Analisi G Lykeioy Askiseis Mporis PDF

O
2109712610
Copyright 2010

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MATHEMATICA . GR

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mathematica.gr

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:
forum mathematica.gr
1 . .
. G Aligniac
A problem book in mathematical analysis . G N Berman
M .. L Brand
Exercise d Analyse . B Calvo
. S Denidovich
o . Quantum
1000 .
. M Klamkin
L epreuve de mathematiques au baccalaureat . P Louquet

Terminal D . Lycee 83

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mathematica.gr
A . -
M .
. M Spivac
. . ()
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.Vasilief A Gegorof

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( ) ,
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2010
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mathematica.gr
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(1)
13
(2)
14
(3) -
16
(4) MONOTONIA
18
(5)
21
(6) 1-1 .
23
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26
(8)
28
(9)
31
. -
(1) 0/0 , A/0
51
(2)
52
(3)
53
(4)
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56
(6) O
58
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64
(9) BOLZANO
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72
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79
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84
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93
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98
(5) ROLLE , ..
108
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119
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130
(8) AKOTATA
137
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142
(10)
147
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157
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167
(13) DE L HOSPITAL
173
(14)
179
(15)
181
.
(1) AO
187
(2)
191
(3) ..
196
(4) EY
201
(5)
210
(6)
216
(7) A
224
(8)
234
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240
(10) - H
243
(11) EMBAA
245
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250
mathematica.gr
257
274
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10
A.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) MONOTONIA
(5)
(6) 1-1 .
(7)
(8)
(9)
mathematica.gr
11
mathematica.gr
12
1

f
(
)
1
2x 7 x 2 + 7 x 2
11.
f ( x) =
12.
f (x ) =
13.
f (x ) =
14.
f (x ) =
15.
f (x ) =
16.
f (x ) = x 2 + x
17.
f (x ) =
18.
f (x ) = x 4 (x + 3)
19.
f (x ) = x 4 (x 3)
110. f ( x ) =
1 3x
x 2 + 5x
1 3x
x 2 + 5x
2x
x 1 2
3
x 16
2
x2 1
x3 5
x4
2x 3 x
111. f ( x ) = 9 x 2
112. f (x ) =
mathematica.gr
1
x x
13
113. f ( x ) = x 5 x 4
114. f ( x ) = 2 x
115. f ( x ) = ln ( ln ( x ) )
11.
12.
13
f ( x ) = xx
f ( x ) = (ln x )
1
x
f( x)=
mx 2mx + 3
2
2

f
.
21.
f (x ) = 3 x 2
x 2 3x + 2
22.
f (x ) =
23.
f (x ) = x +
24.
f (x ) =
mathematica.gr
x2 1
4
x
3x
x +1
2
14
4x2 1
25.
f (x ) =
26.
x 2 ,1 x < 2
f (x ) =
2 + x ,2 x < 4
27.
f (x ) =
28.
f (x ) =
29.
f (x ) = 1 + x 3
210. f ( x ) =
211. f ( x ) =
x2 + 1
3x
,0 x 3
x+1
x
1 + x + x2
x
1+ x
x2
1 x 3
212. f ( x ) =
1
, 2x5
x 1
2
213. f ( x ) = 2x 2 + x 3 , 1 x 9
x2 ,x 0
214. f ( x ) =
x 1 , x < 0

f

.
( .)
x 2 + 2x
21.
f (x ) =
22.
f (x ) = 4 x 3
mathematica.gr
x 3 3x + 2
15
e x + ex
2
23.
f (x ) =
24.
f (x ) =
25.
f (x ) =
26.
f ( x ) = ln
2B7.
f( x)=
2B8.
f ( x ) = ( 2 + 3 )x + ( 2 3 )x
2B9.
1
x 2x 3
2
x2 + 2x + 1
x 2 + 2x +
, >1
2 | x |
2+ | x |
4e|x| 1
e|x| + 1
R f
f (x ) =
x 2 x + 1
x2 + x +1
[-2,2].
3

( )
31.
f ( x ) = x 2 2x + 1,g( x ) =| x | 1
32.
f ( x ) = ln(
33
f ( x ) = ( 1 + 2 )x ( 2 1 ) x ,g( x ) = 0
1
),g( x ) = 2ln( x )
x2
gf fog :
34.
f(x)= |x| , g(x)=-3x+6
35.
f(x)=x2-2 , g(x)= |x|
3A6.
f(x)=x ,g(x)=
mathematica.gr
1 x2
16
f
:
37.
f(x)=(x2)
38.
f(x)=
39.
f(x)=g(xg2(2-x))
2 x + 1
310. f:RR : f(x)=x+ g(x):RR : g(x)=x+.

, , , fog=gof.
311. f : f(x)=2x2+x+1. g:
g(x)=x+ : (x)=x2+8 f=og.
B
31.
f : R R,g : R R
x, y : x y f ( x ) g( x ) + f ( y ) g( y ) = 0
f=g
32.
f : R R,g : R R
f ( x ) > 0,g( x ) > 0,x, y : x y f ( x ). f ( y ) = g( x ).g( y )

f=g
33.
f : R R : f ( x y ) = f ( 2x + 3 y ) f
gof fog f, g :
34.
f (x ) =
35.
f ( x ) = 2 2 x , g ( x ) = 3 x 2
mathematica.gr
1
x2
, g (x ) =
1
x 3
17
36.
2 x + 3 ,1 x
x + 1 ,x 0
f (x ) =
, g ( x ) = x 2 ,0 x < 1
2 x 1 , x < 0
x + 1 ,x < 0
37.
f (x ) =
38.
x +x
2
x ,x < 0
, g (x ) = 2
x , x 0
f : f(x)=|x|. g : fog=g
g R+.

31.
f: f ( x ) =
x
f1 = f, f2 =f1 o f, ...,
1+ x
f+1 = f o f N*. f
x .
4 MONOTONIA

.
( )
4A1.
f : f(x)=x2+4 R+
4A2.
f : f(x)=2x2-6x [-2,1]
4A3.
f : f ( x) =
4A4.
f : f ( x) =
mathematica.gr
2
R*
x
x2
R+
1 x
18
4A5.
f: f ( x) = x +
4
. f
x
(0,2] [2,+).
( )
4A6.
f : [-3,3] R f [1,3]
f(-x)=f(x) x [-3,3].
f [-3,-1].
4A7.
f R f(x)0 xR. g:
g( x ) =
1
x R. g
f (x )
:
) f(x)>0 x R.
) f(x)<0 x R.
4A8.
f: A B g:B .
) f, g
gof A
) f, g
gof A
( )
4B1.
f : f ( x ) = x + 1 + x 2 . f(x)>0
xR f.
4B2.
f(x)= x 2 x 1 + x + 2 x 1 .
mathematica.gr
19
4B3.
f
.
( )
4B4.
A : A(7,5) B(1,4)
f, :
f(3+f(2x-1))<5 f
4B5.
f :
g(x)=f(x)-x g
:
f(x2+x) - f(x+1)= x2 1
4B6.
f f(x)0 xR. g:
g( x ) =
f (x )
. 0 g(x) f(x).
1 + f 2 (x )
f(x)<1 g f(x)>1 g
x0 : f(x0)=1 g
.
47.
( f ( x ) x ) + x 2 f ( x ) = 3x 3 ,x R f
3
R
48.
f : ( 0, + ) R
f( x)

x
f ( x + y ) f ( x ) + f ( y ),x, y > 0
f( x)
f ( 3x + 4 y ) 3 f ( x ) + 4 f ( y )
x

49.
x ln x = e
410. 3 x + 4 x = 7
411. a x + b x = 2( a + b )x , a > 0,b > 0
mathematica.gr
20
412. f ( x + a ) = f ( a ) + 2x f R
4B13. f ( x + f ( 1 )) = 1 x f R
5

51.
f:RR g:R R
) f, g
f g .
) f
g .
52.
f:RR g:RR. gof.

. f
.
53.
f:R R, g:R R. gof

. f .
54.
f,g .
f+g :
) f,g ) f,g ) f g
55.
f : R R f(x)= -x.
) g :RR fog=gof g;
) h :R R hof=f h;
) :RR of= ;
5A6.
f: f(x)=x2+x+, 0. , , f
.
5A7.
f : f(x)=x3+x2+x+, 0. , , ,
f .
mathematica.gr
21
5A8.
f : R R g: g( x ) =
f ( x ) + f ( x )
. g
2
.
5A9.
f: (-,) R .
g h g+h=f.
f
:
(
. .
)
5A10. f ( x ) = 4 2x
5A11. f ( x ) = 2 x
5A12. f ( x ) = x + x
B
51.
, R f
f ( x ) = x + a + x + b .
5B2.
f 2 f(x)=x-1 x
[0,2], f .
5B3.
f f(x)=(x2)
.
5B4.
f,g 1 2
,
/. kf ( x ) + mg( x )
mathematica.gr
22

5B5.
, x Q
0
f: f ( x ) =
f ,
1 , x R Q
.
( .
Dirichlet .)
5B6.
f : R R .

x = 2a .

( 2a,2b )
6 1-1 .

f -1 :
x
2+ x
61.
f(x)=
62.
f(x)=3+ x 2 ,
63.
f(x)=
64.
2 x + 1 , x 0
f(x)=
x + 1 , x < 0
x
1+ x
mathematica.gr
23
65.
f(x)= ln( 1 + e x )
66.
f ( x ) = ln
67.
f(x) =
68.
f(x)=
69.
x
1 x
x
4 x2
e x e x
2
f( x)= 4 x3
610. f ( x ) =
e2 x 1
e2 x + 1

611. f : f ( 2 ) + 3 f ( 3 ) = 4,2 f ( 2 ) f ( 3 ) = 1
612. f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x + 5

f -1 :
61.
f: [4,7] R f(x)=
62.
f(x)= 3
x 1
x + x+6
2
1+ x + 3 x 1
1+ x 3 x 1
63.
f 3 ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) = x , x R = f ( R )
64.
f ( x ) = x + x2 + 1

65.
f ( x ) = x 2 ( x 3 8 ) + 11
mathematica.gr
24
66.
f : R R : f 2( x ) f ( x ) f ( 3 x )
67.
f : R R : f 2 ( x ) 12 f ( x 2 ) 36
68.
A : A(3,2) B(5,9)
f, :
: f ( 2 + f 1 ( x 2 8x )) < 2 f
: f ( 2 + f 1 ( x 2 + x )) = 9

61.
f R
) f ( f ( x )) = x , x R f ( x ) = x, x R
) C f ,C f 1
y = x
)
)
(
62.
f : R R
f(x) f(1-x) = f(x+) : ) =0 ) f(1-)=1

63.
f : R R f(x)=x5+x-1
) f .
) f -1(x)=f(x).
64.
f : f(x)= x-x
) x x x R.
( !!)
mathematica.gr
25
) f .
) f -1(x)=f(x).
65.
f : R R (fof)(x)= -x x R.
) f .
) f .
) f 1 f
66.
x ,x 0
f f ( x ) = 1
x , x < 0
)
) f
) f 1-1
) f -1(x)
) f(x)=f -1(x)
) fofo...of ( x ) .

666
(
)
f
, ,
, ,
, .
mathematica.gr
26
71.
6
5
4
$
2
72.
73.
9
5 $
2
74.
f g
.
-1

: f+g , f-g , fg , 2f+3g
75.

f :
) f(x)=| x| -x
) f(x)=
mathematica.gr
x ( 2x + 5 )
x
27
) f(x)=
x 1
1 x
) f(x)=| 2x|
76.
f : R R f(x)=f(-x) x=/2
f.

x=2 1.

f :
77.
f : R R .
78.
f : R R R.
79.
f: R-{-1,1} R f(x)=
a R .
710. f : R R , .
711. f: (-2,2) [-1,1] ,
.
712. f : R R , f -1= f.
81.
V. N

mathematica.gr
28

82.
=2m/sec,
6m 0.
f
.
300
300
83.
. x
.T
t=0 x=0
0. f

, .
K
0
mathematica.gr
29
84.
10m
Ox =2m/sec t=0 0.
f
g
85.
xx
4m/sec. (c) y
= x2. ()
t. ,
. ,
, .
mathematica.gr
30

. ,
, .

91.
f(x)-2f(-x)=x2 x R f.
92.
xf(x)+f(1-x)=x2 x R. N f.
93.
1
f(x)+2xf( )=x4 x R* . f.
x
94.
f(
3+ x
x 1
)+4f(
)=x x R\{-3,1} .
3+ x
x1
f.
95.
f 2(x)f(
1 x
)=64x x R\{-1,0,1}.
1+ x
f.
(
)
96.
f ,
. : f(x+1)-f(x)
. f : f(x+1)-f(x)=x
x R
97.
f(x)=f(2x) x R . T
f(x)=f(2kx) k x R
98.
g g=R g(g(x))=x x R.
h R,
f, 2f(x)+f(g(x))=h(x)
x R.
g(g(x))=x. .
mathematica.gr
31
99.
f : R R f(f(x))=-x x R .
:
. f 1-1.
. f .
910. f 1-1 R
: f(x) f(1-x)=f(ax+b) x R .
:
. a=0
. f(1-b)=1
(
)
911. f(x-y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R .
f.
912. f(x-y)=f(x+y) x,y R f(0)=1 .
f.
913. f(xy)=f(x)-f(y) x, y ( 0, + ) .
f.
914. f ( xy ) =
f(x)
f( y)
x, y ( 0, + ) f(x) 0
f.
915. f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R.
. f(0)=0
. f(-x)=-f(x) x o R
. f(x-y)=f(x)-f(y) x,y R
916. f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R .
. f(nx)=nf(x) n *
1
1
. f ( x)= f(x) n *
n
n
mathematica.gr
32
. f(
m
m
x)= f(x) m,n *
n
n
. f(rx)=rf(x) r Q
( . nf(x/n)=f(x))
917. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R f(x)=0.A x,y
R*.
. f(1)=f(-1)=0
. f
. f(
1
)=-f(x) x R*
x
. f(
x
)=f(x)-f(y) x,y R*
y
918. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R* .
. f(xn)=nf(x) *
. f(xk)=kf(x) k *
. f(xr)=rf(x) r Q*
919. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R*+.
f
R .
( )
920. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R*+
(x-1)f(x)>0 . f
( =/
)
921. f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x,y R
. f f(x)=0 x R
. f f(0)=1
mathematica.gr
33
922. f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x,y R f .

. f(x)>0 x R
. f(-x)f(x)=1 x R
. f(x-y)=
f(x)
x,y R
f( y)
923. f(xy)=f(x)f(y) x,y (0,+)
. f(1)=0 f
. f(a)=0 a>0 f(x)=0 R*+
. f(1) 1 f
924. f(xy)=f(x)f(y) x,y R*+ f
.
1
. f(x)f ( ) = 1 x R*+
x
. f(
x
f(x)
x,y R*+
)=
y
f( y)
. f(x)>0 x R*+
925. f(xy)=f(x)f(y) x,y R*+ f .
. f(xn)=[f(x)]n * x R*+
. f(xk)=[f(x)]k * x R*+
. f(xr)= [f(x)]r r Q* x R*+
. f(x)=1 f 1-1
926. A f ( x + y ) =
f ( x )+ f ( y )
1+ f ( x ) f ( y )
. x0 : f(x0)=1 f
. f(x) 1 x R :
g(x)=
1+ f ( x )
g(x+y)=g(x)g(y) x,y R
1 f ( x )
mathematica.gr
34
927. f , f(0) 0 f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x,y R.
f.
( f(x)>0
)
928. f(x+y)+f(x-y)=f(x)f(y) , f(x)=g(x)+g(-x) x,y R
g(x+y)=g(x)g(y)
929. f ( x ) + x x 2 f ( x + 1 ) x ,x R
f.
930. f ( 0, + )
f(
x
) Anx f ( x ) 1
e
931. f ( x ) f ( y ) x y x, y R . f(x)-x
R .

