceptibles 3.-ORDINAL NUMBERS II (6th-25th) de aparecer junto con adjetivos que denoten su (NMEROS ORDINALES II [6-25]) luminosidad (un color claro, un color oscuro). En ingls estos adjetivos son "light" (claro) y "dark" (oscuro): English Spanish Examples:
English light red dark pink Spanish rojo claro rosa oscuro 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first twenty-second twenty-third twenty-fourth twenty-fifth sexto sptimo octavo noveno dcimo undcimo duodcimo dcimo tercero dcimo cuarto dcimo quinto dcimo sexto dcimo sptimo dcimo octavo dcimo noveno vigsimo vigsimo primero vigsimo segundo vigsimo tercero vigsimo cuarto vigsimo quinto

2.-CARDINAL NUMBERS II (30-100) (NMEROS CARDINALES II [30-100])

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 thirty thirty-five forty forty-five fifty fifty-five sixty sixty-five seventy seventy-five eighty eighty-five ninety ninety-five one hundred

12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th

READING
1.-DESCRIPTION (DESCRIPCIN)

COMPREHENSION
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) How old is Pedro? 2) What is Pedro's favourite sport? 3) Who is Beckham? 4) Who are Antonio, Carlos, Juan and Rubn?

This is Miguel's little brother, his name is Pedro and he is eight years old. He has lots of toys: a football, some tennis balls, a yellow bicycle, a pair of skates and a blue radiocontrolled car. He likes some sports but his favourite sport is football. His idol is David Beckham, a Real Madrid football player. He plays football with his friends Antonio, Carlos, Juan and Rubn. Their idol is also Beckham. Pedro has a football T-shirt but he hasn't any trainers.

-22-

MILITARY

TERMS

1.-IN THE BARRACKS AND GENERALITIES (EN EL CUARTEL Y GENERALIDADES)

English barracks main gate mess cuartel puerta principal mesn, cantina Spanish

lorry

weapon support company compaa de armas de apoyo

rucksack
headquarters battery armour squadron courtyard crest boot camp sleeping bag rucksack lorry on duty on leave promotion outpost military parade march past inspection parade drill parade sentry base flagpole dormitory Navy Air Force equipment salute salary batera de plana mayor escuadrn acorazado patio de armas metopa [de una unidad] campamento de reclutas saco de dormir mochila camin de servicio de permiso ascenso puesto avanzado formacin desfile revista ejercicios de orden cerrado centinela base

military parade

2
inspection parade march past

drill parade
mstil de la bandera nave de dormitorio Armada Ejrcito del Aire equipo saludar; saludo sueldo

sentry

Air Force

Navy
-23-

salute

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Are you on duty this weekend?

Yes, Im the sentry in the main gate next Saturday

Full Corporal: Cabo Primero: Private: Soldado: Full Corporal: Cabo Primero: Private: Soldado:

Are you on duty this weekend? Ests de servicio este fin de semana? Yes, Im the sentry in the main gate next Saturday. S, soy el centinela de la puerta principal el prximo sbado. Did you already clean your rifle? Has limpiado ya tu fusil? Yes, tomorrow theres an inspection parade in the battery. S, maana hay una revista en la batera.

Yes, tomorrow theres an inspection parade in the battery

Did you already clean your rifle?

EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 2) WRITE THE SUITABLE GREETING ACCORDING TO THE THE CORRECT WORD. WATCHES.
a) Anna: Hello. Good morning! b) Paul: Good _____! c) Anna: _____ are you? d) Paul: Fine, thank _____. And you? e) Anna: _____. Paul, this _____ my boyfriend, John. f) Paul: Nice to _____ you, John! g) John: _____ to _____ _____, Paul! h) Anna: John is twenty-five _____ old, he _____ a student. i) Paul: That is right! I _____ a student too. c) 20:00 c) ______________________________ b) 15:00 b) ______________________________ a) 10:00 a) Good morning

d) 23:45 (bed time) d) ______________________________

-24-

3) WHAT

ARE THE COLOURS OF THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS?

d) 13 + 54 d) ______________________________

a) 6 a) Number six is blue. b) 17 b) __________________. c) 7 c) __________________. d) 1 d) __________________. e) 3 e) __________________. f) f) 20 __________________.

e) 12 + 15 e) ______________________________

f) 17 + 10 f) ______________________________

g) 9 + 57 g) ______________________________

h) 25 + 8 h) ______________________________

5) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

g) 29 g) __________________. h) 1 3 h) __________________.

a) Mary's book a) The book is hers.

b) Peter and Paul's dog i) i) j) j) 9 __________________. 11 __________________. c) Laura's house c) ______________________________. b) ______________________________.

k) 15 k) __________________.

d) My car d) ______________________________.

4) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP? WRITE THE SOLUTIONS BY USING WORDS.
a) 45 + 23 a) Sixty-eight

e) Your note book e) ______________________________.

b) 13 + 8 b) ______________________________

f) Michael's ball f) ______________________________.

c) 24 + 10 c) ______________________________
-25-

g) Anna's doll g) ______________________________.

6) WRITE

SENTENCES BY USING THE NEGATIVE FORM OF THE VERB TO HAVE : (1) HAVE NOT / HAS NOT ( FULL FORM ) (2) HAVEN T / HASN T (ABBREVIATED FORM).

8) ANSWER

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

a) What is the colour of your tie? a) My tie es red. b) What is the colour of the sky? b) ______________________________ c) What is the colour of the sun? c) ______________________________ d) What is the colour of your dog? d) ______________________________ e) What is the colour of your mothers hair? e) ______________________________ f) What is the colour of your hair? f) ______________________________ g) What is the colour of the snow? g) ______________________________

a) Peter / computer. a) Peter has not a computer. a) Peter hasnt a computer. b) Hellen and Michael / newspaper. b) ______________________________ b) ______________________________ c) Julian / house. c) ______________________________ c) ______________________________ d) Andrew / girlfriend. d) ______________________________ d) ______________________________ e) My mother / dog. e) ______________________________ e) ______________________________ f) I / bag f) ______________________________ f) ______________________________ g) Louise / a pair of shoes. g) ______________________________ g) ______________________________

9) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A OR AN FORM).

a) My neighbour is a photographer. b) I have _____ very bad night. c) _____ travel agent gives you information about hotels. d) Mr Smith is _____ old man.

7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE SUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
a) These are (1 sg) my keys. b) That is (3 pl) _______ house c) This is (3 sg fem) _______ boyfriend, and this is (3 sg mas.) father. d) Those are (1 pl) _______ teachers. e) Those are (1 sg) _______ pencils. f) That was (2 sg) _______ girlfriend. g) That was (2 pl) _______ class.

e) You are not _____ worker, you are _____ capitalist. f) He goes to _____ concert. g) I have _____ day off. h) I had _____ amazing experience last night, I saw _____ dinosaur.

10) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) on leave drill parade dormitory salute on duty armour squadron barracks promotion
-26-

Spanish terms
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) cuartel escuadrn acorazado de permiso ascenso ejercicios de orden cerrado saludar o saludo nave de dormitorio colectivo de servicio

UNIT 3
GRAMMAR
1.-DEMONSTRATIVES (DEMOSTRATIVOS)
SINGULAR English this that aquel/ aquella/ o Spanish este/ a/ o ese/ a/ o

3.-SIMPLE PRESENT (PRESENTE SIMPLE) 3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM (FORMA AFIRMATIVA DEL VERBO)
TO WALK (andar) Simple present / Affirmative form English Spanish 1st S I walk 2nd S you walk (usted) anda (yo) ando (t) andas

THAT

3rd S he/she/it walks 1st P we walk 2nd P you walk

(l/ ella/ *ello) anda (nosotros/ as) andamos (vosotros/ as) andis (ustedes) andan

3rd P they walk

(ellos/ as) andan

THIS

La forma del presente simple se forma quitando la partcula "to" al infinitivo (to walk, andar; I walk, yo ando). Es invariable para todas las personas excepto para la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it) que aade una "-s" o la slaba "-es" (se aplica la regla de ortografa del plural de los sustantivos). 3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM (FORMA NEGATIVA DEL VERBO)
TO WALK (andar) Simple present / Negative form English Spanish I do not walk (yo) no ando 1st S I dont walk you do not walk 2nd S you dont walk (t) no andas (usted) no anda

PLURAL English these those Spanish estos/ as esos/ as aquellos/ as

2.-INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE AND GERUND (FORMAS IMPERSONALES DEL VERBO)

English INFINITIVE to walk Spanish andar

he/she/it does not walk 3rd S he/she/it doesnt walk (l/ ella/ *ello) no anda we do not walk (nosotros/ as) no andamos 1st P we dont walk you do not walk 2nd P you dont walk they do not walk 3rd P they dont walk (vosotros/ as) no andis (ustedes) no andan (ellos/ as) no andan

PAST PARTICIPLE

walked

andado

GERUND

walking

andando

En ingls la forma negativa del verbo se forma con el auxiliar "to do" en forma negativa, "do not" (dont). Esto ocurre con todas las personas, salvo en el caso de la tercera persona del singular, que se forma con "does not" (doesnt.)
- 27 -

Examples:
AFFIRMATIVE English I eat Spanish (yo) como (t) andas (vosotros/ as) andis (usted) anda (ustedes) andan (l) bebe (ella) ama llueve (nosotros/ as) conducimos (ellos/ as) nadan English I dont eat NEGATIVE Spanish (yo) no como (t) no andas (vosotros/ as) no andis (usted) no anda (ustedes) no andan (l) no bebe (ella) no ama no llueve (nosotros/ as)noconducimos (ellos/as) nadan

you walk

you do not walk

he drinks she loves it rains we drive they swim

he does not drink she doesnt love it does not rain we dont drive they do not swim

4.-THE TIME (LA HORA)

five oclock (cinco en punto) ten to five (cinco menos diez) ten past five (cinco y diez) a quarter past five (cinco y cuarto)

What time is it? (Qu hora es?)

It is... Its... (Son las...) (Es la...)

a quarter to five (cinco menos cuarto) half past five (las cinco y media) noon (medioda) midnight (medianoche)

Como se ve en el cuadro, en ingls para decir la hora se utilizan las expresiones: "o'clock" (en punto); "half past" (y media); "to" (menos); "past" (y); "noon" (medioda); "midnight" (medianoche). A excepcin de la expresin "It is ... o'clock" (son las/ es la ... en punto) la cifra que indica las horas se pospone a la cifra o expresin que indica los minutos:
English It is half past one. It is twenty to ten. It is nine oclock. Spanish Es la una y media. Son las diez menos veinte. Son las nueve en punto. - 28 -

oclock

to

past

DAILY
1.-THE TIME (LA HORA)

SPEAKING
What time is it? Are you sure? Its half past five

Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia:

What time is it? Qu hora es? Its half past five. Son las cinco y media. Are you sure? Ests segura? Yes, Im. S, lo estoy. Oh! My watch doesnt work! Thank you very much. Vaya! No me funciona el reloj! Muchas gracias. You are welcome. De nada.
You are welcome Oh! My watch doesnt work! Thank you very much Yes, I am

2.-HOW ARE YOU? (CMO ESTS?)

Hi, Nuria! Hi, Alicia! How are you?

3
Bye! Im very tired Maybe... Oh, its too late! I have to go home! Bye, see you soon!

... Im not fine...

Why? Really? Take some sleeping pills I usually get up at seven oclock, but today I got up at half past five Lately I dont sleep very well...

Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia:

Hi, Nuria! Hola, Nuria! Hi, Alicia! How are you? Hola, Alicia! Cmo ests? Im not fine Im very tired. No estoy bien Estoy muy cansada. Why? Por qu?

Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia:

Really? De veras? Lately I dont sleep very well ltimamente no duermo muy bien Take some sleeping pills. Toma somnferos. Maybe Oh, it is too late! I have to go home! Bye, see you soon! Tal vez Vaya, es muy tarde! Me tengo que ir a casa! Adis, hasta luego! Bye! Adis!

Alicia: I usually get up at seven oclock, but today I got up at half past five. Me suelo levantar a siete en punto, pero hoy Nuria: me he levantado a las cinco y media. Nuria: - 29 -

CIVILIAN
1.-FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP (LA FAMILIA Y PARENTESCOS)

VOCABULARY

English husband wife father mother parents son daughter children brother sister aunt uncle cousin grandmother grandfather grandparents granddaughter grandson grandchildren nephew niece brother-in-law sister-in-law daugther-in-law son-in-law mother-in-law father-in-law

Spanish marido, esposo mujer, esposa padre madre padres [padre y madre] hijo hija hijos [hijos e hijas] hermano hermana ta to primo/ a abuela abuelo abuelos [abuelo y abuela] nieta nieto nietos/ as sobrino sobrina cuado cuada nuera yerno suegra suegro husband and wife grandfather and grandson

mothers and children

Examples:
English My grandmother is my mothers mother. My cousin got married last year. My brother is very kind. I do not get along with my mother-in-law. Spanish Mi abuela es la madre de mi madre. Mi primo se cas el ao pasado. Mi hermano es muy agradable. No me llevo bien con mi suegra. - 30 -

2.-MEALS I (LAS COMIDAS I)

breakfast (desayuno) to have breakfast (desayunar)

lunch (almuerzo) to have lunch (almorzar)

lemond (limn)

orange (naranja)

potato (patata)

fruit (fruta)

vegetable (verdura)

fish (pescado)

meat (carne)

tea time (hora del t) to have a cup of tea (tomar una taza de t)

dinner (cena) to have dinner (cenar)

milk (leche)

eggs (huevos)

dessert (postre)

Examples:
English I usually have eggs for breakfast. In Great Britain people have lunch at midday. I invited some friends for dinner. Spanish Normalmente tomo huevos para desayunar. En Gran Bretaa la gente almuerza a medioda. Invit a algunos amigos a cenar.

READING
1.-MY FAMILY (MI FAMILIA)

COMPREHENSION

I am Sarah. My mothers name is Anne. My father's name is Paul. I have one brother. His name is Richard and he is seven years old. My mother's parents are my grandparents. My grandmother likes singing and my grandfather likes painting. I am my grandparents granddaughter. My parent's brothers and sisters are my uncles and aunts. I have four uncles and five aunts and I am their niece. Their sons and daughters are my cousins. One day I hope I get married to a nice man (my husband) and have lots of children.

AUNT

UNCLE

GRANDFATHER GRANDMOTHER

FATHER

MOTHER

SARAH BROTHER

COUSIN

2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) What are my parents' names? 2) How old is my brother? 3) Who are my aunt's sons and daughters?

- 31 -

MILITARY

TERMS

1.-UNITS AND COMMAND SCHELONS (UNIDADES Y ESCALONES DE MANDO)

English fire team task force escuadra agrupacin tctica Spanish

squad

section

platoon

battalion task group grupo tctico battalion group company task force

company

battalion

regiment

company/ squadron team branch brigade headquarters chain of command

subgrupo tctico

rama; arma cuartel general de brigada cadena de mando jefe jefe de compaa oficial segundo en el mando lder

brigade

division

corps
commander company commander deputy officer

army

leader

MILITARY
Private: Soldado: Corporal: Cabo: Private: Soldado: Corporal: Cabo: Private: Soldado: Corporal: Cabo:

CONVERSATION

Whats that unit? Cul es esa unidad? Its the second Rifle Company of the 3rd battalion. Es la segunda Compaa de Fusiles del tercer Batalln. Whos the commander? Quin es el jefe? Captain Mayoral. El Capitn Mayoral. Thats right, and the deputy? Bien, y el oficial segundo en el mando? Lieutenant Glvez. Hes just arrived. Hes commanding the 2nd Rifle Platoon. El Teniente Glvez. Se acaba de incorporar. Va a mandar la segunda Seccin de Fusiles. He looks very young. Parece muy joven.

Whats that unit? Whos the commander? Its the second Rifle Company of the 3rd battalion

Captain Mayoral

Thats right, and the deputy?

Lieutenant Glvez. Hes just arrived. Hes commanding the 2nd Rifle Platoon

He looks very young

Private: Soldado:

- 32 -

EXERCISES
FAMILY TREE (RBOL GENEALGICO)

Alfred

Joan

William

Hannah

Joshua

Bob

Caroline

Peter

Mary

Alex 1) FILL EACH

Emily

Susanne 2) FILL EACH

John

Paul

OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING TO THE FAMILY TREE.

OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING TO THE FAMILY TREE.

a) (JOHN) Alex and Emily are my... a) Alex and Emily are my cousins. b) (PETER) Mary is my b) ____________________________. c) (MARY) Peter is my c) ____________________________. d) (JOHN) Paul is my d) ____________________________. e) (HANNAH) Peter is my e) ____________________________. f) (WILLIAM) John is my f) ____________________________. g) (JOAN) Mary is my g) ____________________________. h) (ALFRED) Emily is my h) ____________________________. i) (PAUL) Joan and Hannah are my i) ____________________________. j) (CAROLINE) Paul is my j) ____________________________. k) (PETER) Emily is my k) ____________________________.
- 33 -

a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's sister. b) Joan and Alfred are Joshua's b) ____________________________. c) Mary is Alex and Emily's c) ____________________________. d) Alex and Emily are John's d) ____________________________. e) Susanne is Caroline's e) ____________________________. f) Susanne is Mary's f) ____________________________. g) Peter is Alex and Emily's g) ____________________________. h) Joan is Paul's h) ____________________________. i) Bob is Peter's i) ____________________________. j) Alex is Peter's j) ____________________________. k) Hannah is Peter's k) ____________________________.

3) MATCH

TIMES

1)

TO

5)

SENTENCES A) TO E).

English terms 1) It is seven oclock in the morning 2) It is midnight 3) It is a quarter past two in the afternoon 4) It is ten to ten in the evening 5) It is nine oclock in the morning

Spanish terms a) I have lunch b) I have dinner c) I wake up d) I go to bed e) I go to work

4) LOOK AT

THE WATCHES AND WRITE THE TIME.

5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THIS, THESE, THAT OR THOSE.
a) (Aquellos) Those boys are my friends.

a) 12:00 a) It is twelve oclock/ It is midday/ It is noon

b) I live with (estos) _____ boys. c) (Esa) _____ woman is her mother. d) I love (ese) _____ car.

b) 13:45 b) ______________________

e) (Esos) _____ cats are wild. f) My father says (estas) _____ words.

c) 02:15 c) ______________________

g) They go to (aquella) _____ city. h) You smell (aquellas) _____ flowers.

6) FILL
d) 19:40 d) ______________________

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.

eggs

vegetable midnight meat

car wake up potatoes

milk fruit

past lemons

e) 09:35 e) ______________________

oranges o'clock

television

f) 17:10 f) ______________________

a) I wake up at seven oclock. For breakfast I have toast, one glass of _____ and an orange juice. At half _____ seven I go to work by _____. b) Vegetarian people do not eat _____. They eat _____ and _____. c) Spanish omelette is made of _____ and _____.

g) 20:05 g) ______________________

h) 00:00 h) ______________________

d) _____ and _____ are rich in vitamin C. e) I go to bed at _____ and I watch _____.
- 34 -

7) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms 1) Army 2) Task Force 3) NATO 4) Brigade Headquarters 5) Squad 6) Regiment 7) Branch 8) Platoon

Spanish Terms a) Cuarter General de Brigada b) Regimiento c) Agrupacin Tctica d) Ejrcito e) Seccin f) Escuadra g) OTAN h) Arma, Rama (Inf., Art., Cab., etc.)

8) MAKE

SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

a) mother's /My / my/ aunt/ sister /is a) My mother's sister is my aunt. b) wake up /I /past /seven /at /half b) ______________________________. c) soup /dinner /take / for/I /take c) ______________________________. d) mine /books /are /These d) ______________________________. e) expensive /car /Julian's/ very /is e) ______________________________. f) with /whisky /drink /I /soda f) ______________________________.

- 35 -

UNIT 4
GRAMMAR
1.-THE ADJECTIVE (EL ADJETIVO) El adjetivo calificativo en ingls es invariable (es decir, tiene la misma forma para el singular masculino y femenino y para el plural masculino y femenino) y precede al sustantivo: Examples:
English the good boy a slim girl the bad cats some white flags Spanish el nio bueno una nia delgada los gatos malos algunas banderas blancas

Para aadir las terminaciones propias del comparativo y superlativo se siguen las reglas usuales de ortografa que se han visto anteriormente, por ejemplo, las palabras terminadas en "y" precedida de consonante cambian la "y" por "i" antes de tomar la terminacin correspondiente. b) Los adjetivos calificativos monoslabos (aquellos compuestos por unas sola slaba) acabados en consonante precedida de vocal corta*, duplican dicha consonante final. Examples:
English hot / hotter thin / thinner Spanish clido / ms clido delgado / ms delgado

2.-DEGREES OF COMPARISON (GRADOS DE COMPARACIN) 2.1.-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES (GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD Y SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO) El grado comparativo de superioridad (ms + adjetivo) y el grado superlativo relativo (el/ la/ los/ las ms + adjetivo) de los adjetivos en ingls se forma:

*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia de una nica vocal (hot, thin), por el contrario, ntese que cheap tambin es un adjetivo calificativo monoslabo, sin embargo, est compuesto por dos vocales.

a) Aadiendo al adjetivo positivo la terminacin Recuerde que, por ejemplo, cold o rich "er" para el comparativo de superioridad, y la tampoco duplican dicha consonante final ya que terminacin "est" para el superlativo relativo. Esto la consonante final est precedida de otra ocurre con los adjetivos monoslabos, con los consonante. bsilabos y con los trislabos terminados en "ow", "er", "y", "e", "l": c) El resto de adjetivos de dos o ms slabas forman el comparativo aadiendo "more" y el superlativo aadiendo "the most": Examples:
English Comparative happier wiser easier colder yellower

Examples:
Superlative happiest wisest easiest coldest yellowest candid more candid Spanish Comparative ms terrible ms sensato ms cndido the most candid Positive terrible sensible English Comparative more terrible more sensible Superlative the most terrible the most sensible

Positive happy wise easy cold yellow

Positive feliz sabio fcil fro amarillo

Spanish Comparative ms feliz ms sabio ms fcil ms fro ms amarillo

Superlative el ms feliz el ms sabio el ms fcil el ms fro el ms amarillo -37-

Positive terrible sensato cndido

Superlative el ms terrible el ms sensato el ms cndido

2.2.-INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES (GRADO DE INFERIORIDAD DEL ADJETIVO) Para formar el grado de inferioridad del adjetivo ("menos + adjetivo, el /la /los /las menos + adjetivo") siempre se utiliza la forma "less" en el comparativo, y "the least" en el superlativo, antepuesto al adjetivo (ya sea un adjetivo de una o ms slabas): Examples:
Positive terrible happy English Comparative less terrible less happy Spanish Comparative menos terrible menos feliz Superlative the least terrible the least happy

3.-IRREGULAR FORMS OF THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE (FORMAS IRREGULARES DEL ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO) Varios adjetivos en ingls tienen la forma del comparativo y superlativo irregulares, y/o derivadas de otras races.
English Comparative better worse less older/ elder

Positive good bad little old

Superlative the best the worst the least the oldest/ eldest

Positive terrible feliz

Superlative el menos terrible el menos feliz Positive bueno malo pequeo viejo

Spanish Comparative mejor peor menos ms viejo mayor

Superlative el ptimo el psimo el mnimo el ms viejo el mayor

2.3.-EQUALITY COMPARATIVES (GRADO DE IGUALDAD DEL ADJETIVO) La comparacin de igualdad en ingls se forma con "as + adjetivo en grado positivo +as" (tan + adjetivo + como) para las oraciones afirmativas. Para las oraciones negativas se emplea "so + adjetivo en grado positivo + as. Examples:
English Joan is as beautiful as Mary, but she is not so good as she is/ as her. * I am not so lazy as you are/ as you. **

4.-HOW TO MAKE COMPARISONS (FORMACIN DE COMPARACIONES) Para realizar comparaciones entre dos sustantivos en ingls se utiliza la siguiente estructura:
How to make comparisons SUST + VERBO + adjetivo en grado + THAN + SUST comparativo

Spanish Joan es tan guapa como Mary, pero no es tan buena como ella. No soy tan perezoso como t.

Examples:
English You are stronger than me. My sister is taller than your mother. You love him more than me, and less than her.

* Ntese que en la segunda parte de la estructura comparativa la construccin she is se puede sustituir por el pronombre personal her. ** Ntese que en la segunda parte de la estructura comparativa la construccin you are se puede sustituir por el pronombre personal you.
-38-

Spanish (T) eres ms fuerte que yo. Mi hermana es ms alta que tu madre. (T) lo quieres (a l) ms que yo, y menos que ella.

5.-THE ADVERB I (EL ADVERBIO I) 5.1.-WHERE TO PUT THE VERB (COLOCACIN DEL ADVERBIO) A la hora de colocar los adverbios en ingls hay que tener en cuenta una serie de consideraciones:

d) sin embargo, los adverbios siguen al verbo "to be" y a los verbos anmalos; Examples:
English He is never in time. I could hardly read it. Spanish Nunca llega a tiempo. Apenas pude leerlo.

a) si el verbo no tiene complemento, el adverbio sigue inmediatamente al verbo; 5.2.-ADVERBS CLASSIFICATION (CLASIFICACIN DE LOS ADVERBIOS) b) si tiene complemento y ste es corto, Los adverbios en ingls segn su significado puede intercalarse entre el verbo y el adverbio; se dividen en: Examples:
Place English He reads well. Spanish (l) lee bien. here there in She walks quickly. (Ella) anda deprisa. out near after still soon Spanish Time Manner pronto tarde antes despus hasta pronto as deprisa ciertamente as thus much Time early late before English Manner so quickly certainly

Quantity only rather almost

Examples:
far English I shall read your letter now. Spanish Leer su carta ahora. Place aqu Put your hat on, please. Pngase el sombrero, por favor. all en Quantity slo bastante casi mucho

c) los adverbios de tiempo indefinido y algunos de modo preceden generalmente al verbo; Examples:

fuera cerca lejos

Examples:
English Spanish English My sister is so nice! Spanish Mi hermana es tan simptica!

I always read the newspaper. Siempre leo el peridico.

He briefly told the news.

(l) dijo las noticias brevemente.

Your house is very far from Tu casa est muy lejos de here. aqu.

-39-

DAILY
1.-ON THE PHONE (AL TELFONO)

SPEAKING

Is that Teresa? Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Is that Teresa? Es usted Teresa? This is Nuria Who's calling? Quin llama? This is Nuria. Soy Nuria. She isnt here at the moment. Do you want to leave a message? No se encuentra aqu en estos momentos. Quiere dejar un mensaje? Yes, please. Could you tell her that I called? S, por favor. Podra decirle que la he llamado? Does she have your phone number? Tiene su nmero de telfono? Does she have your phone number? Yes, please. Could you tell her that I called?

Whos calling?

She isnt here at moment. Do you want to leave a message?

Nuria: Nuria:

Alicia: Alicia:

4
Yes, I think she does. Im going to give you my number just in case. Do you have a pen and a piece of paper with you?

Nuria:
My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6 Nuria:

Yes, I think she does. Im going to give you my number just in case. Do you have a pen and a piece of paper with you? S, creo que lo tiene. De todas maneras le voy a dar mi nmero de telfono. Tiene bolgrafo y papel? Yes, I do. S. My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6. Mi nmero de telfono es: 098 23 47 96. OK, shell call you back later. Vale, ya la llamar ella ms tarde. Thank you very much. Muchas gracias. You are welcome. De nada.

Alicia: Alicia: Thank you very much Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia: Nuria: Nuria: Alicia: Alicia:

Yes, I do OK, shell call you back later You are welcome

-40-

CIVILIAN
1.-DAYS OF THE WEEK (DAS DE LA SEMANA)
English Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

VOCABULARY
En ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol, los das de la semana y los meses del ao reciben el tratamiento que se da a los nombres propios, es decir, la inicial de cada uno de ellos siempre aparece en mayscula: Examples:
English The third day of the week is Wednesday. The last month of the year is December. Spanish

Spanish lunes martes mircoles jueves viernes sbado domingo

2.-SEASONS OF THE YEAR (ESTACIONES DEL AO)

El tercer da de la semana es mircoles. El ltimo mes del ao es diciembre.

4.-DATES (FECHAS)
spring summer

What is the date today? Whats the date today?

first Today is the Todays the (BrE) second third fourth ... of January Febrary March April ... of 2000 2001 2002 2003 ...

autumn/ fall

winter

3.-MONTHS OF THE YEAR (MESES DEL AO)

English January February March April May June July August September October November December Spanish enero febrero marzo abril mayo junio julio agosto septiembre octubre noviembre diciembre -41-

January Today is the Febrary Todays the March (AmE) April ...

first second the third fourth ... of

2000 2001 2002 2003 ...

5.-CARDINAL NUMBERS III (101-2.000.000) (NMEROS CARDINALES III [101-2.000.000])

101 102 103 110 125 130 one one one one one one hundred hundred hundred hundred hundred hundred and and and and and and one two three ten twenty-five thirty

145 150 165 170 185 190 200

one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred one hundred two hundred

and and and and and and

forty-five fifty sixty-five seventy eighty-five ninety

1 000 1 100 1 101 10 000 100 000 1 000 000 2 000 000

one thousand one thousand and a hundred one thousand one hundred and one ten thousand one hundred thousand one million two million

Ntese que en ingls entre la decena y la unidad (forty-five, cuarenta y cinco) no se emplea la conjuncin "and" (y) como ocurre en espaol. Tambin hay que tener en cuenta que despus de million, "thousand" y "hundred" los nmeros inferiores a cien deben ir precedidos por la conjuncin "and" (1 304, "one thousand three hundred and four"). Examples:
English Are there many books here? Yes, there are several hundreds.

"Million", "thousand" y "hundred" son invariables, es decir, aparecen siempre en singular aunque su traduccin en espaol pueda ser plural. Sin embargo, s que tienen forma de plural cuando se utilizan como sustantivos:

Spanish Hay muchos libros aqu? S, hay varios centenares.

READING
1.-HOLIDAYS (VACACIONES)

COMPREHENSION
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) What do people celebrate on the 25th of December? 2) What is the biggest party for Irish people? 3) What are the most important dates at Easter?

In Great Britain, Ireland and the United States of America there are quite a few important holidays. Families get together to celebrate these important holidays. The 25th of December is Christmas and the 31st of the same month New Year's Eve. On St. Valentine's Day (14th of February) some men give roses and presents to their girlfriends or wifes In Ireland people celebrate St. Patrick's Day on the 17th of March, for Irish people it is the biggest party. People don't work in bank holidays, Easter and Mother's and Father's Day. The date of these holidays changes every year. The most important dates in Easter are: Festival of Passover, Good Friday, Easter Day and Easter Monday. In the United States of America people celebrate the Independence Day on the 4th of July and Thanksgiving Day in November.

-42-

MILITARY

TERMS

1.-WEAPONS, SPECIALITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS (ARMAS, ESPECIALIDADES Y DESTINOS)

English light infantry field artillery antiaircraft artillery cavalry engineers sappers signals/ communications recognisance logistics transportation electronic warfare army aviation technical branch maintenance team supply unit special operations parachutist Spanish Legion airborne operation combat diver Spanish infantera ligera artillera de campaa artillera antiarea caballera ingenieros zapadores transmisiones reconocimiento logstica transporte guerra electrnica

light infantry field artillery

cavalry

engineers
FAMET (helicpteros del E.T.) especialidad tcnica equipo de mantenimiento unidad de abastecimiento operaciones especiales paracaidista Legin Espaola operacin aerotransportada buceador de combate

communications

4
army aviation

APC

APC BMR (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) (transporte de personal) mechanised infantry motorised unit armoured military police bugle bugler vehicle infantera mecanizada unidad motorizada acorazado polica militar corneta [objeto] corneta [persona] vehculo

parachutists vehicle

special operations

Spanish Legion
-43-

MILITARY
Whats your branch, Ramrez?

CONVERSATION

Full Corporal: Cabo Primero Corporal: Cabo:

Whats your branch, Ramrez? Cul es tu especialidad, Ramrez? Light Infantry, Sir. Im posted in the 3rd Rifle Company. Infantera Ligera, mi Primero. Estoy destinado en la 3 Compaa de Fusiles. I need a driver for this recovery truck. Necesito un conductor para este camin gra. Im sorry, Sir, I dont have the driving license. Lo siento, mi Primero, no tengo el carnet de conducir. Dont worry, Ill look for a driver in the Headquarters Company. No te preocupes, buscar a un conductor en la Compaa del Cuartel General. Certainly, I should apply for the driving course. La verdad es que debera solicitar el curso de conduccin.

Light Infantry, Sir. Im posted in the 3rd Rifle Company

Full Corporal: Cabo Primero: Corporal: Cabo: Full Corporal: Cabo Primero:

I need a driver for this recovery truck Dont worry, Ill look for a driver in the Headquarters Company

Im sorry, Sir, I dont have the driving license Certainly, I should apply for the driving course

Corporal: Cabo:

EXERCISES
1) FILL
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES. BY USING

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES.
a) (good) Only you is the best song in the history of music. b) (old) My ______ brother is already married. c) (intelligent) William is the ______ person in his class. d) (strong) Peter is the ______ person in this base. e) (pretty) Sally is the ______ girl in this town. f) (brilliant) Shakespeare is the ______ writer of English literature. g) (rich) Bill Gates is the ______ on earth. h) (thin) Anna is the ______ girl in her class.

a) (tall) Peter is taller than John. b) (happy) Sally is _____ than her sister. c) (difficult) This exam is _____ than the previous one. d) (good) My teacher is _____ than yours. e) (easy) This exercise is _____ than last one. f) (cheap) In this shop this book is _____. g) (bad) This year my grades are _____ than the year before. h) (old) I am four years _____ than you.
-44-

i) hot) August is the ______ month of the year.

3) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES.

6) FILL

a) (clever) Julian is less clever than you. b) (happy) I am sure Judith is ______ than Mary. c) (angry) This morning I am ______ than yesterday. d) (beautiful) Pekin is ______ than Tokyo. e) (blue) The sky in England is ______ than in Spain. f) (cold) April is ______ than January. g) (clear) Things seem to be ______ with this book. h) (clean) Jodie is ________than Mary.

EACH OF THE BOXES OF COLUMN B BY INSERTING THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION SHOWN IN COLUMN C.

A 1st month of the year 5th month of the year 11th month of the year

B January

William's interview

3rd month of the year 8th month of the year 4th month of the year

Spring begins

4) FILL

THE BOXES WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES.

Sally's holidays

Positive hot good

Comparative hotter

Superlative hottest 2nd month of the year

6th month of the year least older beautiful worst green dirtier small 7th month of the year greenest 12th month of the year 10th month of the year 9th month of the year

Summer begins Peter's wedding

Julian's birthday

5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN ADVERB.

a) (aqu) The prices here are very expensive. b) (despus) We'll go to the party ______ the cinema. c) (temprano) We have to get up ______ in the morning to go to work. d) (casi) It is ______ two o'clock. e) (lejos) Don't go too ______! We are having lunch in half an hour. f) (fuera) There were lots of people ______ of the building! g) (tarde) Last night I went to bed very ______.
-45-

a) When is Peter's wedding? a) Peters wedding is in September. b) When is your birthday? b) ____________________________. c) When is Julian's birthday? c) ____________________________. d) When does Spring begin? d) ____________________________. e) When is William's interview? e) ____________________________. f) When does summer begin? f) ____________________________. g) When are Sally's holidays? g) ____________________________.

7) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES WITH THE CORRESPONDING NAME OF MONTH AND/OR SEASON.

March SPRING September November June SUMMER December

8) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

10)

WITH WORDS A) TO J).

English terms 1) 2) 3) 4) technical branch APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) maintenance team cavalry special operations parachutist logistics motorised unit armoured

Spanish terms a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) equipo de mantenimiento Logstica operaciones especiales unidad motorizada FAMET (helicpteros del ET) especialidad tcnica acorazado caballera transporte de personal (BMR) paracaidista

5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

10) army aviation

-46-

UNIT 5
GRAMMAR
1.-THE ADVERB II (EL ADVERBIO II) 1.1.--LY ENDING ADVERBS (ADVERBIOS TERMINADOS EN -LY) 2.-ADVERB DEGREES (GRADOS DEL ADVERBIO)

Los adverbios en ingls, al igual que los adjetivos calificativos, admiten los grados de comparacin. Los monoslabos y algunos La mayor parte de los adverbios de modo y bislabos forman el comparativo aadiendo la de cantidad derivan de los adjetivos terminacin -er, y el superlativo, aadiendo la calificativos y participios pasados. La mayora terminacin -est. de estos adverbios terminan en -ly, Los polislabos, categora donde se incluyen equivalente a la terminacin espaola -mente. casi todos los adverbios terminados en -ly, Para formar adverbios, se aade -y a los forman el comparativo anteponiendo el adjetivos que terminan en -ll; los adjetivos que terminan en -le cambian la e por una y, as adverbio de cantidad more al adverbio como los que terminan en -ue pierden la e comparado y colocando inmediatamente despus de ste la conjuncin than. El grado antes de tomar la terminacin -ly. superlativo se consigue anteponiendo the Sin embargo hay adjetivos que no tienen que most al adverbio. sufrir modificacin alguna para funcionar como Examples: adverbios: Examples:
English English proud/ proudly Spanish Yesterday I ate sooner than last week. orgulloso/ orgullosamente Spanish Ayer com ms temprano que la semana pasada.

full/ fully

completo/ completamente

noble/ nobly

noble/ noblemente English

true/ truly

verdad/ verdaderamente

He works harder than Mary. Spanish

friendly/ friendly

amistoso/ amistosamente

Trabaja ms duro que Mary.

daily/ daily

diario/ diariamente English

hard/ hard*

duro/ duramente I believe most honestly and strongly that...

*Ntese que el adverbio hard, para referirse a duramente no aade la terminacin -ly, ya que cambiara su significado por el de apenas.
-47-

Spanish Creo de la manera ms honesta y firme que...

Positive wisely easily late near

ADVERB DEGREES English Comparative Superlative more wisely more easily later nearer the most wisely the most easily the latest the nearest

Ntese que far puede ser tanto adjetivo calificativo como adverbio. En el primer supuesto (adjetivo), forma el comparativo en farther y el superlativo en farthest. En el segundo supuesto (adverbio), forma el comparativo y superlativo como se muestra en los ejemplos. 4.-ADVERBIAL PHRASES (LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES) Algunas de las locuciones adverbiales ms comunes en ingls son:
English morning this afternoon evening morning in the afternoon evening Spanish esta maana esta tarde esta noche por la maana por la tarde por la noche maana por la maana maana por la tarde maana por la noche ayer por la maana ayer por la tarde ayer por la noche

ADVERB DEGREES Spanish Positive Comparative Superlative ms lo ms prudentemente prudentemente prudentemente lo ms fcilmente ms fcilmente fcilmente tarde cerca ms tarde ms cerca lo ms tarde lo ms cerca

3.-IRREGULAR FORMS (FORMAS IRREGULARES) Algunos adverbios forman el comparativo y el superlativo de manera irregular:

Examples:
morning ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR) English Positive Comparative Superlative well badly little much far better worse less more further the best the worst the least the most the furthest yesterday tomorrow afternoon evening morning afternoon evening

English last night at night in the night a week ago two days ago in the day time by day at noon

Spanish anoche, ayer noche por la noche de noche hace una semana hace dos das de da durante el da a medioda al medioda

ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR) Spanish Positive bien mal poco mucho lejos Comparative mejor peor menos ms ms lejos Superlative lo mejor ptimamente lo peor psimamente lo menos lo mnimo lo ms lo mximo lo ms lejos

-48-

DAILY

SPEAKING

1.-AT THE TRAVEL AGENCY (EN LA AGENCIA DE VIAJES)

Travel agent: Agente: Customer: Cliente: Good morning! Can I help you? Buenos das! Puedo ayudarle? Yes, please. Id like to know if there are any seats on the first plane tomorrow to London. S, por favor. Me gustara saber si hay alguna plaza en el primer avin de maana a Londres. Let me check on the computer, there are seats available. Would you like smoking or non-smoking? Djeme comprobarlo en el ordenador, hay plazas disponibles. Prefiere fumador o no fumador? I prefer non-smoking and, if its possible, a window. Prefiero no fumador, y, si es posible, ventana. Im afraid there are no windows available. Me temo que no hay ventanas disponibles. OK, an aisle will do. Bueno, me conformar con el pasillo.
Teresa Smith. At what time does the plane leave?

Good morning! Can I help you? Let me check on the computer, there are seats available. Would you like smoking or non smoking? Im afraid there are no windows available

Yes, please. Id like to know if there are any seats on the first plane tomorrow to London

Travel agent: Agente:

Customer: Cliente: Travel agent: Agente: Customer: Cliente:

I prefer non-smoking and, if its possible, a window

OK, an aisle will do

Can you give me your forename and surname?

Travel agent: Agente: Customer: Cliente: Travel agent:

Can you give me your forename and surname? Me puede dar su nombre y apellido? Teresa Smith. At what time does the plane leave? Teresa Smith. A qu hora sale el avin? At nine a.m., but you should be at the airport at least one hour before take-off. Alas nueve de la maana, pero tiene que estar en el aeropuerto al menos una hora antes del despegue. Thank you very much. Muchas gracias. You are welcome. De nada.

