We have always assumed that the elite of our society are a force of progress.

But the truth is

that those on the top of the social pyramid are the most vicious and cunning members of our
community. The difference between humans and animals is very slim. Animals select the
most powerful male as the leader of their group. Humans on the other hand have evolved in
such a way that the most cunning member of a group is also the most powerful leader of the
lot. Animals have grown large fangs, claws and horns while humans use their large brains to
take advantage of other humans. What we consider as progress in reality is the sad story of
manipulation of the majority by the smart elite. These early humans with extreme powers of
intellect had a great vision how to create the first empires of the world. In order to create an
empire weapons and armies do not suffice. A leader also needs an idea to unite people around
him. He also needs a deity to make people follow him. How can one create a god out of
nothing! That was the greatest challenge the earliest kings had to face. And they found a
simple solution. They invented a people who had never existed and they also invented a
forged language and non-existent gods.
The reader can conclude that Sumerian tongue is a tool of manipulation in the hands of
priests. That is a serious accusation. There would be dire consequences if these accusations
were true. It means that our modern forms of religion and our written languages have been all
tainted by the earliest written language in the world. One of the oldest cognates of Sumerian
was the name for goat:
ma [GOAT] (10699x: ED IIIa, ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old
Babylonian, Old Babylonian, 1st millennium) wr. ma2; ma "goat; extispicy; sacrificial
animal for omens" Akk. bru; uru
[1]

ma2

[2]

ma

30 distinct forms attested; click to view forms table.

1. goat (10698x/100%)
~ LEX/ED IIIa/unknown 1(di) ma2 ED Word List C = "Tribute" 27; 1(di) ma2 ED
Word List C = "Tribute" 55. LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gu2-ed2-gu2-ed2 OB
Nippur Ura 3 146. ELA/ED IIIb/Girsu geme2 ma-kam VS 14, 103 o ii 2; gab2-ra makam VS 25, 011 r ii 6; gab2-ra ma-kam VS 25, 071 r ii 11; ninda-bi [ma-am6] Nik
1, 306 o iii 5; gab2-rama-kam RA 71, 102 o xi 4. ELA/ED
IIIb/Nippur 3(a@c) ma2 TMH 5, 088 o i 2; 1(a@c)ma2 TMH 5, 089
1; 1(a@c) ma2 iti LU2@sBAD TMH 5, 094 7. ELA/ED
IIIb/Umma1(barig@c) e2 ma-e? RGK 20050520j o ii 6. ELA/ED
IIIb/Ur 1(a@c) ma2 UET 2 supp 10 o ii 3; 1(a@c) ma2 UET 2 supp 13 o i
5; 2(u@c) 6(a@c) ma2 nig2 u4 3(di)-kaUET 2 supp 13 o ii 2. ELA/ED
IIIb/unknown gab2-ra ma-me Nik 1, 002 r ii 19; ma-[a i3-ti]Nik 1, 002 r iv
1; geme2 ma-kam Nik 1, 006 r v 13. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Adab 1(a@c) udu1(a@c) ma2 OIP 014, 114 1. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Girsu 1(di) ma2 ITT 2, 04338 2; muen dinanna unu[ki] dumu ur-

namma lugal-[la?] ma-e ba-pa3-da RTC 264 r ii 2; muen dinanna unukia dumu ur-dnamma lugal-a ma-e ba-pa3-da-e3 RTC 264 r ii 6.ELA/Old
Akkadian/Lagash 1(a@c) ma2 BM 026907 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/Nippur mu en denlil2 ma2-e ib2-[dab5-ba] TMH 5, 007 r iv 9; 1(a@c) ma2 TMH 5, 093
4; 1(a@c)ma2 OSP 1, 131 o iii 9. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma 1(a@c) ma2 CT 50,
052 23; 1(a@c)ma2 ur-dara2 dub-sar dingir-ra MAD 4, 024
2; 1(a@c) ma2 za3 nu-u4 MAD 4, 024 3. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Ur [x] 2(a@c)!? ma2 UET 2 supp 18 o i 1; 2(a@c) ma2 UET 2 supp 18 o
i 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown 1(a@c) ma2 MAD 4, 033 5; ma2 zi-ga MAD 4,
137 1; 1(a@c) ma2 WO 13, 03 2. ELA/Lagash II/Girsu 4(di) ma2 dumu dalu [...]MVN 06, 406 4; 8(di) ma2 e-e [...] MVN 06, 406
5; U+LAGAB 4(u) udu 3(u) la22(di) ma2 MVN 06, 406 6; 2(di) ma2 MVN 07,
100 1; 2(di) ma2 MVN 07, 100 3;mu nin-dingir dikur ma-e pa3-da MVN 07, 170
1; 1(di) ma2 TLB 3, 001 4. ELA/Ur III/Adab unuki-ga ma2-e in-pa3 MVN 03, 320
4; mu en dinanna ma2-e in-pa3 MVN 03, 322 3; 1(u) ma-na siki ur5-ra ma2 ga2ga2 MVN 13, 741 1. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(di)u8 2(di) udu 1(di) ma2 AAS 212
5; mu en dnanna ma-e i3-pa3 Aegyptus 17, 52, 049 5; mu en dnanna ma-e i3pa3 Aegyptus 17, 54, 072 4. ELA/Ur III/Girsu mu en dnannama-e i3-pa3 AAS 165
1; mu en dinanna ma-e i3-pa3 AAS 180 2; mu en dinannama-e i3-[pa3] AAS 189
2. ELA/Ur III/Mazyad mu en dinanna unu ma2-e i3-pa3 ASJ 11, 344 20 1; mu di-bi2d
suen lugal en unuki-[ga] ma2-e i3-[pa3] ASJ 11, 345 22 4'.ELA/Ur
III/Nippur ma2 gur-ra 1(barig)-ta ArOr 07, 8 2 2; ma2 5(di) gin2 1(di) gin2taArOr 07, 8 3 2; ma2 1(a) gur-ra 4(ban2)-ta ArOr 07, 8 4 2. ELA/Ur
III/Susa mu endinanna ma2-e pa3-da MDP 10, 71 121 2; 1(di) ma2 a3gal ur MDP 23, 163 296 3;U+LAGAB 2(di) udu 1(di) ma2 MDP 23, 163 296
1; 5(di) ma2 gub MDP 23, 164 301 5. ELA/Ur III/Umm al-Aqarib ELA/Ur
III/Umma mu en dnanna ma-e i3-pa3 AAS 043 1;[mu] en dnanna ma2-e i3pa3 AAS 044 1; 1(u) ma2 AAS 050 2. ELA/Ur III/Ur 2(di)udu 1(di) ma2 MVN 02,
167 1; 2(di) udu 1(di) ma2 MVN 02, 167 5; ma2 ga2-ga2-dam MVN 03, 297
2. ELA/Ur III/Wilayah ma2 1(u) gin2 2(di) gin2-ta JCS 38, 046 16 3; ma2 damgar3 i3-tuku JCS 38, 046 16 3; mu en dinanna unuki-ga ma2-e i3-pa3JCS 38, 049 17
2. ELA/Ur III/unclear 1(di) ma2 ASJ 04, 068 19 2; mu en dinanna unuki-ga ma2e i3-pa3 AUCT 1, 394 3; ma2 5(di) gin2 1(di) gin2-ta AUCT 2, 219 2.ELA/Ur
III/unknown 1(di) ma2 i-mi-dsuen Torun "3" 3; 2(di) ma2 te-ze2-en6-mamaTorun "3" 5; 1(di) ma2 e-lu-u-dda-gan Torun "3" 8; mu en dnanna ma2e i3-pa3Torun "3" 1; 1(di) ud5 1(di) ma2 Torun "3" 8. ELA/Early Old
Babylonian/Nippur ma2-bi-[e3] OB Contracts, pl. A2 no. 2 2. ELA/Early Old
Babylonian/unknown 3(di) udu 1(di)ma2 ASJ 18, 092 30 1; mu egi2-zi-[anna] ma2-e [i3]-pa3 BIN 09, 001 4; mu egi2-zi-an-[na] ma2-e i3-pa3 BIN 09, 002
5. ELA/Old Babylonian/unclear 1(di) x 1(di) ma2 xdsuen!? A? UD ge HA SDSU
5 3. unknown/ED IIIb/Girsu gab2-ra ma-me DP 114 r iii 17; geme2 ma-kam DP 171
r ii 13; geme2 ma-kam BIN 08, 345 r v 10. unknown/ED
IIIb/Nippur 1(a@c) ma2 OSP 1, 104 1; 1(a@c) ma2 OSP 1, 107
1; 1(a@c) ma2 gasub-a OSP 1, 107 3; ma2 da ri-a OSP 1, 107 5. unknown/ED
IIIb/unknown ma-a i3-tiHSS 03, 17 r v 12; e-bi 3(barig@c) geme2 ma-me TSA 10
o xiii 18; geme2 ma-kamTSA 11 r iii 15. unknown/Old
Akkadian/Adab 1(a@c) ma2 OIP 014, 093 1; 1(a@c) ma2OIP 014, 094
1; 1(a@c) ma2 OIP 014, 096 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(a@c) ma2ga ITT
2, 05762 3; 1(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2 RTC 244
2; 1(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2RTC 244 9; mu nin-dingir dikur ma-e ba-pa3-