91.
f R
x R f(f(x))=x2-x+1 . :
. f(1)=1
. x2-xf(x)+1 1-1
( f(x)?)
92.
f R
f(f(x))=x+f(x) x R .
:
. f 1-1
. f(0)=0
. f-1(x)+x=f(x) x R
. f(f(x)-x)=x x R
mathematica.gr
35
93.
f f(f(x)-2)=1+x x
R. :
. f 1-1
. f(x)=y
y
. : f-1(x)=f(x-2)-1 x R
( x f(y-2)-1 )
94.
f R f(f(x))=2x+1
x R .
. f 1-1
. f(2x+1)=2f(x)+1 x R
. f
(
?)
95.
f : R R f(f(x))=x f
. f 1-1
. f R
. : f(x)=x x R
.
i) x 3 + 1 = 2 3 2x 1
ii) (x2+100)2=(x3-100)3
( .
)
96.
f (
x+ f(x)
) = x , x R f
2
f(x)=x x R
( )
mathematica.gr
36
97.
A R : 0 A
f : A A: f ( f ( x )) =
f(x)
. x A
. f(x)f(
1
A
x
1
)=1 x R
x
. f 1-1
. 2 4 f(2)=4,
: f(x)=4
( f )
98.
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R.
f(a)=ka k,a 0 ,
b, f(b)
.
99.
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R.
. f 0 f 1-1
.
. f -1(a+b)=f -1(a)+f -1(b)
a,b R. ( f(R)=R)
( f(x-y))
910. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x R*+ .
. f 1 *.
. f 1 1-1
.
. f 1-1 a,b
f -1(a+b)=f -1(a)f -1(b).
911. f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x,y R .
mathematica.gr
37
. f(nx)=[f(x)]n n x R
. f(kx)=[f(x)]k k x R
. f(rx)= [f(x)]r r Q x R
. f(1)=2 f(x)=2x x.
. f(x)=1 0 f
.
. f 1-1
. f 1-1 f -1(ab)=f -1(a)+f -1(b) a,b
R+*
912. f (
x+ y
f ( x )+ f ( y )
x,y R
)=
2
2
g(x)=f(x)-f(0)
. g(x+y)=g(x)+g(y) x,y R
. f(1)=f(0) f(x)=f(0) x
( g(1)=0 g(x)=0, Jensen)
913. (x+y)f(x+y)=(1+f(x))(1+f(y)) x,y R f
.
f.
914. f(x+y)=f(x)f(a-y)+f(y)f(a-x) x,y R.
f(a)=1 a 0.
. f(0)=0
. f(2a)=0
. f(x+2a)=f(x)f(-a) x R
. f(x+4na)=f(x) x R
(
,,
.)
mathematica.gr
38
915. A f ( x + a ) =
1
+
2
f ( x ) f 2( x )
x R f
.
916. f(x+y)+f(x-y)=2f(x)f(y) x,y R :
. f
.
. f f(0) 0 f
. f(a)=0 a>0 , : f(x+4a)=f(x)
. f
(a,0)
917. f(x2+y2)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R :
. f(0)=0
. f(x2)=f(x) x R
. f(-x)=f(x) x R
. f(x)=0 x R
( 4 f(y2)=f(x2)+f(y2-x2)
3, f(x2)=f(y2) o
3, )
918. f(x+y) y+f(x) x, y R f(5)=1.
f(x)=x-4 x R .
( f(x-y)=-y+f(x))
919. f : R+* R+* 2xf(y) xf(x)+yf(y) x, y ( 0, + )
2y x
x
f( x) f( y)
f ( x ) 2x>y
y
2x y
f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( y ) f ( y )
x>y
y
x y
x
mathematica.gr
39
920. f(x) x f(x+y) f(x)+f(y) x,y R.
f.
( f(0) f )

91.
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R xf(x) 0 x R

f
92.
f
[0,1]. :
f ( x ) f ( y ) x y x, y [ 0,1]
. f ( 0 ) f ( 1 ) = 1
. f(0)=0 f(1)=1 f(0)=1 f(1)=0
. f(x)=x f(x)=1-x
x [ 0,1]
( .
)
93.
f : [a,b] R f(kx+(1-k)y) kf(x)+(1-k)f(y)
,k [0,1]
. x0 [a,b] r [0,1] :
x0=ra+(1-r)b
. f(x0) rf(a)+(1-r)f(b)
. m,n [0,1] : m+n=1 f(mx+ny) mf(x)+nf(y)
x , y [a,b]
. 1,2,3 [0,1] 1+2+3=1 :
f(1x1+2x2+3x3) 1f(x1)+2f(x2)+3f(x3) x1, x2, x3 [a,b]

( +=(/(+))+(/(+)))
mathematica.gr
40
94.
f(x+y)=2xf(y)+2yf(x) x,y R .
. f(0)=0
. f(nx) f(x) n N
. n .
95.
f :
f ( x ) f ( y ) = x y x, y R
96.
f : xf(y)+yf(x)=(x+y)f(x)f(y)
x, y R f(0)=0 f(x)=0 x R
( )
97.
f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R :
f ( x ) ,x [ a,b ]
. f [0,b-a]
. g(x)=f(x)-kx,k=
f (b a )
g(x+y)=g(x)+g(y)
ba
. g(x+T)=g(x) x [a,b] T=b-a

. g(nx)=ng(x) * x R
. g [a,b]
. f.
( f(b-a) .

)
98.
f : R R* , f ( x +
1
)= f(x)
n

. f(x+1)=f(x) x R
. f(n)=f(0) *
. f(k)=f(0)
mathematica.gr
41
n N*, x R .
. f(r)=f(0) r Q
( x)
99.
f(x+f(y))=y+f(x) x,y R.
. f 1-1
. f(0)=0
. f Q
910. f : R*+ R*+ f(xf(y))=yf(x) x, y R*+ .

f 1-1
. f(x)=a >0 a f (
a
) a > 0
f(a)
. f(1)=1
. f-1(x)=f(x)
. f(xy)=f(x)f(y) x,y R*+
. f(
x
f(x)
)=
x,y R*+
f( y)
y
. f(xr)=[f(x)]r x,y R*+ r Q

911. f :
f : ( 0, + ) R
1
f( x)>
, x > 0
2x
1
f ( x ). f ( f ( x ) + ) = 1
x
f
912. f ( xf ( y )) =
f(x)
y
x, y Q+* , f ( x ) Q+*
. f : 1-1
. f(1)=1
mathematica.gr
42
. f(f(x))=
1
x
. f(x.y)=f(x).f(y)
913.
1
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ), f ( 1 ) = 1,x 2 f ( ) = f ( x )x R*
x
. f(x-y)=f(x)-f(y)
. f (
1
1 f ( x )
)=
1 x
( 1 x )2
. f ( 1 +
x R { 0,1}
x
1 2x + f ( x )
)=
1 x
( 1 x )2
x R { 0,1}
. f.
914. f ( x 3 + x ) x ( f ( x )) + f ( x )
3
x
. g( x ) = x 3 + x R.
. f=g-1.
( g )
915.
f : R R , g : R R
f ( g( x ) = x 2 , g( f ( x )) = x 3 , x R
( x=-1,0,1 x2=a?)
916. f : R R
f ( x + y ) = 3x f ( y ) + 2 y f ( x )
( x y)
917. f : R R
f ( x 3 + y 3 ) = x 2 f ( x ) + yf ( y 2 )
( f((x+1)2) )
mathematica.gr
43
918. f ( x + 19 ) 19 + f ( x ), f ( x + 94 ) 94 + f ( x )
f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( n ) , n N n
919. f(x+y)=f(y)f(xf(y)) x,y [0,+ ) ,
f(2)=0 f(x) 0 x [0,2).

. f(x)=0 x [ 2, + )
. f((2-x)f(x))=0 x [0,2)
2
,0 x<2
. f(x)= 2 x
0 ,x2
( (2-x)f(x),
y 2/f(x).)
920. f(x+y)=f(x)f(a-y)+f(y)f(a-x) x,y R
f(0)=
1

2
. f(a)=
1
2
. f(a-x)=f(x) x R
. f(x+a)=f(x) x R
. f
( ,
4.)
921.
f(x)
1 1 x S { 0 }
x
f ( x + f ( y ) + xf ( y )) = y + f ( x ) + yf ( x ) x, y S
S = ( 1, + ) , f : S S ,
. x0 S : f ( x0 ) = x0
. f
mathematica.gr
44
922. f(x-f(y))=f(f(y))+xf(y)+f(x)-1 x,y R
. f ( x ) =
f ( 0 ) + 1 x2
2
2
x f ( R )
. f ( 0 ) 0
. o o
f(R)
. f(0)=1
. f.
( f(0)x+f(f(0))-1
f .
x y1 f(y) y2 y1 , y2 f(R)
)
923 f,
f ( x 2 y 2 ) = xf ( x ) yf ( y ) x, y R , f ( 1 ) = A

91.
f(x+y)+2f(xy)=2+f(x)f(y) x,y Q
f(1)=3. N
. f(0)=1
. f(x+1)=2+f(x)
. f(x+n)=2n+f(x)
. f(x)=2x+1 x Q
92.
f(x+f(y))=f(x)f(y) x,y Q .
. f
f
. f(y-f(y))=1 f(x+1)=f(x)
. f(nf(y))=f(0)[f(y)]n
. f(x)=1 x Q
mathematica.gr
45
93.
f(x2+f(y))=y+f 2(x) x,y

. f()=2, f(x2+k)=f 2(x) , f(f(x))=x+k2
f(0)=k
. f(k2+f 2(1)) k
k=0
. f(f(x))=x , f(x2)=f 2(x)
. f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) ,x>0
. f
. f(x)=x
( f(x2+y)=f(y)+f(x2
f(x-x) x,-x .
.
y=f(x)>x ,w=y-x f(w)=-w.
w<0.To
)
94.
(f(a)+f(b))(f(c)+f(d))=f(ac-bd)+f(ad+bc) a,b,c,d R
. f.
. :f(ab)=f(a)f(b) a,b R
. : f
. : f() [0, +)
. : f(x2+y2) f ( x 2 ) x, y R
. f R+
. f(x-1)+f(x+1)=2[f(x)+1]
x R
. f(n)=n2 n N
.
.
mathematica.gr
46
.
)
f(x)=x2
95.
x R .
f : N N :
( x + y ) f ( x 2 + y 2 ) = xf ( y ) + yf ( x )
( f(x)<f(x2+y2)<f(y) f(x)
f f(y)
)
96.
f : N * N * 1-1
f ( f ( n ))
97.
n+ f (n)
,n N *
2
f : R R
f ( f ( y ) + x )) = y + f ( x )
n > 1
f : R R f ( f ( y ) + x )) = y n + f ( x )
( f(y)=a f(a)=y
. n
)
mathematica.gr
47
mathematica.gr
48
B. -
(1) 0/0 , /0
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) BOLZANO
(10)
mathematica.gr
49
mathematica.gr
50
1 0/0 , A/0

:
11.
x2 1
lim
x 1 x + 1
12.
lim
13.
xm 1
lim n
x 1 x 1
14.
lim n
15.
lim
a+x a
x
x0
m
x 1
3
x 0
16.
lim
17.
lim
( a > 0)
m, n N*
x 1
x 1
m, n N*
1+ x 1
x
x3 x + 1
x2 1
x 1
x 2 5x + 6
x2 4
x +2
5
x2 x 4 x + 4
18.
lim
19.
lim
x3
x 1 x 3x + 2
1A10.. lim
x 1
x 1 ( x 1)
( x 1)
mathematica.gr
51

11.
lim
12.
lim
13.
lim
14.
x 1
x 3 3x + 2
2x 2 x 1
x + 3 3x + 1
3
x 1
x 1
x + 2 2x + 1
x 3 5x 2 + 4x
x 1
x 2 3x + 2 2x 4
lim
x3 6 x2 + 9 x
x3
15.
l im
x 1
x +7 x + 8 + x
x 1
2

21.
1
l im x( )
x 0
x
( 1)
22.
f ( x ) x 3 x 4 lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) .
x 0
lim
x0
23.
f ( x)
x3
f ( x ) + 2 x 2
1
lim f ( x )
x 0
x

21.
4 f 2 ( x ) + 4 f ( x ) x 4 lim f ( x )
mathematica.gr
x 0
52
22.
lim f ( x ) = 2
g ( x)
lim
x 1
f ( x ) g( x ) x 2 1
x 1
lim f ( x ) = 0
23.
f 2 ( x) + g2 ( x)
lim g ( x ) = 0 lim
xa
xa f ( x ) + g ( x )
f ( x ) > 0, g ( x ) > 0
24.
lim ( f 2 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) ) = 0 lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
xa
x a
xa
x a
(
)
25.
lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 < g ( x ) < f ( x )

x0
Aim
x 0
26.
x0
f 3 ( x ) + g 3 ( x ) x
f 2 ( x) + g 2 ( x)
0 < f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) = 0 lim
x +
x +
x2 f 2 ( x ) + 1
x2 f ( x ) + x

21.
A f 3 ( x ) + f ( x ) = x 3 x R :
l im
x
f( x)
f( x)
, lim
3
x
x
x
3

31.
x4 + 3
= + Aim f ( x )
x 1
x 1 f ( x )
lim
mathematica.gr
53
32.
f ( x) 1
x f ( x ) 2
lim
= 1 lim
x2
x2
x2
x2
33.
lim
f ( x) 3 x +7 + 1
f ( x) x
= 1 lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1

31.
32.
xf ( x ) + f (1 + x ) = x
f ( x ) f (1)
lim
x 1
lim f ( x ) =
x 1
x 0
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
x 0
f ( x + y)= f ( x)+ f ( y)
lim{ f ( x ) xg( x )} = 3
33.
x 0
lim{ x 3 f ( x ) + g( x )} = 1
lim f ( x ) f(1)=4
x2
lim{( 1 x ) f ( x ) + 5g( x )}
x 0
x 0

.
41.
ax 2 + x 3
lim
x2
x2
42.
lim
43.
x 2 + 3 ax +
lim f ( x ) : f ( x ) =
x 1
x 1
x+2
x 1
x2 a
( x 2) (
mathematica.gr
x 1
54
x >1
x 1
a x 3 + x +1 2
x 1
x 1
44.
lim
45.
x 2 ax +
lim f ( x ) : f ( x ) =
x 2
x4
ax 2 x + 2
46.
x>4
x4
a x 1 + x 3 + 4
x2
x 2 3x + 2
lim
x2 + a 2 a
41.
lim
42.
x 2 + ax + a 2 3 x 2 ax + a 2
lim
, a >0
x 0
a+x ax
x2 + 2
x0
, , :
( a + 1) x 3 6 x 2 + 3x + 8
= R
43.
lim
44.
ax 2 + x + 4
= R
x 1
x +1
45.
lim
x + 2 + ax + 1
=
x2 4
4
46.
lim
2x + 2 x + ax +
=1
x 1
47.
, lim
x2 1
x 1
lim
x2
x 1
( x x0 ) f ( x )
( x x0 ) g ( x )
x x0
, N* f, g .
mathematica.gr
55

48.
p(x) :
lim
p( x )
p( x )
= 3 , lim
= m R*, p( 0 ) = 6
x2 x k
xk
o m,k
p(x)
49.
lim x1 =
a 0
c
x1 < x2 x1 ,x2
b
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
ax + x +
++=0, , N*
x 1
x 1
410. B : lim
411. B : lim
x 1
ax + x +
( x 1)
++=0, +=0 , >2,
>2
(
.
(+) )
:
( De l Hospital
. .)
2 2 x
x 0
x
5A1.
lim
5A2.
lim
( ax )
x 0 ( x )
mathematica.gr
56
5A3.
x
x / 2 2x
5A4.
lim
5A5.
lim
x + x
x
x0
x / 2
1 x
lim
x / 2
x+4 2
5x
5A6.
lim
5A7.
lim
5A8.
lim
x 0
3
x 0
x3 + 8 2
3 4x
1 x
N*
x 0
x2
x + x
x x
5B1.
lim
5B2.
lim xx
5B3.
f ( x)
, lim f ( x ) g ( x )
lim
x0 g ( x ) x 0
lim 3 1 + x 1 g ( x ) = 10
x 0
xa
x 0
f ( x)
=1
x 0 ( 6 x )
lim
f ( x ) 3x xg ( x )
= 5
x 0
4x
f ( x ) , lim g ( x )
lim
x0
x0
f ( x ) 3x + xg ( x )
lim
=7
x 0
4x
lim
5B4.
5B5.
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 )
f(x)
x 2 f ( x ) 1 + 2 x = 0
x 0
mathematica.gr
57
f ( x)
xf ( x ) f ( x ) 4 x
= 2 lim
x 0
x 2 + 2 x
x
5B6.
lim
5B7.
f ( x ) = ax+b2x+c3x 0 , x ( , )
x 0
a+2b+3c=0 lim
x0
f( x)
= k R
x