Thank you very much At nine a.m., but you should be at the airport at least one hour before take-off

Agente:

Customer: Cliente: Travel agent: Agente:

You are welcome

2..-ON THE PLANE (EN EL AVIN)

Customer: Cliente: Air hostess: Azafata: Customer: Cliente: Air hostess: Azafata: Customer: Cliente: Air hostess: Azafata: Is there still a long way to go? Falta mucho para llegar? No, just ten minutes. Are you feeling OK? No, tan slo diez minutos. Se siente bien? Im feeling a bit sick. Me siento un poco mareado. Do you want a sick bag? Quiere una bolsa para el mareo? No, thank you. No, gracias. The plane is landing now, you will feel better in a few minutes. El avin esta aterrizando ahora, se sentir mejor en unos minutos. -49No, thank you The plane is landing now, you will feel better in a few minutes Is there still a long way to go? No, just ten minutes. Are you feeling OK? Do you want a sick bag?

Im feeling a bit sick

CIVILIAN
1.-MOODS (ESTADOS DE
NIMO)

VOCABULARY

English happy sad tired exhausted hungry thirsty awake asleep nervous surprised interested angry scared relaxed calm terrified

happy

sad

angry

nervous Examples:

scared

surprised

Spanish contento triste cansado exhausto hambriento sediento despierto dormido nervioso sorprendido interesado enfadado asustado relajado calmado aterrorizado

English

Spanish (l) me hace feliz cuando estoy triste. Normalmente me pongo nervioso antes de un examen. (Ella) se asusta cuando ve un perro grande.

He makes me feel happy when Im sad. Im usually nervous before an exam. She gets scared when she sees a big dog.

2.-WEATHER PHENOMENA AND NATURAL CATASTROPHES (FENMENOS METEOROLGICOS Y CATSTROFES NATURALES)

English

Spanish

What is the weather like? qu tiempo hace? rain snow fog storm wind cloud sun tornado hurricane drought seaquake earthquake fire lluvia nieve niebla tormenta viento nube sol tornado huracn sequa maremoto terremoto incendio

snowy

cloudy
-50-

English rain snow freeze shine its rainy/ its raining it rains its snowy/ its snowing llover nevar helar brillar

Spanish

est lluvioso/ lloviendo llueve est nevado/ nevando nieva hay niebla hay tormenta hace viento est nublado est helado/ helando hace sol hace fro hace calor

foggy

it snows its foggy its stormy its windy its cloudy its frozen/ freezing its sunny its cold its hot

freezing Examples:
English When it rains I always bring my umbrella. Lots of people died in the earthquake. Spanish Cuando llueve siempre llevo mi paraguas. Mucha gente muri en el terremoto.

READING
1.-EL NIO AND LA NIA (EL NIO Y LA NIA)

COMPREHENSION
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)

El Nio takes place in 1997-98. Peruvian fishermen call this phenomenon El Nio -the Spanish name for Christ child- because these effects on the Pacific Ocean occur around Christmas. It is considered* extremely severe when it causes drought in one country and rampant floodings, in another. Other phenomena** observed with El Nios appearance include forest fires in Indonesia. These fires create a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 million people and affect Southeast Asian cities. In Australia it causes droughts and bush fires. In the late 1998, an episode of La Nia -a cooling of those same tropical Pacific waterschanges the weather conditions. Opposite to El Nio, droughts occur in areas drenched by El Nio***. Climate historians speculate that significant events are linked**** to El Nio.
* Se considera. ** Phenomena es la forma de plural de phenomenon. *** En zonas inundadas por El Nio. **** Estn relacionados.

1) Why do Peruvian fishermen call this phenomenon El Nio? 2) What are the consequences of forest fires? 3) What is the name of the opposite phenomenon to El Nio? 4) What does La Nia consist of?

many

-51-

MILITARY
1.-THE UNIFORM (EL UNIFORME)
English garrison cap service cap tab badge fatigue uniform boots combat harness belt buckle dress uniform helmet beret holster chinstrap flak jacket mat combat pack compass magazine pouch canteen poncho name tag overall jumper field jacket parka

TERMS

Spanish gorra cuartelera gorra (tb gorro) de bonito hombrera parche, emblema uniforme de faena botas correaje de combate cinturn hebilla del cinturn uniforme de paseo casco boina pistolera barbuquejo chaleco antifragmentacin esterilla mochila de combate brjula cartuchera del correaje cantimplora poncho tirilla del nombre mono jersey chaquetn

beret

canteen

tabs

garrison cap

combat pack

MILITARY

CONVERSATION
These boots are very big for me

Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado:

These boots are very big for me. Estas botas son muy grandes para m. Tell the Full Corporal about it, hell change them for you. Dselo al Cabo Primero, te las cambiar. Whats your size? Qu nmero calzas? Normally, 8 . Normalmente, el 42. I need a size 10. Im going to tell the Full Corporal about it. Necesito el nmero 44. Voy a decrselo al Cabo Primero. Thats OK, he may solve your problem. Muy bien, el Cabo Primero te puede solucionar el problema.

Tell the Full Corporal about it, hell change them for you

Whats your size? Normally, 8 1/2

I need a size 10. Im going to tell the Full Corporal about it

Thats OK, He may solve your problem

-52-

EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 3) FILL
THE SUITABLE ADVERB IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS. THE BOX BY INSERTING THE SUITABLE FORMS OF THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.

a) (unfortunate) Unfortunately this year we dont have holidays. b) (former) Do you know him ______? c) (frequent) Lebanon is more ______ associated with civil war. d) (perfect) I understand the book ______ well. e) (cheap) The trip is done ______. f) (easy) These exercises are ______ done. g) (serious) I am ______ telling you that you must stay here. h) (real) He is ______ a good doctor.

Positive a) late

Comparative later

Superlative latest

b) far

c) recently

d) near

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE COMPARATIVE FORM OF THE ADVERBS IN BRACKETS.
a) (far) I went as far as the house, not further. b) (late) Six years ______ he got married. c) (long) Today the palace is no ______ a royal institution.

e) well

f) easily

g) little

h) badly

d) (near) Madrid is ______ Barcelona than London. e) (wise) Nowadays things are done ______ than years before. f) (well) Today she is well but tomorrow she will be ______. g) (little) No ______ than 50 people came to the party.
i) early

j) soon

4) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

9)

WITH WORDS A) TO I).

English terms 1) in the morning(s) / afternoon/ evening 2) this morning / afternoon / evening 3) yesterday morning / afternoon / evening 4) tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening 5) last night 6) in the night / at night 7) a week ago / last week 8) in the day time / by day 9) at noon
-53-

Spanish terms a) ayer noche / anoche b) ayer por la maana / tarde / noche c) a /al medioda d) de da / durante el da e) esta maana / tarde / noche f) por la(s) maana(s) / tarde / noche g) por la noche h) maana por la maana / tarde / noche i) hace una semana

5) FILL

THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE ADVERBS IN BRACKETS.

6) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS INSERTING THE SUITABLE STATE OF MIND.

BY

a) When I won the prize I was very happy. b) I want to drink, I am __________. c) Before an exam I get very __________. d) At 8 oclock I am still __________.

a) (ayer noche) I could not sleep last night.

b) (esta maana) _______ I got up at 8 oclock. e) After working for ten hours I was __________ or __________. c) (medioda) In Great Britain people eat _______. f) I want to learn lots of things about Biology, I am quite __________ in that subject. g) When I am in dark places I get __________. d) (la semana pasada) I went to Mlaga _______. h) When I heard the bad news I was __________. e) (durante el da) I study _______ from Monday to Friday.

7) TRANSLATE SENTENCES.

INTO

ENGLISH

THE

FOLLOWING

a) En invierno nieva. a) In winter it snows. b) En verano hace calor. b) ____________________________. c) Llueve. c) ____________________________. d) Hace un da nublado. d) ____________________________. e) Qu tiempo hace? e) ____________________________. f) El sol brilla. f) ____________________________.

f) (ayer por la maana) _______ we went to the beach.

g) (esta tarde) _______ there is a good film on tv.

h) (maana por la noche) _______ I work in that old pub.

8) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms 1) uniform 2) garrison cap 3) belt 4) chinstrap 5) fatigue uniform 6) combat harness 7) overall 8) compass

Spanish terms a) cinturn b) uniforme de faena c) brjula d) uniforme e) gorra cuartelera f) correaje de combate g) barbuquejo h) mono

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UNIT 6
GRAMMAR
1.THERE IS AND THERE ARE SENTENCES AND PARTITIVES (IMPERSONALES CON THERE IS Y THERE ARE Y PARTITIVOS) 1.1. THERE IS AND THERE ARE SENTENCES (ORACIONES CON THERE IS Y THERE ARE) Algunas de las oraciones impersonales en presente, que en espaol se forman con hay se construyen en ingls utilizando there is (para hacer referencia a la existencia de un objeto, ser, etc.) o there are (para hacer referencia a la existencia de ms de un objeto, ser, etc.), en ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol, el verbo de estas oraciones concuerda con el sujeto. En espaol, sin embargo, se utiliza una misma forma verbal (hay) para referirse a la existencia tanto de uno como de varios objetos, seres, fenmenos, etc. Las oraciones interrogativas se construyen anteponiendo la forma verbal is o are a there y a continuacin se colocan el sujeto y los complementos si los hubiera. Examples:
Simple present English Singular Affirmative There is a boy.

Examples:
English There are some children in the house. Spanish Hay algunos nios en la casa.

English I have some friends at school. Spanish Tengo algunos amigos en el colegio.

English Pay me some attention. Spanish Prsteme un poco de atencin.

English He gave some credit to him. Spanish Le dio algn crdito.

Plural

There are five boys.

Negative

There isnt any boy. There arent five boys.

En espaol es muy frecuente omitir las palabras que expresan particin, sin embargo, en ingls es muy frecuente el uso de some para expresar esta idea; por lo tanto, en muchas ocasiones cuando en ingls se usa some en espaol no se usa ningn tipo de partcula partitiva.
English Spanish

Question

Is there any boy?

Are there five boys?

1.2.-THE USE OF SOME (EL USO DE SOME) Some equivale en espaol a algo, un poco de, una pequea cantidad de, algn, alguno(s) alguna(s) o cualquier otra expresin que transmita la idea de particin indeterminada.

I shall take some wine.

Tomar vino.

Give me some bread.

Dame pan.

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Al igual que con some, puede que en la El uso de some suele restringirse a las oraciones afirmativas, sin embargo, tambin traduccin hacia el espaol de una oracin en puede utilizarse en oraciones interrogativas la que se emplee any, esta partcula no se cuando se espera una respuesta afirmativa, traduzca por nada. como por ejemplo cuando se ofrece alguna Examples: cosa, especialmente si la pregunta interrogativa se formula de forma negativa. Examples:
English Spanish Wont you take some more tea? No vas a tomar algo ms de t? English Do you need any help?

Spanish

Necesitas ayuda?

. Asimismo, any puede emplearse en oraciones afirmativas, pero entonces su significado difiere del de some y debe traducirse por cualquier(a). Examples:
English Any day the war coud break out.

English Spanish

Wont you take some time to think about the matter? No vas a tomarte algo de tiempo para pensar sobre el asunto?

1.3.-THE USE OF ANY (EL USO DE ANY)

Spanish

Cualquier da la guerra podra estallar.

Any, al igual que some, es un trmino partitivo en ingls. Any se emplea en oraciones negativas e interrogativas. En espaol any puede traducirse por ningn, ninguno(s), ninguna(s), algn, alguno(s) o alguna(s). Examples:
English There arent any cats in the kennel. Spanish No hay ningn gato en la perrera. English Is there any teacher in the garden? Spanish Hay algn profesor en el jardn? English I dont have any brother. Spanish No tengo ningn hermano.

English

Any upset could kill him.

Spanish

Cualquier disgusto podra matarlo.

English

Its true, ask any doctor.

Spanish Es cierto, pregntale a cualquier mdico.

Por lo tanto, despus de explicar los usos de some y any, podemos deducir que la respuesta afirmativa a una oracin interrogativa en la que se use any har uso de some.

English

Spanish

Have you got any sister? Tienes alguna hermana?

Yes, I have got some.

Si, tengo (algunas).

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2.-QUANTITIES (CANTIDADES)
countable a lot(s) of (muchos/ as) large quantities (not) many ([no] muchos/ as) how many...? (cuntos/ as...?) small quantities a few (pocos/ as) very few (muy pocos/ as) uncountable a lot(s) of (mucho/ a) (not) much ([no] mucho/ a) how much...? (cunto/ a...?) a little (poco/a) very little (muy poco/ a)

Muchos trminos ingleses que hacen referencia a comidas son incontables, sin embargo los envases que las contienen son contables. Examples:
English Spanish How much water did they drink? Cunta agua bebieron?

English Spanish

How many bottles of water did they drink? Cuntas botellas de agua bebieron?

A continuacin vamos a ver algunos ejemplos de las expresiones de cantidad ms 2.1.-THE USE OF TOO, TOO MUCH, TOO MANY, comunes en ingls: ENOUGH, NOT ENOUGH (EL USO DE TOO, TOO MUCH, TOO MANY, ENOUGH, Examples: NOT ENOUGH)
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish How many apples do you have? Cuntas manzanas tienes? I have only got a few tapes. Slo tengo unas pocas cintas. They drank a lot of wine, not much beer, and very little lemonade. Bebieron mucho vino, poca (no mucha) cerveza y muy poca limonada. Were there many people? Haba muchas personas? How much money do you have? Cunto dinero tienes? I have got a lot of books, but I havent got many CDs. Tengo muchos libros, pero no tengo muchos compacts. I have much money. Tengo mucho dinero. Was there much noise? Haba mucho ruido? There are many people here. Aqu hay mucha gente.

Para expresar la idea de que hay algo en exceso utilizaremos este tipo construcciones: Examples:
+ TOO + + much many + + adjetivo sustantivo incontable sustantivo contable

Ntese que, frecuentemente, las connotaciones de este tipo de oraciones son negativas ya que expresan una queja por ese exceso: Examples:
English I dont want to go out. Im too tired.

Spanish No quiero salir. Estoy demasiado cansado. English Im stressed. Ive got too much work.

Spanish Estoy estresado. Tengo demasiado trabajo. English There are too many chairs in this room.

Spanish Hay demasiadas sillas en esta habitacin.

Enough se escribe despus del adjetivo pero antes del sustantivo y expresa la idea de suficiencia, de tener todo lo que uno necesita. Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish My screen is too small. Id like a bigger one. Mi pantalla es demasiado pequea. Me gustara una ms grande. My house is too big. Id like a smaller one. Mi casa es demasiado grande. Me gustara una ms pequea.

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Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish Have you got enough money? Tienes suficiente dinero? The table isnt big enough for six people. La mesa no es suficientemente grande para seis personas. There isnt enough food for everybody. No hay suficiente comida para todos.

En ingls, al contrario que en espaol, no se debe negar dos veces. Por lo tanto, se utilizan los compuestos anybody, anywhere y anything cuando anteriormente se ha negado. Examples:
English I cant see anything with this fog.

I can see nothing with this fog.

2.2.-SOME, ANY AND NO COMPOUNDS (INDEFINIDOS CON SOME, ANY Y NO) Estos trminos, como se ve, son compuestos de any y some, por lo tanto, se emplearn en frases negativas, afirmativas e interrogativas (de acuerdo con lo que se ha visto anteriormente) con la funcin de pronombres indefinidos.
Affirmative

Spanish No puedo ver nada con esta niebla.

English They are trapped, they cant go anywhere.

They are trapped, they can go nowhere. People somebody / someone

alguien

Spanish Estn atrapados, no pueden ir a ninguna parte.

Things

something
algo

Places

somewhere
alguna parte

English There wasnt anybody in the party.

Negative People nobody / no one

nadie

There was nobody in the party. Spanish

Things

nothing
nada

No haba nadie en la fiesta.

Places

nowhere
ninguna parte

Examples:

English Negative and question Spanish People anybody / anyone

nadie, alguien, cualquier persona

Are you doing anything tonight? Vas a hacer algo esta noche? I met somebody interesting last night. Anoche conoc a alguien interesante. Nobody turned up for the meeting. Nadie apareci en la reunin.

English Spanish English

Things

anything
nada, algo, cualquier cosa

Places

anywhere
ninguna parte, alguna parte, cualquier parte

Spanish

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DAILY
1.-AT THE HOTEL (EN EL HOTEL)

SPEAKING

Good evening, ladies! Can I help you? Let me check on the computer. Thats right. Would you like two single rooms with a bathroom? How long are you going to stay at this hotel for? Would you like half or full board?

Receptionist: Good evening, ladies! Can I help you? Recepcionista: Buenas noches, seoras! Puedo ayudarles en algo?
Ive booked two single rooms for Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Johnson

Customer: Cliente:

Yes, please

Ive booked two single rooms for Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Johnson. He reservado dos habitaciones individuales a nombre de la Sra. Smith y Sra. Johnson.

Receptionist:

Were just going to stay at this hotel for two days. Wed like to have half board

Let me check on the computer. Thats right. Would you like two single rooms with a bathroom? Recepcionista: Djeme comprobarlo en el ordenador. S, as es. Quieren dos habitaciones individuales con bao? Customer: Cliente: Receptionist: Yes, please. S, por favor.

How long are you going to stay at this hotel for? Would you like half or full board? Recepcionista: Cunto tiempo van a quedarse en este hotel? Quieren media pensin o pensin completa?
May I see your passports, please? Of course, here you are Do we have to fill in any form?

Customer: Cliente:

Were just going to stay at this hotel for two days. Wed like to have half board. Tan slo vamos a quedarnos en este hotel dos das. Preferimos media pensin.

Receptionist: May I see your passports, please? Recepcionista: Me pueden ensear sus pasaportes, por favor? Customer: Cliente: Customer: Cliente: Of course, here you are. Por supuesto, aqu los tiene. Do we have to fill in any form? Tenemos que rellenar alguna hoja de registro de entrada?

Thank you very much No, Ill do it for you

You are welcome

Receptionist: No, Ill do it for you. Recepcionista: No, lo har yo por ustedes. Customer: Cliente: Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.

Receptionist: You are welcome. Recepcionista: De nada. Customer: Cliente: Could you please wake us up at seven a.m.? Podra despertarnos a las siete de la maana?
Could you please wake us up at seven a.m.?

Receptionist: Of course, anything else? Recepcionista: Por supuesto, desean algo ms? Customer: Cliente: Receptionist: Could you change us pounds into euros? Whats the exchange rate? Podra cambiarnos libras por euros? A cmo est el cambio?
Of course, anything else?

The exchange rate is 1.3 euro to the pound. How much would you like to change? Recepcionista: El cambio est a 1,3 euros por libra. Cunto quieren cambiar? Customer: Cliente: 50, please. 50 libras, por favor. -63-

Could you change us pounds into euros? Whats the exchange rate? The exhange rate is 1,3 euro to the pound. How much would you like to change?

50, please

CIVILIAN
1.-PARTS OF THE HOUSE (PARTES DE LA CASA)
English window door floor roof wall

VOCABULARY

Spanish ventana puerta suelo tejado pared

door

2.-ROOMS OF THE HOUSE (HABITACIONES DE LA CASA)

English bedroom bathroom kitchen living-room dining-room Spanish dormitorio cuarto de bao cocina sala de estar comedor garaje aseo jardn

living-room

garage toilet garden

kitchen 3.-FURNITURE (MOBILIARIO)

English armchair fridge curtains cooker table bed alarm clock chair sofa television lamp carpet closet vase blanket pillow sheets bedside table ashtray drawer matress silln nevera cortinas hornilla mesa cama despertador silla sof televisin lmpara alfombra armario florero manta almohada sbanas mesita de noche cenicero cajn colchn -64Spanish

ashtray

alarm-clock

lamp

bed

4.-THE BATHROOM (EL CUARTO DE BAO)

English shower wash-basin towel soap tap sponge tooth brush brush comb lotion ducha lavabo toalla jabn grifo esponja cepillo de dientes cepillo peine locin Spanish

wash-basin

tap

tooth brush comb

READING
1.-THE HISTORY OF HARRODS (LA HISTORIA DE HARRODS)

COMPREHENSION
2.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)? (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALASAS)

The tale begins with Charles Henry Harrod who is a grocery wholesaler and a tea merchant. He buys this store in 1849, and in 1889 it becomes a public limited company, which sells food, furniture, perfumes, jewellery and glass. In 1902 it becomes Londons biggest store and remains like that throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The Canadian Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force use parts of the building during the Second World War. In 1985, the famous businessman Mohamed Al Fayed buys it and decides to prepare it for the decades ahead. Nowadays, Harrods is probably the best and the most well known department store in the world. Through constant innovation and evolution it is in the forefront of the changing trends.The stores motto is everything for everyone everywhere. If you are in London, dont miss the opportunity to come!

a) Charles Henry Harrod is a grocery wholesaler and tea merchant. b) The tale begins with Mohemend Al Fayed. c) In 1889 it only sells food. d) In 1902 it becomes Londons biggest store. e) The Canadian Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force use parts of the building during the First World War. f) In 1985 the famous businessman Mohamed Al Fayed buys Harrods. g) Since 1985 Harrods is the best and the most well known department store in the world.

T/F T/F T/F T/F

T/F

T/F T/F

3.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) When does Charles Henry Harrod buy the store? 2) What is the name of the famous businessman
who buys Harrods in 1985?

3) What is the stores motto?

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MILITARY
1.-LIGHT WEAPONRY (ARMAMENTO LIGERO)
English bayonet mortar pistol sword knife revolver burst round machine gun rocket launcher bullet blank cartridge live ammunition shell hand grenade rate of fire barrel bore chamber flash suppressor trigger sub-machine gun shoot

TERMS

Spanish bayoneta mortero pistola espada cuchillo revlver rfaga disparo ametralladora lanzagranadas bala cartucho de fogueo municin de guerra granada de mortero granada de mano cadencia de fuego can nima recmara bocacha apagafuegos disparador subfusil disparar

pistol knife-bayonet

machine gun bullet

sub-machine gun

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado:

What are you doing? Qu ests haciendo? Im collecting ammunition for the exercise we have tomorrow. Estoy cogiendo municin para el ejercicio que tenemos maana. What kind of exercise is it about? De qu tipo de ejercicio se trata? Its a double action exercise, an ambush drill. Es un ejercicio de doble accin, un ejercicio de emboscada. Will it be carried out with live ammunition? Se realizar con municin de guerra? No, well shoot blank cartridges. By the way, I must prepare the magazines. No, usaremos cartuchos de fogueo. Por cierto, tengo que preparar los cargadores.
What are you doing? Im collecting ammunition for the exercise we have tomorrow

What kind of exercise is it about?

Will it be carried out with live ammnuniton?

Its a double action exercise, an ambush drill

No, well shoot blank cartridges. By the way, I must prepare my magazines

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EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE A OR AN.
FOLLOWING GAPS WITH

THE, 3) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB TO BE.

a) There are twenty pupils in the room. a) The door of the room is open. b) You are _______ pupil but I am a teacher. c) I have _______ uncle in Russia. d) Day after day she sees ______old dog in the street. e) _______ colour of this watch is very nice. f) Anthony is _______ best boy in the world. g) William wants _______ car for his birthday. b) There _____ a big dog in the street. c) There _____ two cats in the sofa. d) There _____ too much paint in your painting. e) There _____ some wine in the bottle. f) There _____ a lot of water in the swimming pool. g) There _____ a couple of girls in the kitchen. h) There _____ a table in the dining-room.

4)

WHERE CAN YOU FIND THE FOLLOWING THINGS?

a) Sugar a) In the kitchen b) Soap b) __________________ c) Water c) __________________ d) Cheese d) __________________ e) Bed e) __________________ f) Rice f) __________________ g) Car g) __________________ h) Television h) __________________ i) Matress i) __________________ j) Cooker j) __________________ k) Towel k) __________________

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH MUCH OR MANY.

a) How many people are there in this room? b) How _____ money do you have? c) How _____ chairs are there in the living-room? d) How _____ milk is there? e) How _____ wine is there? f) How _____ books are there in the bedroom?

5) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO J).

English terms 1) flash suppressor 2) rate of fire 3) light weaponry 4) trigger 5) bullet 6) machine gun 7) shell 8) barrel 9) burst 10) round
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Spanish terms a) cadencia de fuego b) ametralladora c) can d) granada de mortero e) bocacha de apagafuegos f) disparo g) armamento ligero h) bala i) disparador j) rfaga

6) FILL EACH OF THE SOME OR ANY.

FOLLOWING GAPS WITH

8) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD FROM THE BOX.

a) There is not any butter. b) There is not _____ table in my bedroom. c) There is _____ water in the bath.

curtains television than shower window toilets sofas

bedroom yours fridge carpets are a bathroom

a) My bedroom is bigger than yours. d) There is _____ milk in your glass. e) There is not _____ chocolate in the fridge. f) There are _____ trees in the garden. g) There is _____ wine in Angelicas glass. h) There are _____ medicines in the first-aid kit. b) Peters house has a big bathroom and two little _____. c) Please, Michael, open the _____ and draw the _____. d) In the zoo there _____ many animals. e) Wasnt she _____ very nice girl? f) The bed is in the _____, the _____ in the kitchen.

7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH SOME OR ANY, MAKING THE APPROPRIATE COMPOUNDS IF NECESSARY (SOMEBODY, ANYTHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE, ETC.).
a) Theres some milk in that jug. b) Im afraid there isnt _______ coffee left; will you grind _______?. c) Is there _______ here who speaks Italian? d) Id like to buy you _______ new clothes but dont have _______ money. e) Are there _______ letters for me? f) When would you like to come? _______ day would suit me. g) _______ told me youve got _______ bad news for me. h) I see you dont have _______ maps. Would you like to borrow _______ of mine? i) Come and have supper with us if you arent doing _______ tonight. j) Dont let _______ in. Im too busy to see _______. k) He lives _______ in France now. l) Would you like _______ to drink?
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g) The _____ and the towel are in the _____. h) In Adrians living-room there are two _____, three_____ and one _____.

9) MAKE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

a) many /How /children /in/ are/ room /the /there? a) How many children are there in the room? b) sugar /any /not /There /is b) ______________________________. c) living-room /very /isnt /Your /nice c) ______________________________. d) lamp /does / work /not / That d) ______________________________. e) have /an /bed /We /old e) ______________________________.

10)CHANGE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE INTERROGATIVE FORM.

a) There is a boy in the garden. a) Is there a boy in the garden? b) There are two televisions in Thomas living-room. b) ______________________________ c) There isnt any sugar. c) ______________________________ d) There is some tea in the teapot. d) ______________________________ e) There are many people here. e) ______________________________ f) There is a big bed in her living-room. f) ______________________________ g) There is some coffee in the coffeepot. g) ______________________________

UNIT 7
GRAMMAR
1.-QUESTIONS (ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS) 1.1.-AUXILIARY "TO DO" (AUXILIAR TO DO) La forma interrogativa de las oraciones en presente de indicativo para los verbos regulares es la siguiente:
REGULAR VERBS Simple present / Question form DO + SUJETO + verbo en INFINITIVO + (complts.) ?

1.2.-THE VERB "TO BE" (EL VERBO TO BE ) La forma interrogativa del verbo "to be" se constituye de la siguiente manera:
TO BE (ser; estar) Simple present / Question form AM/ IS/ ARE + SUJETO + (complts.) ?

Examples:
English Spanish Soy (yo) alto? Eres (t) listo? Es (usted) listo? Sois (vosotros) listos? Son (ustedes) listos? Es (l) un estudiante? Es (ella) inteligente? Es (eso) difcil? Estamos (nosotros) comprometidos?

La forma del auxiliar "to do" cambia para la tercera persona del singular y adopta la forma de "does":
REGULAR VERBS (3rd) Simple present / Question form verbo en DOES + SUJETO + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ?

Am I tall?

Are you clever?

Is he a student? Is she intelligent? Is it hard?

Examples:
English Do you like any sport? Do they eat apples? Does she go to class? Spanish Te gusta algn deporte? Comen (ellos) manzanas? Va (ella) a clase?

Are we engaged?

Are they interesting? Son (ellos) interesantes?

Por lo general, en las oraciones interrogativonegativas "is not" se contrae en "isnt" y "are Todos los verbos, exceptuando los anmalos not" en "arent: o defectivos, se conjugan en su forma interrogativa segn el modelo anterior. TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple present / Contracted negative question form

La forma interrogativo-negativa del auxiliar "to do" suele contraerse en "dont" y "doesnt". Las oraciones interrogativo-negativas se construyen siguiendo el mismo orden de la forma interrogativa en afirmativa: Examples:
English Dont you like English? Dont they eat apples? Spanish No te gusta el ingls? No comen (ellos) manzanas?

ISNT/ ARENT

SUJETO

(complts.)

Examples:
English Isnt she pretty? Arent they tall? Arent we brave? Arent you blind? Spanish No es (ella) guapa? No son (ellos) altos? No somos (nosotros) valientes? No eres (t) ciego?

Doesnt she go to class? No va (ella) a clase?

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Si no se usa esta contraccin, la forma para estas interrogativas es la siguiente:

TO BE (ser; estar) Simple present / Negative question form AM/ IS/ ARE + SUJETO + NOT + (complts.) ?

...
English in near next to of Spanish en; (a)dentro cerca de, junto a de separado de; lejos de sobre, en fuera sobre; ms all de alrededor de desde hasta por; por medio de a, hacia; para hacia debajo de, bajo sobre, en lo alto de debajo de, bajo con entre; en el espacio de, dentro de sin; fuera de

Examples:
English Is she not pretty? Are they not tall? Are we not brave? Are you not blind? Spanish No es (ella) guapa? No son (ellos) altos? No somos (nosotros)valientes? No eres (t) ciego?

off on out over (a) round since till, until through to towards under up underneath with within without

2.-PREPOSITIONS I (PREPOSICIONES I) Las preposiciones inglesas ms usadas son:

English above about Spanish sobre alrededor de; acerca de, sobre por medio de, a travs de contra despus de, tras a lo largo de en delante de, ante; antes de tras; detrs de

across against after along at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond by down during for from

Las siguientes preposiciones en espaol pueden traducirse de varias formas. A continuacin aparecen las ms comunes:
English a por Spanish at [reposo] to [movimiento] by [el agente] for [la causa] above (ms elevado, arriba, superior) on, upon [con apoyo] till, until [tiempo] as far as [espacio] into [cuando est expresado el lugar] of [posesin] from [procedencia] with [materia] under (debajo de) below (ms bajo de, inferior a) beneath (ms bajo de, inferior a) off (lejos de, quitado de) among [ms de dos] between [dos]

debajo de debajo de al lado de adems de entre ms all de, sobre por; de; junto a abajo durante por; durante; para fuera de; desde; por entre debajo de hasta en sobre

...
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DAILY
1.-IN THE RESTAURANT (EN EL RESTAURANTE)

SPEAKING

Good evening! Where would you like to sit?

Good evening! Near the window, please

Waiter: Camarero: Customer: Cliente:

Good evening! Where would you like to sit? Buenas tardes! Dnde desean sentarse? Good evening! Near the window, please. Buenas tardes! Cerca de la ventana, por favor. Here you have the menu. Aqu tienen el men. Could you bring us whatever you think is best on the menu? Podra traernos lo que ms le guste del men? I'd go for veal cutlets and French fries. Yo me tomara unas chuletas de ternera con patatas fritas. That's wonderful. Which wine do you recommend? Perfecto. Qu vino nos recomienda? I think you'd love a bottle of table wine. Creo que una botella de vino del pas les encantara.

Here you have the menu

Waiter: Camarero: Customer: Cliente: Waiter:

Could you bring us whatever you think is best on the menu?

Camarero: Customer: Cliente: Waiter:

I'd go for veal cutlets and French fries

Camarero:

That's wonderful. Which wine do you recommend?

I think you'd love a bottle of table wine

- 71 -

CIVILIAN
1.-BREAKFAST (DESAYUNO)
English milk egg (fried egg, boiled egg) cheese ham bread sugar salt omelette cereals butter jam honey tea coffee leche

VOCABULARY

Spanish

huevo (huevo frito, huevo cocido) queso jamn pan azcar sal tortilla cereales mantequilla mermelada miel t caf

cereals jam

coffee

tea

fried eggs with ham

2.-FRUITS, CEREALS AND VEGETABLES (FRUTAS, CEREALES Y VERDURAS)

English lemon orange pear grape banana fig plum peach tomato potato strawberry apple lettuce carrot beans onions olives cucumber flour peas watermelon dates rice pasta noodles - 72 Spanish limn naranja pera uva pltano higo ciruela melocotn tomate patata fresa manzana lechuga zanahoria judas cebollas aceitunas pepino harina guisantes meln dtiles arroz pasta fideos

lemons

pears

figs

apples

watermelons

oranges

strawberries

dates

grapes

3.-MEAT AND FISH (CARNE Y PESCADO)

English salami sausage ham veal beef pork chicken steak cutlet trout hake tuna mussels crab shrimp sword-fish squid turkey hamburguer Spanish salchichn salchicha jamn ternera buey cerdo pollo filete chuleta tucha merluza atn mejillones cangrejo gamba pez espada calamar pavo hamburguesa

4.-DRINKS (BEBIDAS)
English water beer champagne wine (white wine, red wine) juice whisky lemonade soda rum gin non-alcoholic drinks spirits agua cerveza champn vino (vino blanco, vino tinto) zumo whisky limonada gaseosa ron ginebra bebidas no alcohlicas bebidas alcohlicas Spanish

water beer

champagne

5.-DESSERTS (POSTRES)
English ice-cream yoghurt sweets / candies cake pudding rice pudding chocolate custard jelly helado yogur caramelos tarta pudin arroz con leche chocolate natillas gelatina Spanish

6.-THE TABLE (LA MESA)

English knife fork spoon teaspoon glass serviette napkin table cloth plate caster salt cellar vinegar pepper oil tray mug toothpicks lay / set the oven cook - 73 Spanish cuchillo tenedor cuchara cucharilla vaso servilleta servilleta mantel plato vinagrera salero vinagre pimienta aceite bandeja taza palillos de dientes poner la mesa horno cocinar

yogohurt

cake

ice-cream

READING
1.-BRITISH MEALS (COMIDAS BRITNICAS)

COMPREHENSION
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) At least, how many meals do British people have a day? Is British breakfast a more substantial meal than Spanish breakfast? When do British people have tea? According to the text, what is the last meal of the day?

British people have at least three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Many people take an additional meal known as tea. Beakfast is usually between half past seven and half past eight in the morning. It is a more substantial meal than the Spanish breakfast. British people usually choose: fruit, porridge, eggs (boiled or fried) bacon, ham, fish, bread and butter or toast with jam or marmalade, and coffee, tea or milk. The second meal of the day is lunch. People have lunch between midday and half past one. It is a light meal consisting of a simple dish of hot or cold meat, a vegetable, bread and butter and pudding. Sometimes fruit and cheese too. In the afternoon, at about four o'clock, it is tea time. People eat bread and butter, toast, biscuits, cake and tea.The last meal of the day is dinner. This is the principal meal. It starts at seven o'clock in the afternoon. In special occasions a full dinner consists of several courses: soup, fish, meat or poultry with potatoes and vegetables, pudding, cheese and dessert.

2) 3) 4)

MILITARY
1.-HEAVY WEAPONRY (ARMAMENTO PESADO)

TERMS

English loader turret hatch gun howitzer towed artillery self propelled gun guided weapon artillery piece crew antitank weapon cargador torreta escotilla can obs

Spanish

turret

artillera remolcada can autopropulsado arma guiada pieza de artillera tripulacin arma contracarro

howitzer
- 74 -

missile
gunner tank missile rocket

tank
English tirador carro de combate misil cohete mina contracarro explosivo calibre bombardeo fuego indirecto barrera metralla esquirla Spanish

antitank mine explosive caliber bombardment indirect fire barrage shrapnel

gunner

splinter

MILITARY
Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado:

CONVERSATION

Did you check the track of the tank? Has comprobado la cadena del carro de combate? Yes, Sir, everything was OK. S, mi Sargento, todo estaba correcto. Don't forget to install the machine gun on the turret. No olvides instalar la ametralladora en la torreta. Don't worry, Sir, it is already done. No se preocupe, mi Sargento, ya est hecho. Did you already refuel the tank? Has repostado ya el carro? Yes, this morning I went to the gas station. S, esta maana fui a la gasolinera. You're really efficient. Eres verdaderamente eficiente. Thanks, Sir. Gracias, mi Sargento. - 75 -

Did you check the track of the tank?

Yes, Sir, everything was OK

Dont forget to install the machine gun on the turret

Dont worry, Sir, it is already done

Did you already refuel the tank?

Yes, this morning I went to the gas station

Youre really efficient

Thanks, Sir

EXERCISES
1) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE 3) AND NEGATIVE.
a) You like apples. a) Don't you like apples? b) They want a car. b) ______________________________ c) She plays the guitar. c) ______________________________ d) We buy some tickets for the theatre. d) ______________________________ e) I have a mobile. e) ______________________________ f) He takes several pictures. f) ______________________________ g) You eat potatoes. g) ______________________________
TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

a) What city do you come from? a) De qu ciudad vienes? b) Put the glass on the table. b) __________________________________. c) The road passes across the valley. c) __________________________________. d) The sun shines over the city. d) __________________________________. e) Stay by my side. e) __________________________________. f) The chair is between the door and the window. f) __________________________________. g) Don't leave until I tell you. g) __________________________________. h) Before going out, put your application on the table. h) __________________________________.

2) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES (1) INTERROGATIVE AND (2) INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE.
a) You are tall. a) Are you tall? a) Aren't you tall? b) They are interested in Geography. b) ______________________________ b) ______________________________ c) She is a pretty girl. c) ______________________________ c) ______________________________ d) We are Mary's best friends. d) ______________________________ d) ______________________________ e) I am five feet tall. e) ______________________________ e) ______________________________ f) He is the best good-looking boy. f) ______________________________ f) ______________________________ g) You are my sister-in-law's brother. g) ______________________________ g) ______________________________

4) TRANSLATE SENTENCES.

INTO

ENGLISH

THE

FOLLOWING

a) Cerca de mi casa hay un cine. a) There is a cinema near my house. b) Debajo de nuestra casa hay un cementerio. b) __________________________________. c) Hay un supermercado detrs de la escuela. c) __________________________________. d) En septiembre llueve mucho. d) __________________________________. e) El martes se casa John. e) __________________________________. f) Con un coche es suficiente. f) __________________________________. g) De Madrid a Granada hay 450 km. g) __________________________________. h) Despus de cuatro horas estamos cansados. h) __________________________________. i) La guerra contra aquel pas es un fracaso. i) __________________________________.

- 76 -

5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 6) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING THE TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE WORDS IN EACH COLUMN? BRACKETS.
a) (pan, tomate, aceite de oliva) I like bread with tomato and olive oil. b) (cuchara, tenedor, cuchillo) Chinese people don't use ______ ,______ nor ______. c) (cocinar, pollo, horno) I ______ the ______ in the ______, that way it is very tasty! d) (vinagre, pimienta) I am allergic to ______ and ______.
juice veal A B

WORDS DON'T FIT INTO

beer

salami

tea

lemon

sugar

sausage

strawberry

orange

wine

ham

apple

tuna

lettuce

grape

e) (azcar, t) I don't like ______ with ______. f) (pavo) English people eat ______ at Christmas. g) (ensalada, tomate, lechuga, cebolla) I make ______ with ______ ,______ and ______.
whisky vinegar carrot banana

lemonade

pork

beans

fig

7) MATCH

TERMS

1)

TO

8)

SENTENCES A) TO H).