da RTC 257 2. unknown/Old Akkadian/Nippur 1(a@c) ma2 OSP 1, 108

1. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown 1(a@c) ma21(a@c) gada bar-dul5 BIN 08,
164 11; 1(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2 Fs. Sjoberg, 01
1;1(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2 Fs. Sjoberg, 02 1. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 2(di) ma2 x den-lil2-la2 Akkadica 78, 11 5; 9(di) la2 1(di) ma2 Aleppo
001 3; mu en dnanna ma-e i3-pa3 Aleppo 082 2. unknown/Ur
III/Girsu mu en dinanna unuki ma2-e i3-pa3 ASJ 10, 257 02 8; mu en dnanna mae i3-pa3 ASJ 15, 125 95 r iii 8'; 1(di) ma2 a min ASJ 16, 112 20 3. unknown/Ur
III/Lagash mu en dnanna ma-e i3-pa3 Rochester 219 4. unknown/Ur
III/Nippur 1(di) [...] ma2 BBVO 11, 257, 4N-T197 o iii 36; ma2 a-[a3]-ga BBVO
11, 257, 4N-T197 o i 12; [...] ma2 BBVO 11, 257, 4N-T197 o ii 25. unknown/Ur
III/Umma6(di) gin2 ku3-babbar ma2 5(di) gin2 1(di) gin2-ta AR RIM 07 15
1; mu en dinannama2-e i3-pa3 ASJ 14, 101 3 11; mu en dinanna unuki [ma2-e] i3pa3 ASJ 19, 164 64 10. unknown/Ur
III/Ur 2(ge2) 3(u) 9(di) ud5 1(ge2) 1(u) 1(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163
15; 1(u) 9(di) ma2 nita2 2(ge2) 2(u) 1(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163
16; 5(di) ud51(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163 9. unknown/Ur
III/unclear 1(di) udu 1(di) ma2 MVN 18, 598 o ii 4'; [x] 4(di) ma2 MVN 18, 734
3; mu en dinanna unuki-ga ma2-e i3-pa3OMRO 66, 33 03 9; 1(di) ma2 bau2 Princeton 1, 008 1; ma-e i3-pa3 SNAT 164 4;mu en-dinanna ma2-e i3pa3 SANTAG 7, 026 4. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown mu en-dinanna di-bi-er3ra ma2-e i3-pa3 TLB 5, 02 10; mu en-dinanna ma2-e i3-pa3 TLB 5, 05 10; mu enGABA-dinanna ma2-e i3-pa3 TLB 5, 03 10; mu egi2 zi an-na ma2 i3-pa3TLB 5, 15
9; ma2 DU UET 5, 612 94.
~ XLEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 sa-ke2-ke2-sa OB Nippur Ura 3 145; ma2 OB
Nippur Lu 504. LEX/1st millennium/unknown ma si-NI ED Animal List B 56. ELA/ED
IIIb/Nippur2(u@c) 6(a@c) ma2 TMH 5, 087 3; 1(a@c) ma2 TMH 5, 176 o i
1; 1(a@c) ma2TMH 5, 182 o ii 4. ELA/ED IIIb/Ur 6(a@c) ma2 UET 2 supp 13 o ii
4; 1(a@c) ma2UET 2 supp 46 o iii 10. ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(a@c) ma2 ur2a-hi CT 50, 168 8;4(a@c) ma2 DPA 22 2; 1(a@c) ma2 ki-es3-dinanna ITT 1,
01081 8. ELA/Old Akkadian/Lagash 1(a@c)!? ma2 BM 026907 1. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Umma 7(a@c) ma2MAD 4, 023 3; 3(u) 1(di)? ma2 MAD 4, 023
7; 2(a@c) udu nita 1(a@c) ma2 GAN2-mah MAD 4, 031
9; 1(u) 2(di) ma2 MAD 4, 059 4; 2(a@c) ma2 MAD 4, 107 1.ELA/Ur
III/Drehem U+LAGAB 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 Amorites 18 (pl.7) r iv
13; U+NIGIN2(u) 8(di) ma2 Amorites 18 (pl.7) r iv
25; 3(di) gukkal 4(di) ma2 ma-li-kum Amorites 23 (pl.13) 8. ELA/Ur III/Girsu la2ia3 3(di) ma2 AUCT 1, 385 1; 2(ge2) 3(u) 4(di) udu2(u) 5(di) ma2 CT 01, 35
94-10-19, 1 r i 5; 5(di) ma2 DCS 54 5. ELA/Ur III/Nippur1(di) ma2 NATN 938
3; 2(di) ma2 gu-du-bar-za-gin3 NATN 957 4; ma2-bi nu-ub-da6-la2-e NRVN 1,
058 5; 1(di) ma2 gi-ga2-ga2 TMH NF 1-2, 275 5; 1(di) ma2 tab-bar-di TMH NF
1-2, 276 4. ELA/Ur III/Umm al-Aqarib ELA/Ur
III/Umma 2(ban2) ka 1(barig)dida du 3(ban2) ninda 4(ban2) dabin 1/2(di) sila3 i
3 1(di) ma2 AfO 40-41, 56, 4 14;2(di) udu 1(di) ma2 ur-[...] AnOr 01, 249
5; U+LAGAB 1(u) ma2 AnOr 07, 303 r iii 6. ELA/Ur III/Ur 1(di) ma2 ul-ba-laa MVN 02, 167 3; 2(di) udu 1(di) ma2 MVN 02, 167 1; 1(di) ma2 nig2-tu6tu6 UET 3, 0165 5; [U+LAGAB ...] 3(di) ma2 UET 3, 0286 8; ma2 UET 9, 1089
4; [4(di)?] udu 1(di) ma2 UET 9, 1106 5. ELA/Ur III/unclear 5(di) ma2 na[x] AUCT 3, 470 1. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adab 1(a@c) ma2OIP 014, 096
1; ma2 dbara2-den-lil2 gar-ra OIP 014, 097 1; 2(a@c) udu 1(a@c)ma2 OIP 014,