51.
f ( x ) = 3x 4 x 3 , f1 ( x ) = f ( x ), f n ( x ) = f n1 ( f ( x ))
x [ 1,1],n N * B : lim
x 0
fn ( x )
x
(
f(x))
6 O

:
61.
62.
63.
64
65.
66.
lim
x+ x x x
x 2 + 1 2x 2 + 3
lim
x
x
1
lim
x +1 2 x + x + 2
( 4 x + x + 1 + 2x )
lim ( 2x + 1 x )
lim ( x + 2 x + 1 )
2
lim
mathematica.gr
58
( )
61.
62.
(
lim (
x2 x + 1 3 x3 + x + 1
lim
x 2 5x + 6 2x 1
63.
x3 + x2 + 1
0
x ( ) x 2 + 2 x + ( + )
64.
x3 + x + 1
x ( 1 ) x 2 + 3
65.
( 1) x 2 x + 2
lim
x ( + 3 ) x 2 + 2 x + 3
66.
lim
lim
lim
x2 x x2 1 x
:
67.
68.
69.
(
lim (
lim
x 2 + 1 + 4 x 2 + x + ( 1) x = 2
lim ( f ( x ) ( x + ) ) = 0
(
lim (
x2 + x + + x = 3
610. lim
611.
x3 + x2 4 x2 + x + 2 + x + = 1
x 3 + x + 1 + 4 x 2 + 1 x = 10
mathematica.gr
59
612. lim ( f ( x ) 3x 4 ) = 0
x +
m : lim
x +
f ( x ) + mx 2
=2
xf ( x ) 3x 2 + 1
:
( )
613. lim ( x 2 + 3x )
x
614. lim ( 2x x )
x
x2
615. lim
x x + 4 + 4 x
616. lim 3x
x x
617. lim
618.
2x
x2 + 1
( 3x
lim
+ 1) 5x
x3 + 1
x 2 2x x + 1
619. lim 2
x 3x + 5x x + 3
1 2
( x + 1)
x
620. lim
x
x +1

2 2 x +1 3
x + 4 x + 3 x
621. lim
mathematica.gr
60
2x + a x
, a >0
622. lim x 1
x + a
+ 2 x +1
a x +1 + b x + 1
a > 0, b > 0
623. lim x + 2
x + b
+ ax + 2

61.
N lim x + 1 x
62.
N lim x 2 + 1 x
63.
a1b1x + a2b2x + ... + anbnx = 0 x R , b1 < b2 < ... < bn R+*
a1=a2==an=0
7

7A1.
2 1
,x 0
x
f ( x) =
x
1
,x =0
7A2.
f ( x) = x
1
7A3.
,x
,x =
x2 4
1
f ( x ) = 6 + x x2
x
( x 3 )
mathematica.gr
, x 2
, 2 < x 0 < 3
,3 x
61
7A4.
( x 3 )
,x < 3
f ( x ) = x2 + 7 4
x ( / x ) ,x 3
7A5.
1

,x 0
x
f ( x) =
x
0
,x =0
7A6.
1 x , x 0
f ( x) =

1 x , x > 0
N*
f f . .

.
7A7.
2x 2 3x + 1
,x >1
f ( x) =
x 1
ax + 2
,x1
7A8.
x+3
f ( x ) = ax +
x 1
7A9.
x 2 + 3x
f ( x) =
2
x 1
,x 1
,x >1
,x a
,x > a
7A10. f : (-,) R, >0, f
Aim
x 3 f ( x ) 2x 2 f ( x ) x 4x
x 0
x2 + 9 3
7A11. f Aim
x 1
= 36 f(0).
f ( x) x
= 3 f(1).
x 1
7A12. f : x2f(x) + 1=x.
mathematica.gr
62
7A13. f:R R 0 4x xf ( x ) , x R
f(0)
7A14. h:R R . f g
f+g=h.
7A15. f : RR f ( x ) x f 0.
7A16. f : RR, g :R R , g(0) = 0, f ( x ) g ( x )
f 0.
7A17. f : RR: f ( x ) f ( x0 ) M x x0 x,x0 R f
.
7A18. f : RR: f ( x ) x 2 3x + 2 f 2.
f(x) , x a
7A19. f, g . h( x ) =
h
g( x ) , x > a
. f(a)=g(a)
7A20. f(x)=g(x) x (,)(,), f() g().
f, g .

7B1.
7B2.
,x < ,x 0
x
f ( x) =
x
x 3 + x
,x
f: R R 0, g : RR : g ( x ) k >0
x f ( x) x g ( x)
7B3.
1 + x 2 1 x f(0).
f, g
f-g=h h .
7B4.
f 2(x) + g2(x) = 2x f, g .
mathematica.gr
63

7B5.
f 2(x) + g2(x) + 2f(x) 4g(x) + 5
x f, g
0.
7B6.
1
f
x 1
f ( x)
1.
8
A
8A1.

f .
f ( x ) = lim
(1 + x )
+ ( + x ) e x
1 + e x
( R+*)
.
.
8A2.
x +1 + 2x
f ( x ) = lim
R+*
+ 1 + x
8A3.
f ( x ) = lim
8A4.
f ( x ) = lim 1 (1 x 2 ) R+*
8A5.
x + 2 +1
f ( x ) = lim
R+*
+ 2x 3 2 1
8A6.
f ( x ) = lim
x 2 + 4
R+*
+ 9 + x 2 + 1
x 2
R+*
+ 1 + x 2
mathematica.gr
64
8A7.
x 2 + x 2 +1
f ( x ) = lim
R+
+ 1 + x 2
8A8.
f ( x ) = lim
x
R+*
+ 1 + x
9 BOLZANO

91.
x = a x + b a > 0, b > 0
[ 0 , a + b ]
92.
f [ a ,b ] m > 0 , n > 0 .

[ a ,b ] : f ( ) =
mf ( a ) + nf ( b )
m+n
( )
93.
x1 , x2 , . . . ,x100 [0,1].
x0 [ 0 ,1 ] : x0 x1 + x0 x 2 + .. . + x0 x100 = 50 .
94.
f R , a>0 , f(a) 0 ,
x0 ( 0 , a ):
f ( a x0 ) f ( x0 )
=
x0
a x0
( )
95.
f [a,b], f(a) 0 ,
x0 ( a,b ) :
96.
f ( a ) + f ( b ) f ( x0 )
=
a b
a x0
f [ a ,b ]
0< a f ( x ) b , x [ a ,b ] .
[ a ,b ] :f 2()+f()=2 2.
mathematica.gr
65

97.
f : [ 0 ,1 ] [ 1,0 ] .
[0,1]: f 2 ( ) + f ( ) + = 0
98.
f : [ a ,b ] [ a ,b ] , a > 0 [ a ,b ] .
[ a ,b ] :f()=ab.
99.
f(x)=x2+ax+b , g(x)=-x2+ax+b , b 0 .
f(x1)=g(x2)=0 x1<x2 : kf(x)+g(x)=0

,>0 [x1,x2].
910. ( x 2 1 ) x + 2 ( x 2 ) = 0
( 1,1 ) .
911. : x3+ax2=-b b>0 , 1+a+b<0
o .
912. f (a,b)
: ( A im f ( x )).( A im f ( x )) < 0
x a +
x b
x0 (a,b) f(x0)=0
( )
913. a>0 , n N * : xn=a
( ;)
914. f(x)=ax3+bx2+cx+d , a>0 , d<0 , a+c<b+d .
f .
915. f R , f(0)=5
f ( x ) 2 x R f
.
916. H f R ,f(0)=-2
f 2 ( x ) + xf ( x ) 4 = 0 , x R f
.
mathematica.gr
66
917. H f R , f(0)=-1
f 2 ( x ) = 3 f ( x ) + x 2 x + 4 f
.
918. f , g [ a ,b ] g( x ) 0 , x [ a ,b ] .
(a,b) :
f ( )
1
1
=
+
.
g( ) a b
919. f : R R : f ( x ) = 1 + x . :
u = ( f (0),1), v = ( f (1), 2), w = (2, 2)
) u // v f
.
) u // w f , .
920. f [ a ,b ] , (a,b)
f(a).f(b)>0. f(a).f(x) 0 x [ a ,b ] .
921. f ,g R,
.
: f(a)>g(a) : f(x)>g(x)
x. f(a)<g(a) : f(x)<g(x)
x.
922. f [,b].
[ a,b ] : f ( ) =
2 f ( k )+ 5 f (l )
k ,l [ a,b ]
7
923. f [,b].
[ a,b ] : f ( ) =
k ,l,m [ a,b ]
(!)
mathematica.gr
67
f ( k )+ f (l )+ f ( m )
3
924. f R .
( a,b ) : f ( ) =
f ( a )+ f (
2a + 3b
)+ f (b )
5
3
925.
f ( x) = x 3 1 x .
926.
f ( x ) = Anx An( e x ) .
927.
f ( x ) = Anx + 2e x-1 .
928. f [ a ,b ] f ( x ) Z , x [ a ,b ] .
f .

91.
f [ a ,b ] a f ( x ) b , x [ a ,b ] .
[ a ,b ] : f()=.
( ).
A

b.
92.
f,g R , ( a + b )ab 0
abf 2(x)+(a+b)g(x)+abx=0.
f x ,
,
g x ,.
mathematica.gr
68

93.
: x3=1-x r
1
( ,1 )
2
x0 ( 1 , r ) ( x03 x0 ) x0=1-2x0
2
94.
f [0,1] , f(0)=f(1)
g( x ) = f ( x +
1
) f ( x ) . N
n
1
2
n 1
g( 0 ) + g( ) + g( ) + ... + g(
) = 0
n
n
n
1
1
[ 0 ,1 ] : f ( ) = f ( + ) .
n
n
95.
t=1
2 , 160 Km,
t=3.
A 80 Km
1 .
96.
f R

97.
f R f(x).f(f(x))=1 , f(9)=1/9
f(1)
98.
f [ a ,b ] 0 < f ( a ) < f ( b )
(a,b):
f ( )( f ( a ) + f ( b )) = 2 f ( a ) f ( b )
99.
f R a<b<c f(a)+f(b)+f(c)=0
f [,c].
3k+l+m=0
mathematica.gr
69
p(x)=kx3+lx+m
[0,2].
910. f : R ( k ,l )
k ,l R
f(0)=m 0 .
a,b R* : a 3 f ( b ) + b 3 f ( a ) = 0 .
911. f R A im
x =
f(x)
f(x)
= A im n = 0
n
x +
x
x
n . R : + f ( ) = 0 .
912. p(x)
913. H f R f(a+b)=b2-b+1. A
g( x ) =
1
R,
xa+ f(x)
: f(a-1)>1
914. h R h(x)=x
, h(h(x))=x

915. w R
v : R R : v( x ) =
1
1
v
2
w( x ) 2 x + 1
, w .
916. R
f,g: f(x).g(x)=0 x R .
R
{ f ( x ) 2 }.{ f ( x ) 3 } = 0 x R
917. a(x),b(x),f(x) R ,
,b
mathematica.gr
70

{ f ( x ) a( x )}.{ f ( x ) b( x )} = 0 x R
: f ( x ) a( x ) = 0 f ( x ) b( x ) = 0 x R
918. ax5+bx4+cx3+dx2+ex+f=0 f>0,
a+b+c+d+e+f=0, 5a+4b+3c+2d+ e >0
(0,1)
919. A = [ a,a ]
f ,g
A , g( A ) = A , f ( x ) = f ( x ) x A .
f ( g( x )) + f ( x ) + g( x ) = 0
.
( . g
)
920. i) f
. a<b<c
:
f(a)<f(b)<f(c) , f(a)>f(b)>f(c).
f(a),f(b),f(c) f 1-1

(
).
ii)
f R f(f(x))=-x
iii)A f R f(a)+f(b)=f(c)+f(d)
a,b,c,d
mathematica.gr
71

91.
[0,1]
y f([0,1]) y=f(x)
[0,1].
( )
92.
f(f(x))+f(x)=x-1 x R f(0)=1.
f .
93.
ax 3 + bx 2 ( 4a + 3b + 2c )x + c = 0

91.
f : [ 1, + ) ( 0, + ) .
>0 f ( x ) = ax ,
,
f ( x ) = ax
10

101. :R R: (x+y)=(x)+(y) x,y R
R 0.
102. :RR : (x+y)=(x)(y) x,y R.
0 R.
103. :R R: (x+y)=ex(y)+ey(x) x,y R Aim ( x ) = 0
x 0
R.
mathematica.gr
72

101. ( x ) ( y ) = x y R,

,( r x,r Q, x R ),
:
102. (x+y)=(x)+(y) x,y R, 0.
( (x)=(x) Q Cauchy)
103. (xy)=(x)(y) x,y R+, .

( (x)=((x)) Q ).
104. : R R 0 :
(x+y)=(x)(y) x, y R.
) (0)=1, , ( x ) =
) ( x y ) =
1
.
( x)
( x)
, (x)>0 x R.
( y)
) (x)=1 0 1-1.
) R.
) (x)=((x)) Q.
) ), ) .
105. :RR: (x+y)-x-y=((x)-x)((y)-y) x, y R
, .
mathematica.gr
73
106. : ( 0, + ) R : N* x, y
R+
x + y = ( x ) ( y )
107.
1+(x+y)(x+y)=(x(x)+1)(y(y)+1) x,y R.
108. (x+)=(x), g(x+)=g(x), (0)=g(0) 0, 1,0

h(x) (x)=h(x)g(x).
109. : RR (2x)=(x)
.

101. x ( y ) + y ( x ) =
x + y ( xy ) x,y>1
(x)=0
102. R (x+y)=((x))+((y)).
(x+y)+(0)=(x)+(y) .
103. , 1, 2, ,
(x1+x2+ +x)=1(x1)+2(x2)++(x)
x1, x2, , x R.

