CONTROLLING

Ailyn Brillo Pineda

Controlling
 Is the use of formal authority to assure
achievement of goals and objectives
 Performance is measured against pre
determined standards
 Action is taken to correct discrepancies
between this standards and actual
performance
Functions
 Serves both as means and an end
 Promotes effective use of resources
 Provides professional reinforcements
 Maintains activity and expectations
Principles
 Critical few
 Fewerpeople involved in control brings
about best results
 Point of Control
 Centralization or decentralization of
authority
 Self Control or Discipline
 Translatesto personal acceptance of
responsibility and accountability
Kinds of Formal Control
 Pre action Control
 Controlling by means of personal supervision
and utilizing control checks
 Consist of procedures for any given task or
function
 Post action Control
 Controllingas the task or function is being
performed or may have been performed
 Correcting deviations from standards or
plans
Types of Control
 Feed forward Control
 Focuses on operations before they begin
 Prevent anticipated problems
 Example: preparing all supplies and
equipments for IV insertion, Lumbar tap,
safety systems, training programs and
budgets
 Concurrent Control
 Apply to processes as they are happening;
enacted while work is being performed
 Examples: material/supplies for therapeutic
care
Types of Control
 Feedback Controls
 Focuses on the result of the operations
 Guide future planning, inputs, and process
designs
 Examples: timely reports (weekly, monthly,
quarterly, annual)
Characteristics of Effective
Control
 Control system must be designed
appropriately to be effective

 Control standards should be flexible and

realistic

 Control systems must prevent, not cause

the problem they were designed to detect
Control Process

Control Process
Steps in Control Process
1. Establish and Specify Criteria
and Performance Standards
 A. Standards
 Standard is any guideline establish as the
basis for measurement
 Created when objectives are set during the
planning process
 Precise, explicit statement of EXPECTED
results from a product, service, machine,
individual or organizational unit
 Expressed numerically and is set for quality,
quantity and time
 Development of Standards
 Types of Standards
 Structure Standards
 Focus on the structure or management system
used by an agency to organize and deliver nursing
care
 Including the number and categories of nursing
personnel who provide care
 Example: TL is responsible for no more than 20
patients, with fewer than 3 TM to provide care
 Process Standards
 Referto actual nursing care procedures or activities
engaged in by nurses to administer care
Development of Standards
 Outcome Standards
 Standards that are designed for measuring the
results of nursing care
 Conflict Management, Budgeting, Discipline
 1. Establish and Specify Criteria
and Performance Standards
 B. Resource Controls
 Time controls relate to DEADLINES and TIME
CONSTRAINTS
 Material controls relate to INVENTORY and
MATERIAL; yield controls
 Equipment controls are built into the
machinery
 Cost control help ensure COST STANDARDS
are met
 Employee performance controls focus on
ACTIONS and BEHAVIORS of individuals and
groups of employees
 1. Establish and Specify Criteria
and Performance Standards
 C. Financial Controls
 Facilitate achieving the organization’s PROFIT
motive
 One method of financial control is BUDGETING
 They become control tools by pointing out
deviations between the standard and actual
consumption
 D. Operations Control
 Assess how efficiently and effectively an
organization’s transformation processes create
goods and services
 Includes TQM statistical process control and
1. Establish and Specify Criteria
and Performance Standards
 E. Statistical Process Control
 Use of statistics or mathematical methods
and procedures to determine whether
production operations are being performed
correctly
 To detect any deviations and to find and
eliminate their causes
 A control chart displays the results of
measurements over time and provides a
visual means of determining whether a
specific process is staying within predefined
limits
1. Establish and Specify Criteria
and Performance Standards
 The Just-in-Time (JIT) System
 TheJIT system is the timely application of
medications for the illness of a patient, and
purchased materials just in time to be
transformed into parts
2. Monitor and Measure Performance of Nursing
Care Services and Evaluate it against the
Standards through records, Reports and
Observations
 Nursing Rounds

 Pay particular attention to issues of patient

care and nursing practice
 Satisfy needs and problems met or unmet

 Quality Assurance
 Monitors
compliance with established
standards
 Nursing Audit
 Consistsof documentation of the quality of
nursing care in relation to the standards
established by the nursing department
2. Monitor and Measure Performance of Nursing
Care Services and Evaluate it against the
Standards through records, Reports and
Observations
 Purpose of Nursing Audit

 Prioritizesnursing care by promoting

optimum nursing care
 Identify deficiencies in the organization and
administration of nursing care
 Used to increase performance to assure that
improvements have been maintained
3. Compare Performance with Standards,
Models, or Criteria to Determine Deviations
or Differences
 Program Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT)
 Employs a matrix that uses network of
activities presented in a chart, including the
goals or product desired, time management,
budget and estimation
 Benchmarking
 Seeks out the best so as to improve its
performance
 Provides standard or point of reference in
measuring or judging quality, values and
4. Enact Remedial Measures or Steps to
Correct deviations or errors

 Correction of deviations and errors

 Master Control Plan
 Take necessary action
Management Control
Strategies
 Market Control
 Budgets and rules
 Bureaucratic control
 Self Control
 Clan Control
 Performance Appraisal Tools
 Trait Rating Scale
 Rating a person against the set standard
 JD, desired behavior and personal trait

 Job Dimension Scales

 Job requirements and quality work performance
 Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
 desired behaviors to improve performance
 Checklist
 Composed of behavioral statements that
represent desirable behavior
Performance Appraisal Tools
 Peer Review
 Itis a collegial evaluation of the
performance done to promote excellence in
the practice and offer information, support,
guidance, criticism and direction to one
another
 Self Appraisal
 Allowsemployee to evaluate his own
performance
 Errors in Appraisal
 Halo Effect
 Tendency to overrate staff based on the rater’s
first impression of the ratee
 Based on the good traits or good things one
sees in a person
 Logical Error
 Based on first impressions of the rater to the
ratee
 Central Tendency Error
 Rate
the staff as AVERAGE. Used by the rater
when feedback tools are inadequate
Errors in Appraisal
 Leniency Error
 Propensityto overlook the weaknesses and
mistakes of the person being evaluated
leading to an inaccurate picture of the job
performance
 Hawthorne Effect
 Behavior
of the ratee changes simply
because he is observed by the rater
 Horn’s Effect
 Occurs
when rating an employee very low
because of an error committed