110 1; [u] nigin2 1(a@c) udu bar 2(a@c) ma2 OIP 014, 142
2;U+LAGAB 2(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2 OIP 014, 150
8; 1(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2OIP 014, 151 1. unknown/Old
Akkadian/Girsu 1(a@c) ma2 RTC 244 6. unknown/Old
Akkadian/unknown 1(a@c) ma2 Fs. Sjoberg, 13 3; 4(a@c) udu 1(a@c) ma2 Fs.
Sjoberg, 16 2; 2(a@c) udu 2(a@c) ma2 MVN 03, 093 5. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 2(di)ma2 ASJ 19, 200 01 1; 1(di) ma2 DoCu 289 3; 1(di) ma2 DoCu
289 6. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 1(di) ma2 ASJ 16, 112 20
1; U+LAGAB 3(di) udu 1(di) ma2 TCTI 2, 02765 8; 1(di) ma2 dx [...] TCTI 2,
03435 2. unknown/Ur III/Nippur U+LAGAB 1(ge2) 5(u)2(di) ma2 BBVO 11, 266,
5N-T464 o ii 5; U+LAGAB 2(di) ma2 BBVO 11, 277, 6N-T226 r ii 11. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 2(di) ma2 dnin-[e2]-nirx(MIR.ZA) Fs. Limet 028 7;2(di) ma2 Luomo
56 o ii 7'; 1(di) ma2 MVN 16, 0606 2.
~ ane[equid]ELA/Ur III/Girsu a3-gal ma2 ane u3 ul-muen MVN 17, 061 r ii
14. ELA/Ur III/Umma a3-gal ma2 ane u3 ah2 OrSP 18, pl. 07 24 o i 12. ELA/Ur
III/Ur x ma2 aneUET 3, 0754 o i 17. unknown/Ur III/Umma a3-bita 1(di) ma2 ane-da sa2 giri3 lu2-dingir-ra SANTAG 6, 332 9.
~ babbar[white]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 babbar OB Nippur Ura 3 149. ELA/ED
IIIb/Nippur 1(a@c) ma2 bar6 TMH 5, 161 1. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 babbarAUCT 2, 243 5; 1(di) ma2 babbar BIN 03, 468
1; 1(di) ma2 babbar2 NYPL 099 3.unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(u) 7(di) ma2 babbar SAT 2, 0912 5.
~ babbar[white] edu[breeder]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(u) 5(di) ma2 babbar ge[du3] BIN 03, 539 17. unknown/Ur III/Drehem 9(di) ma2 babbar ge-du3 SAT 2,
0912 6.
~ babbar[white] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(u) ma2 babbar niga BIN 03, 539 14.
~ dara[red]unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 a-dara4 SANTAG 7, 017 5.
~ dug[good]ELA/Ur III/Umma 1(di) KU ma2 du10-ga MVN 01, 253 3.
~ enzid[animal]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 en-zi PDT 2, 0848 1.
~ e[three]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 e5 OB Nippur Ura 3 148.
~ gaba[chest]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gaba OB Nippur Ura 3 138. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem2(di) ma2 gaba AnOr 01, 030 9; U+LAGAB 1(di) ma2 gaba AUCT
2, 034 9; 1(di)ma2 gaba AUCT 2, 034 6. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(di) ma2 gaba MVN
05, 222 6; 1(di)ma2 gaba TL 258 1; 1(di) ma2 gaba TUT 050
3; 3(di) ma2 gaba TUT 056 3; 3(u)la2 2(di) ma2 gaba MVN 22, 215
3; 1(di) ma2 gaba ur-dnin-e2-gi u LB 3089
29;2(di) udu nita2 1(di) ma2 gaba lugal?-dingir-ra-ta LB 3089 6. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 1(di)ma2 gaba ki lu2-kal-la-ta AUCT 1, 182
11; 1(di) ma2 gaba AUCT 1, 182 3; 3(di)ud5 2(di) ma2 gaba AUCT 1, 182
5. ELA/Ur III/Ur 1(di) ma2 gaba UET 3, 1319 1.unknown/Ur
III/Drehem [x] ma2 gaba MVN 15, 120 5; [U+LAGAB ...] 4(di) ma2 gabaMVN
15, 120 10; 2(di) ma2 gaba Princeton 1, 014 3. unknown/Ur
III/Girsu 5(di) ma2gaba MVN 17, 048 1; 1(di) ma2 gaba TCTI 2, 04094
4. unknown/Ur III/Nippur ma2gaba lugal BBVO 11, 270, 6N-T106
3; ma2 gaba lugal BBVO 11, 294, 6N-T618 4;ma2 gaba BBVO 11, 299, 6N-T791
3. unknown/Ur III/Umma 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 gabaMVN 20, 115 4.
~ gaba[chest] tab[double]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gaba tab OB Nippur Lu 509.
~ gabaria[offering]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gaba-ri-a OB Nippur Ura 3 139.
~ gal[big]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gal OB Nippur Ura 3 134. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Girsu5(di) ma2 gal RTC 266 7; 5(a@c) ma2 gal ITT 1, 01104

2; [3(a@c)] ma2 gal-galITT 2, 04439 1. ELA/Old

Akkadian/Umma 5(a@c) ma2 gal-gal MAD 4, 019 6; 1(u) 5(di)ma2 galgal MAD 4, 020 4; 5(a@c) [ma2 gal-gal] MAD 4, 034 5; 1(a@c) ma2 galMAD
4, 056 6; 7(a@c) ma2 gal-gal MAD 4, 156 7. ELA/Lagash
II/Girsu 7(di) ma2 galMVN 06, 402 5. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(u) ma2 gal Aegyptus
17, 56, 101 1; 4(di) ma2 galAegyptus 19, 236, 04 2; 8(di) ma2 gal u2 Aegyptus 19,
236, 05 2. ELA/Ur III/Girsu6(ge2) ma2 gal Babyloniaca 8, HG 09
6; 1(u) 3(di) udu gal 1(di) u8 1(di) ma2 galCT 09, 29 BM 020011
10; U+LAGAB 1(di) ma2 gal 5(di) ud5 CT 09, 29 BM 020011 23. ELA/Ur
III/Nippur 1(ge2) ma2 gal AUCT 1, 972 11; 2(u) 3(di) ma2 gal BE 03/1, 079
14; 3(u) 4(di) ma2 gal u2 MVN 13, 489 8; 2(di) ma2 gal 1(u) 2(di) ma2 hiaNATN 007 2; 1(u) 3(di) ma2 gal u2 NATN 880 o i
10; 1(ge2) 1(u) 2(di) ma2 gal u2NATN 880 o ii 8; 1(di) ma2 gal u du3-a TMH
NF 1-2, 277 4. ELA/Ur III/Umma 1(u)8(di) ma2 gal 1(di) sila3-ta Aegyptus 26, 168
19 3; 1(di) ma2 gal AUCT 1, 140 3;1(di) ma2 gal AUCT 1, 325 2. ELA/Ur
III/Ur 1(di) ma2 gal UET 3, 1197 2. ELA/Ur III/unclear 3(di) ma2 gal x OrAnt 11,
273 1 4; 1(di) ma2 gal YOS 04, 233 4; 7(di)ma2 gal YOS 04, 277
2; [...] x ma2 gal Oshima 1 o i 9; 1(u@c) 2(di) ma2 gal Oshima 1 o ii
22; 1(u@c) 3(di) ma2 gal Oshima 1 o iii 11; [x] 8(a@c) ma2 gal Oshima 1 r ii
4'.ELA/Ur III/unknown 2(di) udu niga 1(di) ma2 gal Torun "3" 7. ELA/Early Old
Babylonian/unknown 1(u) ma2 gal 1(u) 5(di) udu BIN 09, 150
8; 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 galBIN 09, 150 15; 2/3(di) ku du8-i-a ma2 gal uri2kita gur!-ra! BIN 09, 187 1.unknown/Ur III/Drehem 7(di) ma2 gal Aleppo 005
3; 1(di) ma2 gal Aleppo 007 3; [x]ma2 gal Aleppo 419 2. unknown/Ur
III/Girsu [...] ma2 gal MVN 17, 078 2; 2(a@c)ma2 gal MVN 18, 752 o i
3; 1(u@c) ma2 gal si [...] MVN 18, 752 o i 4; [...] x ma2 galMVN 19, 146
3; 2(u) 8(di) ma2 gal SNAT 077 6; 5(u) 9(di) ma2 gal SAT 1, 211 2.unknown/Ur
III/Nippur 2(di) ma2 gal BBVO 11, 268, 5N-T633 2. unknown/Ur
III/Umma3(di) ma2 gal MVN 16, 0620 3; 2(di) ma2 gal MVN 16, 0750
1; 5(di) ma2 galMVN 16, 0750 5. unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown ma2 gal UET
5, 612 83.
~ gal[big] alu[ram] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(u) 2(di) ma2 gal alu niga BJRL 64, 111 65 1.
~ gal[big] am[bull]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal am-ma TCL 2, 5484 21.
~ gal[big] babbar[white]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(di) ma2 gal babbar Aegyptus 29, 103, no.
29 1;2(di) ma2 gal babbar AUCT 2, 243 4; 4(di) ma2 gal babbar AUCT 3, 459
2.unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal babbar Hirose 275
2; 1(di) ma2 gal babbarPrinceton 1, 031 1; 1(di) ma2 gal babbar2 YOS 18, 029
5; 2(u) ma2 gal babbar SAT 2, 0912 3.
~ gal[big] babbar[white] edu[breeder]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal babbar gedu3BCT 1, 087 1; 1(di) ma2 gal babbar ge-du3 BIN 03, 123
1; 7(di) ma2 gal babbarge-du3 BIN 03, 539 15. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal babbar ge-du3 SAT 2, 0912 4.
~ gal[big] babbar[white] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 2(ge2) 2(u) 4(di) ma2 gal babbarniga BIN 03, 539
13; 1(di) ma2 gal babbar niga MVN 13, 068 1; 2(di) ma2 galbabbar niga Nik
2, 491 1; 1(di) ma2 gal babbar niga TRU 226 1.
~ gal[big] babbar[white] niga[fattened] sag[quality]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal babbarniga sag10 us2 SACT 1, 161 3.