101. f : [ 1,1] R :
f ( 2x 2 1 ) = 2x f ( x ) x [ 1,1]
f
(
) f ( x ) = f ( x ) , x [ 1,0 ) ( 0,1]
mathematica.gr
74
) f .
) f ( 0 ), f ( 1 ), f ( 1 )
(0,1) .
./
) 2x2-1 [-1,1] (0,1)
! . :
x = , ( 0, ) x (0,1)
2
g( ) =
f ( )
. : g(2)=g()
) g( ) = g(
2n
) , n N
) g
f .
[-1,1])
102 f : R R
: a,b f ( x )( 1 + yf ( x )) , x, y ( 0, + )
( f
104 f : R R
( f ( x ) + f ( y )) f (
mathematica.gr
x+ y
) = 2 f ( x ) f ( y ) , x, y R
2
75
105 f ( f ( x )) + af ( x ) = bx,x R,a > 0,b > 0 ,Aim f ( x ) =

x
f
(
)
106 f : R R :
f ( f ( x )) + 4x = 4 f ( x ) , x R f .
(
)
mathematica.gr
76
.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) ROLLE , ..
(6)
(7)
(8) AKOTATA
(9) AKOTATA
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13) DE L HOSPITAL
(14)
(15)
mathematica.gr
77
mathematica.gr
78
1

x0
11.
f ( x ) = x 1 x , x0 = 1
12.
f ( x) =
xx
,x0 = 0
2+ x
13.
f ( x) =
x
,x0 = 0
1+ x
14.
f ( x ) = x x , x0 = 0
15.
f ( x ) = 3 x 2 , x0 = 0
16.
2
x ,x 0
f ( x) =
, x0 = 0
x
0 , x = 0
17.
x ,x 0
f ( x) =
0 ,x < 0
18.
(N)
f ( 1 x ) ,x 0
f ( 1 ) = 1 H ( x ) =
.
f ( 1 + x ) ,x < 0
0.
19.
f ( 2x 3 ) ,x 2
f (1)=0 H ( x ) =
.
f ( 3x 5 ) ,x < 2
2.
mathematica.gr
79

x0
x + ,x < 0
110. f ( x ) =
, x0 = 0
x
,0 x
3x 2 + 1 ,x < 1
111. f ( x ) =
,x0 = 1
x + ,x 1
x 2 + 3 ,x < 1
112. f ( x ) = 2
, x0 = 1
x + x + ,x 1
113. f ( x ) = ( x a ) x , x0 = 0
, x < 0
2 x +
114. f ( x ) =
, x0 = 0
2x + x 1 ,0 x
f ( x ) +( x 1) f (0 )
x
115. f (0). lim

x 0
g ( x) 5
= 4 , g .
x 0
x
116. : f(x)=(x2+2x+6)g(x), lim
f 0.
117. f lim
x 0
f ( x) 4 + x
= 0 .
x
f(0)=2, , , f (0).
118. f 1 lim
x 1
f ( x) x + 3
= 5 .
x 1
f(1)=2 , , f ' ( 1)
mathematica.gr
80
119. f R. f(x)>0
x R
f ( x ) .
( )
120. f (). lim
xf ( ) f ( x )
x
121. f (). lim
x 2 f ( ) 2 f ( x )
x
122. g g(2)0.
f : f(x)=x-2g(x), f
2.
123. f (0)g(0)0 , f(0)=g(0)=0, lim
x 0
124. lim
x 0
f ( x ) f ' (0 )
=
.
g ( x ) g' ( 0 )
f ( 2x ) f ( x )
= a R f (0)
x

125. f: RR f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x, y , f (0)=.
f x0 R.
126. f: RR f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x, y , f (0)=1.
f ( 0 ) 0 f x0 R.
127. A f ( xy ) = x 2 f ( y ) + y 2 f ( x ) ,x, y ( 0, + ) , f ( 1 ) = 2
f ( 0, + )
128. A f ( xy ) = f ( y ) f ( x ) ,x, y ( 0, + ) , f ( 1 ) = 1 / 2
f ( 0, + )
mathematica.gr
81
129. f: RR f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)+3xy(x+y) x, y
f (0)=. f x0 R.
130. A f ( x + y ) = f(y)x+ f(x)y f (0)=1 f
R
131. f ( x + y ) = e x f ( y ) + e y f ( x ) x , y R , f ' ( 0 ) = 2
f R
132. f (0), : f(x)-x x2.
B
1B1.
f ( x ) = x a
.
: A0 x + A1 x 1 + ... + An x n = 0 , x R .
=0
1B2.

x0
f ( x ) = ( x2 + x + )
1B3.
x 2 4x , x0 = 0 , x0 = 4
f:[,]R f 2
. f(x)0 x[,],
f .
g : g2 R g
R.
1B4.
f:RR g: g(x)=f(x).
g . ,
mathematica.gr
82
x0 : f(x0)=0 f (x0)=0.
.
1B5.
f: RR
g: 2g( x ) = 1
f 2 ( x ) 2 f ( x ) + 1 . g
. , f(2)=0 f (2)=0.
1B6.
f (0)
f 2 ( x ) + 2xf ( x ) + An( 1 + x 2 ) = 0 f (0)
f ( x + ) f ( x )
2x
1B7.
f (). f ' ( ) = lim
1B8.
f (x0 )=, f(x0 )=. :
x 0
f 2 ( 3x + x0 ) f 2 ( x + x0 )
lim
x 0
x
1B9.
f: ( 0, + ) R f(xy)= yf(x)+ xf(y) x, y>0

f (1)=4. f x0
( 0, + ) .
1B10. f x, y f
f(x+y)-f(x)f(y)-xy=yf(x)+xf(y)-x-y , f(0)=1, f(x)0.

f x0 f.
1B11. f (0), : x 2 f ( x )x x 4
f R
1B12. 0 g( 1 ) , ( x 1 )( x ) g( x ) x R { 1 } g
1. : g(1)=0
1B13. f: RR f (x ) f (y ) x y
f (x0)=0.
mathematica.gr
83
1 .
N* {}
1B14. f: RR f(0)=0 f (x )
x , xR.
f .
1B15. f, g f(1)-g(1)=0,x+ f(x)-g(x) 1 f,
g 1. : f (1)=g(1)-1
1B16. f, g f(p)=g(p), f(x)-g(x) p-x f, g
p. : f (p)-g(p)+1=0.
1B17. f ( 1 ) g( 1 ) , xf ( x ) g( x ) x R { 1 } f, g
1. : f(1)+f (1)=g(1)
1B18. f: f(0)=0, f (0)=1, f(x+y) f(x)+f(y) x, y.
f (x0)=1.
2

N
21.
f(x)= x x
22.
f(x)=
23.
f ( x ) = x2 + 1
24.
f(x)= x
25.
f(x)=
mathematica.gr
x 1 x +1
+
x +1 x 1
x 1
x +1
+
x +1
x 1
84
x+1
x 1
26.
f(x)=
27.
f ( x ) = 3 x2
28.
f ( x ) = ( 3 x )2
29.
f( x)=
x
x
210. f ( x ) = x
4
3
211. 2
f ( x ) = x2 x
212. f f ( 2x 3 1 ) = x 5 + 3x , x R
f ( 3 )
213. f
( xf (ln x ) + ( ln f ( x )) )
214. f ( xf ( x 2 ))
215. f (x ) =
x

, 0,
x +
4
: I =
f ' ( x)
1 + f 2 ( x)
216. f(t)=e-t(t), , R* ,
: f (t)+2 f (t)+(2+2)f(t).
(
.)
mathematica.gr
85
217. y y( x ) = e
+ e
4xy( x ) + 2 y( x ) y( x ) = 0 , x R
218. y
y( t ) = a( t ) + b( t )
y( t ) + 2 y( t ) = 0 , t R
(
. .)
219. : y
ya ( x ) = e ax
y( x ) 3 y( x ) + 2 y( x ) = 0 , x R .
g( x ) = c1 y1 ( x ) + c2 y2 ( x )
220. g( x ) = e x y( x ) y( x ) + ay( x ) + by( x ) = 0 , x R

,b g ( x ) = 0 , x R
221. f x2+f 2(x)=r2 :
) f (-r,r)
) (-r,r)
)
f ( x )
1 + ( f ( x ))
2 3/ 2
(-r,r)
(
f)
mathematica.gr
86
222. f R
( f ( x )) + ( f ( x ))
2
= x 4 f ( 0 ) = 0
223. f R*.
1
1
: x 3 xf ( ) = f ( )
x
x
224. f ( x ) =
x2 x x2 + 1
+
+ A n x + x 2 + 1 ,
2
2
: 2 f ( x ) = xf ' ( x ) + An( f ' ( x ))

225. f ( x + a ) + f ( a x ) = 2b , f ( x ) x R :
f ( 0 ) + f ( 2a ) = 0
226. f, g R
f 2(x)+g2(x)=x2. (f (0))2+(g(0))2=1.
227. f: RR . f
.
228. f: RR . f
.
229. f R
g( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x )
230. f: RR .
f .
g g(x)
g.
mathematica.gr
87
231. f, g f(0)=g(0)=0,
f(x)g(x)=x xR.
232. P( x ) = ( x r1 )( x r2 )( x r3 ) , r1r2 r3 0
p' ( x )
1
1
1
=
+
+
p( x ) x r1 x r2 x r3
x R { r1 ,r2 ,r3 }
233. P( x ) = ( x r1 )( x r2 )( x r3 ) , r1r2 r3 0
x R { r1 ,r2 ,r3 }
( P( x ))
P( x )P( x ) =
P2( x )
P2( x )
P2( x )
+
+
( x r1 )2 ( x r2 )2 ( x r3 )2
234. p(x) p(x) x a

p(a)=0
235. p( x ) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c p( 3 ) ( x ) = 1 2 3 = 3!
( )
236. p( x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
p( 0 )
p( 0 ) 2 p( 0 ) 3
x+
x +
x
1
1 2
1 2 3
p( x ) = p( 0 ) +
( )
237. : ( x )
(n)
238. ( e ax )
(n)
= ( x +
n
) ,n N
2
, n N
B
2B1.
f ''( 0 ) , f '( 0 ) = 2 , g( x ) = xf ( x )
g''(0)
mathematica.gr
88
2B2.
n ,x :
S( x ) = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n 1 , x 1
( x ) = x + 2 2 x 2 + 32 x 3 + ... + n 2 x n , x 1
2B3.
f ( x ) = xf ( x ) ,x R , f ( x ) 0 f
f ( 5 ) ( 0 ) = 0
2B4.
ln f ( x ) = xf ( x ) ,x R , f ( x ) 0 f
f ( 0 )
2B5.
x 3 x 2 f ( x ) = ( f ( x ) x ) , x R ,f ( x ) :
3
f ( x ) = xf ( x )
2B6.
f R ef(x)+xf(x)=e
, f (0).
( f
.)
2B7.
y=y(x), , (a+x)e
y(x)
x
= x :
d 2 y dy
x
= x
y .
2
dx
dx
y(x)>0 , x>0
2B8.
f(x)g(x)=ex f, g , :
4f (x)g(x) ex, xR
2B9.
x = t 5 + 5t , y = 5t 3 ,t > 0
mathematica.gr
89
dx
dy
2B10. f, g R
f (x)g(x)=c xR.
(f(x)g(x))=f (x)g(x)+g(x)f(x).
2B11. (0) (x)=f(x)x - f(x) f,
R, f f (-1)=-2.
2B12. f: (0,1)(0,1)
f 2(x)+(f (x))2=1. : f (4)(x)=f(x).

2B13. : f x0 f x0 ,

.
2 1 1
x + x ,x 0
. f: f ( x ) =
.
x 2
,x = 0
0
f 0. (
) f f
0.
2B14. p(x)
p(x)=(x-a)2Q(x) p(a)=p(a)=0
(
)
,
p(x)=xn-axn-m+b ,a>0,b>0, n>m
.
2B15. p(x)
p(x)
-1
mathematica.gr
90
2B16. (x2-1)3
:x4+2-(2+1)x2+2+(2+1)x2-1
2B17. p(x)=a(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-an)
x R \ {a1,a2,...,an} :
p'( x )
1
1
=
+ ...+
p( x ) x a1
x an
ak ,
[p(x)]2-p(x)p(x)
( )
2B18. p(x)=(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-an) , a1,a2,...,an 0
:
p'( 0 ) 1
1
1
=
+ . . .+
p( 0 ) a1 a 2
an
2B19. p(x)
p(x)+ap(x)
a R
( )
2B20. ,,, : x
: (2x-1)20-(x+)20=(x2+x+)10
2B21. (x) : ()(0)=! , =0,1,...,
(x)=(1/x) R.
2B22.
p(x): x 2 ( p( x ) + p( x )) = ( xp( x ))
2B23. p(x) :[ p(x)] 2= p(x)

2B24. p(x)
: ( p( x ))2 p( x ) = 32( p( x ) 3 ) , p( 0 ) = 3
2B25. p(x) : p(x)=p(x)+x3+x-2
2B26. p(x) :x p(x)= p(x)+x2
mathematica.gr
91
2B27. p(x) : p(x)

p(x).
2B28. (x):
A0 p( x ) + A1 p( x ) + ... + A p( ) ( x ) = 0 .
=0
( 1) !
1
2B29. f: f ( x ) =
, : f ( ) ( x ) =
+1
1+ x
( x + 1)
(N*) (!=123).
2B30. f: f ( x ) =
f(x)=x++
x2 + 1
. , , , :
x +1
f ()(x), N*.
x +1
2B31. f(x)g(x)=ex f, g , :
4f (x)g(x) ex, xR

21.
f: f(x)=xe-1/x, . : f ()(x)=x-2e-1/xp(x),
p(x) .
22.
f ( x ) =
1
1 + x2
, : f ( ) ( x ) =
p ( x )
1
2 + 2
(1 + x )
p(x) .
23.
: ( x 1e1 / x )
24.
ln x =
()
= ( 1)
P,Q
mathematica.gr
92
+1
e1 / x . N.
P( x )
x R+*
Q( x )

25.
ri n p(x) ,
f(x)=p(x)-kp(x), k 0 T
i R R + n k =a+bi
: b n k n>1 p(x)
3
A
N f(x) x0
3A1.
f(x)=2x, x0=0
3A2.
f(x)=x3, x0= x0
3A3.
f(x)=lnx, x0=1.
3A4.
f(x)=x, x0=0, N *
3A5.
3A6.
f (x ) =
x , x0=0.
(): y=x Cf
f(x)=x2+1. .
3A7.
(): y=x-4 Cf
f(x)=x2.
3A8.
y=x
Cf f(x)=ln(x), >0.
3A9.
Cf: f ( x ) = x
(0,1).
3A10. Cf: f ( x ) =
(0,1).
mathematica.gr
93
3A11. Cf: f (x ) = 3 x 2
(0,1/3).
(!
x 2 x 2/3 ) .
3A12. f: f ( x ) = 5 x 2 , g: g ( x ) = 6 1 + 4x x 2 .
Cf (1,3)
Cg.
.
( Cf,Cg
)
3A13. f: f ( x ) = An ( x ) g: g(x)=x2+ , x(0,/2). Cf
Cg (x0,0) x0 (0,/2).
Cf Cg (x0 ,0) ,
, .
3A14. C f(x)lnf(x)=ex, f
, C
(1,e).
x y
3A15. C : + = 2 , 0,

N* y=f(x) (x,y,,>0).
Cf (,f()).
3A16. C x2(x+f(x))=2(x-f(x)), 0.
f 0, C
(0,0).
mathematica.gr
94
3A17. , , Cf Cg f(x)=x2+x+
g(x)=x3- (1,2).
( Cf Cg (1,2).)
3A18. c: y=ex(x)
: c1: y=ex c2: y=-ex, >0
3A19. Cf Cg
f(x)=x3-1 g(x)=x2+2x.
3A20. Cf Cg f(x)=x2
g(x)=x2+2x.
3A21. Cf Cg
f(x)=lnx g(x)=x
3A22. Cf Cg
f(x)=1+x2
g(x)=-1-x2
3A23. Cf: f(x)=x4+x2-x+1
(-1,f(-1))
.
3A24. Cf
x, f (x ) = Anx x.
3A25.
f ( x ) = x 2 + x + 4 (0,0)
3A26. f ( x ) = x
x3
Cf x,
x /4.
mathematica.gr
95
3A27.
f ( x) =
2
x (,) Cf (>0).
x
3A28. . f ( x ) = x 2
y
3A29. . f ( x ) = x 3 + 2
(0,0) Cf ?
3A30. f ( x ) = x 2 (a,f(a))
y

3A31. A(a,f(a)) , B(a,g(a)) f , g
f(x)+x=g(x)
yy.
3A32. f ( x ) = x (a,f(a)), >0,
y x .

3A33. f: f(x)=x2+x+. (,f()), (,f())
Cf
x0 =
a +b
2
( )
3A34. f: f(x)=/x. Cf

. (0)
mathematica.gr
96
3A35. y=3x Cg (2,g(2)).

f(x)=(x-1)2g(x) f
.

31.
y=x
Cf f(x)=x, >0.
32.
f(x)=ex g(x)=-x2
( !)
33.
f(x)=lnx g(x)=ex
34.
f(x)=x2n g(x)=(x-1)2n-1
35.
f(x)=ex g(x)=-1/x
36.
f ( x ) = x( x 1 )...( x n ),g( x ) = x( x 1 )...( x n 1 )

Cf ,Cg

37.
<4
f ( x ) = x Cf

38.
g(x)=f(x) f R.
g (x0,g(x0)).
. (f(x0)0)
mathematica.gr
97
39.
A f ' ( x ) 0 , h( x ) =
f(x)
, f ' ' ( x )
f'( x )
h xx
x-y=0.
310. C :

+
= 1 , 0.
x2 y 2
C (x0,y0) (x1,0).
: x03=x1.
311. f : R R , f ( x ) f ( x ) = x , f ( x ) > 0 x ( 0 ,+ ) ,
f ( 0 ,+ ) . f
R* 0
f (0,0).
312. p(x)
y=g(x) p(x) (,p())

p(x)- g(x)
(x-a)2.
4

41.
2m/sec 12m.

