BASIC CHEMISTRY

BASIC CHEMISTRY

ECOSYSTEM LEVEL Eucalyptus forest COMMUNITY LEVEL All organisms in eucalyptus forest POPULATION LEVEL Group of flying foxes ORGANISM LEVEL Flying fox Brain ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL Nervous system ORGAN LEVEL Brain

Spinal cord

Nerve

TISSUE LEVEL Nervous tissue CELLULAR LEVEL Nerve cell

MOLECULAR LEVEL Molecule of DNA

Figure 1.1

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes which matter undergoes.

States or Forms of Matter

Solids Liquids Gases

CHNOPS

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Unnumbered Figure, p. 26

Figure 2.10

 _________________________
_____________________

Polar covalent bonds

_______________________
oxygen has stronger

attraction for the electrons than hydrogen oxygen has higher electronegativity water is a polar molecule
+ vs poles leads to many interesting
properties of water

+ H

Oxygen

H +

ISOTOPES

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Synthesismanufacture of molecules (uses energy) A + B AB

Decompositionbreaking down molecules (releases energy)

AB A + B

Rearrangement or Exchange
AB + CD AD + BC

CHEMICAL FORMULA
A REPRESENTATION OF A MOLECULE WHICH SHOWS THE NUMBER AND KINDS OF ATOMS IN THE MOLECULE. H2O CO2 C6H12O6 NaCl CaCl2 HCl NaOH

CHEMICAL EQUATION
A chemical equation is a shorthand notation for a chemical reaction, showing the reactants and products for that reaction.
Reactantswhat goes into the reaction (raw materials) Productswhat comes out of the reaction

Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Physical vs Chemical Change

Mixtures vs Compounds

Types of Mixtures

Ionic Bonding

Formation of Sodium Chloride

Formation of Calcium Chloride

A Closer Look at Water

LATTICE STRUCTURE OF ICE

Salt Dissolving

ACIDS

BASES

SALTS

ACID
An acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions (H+) in water solution.
HCl H+ + Cl-

BASE
A base is a substance which produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water solution. NaOH Na+ + OH-

SALT
A salt is a substance formed when and acid and a base unite.

NaOH + HCl

NaCl + H2O