~ gal[big] dara[red]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(di) ma2 gal a-dara4 niga MVN 13, 849
3; 2(di)ma2 gal a-dara4 niga MVN 13, 849 5; 1(di) ma2 gal a-[dara4] Princeton
2, 008 10;1(u) 2(di) ma2 gal a-dara4 niga Princeton 2, 325
2; 1(u) 2(di) ma2 gal a-dara4 nigaPrinceton 2, 325 3.
~ gal[big] giggi[black] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(u) ma2 gal ge6 imaki OIP 121, 163
2; 8(di) ma2 gal ge6 imaki Trouvaille 52 5.
~ gal[big] gud[ox]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal gu4-e us2-sa CST 484
2; 4(di) uduniga 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 gal gu4-e us2-sa MVN 13, 103
1; 1(di) ma2 gal gu4-e us2-sa SET 073 o i 13.
~ gal[big] gunu[speckled]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 6(di) ma2 gal gun3-a ASJ 09, 253 33
3; 2(di)ma2 gal gun3-a AUCT 1, 204 2; 4(u) 2(di) ma2 gal gun3-a AUCT 1, 301
8.unknown/Ur III/Drehem 6(di) ma2 gal gun3 Ontario 1, 045
3; 3(di) ma2 gal 1(di) ma2gal gun3-a Rochester 019 6.
~ gal[big] gunu[speckled] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(u) 2(di) ma2 gal gun3aimaki OIP 121, 279 2; 1(ge2) 5(u) ma2 gal gun3-[a] imaki UDT 148
4.unknown/Ur III/Drehem 3(u) 1(di) ma2 gal gun3-a imaki Ontario 1, 078 1.
~ gal[big] gurgur[~animal] babbar[white] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal gur8-gur8 babbar niga PDT 1, 649 1.
~ gal[big] gurgur[~animal] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(di) ma2 gal gur8gur8 niga BIN 03, 398 2.
~ gal[big] edu[breeder]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 4(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 ASJ 09, 265 67
3; 9(di)ma2 gal ge-du3 u2 BIN 03, 239 o ii 20; 6(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 BIN 03,
240 o iii 9;1(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 u2 MVN 09, 196 o ii
15; 1(di) gu4 niga 1(u) ma2 gal ge-du3OIP 115, 267 5; 3(di) ma2 gal gedu3 u2 SET 076 o ii 15; 1(di) ma2 gal ge-du32(u) 2(di) ma2 gal SET 106 16.
~ gal[big] edu[breeder] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal gedu3 niga BIN 03, 173 2; 2(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 niga OIP 121, 041
3; 2(di) udu ge-du3 niga2(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 niga PDT 2, 1050
5; 1(di) udu ge-du3 niga 1(di) ma2 galge-du3 niga PDT 2, 1050
7; 1(di) udu ge-du3 niga 1(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 nigaPDT 2, 1050
9; 1(di) udu ge-du3 niga 1(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 niga PDT 2, 1050
11;1(di) udu ge-du3 niga 1(di) ma2 gal ge-du3 niga PDT 2, 1050 13.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal niga 4(di)? udu AAS 213
1;1(di) ma2 gal niga ActSocHun Or 5-12, 156 2 3; 3(di) ma2 gal niga Aegyptus
17, 53, 070 1. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 3(u) ma2 gal niga a-ra2 4(di)-kam MVN 11, 100
8; 2(di) ma2gal niga Tavolette 177 2; 1(di) ma2 gal niga ba-u2 TUT 055
4. ELA/Ur III/Nippur2(di) ma2 gal niga 3(di)-kam us2 MVN 13, 489
4; 2(u) 5(di) ma2 gal niga 4(di)-kam us2 MVN 13, 489
5; 1(u) 5(di) ma2 gal niga MVN 13, 489
6; U+LAGAB 1(di)ma2 gal [niga] MVN 15, 197 o ii
10; 2(di) ma2 gal niga 3(di)-kam us2 TMH NF 1-2, 272 o i
12; 2(di) ma2 gal niga 3(di)-kam us2 TMH NF 1-2, 272 o i 2. ELA/Ur
III/Susa3(di) ma2 gal niga BCT 1, 078 6. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 1(di) ma2 gal niga Aegyptus 27, 33 22 1; 1(u) 7(di) ma2 gal niga BIN
05, 004 o i 16; 1(di) udu niga 1(di) ma2 galniga NYPL 053 4. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal niga Aleppo 005 7; 1(di) ma2gal niga ASJ 11, 324 09
3; 1(di) ma2 gal niga ASJ 16, 105 02 1. unknown/Ur
III/Umma1(di) ma2 gal niga TCNU 718 1; 1(di) ma2 gal niga TCNU 719
11; 1(di) ma2 galniga TCNU 719 3.

~ gal[big] niga[fattened] agar[kid]unknown/Ur

III/Drehem 1(u) 6(di) ma2 gal niga munusa2-gar3 2(di)-ta Ontario 1, 080 1.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] durah[goat]unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 4(di) ma2 gal niga dara4 Ontario 1, 054 1.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] gud[ox]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(di) ma2 gal niga gu4-e us2sa Amorites 21 (pl.10) 14; 2(di) ma2 gal niga gu4-e us2-sa Amorites 21 (pl.10)
21; 5(di) ma2 galniga gu4-e us2-sa Amorites 21 (pl.10) 8. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(u) 1(di) ma2 gal nigagu4-e us2-sa Ontario 1, 132
4; 7(di) ma2 gal niga gu4-e us2-sa Ontario 1, 153
8; 1(u)5(di) ma2 gal niga gu4-e us2-sa Princeton 1, 056
3; 3(di) ma2 gal niga gu4-e us2-saAAICAB 1/1, pl. 057, 1924-0516 o i
6; 1(di) ma2 gal niga gu4-e us2-sa SAT 3, 1928 8.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] gunu[speckled]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(di) ma2 gal niga gun3a OLP 08, 09 06 6; 1(di) ma2 gal niga gun3-a TRU 079 5.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] edu[breeder]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal niga gedu3 1(di)sila4 MVN 13, 568 7.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] libir[old]unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) udu niga [2(di) ma2 gal]niga libir-[am3] ASJ 17, 326 2 11.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] sag[quality]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 AnOr
01, 025 i 2; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 us2 AnOr 01, 025 i
28; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10AnOr 01, 025 i 8. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 us2 ASJ 19, 205 17
1; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 Hirose 093 1; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 us2 Hirose
093 2.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] sag[quality] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal nigasag10 imaki ASJ 07, 123 18
3; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 imaki CST 204
4; 1(di)ma2 gal niga sag10 imaki2 OIP 121, 006
4; [1(di)] ma2 gal niga sag10 imakiOIP 121, 040
2; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 imaki2 SmithCS 38 15
6; 1(di) ma2 galniga sag10 imaki2? UCP 9-2-1, 079 2. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal nigasag10 imaki Hirose 162
2; 1(di) ma2 gal niga sag10 imaki Hirose 176 2.
~ gal[big] niga[fattened] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal niga imaki2 ASJ 09, 253 33
9; 2(di) ma2 gal niga imaki AUCT 1, 093
1; 5(di) ma2 gal nigaimaki Babyloniaca 7, 74 02 8. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 5(di) ma2 gal niga imakiMVN 15, 341
13; 2(di) ma2 gal niga imaki Ontario 1, 076
2; 1(di) ma2 gal nigaimaki 1(di) sila4 SANTAG 7, 133
1; 1(di) ma2 gal niga imaki 1(di) sila4SANTAG 7, 133 3.
~ gal[big] nita[male]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal nita MVN 13, 078 1.
~ gal[big] sag[quality]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal sag10 JCS 23, 113 21
1; 1(di)ma2 gal sag10 Tavolette 344 1.
~ gal[big] sag[quality] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 7(di) ma2 gal sag10* niga* CST
192 6.
~ gal[big] su[red]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(u) 5(di) ma2 gal si4 NYPL 015
5; 3(u) [...] ma2 galsu4 OIP 115, 305 2; 1(u) 3(di) ma2 gal si4-a PDT 2, 1125 1.
~ gal[big] su[red] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(u) ma2 gal si4 imaki2 TCL 2,
5545 1; 3(u) 1(di) ma2 gal si4! imaki Trouvaille 52 4.