English terms 1) crew 2) indirect fire 3) tank 4) artillery piece 5) hatch 6) towed artillery 7) antitank weapon 8) splinter

Spanish terms a) escotilla b) carro de combate c) artillera remolcada d) tripulacin e) arma contracarro f) pieza de artillera g) fuego indirecto h) esquirla

- 77 -

UNIT 8
GRAMMAR
1.-SIMPLE PAST OF THE REGULAR VERBS (PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS REGULARES) 1.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM (FORMA AFIRMATIVA) b) Si termina en y precedida de consonante, al tomar la terminacin -ed dicha y se cambia por i; pero si en lugar de estar precedida por consonante lo est por vocal, se sigue la regla general:

El pasado de los verbos regulares en ingls Examples: se forma aadiendo la terminacin "-ed" al infinitivo sin la preposicin "to". El pasado English to cry/ I cried simple en ingls equivale al pretrito imperfecto de indicativo espaol (e.g.: I walked, andaba; Spanish llorar/ (yo) lloraba; llor I worked, trabajaba) y al pretrito perfecto simple de indicativo (e.g.: I walked, anduve; I worked, trabaj). A diferencia de lo que English to play/ I played ocurre en presente, que se aade la terminacin "-s" para formar la tercera persona Spanish jugar/ (yo) jugaba; jugu del singular (e.g.: he walks, [l] anda), en pasado simple existe una nica forma verbal para todas las personas, tanto en afirmativa, 1.2. NEGATIVE FORM (FORMA NEGATIVA) como en negativa, como en interrogativa.
TO WALK (andar) Simple past / Affirmative form English Spanish 1st S I walked (yo) andaba; anduve (t) andabas; anduviste 2nd S you walked (usted) andaba; anduvo 3rd S he/ she/ it walked (l/ ella/ *ello) andaba; anduvo 1st P we walked (nosotros/ as) andbamos; anduvimos (vosotros/ as) andabais; anduvisteis (ustedes) andaban; anduvieron 3rd P they walked (ellos/ as) andaban; anduvieron he/ she/ it did not walk 3rd S he/ she/ it didnt walk (l/ ella/ *ello) no andaba; no anduvo

La forma negativa del pasado simple en ingls de los verbos (salvo los verbos anmalos), se construye (para todas las personas) anteponiendo la forma negativa del pasado simple del auxiliar to do (did not o didnt) al verbo en infinitivo sin la partcula to.
TO WALK (andar) Simple past / Negative form English Spanish I did not walk 1st S I didnt walk (yo) no andaba; no anduve (t) no andabas; no anduviste you did not walk 2nd S you didnt walk (usted) no andaba; no anduvo

2nd P you walked

Para la adicin de la terminacin "-ed" hay que tener en cuenta las siguientes reglas ortogrficas: a) Si el infinitivo termina en "e", dicha "e" desaparece al aadir "-ed": Example:
English Spanish to live/ I lived vivir/ (yo) viva; viv -79-

we did not walk (nosotros/ as) no andbamos; 1st P we didnt walk no anduvimos (vosotros/ as) no andabais; no anduvisteis (ustedes) no andaban; no anduvieron (ellos/ as) no andaban; no anduvieron

you did not walk 2nd P you didnt walk

they did not walk 3rd P they didnt walk

1.3.-QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVA) La forma interrogativa del pasado simple en ingls se forma con el auxiliar "to do" en pasado ("did") -tal y como se explica en la unidad 7-, seguido del sujeto y del verbo en infinitivo sin la partcula "to". La forma verbal es igual para todas las personas, incluso para la tercera de singular:
TO WALK (andar) Simple past / Question form English Spanish 1st S did I walk? andaba; anduve (yo)?

TO WALK (andar) Simple past / Negative question form English Spanish did I not walk? 1st S didnt I walk? no andaba; no anduve (yo)? no andabas; no anduviste (t)? did you not walk? 2nd S didnt you walk? no andaba; no anduvo (usted)? did he/ she/ it not walk? no andaba; no anduvo rd 3 S didnt he/ she/ it (l/ ella/ *ello)? walk? did we not walk? no andbamos; no anduvimos 1st P didnt we walk? (nosotros/ as)? no andabais; no anduvisteis (vosotros/ as)? no andaban; no anduvieron (ustedes)?

andabas; anduviste (t)? 2nd S did you walk? andaba; anduvo (usted)?

did you not walk? 2nd P didnt you walk?

did they not walk? no andaban; no anduvieron 3rd P didnt they walk? (ellos/ as)?

did he/ she/ it 3rd S walk?

andaba; anduvo (l/ ella/ *ello)?

2.-PAST SIMPLE OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS (PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES) En ingls hay un gran nmero de verbos que toman formas irregulares para las oraciones en pasado simple afirmativas (ver lista de verbos irregulares). En el resto de oraciones en pasado simple (las negativas, las interrogativas y las interrogativo-negativas) estos verbos se comportan como verbos regulares:

1st P did we walk?

andbamos; aduvimos (nosotros/ as)?

andabais; anduvisteis (vosotros/ as)? 2nd P did you walk? andaban; anduvieron (ustedes)?

Examples:
3rd P did they walk? andaban; anduvieron (ellos/ as)? English Spanish

When did you go to Madrid? Cundo fuiste a Madrid?

1.4.- NEGATIVE QUESTION (FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) La forma interrogativo-negativa del pasado simple en ingls se forma con el auxiliar "to do" en pasado y la partcula negativa "not" ("did not" o "didn't") -tal y como se explica en la unidad 7- seguida del verbo en infinitivo sin la partcula "to". Existen dos maneras posibles para construir la forma interrogativo-negativa, no obstante, es ms comn el uso de la forma contrada (didnt) que el de la forma no contrada ("did not"). La forma verbal es igual para todas las personas, incluso para la tercera de singular:
-80I went to Madrid last week. Fui a Madrid la semana pasada.

Didnt you go to Barcelona?

No fuiste a Barcelona?

No, I didnt go to Barcelona.

No, no fui a Barcelona.

3.-SIMPLE PAST OF THE VERB TO BE (PASADO SIMPLE DEL VERBO TO BE) 3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM (FORMA AFIRMATIVA)

3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM (FORMA NEGATIVA)

Las formas verbales del pasado simple del verbo to be en negativa son was not El verbo to be es un verbo anmalo, por lo /wasnt para la primera y tercera persona del tanto para formar el pasado simple no hay que singular y were not /werent para el resto de seguir las reglas que hemos visto con anteriori- las personas. dad, sino que que hay que aprender las formas irregulares. Para la primera y tercera persona del singular la forma es was, para el resto de las personas es were.
TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Affirmative form TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Affirmative form English Spanish (yo) era; fui (yo) estaba; estuve (t) no eras; no fuiste (t) no estabas; no estuviste (t) eras; fuiste (t) estabas; estuviste 2nd S you were (usted) era; fue (usted) estaba; estuvo he/ she/ it was not (l/ ella/ *ello) no era; no fue 3rd S he/ she/ it wasnt (l/ ella/ *ello) no estaba; no estuvo you were not 2nd S you werent (usted) no era; no fue (usted) no estaba; no estuvo I was not 1st S I wasnt (yo) no era; no fui (yo) no estaba; no estuve English Spanish

1st S I was

he/ she/ it 3rd S was

(l/ ella/ *ello) era; fue (l/ ella/ *ello) estaba; estuvo

1st P we were

(nosotros/ as) ramos; fuimos (nosotos/ as) estbamos; estuvimos

we were not 1st P we werent

(nosotros/ as) no ramos; no fuimos (nosotos/ as) no estbamos; no estuvimos

(vosotros/ as) erais; fuisteis (vosotros/ as) estabais; estuvisteis 2nd P you were (ustedes) eran; fueron (ustedes) estaban; estuvieron you were not 2nd P you werent

(vosotros/ as) no erais; no fuisteis (vosotros/ as) no estabais; no estuvisteis

(ustedes) no eran; no fueron (ustedes) no estaban; no estuvieron

3rd P they were

(ellos/ as) eran; fueron (ellos/ as) estaban; estuvieron

they were not 3rd P they werent

(ellos/ as) no eran; no fueron (ellos/ as) no estaban; no estuvieron

-81-

3.3. QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVA) Como se ha visto en el punto 1.2. de la unidad 7, el verbo "to be" en su forma interrogativa no hace uso del auxiliar "to do". Para construir oraciones interrogativas en pasado simple con el verbo "to be" hay que seguir el mismo patrn que se emplea para las de presente simple, con la salvedad de que hay que cambiar las formas "am" e "is" por "was", y la forma "are", por "were".
TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Question form WAS / WERE + SUJETO + (complementos) ?

3.4.- NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) Para construir oraciones interrogativonegativas en ingls con el verbo "to be" hay dos posibilidades: (1) utilizar la forma contrada o (2) utilizar la forma no contrada. Lo ms comn es (como se ha visto en el punto 1.2. de la unidad 7) usar la forma contrada: La forma contrada sigue esta estructura:
TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Contracted negative question form WASNT / WERENT

SUJETO

(complementos) ?

TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Question form English Spanish era; fui (yo)? estaba; estuve (yo)?

La forma no contrada sigue esta estructura:

TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Negative question form WAS/ WERE

1st S was I?

+ SUJETO + NOT + (complementos) ?

eras; fuiste (t)? estabas; estuviste (t)? 2nd S were you? era; fue (usted)? estaba; estuvo (usted)?

TO BE (ser; estar) Simple past / Negative question form English Spanish wasnt I? 1st S was I not? no era; no fui (yo)? no estaba; no estuve (yo)? no eras; no fuiste (t)? no estabas; no estuviste (t)? werent you? 2nd S were you not? no era; no fue (usted)? no estaba; no estuvo (usted)? wasnt he/ she/ it? no era; no fue (l/ ella/ *ello)? 3rd S was he/she/it not? no estaba; no estuvo (l/ ella/ *ello)?

era; fue (l/ ella/ *ello)? 3rd S was he/ she/ it? estaba; estuvo (l/ ella/ *ello)?

1st P were we?

ramos; fuimos (nosotros/ as)? estbamos; estuvimos (nosotros/ as)?

erais; fuisteis (vosotros/ as)? estabais; estuvisteis (vosotros/ as)? 2nd P were you? eran; fueron (ustedes)? estaban; estuvieron (ustedes)?

werent we? 1st P were we not?

no ramos; no fuimos (nosotros/ as)? no estbamos; no estuvimos (nosotros/ as)? no erais; no fuisteis (vosotros/ as)? no estabais; no estuvisteis (vosotros/ as)? no eran; no fueron (ustedes)? no estaban; no estuvieron (ustedes)? no eran; no fueron (ellos/ as)? no estaban; no estuvieron (ellos/ as)?

werent you? 2nd P were you not?

3rd P were they?

eran; fueron (ellos/ as)? estaban; estuvieron (ellos/ as)?

werent they? 3rd P were they not?

-82-

DAILY

SPEAKING

1.-IN THE TRAIN STATION (EN LA ESTACIN DE TREN)

Miguel and Teresa: Miguel y Teresa: Itziar: Itzar: Miguel and Teresa: Miguel y Teresa: Itziar: Itzar: Miguel: Miguel: Hi! How are you? Hola! Qu tal? Hi! Fine, thanks, and you? Hola! Bien, gracias, y vosotros? Fine. Bien. What are you doing here? Qu estis haciendo aqu? Were about to take a train to our familys city. Estamos a punto de coger un tren que nos lleve a la ciudad de nuestra familia. And, when does your train leave? Y, cundo sale el tren? In fifteen minutes. Dentro de quince minutos.

Hi! How are you? Fine

Hi! Fine, thanks, and you? What are you doing here?

In fifteen minutes

Were about to take a train to our familys city

And, when does your train leave?

Itziar: Itzar: Teresa: Teresa:

Do you know where the platform four is?

At the back of the station, I go with you

8
Miguel: Miguel: Itziar: Itzar: Do you know where the platform four is? Sabes dnde est el andn cuatro? At the back of the station, I go with you. Al final de la estacin, os acompao. Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.

Thank you very much

Miguel and Teresa: Miguel y Teresa:

Bye!

Bye! Have a good journey!

Miguel and Teresa: Miguel y Teresa: Itziar: Itzar:

Bye! Adis! Bye! Have a good journey! Adis! Buen viaje!

-83-

CIVILIAN

VOCABULARY

1.-COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES (PASES Y NACIONALIDADES)

COUNTRIES English Spanish Australia Austria Belgium England France Australia Austria Blgica Inglaterra Francia NATIONALITIES English Spanish Australian australiano Austrian Belgian English French German Greek Dutch Indian Irish Italian Iraqi Japanese Norwegian austriaco belga ingls francs alemn griego holands hind irlands

Africa

Europe

Germany Alemania Greece Holland India Ireland Italy Grecia Holanda India Irlanda Italia Iraq Japn Noruega Portugal Rusia Espaa Suiza Turqua

Asia

America
italiano iraqu japons noruego CONTINENTS English Africa America Asia Europe Switzerland Turkey Swiss Turk suizo turco Oceania Oceana Spanish frica Amrica Asia Europa

Oceania

Irak Japan Norway Portugal Russia Spain

NATIONALITIES English African American Asiatic European Oceanic Spanish africano americano asitico europeo ocenico

Portuguese portugs Russian Spanish ruso espaol

En ingls, al igual que en espaol, los topnimos se consideran nombres propios y, por lo tanto, su inicial se escribe con letra mayscula(Spain, Espaa; England, Inglaterra). Sin embargo, y a diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol, en ingls los gentilicios tambin reciben este tratamiento (Spanish, espaol; English, ingls).
Examples:
English Where are you from? Im from England, Im English. Where are they from? They are from Switzerland, they are Swiss.

Los gentilicios en ingls, al igual que ocurre en la mayora de los casos en espaol, tambin sirven para referirse al idioma del pas. As, "l habla ruso" se traduce por "he speaks Russian" (los nombres de los idiomas en ingls tambin se escriben con mayscula.)

Spanish De dnde eres? Soy de Inglaterra, soy ingls. De dnde son? Son de Suiza, son suizos. -84-

READING
1.-PREJUDICES (PREJUICIOS)

COMPREHENSION

There are a lot of prejudices according to nationalities. As Albert Einstein said, it is easier to split an atom than to erase prejudices. For example, Danish people are thought to be blond and to row in Viking boats, drinking a lot of beer; German people are considered to drink too much beer, to eat frankfurters and to have a straight mind (everything must go the right way); European people think that Swiss people do things very slowly; people from Russia are consided to drink too much vodka. Normally, French people are considered to be arrogant about their language

and to have the best European food. Spanish people are thought to be brave and party lovers and to like bullfights too. British people are believed to be snobs, to be always on time and to drink tea; people think that British people do the opposite things European people do in the continent, for example, driving on the left side. Italian mothers are thought to wear the trousers at home and to cook a lot of pasta and pizza. Italian men are considered to love football and to live at their parents house until the age of thirty.

2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) 2) 3) 4)

What did Albert Einstein say about prejudices? What do people think about English people? What do people think about Russian people? What do people think about Italian mothers?

MILITARY

TERMS

8
English seaman warship vessel warjet combat aircraft helicopter / chopper submarine wine sweeper frigate aircraft carrier wings deck air-to-surface missile air-to air missile tanker plane surveillance flight aircraft helipad pilot airport prow port Spanish marinero barco de guerra buque avin de combate avin de combate helicptero submarino dragaminas fragata portaaviones alas cubierta misil aire-tierra misil aire-aire avin nodriza vuelo de reconocimiento aeronave helipuerto piloto aeropuerto proa puerto

1.-THE NAVY AND THE AIR FORCE (LA ARMADA Y EL EJERCITO DEL AIRE)

warjet / combat aircraft helicopter / chopper

warship

aircraft carrier submarine

-85-

MILITARY
Did you see that warjet?

CONVERSATION

Yes, that one flying over the city

Private: Soldado: Full Corporal: Cabo Primero: Private: Soldado:

Did you see that warjet? Ha visto ese avin de combate? Yes, that one flying over the city. S, aquel que sobrevuela la ciudad. What kind of warjet is it? Qu clase de avin de combate es? I think that it is an F-18. Creo que es un F-18. Really beautiful, isnt it? Realmente bonito, verdad?

What kind of warjet is it?

I think that it is an F-18

Full Corporal: Cabo Primero: Private: Soldado:

Really beautiful, isnt it?

Look at that helicopter

Full Corporal: Cabo Primero: Private: Soldado:

Look at that helicopter. Mira aquel helicptero. Oh, yes! Its an American APACHE. Oh, s! Es un APACHE americano.

8
EXERCISES
1) WRITE
THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PAST TENSE.

Oh, yes! Its an American APACHE

a) I go to school. a) I went to school. b) She likes oranges but she does not like lemons. b) ______________________________. c) Peter goes to work by bus. c) ______________________________. d) I meet her on Tuesday. d) ______________________________. e) Anke is my best German friend. e) ______________________________. f) Europe is the cradle of civilization. f) ______________________________. g) Andrea is less beautiful than Joan. g) ______________________________.

h) She speaks slowly. h) ______________________________. i) He leaves that house at six oclock. i) ______________________________. j) I usually pay him 5. j) ______________________________. k) He rides every day. k) ______________________________. l) I lie down after lunch. l) ______________________________. m) We sleep badly. m) ______________________________.

-86-

2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE SUITABLE WORD.

a) I am from England, I am English. b) I am from __________, I am German.

h) We want those carpets. h) ______________________________. h) ______________________________. i) I watch television at home.

c) I am from __________, I am Australian. d) I am from France, I am __________. e) I am from __________, I am Dutch. f) I am from Italy, I am __________.

i) i)

______________________________. ______________________________.

4) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BY USING NEGATIVE QUESTIONS.

a) I dont like apples. g) I am from Norway, I am __________. h) I am from __________, I am Turk. i) I am from Spain, I am __________. b) I go to Scotland. b) ______________________________ a) Didnt I like apples?

3) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING NEGATIVE PAST TENSE.

a) I like apples. a) I did not like apples. a) I didnt like apples. b) I go to Scotland. b) ______________________________. b) ______________________________. c) She is my best friend in London. c) c) ______________________________. ______________________________. e) My parents drink beer. e) ______________________________ d) I drive my car all night long. d) ______________________________ c) She is my best friend in London. c) ______________________________

d) I drive my car all night long. d) ______________________________. d) ______________________________. e) My parents drink beer. e) ______________________________. e) ______________________________. f) I see her. f) f) ______________________________. ______________________________. h) We dont want those carpets. h) ______________________________ g) Peter loses his job. g) ______________________________ f) I dont see her. f) ______________________________

g) Peter loses his job. g) ______________________________. g) ______________________________.

-87-

i) I watch television at home. i) ______________________________

5) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms
1) chopper 2) submarine 3) frigate 4) combat aircraft 5) deck 6) prow 7) tanker plane 8) aircraft

Spanish terms
a) submarino b) avin de combate c) cubierta d) helicptero e) fragata f) avin nodriza g) aeronave h) proa

6) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.

7) ANSWER

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.

didnt where Is

I were She much

am Greek ate did

went Did from French

a) Did they have eggs for breakfast? a) Yes, they had eggs for breakfast. a) No, they didnt have eggs for breakfast. b) Did he want a new coat? b) ______________________________. b) ______________________________. c) Did they have to work hard? c) ______________________________. c) ______________________________. d) Did he have a heart attack? d) ______________________________. d) ______________________________. e) Did they do their homework after dinner? e) ______________________________. e) ______________________________. f) Did you see us? f) ______________________________. f) ______________________________. g) Did Mary know the way? g) ______________________________. g) ______________________________. h) Did you see the difference? h) ______________________________. h) ______________________________. i) Did he come every day? i) ______________________________. i) ______________________________.
-88-

Do

a) Alice went to Ireland last year. ________ liked it very ________.

b) ________ you like baseball? Yes, ________ do.

c) They ________ in Marios restaurant last week, and they ________ very well.

d) ________ are you ________? I ________ from France, I am ________.

e) ________ you enjoy yourself yesterday? No, I ________.

f) ________ your mother from Greece? Yes, she is ________.

g) Did you see my sister? Yes, I ________.

UNIT 9
GRAMMAR
1.-QUESTIONS II (ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS II) 1.1.-WH QUESTIONS (INTERROGATIVAS PARCIALES) Hasta el momento hemos visto formas de construir oraciones interrogativas basadas en la inversin del orden de los elementos y/o en la utilizacin del auxiliar "to do". Estas oraciones interrogativas se conocen en espaol como interrogativas totales y en ingls como "yes/no questions"; esto quiere decir que la oracin se contesta con una afirmacin o con una negacin. Examples:
English Isn't she pretty? Yes, she is. Do you like football? No, I don't. Spanish No es guapa? S, lo es. Te gusta el ftbol? No, no me gusta.

"Which" sirve para distinguir entre varias personas o cosas. "What" para preguntar sobre la naturaleza, calidad, etc. de un ser. "What" en sentido absoluto significa tambin "qu?", "qu cosa?". Con el verbo "to be" sirve para preguntar la profesin, el estado, etc. de alguien. Examples:
English Where are you from? Where is she? When is your birthday? When did they eat? How are you? How is your house? Spanish De dnde eres? Dnde est? Cundo es tu cumpleaos? Cundo comieron? Cmo ests? Cmo es tu casa?

1.2. HOW TO FORM WH QUESTIONS (FORMACIN DE LAS WH QUESTIONS) a) Para formar este tipo de oraciones interrogativas en pasado y presente simple con verbos no anmalos (es decir, que no sean, por ejemplo, el verbo "to be"), lo nico que hay que hacer es anteponer una partcula interrogativa a una oracin construida con el auxiliar " to do" (tal y como se ha visto en el punto 1.1 de la unidad 7 y en el punto 1.3. de la unidad 8): Wh questions
PARTCULA INTERROGATIVA (what, which, who, where, ) AUXILIAR TO DO + (conjugado en presente o pasado)

A continuacin vamos a ver las interrogativas parciales. Otra forma de construir oraciones en ingls que se basa, adems de en la inversin y en la utilizacin del auxiliar "to do", en el uso de pronombres interrogativos (what, who, which, etc.) Debido a que la gran mayora de los pronombres interrogativos ingleses empiezan con las letras "wh", este tipo de oraciones interrogativas se llaman "wh questions". Las oraciones interrogativas que hasta el momento habamos visto, se contestaban afirmativa o negativamente (e.g.: Do you like apples? Yes, I do/ No, I don't), sin embargo, las "wh questions" necesitan otro tipo de respuesta (e.g.: Where did you go? I went home). Las partculas interrogativas con las que se construyen este tipo de oraciones son las siguientes:
English what which who where when how why qu qu cul / cules quin / quienes dnde cundo cmo por qu Spanish

+
Verbo en INFINITIVO SUJETO + sin la particula + (complementos) ? TO

Examples:
English Where do they go? What do you do? Spanish A dnde van? Qu haces?

When did you see Mary? Cundo viste a Mary? Why does she want to do it? Por qu quiere hacer eso? How did you find it? -89Cmo lo encontraste?

b) Hay ocasiones en las que para formar oraciones interrogativas parciales con verbos no anmalos en presente y pasado simple no se utiliza el auxiliar "do". Estas oraciones son aquellas en las que las partculas interrogativas "who" o "which" hacen referencia al sujeto que lleva a cabo la accin. La partcula "which" va acompaada por un sustantivo y conjuntamente ejercen la funcin de sujeto, mientras que "who" es en s el sujeto, por esta misma razn no es necesario que vaya acompaado por un sustantivo. La forma de construir este tipo de oraciones es la siguiente:
Wh questions
Verbo Partcula interrogativa + SUST. + CONJUGADO en presente o + WHICH pasado simple (complmnts.)?

2.-HOW TO WRITE A LETTER IN ENGLISH (CORRESPONDENCIA EN INGLS) 2.1.-DATE AND PLACE OF ORIGIN (FECHA Y DIRECCIN DEL REMITENTE) Segn el lugar de procedencia del remitente, la fecha y direccin de ste se ubicarn en un lugar o en otro de la carta. Por un lado, los norteamericanos (estadounidenses y canadienses) colocan la direccin del remitente en el ngulo superior izquierdo de la carta. sta va seguida de la fecha, que puede ir tanto a la derecha como a la izquierda. Por otro lado, en Gran Bretaa la direccin del remitente se coloca en el ngulo superior derecho de la carta. La fecha se coloca o bien debajo de sta o bien debajo de la direccin del destinatario a la izquierda. 2.2.-OPENING A LETTER (SALUDO)

Wh questions
Partcula interrogativa WHO + verbo CONJUGADO en presente o pasado simple + (complementos)?

Las frmulas ms comunes son: Dear

Examples:
English Spanish A quin le importa? Quin abri la puerta? Quin comi aqu? Qu chica hace la foto?

Dear Mrs Smith Dear Sir Dear Madam Dear Sir or Madam Dear Sir / Madam Dear Sirs Cuando en la carta se emplea el formato tradicional con sangra, estas frmulas van seguidas de una coma. Por lo tanto:

Who cares? Who opened the door? Who ate here? Which girl takes a picture?

Which boy answered the Qu chico contest la question? pregunta?

c) Para formar las wh questions con el verbo anmalo "to be" en presente o pasado simple se debe seguir este orden:
Wh questions with the verb to be
PARTCULA Verbo INTERROGATO BE TIVA + (conjugado + SUJETO + (complementos)? (what, which, en presente who, where,...) o pasado)

Dear Ms Smith,

Examples:
English Where are you from? What is it? Spanish De dnde eres? Qu es esto?

En el ingls norteamericano tambin se utilizan los dos puntos. Por lo tanto:

Dear Madam:

When were you at home? Cundo estuviste en casa? Why am I so nervous? How was she? Por qu soy tan nervioso? Cmo estaba?

Cuando se trata de cartas en formato sin sangra, existe una tendencia cada vez ms generalizada a no emplear puntuacin ni en el encabezamiento ni en la frmula de despedida.
-90-

2.3.-CLOSING A LETTER (FRMULA DE DESPEDIDA) Las frmulas ms usadas en ingls norteamericano son "Sincerely yours" y "Sincerely". Los britnicos se inclinan por el uso de "Yours sincerely", no obstante, utilizan la frmula "Yours faithfully" en cartas formales dirigidas a un destinatario que no se conoce. sta es la frmula que debe emplearse cuando el encabezamiento de la carta es "Dear Sir", "Dear Madam" o "Dear Sir or Madam".

Cuando el destinatario es un amigo o un pariente cercano se emplean las siguientes frmulas: Love, Love from, With love from, Much love, Love from all of us, Love to all,

All my love, Si no se tiene confianza con la persona a la que va dirigida la carta, sta puede concluirse O, cuando el destinatario no es una persona tan allegada: con las frmulas que a continuacin se citan: Best wishes, Regards, Yours, (BrE) With best wishes from, Truly yours, (AmE) Very truly yours, (AmE) Kind /Kindest regards, (BrE) As always, (AmE) Yours ever, (BrE) As ever, (AmE) Affectionately, (AmE) Fondly, (AmE) Warm / Warmest regards, (AmE) Fond / Fondest regards,

-91-

DAILY
1.-RENT A CAR (ALQUILAR UN COCHE)

SPEAKING

Agent: Agente:
Good morning, can I help you? Yes, please. Wed like to rent a car How old are you?

Good morning, can I help you? Buenos das, puedo ayudarle en algo? Yes, please. Wed like to rent a car. S, por favor. Nos gustara alquilar un coche. How old are you? Cuntos aos tiene? Im 23 years old. Tengo 23 aos. Can I see your ID or passport? Me puede ensear su carnet de identidad o pasaporte? I'm afraid youll have to pay an additional fee for being under 25. Me temo que tendr que pagar un coste adicional por tener menos de 25 aos. Really? How much is it? De verdad? Cunto es? Around 10 per day. Sobre unos 10 por da. Which car would you like to rent? This is the list, there are several groups and models, but the cheapest one is the model Fiat Seiscento. Qu coche le gustara alquilar? sta es la lista, hay varios grupos y modelos, pero el ms barato es el modelo Fiat Seiscento.
Which car would you like to rent? This is the list, there are several groups and models, but the chepest one is the model Fiat Seiscento Is there an additional driver fee?

Customer: Cliente: Agent: Agente: Customer: Cliente: Agent: Agent: Agent:

Im 23 years old

Can I see your ID or passport?

Agente:
Really? How much is it?

Customer: Cliente: Agent: Agente:

9
Customer: Cliente: Agent: Agente: Customer: Cliente: Customer: Cliente: Agent:

Agent:
Im afraid youll have to pay an additional fee for being under 25 Around 10 per day

Agente:

Is there an additional driver fee? Existe algn suplemento por conductor adicional? No, but there is limited mileage of 187.5 miles per day. No, pero existe un kilometraje limitado de 300 km por da. That's fine. Wed like to rent the Fiat Seiscento for a couple of days. Est bien. Nos gustara alquilar el Fiat Seiscento por un par de das. How much is it in total? Cunto es en total? 80. But I need a credit card with at least 500 for a deposit on the rental car. The price includes fully comprehensive insurance policy, but there is not air conditioning nor stereo system. 80 . Pero necesito una tarjeta de crdito con al menos 500 para el depsito del alquiler del coche. El precio incluye seguro a todo riesgo, pero no hay ni aire acondicionado ni radiocasete.
-92-

No, but there is limited mileage of 187.5 miles per day

Thats fine. Wed like to rent the Fiat Seiscento for a couple of days

80. But I need a credit card with at least 500 for a deposit on the rental car. The price How much is it includes fully comprehensive insurance policy, but there is not air conditioning nor stereo in total? system

Agente:

CIVILIAN
1.-DO OR MAKE? ("DO" O "MAKE"?)

VOCABULARY
When to use make English Spanish make (a) noise hacer (un) ruido hacer la cama anotar hecho en hecho de equivocarse, cometer un error hacer un trato girar a la derecha girar a la izquierda pronunciar un discurso hacer un sugerencia hacer / ganar dinero ganar dinero perder dinero causar problemas concertar una cita desordenar, ensuciar; hacer algo mal, hacer una chapuza, arruinar hacer una llamada, llamar [por telfono] tomar una decisin, decidir poner mala cara hacer las paces estar en guerra hacer un intento, intentar hacer caf / t poner una excusa hacer una oferta, ofrecer hacer un descubrimiento, descubrir hacer el testamento halagar, hacer un cumplido hacer preparativos make the bed make a note made* in made of make a mistake make a deal make a right make a left make a speech make a suggestion make money make a profit make a loss make trouble make an appointment make a mess make a phone call make a decision make a face make peace make war make an attempt / an effort make coffee / tea make an excuse make an offer make a discovery make a will make a compliment make preparations
*

Tanto "to make" como "to do" aluden a la accin de hacer, producir, crear, etc. No existen unas pautas gramaticales fijas que estipulen cundo debe utilizarse uno u otro. En este sentido, tendremos que echar mano de nuestra memoria y, en funcin del complemento directo que vaya modificando a estas formas, utilizar un verbo u otro.

he makes an appointment

they make peace

made (hecho) es el participio pasado de to make (hacer).

he makes a phone call Examples:

English That old jar is made in China. John made a mess of his life. The president made a speech in the White House. Someone who never makes a mistake never makes a discovery. -93Spanish Esa jarra vieja est hecha en China. John arruin su vida. El presidente pronunci un discurso en la Casa Blanca. Alguien que nunca se equivoca nunca hace un descubrimiento.

When to use do English do the homework do the housework do the nails / hair do films do drugs do a favour do work do research do an exercise do harm do (a lot of) damage do good do business do honours in Spanish hacer los deberes hacer las tareas domsticas arreglarse la uas / el pelo hacer peliculas drogarse hacer un favor hacer un trabajo investigar hacer un ejercicio hacer dao hacer (mucho) dao hacer el bien hacer un negocio, trabajar licenciarse en limpiar hacer la colada fregar los platos hacer un examen, examinarse hacer reformas/ arreglos, reparar, arreglar ofrecer, prestar un servicio hacer bien hacer mal hacer milagros

she does a service

do the cleaning do the washing-up do the dishes do an examination do repairs do a service do right do wrong do miracles

he does work

they do repairs

Examples:
English Anna does her homework every morning. Alfred Hitchcock did very famous films. She did me a favour. Philip did honours in French. Spanish Anna hace sus deberes todas las maanas. Alfred Hitchcock hizo pelculas muy famosas. Me hizo un favor. Philip se licenci en Francs.

-94-

READING

COMPREHENSION
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) 2) 3)
Is it a formal or an informal letter? When did Pedro arrive in London? Where did Pedro eat a very nice meal with his friend Julian?

1.-WRITING A LETTER IN BRITISH ENGLISH (CORRESPONDENCIA EN INGLS)

15 Kensington Road London E15 KOR 8th June 2004 Julia Garca Gran Va 45, 2 A 16932 Madrid Spain Dear Julia, I arrived in London last Sunday. On Monday I visited a lot of old buildings and museums like the National Gallery and the British Museum. I really liked Buckingham Palace and its gardens. On Tuesday I listened to a beautiful concert. Last night I ate a very nice meal with my friend Julian in a restaurant in Covent Garden. On Wednesday I went to Portobello in Notting Hill Gate to buy some clothes and now I am ready to go back to Spain! See you soon! Love, Pedro

MILITARY
1.-IN THE OFFICE (EN LA OFICINA)
English computer printer hard disk screen keyboard mouse report SITREP (Situation Report) INTREP (Intelligent Report) MEDEVAC REP (Medical Evaluation Report) file to file submit application form to apply for copy send receive coded message personnel records deadline

TERMS

9
keyboard

Spanish ordenador impresora disco duro pantalla teclado ratn informe informe de situacin informe de inteligencia

report
informe de evaluacin mdica archivo, archivo informtico archivar remitir, enviar impreso de solicitud solicitar copia enviar recibir mensaje cifrado hoja de servicios fecha lmite -95-

coded message

2.-ON THE MANEUVERS (EN MANIOBRAS)

English tent sleeping bag campsite training drill trainer Spanish tienda de campaa saco de dormir campamento instruccin ejercicio instructor

firing range

APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) vehculo de combate trail, path patch parking place firing range FIBUA (Fight In Build-Up Areas) urban combat marksman Training Centre camino, senda bache aparcamiento campo de tiro combate en localidades combate en localidades, combate urbano tirador selecto Centro de Instruccin simulacin marcha zona minada obstculo orden preparatoria cuartel general Estado Mayor alboroto salvoconducto golpe de mano English fall in on one rank tense at ease call the roll left-face (left turn) right-face (right turn) about-face (about turn) forward-march (march off) halt at ease-march shoulder arms a formar en un fila firmes descanso pasar lista izquierda derecha media vuelta de frente alto paso de maniobra sobre el hombre rompan filas

tent

simulation march mined / contaminated zone obstacle warning order headquarters Staff riot safe-conduct raid

campsite

APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier)

Spanish

3.-FORMED IN PARADE (FORMACIN DE PARADA)

formed in parade
-96-

fall out

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Operator A: Whats the position of your unit? Over. Operador A: Cul es la posicin de su unidad? Cambio. Operator B: Were deployed in a deep ravine in the grid 23-34. Over. Operador B: Estamos desplegados en una vaguada profunda en la cuadrcula 23-34. Cambio. Operator A: Say it again. Over. Operador A: Confirme repitiendo. Cambio. Operator B: Grid 23-34, close to the hill The Hawk. Over. Operador B: Cuadrcula 23-34, cerca de la colina El Halcn. Cambio. Operator A: Roger. Move on up to the next emplacement. Over. Operador A: Recibido. Contine hasta el prximo emplazamiento. Cambio. Operator B: Well be there within 30 minutes. Over. Operador B: Estaremos all en 30 minutos. Cambio. Operator A: Once there, open fire and fix the target. Over. Operador A: Una vez all, abran fuego y fijen el objetivo. Cambio. Operator B: Roger. Out. Operador B: Recibido. Fin.
Whats the position of your unit? Over Say it again. Over Roger. Move on up the next emplacement. Over Once there, open fire and fix the target. Over

Were deployed in a deep ravine int the grid 23-34. Over Grid 23-34, close to the hill The Hawk. Over Well be there within 30 minutes. Over Roger. Out

EXERCISES
1) WRITE
A SUITABLE QUESTION FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

9
2) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) Te gusta el ftbol? a) Do you like football? b) Cundo vas a la escuela? b) ______________________________ c) Cmo os llamis? c) ______________________________ d) Quin se comi las naranjas? d) ______________________________ e) Cundo compraste tu coche? e) ______________________________ f) Cuntos alumnos hay en esta clase? f) ______________________________ g) Cmo se llama tu suegra? g) ______________________________ h) Ganaron Hellen y William el partido? h) ______________________________ i) Qu comes hoy? i) ______________________________ j) Hablas ruso? j) ______________________________
-97-

a) I take my bus at nine oclock. a) At what time do you take your bus? b) She likes football and tennis. b) ______________________________ c) I am fine, thank you. c) ______________________________ d) They are from Holland. d) ______________________________ e) Yes, he speaks Greek. e) ______________________________ f) I go to work every morning. f) ______________________________ g) We are twenty-two years old. g) ______________________________ h) My favourite meal is Spanish omelet. h) ______________________________ i) Cervantes wrote El Quijote. i) ______________________________ j) We dont eat this kind of fish. j) ______________________________

3) MAKE

SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

5) FILL

a) you /today /Do /work /? a) Do you work today? b) see /you /Didnt /they /yesterday /? b) ______________________________ c) fathers /When /your /is /birthday /? c) ______________________________ d) you /How/ spell /do /it /? d) ______________________________ e) study /they /did /when /? e) ______________________________ f) ate /but /didnt /I /I /potatoes /eat /meat. f) ______________________________ g) you /some /for /Did /breakfast /take /milk /? g) ______________________________

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE VERBS DO OR MAKE IN THE PRESENT TENSE.

a) If you want to buy that car, Im sure we can make a deal. b) Excuse me, could you ________ me a favour and watch my bags for a moment? c) Timmy! Dont ________ a mess in the living room. d) Im afraid I cant come. Im going to ________ my homework after school. e) How much ________? money does your father

f) Tom has to ________ a phone call to the United States g) He really doesnt want to ________ that decision. h) I like to ________ business with Jack. i) I cant sleep at night because the cars ________ a lot of noise.

4) WRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PAST TENSE.

a) Do you eat meat? a) Did you eat meat? b) When is your sisters birthday? b) ______________________________

6) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE VERBS DO OR MAKE IN THE PAST TENSE.

c) Are they friendly? c) ______________________________ d) How do you make the bed? d) ______________________________ e) Why does she sing this song? e) ______________________________ f) Who are they? f) ______________________________ g) Which computer do you prefer? g) ______________________________ h) Does he play the piano? h) ______________________________

a) I made an appointment to visit my doctor yesterday. b) How much profit did your company _______ last quarter? c) Sue cooked and I _______ the dishes. d) I _______ the cleaning last Saturday. e) She _______ a face because she didnt like my cooking. f) Julian _______ his bed yesterday morning. g) Last year they _______ a lot of money with that business. h) Peter _______ honours in French. i) She had a lot of problems because she _______ drugs.

7) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms 1) sleeping bag 2) path 3) urban combat 4) trainer 5) Staff 6) march 7) riot 8) warning order
-98-

Spanish terms a) combate en localidades b) Estado Mayor c) saco de dormir d) marcha e) alboroto f) orden preparatoria g) senda h) instructor

8) TRANSLATE SENTENCES.

INTO

SPANISH

THE

FOLLOWING

9) ACCORDING QUESTIONS.

TO THE NEXT SENTENCES WRITE WH

a) Who discovered America? a) Quin descubri Amrica? b) Did they understand the lesson? b) ______________________________ c) When did she go to Marys house? c) ______________________________ d) How did you find her? d) ______________________________ e) When did Michael read my letter? e) ______________________________ f) Who makes the speech? f) ______________________________ g) Does it rain? g) ______________________________

1) Charles sees Sverine. a) When does Charles see Sverine? b) How ______________________? c) Why ______________________? d) Where ____________________? 2) Charles bought his new car. a) What did Charles buy? b) Where ____________________? c) When ______________________? d) Why ______________________? e) How ______________________?

10)

ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMAR, SAY IF THE FOLLOWING DATES AND PLACES OF ORIGIN ARE BRITISH OR AMERICAN.

Letter A 96 South Street Santa Rosa, CA 06698 September 14, 1998 John Harrington 16 Beacon Street Chicago, IL 59962

Letter B 59 Telephone Road London N89 8GK 5 July 2001 Barclays Bank 36, High Street Guildford Surrey

-99-

UNIT 10
GRAMMAR
e) Los verbos monoslabos (aquellos compuestos por una sola slaba) acabados en consonante precedida de vocal corta*, duplican Para construir el presente y pasado continuo dicha consonante final delante de la terminacin (tiempos verbales que se vern en la presente -ing: unidad) es necesario saber cmo se forma el gerundio: Examples:
How to form the gerund Verbo en infinitivo + -ING sin TO

1.-HOW TO FORM THE GERUND (FORMACIN DEL GERUNDIO)

English

Spanish parar / parando poner / poniendo nadar / nadando caerse / cayndose

A continuacin aparecen algunas de las consideraciones que hay que tener en cuenta para la formacin del gerundio de determinados verbos. a) Los verbos que terminan en consonante simplemente aaden la terminacin -ing: Examples:
English eat / eating think / thinking Spanish comer / comiendo pensar / pensando

stop / stopping put / putting swim / swimming drop / dropping

*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia de una nica vocal (stop, cut), por el contrario, ntese que meet tambin es un verbo monosilbico, sin embargo, est compuesto por dos vocales. f) Los verbos de dos o tres slabas que acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante, duplican dicha conosnante final delante de la terminacin -ing si el acento recae en la ltima slaba. Examples:

10

b) Si el infinitivo termina en e, se omite dicha e y se aade -ing: Examples:

English write / writing come / coming Spanish escribir / escribiendo venir / viniendo

c) Si termina en ie, al aadir -ing se cambia dicha ie por y: Examples:

English lie / lying Spanish mentir / mintiendo

English refer / referring occur / occurring

Spanish referir / refiriendo ocurrir / ocurriendo

g) Los verbos terminados en l precedidos d) Si termina en y precedida de consonante, de vocal, duplican la l delante de la terminase conserva dicha y al aadir -ing: cin -ing, excepto en el ingls americano. Examples:
English English study / studying fly / flying Spanish estudiar / estudiando volar / volando -101travel / travelling counsel / counselling Spanish viajar / viajando aconsejar / aconsejando

2.-PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PRESENTE CONTINUO) 2.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM (FORMA AFIRMATIVA) Este tiempo verbal en ingls, al igual que en espaol, expresa una accin que se est desarrollando, que no est terminada. Tambin puede indicar un futuro inmediato. La diferencia de uso entre este tiempo verbal y el presente simple es que este ltimo se emplea para expresar un hbito, una costumbre o una verdad universal.
Present simple English Spanish English Spanish Birds fly. Los pjaros vuelan. Present continuous A bird is flying over the house. Un pjaro est volando por encima de la casa.

Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish I am not eating an apple. Im not eating an apple. No estoy comiendo una manzana He is not learning. He isnt learning. No est aprendiendo ingls. They are not watching tv. They arent watching tv. No estn viendo la televisin.

3.-PAST CONTINUOUS (PASADO CONTINUO) El pasado continuo en ingls se forma de la misma manera que el presente pero con el verbo auxiliar to be conjugado en pasado simple (tal y como se ve en el punto 3.1 de la unidad 8.)

3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM La forma verbal afirmativa del presente conti- (FORMA AFIRMATIVA) nuo en ingls se forma de la siguiente manera: La forma afirmativa del pasado continuo se construye de la siguiente manera: Present continuous / Affirmative Form

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Verbo TO BE GERUNDIO en + del verbo + (complts.) SUJETO + conjugado presente principal (forma contrada o no contrada)

Past continuous / Affirmative form Verbo GERUNDIO TO BE SUJETO + conjugado + del verbo + (complts.) en principal pasado simple

Examples:
English I am eating an apple. Im eating an apple. He is learning English. Hes learning English. They are watching tv. Theyre watching tv. Spanish

Examples:
English Estoy comiendo una manzana. Est aprendiendo ingls. Estn viendo la televisin. Spanish English Spanish English Spanish I was eating an apple. Estaba comiendo una manzana. He was learning English. Estaba aprendiendo ingls. They were watching tv. Estaban viendo la televisin. We were discussing the matter. Estbamos tratando el asunto.

2.2.-NEGATIVE

FORM

English Spanish

(FORMA NEGATIVA)

Para conjugar el presente continuo en nega- 3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM tiva lo nico que hay que hacer es conjugar en (FORMA NEGATIVA) presente simple y en negativa el verbo to be (tal y como se ve en el punto 2 de la unidad 1). La forma negativa se forma de la siguiente manera:
Present continuous / Negative form Verbo TO BE GERUNDIO conjugado en del SUJETO + presente + + (complts.) y en negativa verbo (forma contrada o no principal contrada) -102Past continuous / Negative form Verbo TO BE conjugado en GERUNDIO SUJETO + pasado simple y en + del + (complts.) negativa verbo (forma contrada o no principal contrada)*

* La forma del pasado simple en negativa del verbo to be se construye de acuerdo con lo indicado en el punto 3.2. de la unidad 8. Examples:

Examples:
English Spanish English Was I eating an apple? Estaba comiendo una manzana? Is he learning English? Est aprendiendo ingls? Were they watching tv? Estaban viendo la televisin? Are you having fun? Te lo ests pasando bien?

English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

I was not eating an apple. I wasnt eating an apple. No estaba comiendo una manzana. He was not learning English. He wasnt learning English. No estaba aprendiendo ingls. They were not watching tv. They werent watching tv. No estaban viendo la televisin. We were not discussing the matter. We werent discussing the matter. No estbamos tratando el asunto.

Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

4.2.-NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) Para negar las oraciones interrogativas tambin existen dos formas posibles, la contrada y la no contrada. No obstante, la forma contrada es mucho ms comn en el discurso oral. Por lo tanto:
English Spanish Wasnt I eating an apple? Was I not eating an apple? No estaba comiendo una manzana? Isnt he learning English? Is he not learning English? No est aprendiendo ingls? Werent they watching tv? Were they not watching tv? No estaban viendo la televisin? Arent you having fun? Are you not having fun? No te lo ests pasando bien?

4.-PRESENT AND PAST CONTINUOUS QUESTION (FORMA INTERROGATIVA DEL PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO) Para formar oraciones interrogativas en pasado o presente continuo se siguen las reglas sintcticas que hemos visto anteriormente, es decir, se va a hacer uso de la inversin y, si es necesario, de las partculas interrogativas de las wh questions. Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que las formas continuas del verbo estn compuestas por dos elementos (el verbo auxiliar to be conjugado y el verbo principal en gerundio) y que la construccin de las oraciones interrogativas va a variar en algunos aspectos con respecto a la de las formas simples (como el presente y el pasado simple). 4.1.-QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVA) La forma interrogativa del presente y pasado continuo sigue esta estructura:
Present and past continuous / Question form Verbo TO BE GERUNDIO conjugado + SUJETO + del verbo + en pasado principal o presente

English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

10

Como se puede observar en los ejemplos, no se utiliza el auxiliar to do para realizar la inversin de las oraciones interrogativas. Esto se debe a que el presente y pasado continuo ya tienen su propio auxiliar (to be), que es el que usan para la inversin. 4.3.-WH QUESTIONS WITH PRESENT AND PAST CONTINUOUS (INTERROGATIVAS PARCIALES EN PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO) Las oraciones interrogativas parciales en presente y pasado simple se construyen con partculas interrogativas como which, how, who, etc. Estas oraciones interrogativas parciales con presente y pasado continuo siguen esta estructura:

(complts.) ?

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Present and past continuous / Wh questions Verbo PARTCULA GERUNDIO TO BE INTERROGATIVA conjugadel (what, which, who, + do en + SUJETO + verbo + (complts.)? where,...) principal presente o pasado

Examples:

English Spanish

How far is your house from here?

A cunta distancia est tu casa de aqu?
(*Cmo de lejos est tu casa desde aqu?)

La nica mencin que debera hacerse al respecto es que emplean como auxiliar el verbo to be en lugar de to do. Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish When was I eating? Cundo estaba comiendo? How is he learning English? Cmo est aprendiendo ingls?

English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

How heavy is your suitcase? Cunto pesa tu maleta?

(*Cmo de pesada es tu maleta?)

How high did you jump? Hasta qu altura saltaste?

(*Cmo de elevado saltaste?)

How tall are you? Cunto mides?

(*Cmo de alto eres?)

Where were they watching tv? English Dnde estaban viendo la televisin? Spanish Why are you having fun? English How big were your cars? Cmo eran de grandes tus coches?
(*Cmo de grande eran tus coches?)

How often do you go to the cinema? Con qu frecuencia vas al cine?

(*Cmo de a menudo vas al cine?)

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English Spanish English Spanish

Por qu te lo ests pasando bien? Spanish What am I doing? English Qu estoy haciendo? Spanish Cmo lo quieres de largo?
(*Cmo de largo lo quieres?)

How long do you want it?

5.-QUESTIONS WITH HOW (PREGUNTAS CON HOW) Como se vio en el punto 2 de la unidad 6, se pueden construir oraciones interrogativas parciales combinando how con los adverbios de cantidad much y many (e.g.: How many apples did he eat?, Cuntas manzanas comi?; How much money do you have?, Cunto dinero tienes?). A continuacin vamos a ver cmo how puede combinarse, adems de con much y many, con otros adverbios (e.g.: often, a menudo; far, lejos) y con adjetivos calificativos (e.g.: heavy, pesado; high, elevado; tall, alto; wide, ancho; long, largo; big, grande). Estas oraciones interrogativas son simplemente wh questions (ver el punto 1.2 de la unidad 9) encabezadas por la partcula interrogativa how seguida de un adverbio o de un adjetivo calificativo.

English Spanish

How big is your dog? Cmo es de grande tu perro?

(*Cmo de grande es tu perro?)

Como se puede observar la estructura de este tipo de preguntas en ingls difiere en gran medida de la estructura usada en espaol; por lo tanto, aunque las traducciones literales del cuadro de ejemplos (que aparecen entre parntesis, con letra de menor tamao y precedidas por un asterisco) reflejen la estructura en ingls, a la hora de encontrar en nuestra lengua equivalentes para este tipo de preguntas, deberemos decantarnos por estructuras propias del espaol (como lo son las traducciones del cuadro de ejemplos que no aparecen entre parntesis.)

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DAILY

SPEAKING

1.-HOW TO MAKE AN APPOINTMENT TO SEE THE DOCTOR (CMO SOLICITAR UNA CITA MDICA)
Itzar: Itzar: Secretary: Secretaria: Itzar: Itzar: Could I make an appointment to see the doctor? Me gustara pedir cita para el mdico. Next Tuesday would suit you? Le vendra bien el martes que viene? Well, Id like to see the doctor as soon as possible. Bueno, me gustara ver al doctor lo antes posible.
Could I make an appointment to see the doctor?

Secretary: Secretaria:

I'm afraid next Tuesday is the soonest you can get. Do you have any medical insurance? Me temo que hasta el martes que viene no podr atenderle Tiene algn seguro mdico? No, I'm afraid I will have to pay for it. No, me temo que tendr que pagar.

Itzar: Itzar:

Next Tuesday would suit you?

Well, Id like to see the doctor as soon as possible No, I'm afraid I will have to pay for it

I'm afraid next Tuesday is the soonest you can get. Do you have any medical insurance?

CIVILIAN
1.-ANIMALS AND PLANTS (ANIMALES Y PLANTAS)
ANIMALS English Spanish dog cat mouse pig horse rat goat bear sheep bird seagull eagle lion giraffe elephant hippopotamus perro gato ratn cerdo caballo rata cabra oso oveja pjaro cigea guila len jirafa elefante hipoptamo

VOCABULARY

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PLANTS English Spanish forest tree bush cactus carnation geranium daisy rose tulip orchid pine tree palm tree chestnut tree oak tree eucalyptus water lily bosque rbol arbusto cactus clavel geranio margarita rosa tulipn orqudea pino palmera castao roble eucalipto nenfar

giraffe

rose

dog

water lily

elephant

cactus

bear

daisy

Examples:
English I love carnations and daisies. Human beings come from the monkey. Eagles have very beautiful feathers. -105Spanish Me encantan los claveles y margaritas. Los seres humanos proceden del mono. Las guilas tienen unas plumas muy bonitas.

2.-PARTS OF THE HEAD (PARTES DE LA CABEZA)

Head English head face forehead eyes nose lips tooth / teeth tongue eyebrow eyelashes ear eyelid hair chin Spanish cabeza cara frente ojos nariz labios diente / dientes lengua ceja pestaas oreja prpado pelo barbilla

eyebrow forehead nose hair

lips ear

chin

3.-PARTS OF THE BODY (PARTES DE LA CUERPO)

The body English shoulder throat neck armpit arm elbow finger knuckle nail wrist chest breasts ribs navel Spanish hombro garganta cuello axila brazo codo dedo nudillo ua mueca pecho senos costillas ombligo English liver kidneys lungs heart stomach hip waist thigh leg foot / feet calf knee ankle toes Spanish hgado riones pulmones corazn estmago cadera cintura muslo pierna pie / pies pantorrilla rodilla tobillo dedos de los pies

10

foot

knee

shoulder elbow neck arm

finger ankle
Examples:
English When I am nervous I bite my nails. My fingers are too small to play the jazz bass. Her eyes are very expressive. Spanish Me como las uas cuando estoy nervioso. Tengo los dedos demasiado pequeos para tocar el bajo. Sus ojos son muy expresivos. -106-

thigh

hip

nail

READING
1.-CLIMATIC CHANGE (CAMBIO CLIMTICO)

COMPREHENSION
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) 2) 3) What is this climatic change mainly due to? What do renewable energy sources offer? What should corporations and governments do in developing countries?

Nowadays, people and environment are experiencing the consequeces of the worst environmental problem: the climatic change. This change is mainly due to the use of fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas) and consists of a global warming. People are changing the climate, and the results are disastrous, there are extreme weather events: droughts and floods, disruption of water supplies, melting Polar regions, rising sea levels, loss of coral reefs and much more. Scientists and governments worldwide agree on the latest and starkest evidence of human-induced climate change, its impacts and the predictions for the future. But it is not too late to slow down global warming and to avoid the climate catastrophe, the solutions exist. Renewable energy sources (wind energy, solar energy,) offer abundant clean energy that is safe for the environment and good for the economy. Corporations and governments should invest in renewable energies, particularly in developing economies. Clean energies should replace fossil fuel developments.

3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)? (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
a) Oil, coal and gas are fossil fuels. b) The results of the climatic change are very positive for the environment. c) Droughts and floods are extreme weather events. d) It is too late to slow down global warning. e) Wind energy is a renewable energy source. f) Renewable energy sources dangerous for the enviroment. are

T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F

10

MILITARY
1.-IN THE TRAINING (EN LA INSTRUCCIN)
English crawl creep shooting range grazing fire cover concealment minefield trail landmark guerrilla patrol friendly fire rush night vision gatear reptar

TERMS

Spanish

campo de tiro fuego rasante cubierta abrigo campo de minas senda referencia en el terreno guerrilla patrulla fuego amigo avanzar rpidamente visin nocturna

minefield

night vision rush

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English drag camouflage advance terrain ground caution movement assault defense ambush shell crater NBC war (Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical) mask PoW (Prisoner of War) message arrastrar

Spanish

camuflaje avanzar terreno suelo prudencia movimiento asalto defensa emboscada crter de granada guerra NBQ (Nuclear, Bacteriolgica y Qumica) mscara prisionero de guerra mensaje supervivencia maniobras

maneuvers

NBC war (Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical)

10

survival maneuvers

camouflage

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento:

Private, whats the first thing you have to do in an NBC attack? Soldado, qu es lo primero que tienes que hacer en un ataque NBQ? To put the mask on, Sir. Ponerme la mscara, mi Sargento. And, after that? Y, despus de eso? To find a good concealment to avoid being affected by the radiations. Encontrar un buen refugio para que no me afecten las radiaciones. Exactly, Prez. Thats it. Exactamente, Prez. As es.

Private, whats the first thing you have to do in an NBC attack?

To put the mask on, Sir

And, after that? To find a good concealment to avoid being affected by the radiations

Exactly, Prez. Thats it

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EXERCISES
1) PUT
THE FOLLOWING PRESENT CONTINUOUS. SENTENCES INTO THE

3) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE PAST SIMPLE, PRESENT OR PAST CONTINUOUS IN THE
AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS, MORE THAN ONE FORM COULD BE POSSIBLE .

a) I (spend) 10 a week on cigarretes. a) I am spending 10 a week on cigarretes. b) This week Julian (work) in a factory in Manchester. b) ________________________________. c) They (put) in new electronic points. c) ________________________________. d) She (leave) next week. d) ________________________________. e) She (use) the car today to take Tom to the dentist. e) ________________________________. f) We like the coat you (wear). f) ________________________________. g) I am sure she (lie). g) ________________________________. h) Those men in the corner (talk) about football h) ________________________________.

a) Last week that old man (wear) was wearing very conventional clothes and I (wonder) if he (be) ________ a policeman. b)I (walk) ________ along Picadilly when I (realize) ________ that a man with a ginger bear (follow) ________ me. c) To my surprise Sally (come) ________ to my last birthday. d) Last night you (play) ________ cards while I (read) ________ a book. e) Once Peter (travel) ________ by car when he (pass) ________ a field he (see) ________ that there (be) ________ only one woman. f) Today, we (have) ________ a lesson. We (sit) ________ at our desks listening to what the teacher (tell) ________ us. g) Look, it (rain) ________ !, that is why the boys (shut) ________ the windows. h) The day before yesterday I (work) ________ while my sister (learn) ________ her lessons.
INTO THE

10

2) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS 4) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS. INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.
catch stand have close put give

a) You are listening to your teacher. a) Are you listening to your teacher? a) You are not (arent) listening to your teacher. b) The neighbours are coming in to watch tv. b) ________________________________. b) ________________________________. c) Your sister is studying at home. c) ________________________________. c) ________________________________. d) It is raining now. d) ________________________________. d) ________________________________. e) Jones and Co. are having a sale at the moment. e) ________________________________. e) ________________________________. f) I am meeting Thomas at 5:30. f) ________________________________. f) ________________________________. g) They are thinking of going to the party. g) ________________________________. g) ________________________________.
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a) A bus is standing at the bus stop just beside me.

b) He ________ one lecture a week.

c) Look! He ________ a ticket in Williams car.

d) Im afraid we ________, madam.

e) Its 8:30, Tom and Sally ________ breakfast.

f) I ________ a plane to New York in three hours time.

5) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE APPROPRIATE ADVERB OR ADJECTIVE.

7) FILL

EACH OF THE GAPS WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

far often

high long

tall big

carnations roses seagulls

giraffe lion dog

tulip elephant cactuses

a) How often do you go to the cinema? About twice a week.

a) I love my dog because it is the most faithful animal in the farmyard. b) In the desert _____________. you will find lots of give

b) How ________ is Pau Gasol? He is 6 feet tall.

c) In Saint Valentines Day _____________ to each other.

lovers

c) How ________ does it take to go from Barcelona to Paris by plane? About an hour and a half.

d) The _____________ is one of the national symbols of Holland. e) When I am in Madrid I miss the sound of the ______________ flying in the sky. f) The animal with the longest neck is the ____________. g) The ___________symbolises strength and power. h) When I was little the ____________scared me. trunk of the

d) How ________ can you climb?

10

e) How ________ is Madrid from London?

f) How ________ is your house? Someone told me ten people could live there.

i) I dont like ______________ because they are very close related to death.

6) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

15)

WITH WORDS A) TO L).

English terms a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) n) o) lips nose shoulder elbow wrist ribs kidneys toes knee throat lungs armpit knuckles eyebrow
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Spanish terms 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) costillas nudillos nariz pecho rodilla codo dedos de los pies mueca hombro

10) axila 11) riones 12) labios 13) garganta 14) pulmones 15) ceja

m) chest

8) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) terrain camouflage PoW night combat shooting range guerrilla grazing fire maneuvers creep

Spanish terms a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) combate nocturno campo de tiro prisionero de guerra maniobras terreno reptar campo de minas camuflaje fuego rasante guerrilla

10) minefield

10

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UNIT 11
GRAMMAR
1.-FUTURE TENSE (EL TIEMPO FUTURO) 1.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM (FORMA AFIRMATIVA) En ingls el futuro de los verbos se forma anteponiendo el auxiliar will al verbo en infinitivo sin la partcula to. Esta forma (will) se puede contraer en ll. Para la primera persona del plural y del singular tambin se puede utilizar el auxiliar shall. Por lo tanto:
TO BE (ser; estar) Future / Affirmative form English Spanish I will be (yo) ser; estar 1st S Ill be I shall be you will be 2nd S youll be (t) sers; estars (usted) ser; estar

1.2-NEGATIVE FORM AND QUESTION FORM (FORMA NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA) Existen dos maneras posibles para construir la forma negativa: (1) intercalando el adverbio de negacin not entre el auxiliar (will) y el verbo principal en infinitivo sin la partcula to; o (2) con la forma contrada (wont) de la suma del auxiliar y de la partcula de negacin. La forma interrogativa se obtiene invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y del auxiliar. Por lo tanto:
Future / Negative and contracted negative form

SUJETO

Verbo principal en WILL NOT / INFINITIVO + WONT sin TO

he/ she/ it will be 3rd S hell/ shell/ itll be (l/ ella/ *ello) ser; estar we will be 1st P well be we shall be you will be 2nd P youll be they will be 3rd P theyll be Future / Question form (nosotros/ as) seremos; estaremos (vosotros/ as) seris; estaris (ustedes) sern; estarn (ellos/ as) sern; estarn WILL + SUJETO + Verbo principal en + (complementos)? INFINITIVO sin TO

11

TO BE (ser; estar)
Future / Negative and contracted negative form English Spanish I will not be 1st S I wont be I shall not be you will not be 2nd S you wont be (yo) no ser; no estar (t) no sers; no estars 2nd S will you be? (usted) no ser; no estar ser; estar (usted)? 3rd S will he/ she/ it be? ser; estar (l/ ella/ *ello)? will we be? 1st P shall we be? 2nd P will you be? sern; estarn (ustedes)? 3rd P will they be? sern; estarn (ellos/ as)? seremos; estaremos (nosotros/ as)? seris; estaris (vosotros/as)? Future / Question form English Spanish will I be? 1st S shall I be? ser; estar (yo)? sers; estars (t)?

he/ she/ it will not be 3rd S he/ she/ it wont be (l/ ella/ *ello) no ser; no estar we will not be 1st P we wont be we shall be you will not be 2nd P you wont be they will not be 3rd P they wont be (nosotros/ as) no seremos; no estaremos (vosotros/ as) no seris; no estaris (ustedes) no sern; no estarn (ellos/ as) no sern; no estarn

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1.3.-NEGATIVE QUESTION (FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) Para construir oraciones interrogativonegativas en futuro tenemos dos opciones: (1) hacer uso de la forma negativa contrada (wont) que es ms comn a nivel oral; (2) o hacer uso de la forma negativa no contrada (will not).
Future / Contracted negative question form Verbo principal en WONT + SUJETO + + (complementos) ? INFINITIVO sin TO Future / Negative question form Verbo en WILL + SUJETO + NOT + INFINITIVO + (compts.) ? sin TO

Este futuro expresa proximidad, es decir, que la accin que se va a realizar (o que se realiz) se encuentra (o se encontraba) prxima a un momento determinado en el tiempo, en caso de usar el verbo to be en presente, la accin que se va a llevar a cabo est cercana al momento presente, y en caso de usar el verbo to be en pasado la accin que se va llevar a cabo est cercana a un momento pasado. Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English I am not going to eat at home. No voy a comer en casa. He is going to read a book. Va a leer un libro. They are going to drink some water. Van a beber agua. He was going to play the piano. Iba a tocar el piano. They were not going to study the lesson. No iban a estudiar la leccin. I was going to go to Ireland. Iba a ir a Irlanda.
WITH CON

TO BE (ser; estar) Future / Negative question form and contracted negative question form English Spanish will I not be? 1st S wont I be? no ser; no estar (yo)? no sers; no estars (t)? no ser; no estar (usted)?

Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

11

will you not be? 2nd S wont you be?

will he/she/it not be? 3rd S wont he/she/it be? no ser; no estar (l/ella/*ello)? will we not be? 1st P wont we be? no seremos; no estaremos (nosotros/ as)? no seris; no estaris (vosotros/ as)? no sern; no estarn (ustedes)?

will you not be? 2nd P wont you be?

1.5- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FUTURE GOING TO AND THE SIMPLE ( DIFERENCIAS DE USO ENTRE EL FUTURO GOING TO Y EL FUTURO SIMPLE )

will they not be? no sern, no estarn (ellos/ as)? 3rd P wont they be?

1.4.-FUTURE WITH GOING TO (FUTURO PRXIMO) En ingls tambin se puede expresar futuro con la partcula going to, precedida del verbo to be (conjugado en pasado o en presente) y seguida del verbo en infinitivo sin to. Por lo tanto:
Future with going to Verbo Verbo principal TO BE en SUJETO + conjugado + GOING TO + INFINITIVO en pasado o sin TO en presente

La diferencia de uso entre el futuro prximo y el futuro con will radica en la intencin del hablante. Por lo tanto, se usur will cuando uno se ofrezca como voluntario para hacer algo o cuando se haya tomado una decisin; asimismo, se har uso del futuro con going to a la hora de referirse a algo que ya est planeado y organizado de antemano. Examples:

English I am going to meet some friends at the caf. con unos amigos en la cafetera Spanish Voy encontrarme [es un hecho que ya est planeado] English Spanish I will call you as soon as I arrive in Dublin. Te llamar en cuanto llegue a Dubln. [he tomado la decisin de llamarte y lo har]

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2.-FIRST TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (ORACIONES CONDICIONALES DE PRIMER TIPO) Las oraciones condicionales de primer tipo siguen esta estructura:
First type conditional sentences Partcula IF Oracin en + PRESENTE + SIMPLE Oracin en FUTURO SIMPLE

El pretrito perfecto compuesto expresa: 1)Una accin finalizada en el momento en el que se est comunicando y relacionada de alguna manera con el momento presente. 2)Una accin que todava contina en el momento presente, pero relacionada con una forma adverbial anterior. 3)Una accin que tuvo lugar en el pasado, sin referencia a un tiempo concreto.
English I have seen your car on my way here.

If

I go to London
[Presente Simple]

it will rain
[Futuro simple]

1
Spanish English Spanish He visto tu coche de camino aqu. I have been in Wales since last week. Desde la semana pasada he estado en Gales.

Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish If I go it will rain. Si voy llover. If you drink too much you will get drunk. Si bebes demasiado te emborrachars. If he plays they will win. Si juega ganarn.

2
English Spanish English I have had this pen for a month. He tenido esta pluma desde hace un mes. I have played that song.

3
Spanish He tocado esa cancin.

La forma interrogativa se obtiene invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y auxiliar (Have I walked?, He andado?). La forma negativa se consigue 3.-PRESENT PERFECT intercalando el adverbio de negacin not entre (PRETRITO PERFECTO COMPUESTO) el auxiliar y el participio (I have not walked, El pretrito perfecto compuesto se forma con No he andado). Ntese que tambin se puede el verbo to have conjugado en presente (para abreviar sta en havent, y en hasnt para la la tercera persona del singular has o su tercera persona del singular. contraccin s; para el resto de las personas have o su contraccin ve) y el verbo TO WALK (andar) principal en participio pasado. Por lo tanto:
Present perfect / Affirmative form Verbo PARTICIPIO TO HAVE SUJETO + conjugado en + PASADO del verbo principal presente TO WALK (andar) Present perfect / Affirmative form English Spanish I have walked (yo) he caminado 1st S Ive walked (t) has caminado you have walked 2nd S youve walked (usted) ha caminado he/she/it has walked (l/ ella/ *ello) ha caminado 3rd S he/she/its walked we have walked 1st P weve walked you have walked 2nd P youve walked they have walked 3rd P theyve walked (nosotros/ as) hemos caminado (vosotros/ as) habis caminado (ustedes) han caminado (ellos / as) han caminado they have not walked 3rd P they havent walked (ellos/ as) no han caminado Present perfect / Negative form and contracted negative form English I have not walked 1st S I havent walked Spanish (yo) no he caminado

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you have not walked (t) no has caminado 2nd S you havent walked (usted) no ha caminado he/ she/ it has not walked 3rd S he/ she/ it hasnt walked (l/ ella/ *ello) no ha caminado

we have not walked (nosotros/ as) 1st P we havent walked no hemos caminado (vosotros/ as) no habis caminado you have not walked 2nd P you havent walked (ustedes) no han caminado

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TO WALK (andar) Present perfect / Question form English Spanish 1st S have I walked? 2nd S have you walked? he caminado (yo)? has caminado (t)? ha caminado (usted)? rd 3 S has he/ she/ it walked? ha caminado (l/ ella/ ello*) hemos caminado 1st P have we walked? (nosotros/ as)? habis caminado (vosotros/ as)? 2nd P have you walked? han caminado (ustedes)? rd 3 P have they walked? han caminado (ellos/ as)? TO WALK (andar) Present perfect / Contracted negative question form English Spanish 1st S havent I walked? no he caminado (yo)? no has caminado (t)? 2nd S havent you walked? no ha caminado (usted)? hasnt he/ she/ it no ha caminado (l/ ella/ 3rd S walked? *ello)? no hemos caminado 1st P havent we walked? (nosotros/ as)? no habis caminado (vosotros/ as)? nd 2 P havent you walked? no han caminado (ustedes)? rd havent they walked ? no han caminado (ellos/ as)? 3 P

Por el contrario, el pasado simple hace referencia a una accin que ocurri en el pasado y que excluye toda relacin con el tiempo actual. Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish I went to England last summer. Fui a Inglaterra el verano pasado. He drank too much wine. Bebi demasiado vino.

4.-USE OF SINCE AND FOR (USO DE SINCE Y FOR) Las preposiciones inglesas since y for significan desde, desde hace y durante. La diferencia de uso entre since y for radica en que since se emplea cuando se hace referencia a un momento concreto, es decir, since precede a una expresin temporal que hace referencia a un momento concreto en el pasado (e.g.: my birthday, 1976, I saw you, last week, etc.). For se emplea cuando se hace referencia a un periodo de tiempo, es decir, for precede a una expresin temporal que hace referencia un periodo de tiempo y no a un momento concreto (e.g.: five days, one year, a moment, etc.).

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Para obtener la interrogativa negativa (no contrada), que es menos comn en el discurso hablado que la contrada, se sigue este orden:
Present perfect / Negative question PARTICIPIO Verbo TO HAVE + SUJETO + NOT + PASADO + (compts.) ? del verbo en presente principal

English Spanish English

Peter hasnt talked to me for one week. Peter no me ha hablado durante una semana. Peter hasnt talked to me since last summer.

Spanish Peter no me habla desde el verano pasado. English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish I had a very bad pain in my chest for seven months. Tuve un dolor muy fuerte en el pecho durante siete meses. I havent had any pain in my chest since January. No he tenido ningn dolor en el pecho desde enero. This is the first time I meet Anne since last year. Esta es la primera vez que me encuentro con Anne desde el ao pasado. This is the first time I meet Anne for two months. Esta es la primera vez que me encuentro con Anne desde hace dos meses.

Por lo tanto:
TO WALK (andar) Present perfect / Negative question form English Spanish 1st S Have I not walked? 2nd S Have you not walked? 3rd S Has he/she/it not walked? 1st P Have we not walked? 2nd P Have you not walked? 3rd P Have they not walked? No he caminado (yo)? No has caminado (t)? No ha caminado (usted)? No ha caminado (l/ ella/ ello*)? No hemos caminado (nosotros/ as)? No habis caminado (vosotros/ as)? No han caminado (ustedes)? No han caminado (ellos/ as)?

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DAILY

SPEAKING

1.-ASKING THE WAY (CMO PREGUNTAR DIRECCIONES)

Tourists: Turistas: Carlos: Carlos: Excuse me, is Gains Road far from here? Disculpe, est la calle Gains lejos de aqu? Yes, it is rather far. Im afraid you might need to take a bus to the city centre. S, est bastante lejos. Me temo que tendrn que coger un autobs al centro de la ciudad.

Excuse me, is Gains Road far from here? Where can we take this bus?

Yes, it is rather far. Im afraid you migh need to take a bus to the city centre The bus stop is quite near. Go straight on along this street until you get to the traffic lights, then take the third turning on the left

Tourists: Where can we take this bus? Turistas: Dnde podemos coger este autobs? Carlos: The bus stop is quite near. Go straight on along this street until you get to the traffic lights, then take the third turning on the left. La parada de autobs est bastante cerca. Sigan esta calle hasta que lleguen al semforo, despus cojan la tercera calle a mano izquierda.

Carlos:

Could you show us in the map? How often are there buses to the city centre?

Of course

I think every ten minutes

Tourists: Could you show us in the map? Turistas: Nos lo podra mostrar en el mapa? Carlos: Carlos: Of course. Por supuesto.

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Tourists: How often are there buses to he city centre? Turistas: Con qu frecuencia hay autobuses al centro de la ciudad? Carlos: Carlos: I think every ten minutes. Creo que cada diez minutos.

Tourists: And, how long does this route take? Turistas: Y, cunto tiempo dura el trayecto? Carlos: Carlos: About fifteen minutes. And, if you ask the driver, he will tell you where to get off. Sobre unos quince minutos. Y, si le preguntan al conductor, l les indicar dnde tienen que bajarse. Thank you very much for your help. Muchas gracias por su ayuda. You are welcome. De nada.

And, how long does this route take? Thank you very much for your help

About fifteen minutes. And, if you ask the driver, he will tell you where to get off You are welcome

Tourist: Turistas: Carlos: Carlos:

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CIVILIAN
1.-MEANS OF TRANSPORT (MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE)
English train (by ~) ticket return ticket luggage window (at the ~) station car (by ~) plane (by ~) boat (by ~) bicycle (by ~) coach (by ~) tram (by ~) underground, tube (by ~) subway (AmE) (by ~) bus (by ~) get into billete

VOCABULARY

Spanish tren (en ~)

bicycle

billete de ida y vuelta equipaje ventanilla (en la ~) estacin coche (en ~) avin (en ~) barco (en ~) bicicleta (en ~) autocar (en ~) tranva (en ~) metro (en ~) autobs (en ~) subir a

car

train

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2.-CLOTHES (ROPA)
English overcoat jacket hat boots abrigo chaqueta sombrero botas calzoncillos camisa corbata cinturn gorra guantes blusa bolso bragas falda jersey medias pauelo calcetines Spanish

hat bag

underpants shirt tie belt cap gloves

gloves

shoes

blouse bag panties skirt jersey stocking handkerchief

tie

cap

socks

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3.-THE SIZES AND THEIR EQUIVALENCES (LAS TALLAS Y SUS EQUIVALENCIAS)

Dress (vestido) / Overcoat (abrigo) / Trousers (pantaln) USA UK EUROPE

30 40

32 42

34 44

36 46

38 48

40 50

42 52

44 54

46 56

Shirt (camisa) USA UK EUROPE

14 36

15 38

151/2 39

16 41

161/2 42

17 43

171/2 44

18 45

Shoes (zapatos) USA UK EUROPE

5 38

6 39

7 40

8 41

81/2 42

9 43

91/2 43

10 44

11 44

4.-THE CITY (LA CIUDAD)

English city town avenue square gardens fountain road pavement (BrE) sidewalk (AmE) bus stop underground station (BrE) tube station (BrE) subway station (AmE) pedestrian crossing (BrE) crosswalk (AmE) traffic lights building consulate street lamps shop window sewer town hall local authority ciudad

Spanish pueblo; ciudad avenida plaza jardines fuente carretera; calzada acera parada de autobs estacin de metro

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street lamp

buildin

town hall
paso de peatones semforo edificio consulado farolas escaparate alcantarilla ayuntamiento diputacin

garde

ns

church
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cro pedes sswalk (A trian c m rossin E) g (BrE )

English telephone booth embassy the post and telegraph office museum hospital church bank chemists (BrE) drugstore (AmE)

Spanish cabina de telfonos embajada oficina de correos y telgrafos museo hospital iglesia banco farmacia crcel hotel tienda comisara de polica cine teatro castillo discoteca agencia de viajes peluquera mercado

marke

telephone

booth

hairdre

prison hotel shop police station cinema theatre castle night club travel agency hairdressers market

READING

hotel

sser s

COMPREHENSION

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1.-THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND 2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (EL REINO UNIDO DE GRAN BRETAA E IRLANDA DEL NORTE) (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
The United Kingdom is situated in the north-west coast of Europe across the English Channel. It consists of two large islands (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and about 5000 smaller ones. Its neighbours are Ireland to west and France to south-east. The United Kingdom consists of four nations: England (London capital), Scotland (Edinburgh capital), Wales (Cardiff capital) and Northern Ireland (Belfast capital). Each of these nations has a very distinct identity and you should not call a Welshman English and vice versa. Great Britain is often incorrectly used to refer to the United Kingdom. It is the largest of the British Isles, an archipielago that also includes Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland), the Faroe Islands (Denmark) and the Isle of Man. This means that Northern Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom but not to Great Britain. The Isle of Man is an internally self-governing dependency of the British Crown and its people are British citizens. Great Britain includes the main island (Wales, Scotland, England) and some islands such as Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands. England is the largest and the most densely populated of the nations that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The name "England" is derived from "land of the Angles". It is often incorrectly used as a synonym for Great Britain or the United Kingdom, which is inaccurate and can be offensive.

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

What does the United Kingdom consist of? What is the name of the capital of Wales? Does Northern Ireland belong to Great Britain or to the United Kingdom? Why is the Isle of Man different? What does Great Britain include? What is the name of the most populated nation of the United Kingdom?

3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)? (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
a) The United Kingdom is situated in the north-east coast of Europe. b) Northern Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom. c) The people that come from the Isle of Man are British. d) The United Kingdom consists of four nations. e) Edinburgh is the capital of England. f) Great Britain is a synonym for United Kingdom. g) The Republic of Ireland doesn't belong to the British Isles. h) The Faroe Islands are Danish. i) The Faroe Islands belong to the British Isles.

T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F

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MILITARY

TERMS

1.-PARTS OF THE RIFLE, MACHINE GUN & PISTOL (PARTES DEL FUSIL, AMETRALLADORA Y PISTOLA)
English barrel butt trigger pistol rear sight front sight forearm tripod bipod sling feed cover feed tray charging handle buffer chamber magazine bore trigger guard flash suppressor ejection port bayonet firing pin hammer extractor Spanish can culata gatillo empuadura alza punto de mira guardamanos trpode bpode portafusa teja bandeja palanca de montar muelle recuperador recmara cargador nima guardamontes apagallamas ventana de expulsin bayoneta percutor martillo extractor

barrel / bore front sight

hammer rear sight ejection port

trigger

pistol

magazine

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Yes, Sir Yes, Sir. I have a cartridge in the chamber

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Ramrez, show me your rifle

Do you have any problem with your weapon? I did it but its still stuck Pull the charging handle down and take it out

Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento:

Ramrez, show me your rifle. Ramrez, ensame el rifle. Yes, Sir. S, mi Sargento.

Private: Soldado: Sergeant:

Yes, Sir. I have a cartridge in the chamber. S, mi Sargento. Tengo un cartucho en la recmara. Pull the charging handle down and take it out. Baja la palanca de montar y scalo. I did it but its still stuck. Lo he hecho pero sigue atascado.

Do you have any problem with your Sargento: weapon? Tienes algn problema con el arma? Private: Soldado:

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EXERCISES
1) INSERT SINCE
OR

FOR.

3) WRITE THE FOLLOWING BE GOING TO FORM.

SENTENCES BY USING THE

a) He has been in prison for a year. b) I have been taking driving lessons ______ last August. c) She has driven the same car ______ 1975. d) My life has changed ______ I was a girl. e) We have been waiting for you ______ two hours! f) Ive been very patient with you ______ several years. g) You havent spoken to me ______ the last committee meeting. h) They have been under water ______ half an hour.

a) I go to the cinema this evening. a) I am going to go to the cinema this evening. b) She buys one ticket to Berlin. b) ________________________________. c) They run for one hour. c) ________________________________. d) He walks along the street. d) ________________________________. e) You are the president. e) ________________________________. f) The party starts very soon. f) ________________________________.

2) FILL THE FOLLOWING BOX BY INSERTING THE PAST FORM AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF EACH VERB.

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Present a) look b) love

Past looked

Past Participle looked

g) Dalila is my wifes best friend. g) ________________________________. h) She has twins. c) see d) eat e) understand f) be g) want k) Lissa plays the piano. h) wear i) bite j) kiss k) watch k) ________________________________. l) Mary buys a book for her father. l) ________________________________. j) We play football and baseball. j) ________________________________. h) ________________________________. i) They try to win the game. i) ________________________________.

m) They send her a present. m) ________________________________.

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4) WRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

5) WRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PAST TENSE OF THE BE GOING TO FORM.

a) I go to the cinema. a) I have gone to the cinema.

a) I go to the cinema this evening. a) I was going to go to the cinema this evening.

b) She buys one ticket to Berlin. b) ______________________________.

b) She buys one ticket to Berlin. b) ______________________________.

c) They run for one hour. c) ______________________________.

c) They run for one hour. c) ______________________________.

d) He walks along the street. d) ______________________________.

d) He walks along the street. d) ______________________________.

e) You are the president. e) ______________________________.

e) You are the president. e) ______________________________.

f) The party starts very soon. f) ______________________________.

f) The party starts very soon. f) ______________________________.

g) Dalila is my wifes best friend. g) ______________________________.

g) Dalila is my wifes best friend. g) ______________________________.

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h) She has twins. h) ______________________________.

h) She has twins. h) ______________________________.

i) They try to win the game. i) ______________________________.

i) They try to win the game. i) ______________________________.

j) We play football and baseball. j) ______________________________.

j) We play football and baseball. j) ______________________________.

k) Lissa plays the piano. k) ______________________________.

k) Lissa plays the piano. k) ______________________________.

l) Mary buys a book for her father. l) ______________________________.

l) Mary buys a book for her father. l) ______________________________.

m) They send her a present. m) ______________________________.

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m) They send her a present. m) ______________________________.

6) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE 7) MAKE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) I go to the cinema. a) I will go to the cinema.

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES NEGATIVE.

a) I am going to see my boyfriend. a) I am not going to see my boyfriend. b) I will ask you some questions.

b) She buys one ticket to Berlin. b) ______________________________.

b) ______________________________. c) Will you come to my party tonight?

c) They run for one hour. c) ______________________________.

c) _______________________________ d) She was going to study the lesson.

d) He walks along the street. d) ______________________________.

d) ______________________________. e) They have been in Madrid for five months.

e) You are the president. e) ______________________________.

e) ______________________________. f) They will speak English.

f) The party starts very soon. f) ______________________________.

f) ______________________________. g) Are you going to sell your car? g) _______________________________

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g) Dalila is my wifes best friend. g) ______________________________. h) Have they come soon? h) _______________________________ h) She has twins. h) ______________________________. i) It is going to rain. i) i) They try to win the game. i) ______________________________. j) They were going to write a letter. j) j) We play football and baseball. j) ______________________________. k) Has she gone to our school this morning? k) _______________________________ k) Lissa plays the piano. k) ______________________________. l) Will you stay here in winter? l) _______________________________ l) Mary buys a book for her father. l) ______________________________. m) I will finish my work tomorrow. m) ______________________________. n) It will be a very nice summer. n) ______________________________.
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______________________________.