42.
4m3/sec
2m.
. (
=42).
mathematica.gr
98

43.

3m/sec 8m3
44.
8m3 2m
1m3/sec
2m/sec .

45.

2m/sec
1m2.

46.

3m/sec , 1m/sec ,
8m3 2m
47.
170cm
300cm.
7,2Km/h
.
48.

.
.
mathematica.gr
99

49.
h ln
p
= c.h c
p0
p0 1tm. 5430 km
p0.
.
410. Ax+By+C=0.
B 0,
dx
= K
dt
.
411.
t sec
s( t ) = 50( 1
t2 3
) .
15
, 1sec
.
412.
=s

mathematica.gr
ds
= V .
dt
d
. s,V,H
dt
100

413.
,
. =4Km OB=3Km
8Km/h , 4Km/h.
,
,
.
414.
E =2m 0.1m/s
.
.
mathematica.gr
101
415. A
dx
dy
= et + e t ,
= et e t (x,y)
dt
dt
(0,2),

y = e +
1
e
416. (x,y)
y = 2x x 2 .
dx
x( 0 ) = 0, = A = .
dt
y x=
.
x ?
417.
R
mathematica.gr
102
O 0.1m3/s ,H=1m ,
R=0,4m.

.
418. .. :

,

.

419.

2sec-1
5m/sec
420. 0,1m/
600 100m

25m

41.
.

.(
R)
mathematica.gr
103

42.

.
, 90 cm, 25
, 18 cm.
43.
d ,
.
. t
,
) , t
A
A =
2t
d 2 2t 2
t
)
v) . *
mathematica.gr
104

44.
9 x 2 + 16 y 2 = 25
dx
= 2 .
dt
dy
x=5/3 x=0. x=y=1
dt
v =
dx dy
i+
j
dt
dt

.
45.
x0

xo.
. (, )
46.
y=x2 x=t/2
0<t<1.
B , BM
i) AM
ii) ,,
iii)
(
(1/2,0))
mathematica.gr
105
47.
A
y=x2 . OM
3/2 .
A
MO
.48.
.
600
2m/sec.

mathematica.gr
106

49.

l d.
t
410. y=lnx . (a,f(a))

x
y 4m/sec a=e

411. 2m/sec
().
() , (), 2m
() , ()
.

A
()
()
mathematica.gr
107
5 ROLLE , ..

51.
f(x)=ax4+x2-ax+1.
(0,1): f ()=2
52.
53.
f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + 2x + 2 ( 1,0 ) :
f
(,f()) xx.
54.
f [,b] f()=b , f(b)=a .

(a,b) : Cf
y=-x
55.
f [2,3] , (2,3)
f(3)=f(2)+5. (2,3): f ()=2

56.
f [a,b] , (a,b)
f ( a ) f ( b ) = a 2 b 2 .
(a,b): f ()=2
57.
f [a,b] , (a,b)
f ( a ) = b 2 , f ( b ) = a 2 . (a,b):
f ()=2-2(a+b)
58.
f [1,3] , (1,3)
f 2(3)=f 2(1)+8. (1,3):

f () f ()- =0
59.
f [0,1] , (0,1)
f(1)=0. (0,1): f ()+ f () =0

510. f [0,b] , (0,b)
f(0)=0. (0,b) : 2 f () f()=

mathematica.gr
108
f 2( b )
b
511. f R , m f ' ( x ) M x R .
K : f ( x ) f ( y ) K x y x , y R .
0<<1 f
512. f R f ( x) 0 , x R .
f 1-1 . ?
513. f [,+2b] , (,+2b)
k
k=
f ( a ) 2 f ( a + b ) + f ( a + 2b )

b2
(0,b) : f (a+2)-f (a+)=k

514. f ' [0,2] f(0)+f(2)=f(1).
(0,2) : f ( 1 ) = 2 f ( 2 ) 2 f '( )
515. f
(,b) 1 ,2 , t1>0,t2>0 : t1 f (1)+t2f (2)=0 .

f (,b).
516. f [,b] , (,b)
lim f ' ( x ) R . f (x) (,b).
x x0
x0 (,b).
(
f )
517. f R 2f (3)=f(1)+f(5).
f ( x) 1-1
f ( x)
518. f R f (0)=f(1)=1 ,
f(-1)=-1. (-1,1): f ( ) = 6 2
mathematica.gr
109
519. f R a<b<c
. f(a),f(b),f(c)

, f ( x)
520. f : R R
f(1)=f(0)=f (0)= f (0)=0. (0,1) :

f ()=0.
521. f:RR .
Cf Cf
Cf f
.
522.

. 1-1
523. f [3,5] , (3,5)
f(3)=6 , f(5)=10. (3,5):

f (0,0). ()
524. f [,b] , (,b)
f(a)=f(b)=0 , a>0. : f
(0,0).
525. f : ( 0, + ) R . A
C f ( 0,0 )
C f ( 0,0 )
mathematica.gr
110
526. f [,b] , (,b)
2f(a)=f(b). g( x ) =
f(x)
. :
x 2a + b
g()=0 f
(2-b,0).
527. f [1,2] , (1,2)
f(2)=4f(1). g( x ) =
f(x)
.
x2
(1,2) : g()=0.
A C f :
Cf . B xx
.
528. f R

.
x 450
529. f [,b] , (,b)
f(a)=f(b) A(a,f(a)) , B(b,f(b))

n ) ( MBA
n)
( a,b ) : ( MAB
(, ())
530. f : R R . A
() C f C f

f ( ) = 0
mathematica.gr
111
531. f : [ 0 ,1 ] [ 0 ,1 ] : f(0)=0 ,
f(1)=1. ( 0 ,1 ) : f()=1-
1,2 : f (1)f (2)=1
532. f [-,] , (-,)
f(-)=f()=0,f(0)=a .
Cf .
533. f [,3] , (,3)
f(a)=2,f(3a)=a>0 (a,3)
:2f()=+. yi
(,3) : f(y1)f(y2)=1/4.
534. A f [a,a+1] , f(a)=a+1 , f(a+1)=a-2,
(a,a+1) : f()=3-2(+1).
yi (,+1) :
f(y1)f(y2)=9.
535. f,g [,] , (,)
g(x) 0 (,) g( a ) g( )
(a,) :
f '( ) f ( ) f ( a )
=

g'( ) g( ) g( a )
g( x ) = x
536. f,g [,] , (,)
f ( x ) 0 [,] g( a ) g( b ) = An
(a,) :
f(a)
f (b)
f '( )
= g ( )
f ( )
537. f,g [0,1], (0,1) ,
f(x)g(x) 0 x (0,1) f(0)=g(1)=0.

(0,1) :
mathematica.gr
f ' ( ) g' ( )
+
=0
f ( ) g( )
112
538. f,g [a,b], (a,b), a>0 ,
f(x)g(x) 0 x (a,b) bf ( a )g( a ) = af ( b )g( b ) .

(a,b) :
f '( ) g'( ) 1
+
=
f ( ) g( )
539. f,g [,] , (,)
f(x)g(x) 0 [,] . f()g() =g()f()..

(a,) : f ()g() =g ()f()
540. f,g [,] , (,)
f ( a ) = g( b ) = 0 (a,)
: f ( )g( ) + g ( ) f ( ) + a + b = 2
541. f,g [,] , (,)
f()=0 , f()=0 , g()g() 0 , f (x)g(x) g(x)f(x) x (,.)

g( x ) 0 x (,).
542. f,g [,] , (,)
f ( x ) 0,x ( a,b ) (a,)

f ( )
g ( )
+
=1
f ( a ) f ( ) g( b ) g( )

51.
f [0,/2] , (0,/2)
f(0)=0. (0,/2): f () =f ()
52.
f R , f(0)=0.
(0,/4): f '( ) =
53.
1 +
f ( )
1
f : [ 0 ,1 ] [ 0 ,+ )
0<a<b<1 : f(a)=0=f(0) , f(b)=b. (0,1) :

f()=c c (0,1) .
mathematica.gr
113

54.
f [,b] , (,b)
f(a)=f(b)=0. (a,b) : f ()=k f()

55.
f [0,1] , f(0)=0 , f(x) 0

x (0,1]. (0,1) :
2 f ' ( ) f ' ( 1 )
=
f ( )
f (1 )
56.
f [,b] , (,b)
f ( x ) 0 . (a,b) :
f ( )
1
1
=
+
f ( ) b a
57.
f [,b] , (,b)
(a,b) : f ( ) =
58.
1
1
b a
f : [ 1,4 ] ( 0, + )
f(1)f(2)=f(3)f(4).
(1,4): f '( ) = 0
59.
f [0,1] f (0)>0
, f(1)-f(0)=1/2 (0,1) : f ()=2
510. A f [-1,1]
f (-1)<3 , f(1)-f(-1)>3 (-1,1)

: f ()=3 2
511. f [,b] ,
(,b) f(a)=f(b)=0. E
k=
2 f(c)
, c ( a ,b ) . (a,b)
( c a )( c b )
: f ()=k
mathematica.gr
114
512. f : [ 1,4 ] R
f f(2)< f(1)< f(4)< f(3)

(1,4): f ''( ) = 0
513. f [,b] , (,b)
f(a)=f(b)=0 , c<a. : f
(c,0).
514. f : ( k , + ) R . A
C f ( m,0 ) m<k
C f
( m,0 )
515. f: f(x)=x2. Cf
. (N*)
516. f
y=ax+b Cf 1 ,2 .
(1,2) : f ()=a.
w : f (w)=0.
517. f [,b] , (,b)
f(a)=b,f(b)=a>0 1,2 (,b) :

f (1)f (2)=1.
518. A f : [ 0,1] R f ( x ) =
2 (0,1)
2x
1,
1 + x2
1
1
+
= 2
f '( 1 ) f '( 2 )
1,2,,n (0,1):f(a1)=1/n , f(a2)=2/n ,
,f(an)=n/n=1 (a0=0).
mathematica.gr
115
yi
n
(0,1):
i =1
1
=n
f '( yi )
( yy )
519. f ( x ) 0, x [ a,b ] f
: c,d ( a,b )
:
f ( c ) f ( a ) = 2k
f ( d ) f (c ) = k
f ( b ) f ( d ) = 3k
1 , 2 3
(,b) :
2
1
3
6( b a )
+
+
=
f '( 1 ) f '( 2 ) f '( 2 ) f ( b ) f ( a )
520. f [,b] , (,b)
f(a)=f(b) 1,2 (,b) :

f (1)+3f (2)=0.
521. f [,b] , (,b) ,f(a)=f(b)
k,l,m>0 1,2, 3 (,b) :
k f (1)+l f (2)+m f (3)=0.

522. A f (,b) lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = k R ,
xa
x b
f (x) (,b).
( Rolle )
523. A f (,b) lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = + ,
xa
x b
f (x) (,b).
524. f R , lim f ( x ) =0 , f(0)=0 .
x +
R : f ()=0
mathematica.gr
116
525. f [, + ) , (, + )
f ( a ) = lim f ( x ) f (x)
x +
(, + ) .
526. f (, + ) lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) .
xa
x +
f (x) (, + ) .
( Rolle)
527. k
f (b ) = f (a )+
ba
( b a )2
f '( a )+
k , f [,b]
1!
2!
. (a,b)
f (b) = f (a )+
ba
( b a )2
f '( a )+
f '' ( )
1!
2!
( !
: Taylor!!
. ;)

51.
f [,b], f (a)=f (b)=0.

(a,b) : f ()=
f( ) f ( a )
.
a
( Flett)
52.
f [,b] , f(x)f (x) 0

x [a,b] f()f () =f ()f()
1 ,2 :f(1) f (2)+f(2) f (1) >0
mathematica.gr
117

53.
f , f [ a,b ] : f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0
x ( a,b ) 1<<,2 (,b) :
4f(x)
ba
f '( 1 ) f '( 2 )
, f ( x ) f ( )
ba
2
54.
f
[a,b] ( a,b ) :| f ( )|= 1
( )

51.
f x>0, f(1)=0, f(x)=f(1/x)

x>0
a,b,c
f ( a ) + f ( b ) + f ( c ) + f ( x ) = 0,x ( 1,+ )
52.
f,g [ a,b ] ,g ( x ) 0 x [ a,b ]

f ( a ) f ( b )

=
g ( a ) g ( b )
( a,b ) :
f ( ) f ( x ) f ( a )
=
g ( ) g( x ) g( a )
( Flett g = .
. Flett :.
Cf
// ,
, )
53.
f R f ( x + f ( x )) = f ( x ),x R
1. f
2.
3. f f
R
mathematica.gr
118

54.
f : R R
f ( 0 ) = 2 , f ( 1 ) = 1, f ( 0 ) = 2 .
( 0,1 ) : f ( ) f ( ) + f ( ) = 0 .
55.
f : [ 0,1] [ 0,1] ,
. 1 2 [ 0,1]
[0,1]: f ( 1 ) f ( 2 ) = ( 1 2 )2
6

61.
f, g
f (x)+g(x) f(x)=0 x R .
f ( x )e g ( x ) .
( f)
62.
f, g,h
f (x)+g(x) f(x)=h(x) x R . h( x )e g( x ) = w( x )
f ( a ) = A f.
( .
w )
6A3.
f :( 0 ,+ ) R : f ( 1 ) = e , x 2 f ' ( x ) + f ( x ) = 0 .
1
g( x ) = e x f ( x )
f.
6A4.
f : R R : f ( 1 ) = e 2 , f '( x ) = 4 f ( x ) ,
f(x)
6A5.
f :( 0 ,+ ) R : f ( 1 ) = e , xf ' ( x ) = 5 f ( x ) ,
f(x)
mathematica.gr
119
x R , f(0)=e , f(x)
6A6.
A f (x)+f(x)=1
6A7.
f (x)=af(x)+b
x R , f(0)=c
f(x) abc 0
6A8.
xf (x)+2f(x)=3x x > 0 , f(1)=1

f(x).
6A9.
4f (x)= ( f ( x )) 0 , x < 1 , f ( 0 ) = 1
5
f(x)
6A10. f(x)+x2+x=f (x)+2x+x x R , f ( 0 ) = 1 ,
f(x)
6A11. xf (x)+f(x)=ex
x R , f(x).
6A12. h ( 0, + )
e h( x ) =
1
, h( 1 ) = 0 , x > 0
h ( x )
6A13. A f ( x ) f ' ( x ) = 2 x 3 x R , f ( 0 ) = 1
f(x).
( )
6A14. H f R , f(x)>0 , f(1)=15 ,
f (x)=f(x)ln[f(x)] . B .
6A15. A f (x)=[4-f(x)]2 x > 1 f(0)=3, f ( x ) 4 x > 1
f(x).
6A16. A f (x)=g(x) , f(x)=g(x) , f(0)=1 , g(0)=0, g(2)=1 x R ,
i) f 2(x)-g2(x)=c x R ,
ii) kf ( x ) + mg( x ) = 0 k = m = 0
6A17. f ( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x ) , g ( x ) = g( x ) f ( x ) , x R
f ( 0 ) = 0,g( 0 ) = 1
mathematica.gr
120
[ e-x f ( x ) x ] 2 + [ e-x f ( x ) x ] 2
f ( x ),g( x )
6A18. 2 f ( x ) f ( x ) = ( f ( x ) f ( x )) f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = 0
2
g( x ) = e-x [ f ( x )] 2 + [ f ( x )] 2
f ( x )
6A19. xf (x)+f (x)=0 x R
f ( 0 ) = 1 .
f(x).
6A20. )
f ' ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) = ce x , x R
) g(x)-2g(x)+g(x)=0 , g(0)=g(0)=1 x R ,
g(x)
6A21. A f (x)=g(x) , f(x)=-g(x) , f(0)=0 , g(0)=1 x R ,
i) f 2(x)+g2(x)=1 x R ,
ii)A F(x),G(x)
f(x),g(x)
[F(x)-f(x)]2+[ G(x)-g(x)]2 .
iii) F(x)=f(x), G(x)=g(x)
iv) f(x)=x, g(x)=x
v) h:h(x)+h(x)=0 , h(0)=0
, h(0)=1
(
...
=1 rad/sec. M
=1 rad/sec.
)
6A22. f ( x + y ) = f ( y ) + f ( x ) + 2 xy x , y R , f ' ( 0 ) = 2
mathematica.gr
121
f R
.
6A23. f ( x + y ) = f ( y ) + f ( x ) + 3xy( x + y ),x, y R
f ( x ),x R, f ( 1 ) = 1 .
6A24. f ( xy ) + x + y = f ( y ) + f ( x ) + xy + 1 x, y > 0, f ( 1 ) = 2
f ( 0 ,+ )

6A25. A f ( x + y ) = f(y)x+ f(x)y f (0)=1 f
R
6A26. A f ( xy ) = xf ( y ) + yf ( x ) x , y ( 0 ,+ ) , f ' ( 1 ) = 2
f ( 0 ,+ )

6A27. f(x+y)=f(x).f(y) x , y R , f(x)=1+xg(x) , lim g( x ) = 1
x 0
.
6A28. f ( x + y ) = e x f ( y ) + e y f ( x ) x , y R , f ' ( 0 ) = 2
f R
.
6A29. f ( x + y ) = e x f ( y ) + e y f ( x ) + 2xye x + y ,x, y R
f ( 0 ) = 2 f R
.
6A30. f (
x+y
f (x)+ f ( y)
x , y R f
)=
2
2
R, f (0)=2
, f(0)=1 .