~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(u) 8(di) ma2 gal imaki Akkadica 07,
pl. 1 1 2; 1(di) ma2 gal imaki Akkadica 25, 8 1
4; 4(u) ud5 imaki 3(u) ma2 gal imakiAkkadica 25, 8 1 6. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 1(ge2) 4(u) ma2 gal* imaki OrSP 47-49, 081 2.ELA/Ur
III/unclear 2(u) 7(di) ma2 gal imaki AUCT 1, 486 3. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem1(di) ma2 gal imaki Hirose 160
3; 1(ge2) 2(u) 9(di) ma2 gal imaki Ontario 1, 078
6; 2(ge2) 2(u) 1(di) ma2 gal imaki Ontario 1, 110 7.
~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep] gud[ox]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem U+LAGAB 1(di) ma2 gal imaki[gu4-e] us2-[sa] CT 32, 32 BM
103408 r i 25.
~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep] gunu[speckled]unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 6(di) ma2 gal imakigun3-a SAT 2, 1084 1.
~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep] edu[breeder]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 7(di) ma2 gal imaki ge-du3PDT 1, 084 3.
~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal imaki niga ArOr 25, 558 06
4; 2(di) ma2 gal imaki niga AUCT 2, 099
5; 1(di) ma2 gal imakiniga AUCT 3, 103 1. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 4(di) ma2 gal imaki niga Hirose 213
2;3(di) ma2 gal imaki niga MVN 15, 305
1; 1(di) ma2 gal imaki niga Princeton 1, 090 1.
~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep] niga[fattened] gud[ox]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal imakiniga gu4-e us2-sa CT 32, 32 BM 103408 o i 23.
~ gal[big] imaki[~sheep] niga[fattened] sag[quality]ELA/Ur
III/Drehem [x] ma2 gal imakiniga sag10 us2 MVN 10, 171
13; U+LAGAB 2(di) ma2 gal imaki niga sag10 us2MVN 10, 171
11; 1(di) ma2 gal imaki niga sag10 us2 PDT 2, 1264 2.
~ gal[big] ugid[~animal]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(u) udu 2(di) ma2 gal AUCT 1, 051
5; 5(di)ma2 gal u-gid2 AUCT 1, 191 1; 1(di) ma2 gal AUCT 2, 217 3. ELA/Ur
III/Girsu2(di) ma2 gal u-gid2 GAN AUCT 2, 160 1. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 2(di) ma2 gal ASJ 19, 206 21
2; 1(u) 6(di) udu 2(u) 4(di) ma2 gal MVN 15, 244 2; 4(u) 3(di) ma2 galMVN
15, 263 2.
~ gal[big] u[ewe]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(di) ma2 gal u8 PDT 1, 506 2.
~ gal[big] urmah[lion]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gal ur-mah-e igi lugal-e3 ib2dab5TAD 44 7.
~ gid[long]ELA/Ur III/Drehem ma2 u-gid2-gid2 AnOr 07, 039 ii 2; si4-zi-geen6 ma2 u-gid2-gid2 AUCT 1, 054 5; 2(di) udu si4?-zi-ge-en ma2 u-gid2gid2 AUCT 1, 265 1.ELA/Ur III/Girsu ma2 u-gid2-gid2 ITT 2, 00998 3. ELA/Ur
III/Umma ma2 u-gid2-gid2-da-e3 UTI 3, 1614 3; ma2 u-gid2-gid2 Ontario 2, 610
2; 1(barig) 2(ban2) nindagerum ma2 u-gid2-gid2 Ontario 2, 640 10. ELA/Early Old
Babylonian/unknown PI-u2-tumma2 u-gid2-gid2 BIN 10, 118 2. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) sila4 kiib3 dsuen-ba-nima2 u-gid2-gid2 MVN 15, 241
7. unknown/Ur III/Umma ma2 u-gid2-gid2-da se-ge4-de3 Princeton 1, 149 3.
~ giggi[black]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gigi2 OB Nippur Ura 3 150. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem1(di) ma2 ge6 siskur2 edin-e3 MVN 15, 146 r i 21; 2(di) ma2 ge6 ara2 1(di)-kamTCL 2, 5532 14.
~ gub[~sheep]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 gub OB Nippur Ura 3 141.

~ gud[ox]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 gu4-e us2-sa SET 073 o i 10. ELA/Ur
III/Girsu [x]ku udu ma2 ITT 5, 10010 o i 8; ma2 gu4 SET 310 o ii 35. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 1(di)ma2 gu4 kam OrSP 47-49, 243
3; 1(di) udu niga 3(di) udu u2 1(di) ma2 SAKF 097 1. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 2(di) ma2 gu4-e us2-sa MVN 20, 025 2; 5(di) ma2 gu4lugal-e2-xmah-e SANTAG 6, 378 1; 3(di) ma2 gu4 i7-pa-e3 SANTAG 6, 378 2.
~ gunu[speckled]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(di) ma2 gun3-a AUCT 1, 072
6; 1(di) ma2 gun3-aAUCT 1, 204 3; 1(di) ma2 gun3-a AUCT 1, 318
1. unknown/Ur III/Drehem 2(di) ma2gun3-a MVN 15, 325 3; 1(di) ma2 gun3a MVN 15, 341 4; 1(di) ma2 gun3-aOntario 1, 019 1; 1(di) ma2 gun3-a ur-denlil2-la2 Princeton 1, 045 7; 1(di) ma2gun3-a Princeton 1, 105 1.
~ edu[breeder]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 5(di) ma2 ge-du3 1(di) udu ba-u2 giri3 ka5-amuAUCT 2, 313 6; 6(di) sila4 diri 1(u) 2(di) udu 8(di) ma2 ge-du3 AUCT 2,
313 7;4(di) ma2 ge-du3 nibruki-ta giri3 ur-gar BIN 03, 602 14. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 2(u)8(di) ma2 ge-du3 SAT 3, 1927 5.
~ edu[breeder] gunu[speckled]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 ge-du3 gun3-a Nik 2,
465 1.
~ igidu[gift]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 igi-duh-a OB Nippur Ura 3 140.
~ kigia[~animal]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 ki2-gi4-a OB Nippur Ura 3 152.
~ kur[mountain]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 kur-ra OB Nippur Ura 3 144. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Girsu 1(a@c) ma2 kur CT 50, 125
3; 1(a@c) ma2 kur niga 1(a@c) sila4ITT 2, 03108
5; 1(a@c) udu kur 1(a@c) ma2 kur MVN 03, 075 1. ELA/Ur
III/Girsu6(ge2) 5(u) udu 6(ge2) ma2 kur MVN 06, 546 o i 8'.
~ lipi[innards]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 lipi OB Nippur Ura 3 142.
~ lugud[short]ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(di) ma2 lugud2-da CT 09, 29 BM 020011
15; 1(di) ud55(di) ma2 lugud2-da CT 09, 29 BM 020011
3; U+LAGAB 6(di) ma2 lugud2 1(u)2(di) munusa2-gar3 a3-du10 CT 09, 29 BM
020011 24.
~ mah[great]ELA/Ur III/Umma 1(di) ma2 a-mah-ba TCL 5, 6053 r ii 19.
~ ma[goat]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 OB Nippur Ura 3 133. LEX/1st
millennium/unknownma2 ED Animal List B 39. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem U+LAGAB 1(u) 4(di) ma2 Princeton 2, 378 6. ELA/Ur
III/Girsu 1(u) 6(di) ma2 HLC 283 (pl. 050) 5; 2(di) ma-a ma-a ITT 2, 00720 r iv
8; 2(di) ma-a ma-a ITT 2, 00878 o ii 3; 1(di) ma-a ma-a ITT 2, 00878 o ii
21; 7(di) ma-a ma-a ITT 2, 00878 o iii 25; ma-a ma-a ITT 2, 00897 r v
11. ELA/Ur III/Nippur ki u4-bi-ta ma2 ma2 i3-na-a-ga2-ga2 NRVN 1, 002 9; ma2bi ma2 MUNUS[...] TMH NF 1-2, 030 2. ELA/Ur III/Umma 1(u) 2(di) ma2 AAS
049 1; 1(ge2) 5(u)7(di) ma2 AnOr 07, 264 o iii 7; 3(u) 5(di) ma2 BIN 05, 062
2. unknown/Ur III/Drehem1(u) 4(di) ma2 Aleppo 420 1. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 1(di) ma2 ma2 gidri SNAT 409 r ii 3; 5(u) 8(di) ma2 UTI 3, 1983 1.
~ mada[gazelle]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(u) ma2 ma-da3 RA 10, 209 BM 103434
11; 2(u) ma2ma-da3 RA 10, 209 BM 103434 21; 2(u) ma2 ma-da3 RA 10, 209 BM
103434 14.
~ min[two]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 min OB Nippur Ura 3 147.
~ niga[fattened]ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu ma2 niga CT 50, 171
1; 1(a@c) ma2 niga tur ITT 2, 04396
4; 7(a@c) udu niga 1(a@c) ma2 niga ITT 2, 04499 3. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem [x]ma2 niga 3(di)-kam us2 Amorites 21 (pl.10)
1; 1(di) ma2 niga AUCT 1, 267 6; 1(di)ma2 niga AUCT 1, 467 2. ELA/Ur