______________________________.

m) They send her a present. m) ______________________________.

8) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE.

a) They were going to write a letter. a) Were they going to write a letter? b) You have taken some eggs for breakfast. b) _______________________________ c) Anna will meet Peter tomorrow at half past one. c) _______________________________ d) He is an English teacher. d) _______________________________ e) You told me the truth. e) _______________________________ f) She has studied French since 1985. f) _______________________________ g) They werent going to come. g) _______________________________ h) Her birthday is on October the 14th. h) _______________________________ i) I wont go with you to the zoo. i) _______________________________ j) Michael is not going to read your article. j) _______________________________

9)

PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM.

a) If I see him I will give him a lift. (to give) b) The table will collapse if you _____ on it. (to stand) c) If he _____ all that he will be ill. (to eat) d) If I find your passport I _____ you at once. (to telephone) e) The police _____ him if they catch him. (to arrest) f) If he _____ in bad light he will ruin his eyes. (to read) g) Someone _____ your car if you leave it unlocked. (to steal) h) What will happen if my parachute _____? (not to open) i) If he _____ my car I will give him 10. (to wash) j) I will be very angry if you _____ any more mistakes. (to make) k) If you give my dog a bone he _____ it at once. (to bury)

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10) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) pistol grip barrel sling bore bayonet rear sight chamber forearm

Spanish terms
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) bayoneta recmara empuadura portafusa nima can guardamanos alza

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UNIT 12
GRAMMAR
1. THE CONDITIONAL TENSE (EL TIEMPO CONDICIONAL) 1.1. AFFIRMATIVE FORM (FORMA AFIRMATIVA) La forma condicional afirmativa del verbo en ingls se obtiene de manera muy parecida a como se construye la del futuro simple:
Conditional / Affirmative form SUJETO + WOULD + verbo en INFINITIVO sin TO

Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish I would give you my car. Te dara mi coche. Youd take a taxi. Cogeras un taxi. We would like to go to France. Nos gustara ir a Francia. Theyd meet my mother. Conoceran a mi madre. She would read this book. Leera este libro.

El auxiliar would es invariable para todas las personas, es decir, no tiene una forma especial para la tercera persona del singular como ocurre, por ejemplo, en el presente simple. La forma would se puede contraer en d.
TO WALK (andar) Conditional / Affirmative form English I would walk 1st S Id walk Spanish (yo) andara

1.2. NEGATIVE FORM (FORMA NEGATIVA) La forma negativa del condicional en ingls se construye con la forma would not o su contraccin wouldnt ms el infinitivo del verbo que se desea poner en condicional sin la preposicin to.
Conditional / Negative form

12

you would walk 2nd S youd walk

(t) andaras (usted) andara

NOT/ + Verbo en INFINITIVO SUJETO + WOULD WOULDNT sin TO

he/ she/ it would walk 3rd S hed/ shed/ itd walk (l /ella/ *ello) andara

we would walk 1st P wed walk

(nosotros/ as) andaramos

TO WALK (andar) Conditional / Negative form English Spanish I would not walk (yo) no andara 1st S I wouldnt walk you would not walk 2nd S you wouldnt walk (t) no andaras (usted) no andara

(vosotros/ as) andarais you would walk 2nd P youd walk (ustedes) andaran

he/ she/ it would not walk 3rd S he/ she/ it wouldnt walk (l /ella/ *ello) no andara we would not walk 1st P we wouldnt walk you would not walk 2nd P you wouldnt walk (nosotros/ as) no andaramos (vosotros/ as) no andarais (ustedes) no andaran (ellos/ as) no andaran

they would walk 3rd P theyd walk

(ellos /as) andaran they would not walk 3rd P they wouldnt walk -131-

1.3.-QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVA) Para construir oraciones interrogativas en tiempo condicional en ingls no se emplea el auxiliar to do, sino que se hace uso de would, cuya forma es invariable para todas las personas.
Conditional / Question form Verbo en WOULD + SUJETO + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ? sin TO

Examples:
Wouldnt you lend me your car? Would you not lend me your car?

English

Spanish

No me dejaras tu coche?

English

Wouldnt they go to England? Would they not go to England?

TO WALK (andar) Conditional / Question English Spanish 1st S would I walk? 2nd S would you walk? andara (usted)? 3rd S would he/ she/ it walk? andara (l/ ella /*ello)? 1st P would we walk? andaramos (nosotros/ as)? andarais (vosotros/ as)? 2nd P would you walk? andaran (ustedes)? 3rd P would they walk? andaran (ellos/ as)? andara (yo)? andaras (t)?

Spanish

No iran a Inglaterra?

2. THE IMPERATIVE (EL IMPERATIVO) El imperativo en ingls se construye simplemente con la forma de infinitivo del verbo sin la partcula to y, a diferencia de otras formas verbales que necesitan el pronombre personal explcito (I eat; you would like; they have seen, etc.), el imperativo en ingls no lo requiere. En ingls se emplea esta nica forma para la segunda persona del singular y del plural (you, t, vosotros, usted, ustedes) cuando en espaol se necesitan cuatro formas distintas: Examples:

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1.4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM (FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA) Para construir oraciones interrogativonegativas en condicional tenemos dos opciones: (1) hacer uso de la forma negativa contrada (wouldnt) que suele ser lo ms comn, o (2) hacer uso de la forma negativa no contrada (would not).
Conditional / Contracted negative question form

English

Spanish Hazlo (t) / Hacedlo (vosotros/ as)

Do it Hgalo (usted) / Hganlo (ustedes)

Come (t) / Comed (vosotros/ as) Eat Coma (usted) / Coman (ustedes)
Verbo en WOULDNT + SUJETO + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ? sin TO

Estudia (t) / Estudiad (vosotros/ as) Study

Conditional / Negative question form

Estudie (usted) / Estudien (ustedes)

WOULDNT

Verbo en + SUJETO + INFINITIVO (complts.) ? sin TO

Ven (t) / Venid (vosotros/ as) Come Venga (usted) / Vengan (ustedes)

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Para la forma negativa del imperativo se Para formular rdenes o sugerencias que, emplea el auxiliar to do en su forma negativa: adems de a otras personas, incluyan al propio do not, que se emplea en contextos formales, hablante, en ingls se utilizan los lets y dont, que se emplea en contextos ms commands. Se forman de la siguiente manera: informales: Examples:
English Spanish No lo haga (usted) / No lo hagan (ustedes) English Spanish No sea (usted) tonto / No sean (ustedes) tontos
LETS + NOT Lets commands / Affirmative firm Verbo en INFINITIVO sin TO

Do not do it No lo hagas (t) / No lo hagis (vosotros)

LETS

(complts.)

Dont be a fool No seas (t) tonto / No seis (vosotros) tontos

La forma negativa de este tipo de construcciones imperativas sera la siguiente:

Lets commands / Negative form Verbo en + INFINITIVO + (complts.) ? sin TO

El auxiliar do tambin se emplea en la forma afirmativa del imperativo cuando se quiere enfatizar la orden: Examples:

Examples:
English Lets eat pizza. Comamos pizza.

English Spanish

Do eat Come (t) / Comed (vosotros) Coma (usted) / Coman (ustedes) Spanish

English Spanish

Do study this lesson Estudia (t) / Estudiad (vosotros) esta leccin Estudie (usted) / Estudien (ustedes) esta leccin

English Spanish

Lets not go to the store. No vayamos a la tienda.

12

DAILY
1.-CUSTOMS (LA ADUANA)
Where are you from? Do you have an entry permit?

SPEAKING
Im Spanish Yes, here it is

Customs officer: Where are you from? Aduanero: De dnde es usted? Teresa: Teresa: Im Spanish. Soy espaola.

Customs officer: Do you have an entry permit? Aduanero: Tiene un permiso de entrada? Teresa: Teresa: Yes, here it is. S, aqu est.

How long are you going to stay in the country for?

Two months

Customs officer: How long are you going to stay in the country for? Aduanero: Cunto tiempo va a permanecer en el pas? Teresa: Teresa: Two months. Dos meses.
And, whats the purpose of your journey? Im going to take a French course at University of Paris. Do I have to open my suitcase?

Customs officer: And, whats the purpose of your journey? Aduanero: Y, cul es el motivo de su viaje? Teresa: Teresa: I am going to take a French course at the University of Paris. Do I have to open my suitcase? Voy a estudiar en la Universidad de Pars un curso de francs. Tengo que abrir la maleta?

No. Thank you very much You are welcome

Customs officer: No. Thank you very much. Aduanero: No. Muchas gracias. Teresa: Teresa: You are welcome. De nada.

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CIVILIAN
1.-SPORTS AND LEISURE TIME (DEPORTES Y TIEMPO LIBRE)
English draughts chess athletics basketball handball volleyball mountaineering billiards cycling skiing football golf riding ice hockey swimming skating rugby tennis

VOCABULARY

Spanish damas ajedrez atletismo baloncesto balonmano voleibol alpinismo billar ciclismo esqu ftbol golf hpica hockey sobre hielo natacin patinaje rugby tenis

riding tennis

swimming

rugby

12
play the harp

English fishing theatre cinema opera dance go for a stroll pasear go for a walk go for jogging reading hiking pesca teatro cine pera danza

Spanish

ir a correr leer senderismo pasatiempo

fishing reading

hobby

play a musical instrument tocar un instrumento musical (play the guitar/ the violin/ the (tocar la guitarra/ el violn/ el piano/ the harp) piano / el arpa)

Examples:
English What do you do in your free time? When I was a child I used to ride horses. Draughts and chess are intellectual games. -134Spanish Qu haces en tu tiempo libre? Cuando era pequeo sola montar a caballo. Las damas y el ajedrez son juegos intelectuales.

READING
1.-TERRORIST ATTACK (ATAQUE TERRORISTA)

COMPREHENSION

- remain calm and be patient; - follow the advice of local emergency officials; - listen to your radio or television for news and
Because of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001, there are many people concerned about the possibility of future incidents and their potential impact. As a result of this kind of devastating acts there is a great uncertainty about the future and stress levels are increasing. Nevertheless, there are things you can do to prepare for the unexpected and to reduce the stress. For example, you can create an emergency communications plan, you can establish a meeting place, you can assemble a disaster supplies kit or check on the school emergency plan of any school-age children you may have. And in the event that disaster strikes, you have to:

instructions; if the disaster occurs near you, check for injuries; give first aid and get help for seriously injured people; if the disaster occurs near your home and you are there, check for damage using a flashlight; do not light matches or candles or turn on electrical switches; check for fires, fire hazards and other household hazards; sniff for gas leaks, starting at the water heater; and, if you smell gas or suspect a leak, turn off the main gas valve, open windows, and get everyone outside quickly; shut off any other damaged utilities; call your family contact, do not use the telephone again unless it is a life-threatening emergency; check on your neighbours, especially those who are elderly or disabled.

2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)

1) 2) When did the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon take place? What can you do in order to prepare yourself for a terrorist attack?

12

MILITARY
1.-COMMUNICATIONS (COMUNICACIONES)

TERMS
Spanish signal transmisiones information source fuente de informacin report informar; informe message mensaje tactical communications transmisiones tcticas radio communications transmisiones radio wireless sin cable antenna antena aerial wire cable fax fax operator operador call sign indicativo code cifrar interference interferencia jamming marcar un nmero dial a number [de telfono] channel canal wave onda -135English

signal

operator

2.-FIRST AID (PRIMEROS AUXILIOS)

English wound fracture shock burn frostbite sunstroke blister arm bandage leg bandage plaster stretcher casualty fever bruise pill severe injury light injury evacuation Spanish herida; herido fractura shock quemadura congelacin golpe de calor ampolla vendaje de brazo vendaje de pierna escayola camilla baja fiebre magulladura pastilla herida grave herida leve evacuacin

leg bandage

bruise

severe injury

MILITARY

CONVERSATION
Hello, Prez! Do you know what happened to Corporal Martnez yesterday? How was it? Yes, he was wounded on his leg A shell explosion. Mortar shrapnel

12

No, it wasnt serious

Was it a severe injury?

Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado: Private: Soldado:

Hello, Prez! Do you know what happened to Corporal Martnez Private: yesterday? Soldado: Hola, Prez! Sabes qu le pas al Cabo Martnez ayer? Private: Yes, he was wounded on his leg. Soldado: S, se hiri una pierna. Private: How was it? Soldado: Cmo fue?

A shell explosion. Mortar shrapnel. La explosin de una granada. Metralla de mortero. Was it a severe injury? Fue una herida grave? No, it wasnt serious. No, no fue grave.

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EXERCISES
1) WRITE
THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE CONDITIONAL TENSE.

3) WRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE NEGATIVE OF THE CONDITIONAL TENSE.

a) I speak French. a) I would speak French. b) We go to the hotel this morning. b) ______________________________. c) Paul meets his girlfriend this afternoon. c) ______________________________. d) Hellen comes from Scotland. d) ______________________________. e) Peters best friend plays basketball. e) ______________________________. f) We eat meat twice a week. f) ______________________________. g) They have breakfast at half past seven. g) ______________________________. h) You buy this vase. h) ______________________________. i) I write my curriculum. i) ______________________________.

a) I speak French. a) I would not speak French. b) We go to the hotel this morning. b) ______________________________. c) Paul meets his girlfriend this afternoon. c) ______________________________. d) Hellen comes from a Scotland. d) ______________________________. e) Peters best friend plays basketball. e) ______________________________. f) We eat meat twice a week. f) ______________________________. g) They have breakfast at half past seven. g) ______________________________. h) You buy this vase. h) ______________________________. i) I write my curriculum. i) ______________________________.

2) WRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE CONTRACTION OF CONDITIONAL TENSE.

4) MAKE

SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

12

a) I speak French. a) Id speak French. b) We go to the hotel this morning. b) __________________________________. c) Paul doesnt meet his girlfriend this afternoon. c) __________________________________. d) Hellen doesnt come from Scotland. d) __________________________________. e) Peters best friend doesnt play basketball. e) __________________________________. f) We eat meat twice a week. f) __________________________________. g) They have breakfast at half past seven. g) __________________________________. h) You buy this vase. h) __________________________________. i) I write my curriculum. i) __________________________________.
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a) you /my new house /? /go to /Would a) Would you go to my new house? b) piano /not /play /they /Would /the /? b) ______________________________ c) a mistake /would /You /make c) ______________________________

d) for you /I /tonight /d /cook d) ______________________________ e) wouldnt /go /Michael /a walk /for e) ______________________________ f) like to /me /see /She /not /would f) ______________________________

g) Shed /like to /book /read /good /a g) ______________________________

5) MAKE INTERROGATIVE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

a) I wouldnt visit my grandmother. a) Wouldnt I visit my grandmother? b) He would like to be in France. b) ______________________________ c) They wouldnt have a better job. c) ______________________________ d) Marthas father would find a good place. d) ______________________________ e) He wouldnt drive faster. e) ______________________________ f) My legs would hurt very much. f) ______________________________ g) Louise would not study in China. g) ______________________________ h) Id borrow your chair. h) ______________________________ i) My mother wouldnt make any suggestion. i) ______________________________

7) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE NEGATIVE FORM.

a) Go home. a) Dont go home. /Do not go home. b) Play this song. b) ______________________________. c) Smoke. c) ______________________________. d) Open the door. d) ______________________________. e) Sit down. e) ______________________________. f) Stop. f) ______________________________. g) Lets count the money. g) ______________________________. h) Lets work together. h) ______________________________. i) Lets begin now. i) ______________________________. a) Write a letter to your cousin. a) Do write a letter to your cousin. b) ______________________________. b) ______________________________. c) c) ______________________________. ______________________________.

6) MAKE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

12

Subject you we you you we you we we

Verb write study make come go say play start

Complements a letter to your cousin for one hour peace here right now to the cinema it a song for her the work

d) ______________________________. d) ______________________________. e) ______________________________. e) ______________________________. f) f) ______________________________. ______________________________.

g) ______________________________. g) ______________________________. h) ______________________________. h) ______________________________.

8) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) operator wire radio commnications report jamming dial a number aerial call sign
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Spanish terms
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) interferencia indicativo operador antena marcar un nmero [de telfono] transmisiones radio informe cable

UNIT 13
GRAMMAR
1. MODAL VERBS (VERBOS MODALES) Los verbos modales son un conjunto de verbos anmalos que poseen una serie de caractersticas comunes: a) Tienen la misma forma verbal invariable para todas las personas, excepto have (got) to, que tiene has en la tercera persona del singular. Examples: En las oraciones negativas la partcula negativa not va siempre detrs del verbo. Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English He can sing. Can he? Could he? Puede? Pudo / podra? He cannot (cant). He could not (couldnt). No puede. No pudo / no podra. Couldnt she speak louder? Could she not speak louder? No podra hablar ms alto?

Spanish Puede cantar.

English

She has to sing.

Spanish Tiene que cantar.

Ntese que cannot, a diferencia del resto de los verbos modales, va todo junto en la forma negativa. c) Cuando acompaan a un verbo en infinitivo, siempre lo preceden en las oraciones afirmativas y negativas. Examples:
English He can write. Puede escribir. He might do it later. Puede que lo haga ms tarde. You shouldnt take it so seriously. No deberas tomrtelo tan a pecho.

13

b) En las oraciones interrogativas se invierte el orden del sujeto y del verbo modal, mientras que en los verbos no modales se usa el auxiliar to do (las oraciones interrogativas con verbos modales se construyen de una forma similar a como se construyen las oraciones con el verbo to be, tal y como se explica en la unidad 1). Aquellos modales que aceptan la forma negativa contrada tienen dos maneras para formar oraciones interrogativas:
Modal verbs / Negative question form

Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

Verbo + SUJETO + NOT modal

[ [

Verbo en + + (complts.) infinitivo sin TO

] ]

d) Cuando el verbo modal acompaa a un verbo en infinitivo, dicho infinitivo aparece sin la partcula to, salvo con los verbos modales ought to y have to Examples:
English Spanish He can write. Puede escribir. He could do it better. Lo podra / lo pudo hacer mejor. She has to go to Hannover. Tiene que ir a Hannover.

Modal verbs / Contracted negative question form Verbo modal en + SUJETO negativa contrado Verbo en + infinitivo + (complts.) sin TO

English Spanish ? English Spanish

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1.1.-CAN El verbo modal can significa poder, tener la capacidad o la habilidad para llevar a cabo una accin. Tambin se puede utilizar para expresar permiso, posibilidad, imposibilidad o peticin. La forma negativa de can (cannot o cant) expresa deduccin. Las formas can, cannot y cant slo se utilizan en presente. La perfrasis verbal to be able to se usa para expresar capacidad en los tiempos verbales en los que can no puede conjugarse, por ejemplo, en futuro o pasado. Por lo tanto, la forma negativa har referencia a la falta de capacidad. No obstante, to be able to puede conjugarse en todos los tiempos que hasta el momento hemos visto en este libro:
Spanish Capacidad: Permiso: Puede escribir. Puedo ir contigo?

Can English Ability: Permission: He can write. Can I go with you?

Possibility/Impossibility: Albert can become rich and famous if Posibilidad/Imposibilidad: Alberto puede hacerse rico y famoso si he knows the right people. conoce a la gente adecuada. Request: Deduction: Can I have a glass of water? Peticin: Puedo tomarme un vaso de agua? No pueden estar en casa. Las luces estn apagadas.

They cannot (cant) be at home. Deduccin: The lights are off.

to be able to English Spanish Capacidad en futuro: Podr hablar ingls.

13

Ability in the future:

I will be able to speak English.

Inability in the future: I will not (wont) be able to come Incapacidad en futuro: tomorrow.

No podr venir maana.

Ability in the past:

He was able to read a whole book Capacidad en pasado: Pudo leer un libro entero en un solo da. in one day.

1.2.-COULD Could expresa habilidad en el pasado; con para pedir algo educadamente o para expresar la forma negativa, imposibilidad en el pasado. crticas. Could se refiere tanto al tiempo Tambin se puede usar para hacer pasado (pude) como al condicional (podra.) sugerencias, especulaciones (como might),
Could English Skill in the past: Polite request: My father could speak French when Habilidad en he was ten years old. pasado: algo Could you repeat that again, please? Solicitar educadamente: Spanish Mi padre poda hablar francs cuando tena diez aos. Podra repetir eso de nuevo, por favor? Estaba tan nervioso que no pude recordar nada. Podramos ir al cine.

Impossibility in the I was so nervous I could not (couldnt) Imposibilidad en past: remember anything. pasado: Suggestion: We could go to the cinema. Sugerencia:

Criticism:

You could have told me the truth.

Crtica:

Podras haberme dicho la verdad.

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1.3.-MUST

que, must implica un mayor grado de obligacin que have to. Asimismo, have to El verbo must expresa obligacin tambin podr utilizarse en tiempo presente ineludible de hacer algo. Asimismo, puede con ese mismo matiz de obligacin. expresar deduccin de un hecho, prohibicin (en su forma negativa) o una sugerencia. Have to no es un verbo modal propiamente dicho ya que no posee la mayora de las Ya que must es un verbo defectivo y no caractersticas de los verbos modales puede conjugarse en determinados tiempos expuestas anteriormente. Esto quiere decir verbales (e.g., pasado, futuro, etc.); nos vemos que, se comporta como el resto de los verbos a obligados a utilizar have to en el tiempo la hora de hacer preguntas o a la hora de negar oportuno para expresar este tipo de obligacin. (con el auxiliar to do). Adems, para la Por lo tanto, la forma negativa de have to tercera persona del singular ha de emplearse la expresar esa ausencia de obligacin. Ntese forma has. Veamos algunos ejemplos:
Must English Spanish Deben estudiar para aprobar el examen. Deben estudiar para aprobar el examen? El rumor debe de ser verdad. No debes volver tarde. They must study to pass the exam. Must Obligacin they study to pass the exam? The rumour must be true. You must not (mustnt) come back late Deduccin: Prohibicin:

Obligation Deduction Prohibition: Suggestion:

You must see the British Museum! Its Deberas ver el Museo Britnico! Es Sugerencia: maravilloso! wonderful! Have to English I have to go to class. I must go to class. Spanish Tengo que ir a clase. Debo ir a clase. Tuvieron / tenan que estudiar No tuvo / tena que estudiar.

Obligation in the present: Obligation in the past: Lack of obligation in the past: Obligation in the future: Lack of obligation in the future:

Obligacin en presente: Obligacin They had to study. en pasado: de obligacin She did not (didnt) have to study. Ausencia en pasado: He will have to go to London. I will not (wont) have to come soon.

13

Obligacin en futuro: Tendr que ir a Londres. Ausencia de obligacin No tendr que volver temprano. en futuro:

Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish Do you have to wear a uniform? Tienes que llevar uniforme? Did she have to bring an umbrella? Tuvo que llevar paraguas? You dont have to read the whole book. No tienes que leer todo el libro. She doesnt have to drive. No tiene que conducir.

Examples:
English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English Spanish English They need not (neednt) take it unless they want to. No necesitan cogerlo a no ser que quieran. They dont need to take it unless they want to. No necesitan cogerlo a no ser que quieran. Need you go? Necesitas irte? Do you need to go? Necesitas irte? Need he go so soon? Necesita irse tan temprano? Does he need to go so soon? Necesita irse tan temprano? I need to study harder. Necesito estudiar ms duro. She needs to be loved. Necesita ser amada.

1.4.-NEED El verbo need expresa necesidad. Need es un verbo semi-modal, esto significa que puede comportarse como modal o no, es decir, que puede adquirir (o no) las propiedades estructurales de los verbos modales.

Spanish English Spanish English Spanish

-141-

Ntese que el verbo need se comporta como modal en las tablas sombreadas en amarillo. Esto quiere decir que para la forma negativa, se intercala la partcula de negacin not entre need y el verbo en infinitivo sin la partcula to (tambin puede contraerse en neednt), mientras que para la forma negativa no modal, se antepone la partcula dont al verbo need, seguida del verbo en infinitivo con la partcula to. Para la forma interrogativa se invierte el orden del sujeto y del verbo

modal, mientras que para la forma interrogativa no modal de hace uso del auxiliar to do como se ha explicado en unidades anteriores. 1.5.-MAY El modal may expresa permiso y posibilidad. Tambin es utilizado para hacer especulaciones. Por lo tanto: Ntese que la forma negativa de may no se abrevia.

May English Permission: Possibility Speculation: May I go? It may rain tomorrow. Permiso: Posibilidad: Spanish Puedo ir? Es posible que llueva maana.

That may be the man who won the Especulacin: Puede que se sea el hombre al que le lottery. toc la lotera.

1.6.-MIGHT Con el verbo modal might sirve para expresar posibilidad, as como para hacer especulaciones. Por lo tanto:
Might

La forma might not no se contrae.

13

English Possibility: She might be the winner. She might not be the winner. Posibilidad:

Spanish Puede que sea la ganadora. Puede que no sea la ganadora.

Might she be the winner? Puede que sea la ganadora? Speculation: They might come into the house through an Especulacin: Puede que entren en la casa a travs de open window. una ventana abierta.

1.7 SHOULD / OUGHT

TO

Los verbos modales should y ought to pueden: expresar obligacin moral, servir para dar consejos, as como para criticar acciones pasadas. La forma negativa contrada de should not es shouldnt. Por lo tanto:

*Ntese que para criticar acciones pasadas el verbo principal debe ir en infinitivo compuesto (have + participio de pasado) o en infinitivo simple.

Should / Ought to English I should read more. I ought to read more. Should I read more? Ought I to read more? You should be more responsible. Deberas ser ms responsable. You ought to be more responsible. Advice / Suggestion: You should not (shouldnt) drink so much. No deberas beber tanto. You ought not to drink so much. Criticism: He shouldnt (should not) have lied.* Crtica: He ought not to have lied. -142No debera haber mentido. Consejo / Sugerencia: Spanish Debera leer ms. Obligacin moral: Debera leer ms?

Moral obligation:

DAILY

SPEAKING
Could I have some of that cheese, please? Which one do you want? The Camembert?

1.-SHOPPING. BUYING FOOD (DE COMPRAS. COMPRANDO COMIDA)

Customer: Cliente: Could I have some of that cheese, please? Me podra dar un poco de ese queso, por favor?

Shop assistant: Which one do you want? The Camembert? Dependiente: Cul quiere? El Camembert? Customer: Cliente: Yes, the Camembert will do. How much is it? S, el Camembert est bien. Cunto cuesta?
Yes, the Camembert will do. How much is it? 9 a pound

Shop assistant: 9 a pound. Dependiente: 9 libras por libra. Customer: Cliente: Ill have half a pound. Quiero media libra.

Ill have half a pound

Here you are

Shop assistant: Here you are. Dependiente: Aqu tiene. Customer: Cliente: Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.
Thank you very much You are welcome

Shop assistant: You are welcome. Dependiente: De nada.

2.-SHOPPING. BUYING CLOTHES (DE COMPRAS. COMPRANDO ROPA)

Look at that sweater! Isnt it nice? Why dont we come in?

13
Teresa: Teresa: Miguel: Miguel: Miguel: Miguel: Teresa: Teresa: Teresa: Teresa:
Do it! This colour really goes with your complexion

Look at that sweater! Isnt it nice? Why dont we come in? Mira ese jersey! A que es bonito? Por qu no entramos? Ok, lets come in. Vale, entremos. Ill take it, I love it. Me lo llevo, me encanta. Do it! This colour really goes with your complexion. Hazlo! Este color te sienta muy bien a la cara. Oh, I like very much these trousers too! Please, Miguel, try them on. Oh, estos pantalones tambin me gustan mucho! Por favor, Miguel, prubatelos. Ok, I will, but I need a smaller size... these are fine, Ill take them. Vale, me los probar, pero necesito una talla ms pequea... stos me van bien, me los llevo. Anyway, I think that if you have any problems, you can change them for other trousers or get the money back. De todas formas, creo que si tienes algn problema puedes cambiarlos por otros pantalones o te devuelven el dinero.

Ok, lets come in

Ill take it, I love it

Miguel: Miguel:

Oh, I like very much these Ok, I will, but I need a trousers too!. Please, smaller size... these are Miguel, try them on fine, Ill take them

Teresa: Teresa:
Anyway, I think that if you have any problems, you can change them for other trousers or get the money back

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CIVILIAN
1.-LENGTH (LONGITUD)

VOCABULARY

Anglo-Saxon Metric System (Sistema Mtrico Anglosajn) 1 inch 1 pulgada 12 inches 12 pulgadas 3 feet 3 pies 220 yards 220 yardas 8 furlongs 8 estadios 1,760 yards 1.760 yardas = 1 foot = 1 pie = 1 yard = 1 yarda = 1 furlog = 1 estadio = 1 mile = 1 milla

European Metric System (Sistema Mtrico Decimal) 2,54 cm 30,48 cm 91,4 cm 201,17 m

1.609 km = 1 mile = 1 milla

2.-WEIGHT (PESO)
Anglo-Saxon Metric System (Sistema Mtrico Anglosajn) European Metric System (Sistema Mtrico Decimal) 28,35 g = 1 pound = 1 libra = 1 stone = 1 hundredweight = 1 short ton = 1 ton / long ton 454 g 6,35 kg 50,8 kg 907 kg 1.016 kg

13

1 ounce 1 onza 16 ounces 16 onzas 14 pounds 14 libras 112 pounds 112 libras 2,000 pounds 20 hundredweights 2,240 pounds

Examples:
English She weighs 129 pounds. (AmE) She weighs 9 stone 3 pounds. (BrE) Spanish Pesa 58,66 kg. Pesa 58,66 kg.

3.-CAPACITY (CAPACIDAD)
Anglo-Saxon Metric System (Sistema Mtrico Anglosajn) 1 fluid ounce 1 onza fluida 20 fluid ounces 20 onzas fluidas 2 pints 2 pintas 4 quarts 4 cuartos = 1 pint = 1 pinta = 1 quart = 1 cuarto = 1 gallon = 1 galn -144European Metric System (Sistema Mtrico Decimal) 2,84 cl 0,568 l 1,136 l 4,546 l

READING
1.-DAVID BOWIE

COMPREHENSION
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) 2) 3) 4) What happened to David's eye a long time ago? Why did he change his name to David Bowie? Was his acting career successful? What was his wedding present to his wife?

David Robert Jones was born on 8th January, 1947, in London (England, United Kingdom). David Jones started playing the saxophone at the age of 13, and he left Bromley Technical High School (where a friend paralyzed David's left pupil in a fight) to work as a commercial artist three years later. In 1966, he changed his name to David Bowie to avoid confusion with the Monkees' Davy Jones. He married the American-born Angela Barnett on 20th March, 1970. They had a son in June 1971. The couple divorced in 1980. Bowie's tribute to the New York City of Andy Warhol, the Velvet Underground and Bob Dylan, included his theme song "Changes". He produced albums for Lou Reed ("Transformer" and its hit "Walk on the wild side") and wrote and produced Mott the Hoople's anthem "All the Young Dudes". Bowie revitalized Iggy Pop's career by producing "The Idiot" and "Lust for life" (both in 1977). Bowie had no luck in his acting career: "Into the Night" (1985), "Absolute Beginners" (1986); "Labyrinth" (1986), "The Linguini Incident" (1992) and "Twin Peaks". None of these films were commercial successes. In 1992 Bowie married Somalian supermodel Iman. His wedding present to his wife was an album called "Black Tie White Noise", which received positive reviews.

3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)? (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
a) David Bowie was born in 1947. b) He started playing the saxophone at the age of 15. c) A friend paralyzed his left pupil in a fight. d) He changed his name to David Bowie because he liked it more. e) In 1972 he married Angela Barnett. f) His song Changes was a tribute to New York. g) He produced the album Transformer for Lou Reed. h) Labyrinth was a very famous album. i) The supermodel Iman became his wife in 1992.

T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F T/F

MILITARY
1.-OPERATIONS, OFFENSIVE (OPERACIONES, OFENSIVA)
English task attack assault enemy combat hand-to-hand combat endurance march platoon position approaching avenue advanced rearguard flank body suppress

TERMS

13

Spanish misin atacar; ataque asalto enemigo combate combate cuerpo a cuerpo marcha de endurecimiento posicin de seccin avenida de aproximacin vanguardia retaguardia flanco grueso neutralizar

aim at
English landing zone departure line aim at destroy target impact hit seize an objective assembly area coordination line counterattack pursue encircle siege Spanish zona de lanzamiento lnea de partida apuntar a destruir objetivo impactar; impacto tomar un objetivo zona de reunin lnea de coordinacin contraataque perseguir rodear sitiar

assault
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MILITARY

CONVERSATION
Captain: Capitn: Lieutenant: Teniente: Lieutenant, cross the departure line at 7 am. Teniente, cruce la lnea de partida a las 7 am. Thats right, Sir. After that, my platoon will advance up to that river but Where is the enemy position? De acuerdo, mi Capitn. Despus de eso, mi seccin avanzar sobre aquel ro pero Dnde se encuentra la posicin enemiga? Its behind that hill. The attack will be performed once you receive the order by radio. Est detrs de aquella colina. El ataque tendr lugar una vez haya recibido la orden por radio. We will need fire support after crossing the departure line. Necesitaremos fuego de apoyo despus de cruzar la lnea de partida. The mortars will support your assault. Los morteros apoyarn el asalto.

Lieutenant, cross the departure line at 7 am

Its behind that hill. The attack will be performed once you receive the order by radio

The mortars will support your assault

Captain: Capitn:

Thats right, Sir. After that, my platoon will advance up to that river but... Where is the enemy position?

Lieutenant: Teniente: Captain: Capitn:

We will need fire support after crossing the departure line

13

EXERCISES
1) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) Puedes hacer esto ahora? No, ahora no puedo. a) Can you do it now? No, now I cant. b) La prxima semana no tendr que venir. b) __________________________________. c) Tienes que estudiar la leccin tercera. c) __________________________________. d) Alex y Ral deben comprar sus libros. d) __________________________________. e) Sus (de ella) explicaciones deben ser ciertas. e) __________________________________. f) Podra darme el nombre de la escuela? f) __________________________________. g) Deberas ir a Londres, es una ciudad muy bonita. g) __________________________________. h) Necesitas llevar falda? h) __________________________________.
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2) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.

a) I can play a song for you with a guitar. a) I will be able to play a song for you with a guitar. b) I must study to pass my exam. b) __________________________________. c) She cant say it louder. c) __________________________________. d) I need my pills. d) __________________________________. e) James must do an assignment. e) __________________________________. f) You must pronounce perfectly. f) __________________________________. g) You cant understand these sentences. g) __________________________________. h) I cant see your eyes. h) __________________________________.

3) PUT

THE FOLLOWING INTERROGATIVE FORM.

SENTENCES

INTO

THE

5) FILL EACH OF THE MIGHT, SHOULD

a)

a) I can play a song for you. a) Can I play a song for you? b) He must study to pass his exam. b) __________________________________ c) She cant act like a queen. c) __________________________________ d) They need to go on holidays. d) __________________________________ e) James could walk for hours. e) __________________________________

FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AND MUST IN THE AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM.

Nancy said you didnt need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you should at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she _______ be here by 6:00. Oh, my God, he is unconscious. Dont move him, he _______ have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance. You _______ be kidding! That cant be true. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We havent seen them in weeks,and they _______ really enjoy a nice day at the beach. You _______ worry so much. It doesnt do you any good. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip _______ cost a fortune.

b) c)

d) f) He should do better at Physics. f) __________________________________ g) You cant understand these sentences. g) __________________________________ h) She will be able to attend lectures during pregnancy. h) __________________________________ i) She couldnt speak Russian. i) __________________________________ f) g) e)

4) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

6) FILL

a) She cant read your article. a) She couldnt read your article / She was not able to read your article. b) My cousins can dance flamenco. b) ________________________________. c) I must do my homework. c) ________________________________. d) We need to be accepted. d) ________________________________. e) Our questions must be answered. e) ________________________________. f) Do you need to take music lessons? f) ________________________________. g) They need not study at home. g) ________________________________. h) They can be right. h) ________________________________. i) I must not do this exam. i) __________________________________.

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE SUITABLE FIGURE.

13

Length a) b) c) d) e) 91,4 cm = 1 yard = ____ feet = ____ inches. 76,2 cm = ____ feet = ____ inches. 182,8 cm = ____ yards = ____ feet = ____ inches. 121,92 cm = ____ feet = ____ inches. 201,17 m = ____ furlong = ____ yards = ____ feet = ____ inches. f) 4.827 km = ____ miles = ____ furlongs = ____ yards = ____ feet = ____ inches. Weight a) b) c) d) e) 454 g = ____ pound = ____ ounces. 908 g = ____ pounds = ____ ounces. 3,175 kg= ____ stone = ____ pounds = ____ ounces. 6,35 kg = ____ stone = ____ pounds = ____ ounces. 101,6 kg = ____ hundredweights = ____ stones = ____ pounds = ____ ounces. f) 907 kg = ____ short ton = ____ hundredweights = ____ stones = ____ pounds = ____ ounces. Capacity a) b) c) d) 5,68 cl = ____ fluid ounces. 28,4 cl = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints. 1,133 l = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints = ____ quart. 9,092 l = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints = ____ quarts = ____ gallon.

-147-

7) FILL IN THE GAPS BY INSERTING THE RIGHT MODAL 8)

VERB FROM THE BOX IN THE AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM, YOU CAN USE MODAL VERBS MORE THAN ONCE.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IF NECESSARY.

a) I dont might go to the cinema. a) I might not go to the cinema.

can must

could might

have to should

b) Hellen dont must be late. b) __________________________________.

a)

Teds flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He might be exhausted after such a long flight. He _______ prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest. Hiking the trail to the peak _______ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. When you have a small child in the house, you _______ leave small objects lying around. _______ you hold your breath for more than a minute? Jennys engagement ring is enormous!. It _______ have cost a fortune. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they dont get enough water, they _______ die. I _______ speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. The book is optional. My professor said we _______ read it if we needed extra credit. But we _______ read it if we dont want to. You _______ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there is a storm north of here and it _______ rain later on this afternoon. Do you _______ chew with your mouth open like that? It is making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza.
WORDS

c) We dont can do this exercise, it is very difficult. c) __________________________________.

b)

c)

d) I have not to go to Sallys office this afternoon. d) __________________________________.

d)

e) Does Mary must pass this exam? e) __________________________________

e)

13

f)

f) Wont you must work this afternoon? f) __________________________________

g)

g) They can to swim but they dont can to play football. g) __________________________________.

h)

h) He not cans be there next week. h) __________________________________.

i)

i) I dont need to study that much. i) __________________________________.

j)

j) He have work hard. j) __________________________________.

9) MATCH

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) endurance march departure line hand-to-hand combat seize an objective assembly area to siege landing zone rearguard
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Spanish terms a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) tomar un objetivo sitiar lnea de partida retaguardia marcha de endurecimiento zona de lanzamiento combate cuerpo a cuerpo zona de reunin

UNIT 14
GRAMMAR
1.-PASSIVE VOICE (VOZ PASIVA) La formacin de la oracin pasiva en ingls es similar a la del espaol, es decir, en la oracin pasiva la persona o cosa que recibe la accin del verbo en la oracin activa pasa a ser el sujeto paciente del verbo pasivo (e.g.: Mara ve un rbol / Un rbol es visto por Mara), mientras que el sujeto de la oracin activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la oracin pasiva (Mara ve un rbol / Un rbol es visto por Mara). La forma verbal de la voz pasiva se construye de la siguiente manera: - se utiliza el verbo to be (acepcin ser) como verbo auxiliar, conjugado en la persona, el nmero y tiempo oportunos; - el auxiliar va acompaado por el participio pasado del verbo principal.
Subject English Spanish English Spanish Active voice Peter Peter Verb bebe drinks Complements un vaso de agua a glass of water

Examples: Future
English Spanish English Spanish The jewell wont be stolen. La joya no ser robada. Wont the jewel be stolen? No ser robada la joya?

Present perfect
English Spanish English Spanish The jewel has been stolen. La joya ha sido robada. Has the jewel been stolen? Ha sido robada la joya?

Present continuous
English Spanish English Spanish The jewel is being stolen. La joya est siendo robada. Is the jewel being stolen? Est siendo robada la joya?

Past continuous
English Spanish English Spanish The jewel was being stolen. La joya estaba siendo robada. Was the jewel being stolen? Estaba siendo robada la joya?

14

Passive voice

un vaso de agua es bebido por Peter a glass of water is drunk by Peter TO BE (ser; estar)

Simple past
English Spanish English Spanish The jewel was stolen. La joya fue robada. Was the jewel stolen? Fue robada la joya?

Simple present / Affirmative form English I am loved 1st S Im loved you are loved 2nd S youre loved Spanish (yo) soy amado/ a (t) eres amado/ a (usted) es amado/ a

Conditional
English Spanish English Spanish The jewel would be stolen. La joya sera robada. Would the jewel be stolen? Sera robada la joya?

