DAFTAR ISI

Halaman Judul..................................................................................................

Halaman Persetujuan.......................................................................................

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Halaman Pengesahan......................................................................................

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Kata Pengantar ................................................................................................

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Abstrak ............................................................................................................

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Abstract ........................................................................................................... vii

Daftar Isi........................................................................................................... viii
Daftar Tabel......................................................................................................

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Daftar Gambar ................................................................................................. xii

Daftar Lampiran ............................................................................................... xiii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang...................................................................................

1.2 Rumusan Masalah.............................................................................

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian................................................................................

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................................

BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1

Tanaman wortel ( Daucus carota ).....................................................

2.1.1 Taksonomi Wortel.....................................................................

2.1.2 Deskripsi Tanaman Wortel........................................................

2.1.3 Kandungan Wortel.....................................................................

2.1.4 Manfaat dan Penggunaan Wortel .............................................

2.2 Radikal Bebas.................................................................................... 10

2.2.1 Definisi Radikal Bebas .............................................................. 10
2.2.2 Reaksi Radikal Bebas .............................................................. 10
2.2.3 Efek Radikal Bebas pada Sel Tubuh.......................................... 11
2.2.4 Jenis Radikal Bebas.................................................................. 14
2.2.4.1 Radikal Bebas Endogen................................................ 14
2.2.4.2 Radikal Bebas Eksogen................................................. 17
2.3 Antioksidan......................................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Antioksidan Secara Umum........................................................ 18

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2.3.1.1 Antioksidan Enzimatik.................................................... 19

2.3.1.2 Antioksidan Non-Enzimatik............................................ 20
2.3.2 Antioksidan dalam Wortel.......................................................... 20
2.4 Asap Rokok........................................................................................ 23
2.5 Saluran Pernapasan........................................................................... 28
2.5.1 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Saluran Pernafasan................................ 28
2.5.2 Bronkhus................................................................................... 31
2.5.2.1 Anatomi Bronkhus......................................................... 31
2.5.2.2 Struktur Histologi Bronkhus........................................... 32
2.5.2.3 Fungsi Bronkhus sebagai Sistem Konduksi................... 33
2.6 Metaplasia.......................................................................................... 34
BAB 3 KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN
3.1 Kerangka Konsep............................................................................... 38
3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian............................................................................ 39
BAB 4 METODE PENELITIAN
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian........................................................................ 40
4.2 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian......................................................... 40
4.3 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................ 41
4.4 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian.............................................................. 41
4.5 Bahan dan Alat Penelitian ................................................................. 41
4.5.1 Bahan........................................................................................ 41
4.5.1.1 Hewan Uji...................................................................... 41
4.5.1.2 Bahan Untuk Perlakuan................................................. 41
4.5.1.3 Bahan Untuk Pemeriksaan Histopatologi....................... 42
4.5.2 Alat............................................................................................ 42
4.6 Definisi Operasional........................................................................... 43
4.7 Alur Kerja........................................................................................... 44
4.8 Prosedur Penelitian............................................................................ 45
4.8.1 Pembagian Kelompok Tikus...................................................... 45
4.8.2 Pemaparan dengan Asap Rokok............................................... 45
4.8.3 Pembuatan Larutan Wortel ....................................................... 46
4.8.4 Pemberian Larutan Wortel ........................................................ 46

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4.8.5 Pengambilan Sampel Jaringan Bronkhus.................................. 46

4.8.6 Pembuatan Preparat Histopatologi ........................................... 47
4.9

Pengamatan Hasil ............................................................................. 47

4.10 Pengolahan dan Analisis Data .......................................................... 47

BAB 5 HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ................................................................................. 50
5.2 Analisa Data ...................................................................................... 53
BAB 6 PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 55
BAB 7 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
7.1 Kesimpulan ....................................................................................... 61
7.2 Saran ................................................................................................ 61
Daftar Pustaka ................................................................................................. 63
Pernyataan Keaslian Tulisan ........................................................................... 67
Lampiran-lampiran ........................................................................................... 68

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Kandungan Wortel...........................................................................

Tabel 2.2. Beberapa Unsur Pokok Asap Rokok............................................... 25

Tabel 2.3. Perubahan Struktur pada Bagian Konduksi Saluran Napas ........... 30
Tabel 5.1. Rasio Metaplasia Epitel Bronkhus Tikus ......................................... 52
Tabel 5.2. Hasil Uji Mann Whitney terhadap Rasio Metaplasi ......................... 54

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Wortel (Daucus carota)..............................................................

Gambar 2.2. Proses Netralisasi Radikal Bebas oleh Antioksidan .................. 19

Gambar 2.3. Molekul Beta-karoten ................................................................ 20
Gambar 2.4. Struktur Kimia Vitamin C............................................................ 21
Gambar 2.5. Kandungan Zat Berbahaya dalam Rokok ................................. 26
Gambar 2.6. Bagian Utama Saluran Pernapasan ......................................... 29
Gambar 2.7. Histologi Bronkhus Intrapulmonalis ........................................... 33
Gambar 2.8. Fase Metaplasi Epitel Silindris .................................................. 36
Gambar 4.1. Rancangan Penelitian................................................................ 40
Gambar 5.1. Gambaran Mikroskopis Bronkhus Tikus Normal........................ 50
Gambar 5.2. Gambaran Mikroskopis Bronkhus Tikus Kontrol Positif............. 50
Gambar 5.3. Gambaran Mikroskopis Bronkhus Tikus Perlakuan 1................ 51
Gambar 5.4. Gambaran Mikroskopis Bronkhus Tikus Perlakuan 2................ 51
Gambar 5.5. Gambaran Mikroskopis Bronkhus Tikus Perlakuan 3................ 52
Gambar 5.6. Diagram Mean Rasio Metaplasia Epitel Bronkhus Tikus .......... 53

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Perhitungan Jumlah Sampel Kelompok Perlakuan .................... 68

Lampiran 2. Neraca Ohaus ............................................................................ 69
Lampiran 3

Proses Pemaparan Asap Rokok dengan Smoking Pump........... 70

Lampiran 4. Perhitungan Dosis Larutan Wortel.............................................. 71

Lampiran 5. Proses Pembedahan Tikus......................................................... 72
Lampiran 6. Prosedur Pembuatan Preparat Histopatologi ............................. 73
Lampiran 7. Hasil Analisis Statistik ................................................................ 76

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