III/Girsu 3(ge2) ma2 niga Babyloniaca 8, HG 09

5;5(di) udu niga 1(di) ma2 niga DAS 273 1; 1(di) ma2 nig2-gu7-a ensi2 HLC
223 (pl. 004) 4. ELA/Ur III/Nippur [x] ma2 niga NATN 880 o i 7. ELA/Ur III/Umm alAqaribELA/Ur III/Umma 1(ge2) ma2 niga BIN 05, 004 o i 11; 3(di) ma2 niga BIN
05, 031 7;1(di) ma2 niga BIN 05, 037 1. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem [x] ma2 niga MVN 18, 628 2;[x] ma2 niga MVN 18, 628
6; 1(u) 5(di) ma2 niga NABU 1994:28 4. unknown/Ur
III/Girsu 2(di)? ma2 niga lu2-kal-la MVN 17, 134 3; ma2 niga ur-dba-ba6 MVN
17, 134 6; 1(di) udu niga 1(di) ma2 niga SNAT 032 1; 1(di) ma2 niga SAT 1,
198 3;2(di) ma2 niga dbalag-an-da-gal-di u3 dbalag-iib-an-ku3-ta SAT 1, 198
6; 1(di)ma2 niga SAT 1, 198 1; 1(di) ma2 niga SAT 1, 198 3. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 1(di)ma2 niga x udu u2 SNAT 409 o i
18; U+LAGAB 1(di) ma2 niga SNAT 409 r ii 11; [x]ma2 niga TCNU 529 o i 8.
~ niga[fattened] sag[quality]ELA/Ur III/Drehem [...] ma2 niga sag10 us2 PDT 1, 549 o ii
16.unknown/Ur III/Umma 2(di) [ma2?] niga sag10 us2 UTI 6, 3782 9.
~ nim[early]LEX/1st millennium/unknown ma2 nim ED Animal List B 40. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem6(di) ma2 nim SAT 2, 0464 5.
~ nita[male]ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 5(a@c) ma2 nita2 MVN 03, 051 3. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Umma 4(a@c) ma2 nita MAD 4, 027 4; 7(a@c) ma2 nita MAD 4, 040
6;7(a@c) ma2 nita MAD 4, 058 2. ELA/Old
Akkadian/unknown 1(u) 3(di) ma2 nita MAD 4, 146 4. ELA/Lagash
II/Nippur 1(di) ma2 nita AOAT 025, p. 82, 11 6. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem1(ge2) [ma2] nita2 AnOr 07, 156 12; 2(u) 8(di) ma2 nita2 AnOr 07, 156
2; 1(u)1(di) ma2 nita2 AnOr 07, 156 7. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(u) 6(di) ma2 nita2 CT
10, 50 BM 023850 10; 4(a@c) ma2 nita2 DAS 050 o i
2; 5(a@c) ma2 nita2 sag ud5-e3 DAS 050 o i 3. ELA/Ur
III/Nippur 4(di) ud5 [...] 5(di) ma2 nita2 BE 03/1, 077 8; 6(di) ma2nita2 BE 03/1,
079 15; 2(di) ma2 nita2 BE 03/1, 081 6; 2(u) ma2 nita2 NATN 091
4;2(u) ma2 nita NRVN 1, 283 5; 1(di) ud5 1(di) ma2 nita2 TMH NF 1-2, 266
6; 1(di)ma2 nita2 TMH NF 1-2, 266 2. ELA/Ur III/Susa 3(di) ma2 nita2 MDP 23,
164 301 4;1(u) ma2 nita2 MDP 23, 164 304 10. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 1(ge2) 7(di) ma2 nita2 AUCT 2, 391 o ii
8; 4(ge2) 3(u) ma2 nita2 AUCT 2, 391 o i 3; 7(di) ma2 nita2 BCT 2, 002 5. ELA/Ur
III/Ur 1(di) ud5 2(di) ma2 nita2 UET 3, 0160 5; 1(di) ma2 nita2 2(di) [...]UET
3, 0221 3; [...] 1(di) ma2 nita2 UET 3, 1197 5; 1(di) ma2 nita2 UET 3, 1231 1;
[...] 2(di) ma2 nita2 4(di) ma2 gub UET 3, 1259 4. ELA/Ur
III/unclear 8(di) ma2nita2 MDP 18, 079 4; [...] 3(u) 5(di) ma2 nita2 Oshima 1 o i
12; [x] x ga [...] 2(u) 4(di)ma2 nita2 Oshima 1 o i 14. ELA/Early Old
Babylonian/unknown 1(u) 5(di) ku ma2 ma2nita2 BIN 09, 127 4. unknown/ED
IIIb/unknown 3(a@c) ma2 nita BIN 08, 022 o i 2.unknown/Old
Akkadian/unknown 1(u) ma2 nita Bridges p. 465 4. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(u)6(di) ma2 nita2 Aleppo 359 5; 2(u) 1(di) ma2 nita Ontario 1, 058
6; 1(ge2) 8(di)ma2 nita2 AAICAB 1/1, pl. 057, 1924-0473
6; 1(u) ma2 nita2 Akkadica 114-115, 095 04 2; [...] ma2 nita2 Akkadica 114-115, 101
30 7'. unknown/Ur III/Girsu [x] 5(di) ma2 nita2MVN 17, 078
3; 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 nita2 sag ud5 u-tab MVN 17, 078
6; 1(u) ma2nita2 sag munusa2-gar3 u-tab MVN 17, 078 7. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 4(di) ma2 nita2Hirose 397 2; 1(di) ma2 nita2 MVN 16, 0733
10; 2(di) ma2 nita2 MVN 16, 0733 4.unknown/Ur
III/Ur 1(u) 9(di) ma2 nita2 2(ge2) 2(u) 1(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163