Future with going to (present)

English Spanish English Spanish The jewel is going to be stolen. La joya va a ser robada. Is the jewel going to be stolen? Va a ser robada la joya?

he/ she/ it is loved 3rd S he/ she/ its loved (l/ ella/ *ello) es amado/ a we are loved 1st P were loved you are loved 2nd P youre loved they are loved 3rd P theyre loved (nosotros/ as) somos amados/ as (vosotros/ as) sois amados/ as (ustedes) son amados/ as (ellos/ as) son amados/ as

Future with going to (past)

English Spanish English Spanish -149The jewel was going to be stolen. La joya iba ser robada. Was the jewel going to be stolen? Iba a ser robada la joya?

En ingls, el uso de la voz pasiva es mucho ms frecuente que en espaol. Por ejemplo, la voz pasiva se emplea en ingls para construir cierto tipo de oraciones impersonales cuando en espaol no se utiliza este modo, sino que se emplean estructuras con la forma impersonal se: Examples:
English It is said that she is a teacher.

A la hora de transformar una oracin activa en la que la funcin de sujeto est siendo ejercida por un pronombre personal (I, you, he, she, it, we o they), hay que tener en cuenta que este sujeto activo ser el complemento agente de la oracin pasiva y que las formas anteriormente mencionadas (I, you, he, she, it, etc.) se convertirn en me, you, him, her, it, us y them, respectivamente.
Active voice Subject Verb saw bring has bought will send Complements Michael some friends your books a letter

Spanish Se dice que (ella) es profesora. (1) He English He is often seen with your sister. (2) They (3) She Spanish Se le ve (a l) a menudo con tu hermana. (4) We English It is believed that she needs a doctor. Subject Spanish Se cree que (ella) necesita un mdico.

Passive voice Verb was seen Agent by him by them by her by us

14
En ingls (a diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol que slo el objeto directo [DO] puede ser el sujeto paciente de la oracin pasiva) el objeto indirecto [IO] en cierto tipo de oraciones tambin puede ser el sujeto paciente de la voz pasiva:

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Michael

Some friends are brought Your books A letter have been bought will be sent

Existe la posibilidad de que en las oraciones pasivas no aparezca el complemento agente, bien porque no se sepa quin o qu es, bien porque Active voice: resulte irrelevante. Cuando el sujeto de la oracin Michael gave a book to the boys for their birthdays. activa es they, en la oracin pasiva se suele omitir el complemento agente (by them). [subject] [verb] [DO] [IO] [complement]
Suject Verb cut Complements a tree

(1) Passive voice (subject: DO):

A book was given to the boys for their birthdays by Michel. English Active voice They

(2) Passive voice (subject: IO):

The boys were given a book for their birthdays by Michel.

Spanish

Ellos

cortaron

un rbol

Ntese que el verbo auxiliar to be siempre concordar con el sujeto paciente, as en (1) adopta la forma was (ya que el sujeto paciente es singular, a book), mientras que en (2) adopta la forma were (ya que el sujeto paciente es plural, the boys).

English Passive voice Spanish

A tree

was cut

(by them)

Un rbol

fue cortado (por ellos)

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2.-PREPOSITIONS II (PREPOSICIONES II) A continuacin vamos a ver una lista de las preposiciones ms usadas en ingls:
Preposition ABOVE Examples The sky is above. arriba, sobre [superioridad, ya sea fsica o El firmamento est en lo alto. moral] The Captain is above the Lieutanant. El Capitn est por encima del Teniente. The lamp is over the table. La lmpara est encima de la mesa. sobre, encima [posicin de un objeto I overreacted to his remarks. encima de otro sin contacto directo; Mi reaccin frente a sus observaciones fue exagerada. repeticin; exceso] Read this over again. Lee esto otra vez. I left the book on the table. Dej el libro encima de la mesa. sobre, encima [posicin de un objeto sobre otro en contacto directo; tiempo On New Years day. El da de Ao Nuevo. determinado; estado] The house is on fire. La casa est ardiendo. I am in the room. Estoy en la habitacin. Come in! Entra! en, dentro de [movimiento hacia dentro; lapso de tiempo; modo] In a minute. En un minuto. In a bad temper. De mal humor. I walked into the shop. Entr en la tienda. dentro [movimiento de fuera adentro; divisin] The glass was broken into a hundred of pieces. El vaso se rompi en cien pedazos. I come from London. Vengo de Londres. Butter comes from milk. La mantequilla es un derivado de la leche. de, desde [punto de partida espacial o Ill be there from 2 to 3. temporal; origen, causa] Estar all de 2 a 3. He died from a heart attack. Muri de un ataque al corazn. I received a letter from your sister. Recib un carta de tu hermana. The door of the room. La puerta de la habitacin. de [relacin de un objeto con otro; posesin; causa] Im afraid of ghosts. Tengo miedo a los fantasmas. The Lieutenant is below the Captain. El Teniente est por debajo del Capitan. inferioridad [en cualquier sentido] Below the sun. Debajo del sol. The dog is lying under the table. El perro est tumbado debajo de la mesa. bajo, debajo [posicin opuesta a on] The paper is under the book. El papel est debajo del libro. I live at 15 Green Street. Vivo en la calle Green, nmero 15. en, a [situacin en reposo; tiempo; I am at home. direccin] Estoy en casa. He came at three oclock. Vino a las tres en punto. I wrote to her. Le escrib. a, para [movimiento hacia o hasta un This train goes to London. lugar; finalidad] Este tren va a Londres. I came to see sports. Vine para ver los deportes. -151Translation

OVER

ON UPON

IN

INTO

14

FROM

OF

BELOW BENEATH

UNDER

AT

TO

Preposition ACROSS

Translation a travs de, al otro lado de [movimiento de una parte a otra] por, a travs de; por completo [paso de una parte a otra]

Examples The Post Office is just across the street. La oficina de correos est al otro lado de la calle. He jumped through the window. Salt por/a travs de la ventana. It is raining hard and I am wet through. Est lloviendo mucho y estoy completamente mojado. This book was written by Bernard Shaw. Este libro fue escrito por Bernard Shaw. She sat by the fire. Estaba sentada junto al fuego. I like travelling by car. Me gusta viajar en coche. This book is for you. Este libro es para ti. They walked for miles in the woods. Anduvieron durante horas en el bosque. I sat there for an hour. Estuve sentado all durante una hora.

THROUGH

BY

por [complemento agente; modo; proximidad]

FOR

por; para [finalidad, duracin en el tiempo o en el espacio]

DAILY
1.-AT THE DOCTORS (EN EL MDICO)
Itziar: Itzar:

SPEAKING

Good morning! May I come in? Buenos das! Se puede?

Itziar: Itzar:

No, Im not. No, no lo soy.

14

Doctor: Good morning! Of course. Whats the matter? Mdico: Buenos das! Por supuesto. Qu le ocurre? Itziar: Itzar: Hummm... I dont feel very good, lately my head hurts very much. Hummm... No me encuentro muy bien, ltimante me duele mucho la cabeza.

Doctor: Ok, you have to take these pills, and dont eat hot food. Mdico: De acuerdo, tiene que tomar estas pastillas y no coma comida picante. Itziar: Itzar: How often do I have to take them? Cada cunto tengo que tomarlas?

Doctor: How is this pain like? Mdico: Cmo es el dolor? Itziar: Itzar: Its an acute and constant pain. Es un dolor agudo y continuo.

Doctor: Twice a day, before breakfast and lunch. Mdico: Dos veces al da, antes del desayuno y la comida. Itziar: Itzar: Thank you very much. Muchas gracias.

Doctor: Thats right, are you allergic to any medicine? Mdico: Bien, es alrgica a algn medicamento?

Doctor: You are welcome. Mdico: De nada.

Good moorning! May I come in?

Ok, you have to take these pills, and dont eat hot food

Good moorning! Of course. Whats the matter?

Hummm... I dont feel very good, lately my head hurts very much Its an acute and constant pain

How is this pain like? How often do I have to take them? Thank you very much Twice a day, before breakfast and lunch You are welcome

No, Im not

Thats right, are you allergic to any medicine?

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CIVILIAN
1.-DISEASES AND PAINS (ENFERMEDADES Y DOLENCIAS)
English headache stomachache heart attack earache sore throat sore arms sore eyes sore lips sore fingers sore feet AIDS hepatitis syphilis gonorrhea diarrhoea laxative sedative downer painkiller analgesic temperature cough cold burning pain medicine cough sneeze sting take the blood pressure

VOCABULARY
Spanish dolor de cabeza dolor de estmago ataque al corazn dolor de odo garganta dolorida brazos doloridos ojos doloridos labios resecos dedos doloridos pies doloridos sida hepatitis sfilis gonorrea diarrea laxante sedante analgsico fiebre resfriado ardor medicamento toser estornudar escocer tomar la tensin

sore eyes

to take the blood pressure

sore throat

sore arms

14

En ingls la estructura gramatical para expresar que a alguien le duele algo difiere bastante de la que se emplea en espaol. En ingls se pueden utilizar dos verbos, "to hurt" y "to ache". Cuando la oracin est en presente simple y se quiere decir que duele una parte del cuerpo ("leg", 'pierna'; "arm", 'brazo'; "foot", 'pie'; etc.) estos verbos se conjugan en tercera persona del singular (hay que aadirles -s); pero cuando lo que duelen son varias partes del cuerpo ("legs", 'piernas'; "arms", 'brazos'; "feet", 'pies'; etc.) los verbos anteriormente mencionados se conjugan en tercera persona del plural (no hay que aadirles -s).

English

my (part of the body) hurts my (part of the body) aches

Spanish me duele el/la... English my (parts of the body) hurt my (parts of the body) ache

Spanish me duelen los/las...

English His leg hurts. His leg aches. His legs hurt. His legs ache. Her arm hurts. Her arm aches. Her arms hurt. Her arms ache. Your foot hurts. Your foot aches.

Spanish Le duele (a l) la pierna.

(*Su pierna [de l] duele.)

Le duelen (a l) las piernas.

(*Sus piernas [de l] duelen.)

Le duele (a ella) el brazo.

(*Su brazo [de ella] duele].)

Cuando en ingls se quiere expresar que a quien le duele algo no es a uno mismo, en lugar de utilizar el adjetivo posesivo "my", se utilizan los adjetivos posesivos correspondientes al resto de las personas (la traduccin que aparece entre parntesis, con letra ms pequea y encabezada por un asterisco es la traduccin literal, pero no es la gramaticalmente correcta en espaol; la correcta es la que aparece encima de la literal y con letras de tamao "normal").

Le duelen (a ella) los brazos.

(*Sus brazos [de ella] duelen.)

Te duele (a ti) el pie.

(*Tu pie [de ti] duele.)

Le duele (a usted) el pie.

(*Tus pies [de usted] duele.)

Te duelen (a ti) los pies. Your feet hurt. Your feet ache.
(*Tus pies [de ti] duelen.)

Te duelen (a ti) los pies.

(*Tus pies [de ti] duelen.)

His arm hurts -153-

His leg aches

Hay que tener en cuenta que cuando el sujeto a quien le duele algo es plural ("they" [ellos /as], "we" [nosotros /as] o "you" [acepcin 'vosotros /as' o 'ustedes']) los verbos "to hurt" y "to ache" siempre van a estar conjugados en tercera persona del plural, porque siempre sern varias las partes del cuerpo que duelan.

right legs hurt. English Their Their right legs ache. duele (a ellos/as) la pierna derecha. Spanish Les (*Sus piernas derechas [de ellos/as] duelen.) left arms hurt. English Our Our left arms ache. duele (a nosotros/as) el brazo izquerdo. Spanish Nos (*Nuestos brazos izquierdos [de nosotros/as] duelen.) Your heads hurt. English Your heads ache. Os duele (a vosotros/as) la cabeza. Spanish
(*Vuestras cabezas [de vosotros/as] duelen.)

Their heads hurt Their heads ache

Les duele (a ustedes) la cabeza.

(*Sus cabezas [de ustedes] duelen.)

Examples:
English I got up with a headache. I have a temperature. My right foot hurts. I have an acute pain in the stomach. I have a very bad cold. How often do I have to take the medicine? Tengo fiebre. Me duele el pie derecho. Siento dolor muy fuerte en el estmago. Estoy muy resfriado. Cada cunto tiempo tengo que tomar el medicamento? Spanish Me levant con dolor de cabeza.

14

READING
1.-THE EURO (EL EURO)

COMPREHENSION
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) When did the euro become the European single currency? Can you say the names of several European countries that have replaced their former national currency? Is the euro able to compete with any of the currencies of the world?

Since the 1st of January 2002, the euro is the European single currency. The euro has replaced the former national currencies of several European countries located in the European Union (Spanish peseta, French franc, German mark, Italian lira, etc.) However nowadays there are still European countries that do not want to join the Euro (Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, etc.) Despite the fact that the euro is the single currency in several European countries, each country has chosen its own design for one of the faces of the coin (for example, Spanish coins bear the portrait of Juan Carlos I.) The euro is a strong currency and its entry has meant a considerable effort for the countries, for people and for governments. But despite this fact, the euro entry has yielded a great many advantages, now it is not necessary to exchange national money to pay along the most of the countries of Europe and we have a currency able to compete with any of the currencies of the world.

2)

3)

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MILITARY
1.-OPERATIONS, DEFENSIVE (OPERACIONES, DEFENSIVA)

TERMS

English entrenchment trench foxhole minefield booby trap barbed wire defensive defeat demolition

Spanish fortificacin trinchera pozo de tirador campo de minas trampa explosiva alambrada defensiva derrota demolicin posicin de tiro posicin de fuego casamata bnker retirarse retirada reforzar refuerzos relevo punto fuerte, fortaleza fortificar zapador abrir brecha explotar zanja

firing position

firing position pillbox bunker withdraw withdrawal reinforce reinforcement replacement stronghold fortify sapper break through blow up ditch

barbed wire entrenchment

replacement

14

MILITARY

CONVERSATION

Watch that cord!! Its a booby trap. Take care Thats right, Ill be waiting here Whats it, Sir?

Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento: Private: Soldado: Sergeant: Sargento:

Watch that cord!! Cuidado con ese cable!! Whats it, Sir? Qu es, mi Sargento? Its a booby trap. Take care. Es una trampa explosiva. Ten cuidado. Sir, I come back to the trench to report by radio to the Lieutenant. Mi Sargento, vuelvo a la trinchera para informar por radio al Teniente. Thats right, Ill be waiting here. De acuerdo, estar esperando aqu.

Sir, I come back to the trench to report by radio to the Lieutenant

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EXERCISES
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING 3) MAKE PASSIVE THE FOLLOWING THE PASSIVE FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS. MAINTAINING EACH TENSE.
1) (past) When he (move) was moved from one prison to another, he escaped. 2) (simple past) I (not introduce) __________ to her mother. 3) (simple past) Last year the town (destroy) __________ by an earthquake. 4) (simple past) Umbrellas and sticks (leave) __________ in the cloakroom. 5) (present) Tenants (ask) __________ not to play their radios loudly after midnight. 6) (future) The books (give) __________ by tomorrow. b) The watchman called the police. b) __________________________________. c) Tom had a slight injury. c) __________________________________. d) The court found him guilty. d) __________________________________. e) She hasnt paid me for the work. e) __________________________________. f) They have brought the children in Italy. f) __________________________________. g) They wont take him to prison. g) __________________________________. h) He hasnt watched tv. h) __________________________________. i) Anne often takes him for his brother. i) __________________________________.
SENTENCES

a) We never saw him in the dining room. a) He was never seen in the dining room by us.

14

7) (simple past) The For Sale notice (take) __________ recently.

2) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PASSIVE TENSE.

4) TRANSLATE SENTENCES.

INTO

SPANISH

THE

FOLLOWING

a) The milkman brings the milk to my door. a) The milk is brought to my door by the milkman. b) Joan and Julian steal things from supermarkets every day. b) __________________________________. c) An ambulance takes the sick man to hospital. c) __________________________________. d) The postman clears these boxes three times a day. d) __________________________________. e) Dogs guard the warehouse. e) __________________________________. f) A Japanese firm makes these television sets. f) __________________________________. g) The crowd shout him down. g) __________________________________.
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a) It is said that he is the best football player. a) Se dice que es el mejor futbolista. b) It is believed that he is a bad student. b) __________________________________. c) It is thought that Charles is a good private. c) __________________________________. d) It is considered that we are rich. d) __________________________________. e) It was found that they were guilty. e) __________________________________. f) It is kown that the story is false. f) __________________________________. g) It is said that his girlfriend is from Japan. g) __________________________________. h) It is believed that John loves her. h) __________________________________.

5) INSERT AT, TO, IN, ON, INTO, WITH OR BY. 6) INSERT FROM, IN, OVER, WITH, TO, FOR, BY, OF, OUT, AT, ON.
a) Could I speak to Tom? b) Are you going _____ bus? c) Turn right _____ the end of this street and youll see it _____ front of you. d) Im going to Bath _____ Monday _____ Tom. Would you like to come _____ us? e) Children get presents _____ Christmas and _____ their birthdays. f) He arrived _____ London _____ six oclock _____ a foggy November day. g) He started going _____ school _____ the age of five. h) We arrived _____ the airport _____ good time for the plane. i) The children jumped _____ the river _____ shouts of delight. a) There is a parcel of books ______ you ______ the table. They must be ______ my brother. He always sends me books ______ my birthday. b) How do I get ______ the Public Library? Go ______ the end ______ this street and turn right. c) Although we were ______ a hurry she insisted ______ stopping to look for it. d) ______ the beginning of a textbook there is a preface, and ______ the end there is an index. e) Are you ______ your own? No, Im ______ a friend ______ mine. f) The rows are lettered ______ A to T, beginning ______ the row nearest the stage.

7) MATCH

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

14
Spanish terms
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) demolicin retirarse casamata alambrada derrota zapador campo de minas punto fuerte

English terms
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) defeat demolition minefield barbed wire stronghold sapper pillbox withdraw

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UNIT 15
GRAMMAR
1.-PHRASAL VERBS (VERBOS CON PARTCULAS) 1.1.-HOW TO FORM PHRASAL VERBS (FORMACIN DE VERBOS CON PARTCULAS)

En la mayora de los phrasal verbs, si el objeto es un sustantivo, ste puede colocarse Los phrasal verbs son verbos con entre el verbo y la preposicin (o adverbio) o partculas que estn compuestos por un verbo despes de la preposicin (o adverbio). Por lo y una preposicin o un adverbio. stos tanto: adquieren un nuevo significado (diferente de aquel compuesto por la suma de sus Example: componentes) es decir, que no debemos guiarnos por nuestra intuicin y debemos Put on your coat. English or aprendrnoslos de memoria dentro del contexto Put your coat on. de cada situacin
Spanish Ponte tu abrigo.

Algunos de los phrasal verbs ms utilizados en ingls son:

Sin embargo, si el objeto es un pronombre, ste siempre va entre el verbo y la preposicin (o adverbio). Por lo tanto:
Example: Put it on. English Put on it. wrong Spanish Pntelo. right

Verb Preposition on

Translation encender [un aparato elctrico]

off turn up

apagar [un aparato elctrico]

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subir [el volumen]; presentarse

down

bajar [el volumen]

Recuerde que el objeto de algunos phrasal verbs siempre va despus de la preposicin o adverbio, es decir, que no es posible intercalar el objeto entre el verbo y la preposicin (o adverbio). Tal es el caso de los verbos sombreados en amarillo en la tabla de la izquierda.
English I looked after the children while their parents were away. Cuid a los nios mientras sus padres estaban fuera. She looked for the keys for more than two hours. Busc las llaves durante ms de dos horas. I have decided to give up smoking. He decidido dejar de fumar. All applicants have to fill in an application form. Todos los candidatos tienen que rellenar una solicitud.

off take out

quitarse [ropa]; despegar [avin]

sacar

Spanish English Spanish English

put

on

ponerse [ropa] dejar, abandonar, renunciar a [un hbito, vicio] rellenar [un impreso, solicitud]

give

up

fill

in

Spanish after look for buscar cuidar English Spanish

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2.-SO / NEITHER DO I (PARTCULAS PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO O DESACUERDO) 2.1.-SO (PARTCULA PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO)
Para mostrar acuerdo con lo que un interlocutor ha dicho. Oracin del interlocutor afirmativa, respuesta afirmativa. Por lo tanto:
English Simple present So am I I am very intelligent. So is she So do I I like chicken. So does she Simple past So was I I was in Toms class. So was she So did I Estuve en clase de Tom. Me gusta el pollo. Soy muy inteligente. Spanish Presente simple Yo tambin (soy inteligente) Ella tambin (es inteligente) A m tambin (me gusta el pollo) A ella tambin (le gusta el pollo) Yo tambin (estuve en clase de Tom) Ella tambin (estuvo en clase de Tom) Yo tambin (vi la pelcula) Ella tambin (vio la pelcula) Yo tambin (he ledo un libro) Ella tambin (ha ledo un libro) Yo tambin (te he visto en la discoteca) Ella tambin (te ha visto en la discoteca) A m tambin (me han dicho que...) A ella tambin (le han dicho que...) Yo tambin (estoy estudiando toda la leccin) Ella tambin (est estudiando toda la leccin) Yo tambin (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) Ella tambin (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) Yo tambin (har los deberes) Ella tambin (har los deberes) So SO + VERBO AUXILIAR en el tiempo oportuno + SUJETO

Pasado simple

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I saw the film. So did she Present perfect So have I I have read a book. So has she So have I I have seen you in the disco. So has she Present perfect (passive voice) So have I I have been told that... So has she Present continuous I am studying the whole lesson. Past continuous I was studying the whole lesson. Future So will I I will do my homework. So will she -160So was I So was she So am I So is she

Vi la pelcula.

Presente perfecto He ledo un libro.

Te he visto en la discoteca.

Presente perfecto (voz pasiva) Me han dicho que...

Presente continuo Estoy estudiando toda la leccin

Pasado continuo Estaba estudiando toda la leccin

Futuro Har los deberes.

English Conditional So would I I would tell her the truth. So would she Future with going to (present) Peter is going to work in that firm. So am I So is she

Spanish Condicional Yo tambin (le dira la verdad) Ella tambin (le dira la verdad) Yo tambin (voy a trabajar en esa empresa) Ella tambin (va a trabajar en esa empresa)

Le dira la verdad.

Futuro Prximo Peter va a trabajar en esa empresa.

Future with going to (past) Peter was going to work in that firm. So was I So was she

Pasado Prximo Yo tambin Peter iba a trabajar en esa (iba a trabajar en esa empresa) empresa. Ella tambin (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)

Ntese que para saber cul es la partcula que hay que utilizar en la respuesta, primero hay que prestar atencin al tiempo verbal en el que se expresa la oracin y, a continuacin, el auxiliar que rige a sta. Por lo tanto, si el verbo de la oracin principal est en presente y no es un verbo anmalo (es decir, un verbo que no sea el verbo "to be"), la respuesta deber hacerse con "do" o "does". Por el

contrario, si el verbo en presente es el verbo "to be", la respuesta ser con "are", "is" o "am". A lo largo de todo el libro se han visto detalladamente este tipo de cuestiones, en consecuencia, si existen dudas de qu auxiliar es el que rige a una oracin en futuro, condicional, presente continuo sera necesario remitirse a la unidad en la que se explican todos estos aspectos.

2.2.-NEITHER (PARTCULA PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO) Oracin del interlocutor negativa, respuesta negativa (reafirma esa negacin mostrando acuerdo.) Por lo tanto:
English Simple present Neither am I I am not very intelligent. Neither is she Neither do I I do not (dont) like chicken. Neither does she Simple past I was not (wasnt) in Toms class. Neither was I Neither was she Neither did I I did not (didnt) see the film. Neither did she Present perfect I have not (havent) read a book. Neither have I Neither has she Neither have I Neither has she NEITHER +

Neither VERBO AUXILIAR + SUJETO en el tiempo oportuno

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I have not (havent) seen you in the disco.

Spanish Presente simple Yo tampoco (soy inteligente) No soy muy inteligente. Ella tampoco (es inteligente) A m tampoco (me gusta el pollo) No me gusta el pollo. A ella tampoco (le gusta el pollo) Pasado simple Yo tampoco (estuve en clase de Tom) No estuve en clase de Tom. Ella tampoco (estuvo en clase de Tom) Yo tampoco (vi la pelcula) No vi la pelcula. Ella tampoco (vio la pelcula) Presente perfecto Yo tampoco (he ledo un libro) No he ledo un libro. Ella tampoco (ha ledo un libro) Yo tampoco (te he visto en la discoteca) No te he visto en la discoteca. Ella tampoco (te ha visto en la discoteca) -161-

English Present perfect (passive voice) Neither have I I have not (havent) been told that... Neither has she Present continuous Neither am I I am not studying the whole lesson. Neither is she Past continuous Neither was I I was not (wasnt) studying the whole lesson. Neither was she Future Neither will I

Spanish Presente perfecto (voz pasiva) A m tampoco (me han dicho que...) No me han dicho que... A ella tampoco (le han dicho que...) Presente continuo Yo tampoco (estoy estudiando toda la leccin) Ella tampoco (est estudiando toda la leccin)

No estoy estudiando toda la leccin.

Pasado continuo Yo tampoco (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) Ella tampoco (estaba estudiando toda la leccin)

No estaba estudiando toda la leccin

Futuro Yo tampoco (har los deberes) No har los deberes. Neither will she Ella tampoco (har los deberes) Condicional Neither would I Yo tampoco (le dira la verdad) No le dira la verdad. Neither would she Ella tampoco (le dira la verdad) Futuro prximo Yo tampoco (voy a trabajar en esa empresa) Peter no va a trabajar en esa empresa. Neither is she Ella tampoco (va a trabajar en esa empresa) Pasado prximo Yo tampoco (iba a trabajar en esa empresa) Peter no iba a trabajar en esa empresa. Neither was she Ella tampoco (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)

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I will not (wont) do my homework.

Conditional

I would not (wouldnt) tell her the truth.

Future with going to (present) Neither am I Peter is not (isnt) going to work in that firm.

Future with going to (past) Neither was I Peter was not (wasnt) going to work in that firm.

Recuerde que la partcula "neither", al igual que "not", expresa negacin. Por lo tanto, como en ingls nunca se niega dos veces, no es neceseario aadir ninguna partcula adicional de negacin. Por otro lado, tal y como se ha visto a lo largo de este

libro, la mayora de los auxiliares en la forma negativa pueden contraerse ( "wouldn't", "won't", "don't", "aren't"); ntese que "I am not" se contrae en Im not.

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2.3.-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS TO DESAGREE WITH SOMEONE (CONSTRUCCIONES GRAMATICALES PARA MOSTRAR DESACUERDO)
SUJETO + en el tiempo oportuno + negacin NOT a) En este tipo de oraciones, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en las anteriores, uno de los interlocutores hace una afirmacin ( e.g. "I live in Madrid", 'Vivo en Madrid') y el otro muestra Oracin del interlocutor afirmativa, respuesta desacuerdo con ste ( e.g. " I don't", 'Yo no (vivo en negativa. Por lo tanto: Madrid.) Por lo tanto: VERBO AUXILIAR Partcula de

English Simple present I am not (m not) I am very intelligent. She is not (isnt) I do not (dont) I like chicken. She does not (doesnt) Simple past I was not (wasnt) I was in Toms class. She was not (wasnt) I did not (didnt) I saw the film. She did not (didnt) Present perfect I have not (havent) I have read a book. She has not (hasnt) I have not (havent) I have seen you in the disco. She has not (hasnt) Present perfect (passive voice) I have not (havent) I have been told that... She has not (hasnt) Present continuous I am studying the whole lesson. I am not (m not) She is not (isnt)

Spanish Presente simple Soy muy inteligente. Yo no (soy inteligente) Ella no (es inteligente) A m no (me gusta el pollo) A ella no (le gusta el pollo) Yo no (estuve en clase de Tom) Ella no (estuvo en clase de Tom) Yo no (vi la pelcula) Ella no (vio la pelcula) Yo no (he ledo un libro) Ella no (ha ledo un libro) Yo no (te he visto en la discoteca) Ella no (te ha visto en la discoteca) A m no (me han dicho que...) A ella no (le han dicho que...) Yo no (estoy estudiando toda la leccin) Ella no (est estudiando toda la leccin) Yo no (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) Ella no (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) Yo no (har los deberes) Ella no (har los deberes)

Me gusta el pollo.

Pasado simple Estuve en clase de Tom.

Vi la pelcula.

Presente perfecto He ledo un libro.

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Te he visto en la discoteca.

Presente perfecto (voz pasiva) Me han dicho que...

Presente continuo Estoy estudiando toda la leccin.

Past continuous I was studying the whole lesson. I was not (wasnt) She was not (wasnt)

Pasado continuo Estaba estudiando toda la leccin.

Future I will not (wont) I will do my homework. She will not (wont) -163Har los deberes.

Futuro

English Conditional I would not (wouldnt) I would tell her the truth. She would not (wouldnt) Future with going to (present) Peter is going to work in that firm. I am not (m not) She is not (isnt)

Spanish Condicional Yo no (le dira la verdad) Ella no (le dira la verdad) Yo no (voy a trabajar en esa empresa) Ella no (va a trabajar en esa empresa)

Le dira la verdad.

Futuro prximo Peter va a trabajar en esa empresa.

Future with going to (past) Peter was going to work in that firm. I was not (wasnt) She was not (wasnt)

Pasado prximo Yo no Peter iba a trabajar en esa (iba a trabajar en esa empresa) empresa. Ella no (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)

Ntese que tambin se pueden contraer los auxiliares en la forma negativa.

b) Oracin del interlocutor negativa, respuesta afirmativa (e.g. I dont live in Madrid, No vivo en Madrid) y el otro muestra desacuerdo con ste (e.g. I do, Yo s (vivo en Madrid). Por lo tanto:
English Simple present

SUJETO +

VERBO AUXILIAR en el tiempo oportuno

Spanish Presente simple I am Yo s (soy inteligente) Ella s (es inteligente) A m s (me gusta el pollo) No me gusta el pollo. A ella s (le gusta el pollo) Pasado simple Yo s (estuve en clase de Tom) No estuve en clase de Tom. Ella s (estuvo en clase de Tom) Yo s (estuve en clase No vi la pelcula. Ella s (vio la pelcula) Presente perfecto Yo s (he ledo un libro) No he ledo un libro. Ella s (ha ledo un libro) Yo s (te he visto en la discoteca) No te he visto en la discoteca. Ella s (te ha visto en la discoteca) Presente perfecto (voz pasiva) A m s (me han dicho que...) No me han dicho que... A ella s (le han dicho que...) Presente continuo Yo s No estoy estudiando toda la (estoy estudiando toda la leccin) leccin. Ella s (est estudiando toda la leccin) No soy muy inteligente. -164-

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I am not very intelligent. She is I do I do not (dont) like chicken. She does Simple past I was I was not (wasnt) in Toms class. She was I did I did not (didnt) see the film. She did Present perfect I have I have not (havent) read a book. She has I have not (havent) seen you in the disco. I have She has

Present perfect (passive voice) I have not (havent) been told that... I have She has

Present continuous I am not studying the whole lesson. I am She is

English Past continuous I was not (wasnt) studying the whole lesson. Future I will not (wont) do my homework. Conditional I would not (wouldnt) tell her the truth. I would I will I was She was

Spanish Pasado continuo Yo s No estaba estudiando toda la (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) leccin Ella s (estaba estudiando toda la leccin) Futuro No har los deberes. She will Yo s (har los deberes) Ella s (har los deberes) Yo s (le dira la verdad) Ella s (le dira la verdad) Yo s (voy a trabajar en esa empresa) Ella s (va a trabajar en esa empresa)

Condicional No le dira la verdad. She would

Future with going to (present) Peter is not (isnt) going to work in that firm. I am She is

Futuro prximo Peter no va a trabajar en esa empresa.

Future with going to (past) Peter was not (wasnt) going to work in that firm. I was She was

Pasado prximo Yo s (iba a trabajar en esa empresa) Peter no iba a trabajar en esa empresa. Ella s (iba a trabajar en esa empresa)

3.-VERB + -ING (= GERUND) (USO DE LOS VERBOS EN GERUNDIO)

El gerundio de los verbos en ingls se utiliza en los siguientes supuestos:
English After verbs of preference

a) Despus de los verbos que expresan gustos y preferencias (like, love, enjoy, mind, prefer) b) Despus de preposiciones c) Al utilizar un verbo como sujeto de una oracin
Spanish Despus de verbos de preferencia

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I dont mind cooking. I hate ironing.

After prepositions

No me importa cocinar. Odio planchar.

Despus de preposiciones

I am good at finding bargains. Thank you you for giving me a hand

Verb as a subject

Soy bueno para encontrar gangas. Gracias por echarme una mano.
Verbo como sujeto

Buying clothes often takes me a long time. Writing a personal letter is very hard for me.

Por lo general comprar ropa me lleva mucho tiempo. Escribir una carta personal es muy duro para m.

En caso de dudas de cmo formar los gerundios, remitirse al apartado 1 de la unidad 10.
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DAILY

SPEAKING

1.-CALLING THE INSURANCE COMPANY (LLAMANDO A LA ASEGURADORA)

Itziar: Itzar: Operator: Operador Itziar: Itzar: Operator: Operador: Itziar: Itzar: Operator: Operador: Itziar: Itzar: Operator: Operador: Itziar: Itzar: Operator: Operador: My cars broken down. Could you tow it away? Mi coche se ha averiado. Podra remolcarlo? Where are you? Dnde se encuentra usted? I'm in Fawcett Road. Estoy en la calle Fawcett. Can you give me your name? Puede decirme su nombre? My names Itziar Johnson. Me llamo Itzar Johnson. Whats your insurance company? Cul es su compaa de seguros? Alliance Insurance Company. Alliance Insurance Company. Could you please wait there?, well tow your car away in fifteen minutes. Podra esperar all?, remolcaremos su coche en quince minutos. Thank you very much. Muchas gracias. You are welcome. De nada.
Whats your insurance company? Could you please wait there?, well tow your car away in fifteen minutes. You are welcome Thank you very much. Alliance Insurance Company Im in Fawcett Road Can you give me your name?

My cars broken down. Could you tow it away? Where are you?

My names Itziar Johnson

15

CIVILIAN

VOCABULARY

1.-DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH (DIFERENCIAS ENTRE EL INGLS BRITNICO Y EL AMERICANO)
El ingls britnico y el americano son la misma lengua en esencia, no obstante, el ingls britnico difiere en bastantes aspectos respecto al americano (o viceversa.) En primer lugar, la produccin del ingls americano y britnico son diferentes en lo que el acento se refiere. En segundo lugar, pueden darse situaciones en las que se utilicen palabras diferentes para referirse a la misma realidad ( e.g. "Autumn" (BrE), "Fall" (AmE), 'otoo'.) Finalmente, la ortografa tambin puede variar ( e.g. "centre" (BrE), "center" (AmE), 'centro'.) tavelled, travelling (BrE) traveled, traveling (AmE)

colour (BrE) color (AmE)

Use of different spelling (Uso de una ortografa diferente) British English American English Spanish analyse analyze analizar centre center centro colour color color favour favor favor fibre fiber fibra flavour flavor sabor glamour glamor glamour maneuver manoeuvre maniobra neighbour neighbor vecino travelled (pas & pas. part.), travelling (gerund) traveled, traveling viajado, viajando counselled (pas & pas. part.), counselling (gerund) counseled, counseling aconsejado, aconsejando controlled (pas & pas. part.), controlling (gerund) controled, controling controlado, controlando grey gray gris -166-

Use of different words (Uso de diferentes palabras para referirse a la misma realidad) British English sweets biscuits underground petrol petrol station chemist's road bill pavement lorry lift flat holidays French fries film boot bonnet note shop assistant trousers reverse charge call letter box tyre American English candies cookies subway gasoline, gas gas station drugstore highway check sidewalk truck elevator apartment vacation chips movie trunk hood bill salesman, salewoman, clerk, salesclerk pants collect call mail box tire Spanish caramelos galletas metro gasolina gasolinera farmacia carretera cuenta, factura acera camin ascensor apartamento vacaciones patatas fritas pelcula maletero cap billete dependiente /a pantalones llamada a cobro revertido buzn neumtico

road (BrE) / highway (AmE)

lorry (BrE) / truck (AmE)

holidays (BrE) / vacation (AmE)

READING
1.-STONEHENGE

COMPREHENSION
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. (CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS) 1) 2)
3) Where is Stonehenge situated? What does Stonehenge symbolize? When was Stonehenge built?

15

The most famous Neolithic monument of England, Stonehenge, was built in several phases on a sacred site on the Salisbury Plain from 2750 BC to 1500 BC. In form, Stonehenge consists of a series of concentric rings of standing stones around an altar stone at the center. Stonehenge is surely Britain's greatest national icon, it symbolizes mystery, power and endurance. Its original purpose is unclear to us, but some people believe that it was a temple made for the worship of ancient earth deities. It is considered to be an astronomical observatory for marking significant events on the prehistoric calendar (a powerful cult of sun worship seems to have dominated this monument.) Nevertheless other people think that it was a sacred site for the burial of ancient highranking citizens from the societies. In any case, the ancient participant in the rites of Stonehenge would experience a deep connection with nature.

3.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)? (DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
a) Stonehenge was built in several phases. b) At the center of a series of concentric rings there is an altar. c) It is doubtful that Stonehenge is Britain's national icon. d) Nowadays its original purpose is very clear to us.

T/F T/F T/F T/F

e) An a s t r o n o m i c a l observatory for marking significantevents onthe prehistoric calendar is one of the most probable hypothesis about its original purpose. f) There is certainly a strong connection between the ancient participant in the rites of this monument and nature. -167-

T/F

T/F

MILITARY
1.-PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS (MISIONES DE PAZ)
English

TERMS
Spanish
ONU (Organizacin de Naciones Unidas) OTAN (Organizacin del Tratado del Atlntico Norte) ONG (Organizacin No Gubernamental) OI (Organizacin Internacional) Cruz Roja ACNUR (Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados) Observador Militar de las Naciones Unidas

UN (United Nations) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) NGO (Non Governmental Organization) IO (International Organization) RC (Red Cross) UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) UNMO (United Nations Military Observer)

15

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

RC (Red Cross)

English checkpoint sniper convoy humanitarian aid deliver rations shelter ethnical cleansing agreement cease-fire arson loot refugee returnee DP (Displaced People) facilities warehouse political asylum papers General Elections polling station murder warrior factions

Spanish puesto de control francotirador convoy ayuda humanitaria distribuir raciones contenedor limpieza tnica acuerdo alto el fuego incendio saquear; saqueo refugiado retornado desplazado instalaciones almacn asilo poltico documentacin Elecciones Generales colegio electoral asesinato bandos combatientes -168-

refugees

convoy

humanitarian aid

MILITARY
My Unit is in a peacekeeping mission abroad

CONVERSATION
Corporal: Cabo: My Unit is in a peacekeeping mission abroad. Mi Unidad est en una misin de paz en el extranjero. Where are they? Dnde estn? They are operating in Kosovo. Estn operando en Kosovo. Hot spot, isn't it? Zona conflictiva, verdad? Yes, there still are lots of snipers in the cities. S, todava hay muchos francotiradores en las ciudades. What Organization is leading this Operation? Qu Organizacin est liderando la Operacin? UN is in charge, but next month NATO will be in command. La ONU est al frente, pero el mes que viene tomar el mando la OTAN.

Where are they?

They are operating in Kosovo Hot spot, isn't it? Yes, there still are lots of snipers in the cities UN is in charge, but next month NATO will be in command

Private: Soldado: Corporal: Cabo: Private: Soldado: Corporal: Cabo: Private: Soldado: Corporal: Cabo:

What Organization is leading this Operation?

EXERCISES
1) FILL
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING ONE OF THE GIVEN PREPOSITIONS.

15
2) FILL
EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A PHRASAL VERB IN THE RIGHT TENSE.

after in

up out

off

on up

a) The music was too loud, so she turned down the volume.

a) I cant hear the radio. Can you turn it up, please? b) A babysitter is a person who ________ b) My neighbour has left the city and were looking ________ his cat. c) The room was dark so she turned ________ the lights. d) I am determined to give ________ smoking. e) He took ________ his jacket and tie, and put ________ a sweater. f) Are you going to take my money ________ of the bank? g) I filled ________ the insurance forms.
-169-

children when their parents are away.

c) Im ________ my glasses. I cant find them anywhere.

d) When Jim gets home from work, he ________ his suit and ________ his pijamas.

e) Can you ________ the number of the bus station in the phone book?

f) Could you ________ this application form?

3) AGREE

WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS.

5) PUT

a) I am from Italy. a) So I am. b) I dont eat vegetables. b) ______________________________. c) I have never been to New York. c) ______________________________. d) I have eaten in that Chinese restaurant d) ______________________________. e) I swim a lot every day. e) ______________________________. f) I dint find you in the party. f) ______________________________. g) Last year I was unemployed. g) ______________________________. h) I have never liked onions. h) ______________________________. i) When I was child I went to Rome. i) ______________________________. j) I was going to forgive her. j) ______________________________. k) I will not tell the teachers about Jims problem. k) ______________________________. l) I would not expect her to come. l) ______________________________.

THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM (GERUND OR INFINITIVE).

a) (come) Would you like to come to a party with me tonight? b) (go) Oh yes, I love ________ to parties. c) (work, get up) I don't want ________ in an office because I hate ________ early. d) (study) ________ the night before the exam makes me nervous. e) (buy, live) Joe would like ________ a flat because he doesn't like ________ with his parents. f) (travel, fly) I love ________ but I'm afraid of ________ so I always go by train or bus. g) (go)I enjoy ________ to funfairs. h) (jog, swim) Do you like ________? I think ________ is better. i) (think, have) Just ________ of ________ to study makes me sad.

15

6) PUT

THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM (GERUND OR INFINITIVE).

a) (have) He dreads having to retire.

4) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A GERUND.

a) (iron) I'm quite good at ironing.

b) (not speak) My mother told ________ to anyone about it.

c) (meet) I arranged ________ them there. b) (cook) I'm not very good at ________. d) (leave, say)He surprised us all by ________ the room without ________ "goodbye". c) (read) When I'm on my own, I really enjoy ________.

e) (explain, listen) He tried ________ it but she refused ________.

d) (walk) I think that ________ is very relaxing. f) (telephone, ask, look) I suggest ________ the hospitals before ________ the police ________ for him.

e) (swim) ________ is my favourite holiday activity.

f) (do the washing up) The job I most hate in the house is ________.
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g) (hear, not enter) After ________ the conditions I decided ________ for the competition.

7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A WORD 8) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A WORD USED IN BRITISH ENGLISH. OR WORDS USED IN AMERICAN ENGLISH.
a) The telephone bill was too high for me to pay. b) I went to Covent Garden by ________ c) People buy medicines in the ________ d) My house is half a mile down the ________ e) Fortunately, there is a ________ in that ten-storey building, otherwise I couldn't walk up. f) I own a very nice ________ in the ________ of London. a) Peter was so stressed out that he needed to take a vacation. b) It was difficult to fit three suitcases in the ________ of the car. c) I paid the chair with one hundred dollar ________. d) Paul had no money and desperately needed to make a phone call, that's why me made a ________. e) When buying ice-creams, chocolate and vanilla are my favourite ________. f) Pedestrians walk on the ________.

9) MATCH
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

WORDS

1)

TO

8)

WITH WORDS A) TO H).

English terms
RC checkpoint deliver rations IO UN agreement UNMO UNHCR

Spanish terms
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Organizacin Internacional distribuir raciones observador militar (de las Naciones Unidas) ACNUR puesto de control acuerdo Cruz Roja ONU

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10) WHAT

DO THESE ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS STAND FOR IN WHAT IS THE TRANSLATION IN SPANISH?

ENGLISH?

a) b) c) d) e)

Abbreviation It stands for UN United Nations NATO NGO IO RC

THE CHART.

Spanish translation Organizacin de Naciones Unidas (ONU)

1 1) COMPLETE
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l)

Sentences I really like classical music. I don't like mushrooms. I have a microwave. I don't speak German. I went to the beach today. I didn't watch TV last night. I haven't been to Venice. I'm going to stay in tonight. I have been disappointed by Peter. I will see him in his birthday. I would not eat that piece of cake. I was going to take part in the meeting.

Agree So do I Neither do I I don't

Disagree

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REVIEW
REVIEW FROM UNIT 1 TO UNIT 5
1)
FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD.

4)

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

a) Hello. What ______ ______ name? b) My ______ ______ Henry. c) How old ______ ______? d) ______ ______ twenty ______ old. And ______? e) ______ ______ twenty-two ______ old. f) What is ______ telephone ______? g) It ______ 063 14 86 25.

a) Sally's computer. a) The computer is hers. b) My text book. b) ______________________________. c) Your walkman. c) ______________________________. d) My dog and your dog. d) ______________________________. e) Paul's cat. e) ______________________________. f) Anne and Peter's novel. f) ______________________________.

2)

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERS BY USING WORDS.

a) 18 eighteen b) 13 c) 17 d) 19 e) 28 f) 23 g) 30 h) 25 ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

5)

WHAT TIME IS IT?

REVIEW

a) 13:45 It is a quarter to two. b) 17:20 _________________________. c) 18:15 _________________________. d) 20:30 _________________________. e) 00:00 _________________________. f) 08:35 _________________________. g) 10:05 _________________________.

3)

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO SPANISH.

6)
a) My oldest brother's name is John. a) Mi hermano mayor se llama John. b) My grandmother is a lot older than my father. b) ______________________________. c) What time is it? It is half past five. c) ______________________________. d) Unfortunately my cousin is not here. d) ______________________________. e) On fridays I have breakfast in my cousin's bar. e) ______________________________.
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FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING "THIS", "THESE", "THAT" OR "THOSE".

a) (Estas) These chairs are Paul's. b) I am talking to (este) ______ boy. c) (Esa) ______ house is very beautiful. d) I don't like (aquellos) ______ boys. e) (Este) ______ dog lives in a kennel. f) (Estas) ______ letters are not for you. g) (Aquella) ______ giraffe is very tall. h) (Ese) ______ computer is very expensive.

7)

WHAT IS THE PLURAL FORM OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS?

9)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE SUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.

a) business b) orange c) class d) watch e) duty f) hero g) day h) person i) catch j) wolf k) fuss l) glory m) fax n) city o) knife p) tornado q) tooth r) fly

businesses ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

a) This is (1st sg) my car. b) (3rd pl) _____ books are very long. c) (2nd sg) _____ suitcase is very heavy. d) (1st pl) _____ computers are very expensive. e) (3rd sg masc) _____ mobile phone takes pictures. f) (2nd pl) _____ dictionaries are bilingual. g) (3rd sg fem) _____ skirt is too short. h) (3rd sg neutral)In the long run, _____ effects are very dangerous.

10) MAKE

SENTENCES BY USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

a) your /than /am /I /brother /taller a) I am taller than your brother. b) brother /uncle /my /My /is /mother's b) ______________________________. c) Physics /better /are /me /than /You /at

8)
REVIEW

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS IN BRACKETS.

a) (strawberry) Do you like strawberries? b) (child) My _______ are all grown up. c) (fox, goose, cat, mouse) _______ catch _______ and _______ catch _______. d) (foot) My _______ hurt from walking. e) (tomato) We are growing _______ in our garden. f) (man, woman) _______ come from Mars, _______ from Venus. g) (book, box) I have all my _______ packed in _______. h) (city) New York is one of the most fascinating _______ in the world. i) (ring) Suzanne always wears beautiful _______. j) (tree, leaf) In winter most _______ lose their _______.
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c) ______________________________. d) summer /colder /is /much /Winter /than d) ______________________________. e) not /boots /mine /These /are e) ______________________________. f) for /I /eggs /have /breakfast f) ______________________________. g) a /dinner /at /past /quarter /I /seven /have g) ______________________________. h) hers /is /My /not /book h) ______________________________. i) my /brother's /sister-in-law /My /wife /is i) ______________________________.

11) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD FROM THE BOX.

14) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORTY OF THE ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.

Angry Fourth

blue drink

interested thirsty July half

lunch red

June Spring

a) (near) This year I live nearer university than the year before. b) (clear) Things are much _____ now to me. c) (happy) I couldn't be _____ than now.

a) I have lunch at _____ past one. b) I am not _____ in that subject. c) I am _____. I need to drink. d) She is so _____ that she doesn't talk to anyone. e) _____ begins in March and summer in _____. f) The sky is _____ and roses are _____. g) The _____ of _____ is a very important date for Americans.

d) (good) Things are getting _____. e) (interesting) The old films are _____ than the new ones. f) (strong) My father is _____ than me. g) (busy) I am a lot _____ with my new job. h) (fat) Eating chocolate makes me _____.

15) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.

12) FILL EACH

OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING TO THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIP.

a) (expensive) John has the most expensive car in Barcelona. b) (rich) Julia Roberts is the ______ actress on earth. c) (cold) This is the ______ day I can remember. e) (wise) My grandfather is the ______ person I have ever seen*. f) (hot) Brazil is the ______ country. g) (old) Julian is the ______ brother. h) (good) Gone with the wind is the ______ film I have ever seen*. i) (easy) This is the ______ exercise. *jams haya visto.
REVIEW

a) My wife's mother is my mother-in-law. b) My sister's husband is my ______. c) My brother's daughter is my ______. d) My daughter's son is my ______. e) My daughter's husband is my ______. f) My sister's son is my ______. g) My father's mother is my ______. h) My son's daughter is my ______. i) My brother's wife is my ______. j) My son's wife is my ______. k) My wife's father is my ______. l) My daughter's sons and daughters are my ______.

d) (bad) Paul is the ______ student in his class.

16) FILL

13) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING AN INDEFINITE ("A", "AN") ARTICLE.
a) I have to call an ambulance. Peter is very ill. b) _____ chair is _____ place to sit. c) Is there _____ book on the floor? d) I ate* _____ hour ago. e) My uncle has _____ eagle in his house. f) That man is _____ teacher. g) In case of _____ emergency call the police. h) Please, don't wear _____ skirt for the meeting. *com
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EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY OF THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.

a) (soon) This year the crop will be harvested sooner than the year before. b) (late) I call you ______. c) (little) Now I have to eat ______ than before because I suffered a heart attack. d) (early) I talked to him ______ this morning. e) (well) I know her ______ than you might think. f) (far) Children are not allowed to go ______ the main door. g) (long) Margaret Thatcher is no ______ the United Kingdom's Prime Minister. h) (badly) The report was ______ written than expected.

REVIEW
REVIEW FROM UNIT 6 TO UNIT 10
1)
FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH "MUCH" OR "MANY".

4)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN APPROPRIATE COMPOUND OF "SOME" , "ANY" OR "NO" FROM THE BOX.

a) How many pupils are there in the classroom? b) How ______ cheese do you eat per week? c) How ______ computers are there? d) How ______ rice did Paul eat? e) How ______ people attended the conference? f) How ______ pears did you count? g) How ______ money do you have in your bank account?
nowhere anyone anywhere somewhere Somebody nothing Nobody Anyone something anything

a) There is something amazing about the film. b) ______ could be the winner. c) He works ______ between Main Street and Regeant Street. d) ______ is allowed in this building. e) Please, don't tell ______ to ______. f) ______ told me you left school.
REVIEW

2)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB "TO BE".

a) There are some books on the table. b) There _____ a dictionary on the shelf. c) There _____ a couple of days gap between exams. d) There _____ nothing I can do about it. e) There _____ two t-shirts in your wardrobe. f) There _____ some wine in the bottle. g) There _____ two new soldiers in the barracks.

g) You can't go ______ without your passport. h) You can go ______ without your passport. i) I can do ______ without his support.

5)

MAKE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

a) much /How /too /is /much /? a) How much is too much? b) to /Saturday /Nobody /do /exam /on /wanted /an b) ______________________________. c) people /lot /Fortunately, /a /came /party /of /to /the c) ______________________________. d) not /enough /for /This /is /people /car /five /big d) ______________________________. e) in /country /are /too /There /fat /many /people /this e) ______________________________. f) goes /Anywhere /she /finds /she /friends f) ______________________________. g) home /is /There /nowhere /like g) ______________________________. h) without /can't /you / do /I /anything h) ______________________________.
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3)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH "SOME" OR "ANY".

a) I couldn't see any of your pictures in the exhibition. b) There is ______ beer in the fridge. c) I can't read ______ of Paul's books, there are too difficult for me. d) There is not ______ wine left in the bottle. e) There are ______ pencils in the office. f) I agree with ______ remarks he made during the presentation. g) ______ day I am going to London.

6)
a) a) b) b) c) c) d) d) e) e) f) f) g) g) h) h) i) i)

MAKE QUESTIONS WITH THE SENTENCES GIVEN.

9)

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH.

I play the guitar. Do you play the guitar? She doesn't drink orange juice. _______________________________ They are very tall. _______________________________ He is in Manchester. _______________________________ We don't study very hard. _______________________________ I write very long poems. _______________________________ She is in her classroom. _______________________________ He reads more than two books per week. _______________________________ She doesn't drink alcohol. _______________________________
MAKE QUESTIONS USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.

a) l conduca ese coche viejo. a) He drove that old car. b) Ellos se sentan muy mal. b) _______________________________ c) No encontr las llaves en tu casa. c) _______________________________ d) No perdieron el partido. d) _______________________________ e) Alquilaron su (de ella) casa? e) _______________________________ f) No vendan rosas en esa tienda? f) _______________________________ g) Cant ella en el concierto? g) _______________________________ h) No robaron los ladrones un famoso cuadro? h) _______________________________

7)
a) a) b) b) c) c) d) d) e) e) f) f)

10) FILL
literature /you /Aren't /interested /in? Aren't you interested in Literature? speak /Doesn't /he /French? _______________________________ my /Do /near /house /you/ live? _______________________________ the /dictionary /on /Is /table /the ? _______________________________ for /the/she /this /position/ Isn't /right /person? _______________________________ perfect /Does /know /English /she ? _______________________________
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A SUITABLE WORD FROM THE CHART.

paid after ate

from lied hear

went Does much

Did for

didnt Dutch French

REVIEW

a) Last year I went to Ireland _____ holidays. b) People _____ Holland are _____. c) You _____ to me. You _____ tell me the truth. d) _____ she know how to speak _____? e) She _____ the bills _____ leaving her house. f) I _____ too _____ cheese. g) _____ you _____ that strange sound?

8)

a) Hay una guerra contra Italia. a) There is a war against Italy. b) Debajo de la mesa hay un libro. b) _______________________________ c) Estudio de 5 a 7. c) _______________________________ d) Almuerza ella en un restaurante cerca de mi casa? d) _______________________________ e) Ceno a las 7 en punto. e) _______________________________ f) Despus de la cena vamos a la discoteca. f) _______________________________ g) Siempre desayuno antes de medioda. g) _______________________________ h) Este regalo es para ti. h) _______________________________
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11) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE APPROPRIATE NATIONALITY OR COUNTRY.

a) I am from Spain, I am Spanish. b) Paul is from Ireland, he is ________. c) Panos is from _______, he is Greek. d) Michela is from Italy, she is _________. e) Sonia is from _________, she is Dutch. f) Victor is from Russia, he is __________. g) Mette is from _________, she is Norwegian h) Franois is from France, he is _________. i) Charles is from ________, he is English. j) Nina is from Scotland, she is _________. k) We all are from Europe, we are __________.

12) WRITE

A SUITABLE QUESTION FOR EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING WH QUESTIONS.

14) MAKE

QUESTIONS WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND THEN WRITE THESE QUESTIONS IN THE PAST TENSE.

a) I had lunch at 1 o'clock. a) When did you have lunch? b) I am fine. b) _______________________________ c) I did it because I wanted. c) _______________________________ d) Paul and Anne went to the party. (preguntar quin fue a la fiesta) d) _______________________________ e) I am from Japan. e) _______________________________ f) My name is Thomas. f) _______________________________ g) It is raining. g) _______________________________ h) Last week she went to Poland. (preguntar a dnde fue) h) _______________________________ i) I go to work by bus. (preguntar cmo se desplaza al trabajo) i) _______________________________

a) a/Do /have /car /you ? a) Do you have a car? a) Did you have a car? b) she /drive /How /does? b) _______________________________ b) _______________________________ c) plays /guitar /Who /the? c) _______________________________ c) _______________________________ d) married /When /do /get /they? d) _______________________________ d) _______________________________ e) for /does /holidays /Where /go /she? e) _______________________________ e) _______________________________ f) you /upset /Why /are /so? f) _______________________________ f) _______________________________ g) one /take /Which /do /you? g) _______________________________ g) _______________________________

a) Quin fue al concierto? a) Who went to the concert? b) Cundo te despiertas? b) _______________________________ c) Comes fresas? c) _______________________________ d) Quin trajo estos libros? d) _______________________________ e) Hablas ingls? e) _______________________________ f) Por qu te fuiste a Escocia? f) _______________________________ g) Dnde compraste esta camiseta? g) _______________________________ h) De dnde eres? h) _______________________________ i) Qu dijiste? i) _______________________________ j) Qu coche prefieres? j) _______________________________ k) Cmo era tu perro? k) _______________________________ l) Tienes hermanos o hermanas? l) _______________________________

15) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE VERBS "DO" OR "MAKE" IN THE PRESENT OR PAST TENSE.
a) Students are asked to make suggestions. b) I failed the exam because I ______ lots of mistakes. c) Could you ______ me a favour? Could you turn down the volume? d) Last year Peter ______ a lot of money with his new business. e) Researchers ______ research. f) Once a week I go to the launderette to ______ the washing. g) If you want to go to the doctor's, you need to ______ an appointment. h) Claire ______ honours in Media Studies ten years ago. i) Please, ______ an effort and study this textbook. j) Some people think Christ ______ miracles. k) Charles was expelled from school because he ______ a lot of trouble. l) I have to go now, I have to ______ an urgent phone call.

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REVIEW

13) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

16) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE PRESENT 17) TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE ENGLISH BY USING QUESTIONS WITH HOW. AND INTERROGATIVE FORM OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.
study give shine have leave look rain write eat

INTO

a) A cunta distancia est Londres de Barcelona? a) How far is London from Barcelona? b) Cunto mide tu padre? b) ______________________________. c) Con qu asiduidad vas de compras? c) ______________________________. d) Cunto pesa tu mesa? d) ______________________________. e) Qu anchura tiene el lago? e) ______________________________. f) Qu longitud tiene la playa? f) ______________________________. g) Cunto tiempo lleva llegar a Manchester? g) ______________________________.

a) Last week I was writing my lesson when your brother phoned me. b) Mary ______ apples, she doesn't like apples. c) ______ you ______ Geography when he came? d) Yesterday all students ______ at the blackboard while the teacher ______ the lecture. e) Peter ______ the room when his friend came in. f) Today the sun ______ and it is very hot. g) ______ you ______ an English lesson now? h) Today it is sunny, I am sure ______.

REVIEW

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REVIEW
REVIEW FROM UNIT 11 TO UNIT 15
1)
FILL THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH SINCE OR FOR ACCORDING TO THE SENTENCE GIVEN.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) I have studied English h) I) j) k) l) m) n) o)

for

two months. January. the beginning of the year. about 10 minutes. I was a child in Elementary School. six weeks. a long time. three days. I was 14 years old. a year ago. a year. twelve days. 1997. I came to America.
REVIEW

3 hours a day, for the last two years.

2)

PUT THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THEN INSERT SINCE OR FOR.

3)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE PRESENT TENSE.

a) Where (be, you) have you been ?I (not see) havent seen you for ages.

a) (not attack) The lion is not going to attack you.

b) It (not snow) ____________ in Athens ____________ 1941.

b) (rain, it) ______ tomorrow?

c) We (buy) ______ him a pen for his birthday. c) Im hungry, I (not eat) ____________ anything ____________ breakfast. d) I (not win) ______ the race. d) He (not cut) ____________ ____________ seven months. his hair e) (eat, we) ______ bacon tomorrow at dinner? e) I (work) ____________ without a break ____________ 13 hours.

f) She (not buy) ______ any more chocolate.

f) You (change) ____________ ____________ I last saw you.

lot
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g) (have, they) ______ a party next week?

4)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE PAST TENSE.

6)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE PRESENT PERFECT OR THE PAST SIMPLE OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS.

a) Yesterday I (write) was going to write my lesson, but in the end I decided to watch a film. b) I (not buy) ______________ her a present, but in the last minute she invited me to her birthday. c) (spend, they) ______________ a week in Germany? d) Paul (give) ______________ the lecture, however, he had an accident. e) (marry, she) ______________ you last year? f) (travel, you) ______________ to Ireland last January? g) We (not buy) ______________ new clothes for our aniversary, but the clothes we had were not the appropriate to the occasion.

a) Did you like the movie Star Wars? I dont know. I (see, never) have never seen that movie. b) (be, you) ____________ up to late? c) (not hear, you) ____________ the news yet? I got married last July. Claudia and I (decide) ____________ to get married spontaneously. We (not do) ____________ even organize a party, because the wedding took place in Las Vegas. d) Hey Paul. I (not see) ____________ you for ages! e) Jim (arrive) ____________ in Las Vegas a week ago. f) My best friend and I (know) ____________ each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. g) Sally is a fantastic writer. She (write) ____________ ten very creative short stories in the last year. h) I (not have) ____________ this much fun since I (be) ____________ a kid. i) Listen Jessica, I dont care if you (miss) ____________ the bus this morning. You (be) ____________ late to work too many times. You are fired! j) Peter is from Missouri, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) ____________ the ocean. He should come with us to Miami. k) How sad! George (dream) ____________ of going to California before he died, but he didnt do it. He (see, never) ____________ the ocean. l) In the last hundred years, travelling (become) ____________ much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) ____________ two or three months to cross North America by wagon. The trip (be) ____________ very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) ____________ a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. m) Charles, I cant believe how much you (change) ______________ since the last time I (see) ______________ you. You (grow) ______________ at least a foot!

5)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE SIMPLE FUTURE OR THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO.

REVIEW

a) Why are you holding a piece of paper? I (write) am going to write a letter to my friends back home in Texas.

b) Im about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! I (get) ____________ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.

c) I cant hear the television! I (turn) ____________ it up so you can hear it.

d) We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) ____________ Paris, Nice and Nantes.

e) Hillary (come) ____________ to the party. John (be) ____________ there as well.

f) After I graduate, I (attend) ____________ medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.

g) Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. That man at the service counter (help) ____________ you.
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7)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO.

9)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THESE FIRST TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.

a) Today after I (get) get out of class, I (go) ______ to a movie with some friends. b) Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) ______ ? c) If it (snow) ______ this weekend, we (go) ______ skiing near Lake Tahoe. d) She (make) ______ some major changes in her life. She (quit) ______ her job and go back to school. After she (finish) ______ studying, she (get) ______ a better paid job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life! e) Tom (call) ______ when he (arrive) ______ in Manchester. He (stay) ______ with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be) ______ available.

a) Here is Peters number. I am sure he (help) will help you if you (ask) ask him.

b) You (get) ________ wet if you (not take) ________ your umbrella.

c) If it (be) ________ nice tomorrow, we (go) ________ for a walk.

d) If I (tell) ________ you the truth, (believe, you) ________ me?

8)

FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE SIMPLE FUTURE.

f) He (go) ________ if he (have) ________ time. b) If the people (not stop) ________ cutting down trees in the rain forest, we (experience) ________ huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century.

10) FILL

IN THE GAPS BY USING THE CONDITIONAL TENSE OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.

c) I promise that I (not tell) ________ your secret to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) ________ me about what happened that day, I (not reveal) ________ the truth to a single person.

travel

live

be

know

not get

stay

own

eat

d) After you (leave) ________ work, will you please drop by the grocery store and pick up some milk and bread? No problem, I (pick) ________ up the groceries and be, at home by 6 oclock. Great. You will probably get home before I (do) ________. e) I (call) ________ you as soon as I arrive in Dublin. If I am not there when you (call) ________, make sure to leave a message. I will. And please dont forget to water my plants and feed the cat. I promise I (take) ________ care of everything while you are in Ireland.
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If I could choose, I (a) would be a famous actress. I (b)________ in Beverly Hills. Everybody

(c)________ me and I (d)________ a big house with a garden and maids and I (e)________ up early. I (f)_______ around with my dog and I (g)________ at the fanciest hotels and I (h)________ at the best restaurants.

REVIEW

a) When you (arrive) arrive in Oslo, call my friend Jonas. He (show) ________ you around the city and help you get situated.

e) She (come) ________ to your party if you (invite) ________ her.

11) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS. 13) REWRITE

a) to /I /invitation /say /? /Would /your /no a) Would I say no to your invitation? b) an /not /for /answer /I /take /would /no b) ______________________________. c) not /do /letters /in /Please /, /capital /write c) ______________________________. d) they /What /say /? /would d) _______________________________ e) be /come /? /he /to /Wouldnt /able e) _______________________________ f) your / /d /to /house /I /go f) ______________________________. g) party /go /I /wouldnt /to /Why /?/your g) _______________________________
REVIEW

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.

a) I can eat a whole large pizza. a) I will be able to eat a whole large pizza. b) I must say the truth. b) ______________________________. c) Can you repeat the sentence? c) _______________________________ d) Must he study the whole lesson? d) _______________________________ e) He cant read my mind. e) ______________________________. f) Cant they take a joke? f) _______________________________ g) I cant explain why. g) ______________________________. h) I can dance ballet. h) ______________________________. i) Mustnt she invite her parents to dinner? i) _______________________________ j) We mustnt waste time. j) ______________________________.

h) would /like /he /? /What /look h) _______________________________

14) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

12) TRANSLATE

INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SHORT SENTENCES.

a) Cant we take criticism? a) Couldnt we take criticism? / Werent we (Were we not) able to take criticism? b) Must I paint you a picture? b) _______________________________ c) They must hand in their assignments. c) ______________________________. d) Their reasons must be explained carefully. d) ______________________________. e) Do you need a visa? e) _______________________________ f) You mustnt speak during the exam. f) ______________________________. g) Applicants need to call 1-800-486-624 for further information. g) ______________________________. h) You can make yourself. h) ______________________________. i) Mustnt we follow their example? i) _______________________________ j) Can he play the piano? j) _______________________________

a) Jugara al ftbol. a) I would play football. b) Jugaras al ftbol? b) _______________________________ c) Te gustara jugar al ftbol? c) _______________________________ d) Haz los deberes. d) ______________________________. e) No comas naranjas. e) ______________________________. f) Qu escribiran ellos? f) _______________________________ g) Por qu no se lo dira (ella) a sus abuelos? g) _______________________________
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15) PUT

THE FOLLOWING WORDS INTO THE RIGHT ORDER SO THEY MAKE SENSE.

17) FILL

a) might /She /to Paris /go /not a) She might not go to Paris. b) be /I /the book /not /will /read /able to b) ______________________________. c) your /tell /surname /Could /me /you? c) _______________________________ d) have to /clothes /did /They /not /new /buy d) ______________________________. e) so /Need /you /fast /drive? e) _______________________________ f) the whole /She /not /lesson /need /study f) ______________________________. g) not / have come /ought /He /to g) ______________________________. h) Should /I /go /should /or /stay /I? h) _______________________________

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE MODAL VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM.

a) (Cant/May) May I make a call on your mobile? b) Do you know if Mark (can/may) ________ sing? c) (Cant/May) ________ I sit here, please? d) Caroline, your friends (can/could) ________ stay the night if they want to. They are perfectly welcome. e) Im sorry but you (cant/may) ________ use the computer until after Ive finished. f) (May/Could) ________ you lend me 40 euros until Monday? g) Listen, please. Students (may/could) ________ study in the library from five to nine in the evening. h) The exam (cant/might) ________ be easy. You never know. i) Claire reckons she is from America, but I think she (cant/might) ________ be from Scandinavia. j) I (cant/might) ________ go to the party but Im not sure yet. k) This (must/could) ________ be the right answer but well have to check with your teacher to make sure. l) She (cant/could) ________ steal things from shops. She is rich and famous. m) I really think Real Madrid (cant/could) ________ lose the final of the Kings Cup. n) Shes been revising 10 hours a day for 3 weeks. She (could/must) ________ be exhausted. o) He (cant/may) ________ be from the USA. He doesnt speak English.
REVIEW

16) FILL

EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE MODAL VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM.

a) They (can/might) might be away for the weekend but Im not sure. b) Listen, please. You (may not/might not) ________ speak during this exam. c) You (may/might) ________ leave now if you wish. d) They (cant/may not) ________ still be out! e) (Could/May) ________ you open the window a bit, please? f) He (can/could) ________ be Manchester, judging by his accent. g) (May/Can) ________ you swim? h) You (couldnt/might not) ________ smoke on the bus. i) With luck, tomorrow (can/could) ________ be a cooler day. j) You (can/might) ________ be right but Im going back to check the times.
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from

18) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING NEEDNT OR MUSTNT.

GAPS WITH

20) CORRECT
NECESSARY.

THE

FOLLOWING

SENTENCES

IF

a) I dont mind at all. You neednt apologize. b) Its a secret. You ________ tell anybody. c) Its not urgent. You ________ do it now. d) You can type those letters later. You ________ do it now. e) I can find my own way there. You ________ wait for me. f) If I show you my new hat, you ________ laugh. g) Keep quiet. You ________ talk so loudly in here. People are trying to work. h) Im not deaf. You ________ shout. i) You ________ drive at more than 70 mph in the UK. j) Ill do everything. You ________ do anything unless you really want to. k) If you want an explanation for this grammar point, you ________ do a thing. Ill send you one automatically.

a) Sally dont must miss lectures. a) Sally mustnt miss lectures. b) Does she need to go to London? b) ________________________________. c) Wont he must study a little bit harder? c) ________________________________. d) He have to earn a living. d) ________________________________. e) He not cans tell you his secret. e) ________________________________. f) She might plays the guitar in the concert. f) ________________________________.

19) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING COULDNT OR MIGHT NOT.

REVIEW

GAPS WITH

g) Will they can understand the language? g) ________________________________. h) Peter didnt could stand the weather. h) ________________________________. i) Martha dont can run faster. i) ________________________________.

a) Unfortunately, James and Michelle had already made plans, so they couldnt come with us to the exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art. b) We should call Tom before we go over to his house; he __________ be there. I dont want to drive all the way there for nothing. c) I know Susan wants to go to the ballet with us, but wed better call her before we get her ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she __________ be able to get time off that evening. d) Victoria __________ hear the speaker because the crowd was shouting so loudly. e) It __________ be a bad idea to take some snacks along while were hiking. Last time, we got so hungry we had to come back early without finishing the hike. f) Peter might be angry, or he __________. You never know with him because he is so temperamental. g) I heard the band is really popular, and tickets sell out quickly. You __________ get tickets if you wait too long. h) That __________ possibly be Mr. Jones. Hes lost so much weight that he looks like a completely different person. i) Charles __________ be angry at me. I have never done anything to upset him.
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j) Humans ought to have equal rights. j) ________________________________.

k) I should to ask you to do me a favour. k) ________________________________. l) Might she to call the fire department? l) ________________________________.

m) I have not to get up early tomorrow morning. m) ________________________________. n) I need not to get up early tomorrow morning. n) ________________________________. o)Needs he say anything else? o) ________________________________.

21) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PASSIVE VOICE.

23) MAKE

IMPERSONAL THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

a) They had to carry the injured man. a) The injured man had to be carried. b) They were going to tape our conversation. b) ______________________________. c) They will ask him many questions. c) ______________________________. d) He hasnt returned the books yet. d) ______________________________. e) People spend less money on school books nowadays. e) ______________________________. f) Vandals damaged most paintings. f) ______________________________. g) The computer corrects all sentences. g) ______________________________. h) They are repairing her car at the moment. h) ______________________________. i) They will punish you severely for this. i) ______________________________.

a) They say she wears a long blue dress. a) She is said to wear a long blue dress. a) It is said that she wears a long blue dress. b) They believed he was one of the three greatest mathematicians. b) ______________________________. b) ______________________________. c) They think Susan is in her mid fifties. c) ______________________________. c) ______________________________. d) They consider Peter is quite social. d) ______________________________. d) ______________________________. e) They found him dead. e) ______________________________. e) ______________________________. f) They told me his secrets.
(solamente poner a me como sujeto de la oracin)

f) ______________________________. g) They gave her her birthday present.

(solamente poner a her como sujeto de la oracin)

g) ______________________________. h) They know him as Peter Smith.

(solamente poner a him como sujeto de la oracin)
REVIEW

22) REWRITE

THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE PASSIVE VOICE.

h) ______________________________.

a) The terrible news shocked everybody. a) Everybody was shocked by the terrible news. b) That company will publish a new book next year. b) ______________________________. c) He has forgot our address. c) ______________________________. d) They introduced the secretary to her new boss. d) ______________________________. e) The members of the committee considering our plan. e) ______________________________. are

24) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH A SUITABLE PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION.

a) Nobody has ever called me stupid! a) I have never been called stupid! b) They have planted thousands of tress. b) Thousands of tress __________. c) They will crown him sportsman of the year. c) He __________ sportsman of the year. d) They have to work out a publicity campaign to restore the image of the Prime Minister. d) A publicity campaign has to __________ to restore the image of the Prime Minister. e) They would do everything to bring war criminals to justice. e) Everything __________ to bring war criminals to justice. f) I havent decided anything yet. f) Nothing __________ yet. g) We require suitable candidates to be bilingual. g) Suitable candidates __________ to be bilingual. h) The boss asked John to remain in charge for another year. h) John __________ by the boss to remain in charge for another year. i) The policemen are interviewing him right now. i) He __________ by the policemen right now.
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f) They will give a prize to whoever solves this problem. f) ______________________________. g) The executive committee would approve the new policy. g) ______________________________. h) They have altered this notice. h) ______________________________. i) Paul gave her my telephone number. i) ______________________________.

25) FILL EACH OF THE ON OR AT.

FOLLOWING GAPS WITH

IN, 26) AGREE

USING

SO

WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BY OR NEITHER.

a) He will see his friend in the evening. b) Several people visited my school _______ Friday. c) Our language class usually begins _______ 8 oclock. d) The best part of Halloween begins _______ midnight. e) The English Test will be given _______ December 13 and December 15. f) The weather is usually warm _______ August. g) The weather is colder _______ winter. h) I will pick you up _______ 1:45 p.m. i) He woke up _______ 4 oclock _______ the morning.
REVIEW

a) I like Peter. a) So do I. b) I didnt enjoy the film. b) ______________________________. c) I dont like living in the city. c) ______________________________. d) I am not going to go to London. d) ______________________________. e) I have never been to Paris. e) ______________________________. f) I will make you laugh. f) ______________________________. g) I would go out with Sally. g) ______________________________. h) I am going to buy a new car. h) ______________________________. i) Last year I visited the British Museum. i) ______________________________.

j) After Christmas vacation, I will see you _______ January 17. k) Did they start the show _______ noon? l) My dream will probably come true _______ the future. m) _______ the past, we always went to school _______ Monday _______ the morning _______ 8:30. n) What will you do _______ Christmas Eve? o) _______ 2010 we will be 35. Imagine that! p) _______ three years time he will be at university. q) I saw him _______ Peters birthday party _______ April 17th. r) The plane lands _______ 3:45 p.m. _______ London. s) Will you wait for me _______ the bus stop? t) Do you live _______ the city or _______ the country?
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27) AGREE
USING

SO

WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BY OR NEITHER.

a) I would love to see you sometime. a) So would I. b) I need a vacation. b) ______________________________. c) I dont like butter. c) ______________________________. d) I have been to Asia. d) ______________________________. e) I was sick yesterday. e) ______________________________. f) I spent the whole evening reading a book. f) ______________________________. g) I didnt know that you won the championship. g) ______________________________. h) I hate carrots. h) ______________________________. i) I would like to visit the Greek Islands. i) ______________________________. j) I am going out tonight. j) ______________________________.

28) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM (GERUND OR INFINITIVE).
a) (see) I look forward to seeing you again. b) (do) Do you know what ______ in case of an accident. c) (go) Are you thinking of ______ to London? d) (write) I enjoy ______ picture postcards. e) (not buy) We decided ______ a new car. f) (play) Do you like ______ tennis? g) (read) ______ Hamlet is a difficult task to accomplish. h) (pay) Bill promised ______ George the money he owed him. i) (sing) Would you like ______ with me in the concert. j) (not tell) My mother told me ______ the secret to anyone. k) (study)I recommend ______ three hours every night. l) (learn) I am quite good at ______ new words.
REVIEW

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KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

UNIT

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) Miguel is twenty-four years old. 2) They are students. 3) Her telephone number is 7-6-9-1-6-4. Exercise 1: a)What; b)name; c)am, your; d)My name is; e)are; f)I am, years; g)How, you; h)(1), old; j)telephone /phone; k)number; l)is Exercise 2: a)Are; b) Is; c)Are; d)Am; e)Are Exercise 3: b)student; d)Yes; e)Am; f)are; h)am not Exercise 4: a)fourteen; b)thirty; c)twenty-eight; d)sixteen; e)thirteen; f)eleven; g)twenty-five; h)three Exercise 5: b)Whats your name?; c)Whats your telephone number?; d)My telephone numbers 456375; e)Im thirty years old; f)Shes twenty-four years old. Exercise 6: a)first; b)second; c)third; d)fourth; e)fifth Exercise 7: a)sixteen; b)fourteen; c)four; d)twenty-two; e)ten; f)six; g)fourteen; h)twenty-three; i)thirty; j)twenty-five Exercise 8: 1)e; 2)b; 3)g; 4)f; 5)h; 6)c; 7)a; 8)d Exercise 9: En orden decreciente: i)1; a)2; f)3; b)4; h)5; g)6; c)7; e)8; d)9; j)10
(1) La solucin para este apartado puede ser cualquier nmero.

Exercise 5: a)The book is hers; b)The dog is theirs; c)The house is hers; d)The car is mine; e)The note is yours; f) The ball is his; g) The doll is hers. Exercise 6: a)Peter has not a computer/ Peter hasn't a computer; b)Hellen and Michael have not a computer/Hellen and Michael haven't a computer; c)Julian has not a house/Julian hasn't a house; d)Andrew has not a girlfriend/Andrew hasn't a girlfriend; e)My mother has not a dog/My mother hasn't a dog; f)I have not a bag/ I haven't a bag; g)Louise has not a pair of shoes/Louise hasn't a pair of shoes. Exercise 7: a)my; b)their; c)her, his; d)our; e)my; f)your; g)your Exercise 8: a)My tie is red; b)The sky is blue; c)The sun is yellow; d)e)f)(1) ; g)The snow is white. Exercise 9: a)a; b)a; c)A, d)an; e)a, a; f)a; g)a; h)an, a Exercise 10: 1)c; 2)e; 3)g; 4)f; 5)h; 6)b; 7)a; 8)d (1) La solucin para este apartado puede ser cualquier color.

UNIT

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) Pedro is eight years old. 2) Pedros favourite sport is football. 3) David Beckham is a Real Madrid football player. 4) They are Pedros friends. Exercise 1: b)morning; c)How; d)you; e)Fine, is; f)meet; g)Nice, meet you; h)years, is; i)am Exercise 2: a)Good morning; b)Good afternoon; c)Good evening; d)Good night Exercise 3: a)Number six is blue; b)Number seventeen is black; c)Number seven is red; d)Number one is yellow; e)Number three is green; f) Number twenty is brown; g)Number twenty-nine is pink; h)Number thirteen is white; i)Number nine is grey; j)Number eleven is orange; k)Number fifteen is purple. Exercise 4: a)sixty-eight; b)twenty-one; c)thirty-four; d)sixty-seven; e)twenty-seven; f)twenty-seven; g)sixty-six; h)thirty-three

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) My parents names are Anne and Paul. 2) My brother is seven years old. 3) My aunts sons and daughters are my cousins. Exercise 1: a)cousins; b)wife; c)husband; d)brother; e)son-in-law; f)grandson; g)daughter-in-law; h)granddaughter; i)grandmothers; j)nephew; k)niece Exercise 2: a)sister; b)parents; c)aunt; d)cousins; e)niece; f)daughter; g)uncle; h)grandmother; i)brother-in-law; j)nephew; k)mother-in-law Exercise 3: 1)c; 2)d; 3)a; 4)b; 5)e Exercise 4: a)Its twelve oclock/Its midday/Its noon; b)Its a quarter to two; c)Its a quarter past two; d)Its twenty to eight; e)Its is twenty-five to ten; f)Its ten past five; g)Its five past eight; h)Its twelve oclock/Its midnight Exercise 5: a)Those; b)these; c)That; d)this; e)Those; f)these; g)that; h)those Exercise 6: a)oclock, milk, past, car ; b)meat, fruit, vegetables /vegetables, fruit; c)eggs, potatoes /potatoes, eggs; d)Oranges, lemons /Lemons, oranges; e) midnight, television Exercise 7: 1)d; 2)c; 3)g; 4)a; 5)f; 6)b; 7)h; 8)e Exercise 8: a)My mothers sister is my aunt; b)I wake up at half past seven; c)For dinner I have soup /I have soup for dinner; d)These books are mine; e)Julians car is very expensive; f)I drink soda with whisky /whisky with soda.