. g(x)
:
mathematica.gr
122
g(
x+y
)=
2
g( x )g( y ) , g( x ) > 0 , g( 0 ) = g' ( 0 ) = e
x , y R , g R *
6A31. f ( x + y ) + e x + y = e x f ( y ) + e y f ( x ) x , y R , f
R f(x).
6A32. A f ( x ) f ( y ) 1 ( x y ) x, y R f
R .
6A33. f ( x ) f ( y ) ( x y )2 x , y R ,f(0)=5
f(x)
6A34.

1 ( )

R0. t1=2

1=11()

R=
1
2
5/ 2
R0
)

t1
3 t1

.
mathematica.gr
123
)

) N(t)

61.
A xf (x)-f(x)=x2
x R , f(1)=3 ,
f(x)
62.
f (x)x+f(x)x=2x (0,), f(0)=0 , f(/2)=/2 , f

[0,] f(x) [0,]
( x)
63.
A xf (x)=2f(x) x R , lim
x 0
f(0)=0 , lim
x 0
f (x)
=0,
x
f (x)
= 2
x2
f(0)=0 , lim f ' ( x ) = 0 , f (0)=4 ,

x 0
f x R , xf (x)=f(x) x R , f
x R , f x R * ,
-- f (x)=4 x R ,
f(x)
x R , f(1)=e f(x)
64.
A f (x)f(1-x)=1
65.
f : ( 0, + ) R .
() C f x
x .
mathematica.gr
124
(0,0) f(1)=1

66.
f : R R .
() C f x
)= 1
x . ( BA
4
f(1)=2
67.
f : R R
R*. () C f
A( x0 , f ( x0 )) , x0 0 (0,0)
f(1)=1, f(-1)=1
68.
f : ( 0, + ) R*
f ( x ) < 0 . () C f
x
x . ()=1/2 f(1)=1
69.
f . Cf
x (xA,0) (xB,0)
x. xB-xA=1
f(0)=1, f.
610. f :( 0 ,+ ) ( 0 ,+ ) ,
Cf yy

xx f(1)=1
f.
mathematica.gr
125
611. w : w(x)+w(x)=A ,
w(0)=A ,
w(0)=1.
( .)
1
1
612. f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) , f ( 1 ) = 1 , xf ( ) =
.
x
f '( x )
f ''( x )
1 f '( x )
= +

f '( x )
x f(x)
f(x)
613. f ( x ) = f ( x ), x R, f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ( 0 ) = 0
.
f ( x ) = 9 f ( x ), x R, f ( 0 ) = 3 , f ( 0 ) = 1
614. y=f(x)
x y 2 + 2 xy
dy
1
1
= 0, y( ) =
,x > 0
dx
e
e
( : f ( x ) =
dy
= y )
dx
) y2=u
u
) x ( 0,1]
) y
(0,1)
) y
y( x ),0 < x < 1
. g
) g( x ) =
K ,x = 1

615. f(x+y)=f(x)f(a-y)+f(y)f(a-x) f(a)=0 , f(0)=1, f(a)=0,

mathematica.gr
126
i) f(0)=0,f(2a)=0,f(x+2a)=f(x)f(-a),
ii) f(x+4na)=f(x)
iii) f R
f (x)=f(a-x), f (a-x)=f(x), f 2(x)+f 2(a-x)=1
iv) f (x)+f(x)=0
616. A f(x)-f(y)=(y-x)f(x)f(y) R* , f R*
f R*
f ( 1 ) = 1 , f ( 1 ) = 1
617. f ( x ) f ( y ) = ( x y ) f (
x+ y
) . f(x)
2
f ( 1 ) = f ( 1 ) = f ( 1 ) = 2
(
)
618. yf ( x ) xf ( y ) ( x y )2 xy x , y ( 0 ,+ ) , f ( 1 ) = 2
f
619. f :( 0 ,+ ) ( 0 ,+ ) :2xf(y) xf ( x ) + yf ( y ) :
2y x
x
f( x) f( y)
f ( x ) 2x > y
y
2x y
f ( x) f ( x) f ( y ) f ( y )
x > y
y
x y
x
N f
.
620. f ( x + y ) =
f (x)+ f ( y)
f ' ( 0 ) = 2 , f
1+ f ( x)f ( y)
R .
mathematica.gr
127

g( x ) =
1+ f ( x)
, f ( x ) 1
1 f ( x)
g(x).
621. f(x+y)+f(x-y)=f(x).f(y) x , y R f
R, f
f(x)=g(x)+g(-x) , g
R. : f(0),g(0)
,g , f .
622. f f ( 0 ) = 1, f ( x ) 0 x > 1
f ( x ) = xf 2 ( x ) +
x
f ( x ),x > 1
x +1
2
623. f f ( / 4 ) = / 4
xf ( x ) f ( x ) = x 2 + f 2 ( x ) , x ( 0, / 2 )

61.
h(x)=e2xh(-x) , h(0)=1 x R ,
62.
w(x)=w(x)+w(-x) , w(0)=1 x R ,
63.
N f
:
f ( f ( x )). f '( x ) = f ( x ) 0 x R , f '( 1 ) = 1

64.
f ''( x ) = e2 f ( x ) , f '( 0 ) = 1, f ( 0 ) = 0,x < 1 f
65.
A f (x)+[f (x)] 2 =4 x R , f(x)

( )
66.
A f(2x)=[f(x)]4 , f(x)>0, f x R ,
( )
mathematica.gr
128

67.
f R f(1)=0
f ( x ) = 1 + f 2 ( x ) , x R
68.

.
f, g
R :
f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) f ( y ) g( x ) g( y )
g( x + y ) = f ( x ) g( y ) + f ( y ) g( x )
f ( 0 ) = 0 , g ( 0 ) = k > 0 .
!

) f ( 0 ) = 1 , g( 0 ) = 0
)
R :
f ( x ) = k g( x ) , g ( x ) = k f ( x ) x R
)
( f ( x ) kx ) + ( g( x ) kx )
2
)
f,g
E) , ,

h
: h( x ) + k 2 h( x ) = 0 , h( 0 ) = 1 , h( 0 ) = k .
(

.)
mathematica.gr
129

69.
f
:
f 2 ( x) f 2 ( y ) = f ( x + y ) f ( x y ) , x, y R
610.
f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) : f (
a
x
)=
, a >0
x
f(x)
611. f
x>0
f ( x ) + 2x 3 f ( x ) + x 4 f ( x ) = 0 , lim ( xf ( x )) = 1
x +
612. f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R
F : F ( x ) = f ( x ),x R f f(1)=A
613. p(x), n n 2 ,
r1 < r2 < ... < rn

p( rk ) = 0 , k = 1,2,...,n
r +r
p k k +1 = 0 , k = 1,2,...,n 1 [27]
2

61.
f :( 0 ,+ ) ( 0 ,+ ) :2xf(y) xf ( x ) + yf ( y )
.
f
:
7A1.
f(x)=x4-2x2-3 ()
mathematica.gr
130

ln x
x2
7A2.
f(x)=
7A3.
f ( x ) = x ln x
7A4.
.f(x)=1+x+ An ( 1 + x 2 )
1
x
x
7A5.
f ( x ) = 2 An x +
7A6.
f ( x ) = x2ex
7A7.
f ( x ) = ( x 3 x 2 x + 1 )e x
7A8.
f ( x ) = e 2 x + 3e x 5x + 1
7A9.
f ( x) =
ex
1 + x2
7A10. f ( x ) = 3x 2 x 3 2 + 1 x 2 ( x 2 1 )
7A11. f ( x ) = 2x x 2
x,
x<0
2 x
7A12. f ( x ) =
, 0 x1
2
1 + Anx , x > 1
7A13. f ( x ) = x + 1 +
7A14. f ( x ) =
2
x
ax + bx
, 1< a 1
e
. f -1.
7A17. f: f(x)=x5+2x+3 1-1.
f.
7A18. e+=e+, =.
f : e f ( x ) + f ( x ) = x + ln x
f
:
Anx
x 1
7A19. f ( x ) =
7A20. f (x ) =
x>1
x (0,/2)
x3
7A21. f ( x ) = e e 2x , x R
3
x
7A22. f ( x ) = x 2 x , x R
7A23. f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 8 x 2x , x [ 0, ]
2
2
7A24. f ( x ) = 3x x 3 x , x [ 0, ]
2
7A25. f ( x ) = x 2 ln 1 + ln( 1 + x ) x , x > 0

x
7A26. f ( x ) =
mathematica.gr
Anx
, x>2
An ( x 1 )
132

7A27. f ( x ) = 2 x
Anx
x
7A28. f f ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 + x 2
.
7A29. f f ( x ) =
x

1 + x2
7A30. f f ( x ) = e 2 x + e x + x
.
e x ( 1 + ) e x
7A31. f ( x ) =
, f
1 + ex
B
7B1.
R f:
f ( x ) = x + x + x
7B2.
R f:
f ( x ) = e x ( x 2 2x )
7B3.
(0,+)
f: f(x)=2x+2x.
7B4.
7B5.
f( x)=x x
2
2
4
x,x [ 0, ]
2 1
,x 0
x
f ( x ) =
, f
x
0
,x = 0
0.
mathematica.gr
133
(-,), >0 f
.
7B6.
f : f (x ) =
(x + )
,
(x + )
0
7B7.
f: IR (I )
f (x)0 xI. f (x)=0
x, f .
(
)
7B8.
x2f (x)=f 2(x) x [ 1, + ) , f ( 1 ) = 1
f ( x ) 1 x [ 1, + ) f(x).
7B9.
f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ( x ) > 0 x [ 0, + )
f ( x ) , x [ 0, + )
7B10. f: f ( 3 ) ( x ) > 0 , x R
g ( x ) = f ( x ) xf ( x ) +
x2
f ( x ) .
2
g R :
f ( x ) xf ( x ) +
x2
f ( x ) > f ( 0 ),x > 0
2
7B11. : f(0)=0, f R , f R*+.
g(x)=f(x)/x R*+
7B12. f: f (x)>0 x [,] g ( x ) =
g (,).
mathematica.gr
134
f ( x) f ()
.
x
7B13. f (x)<0 xR, A im f ' ( x ) = + , A im f ' ( x ) = .

x +
f (,).
7B14. f (x)<0 xR ,a<b, f(a)=f(b).
f [,].
7B15. f ( x ) 0 x
f f 1-1

7B16. f ( x ) 0 x
f f

( 1-1
)
7B17. f ( x ) 0 x , f ( x )

(

)

71.
y=f(x)
4 +
dy
= ( y 4x )4 x 0 , y( 0 ) = 1
dx
) y-4x=u
du
= u4
dx
) u( x ) 1
mathematica.gr
135
) x <
1
3
) y
72.
f R , f(a)=f(b)=0,<b.
R: f () f()

71.
f : [ a,b ] R , f ( a ) = 0 f
f ( x ) m f ( x ) m > 0 , x [ a,b ]
f ( x ) = 0 , x [ a,b ]
72.
P( x ) , n n 4
, P( x ) P( x )
: P( a ) = P( a ) = 0
73.
f : f(0)=f(4)=2-f(2)=0
0 > f ( x ) 1 , x [ 0,4 ]
f
(
) g( x ) =
1
x( 4 x ) g(0)=g(4)=2-g(2)=0
2
, g(0)=2 , g(4)=-2 g(x)=-1 [0,4]

) h(x)=f(x)-g(x)
1 ( 0,2 ),2 ( 2,4 ) : h(1)=
h(2)=0
mathematica.gr
136
) h h(x)=0
[1,2]
) h(x)=0 [1,2]
) h [0, 1]
[2,4]
) h
f.)
74.
f : R ( 0, + )
f ( x ) = f ( f ( x )) , x ( 0, + )
75.
: f ( x ) = e f '( x ) x [ a,b ] , f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 1
f
76.
f ( x ) > 0 , x [ 0, + )
( f ( 0 ))2
m =

2 f ( 0 )
f ( x ) mln x x>0
77.
f ( x ) M > 0,x [ 0,1]

I [ 0,1]
| f ( x )| M / 4 , x I
AKOTATA
A

f :
81.
f ( x) =
mathematica.gr
x2
9 + x2
137
8A2.
ex
f(x)=
2+ x
8A3.
f(x)=
8A4.
f ( x ) = e3 x + 3e 2 x 9e x + 6
8A5.
f ( x ) = x 2 ln x + 2 ln 1 + x
ln x
x3
8A6.
f(x)=2x Anx -x2+1
8A7.
f(x)=xex ,
8A8.
8A9.
f (x ) =
f(x)=x+2x
8A10. f(x)=3x+3x
x 2 + 4x 3 ,0 x 3
8A11. f ( x ) = x 2 16
,3 < x < 4
5x
,4 x < 5
8A12. f(x)=(x2- x+1)(1+x2)- 2e-

8A13. a2-4b+4<0 f(x)=ex(x2+ax+b)
.
8A14. f ( x ) = x m ( x 2 )n , m 2,n 2,m,n N *

8A15. x2f(x)+3f(x)+f 2(x)+e-x=0. f(1)
.
( )
mathematica.gr
138
8A16. f ( x ) = e ax ( x 2 a )
8A17. f ( x ) =
ax 2 + a + 2
x 1
8A18. f ( x ) =
ln( ax )
, a >0
x
8A19. f ( x ) = x +
1
a
x+a
f
( )
8A20. f ( x ) = a 2
ln( ax )
, a > 0 a
x
f
8A21. f ( x ) = ( x + 2 )e-ax ,a > 0 a
f .
8A22. F(x)=xae2a-x a>0 , x>0. a F
.
8A23. f ( x ) = An( e x + me-x ),m > 0
( x0 , f ( x0 ))

8A24. -1
8A26. p(x)=x3+ax2+bx+c p(x)
. 1 , 2
p(x) p(1)+ p(2)=0
p
mathematica.gr
139
1
1
1
+
+
= 0 r1 , r2 , r3
r1 r2 r3
8A27. p(x)=2x2+2x-2x-

f :
81.
f ( x ) = x( x ) , x [ 0,2 ]
82.
f ( x ) = x 3 3 ( x 1 )2
2 x 2
83.
f(x)=x2lnx-x.
84.
: x + 4 x = 0

f(x)=
85.
x2
+ x x + 2x
8
f 2 ( x ) + ( f ( x )) = e x + x 3 , x R f
2
f
.
86.
f(x)=
x 2 + ax + b
. A
x+c

87.
f(x)=
4( a 1 )x + 2 a + 2

4 x2 1
mathematica.gr
140

88.
f ( x ) = a x + b 3 x , >0,b>0. N
, f
(0,).
89.
H f ( a,b )
c,d ( a,b ) .
c,d
810. f R :
f '( x ) = 1 + xe f ( x ) ,x R f(x)
f ( 1 ) > A n( e 2 )
811.