16;2(ge2) 2(u) 7(di) ma2 nita2 2(ge2) 1(u) 8(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163
2; 5(u) 3(di)ma2 nita2 1(ge2) 3(u) 2(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163
9; 1(ge2) 3(u) 3(di) ma2 nita21(ge2) 2(u) 1(di) ma2 gub SAT 2, 0163
16; U+NIGIN 5(ge2) 1(u) 9(di) ma2 nita26(ge2) 3(u) 2(di) ma2 gub SAT 2,
0163 23.
~ nita[male] gal[big]unknown/Ur III/Ur 7(di) ma2 nita2 gal SAT 2, 0163
3; U+LAGAB 7(di)ma2 nita2 gal SAT 2, 0163 5.
~ nita[male] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Susa 1(di) u8 9(di) ma2 nita2 MDP 23, 164 304
1.ELA/Ur III/Ur 3(di) ma2 nita2 niga UET 3, 0116 2.
~ nita[male] adug[~goat]ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(u) 2(a@c) ma2 nita2 a3du10 RTC 132 3. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma 2(a@c) ma2 nita a3-du10 MAD 4, 019
8; 5(a@c) ma2nita a3-du10 MAD 4, 030 3; 4(a@c) ma2 nita a3-du10 MAD 4,
044 6. ELA/Ur III/Girsu [x] 2(u) 5(di) ma2 nita2 a3-du10 BAOM 2, 33 81
6; U+LAGAB 3(u) 3(di)ma2 nita2 a3-du10 CT 09, 29 BM 020011
25; 1(u) 2(di) ma2 nita2 a3-du10 CT 09, 29 BM 020011 7; 8(di) ma2 nita2 a3du10 DAS 279 5; 1(u) 3(di) ma2 nita2 a3-du10 MVN 13, 426 3; [x] ma2 nita2 a3[du10] MVN 13, 426 6; 8(di) ma2 nita2 a3-du10 TLB 3, 086 6. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 3(u) ma2 nita2 a3-du10 SET 130 o v 15.unknown/Ur
III/Girsu 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 nita2 a3-du10 MVN 17, 078
3; 1(u) 5(di) ma2nita2 a3-du10 MVN 17, 078 5.
~ nita[male] ugid[~animal]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 nita2 u-gid2 MVN 05, 117
2;3(di) ma2 nita2 OIP 115, 272 2; 3(di) ma2 nita2 OIP 121, 074
4; 9(di) ma2 nitaRA 08, 193 15 5; 1(u) 8(di) ma2 nita Trouvaille 73 12.
~ nua[~animal]ELA/Ur III/Drehem [x] x ma2 nu2-a AUCT 1, 488
2; [U+LAGAB x x] nigama2 nu2-a AUCT 1, 488 10; mu us2? ma2 nu2-a 1(di)a-e3 PDT 1, 457 6; [...] ma2nu-a 7(di) ma2 SET 105 o i 15.
~ sag[good]ELA/Ur III/Umma 1(di) ma2 he2-sa6-ge AnOr 01, 169 1. unknown/Ur
III/Umma[...] x ma2 ba-sag10 MVN 18, 528 3.
~ sag[quality]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 sag10 JCS 23, 113 21 2.
~ sa[head]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 sa OB Nippur Ura 3 135. ELA/ED
IIIb/Ur2(a@c) ma2 UET 2 supp 13 o i 1. ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma ma2 sagba ba-an-il2-e2MAD 4, 156 9. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(di) sila4 1(di) ma2 sag sila4 PDT 1, 614 3;
[U+LAGAB ...] 6(di) ma2 SET 103 o ii 34; 1(di) ma2 sag TLB 3, 117 4. ELA/Ur
III/Girsu 2(di) ma2 sag Amherst 062 5; 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 sag ASJ 08, 203 BM
013082 6; 6(di) ma2 sag ASJ 08, 203 BM 013083 5. ELA/Ur
III/Nippur 3(ge2) ma2sag BE 03/1, 082 4; [...] 4(di) ma2 sag x NATN 628 o i
10; 2(di) ma2 sag [x?]NATN 628 o ii 11; 3(di) ma2 sag NATN 628 r i
5; 1(a) e gur ma2 sag? 1(barig)4(ban2)!-ta ZA 25, 209 2 1. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 3(u) 6(di) udu 2(u) 8(di) ma2 Gratz AJS 3 Mes 3 o i
16; [U+LAGAB ...] 4(ge2) 5(u) 6(di) ma2 YOS 04, 207 o i 8. ELA/Ur
III/unclear 1(u) 2(di) ma2 sag BCT 2, 293 5. unknown/Ur
III/Girsu 5(di) ma2 sag BM Messenger 275 5; 5(di) ma2 sag BM Messenger 276
6; ma2 sag BM Messenger 277 6.
~ sal[thin]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 u-sal-la MVN 11, 180 o i
13; 1(di) ma2 OIP 115, 159 1; 1(di) ma2 u-sal-la OIP 121, 096 3.
~ sala[bug-ridden]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 za-la2 OB Nippur Ura 3 143.
~ sig[low]LEX/1st millennium/unknown ma2 sig ED Animal List B 41.
~ sila[lamb]ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 8(a@c) adda ma2 sila4 RTC 242 2. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Ur[x] 1(ge2@c)!? 3(u@c) la2 1(a@c) ma2 sila4 UET 2 supp 09 o i

1'. ELA/Ur III/Drehem1(u) 4(di) ma2 sila4 ki za-zi-ta AUCT 1, 355

4; [...] 1(di) ma2 sila4 AUCT 2, 317 o ii 11; 3(u) la2 1(di) ma2 sila4 AUCT 3, 171
1. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(u) 1(di) ma2 TLB 3, 089 o i 2. ELA/Ur
III/Umma [...] x ma2 sila4 TLB 3, 169 o ii 20.
~ su[red]LEX/ED IIIa/unknown 5(di) ma si4 ED Word List C = "Tribute"
37; 5(di) ma si4ED Word List C = "Tribute" 9. LEX/Old
Babylonian/Nippur ma2 su4-a OB Nippur Ura 3 151.ELA/Old
Akkadian/Umma 1(a@c) ma2 nu-u4 MAD 4, 061 2. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(ge2)3(u) 5(di) ma2 su4!(DU6) OIP 115, 351
1; 2(di) ma2 gal 1(di) ma2 si4 TRU 110 4.unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 1(ge2) 2(u) 8(di) ma2 si4 Ontario 1, 058 7.
~ su[red] imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(ge2) 2(u) ma2 si4 imaki TCL 2, 5490
3.unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(ge2) 6(di) ma2 si4 imaki2 Ontario 1, 058 9.
~ adug[~goat]ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma 1(u) ma2 a3-du10 MAD 4, 020
3; 2(a@c) ma2a3-du10 MAD 4, 029 11; 3(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 MAD 4, 029
6. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown 1(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 MAD 4, 028
10; 5(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 MAD 4, 137 1. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 4(u) 3(di) ma2 a3du10 u3-tu-da nam-a3-tam AnOr 07, 156 4; 4(u) ma2 a3-du10 AnOr 07, 156
8. ELA/Ur III/Girsu 1(di) udu lugud2-da 2(di)ud5 1(u) 1(di) ma2 a3-du10 CT
09, 29 BM 020011 11; 5(di) munusa2-gar3 5(di)ma2 a3-du10 CT 09, 29 BM 020011
14; 1(di) ud5 5(di) ma2 a3-du10 CT 09, 29 BM 020011 17. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 3(ge2) 2(u) ma2 a3-du10 AUCT 2, 391 o i 4; 4(di)ma2 a3-du10 BCT 2,
002 6; 4(di) ma2 a3-du10 ki ur-dara2 ga IL2-ta BCT 2, 002 9.ELA/Ur
III/unclear 1(u@c) 6(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 Oshima 1 o ii
10; 4(di) ud5 2(di)ma2 a3-du10 Oshima 1 o ii 12; 5(u@c) la2 2(a@c) ma2!? a3du10 Oshima 1 o iii 13;5(a@c) ma2 a3!?-du10 sag ud5-e3 Oshima 1 o iii
14. unknown/Old Akkadian/unknown1(u) 1(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 MVN 03, 058
4; 8(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 MVN 03, 072 2;8(a@c) ma2 a3-du10 MVN 03, 072
7. unknown/Ur III/Drehem [...] ma2 a3-du10Akkadica 114-115, 101 30 8'. unknown/Ur
III/Girsu [...] ma2 a3-du10 MVN 19, 146 5.unknown/Ur III/Umma 4(di) ma2 a3du10 MVN 16, 0733 5; 1(di) ma2 a3-du10 MVN 16, 0965 19; 3(di) ma2 a3du10 MVN 16, 0965 8; U+LAGAB 4(di) ma2 a3-du10MVN 16, 0965
17; [x] ma2 a3-[du10?] MVN 18, 398 1; 5(di) ma2 a3-du10 SNAT 455
2; 2(di) ma2 a3-du10 SANTAG 6, 167 1.
~ imaki[~sheep]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 9(ge2) ma2 imaki AUCT 1, 047
1; 1(geu) ma2imaki AUCT 1, 341 1; 2(ge2) 1(u) ma2 imaki MVN 13, 650
3.
~ imaki[~sheep] niga[fattened]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 2(di) ma2 imaki niga PDT 2,
0854 2.
~ imaki[~sheep] ugid[~animal]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 3(di) ma2 imaki2 OIP 115, 326
1;1(di) ma2 imaki u-gid2 OIP 121, 156 2.
~ ugid[~animal]ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 ArOr 25, 560 14
3; 1(u) sila4 1(u) 7(di)ma2 ASJ 09, 266 69
1; 3(u) 4(di) udu 2(u) 4(di) ma2 AUCT 1, 327 4. ELA/Ur III/Girsu2(di) ma2 ugid2 Atiqot 4, pl. 03 14 4; 2(di) ma2 u-gid2 MVN 02, 151 3; 1(u)2(di) ma2 ugid2 MVN 02, 151 1; [...] 1(di) ma2 u-gid2 TUT 084 2?. ELA/Ur
III/Nippur 1(di) ma2 u-gid2 NATN 525 1. unknown/Ur
III/Drehem 4(di) u8 4(di) ma2ASJ 11, 327 21
3; 1(u) 6(di) ud5 1(u) la2 1(di) ma2 ASJ 19, 202 07
6; [x] u8 1(u)2(di) ma2 Hirose 051 8. unknown/Ur III/Girsu 2(u) 3(di) ma2 u-