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KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

UNIT

UNIT

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) On the 25th of December people celebrate Christmas. 2) The biggest party for Irish people is St.Patricks Day. 3) The most important dates at Easter are the Festival of Passover, Good Friday, Easter Day and Easter Monday. 4) The 4th of July is an important date for Americans because people celebrate the Independence Day. Exercise 1: a)taller; b)happier; c)more difficult; d)better; e)easier; f)cheaper; g)worse; h)older Exercise 2: a)best; b)oldest/eldest; c)most intelligent; d)strongest; e)prettiest; f)most brilliant; g)richest; h)thinnest; i)hottest Exercise 3: a)less clever; b)less happy; c)less angry; d)less beautiful; e)less blue; f)less cold; g)less clear; h)less clean Exercise 4: 1fila)hot, hotter, hottest; 2fila)good, better, best; 3fila)little, less, least; 4fila)old, older,oldest; 5fila)beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; 6fila)bad, worse, worst; 7fila) green, greener, greenest; 8fila)dirty, dirtier, dirtiest; 9fila)small, smaller, smallest Exercise 5: a)here; b)after; c)early; d)almost; e)far; f)out; g)late Exercise 6: Columna B: January, May, November, March, August, April, February, June, September, December, October, July Respuestas a las preguntas: a)It/Peter's wedding is in September; b)My birthday is in (1); c)It/Julian's bithday is in July; d)It/Spring begins in March; e)It/William's interview is in May; f)It/Summer begins in June; g)They/Sally's holidays are in April. Exercise 7: a)Spring: March, April, May; b)Autumn/Fall: September, October, November; c)Summer: June, July, August; d)Winter: December, January, February Exercise 8: 1)f; 2)i; 3)a; 4)h; 5)c; 6)j; 7)b; 8)d; 9)g; 10)e (1) La solucin para este apartado puede ser cualquier mes

Exercise 3: a)later, latest; b)further, furthest; c)more recently, most recently; d)nearer, nearest; e)better, best; f)more easily, most easily; g)less, least; h)worse, worst; i)earlier, earliest; j)sooner, soonest Exercise 4: 1)f; 2)e; 3)b; 4)h; 5)a; 6)g; 7)i; 8)d; 9)c Exercise 5: a)last night; b)This morning; c)at noon; d)last week; e)along/during the day; f)Yesterday morning; g)This afternoon; h)Tomorrow evening Exercise 6: a)happy; b)thirsty; c)nervous; d)asleep; e)tired, exhausted; f)interested; g)scared; h)sad Exercise 7: a)In winter it snows; b)In summer it is hot; c)It rains; d)It is a cloudy day; e)What is the weather like?; f)The sun shines Exercise 8: 1)d; 2)e; 3)a; 4)g; 5)b; 6)f; 7)h; 8)c

UNIT

UNIT

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) (Peruvian fishermen call this phenomenon El Nio) because these effects on the Pacific Ocean occur around Christmas. 2) These fires create /The consequences of these fires are a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 million people and affect Southeast Asian cities. 3) The name of the opposite phenomenon to El Nio is La Nia. 4) La Nia consists of a cooling of those same /the tropical Pacific waters (that changes the weather conditions). Exercise 1: a)Unfortunately; b)formerly; c)frequently; d)perfectly; e)cheaply; f)easily; g)seriously; h),really Exercise 2: a)further; b)later; c)longer; d)nearer; e)more wisely; f)better; g)less

Reading comprehension: 2.true or false answers: a)T; b)F; c)F; d)T; e)F; f)T; g)T 3. Answers to the questions: 1) Charles Henry Harrod / He buys the store in 1849. 2) The name of the famous businessman who buys Harrods in 1985 is Mohamed Al Fayed. 3) The stores motto is: everything for everyone everywhere. Exercise 1: a)the; b)a; c)an; d)an; e)The; f)the; g)a Exercise 2: a)many; b)much; c)many; d)much; e)much; f)many Exercise 3: a)are; b)is; c)are; d)is; e)is; f)is; g)is; is Exercise 4: a)In the kitchen; b)In the bathroom /toilet; c)In the kitchen /bathroom /toilet; d)In the kitchen; e)In the bedroom; f)In the kitchen; g)In the garage; h)In the living-room/diningroom; i)In the bedroom; j)In the kitchen; k)In the bathroom /toilet Exercise 5: 1)e; 2)a 3)g; 4)i; 5)h; 6)b; 7)d; 8)c; 9)j; 10)f Exercise 6: a)any; b)any; c)some; d)some; e)any; f)some; g)some; h)some Exercise 7: a)some; b)any, some; c)anyone /anybody; d)some, any; e)any; f)Any; g)Someone, some; h)any; any; i)anything; j)anyone /anybody; k)somewhere; l)anything Exercise 8: a)than yours; b)toilets; c)window, curtains; d)are; e)a; f)bedroom, fridge; g)shower, bathroom; h)carpets, sofas, television /sofas, carpets, television Exercise 9: a)How many children are there in the room?; b)There is not any sugar; c)Your living-room isn't very nice; d)That lamp does not work; e)We have an old bed. Exercise 10: a)Is there a boy in the garden?; b)Are there two televisions in Thomas living-room?; c)Isn't there any sugar?; d)Is there any tea in the teapot?; e)Are there many people here?; f)Is there a big bed in her living-room?; g)Is there some coffee in the coffeepot?

KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

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UNIT

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) British people have at least three meals a day. 2) Yes, it is. 3) British people have tea in the afternoon, at about four o'clock. 4) The last meal of the day is dinner. Exercise 1: a)Don't you like apples?; b)Don't they want a car?; c)Doesn't she play the guitar?; d)Don't we buy any tickets for the theatre?; e)Don't I have a mobile?; f)Doesn't he take any pictures?; g)Dont you eat potatoes? Exercise 2: a)Are you tall?, Aren't you tall?; b)Are they interested in Geography?, Aren't they interested in Geography?; c)Is she a pretty girl?, Isn't she a pretty girl?; d)Are we Mary's best friends?, Aren't we Mary's best friends?; e)Am I five feet tall?, Am I not five feet tall?; f)Is he the best good-looking boy?, Isn't he the best good-looking boy?; g)Are you my sister-in-law's brother?, Aren't you my sister-in-law's brother? Exercise 3: a)De qu ciudad vienes?; b)Pon el vaso en la mesa; c)La carretera pasa por el valle; d)El sol brilla en la ciudad; e)Qudate a mi lado; f)La silla est entre la puerta y la ventana; g)No te vayas hasta que te lo diga; h)Antes de irte, pon tu solicitud en la mesa. Exercise 4: a)There is a cinema near my house; b)There is a cemetery under our house; c)There is a supermarket behind the school; d)In September it rains very much; e)John gets married on Tuesday; f)With one car is enough; g)Madrid is 450 km far from Granada; h)Four hours later we are tired; i)The war against that country is a failure. Exercise 5: a)bread, tomato, olive oil; b)spoon, fork, knife; c)cook, chicken, oven; d)vinegar, pepper; e)sugar, tea; f)turkey; g)salad, tomato, lettuce, onion. Exercise 6: a)sugar; b)vinegar; c)tea; d)tuna. Exercise 7: 1)d; 2)g; 3)b; 4)f; 5)a; 6)c; 7)e; 8)h.

UNIT

UNIT

Reading comprehension: 2.-Answers to the questions: 1) Albert Einstein said that it is easier to split an atom than to erase prejudices. 2) English people are thought to do the opposite things European people do on the continent, for example, driving on the left side, to be snobs, to be always on time and to drink tea 3) Russian people are thought to drink too much vodka. 4) Italian mothers are thought to have the power of the family and to cook a lot of pasta and pizza. Exercise 1: a)I went to school; b)She liked oranges but she didnt like lemons; c)Peter went to work by bus; d)I met her on Tuesday; e)Anke was my best German friend; f)Europe was the cradle of civilization; g)Andrea was less beautiful than Joan; h)She spoke slowly; i)He left the / that house at six oclock; j)I usually paid him 5; k)He rode every day; l)I lay down after lunch; m)We slept badly.

Reading comprehension: 2.-Answers to the questions: 1) It is an informal letter. 2) Pedro arrived in London last Sunday. 3) Pedro ate a very nice meal with his friend Julian in Covent Garden. Exercise 1: a)At what time do you take your bus?; b)Which sports does she like?; c)How are you?; d)Where are they from?; e)Does he speak Greek?; f)When do you go to work?; g)How old are you?; h)What is your favourite meal?; i)Who wrote "El Quijote"?; j)Do you eat this kind of fish? Exercise 2: a)Do you like football?; b)When do you go to school?; c)What are your names?; d)Who ate the oranges?; e)When did you buy your car?; f)How many pupils are there in this class?; g)What is your mother-in-law's name?; h)Did Hellen and William win the match?; i)What do you eat today?; j)Do you speak Russian? Exercise 3: a)Do you work today?; b)Didn't they see you yesterday?; c)When is your father's birthday?; d)How do you spell it?; e)When did they study?; f)I didn't eat potatoes buy I ate meat /I didn't eat meat but I ate potatoes; g)Did you take some milk for breakfast? Exercise 4: a)Did you eat meat?; b)When was your sister's birthday?; c)Were they friendly?; d)How did you make the bed?; e)Why did she sing this song?; f)Who were they?; g)Which computer did you prefer?; h)Did he play the piano?

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KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

Exercise 2: a)English; b)Germany; c)Australia; d)French; e)Holland; f)Italian; g)Norwegian; h)Turkey; i)Spanish Exercise 3: a)I did not like apples, I didnt like apples; b)I did not go to Scotland, I didnt go to Scotland; c)She was not my best friend in London, She wasnt my best friend in London; d)I did not drive my car all night long, I didnt drive my car all night long; e)My parents did not drink beer, My parents didnt drink beer; f)I did not see her, I didnt see her; g)Peter did not lose his job, Peter didnt lose his job; h)We did not want those carpets, We didnt want those carpets; i)I did not watch television at home, I didnt watch television at home. Exercise 4: a)Didnt I like apples?; b)Didnt I go to Scotland?; c)Wasnt she my best friend in London?; d)Didnt I drive my car all night long?; e)Didnt my parents drink beer?; f)Didnt I see her?; g)Didnt Peter lose his job?; h)Didnt we want those carpets?; i)Didnt I watch television at home? Exercise 5: 1)d; 2)a; 3)e; 4)b; 5)c; 6)h; 7)f; 8)g Exercise 6: a)went, She, much; b)Do, I; c)were, ate; d)Where, from, am, French; e)Did, didnt; f)Is, Greek; g)did Exercise 7: a)Yes, they had eggs for breakfast /No, they didnt have eggs for breakfast; b)Yes, he wanted a new coat /No, he didnt want a new coat; c)Yes, they had to work hard /No, they didnt have to work hard; d)Yes, he had a heart attack /No, he didnt have a heart attack; e)Yes, they did their homework after dinner /No, they didnt do their homework after dinner; f)Yes, I saw you /No, I didnt see you; g)Yes, she knew the way /No, she didnt know the way; h)Yes, I saw the difference /No, I didnt see the difference; i)Yes, he came every day /No, he didnt come every day.

Exercise 5: a)make; b)do; c)make; d)do; e)make; f)make; g)make; h)do; i)make Exercise 6: a)made; b)make; c)did; d)did; e)made; f)made; g)made; h)did; i)did Exercise 7: 1)c; 2)g; 3)a; 4)h; 5)b; 6)d; 7)e; 8)f Exercise 8: a)Quin descubri Amrica?; b)Entendieron (ellos) la leccin?; c)Cundo fue (ella) a casa de Mary?; d)Cmo la encontraste? /Cmo la encontrasteis? /Cmo la encontr (usted)? /Cmo la encontraron (ustedes)?; e)Cundo ley Michael mi carta?; f)Quin pronuncia el discurso?; g)Llueve? Exercise 9: 1) a)When does Charles see Sverine?; b)How does Charles see Sverine?; c)Why does Charles see Sverine?; d)Where does Charles see Sverine?; 2) a)What did Charles buy?; b)Where did Charles buy his new car?; c)When did Charles buy his new car?; d)Why did Charles buy his new car?; e)How did Charles buy his new car? Exercise 10: a)American English; b)British English

Exercise 7: a)dog; b)cactuses; c)roses; d)tulip; e)seagulls; f)giraffe; g)lion; h)elephant; i)carnations Exercise 8: 1)e; 2)h; 3)c; 4)a; 5)b; 6)j; 7)i; 8)d; 9)f; 10)g

UNIT

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UNIT
KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

10

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) This climatic change /It is mainly due to the use of fossil fuels. 2) Renewable energy sources /They offer abundant clean energy. 3) Corporations and governments in developing countries should invest in renewable energies. 3.true or false answers: a)T; b)F; c)T; d)F; e)T; f)F Exercise 1: a)am spending; b)is working; c)are putting; d)is leaving; e)is using; f)are wearing; g)is lying; h)are talking Exercise 2: a)is standing; b)is giving; c)is putting; d)are closing; e)are having; f)am catching Exercise 3: a)was wearing, wondered, was; b)was walking, realized, was following; c) did not come; d)were playing /played, was reading; e)was traveling/ travelling, passed, saw, was; f)are having, are sitting, tells /is telling g)is raining, are shutting; h)was working, was learning Exercise 4: a)Are you listening to your teacher?, You are not /aren't listening to your teacher; b)Are the neighbours coming in to watch tv?, The neighbours are not /aren't coming in to watch tv; c)Is your sister studying at home?, Your sister is not /isn't studying at home; d)Is it raining now?, It is not /isn't raining now; e)Are Jones and Co. having a sale at the moment?, Jones and Co. are not /aren't having a sale at the moment; f) Am I meeting Thomas at 5:30?I am not meeting Thomas at 5:30; g) Are they thinking of going to the party?, They are not /aren't thinking of going to the party. Exercise 5: a)often; b)tall; c)long; d)high; e)far; f)big Exercise 6: a)12; b)3; c)9; d)6; e)8; f)1; g)11; h)7; i)5; j)13; k)14; l)10; m)4; n)2; o)15

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) The United Kingdom consists of two large islands (Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and 5000 smaller ones. 2) The name of the capital of Wales is Cardiff. 3) It belongs to the United Kingdom. 4) The Isle of Man is different because it is an internally self-governing dependency of the British Crown. 5) Great Britain includes the main island (Wales, England, Scotland) and some islands such as Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands. 6) The name of the most populated nation of the United Kingdom is England. 3.True or false answers: a)F; b)T; c)T; d)T; e)F; f)F; g)F; h)T; i)T Exercise 1: a)for; b)since; c)since; d)since; e)for; f)for; g)since; h)for Exercise 2: a)looked /looked; b)loved /loved; c)saw /seen; d)ate /eaten; f) understood /understood; f)was, were /been; g)wanted /wanted; h)wore /worn; i)bit /bitten; j)kissed /kissed; k)watched /watched Exercise 3: a)I am going to go to the cinema this evening /I'm going to go to the cinema this evening; b)She is going to buy one ticket to Berlin /She's going to buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They are going to run for one hour / c)They're going to run for one hour; d)He is going to walk along the street / He's going to walk along the street; e)You are going to be the president /You're going to be the president; f)The party is going to start very soon /The party's going to start very soon; g) Dalila is going to be my wife's best friend /Dalila's going to be my wife's best friend; h)She is going to have twins /She's going to have twins; i)They are going to try to win the game /They're going to try to win the game; j)We are going to play football and baseball /We're going to play football and baseball; k)Lissa is going to play the piano /Lissa's going to play the piano; l)Mary is going to buy a book for her father /Mary's going to buy a book for her father; m)They are going to send her a present /They're going to send her a present. Exercise 4: a)I have gone to the cinema /I've gone to the cinema; b)She has bought one ticket to Berlin /She's bought one ticket to Berlin; c)They have run for one hour /The've run for one hour; d)He has walked along the street /Hes walked along the street; e)You have been the president /You've been the president; f)The party has started very soon /The party's started very soon; g)Dalila has been my wife's best friend /Dalila's been my wife's best friend; h)She has had twins /She's had twins; i)They have tried to win the game /They've tried to win the game; j)We have played football and baseball /We've played football and baseball; k)Lissa has played the piano /Lissa's played the piano; l)Mary has bought a book for her father /Mary's bought a book for her father; m)They have sent her a present /They've sent her a present.

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Exercise 5: a)I was going to go to the cinema this evening; b)She was going to buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They were going to run for one hour; d)He was going to walk along the street; e)You were going to be the president; f)The party was going to start very soon; g) Dalila was going to be my wife's best friend; h)She was going to have twins; i)They were going to try to win the game; j)We were going to play football and baseball; k)Lissa was going to play the piano; l)Mary was going to buy a book for her father; m)They were going to send her a present. Exercise 6: a)I will go to the cinema this evening /I'll go to the cinema this evening; b)She will buy one ticket to Berlin /She'll buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They will run for one hour /They'll run for one hour; d)He will walk along the street /He'll walk along the street; e)You will be the president /You'll be the president; f)The party will start very soon /The party'll start very soon; g) Dalila will be my wife's best friend /Dalila'll be my wife's best friend; h)She will have twins /She'll have twins; i)They will try to win the game /They'll try to win the game; j)We will play football and baseball /We'll play football and baseball; k)Lissa will play the piano /Lissa'll play the piano; l)Mary will buy a book for her father /Mary'll buy a book for her father; m)They will send her a present /They'll send her a present. Exercise 7: a)I am not going to see my boyfriend /I'm not going to see my boyfriend; b)I will not ask you any question /I won't ask you any question; c)Won't you come to my party tonight? /Will you not come to my party tonight?; d)She was not going to study the lesson /She wasn't going to study the lesson; e)They have not been in Madrid for five months /They haven't been in Madrid for five months; f)They will not speak English /They won't speak English; g)Aren't you going to sell your car? /Are you not going to sell your car?; h)Haven't they come soon? /Have they not come soon?; i)It is not going to rain /It isn't going to rain; j)They were not going to write a letter /They weren't going to write a letter; k)Hasn't she gone to our school this morning? /Has she not gone to our school this morning?; l)Won't you stay here in winter? /Will you not stay here in winter?; m)I will not finish my work tomorrow /I won't finish my work tomorrow; n)It will not be a very nice summer /It won't be a very nice summer. Exercise 8: a)Were they going to write a letter?; b)Have you taken some eggs for breakfast?; c)Will Anne meet Peter tomorrow at half past one?; d)Is he an English teacher?; e)Did you tell me the truth?; f)Has she studied French since 1985?; g)Weren't they going to come?; h)Is her birthday on October the 14th?; i)Won't I go to the zoo with you?; j)Isn't Michael going to read your article? Exercise 9: a)will give; b)stand; c)eats; d)will telephone; e)will arrest; f)reads; g)will steal; h)doesn't open /does not open; i)washes; j)make; k)will bury Exercise 10: 1)c; 2)f; 3)d; 4)e; 5)a; 6)h; 7)b; 8)g

UNIT

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Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon took place in 2001. 2) I can create an emergency communications plan, I can establish a meeting place, I can assemble a disaster supplies kit or check on the school emergency plan of any school-age children you may have. Exercise 1: a)I would speak French; b)We would go to the hotel this morning; c)Paul would meet his girlfriend this afternoon; d)Hellen would come from Scotland; e)Peters best friend would play basketball; f)We would eat meat twice a week; g)They would have breakfast at half past seven; h)You would buy this vase; i)I would write my curriculum. Exercise 2: a)Id speak French; b)Wed go to the hotel this morning; c)Paul wouldnt meet his girlfriend this afternoon; d)Hellen wouldnt come from Scotland; e)Peters best friend wouldnt play basketball; f)Wed eat meat twice a week; g)Theyd have breakfast at half past seven; h)Youd buy this vase; i)Id write my curriculum. Exercise 3:
KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

a)I would not speak French; b)We would not go to the hotel this morning; c)Paul would not meet his girlfriend this afternoon; d)Hellen would not come from Scotland; e)Peters best friend would not play basketball; f)We would not eat meat twice a week; g)They would not have breakfast at half past seven; h)You would not buy this vase; i)I would not write my curriculum. Exercise 4: a)Would you go to my new house?; b)Would they not play the piano?; c)You would make a mistake; d)Id cook tonight for you; e)Michael wouldnt go for a walk; f)She would not like to see me; g)Shed like to read a good book. Exercise 5: a)Wouldnt I visit my grandmother?; b)Would he like to be in France?; c)Wouldnt they have a better job?; d)Would Marthas father find a good place?; e)Wouldnt he drive faster?; f)Would my legs hurt very much?; g)Would Luise not study in China?; h)Would I borrow your chair?; i)Wouldnt my mother make any suggestion? Exercise 6: a)Write a letter to your cousin /Do write a letter to your cousin; b)Lets study for one hour; c)Make peace /Do make peace; d)Come here right now /Do come here right now; e)Lets go to the cinema; f)Say it /Do say it; g)Lets play a song for her; h)Lets start the work. Exercise 7: a)Dont go home /Do not go home; b)Dont play this song /Do not play this song; c)Dont smoke /Do not smoke; d)Dont open the door /Do not open the door; e)Dont sit down /Do not sit down; f)Dont stop /Do not stop; g)Lets not count the money; h)Lets not work together; i)Lets not begin now. Exercise 8: 1)c; 2)h; 3)f; 4)g; 5)a; 6)e; 7)d; 8)b

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Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) A friend paralyzed David's left pupil. 2) (He changed his name to David Bowie) to avoid confusion with the Monkees' Davy Jones. 3) No, it wasn't /No, his acting career was not successful /Bowie had no luck in his acting career /None of his films were commercial successes. 4) His wedding present to his wife was an album called "Black Tie White Noise" (which received positive reviews). 3.True or false answers: a)T; b)F; c)T; d)F; e)F; f)T; g)T;h)F; i)T Exercise 1: a)Can you do it now? No, now I cant; b)Next week I will not/wont have to come; c)You have to study the third lesson; d)Alex and Ral must buy their books; e)Her explanations must be true; f)Could you give me the name of the school/schools name?; g)You must/should go to London, it is a very beautiful/nice city; h)Need you wear a skirt?/Do you need to wear a skirt? Exercise 2: a) I will be able to play a song for you with a guitar; b)I will have to study to pass my exam; c)She will not/ wont be able to say it louder; d)I will need my pills; e)James will have to do an assignment; f)You will have to pronounce perfectly; g)You will not/wont be able to understand these sentences; h)I will not/wont be able to see your eyes. Exercise 3: a)Can I play a song for you?; b)Must he study to pass his exam? (Tambin podra admitirse: Does he have to study to pass his exam?, sin embargo, se perdera ese matiz de obligacin ineludible); c)Cannot/Cant she act like a queen? /Can she not act like a queen?; d)Need they go on holidays?/Do they need to go on holidays?; e)Could James walk for hours?; f)Should he do better at Physics?; g)Cannot/Cant you understand these sentences?/Can you not understand these sentences?; h)Will she be able to attend lectures during pregnancy?; i)Couldnt she speak Russian?/Could she not speak Russian? Exercises 4: a)She couldnt read your article./She was not able to read your article; b)My cousins could dance flamenco./My cousins were able to dance flamenco; c)I had to do my homework; d)We needed to be accepted; e)Our questions had to be answered; f)Did you need to take music lessons?/ (Tambin valdra: Needed you take music lessons?) g)They didnt need to study at home/ (Tambin valdra: The need not/neednt study at home); h)They could be right (la forma be able to no es posible ya que en este ejemplo existe posibilidad y no capacidad); i)I didnt have to do this exam. Exercise 5: a)should; b)should; c)might; d)must; e)might; f)should not/shouldnt; g)must Exercise 6: a)1-3-36 b)2,5-30 c)2-6-72 d)4-48 e)1-220-660-7,920 f)3-24-5,280-15,840-190,080 a)1-16 b)2-32 c)0,5-7-112 d)1-14-224 e)2-16-224-3,584 f)1-17,85-142,85-2,000-32,000 a)2 b)10-0,5 c)40-2-1 d)320-16-8-2

Exercise 7: a)might, might; b)could, should; c)should not (shouldnt), could; d)can /could; e)must; f)might; g)could; h)could, do not (dont) have to; i)should, might; j)have to Exercise 8: a)I might not go to the cinema; b)Hellen must not (mustnt) be late; c)We cannot (cant) do this exercise, it is very difficult; d)I do not (dont) have to go to Sallys office this afternoon; e)Must Mary pass this exam?; f)Must you not (Mustnt you) work this afternoon?; g)They can swim but they cannot (cant) play football; h)He cannot (cant) be there next week; i) correcta, tambin se podra aceptar: I need not (neednt) study that much, pero esto no significa que la primera est mal; j)He has to work hard. Exercise 9: 1)e; 2)c; 3)g; 4)a; 5)h; 6)b; 7)f; 8)d

UNIT

14

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) The euro became the European single currency in 1th January 2002. 2) Spain, France, Germany and Italy. 3) Yes, it is. Exercise 1: a)was moved; b)was not introduced; c)was destroyed; d)were left; e)are asked; f)will be given; g)was taken. Exercise 2: a)The milk is brought to my door by the milkman; b)Things from supermarkets are stolen every day by Joan and Julian; c)The sick man is taken to hospital by an ambulance; d)These boxes are cleared three times a day by the postman; e)The warehouse is guarded by dogs; f)These television sets are made by a Japanese firm; g)He was shouted down by the crowd. Exercise 3: a)He was never seen in the dining-room by us; b)The police was called by the watchman; c)A slight injury was had by Tom; d)He was found guilty by the Court; e)I haven't been paid for the work by her; f)The children have been brought in Italy (by them); g)He won't be taken to prison (by them); h)TV hasn't been watched by him; i)He is often taken for his brother by Anne. Exercises 4: a)Se dice que (l) es el mejor futbolista; b)Se cree que (l) es un mal estudiante; c)Se piensa que Charles es un buen soldado; d)Se considera que (nosotros) somos ricos; e)Se encontr que (ellos) eran culpables; f)Se sabe que la historia es falsa; g)Se dice que su novia es de Japn; h)Se cree que John la ama. Exercise 5: a)to; b)by; c)at, in; d)on, with, with; e)at, on; f)at, at, on; g)to, at; h)at, in; i)into/to, with Exercise 6: a)of, for, on, from/of, for; b)to, to, of; c)in, on; d)At, at; e)on, with, of; f)from, in Exercise 7: 1)e; 2)a; 3)g; 4)d; 5)h; 6)f; 7)c; 8)b

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REVIEW UNITS 1 TO 5
Exercise 1: a)Hello, is, your; b)name, is; c)are, you; d)I, am, years, you; e)I, am, years; f)your, number; g)is Exercise 2: a)eighteen; b)thirteen; c)seventeen; d)nineteen; e)twenty-eight; f)twenty-three; g)thirty; h)twenty-five Exercise 3: a)Mi hermano mayor se llama John.; b)Mi abuela es mucho mayor que mi padre (Mi abuela tiene mucha ms edad que mi padre.); c)Qu hora es? Son las cinco y media.; d)Desgraciadamente mi primo no est aqu.; e)Los viernes desayuno en el bar de mi primo. Exercise 4: a) The computer is hers.; b)The text book is mine.; c)The walkman is yours.; d)The dog is ours; e)The cat is his; f)The novel is theirs. Exercise 5: a)It is a quarter to two.; b)It is twenty past five.; c)It is a quarter past six.; d)It is half past eight.; e)It is midnight.; f)It is twenty five to nine.; g)It is five past ten. Exercise 6: a)These; b)this; c)That; d)Those; e)This; f)These; g)That; h)That Exercise 7: a)businesses; b)oranges; c)classes; d)watches; e)duties; f)heroes; g)days; h)people; i)catches; j)wolves; k)fusses; l)glories; m)faxes; n)cities; o)knives; p)tornadoes; q)teeth; r)flies Exercise 8: a)strawberries; b)children; c)Foxes, geese, cats, mice; d)feet; e)tomatoes; f)Men, women; g)books, boxes; h)cities; i)rings; j)trees, leaves Exercise 9: a)my; b)Their; c)Your; d)Our; e)His; f)Your; g)Her; h)its Exercise 10: a) I am taller than your brother.; b)My mothers brother is my uncle.; c)You are better at Physics than me.; d)Winter is much colder than summer.; e)These boots are not mine.; f)I have eggs for breakfast. (Tambin podra aceptarse For breakfast I have eggs; no obstante, la primera letra de for aparece en minscula y no puede formar parte de principio de oracin); g)I have dinner at a quarter past seven. ( At a quarter past seven I have dinner tambin sera una opcin posible; sin embargo, por las mismas razones que se han mencionado en el apartado anterior no se puede aceptar); h)My book is not hers.; i)My brothers wife is my sister-in-law. Exercise 11: a)half; b)interested, c)thirsty; d)angry; e)Spring, June; f)blue, red; g)Fourth, July Exercise 12: a)mother-in-law; b)brother-in-law, c)niece; d)grandson; e)son-in-law; f)nephew; g)grandmother; h)granddaughter; i)sister-in-law; j)daughter-in-law; k)father-in-law; l)grandchildren Exercise 13: a)an; b)A, a; c)a; d)an; e)an; f)a; g)an; h)a Exercise 14: a)nearer; b)clearer; c)happier; d)better; e)more interesting; f)stronger; g)busier; h)fatter Exercise 15: a)most expensive; b)richest; c)coldest; d)worst; e)wisest; f)hottest; g)oldest; h)best; i)easiest Exercise 16: a)sooner; b)later; c)less; d)earlier; e)better; f)further; g)longer; h)worse

Reading comprehension: 2. Answers to the questions: 1) Stonehenge is situated in Salisbury (England). 2) Stonehenge symbolizes mystery, power and endurance. 3) Stonehenge was built from 2750 BC to 1500 BC. 3.True or false answers: a)T; b)T; c)F; d)F; e)T; f)T Exercise 1: a)up; b)after; c)on; d)up; e)off, on; f)out; g)in Exercise 2: a)turned down; b)looks after; c)looking for; d)takes off, puts on; e)look up; f)fill in Exercise 3: a)So am I; b)Neither do I; c)Neither have I; d)So have I; e)So do I; f)Neither did I; g)So was I; h)Neither have I; i)So did I; j)So was I; k)Neither will I; l)Neither would I. Exercises 4: a)ironing; b)cooking; c)reading; d)walking; e)swimming; f)doing the washing up Exercise 5: a)to come; b)going; c)to work, getting up; d)Studying; e)to buy, living; f)travelling (BrE) /traveling (AmE), flying; g)going; h)jogging, swimming; i)thinking, having Exercise 6: a)having; b)not to speak; c)to meet; d)leaving, saying; e)to explain, to listen; f)telephoning, asking, to look; g)hearing, not to enter Exercise 7: a)bill; b)underground; c)chemist's; d)road; e)lift; f)flat, centre Exercise 8: a)vacation; b)trunk; c)bill; d)collect call; e)flavors; f)sidewalk Exercise 9: 1)g; 2)e; 3)b; 4)a; 5)h; 6)f; 7)c; 8)d Exercise 10: a)United Nations, Organizacin de Naciones Unidas (ONU); b)North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organizacin del Tratado del Atlntico Norte (OTAN); c)Non Governmental Organization, Organizacin No Gubernamental (ONG); d)International Organization, Organizacin Internacional; e)Red Cross, Cruz Roja Exercise 11: a)So do I, I don't; b)Neither do I, I do; c)So do I, I don't; d)Neither do I, I do; e)So did I, I didn't; f)Neither did I, I did; g)Neither have I, I have; h)So am I, I am not; i)So have I, I haven't; j)So will I, I won't; k)Neither would I, I would; l)So was I, I wasn't.

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KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

REVIEW UNITS 6 TO 10
Exercise 1: a)many; b)much; c)many; d)much; e)many; f)many; g)much Exercise 2: a)are; b)is; c)is; d)is; e)are; f)is; g)are Exercise 3: a)any; b)some; c)any; d)any; e)some; f)some; g)Any Exercise 4: a)something; b)Anyone; c)somewhere; d)Nobody; e)anything, anyone; f)Somebody; g)anywhere; h)nowhere; i)nothing Exercise 5: a)How much is too much?; b)Nobody wanted to do an exam on Saturday.; c)Fortunately, a lot of people came to the party.; d)This car is not big enough for five people.; e)There are too many fat people in this country.; f)Anywhere she goes she finds friends.; g)There is nowhere like home.; h)I cant do anything without you. Exercise 6: a)Do you play the guitar?; b)Doesnt she (Does she not) drink orange juice? ; c)Are they very tall?; d)Is he in Manchester?; e)Dont we (Do we not) study very hard? ; f)Do you write very long poems?; g)Is she in her classroom?; h)Does he read more than two books per week?; i) Doesnt she (Does she not) drink alcohol? Exercise 7: a)Arent you interested in Literature?; b)Doesnt he speak French?; c)Do you live near my house?; d)Is the dictionary on the table?; e)Isnt she the right person for this position?; f)Does she know perfect English? Exercise 8: a)There is a war against Italy.; b)Under (Underneath) the table there is a book. / There is a book under (underneath) the table.; c)I study from 5 to 7.; d)Does she have lunch in a restaurant near (next to) my house?; e)I have dinner at 7 oclock.; f)After dinner we go to the disco. /We go to the disco after dinner.; g)I always have breakfast before midday.; h)This present is for you. Exercise 9: a)He drove that old car.; b)They felt really bad.; c)I didnt find the keys in your house.; d)They didnt lose the match.; e)Did they rent her house?; f)Didnt they (Did they not) sell roses in that shop?; g)Did she sing in the concert?; h)Didnt the thieves (Did the thieves not) steal a famous painting? Exercise 10: a)went, for; b)from, Dutch; c)lied, didnt; d)Does, French; e)paid, after; f)ate, much; g)Did, hear Exercise 11: a)Spain; b)Irish; c)Greece; d)Italian; e)Holland; f)Russian; g)Norway; h)French; i)England; j)Scottish; k)Europeans Exercise 12: a)When did you have lunch?; b)How are you?; c)Why did you do it?; d)Who went to the party?; e)Where are you from?; f)What is your name?; g)What is the weather like?; h)Where did she go last week?; i)How do you go to work? Exercise 13: a)Who went to the concert?; b)When do you wake up?; c)Do you eat strawberries?; d)Who brought these books?; e)Do you speak English?; f)Why did you go to Scotland?; g)Where did you buy this T-shirt?; h)Where are you from?; i)What did you say?; j)Which car do you prefer?; k)How was your dog?; l)Do you have brothers or sisters?

Exercise 14: a)Do you have a car?, Did you have a car?; b)How does she drive?, How did she drive?; c)Who plays the guitar?, Who played the guitar?; d)When do they get married?, When did they get married?; e)Where does she go for holidays?, Where did she go for holidays?; f)Why are you so upset?, Why were you so upset?; g)Which one do you take?, Which one did you take? Exercise 15: a)make, b)made; c)do; d)made; e)do, f)do; g)make; h)did; i)make; j)did; k)made; l)make Exercise 16: a)was writing; b)is not (isnt) eating; c)Were you studying?; d)were looking, was giving; e)was leaving; f)is shining; g)Are you writing?; h)is not (isnt) raining Exercise 17: a)How far is London from Barcelona?; b)How tall is your father?; c)How often do you go shopping?; d)How heavy is your table?; e)How wide is the lake?; f)How long is the beach?; g)How much time does it take to arrive in/get to Manchester?.

REVIEW UNITS 11 TO 15
Exercises 1: 1)for; 2)since; 3)since; 4)for; 5)since; 6)for; 7)for; 8)for; 9)since; 10)since; 11)for; 12)for; 13)since; 14)since; 15)for. Exercise 2: a) have you been?, havent (have not) seen, for; b)hasnt (has not) snowed, since; c)havent (have not) eaten, since; d)hasnt (has not) cut, for; e)have worked, for; f)have changed, since Exercise 3: a)is not going to attack; b)Is it going to rain; c)are going to buy; d)am not going to win; e)Are we going to eat; f)is not going to buy; g)Are they going to have Exercise 4: a)was going to write; b)was not going to buy; c)Were they going to spend; d)was going to give; e)Was she going to marry; f)Were you going to travel; g)were not going to buy Exercise 5: a) am going to write; b)will get; c)will turn; d) are going to visit; e)will come, will be; f)am going to attend; g)will help Exercise 6: a)have never seen; b)Have you been; c)Havent you heard (Have you not heard); decided, didnt (did not); d)I havent (have not) seen; e)arrived; f)have known; g)has written; h)havent had, was; i)miss, have been; j)has never seen; k)dreamed, never saw; l)has become, took, was, have changed; m)have changed, saw, have grown Exercise 7: a)get, am going to; b)graduate; c)snows, are going to go; d)is going to make, is going to quit, finishes, is going to get; e)is going to call, arrives, is going to stay, is Exercise 8: a)arrive, will show; b)dont stop, will experience; c)wont (will not) tell, asks, wont (will not) reveal; d)leave, will pick, do; e)will call, call, will take Exercise 9: a)will help, ask; b)will get, dont take; c)is, will go; d)tell, will you believe; e)will come, invite; f)will go, has Exercise 10: a)would be; b)would live; c)would know; d)would own; e)wouldnt (would not) get; f) would travel; g)would stay; h)would eat

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Exercise 11: a)Would I say no to your invitation?; b)I would not take no for an answer.; c)Please, do not write in capital letters.; d)What would they say?; e)Wouldnt he be able to come?; f)Id go to your house; g)Why wouldnt I go to your party?; h)What would he look like? Exercise 12: a)I would play football.; b)Would you play football?; c)Would you like to play football?; d)Do the homework.; e)Dont eat oranges.; f)What would they write?; g)Why wouldnt she (would she not) tell her grandparents? Exercise 13: a)I will be able to eat a whole large pizza.; b)I will have to say the truth.; c)Will you be able to repeat the sentence?; d)Will they have to study the whole lesson?; e)He wont (will not) be able to read my mind.; f)Wont they (Will they not) be able to take a joke?; g)I wont (will not) be able to explain why.; h)I will be able to dance ballet.; i)Wont she (Will she not) have to invite her parents to dinner?; j)We wont (will not) have to waste time. Exercise 14: a)Couldnt we take criticism?, Werent we (Were we not) able to take criticism?; b)Did I have to paint you a picture?; c)They had to hand in their assignments.; d)Their reasons had to be explained carefully.; e)Did you need a visa?, Needed you a visa?; f)You didnt have to speak during the exam.; g)Applicants needed to call 1800-486-624 for further information.; h)You could make yourself, You were able to make yourself; i)Didnt we (Did we not) have to follow their example?; j)Could he play the piano?, Was he able to play the piano? Exercise 15: a)She might not go to Paris; b)I will not be able to read the book.; c)Could you tell me your surname?; d)They did not have to buy new clothes.; e)Need you drive so fast?; f)She need not study the whole lesson; g)He ought not to have come; h)Should I stay or should I go?, Should I go or should I stay? Exercise 16: a)might; b)may not; c)may; d)cant; e)Could; f)could; g)Can; h)couldnt; i)could; j)might Exercise 17: a)May; b)can; c)May; d)can; e)cant; f)Could; g)may; h)might; i)might; j)might; k)could; l)cant; m)could; n)must; o)cant Exercise 18: a)neednt; b)mustnt; c)neednt; d)neednt; e)neednt; f)mustnt; g)mustnt; h)neednt; i)mustnt; j)neednt; k)mustnt Exercise 19: a)couldnt; b)might not; c)might not; d)couldnt; e)might not; f)might not; g)might not; h)couldnt; i)couldnt Exercise 20: Sally mustnt miss lectures.; b)correct; c)Mustnt he study a little bit harder?; d)He has to earn a living.; e)He cant tell you his secret.; f)She might play the guitar in the concert.; g)Will they be able to understand the language?; h)Peter couldnt stand the weather.; i)Martha cant run faster.; j)correct; k)I should ask you to do me a favour.; l)Might she call the fire department?; m)I dont have to get up early tomorrow morning.; n)I need not get up early tomorrow morning., I dont need to get up early tomorrow morning.; o)Need he say anything else?

Exercise 21: a)The injured man had to be carried.; b)Our conversation was going to be taped.; c)He will be asked many questions.; d)The books havent (have not) been returned yet.; e)Less money is spent on school books nowadays.; f)Most paintings were damaged by vandals.; g)All sentences are corrected by the computer.; h)Her car is being repaired at the moment.; i)You will be severely punished for this. Exercise 22: a)Everybody was shocked by the terrible news.; b)A new book will be published (next year) by that company next year.; c)Our address has been forgotten (by him).; d)The secretary was introduced to her new boss.; e)Our plan is being considered by the members of the committee.; f)A prize will be given to whoever solves this problem.; g)The new policy would be approved by the executive committee.; h)This notice has been altered.; i)My telephone number was given to her by Paul. Exercise 23: a)She is said to wear a long blue dress.; It is said that she wears a long blue dress.; b)He was believed to be one of the three greatest mathematicians., It is believed that he was one of the three greatest mathematicians.; c)Susan is thought to be in her mid fifties., It is thought that Susan is in her mid fifties.; d)Peter is considered to be quite social., It is considered that Peter is quite social.; e)He was found dead., It was found that he was dead.; f)I was told his secrets.; g)She was given her birthday present.; h)He is known as Peter Smith. Exercise 24: a)I have never been called stupid!; b)have been planted.; c)will be crowned; d)be worked out; e)would be done; f)has been decided; g)are required; h)was asked; i)is being interviewed Exercise 25: a)in; b)on; c)at; d)at; e)on; f)in; g)in; h)at; i)at, in; j)on; k)at; l)in; m)In, on, in, at; n)on; o)In; p)In; q)at, on; r)at, in; s)at; t)in, in Exercise 26: a)So do I.; b)Neither did I.; c)Neither do I.; d)Neither am I.; e)Neither have I.; f)So will I.; g)So would I.; h)So am I.; i)So did I. Exercise 27: a)So would I.; b)So do I.; c)Neither do I.; d)So have I.; e)So was I.; f)So did I.; g)Neither did I.; h)So do I.; i)So would I.; j)So am I. Exercise 28: a)seeing; b)to do; c)going; d)writing; e)not to buy; f)playing; g)Reading; h)to pay; i)to sing; j)not to tell; k)studying; l)learning

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