812. P( x ) 0 , x R P(x)
P(x)

81.
p(x) : p(x) p(-x)=x4n n N *

p(0)=0 , lim p( x ) = lim p( x ) , p(x)
x +
R*, p(0)=0 , p(x)=x2q(x) q .

82.
A f (x)=g(x)f(x) x [ a ,b ] , f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0 , g( x ) > 0
g [a,b].
f

83.
f : [ 0 ,1 ] [ 0 ,+ )
0<a<b<1 : f(a)=f(b)=0.
c ( a ,b ) : f c.
: f ()=0
mathematica.gr
141

84.
f [,] , Cf
K C f . d(x)= KM
) d(x) [,]
) d(x) [,]
)
x0 x0 (,) 0(x0,f(x0)) : K 0 ( )
() f 0.
85.
3f(x)-2f(1)-f(2) 3g(x)-2g(1)-g(2) .
f ,g R : f ()=g()

81.
f [,b]. f(a)<<f(b)
(a,b) : f ()=
( DARBOUX

f !!)
82.
f [0,1], f(0)=0, f(1)=1,

f (0)=f (1)=0. [0,1] : f ' ( ) 4
( ! ,
!!!)
83.
A f '' R
f ( x ) 1 x R , f 2 ( 0 ) + [ f '( 0 )] 2 = 4
R : f ( ) + f ''( ) = 0
9 AKOTATA

mathematica.gr
142

9A1.
8
.
9A2.
8
.
9A3.
72m3
1 2.
.
9A4.
V.

.
( )
9A5.
18
18 18 cm2 4
x cm
. x
.
mathematica.gr
143
9A6.
9A7.
(4,0) , (-4,0) ():4x+5y-2

i) () ()+()=min
ii) ,
()
9A8.
x .

dP
3
=
( 54x 8x 2 ) ,
dx 176
x x<7 K=x3-18x2+105x
(x )
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
x=
9A9.
mathematica.gr
144
9A10. 3
. 15
200 .
, 1
20 .
.
9A11.
2R
.

9B1.

2m/sec .
4m/sec .
=5m =12m
: )
)
mathematica.gr
145

9B2.
= , = , =.
, .
V
,
.
,BM
.
AMK
V1,V2

V1,V2.
Fermat , Snell )
9B3.
2km.

. 2km/h
4km/h.
.
9B4.

. 10n
30$/h, 600$/h.
50miles. (
n =miles/h 30$/h
)
mathematica.gr
146
9B5.

?(=max). d
.
10

N
101. 2 x +1 + 53 x 1 9 x = 0
102. ax+bx=(a+b)x , a>0,b>0
103. 3x+4x=5x
( 3,4,5?)
104. xex=ex-1
105. x+ex=0
106. e x = ax + 2
De l Hospital

107. ln x + e x 1 = 2 x
108. lnx=e-x
)]
109. e x x + 1 + An x 2 + 1 = 1
1010. x=2x-
mathematica.gr
147
1011. a12 ( b1 x ) + a22 ( b2 x ) + ... + an2 ( bn x ) = x + x 3 + ... + x 2n +1

1012. f,g R , f(a)=g(b),
f(b)=g(a),a<b f ( x ) g ( x ) , x R

1013. f R
f ( 1 ) = 1, f ( 1 ) = 1
f 3 ( x ) + x 5 = 0
1014.f(x)=x f : [ 0 ,1 ] [ 0 ,1 ] , f ( x ) 1 x [ 0 ,1 ]
1015. f, g R, f '( x ) g'( x ) x R ,
f(R)=[0,4] , g(R)=[1,3]
f,g *
x 2 n +1
x
1016. N
+ . .. + + 1 = 0
2n + 1
1
( n N*)
1017.N f ( x ) = 0
f(x) f ' ( x ) 0 x R
1018. N x a b
a = ( x ,1 ) , b = ( e x ,1 e x )
1019. x
G G
( 1, Anx ) = v // u = ( 1,1 x )
1020. f
[ 0 ,+ ) , f ( x )e f ( x ) = x x [ 0 ,+ )
f 1 ( 1 ), f 1 ( e ) 2 f ( x ) = e
[ e ,e e+ 1 ]
mathematica.gr
148
1021. f ( x ) = e( x p ) f
2
(0,f(0)) , B(2p,f(2p)) .
= p (0,1)

1022.N x3n-3nx+n=0
(01) ( n N*)
N

1023. (1-x)x=x , R
1024. 9xlnx+e=0 ( 0, + )
1025.5x4+2kx=k+1 [0,1]
1026. k( 3x 2 1 ) = ln( 1 + x ) +
x 1
[0,1]
x+1
1027. x( x 2 ) x = 2( 1 x )( a + x ) [0,2]
1028. ( 1 + e x k )( e kx 1 ) = ke kx ( e x k + x k 1 ) ,k 0 [0,k]
1029. 2(x3-2)=3k(x-1) (0,2)
1030. 2 ln x = k e x ( 0, + )
1031. x 2 + 8 2x = a
?
1032. f(x) , g(x)
f(x)=
g( a ) 4 g( b ) 2
x +
x + g ( b )x + 6 , a < b , g( a ) 0 .
12
2
f
g [a,b].
mathematica.gr
149
1033. P( x ) = a n x n + . . . + a1 x + a0
an
a
a
+ ... + 1 + 0 = 0
n+1
2
1

(0,1).
N

1034. x3-3x+k=0 (-1,1)
1035.
x3
x 2 + 4x + k = 2x R
3
1036.A f (x)<1 x R >1/2
: f()= 2
1037. x+f(x)=a 1< f (x) x R R
1038. (x)=x+ , x (
, )
2 2
1039.A f (x)<0 x R :
f()- 3=m .
1040. f g

. (
f, g)
N
1041. n x 1 = 1 + x n , n N *
1042. ln x = e x
1043.ln(ln(x))=x
1044. x 4 + 4 = ( x + 1 )2
mathematica.gr
150
1045. N ex=ax2+bx+c
.
1046. P(x)
e x = P( x ) +1 .
1047. x 4 + x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , a >
3
4
4
1048.
f(x)= x 5 + ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e = 0
,
: 2a 2 < 5b
1049. N xn=ax+b
.
1050. : f ( x ) = 0
: f ' ' ( x ) 0 x R
1051. 7 x + 9 x = 3 x + 5
.
1052. : f ' ' ( x ) 0 x R .
f .
N

1053.x2=x R
1054. x4-32x+40=0 R
1055. ex+e-x=4-x2 R
1056. x 4 = 16 + ( x 2 )2 R
1057. x 4 = 1 + ( x + 14 )2 R
mathematica.gr
151
1058. 3( x 1 )4 = 24 + x 3 R
1059. x 4 + 5 x 3 + 6 x 2 4 x 16 = 0 R
1060. x 3 = 1 +
2
R {1}
x 1
1061. x 4 5 x 3 + ax 2 + 5 x 6 = 0
8 a < 75 .
N

1062. x3+ax2+b=0 , b>0 , 1+a+b<0 (-1,1)
1063. (3x2-1)(k+x)=(x3-x)x (-1,1)
1064. ( x 2 1 )x + 2xx = 0 (-1,1).
1065.N x = ax , a > 0
N
1066. 5x=1+4x
1067. x2n+1+a2n+1=(x+a)2n+1 a>0 , nN*
1068. e x = ex + 1 x
1069. 2 x +1 = x 2 + x + 2
1070. 32 2 + x = x 3 + 3x 2 + 8x + 12
1071. 2( x 1 ) = ( e2 1 )ln x
1072. e( x 1 ) = ( e 1 )x ln x
1073. x = e ln x
1074. 1 + x 2 n = ( 1 + x ) 2 n nN*
1075. 2 x + ln 2 ( x + 1 ) = 2 ln( x + 1 )
mathematica.gr
152
x2 a2
1076.
= ln x ln a , a > 0
2 ax
1077. 2 x + ln x = 2
1078. N f ( x ) + xf ( 0 ) = xf ( 1 ) + f ( 0 )
: f ' ' ( x ) 0 x R
1079.N
f ( x ) = 6e x ( 6 + 6 x + 3x 2 + x 3 )
De l
Hospital
1080.
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 6 x + k , k < 4 , x [ 1,1 ]
1081.
f ( x ) = e x + ln( x 1 ) 3

m.
1082. x ln x = m
1083. mxe x = 1
1084. x3-x=m
1085.x2ex=m
1086. mx=x
1087. x=mlnx
1088. ln x =
m
2x
1089.2x(ex-1)+(1-m)ex+m=0.

mathematica.gr
153
101. /b ax 3 + be x = 0 , ab 0

( De l Hospital
)
102. N 3x4-x2-2x+4=0 .
103. N
m1a1b1 x + c1 + m2 a1b2 x + c2 + ... + mn a1bn x + cn = P( x ) , P(x) ,

k , mi ,bi
, k+1
104. N
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
= 0
x 1 x 2
x 667
666
105. N 2 x + 2 x = x 2
1
x + a , a > 2
2

106. 2 x 2 = x x + 2 x
.
107. N x2=x+xx
.
108. A f(x)=x2-3x+2xx f(q)=0 q 3 .
f(x)=0
.
109. N x =
1

x
1010. N e x x = 0
x [ 0, + )
mathematica.gr
154
1011. N x3-7x+2=0
f R
f 3(x)+2=7f(x) f .
1012. x x =
1
2
1013.
a x = 1 + ( a 1 )x 2 , 1 < a < 3
1014. m >0: x2+m=2klnx
.
1015. mx=logmx
m.
1016.
a x = x b , a > 1,b 0
1017. x x + 2 = ( x + 2 ) x
1018.
f(x)=
2x
g( x ) = 2 + ex ln x ,
1 + x2
2z
= 2 + ey ln y
1 + z2
1019.
eln y
1
= z+
y
z
1020.
1
+ 2 x = 3 y( 1 ln y )
x
1021. 4 x + 1 = 2 x +1y
1022.
ln x
= e y
x
mathematica.gr
155
N
1023. 2 + x = y = z 2 + 1
1024. 4x 3 + 3x 4 + 2 = 1 y = ze z +1

101. 3 x + 6 x = 4 x + 5 x
( )
102. x 3 kx 2 + 12x 8
k.
103. f ( x ) + xf ( x ) = f ( x ),x [ a,b ], f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0
>0 f (a,b).
104. p(x)=a(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-an) ak
, [p(x)]2-p(x)p(x)

105. 2x 8 + 3x6 5x 3 4x + 6 = 0
R
106. 2x 8 + 3x6 3x 3 2x + 9 = 0
R
107. ( x ) = x, ( x ) = x
( 0, / 2 )

108. f n 1
k n f ( 0 ) 0
mathematica.gr
156
g( x ) = ( 1 x 2 ) f ( x ) f ( x ) + x (( f ( x ))2 f 2 ( x ))
2k-1

xn
x n 1
x
+
+ . . . + + 1 = 0
101.
n! ( n 1 )!
1!
( . )
102. p .
q( x ) = p( x ) + p( x + 1 ) + ... + p( x + k ) , k N *
q
R
103. , b n .
a,b xn=2ax+b
n
104. a,b , c,n > 1
a +1 b
a 1 b
) +(
) = c n
2
2
a b
11
A

11A1.
a b
a
a b
,a > 0 ,b > 0
ln( )
a
b
b
112.
ab
ab
< a b <
0<b<a</2
2
b
2 a
mathematica.gr
157
113. -1(-)<-<-1(-) ,>0

114. 0 < a 
b
2 ab
115. ae bx be ax a b x>0, 0<a
0<b<a</2
b a
117.
a 1
ln a a 1 ,a > 0
a
118. 1 + x e x
119.
1
x ( 1,1 )
1 x
1
1
1
< ln( 1 + ) < a > 0
1+ a
a
a
1110. f ( x ) =
1 ln x
bln a a lnb
< f(a)
,0 < a 0
a
1113. ae x x + a ,x R
1114. a x b x x x R a = be
1115. f '( x ) 0, f ( a ) = 0,x R,e f ( x ) mf ( x ) + 1,x R
m
1116. f ( x ) ax 2 + bx + c , x R , f ( 0 ) = c , f .
f ' ( 0 ) = b
1117. a x 1 + x x R , a > 0 a=e
1118. a1x + a2x + ... + anx n x R , ak > 0 a1 a2 ...an = 1 *
mathematica.gr
158
1119. f
1 + ( x 2 ) f ( 1 ) + f ( x ) e a ( x 1 ) x R .
f(1)+f (1)=2 a.
1120. x0 ,
4 x x0 x + 1 x R.
1121. : An ( x 2 + 1) x , x 0 .
An(x 2 + 1) = x ;
1122. f ( x ) =
Anx
, x > 0.
x2
i) f .
ii) x 2 2e Anx , x > 0.
1
1123. A x>0 : n( 1 x n ) ln x n( x n 1 ) ,n N *
lim[ n( n x 1 )]
n
(
lnx)

1124. ln x >
2x 2
x>1
x+1
1125. 2a ln a ( a + 1 )( a 2 + 1 ) ,a 1
1126. e x 1 + x +
x2
x 0
2
1127. ( 1 + a )x 1 + ax , x 1 , a > 1
( Bernoulli x .)
1128. m : e x mx 2 , x > 0
mathematica.gr
159
:
1129. x x e x 1 , x > 0
a
1130. x e
a
x , a [ 0 ,+ )
e
ea
1131. < eb 0 < a e
1133. ee>e2
1134. e x + e x 2 + x 2 , x R
1135. x 2 x , x ( 0 , /2)
1136. ( a + b ) < a + ba 0<<+</2
1137.
3x
> 4 x ,x ( 0 , / 2 )
x
1138. x+x>2x
1139. x > x
1140. >
1141. x <
x ( 0 , / 2 )
x3
x > 0
6
1
, x R.
2
x ( 0 , )
2x
2
1142. x x < 1 +
3
2 x
1143. 2 x > 3
x [ 1,e ]
1
, x > 1
x
1144. A x f ' ( x ) 1 , x 1 , f ( 1 ) = 1
1 ln x f ( x ) 1 + ln x , x 1
mathematica.gr
160
1145. x.f (x) 1 + x x [ 1, e ] , f(1)=1 , f(e)=1+e
f [1,e]
1146. , f (x)<0 x [ a,b ] , f(a)=f(b)=0,
f(x)>0 x ( a,b )
( .. .
..)
1147. f ' ' ( x ) < 0 , x [ 1,3 ], f ( 2 ) = 0. f ( 3 ) = 1 .
f ( x ) < x 2 x ( 1,2 ) f ( x ) > x 2 x ( 2 ,3 )

1148. , f (x)<0 , f(0)=0 , f(v)=v,
f ( x ) x x [ 0 , v ]
1149. f ( x ) > 0 , x R 6 f (7 ) < 5 f ( 6 ) + f ( 12 )
1150. f ( x ) > 0 , x R
3 f ( 5a ) < f ( 3a ) + 2 f ( 6a ) , a > 0

1151. e x
2 + x +1
e x +1 + x 2 0
1152. ( x 2 + e )x
+e
( x 4 + e )x
+e
1153. ( 3 x + 4 x )3 5 x > 125 x 3 x 4 x

1154. 2 x e4 > ln( x 1 )
1155. x > 1 + e2 x
1156. x > 4 x
1157. ln 2 2 + e x + e x > x 2 +
5
2
mathematica.gr
161
111. ( a + b )ln(
a +b
) a ln a + b ln b a ,b > 0
2
112. a>0 , b>0 , a+b=1 , x>0 , y>0 x a y b ax + by
x+ y
x
y
) < x ln( ) + y ln( )
a+b
a
b

GG
114. a ,b : 0 < a .b 1 , a . b = 2 .
113. ( x + y )ln(
: log x
a.b
x
1
+
0
ln 2 ln 2
x > 0 :
a,b
115. e x 1 + x +
x2
xn
+ ... +
,x 0
2!
n!
( , :
ex = 1 + x +
x2
xn
+ . . . + + . . . ,x R )
2!
n!
116. A f ( x ) = x ,0 < x 1
f ( x ) + f 1 ( x ) > 2x ,x ( 0,1]
117. A f '( x ) > x x (
, ) , f ( 0 ) = 0
2 2
f ( x ) + f ( x ) > 2 x x ( 0, )
2
x
118.
> x
x
x ( 0 , / 2 )
119. 4x 4 x 2 +(x)
x [ 0 ,1 ] .
( )
1110. na n = 1 x n , 0 < x < 1 , n N* a n +1 < a n
mathematica.gr
162
1111. f : R R : f ( x ) axe x + e 2 x e3 x x R .
f 0
: f ( 0 ) = f '( 0 ) = 0 , a = 1
1112. f [1,] , f(1)=a , f(a)=1+2a .
a : 1 f '( x ) 2 , x ( 1,a )
1113. f ( x ) > 0 , x R ,a 0 x R , f ( 0 ) = 3 , f ( 3 ) = 6 :
f ( x ) > x + 3 x > 3 f ( x ) < x + 3 x ( 0,3 )

1115. f ( x ) < 0 x [ 1,2 ] , f ( 1 ) = 2 , f ( 1 ) = 0
: f ( 0 ) > 1 f ( 2 ) < 1
1116. f : [ a,b ) R,lim f ( x ) = + , f '( x ) ( f ( x ))2
x b
, f , f f(a)=1,
b a 1
1117. f ' ' ( x ) > 0 x R , a<b<c<d , a+d=b+c,
f(a)+f(d)>f(b)+f(c)
1118. f ' ' ( x ) > 0 x R
Cf
mathematica.gr
163
(
.)
1119. f ( x ) > 0 , x R 3 f ( 1 ) < f ( 3 ) + f ( 0 ) + f ( 6 )
1120. f ( x ) > 0 , x R
(a+b)f(
ba
) < af ( 1 ) + bf ( 1 ) , a,b > 0
b+a
1121. f ( x ) > 0, f '( x ) < 0, f ''( x ) 0 , x [ 0, + ) ,
lim f '( x ) = 0
x
1122. f , f(x) 0 (a,b) , f(x0)= f (x0)=0 , x0
(a,b). f (x0) .