gid2 TCTI 2, 03187 2. unknown/Ur III/Umma [...] 5(di) ma2 u-gid2 AAICAB 1/1, pl.
068, 1924-1293 1.
~ tur[small]ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 1(u) 1(di) ma2 tur ITT 1, 01104
3; 1(u) 1(di) ma2 turITT 1, 01104 6. ELA/Ur III/Drehem 1(di) ma2 ab-da-tur BIN
03, 505 1; 3(di) udu2(di) ma2 MVN 13, 112 1; 1(di) ma2 tu-da-ri nubanda3 OIP 115, 190 9. ELA/Ur III/Nippur 4(di) amar-sag niga ma2 tur MVN 02,
024 3. unknown/Old Akkadian/Adabma2 ba-tu OIP 014, 120 2. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 1(ge2) 7(di) ma2 i3-tu-da SNAT 272 11.
~ udu[sheep]ELA/ED IIIb/Nippur 2(a@c) ma2 OSP 1, 106 o i 1. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Girsu [x]2(di) ma2 CT 50, 169 o i 17; 4(u@c) ma2 CT 50, 169 r i
3. ELA/Old Akkadian/unknown4(a@c) ma2 WO 13, 09 2. ELA/Ur
III/Drehem 1(ge2) ma2 AUCT 1, 405 9; 6(di)ma2 AUCT 2, 158
2; [U+LAGAB] 5(geu) 9(ge2) 4(u) 8(di) ma2 MVN 11, 210 r ii 4. ELA/Ur
III/Girsu 5(ge2) ma2 Amherst 020 o ii
2; 1(ge2) la2 1(di) udu 1(ge2) 2(di)ma2 Amherst 020 o ii
6; 1(ge2) 1(di) udu 5(ge2) ma2 Amherst 020 o ii 8. ELA/Ur III/Umm alAqarib ELA/Ur III/Umma 2(di) udu 1(di) ma2 AAS 058 1; 1(di) ma2 AAS 064
2; 6(di) ma2 BIN 05, 024 3. unknown/Ur III/Drehem 1(u) 6(di) ma2 Aleppo 422
1;2(u) 8(di) ma2 udu du-du MVN 15, 268 7; 3(ge2) 2(u) ma2 Princeton 1, 089
2.unknown/Ur III/Girsu 7(di) ma2 MVN 19, 102 2; 1(di) ma2 SAT 1, 214
4; 1(ge2)ma2 udu TCTI 2, 04274 1. unknown/Ur
III/Umma 5(ge2) 5(di) ma2 MVN 16, 0660 3;2(u) 5(di) ma2 MVN 16, 0660
6; U+LAGAB 5(di) udu 7(di) ma2 MVN 16, 0726 5.
~ uzud[goat]ELA/Old Akkadian/Girsu 5(a@c) ma2 CT 50, 169 r i 11. ELA/Old
Akkadian/Umma3(a@c) udu nita 1(a@c) ma2 ud5-da MAD 4, 040 8. ELA/Ur
III/Umma 1(u) ma2 ud5*ga-za-PI OrSP 47-49, 348 8; 8(di) ma2 ud5* ga-za-PI OrSP
47-49, 348 10. unknown/Ur III/Umma 1(ge2) 3(u) 3(di)? ma2 ud5 x DoCu 265
10; 1(u) ma2 ud5 ga za-PI ViOr 8/1, 081 1.
~ zid[right]ELA/Old Akkadian/Umma ma2 zi-da MAD 4, 147 6; ma2 zi-da MAD 4, 156
2.ELA/Ur III/Umma ma2 zi-da dub-la2-dutu gub-ba AUCT 3, 477 2; ma2 zi-da e2duru5Tavolette 050 4.
~ zu[tooth]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 zu2 OB Nippur Ura 3 136.
~ zu[tooth] rah[beat]LEX/Old Babylonian/Nippur ma2 zu2 ra-ah OB Nippur Ura 3 137.
See: adkin ma; adkin ma u; adkin ma ga; adkin ma kur; agar ma; gud ma; gud udu ma;
ku ma; ma ma; ma ma gal niga imaki; siki ma; sila ma; sila ma gal imaki; sila
ma edu; sul ma; sul ma u; sul ma ga; sul ma kur; u aslum ma; u ma; u ma nua; udu
aslum ma; udu ma; udu ma dug; udu ma gal; udu ma giggi; udu ma mada; udu ma
niga; udu ma nua; udu ma sila; udu ma ugid; udu uzud ma; uzud ma; uzud ma
gaba; uzud ma nua; uzud ma nua niga; uzud ma ugid; uzud sila ma sila.
2. extispicy (1x/0%)
~unknown/Old Babylonian/unknown [[ma]] = = = [bi]-rum MSL 09, 124-137 iv 245.
3. sacrificial animal for omens
Akk. bru "bull calf"; uru "male goat".
[2002] R. Englund, CDLJ 2002:1 s6a.

[1995] P. Steinkeller, BiOr 52 704.

[1992] M. Sigrist, Drehem 27.
See ETCSL: ma2=(kid) goat.
The name for goat in Sumerian derived from the name of skin in Akkadian. The operation
was very simple.
ku [SKIN] (3818x: ED IIIb, Old Akkadian, Lagash II, Ur III, Early Old Babylonian, Old
Babylonian) wr. ku "skin; leather; body; person" Akk. maku; zumru
[1]

ku

Sumerian ku = su are derivatives of Akkadian [[ku]] = [ku-u] = SU = ma-a-kum

The Semitic scribe also used the Semitic phrase goat skin (or skin of the goat) to create an
adjacent word to the previously known Sumerian word ku < ma-a-kum = [skin] > ma-a- =
ma [goat]
The reason why the name for skin was one of the oldest cognates in Sumerian is that primitive
humans used dyes to write certain symbols on animal skin. That is how the forged language
was initially born.