1 + ( ax ) ( bx ) + ( cx ) x R
b2 + c 2 a 2
1123. f ( x ) > 0 , f ( x ) = f ( a + b x ) , x [ a,b ]
f ( x ) f (b ) 2
f(
a+b
) f ( a )
2
( x a ) , x [ a,b ]
ba

111. a,b ( 0,1 ) a b + b a > 1
112. a,b > 0 ( 8a 2 + b 2 )2 > 16a 3b
113. ( 1 +
1
1
1
)x > 1,x
2
x
x
5
114. f ' ' ( x ) > 0 x R Cf
mathematica.gr
164
x0 [ a ,b ] m , n > 0 , m + n = 1 : x0 = ma + nb .
f ( ma + nb ) mf ( a ) + nf ( b ) .
:
k , ,m > 0 , k + + m = 1
f ( kx + y + mz ) kf ( x ) + f ( y ) + mf ( z )
Jensen.
.
X
f ''( x ) > 0,x R
i) 3 f ( 5 ) f ( 2 ) + f ( 3 ) + f ( 10 )
ii) a ,b ,c > 0 a a b b c c ( abc )
a +b+c
3
( - )
115. ABC D,E,F
KD.KE.KF
KA.KB.KC
116.
1 . . . 4

117.
3 3
3 3
+ + .
,
2
2
++ ?
118.
a n+2
bn+2
cn+2
a2 + b2 + c2
+
+
,a,b,c > 0
( b + c )n ( c + a )n ( a + b )n
2n
mathematica.gr
165
119. a,b,c > 0
a+b b+c c+a

a b c
b c a

a b c
2 2 2
a
a b
x y z
1110. x, y,z 1,xyz = 1
+
1
+
x 1 y 1 z 1
2
1
1111. x, y,z [ 0, ] , x + y + z = 1
2
x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + 4xyz
9
32
1112. x, y,z > 0 , x + y + z = 1 ,S = xy( x + y ) + yz( y + z ) + zx( z + x )
S < 1 / 4
1113.
1
1 1
+ 2 + 2 )( a + 1 )( b + 1 )( c + 1 ) a,b,c > 0
2
a b c
1114. x>0 , y>0 a , b
K>0 : x a y b K ( x + y ) , x, y ( 0, + )

111. (x)>(x) x ( 0,
112. f : [ a,b ] R
f ( x ) > 0 x ( a,b ) , f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0 , f ( x ) + f ( x ) > 0

x [ a,b ] b a
113. f ( x ) R
f ( x + 1 ) 2 f ( x ) + f ( x 1 ) > f ( x ),x R
( Taylor )
mathematica.gr
166
114. f : R R f ( x )
R f ( x ) > 0, f ( x ) > 0, f ( x ) > 0, f ( x ) > 0

f ( x ) f ( x ) , x R :
f ( x ) < 2 f ( x ) , x R
( Taylor)
115. | f ( x )| A,| f ( x )| B,x [ a,a ] | f ( x )|
A
+ Ba
a
| f ( x )|
( Taylor)
116. f : R R .
c>0 f
: f ( n+1 ) ( x ) > f ( n ) ( x ) + c , x R , n N
lim f ( n ) ( x ) , n N
12
A

1
ln x
2x
12A1.
f(x)=
12A2.
x 2 2x + 5
f(x)=
( x + 1 )2
12A3.
f(x)=
12A4.
ax + bx
f ( x ) = ln
2
12A5. f ( x ) =
mathematica.gr
x3 x + 3
x 2 + 2x
,a > b > 0
x3
(>0).
x 2 + 3 2
167
12A6. (1,3) f: f(x)=x3+x2.
, .
12A7. , b f ( x ) = eax ( x 2 + b )
0 x=1
12A8. f ( x ) = x 4 6a 2 x 2 + 5ax
?
?
12A9. f :
f(x)=x3+3x2-(6+5)x-8+3 (>0) .
12A10. f: f(x)=ex+x2+2x+2 ;
12A11. f ( x ) =
1+ x
1 + x2
.
12A12. f(x)=2x+2x, >>0.
12A13. p( x ) .
( x0 , p( x0 )) . p
x1 ,x2 2x0 = x1 + x2
p( x ) = x0
12A14. f ( x ) = x 2 ln( ax ) , a > 0

12A15. f ( x ) = xe ax , a 0

12A16. m f ( x ) = x 4 + mx 3 + 3x 2 + 1
mathematica.gr
168
12A17. f ,g R
f ( x )g ( x ) 0 f
fog
12A18.
.
( )
12A19. f R .
12A20. f : ( a,b ) R . . f(x0)
x0 .
12A21. f g R

12A22.

. x>x0 , x0 ,
f
.
B
121. f0: f (x ) =
x
x
y2(4+x4)=4.
122. f: f(x)=xx
c: y2(4+x2)=4x2.
mathematica.gr
169

123. f: f (x ) =
x
, >0.
x + 2
2
f (0,0)
.
f Cf
.
124. f ( x ) R f

125. f [,] x0 (,),
f
x0. f

126. f R
: f (x)>4{f (x)-f(x)} R. : g(x)=e -2x f(x)

R f x0 f(x0 )=0 :
) g
) g
) f(x) 0 x R
127. f ,g : [ 0,1] R
f g
f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( 1 ) = 0,g( 0 ) = 1,g( 1 ) = 0 . :
g( x ) f ( x ) 1 x,x [ 0,1],
g'( 0 ) > f '( 0 ) 1,g'( 1 ) < f '( 1 ) 1
128. f : R R
mathematica.gr
170
( f ( x )) + ( f ( x )) + ( f ( x )) = e x x 1 + x 2
3
, x R .
f
.
129. f : R R
( f ( x ))
+ f ( x ) = 2x + x x
R ,
.
1210. N : e x = f ( x ) :
f ( 1 ) = 0 , f ( 1 ) = 1 f ( x ) < 0 , x R
1211. f ( x ) = af 2 ( x ) + bf ( x ) + c ,x R
a > 0 , = b 2 4ac < 0
1) f
2) f ( x ) mx R
m=
4a
3) lim f ( x ) = + , lim f ( x ) =
x +

4) f

1212. f : R R
f ( x ) f ( x ) < 0 , x R
1213 f : R R , :
f ( x ) < M , x R
1214 f ( x ) > 0 , f ''( x ) 0 x R , f ( 2 ) = 1 , f
, f
mathematica.gr
171
1215. f ( x ) = 5 f ( x ) , x R Cf
f ,

1216. x 4 4x + 4 = 0
1217. f ( x ) > f ( x ) , x 0, f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) = 0 f
[ 0, + )

121. f R lim f ( x ) R
x +
: f ( ) = f ( )
122. f R
f ( x + 1 ) f ( x ) < f '( x ) < f ( x ) f ( x 1 ) . A

Aim ( f ( x ) ax b ) = 0 lim f '( x ) = a
x +
x +
123. A im[ f ( x ) ax b ] = 0 , a>0 , f R.

x +

y=ax+b
124. f x, y , k , > 0
z =
kx + y
x,y
k +
f (
kx + y
kf ( x ) + f ( y )
)
,x, y f
k +
k +

f(
kx + y
kf ( x ) + f ( y )
)
, k , > 0 ,x, y .
k +
k +
mathematica.gr
172

Jensen, x=y.
f(
k1 x1 + k2 x2 + ... + kn xn
k f ( x ) + k2 f ( x2 ) + ... + kn f ( xn )
) 1
k1 + k2 + ... + kn
k1 + k2 + ... + kn
ki > 0,xi , f .

125. Jensen
1) 3( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ( a + b + c )2
xn + yn x + y
2)
n N * ,x, y [ 0, + )
2
2
n
3) ( a + b )ln(
a+b
) a ln a + b ln b , a,b > 0
2
126. f ( x ) < 0 x [ a,b ] , f ( a ) f ( b ) < 0
c.
c ( a,b ) . f ( a ) > k > m g( x ) = k( x a ) + f ( a )
m=
f (b ) f ( a )
m > f ( b )
ba
f,g
( a,b ] , ( d , f ( d )) .
f ( x ) < g( x ) x ( d ,b )
f ( x ) > g( x ) x ( a,d )

121. f
c :
f ( x) f ( y)
f ( c ),x y f ( c ) = 0
x y
mathematica.gr
173
13 DE L HOSPITAL
A
:
13A1. lim
x +
x
, >0
ex
13A2. lim x x
x +
13A3. lim
x x
x 0
x3
13A4. lim ( x 2 lnx )

x +
13A5. lim
x 0 +
xlnx 1
( x 1) lnx
ln 2 (1 + x ) ln 2 x
x +
lnx
13A6. lim
e x e x 2x
x 0
x x
13A7. lim
g ( x ) ,x 0
13A8. f ( x ) =
g(0)=g(0)=0.
x
0
,x = 0
f 0.
2x 1 + e x 2
,x 0
13A9. f ( x ) =
. f
x
1
,x = 0
mathematica.gr
174
ax + x
= bR
x 0
x3
13A10. lim
13A11. lim
3x + x
x3
x 0
= R .
x + , x 1
13A12. f (1) : f ( x ) = lnx

x 1 , x > 1
ae x + b , x 0
13A13. f ( x ) = 2
cx + x + 1,x < 0
( x + ) ln (1 x ) , x 0
13A14. f: f ( x ) =
.
( x ) ln (1 + x ) , x > 0
f (0) R,
f (0).
13A15. , b
( x + a )ln( e + x ) ,x 0
f(x)=
( x + b )ln( e x ) ,x < 0
13A16. f(x)>0, f(0)=1, f :
Aim { f ( x )}
1/ x
x 0 +
=e
f ' (0 )
13A17. f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = +

x +
lim
x +
x +
x +
f ( x )
f( x)
= 1 lim
x
+
xf ( x )
xf ( x )
13A18. lim
x0
mathematica.gr
f ( x ) + f ( x ) 2 f ( 0 )
f ( 0 )
x2
175
13A19. lim
x0
f (1 + x ) + f (1 x ) 2 f (1)
f ( x )
x4

13A20. f ( x ) R . :
1
1
f ( a )
lim
2
x a
2 ( f ( a ))
f ( x ) f ( a ) ( x a ) f ( a )
13A21. f: f (x ) =
1 +
R* lim
0 1
e x
,
x 2 + 2
, f .
13A22. x = x x0

0 , . :
2
x2
x02
x
x
2
2
lim
2
x x0
( x x0 )
B
1
1
13B1. lim 2 2
x 0 x
x
P( x )
13B2. P( x ) lim x
x + e
ln x
13B3. lim n
x +
x
13B4. f g
g( x )
+ lim
= 0 .
x +
f ( x)
mathematica.gr
176
+

(x,x)
( lna ( x ) , a > 1 )
( n x ,n N * { 1} )
( ax , a > 1)
13B5. de l Hospital
, :
1
x 2
ln (1 + x )
1
x .
f ( x ) = x , g ( x ) =
, h ( x) =
x
x
ln (1 + x )
: lim f ( x ) = 0 , lim g ( x ) = 1 , lim h ( x ) = 0 .

x0
x0
x0
2 1
x '
x
, .
: lim
x 0 An (1 + x ) '
(
)
13B6. p(x)
x12
2
. : Aim p(x )e 1 / x = 0
f ( x ) = e ,x 0
x 0
0
,x = 0
f
f ()(0)=0, N*.
13B7. lim {lnx ln (1 x )} .
x 1
mathematica.gr
177
g ( x)
13B8. g(0)=g(0)=0, g(0)=17 f ( x ) = x
,x 0
,x = 0
f (0).
13B9. lim
x 0
f(a + x)+ f(a x) 2 f(a)

f (x)
x2
13B10. f, g R
g( x ) 0 x R . A =
f(a)
f ( a ) Ag ( a )
,B=
g( a )
g( a )
w R-{a}
f(x)
A
B
w( x )
=
+
+
.
2
2
( x a ) g( x ) ( x a ) ( x a ) g( x )
lim w( x )
x a
13B11. f R
lim f '( x ) = + lim
x +
x +
f( x)
= +
x
13B12. f: f(x)=ex+x3 ;

131.
. lim OM
0
mathematica.gr
178
2R R
.
A B
132. f (0,+)
lim { f ' ( x ) + f ( x )} =R. lim f ( x ) = ,
x +
x +
lim f ' ( x ) = 0 .
x +
de l Hospital
/ ,
,

131. f : ( 0, + ) R f
f ( x ) + 2xf ( x ) + ( x 2 + 1 ) f ( x ) 1,x > 0

lim f ( x ) = 0
x +
132. f (x) R
lim ( f ( x ) + af ( x ) + bf ( x )) = c a ,b ,c
x +
: a > 0 ,b > 0 ,a 2 > 4b

: lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x )
x +
mathematica.gr
x +
x +
179
14
A
f.
14A1. f ( x ) =
x 3 + 4x 2 + 3
x 2 + 2x 1
14A2. f ( x ) =
x2 x + 6
x2 5 4
14A3. f ( x ) = x 2 6 x 1 +
3
x
1+ x
14A4. f ( x ) = 4 x 2 3 x x 2 + x
x2 + 1
x >1
x 1
2
14A5. f ( x ) =
0< x1
x
x0
2x + 3
x2 + 2
14A6. f ( x ) =
, 0 x1
x2
14A7.
() y = 1+x.
14A8. : R R
. Aim ( x ) R .
x +
14A9. (x)
2 .

mathematica.gr
180

14A10. : R R
(). ()
.
14A11. f: R R
() ()
.
14A12. f f(x) = x
.
( Aim ( x )
x +
, )
14A13.
B
14B1. Aim f 2 ( x ) x 2 + g 2 ( x ) = 0
x +
h(x)=f(x)+g(x) +
14B2. H f
x>0 . lim ( x f '( x )) = 0

x +
14B3. H f x>0 .
f

141. f : ( 0, + ) R . N
mathematica.gr
181
Cf (0,0)
x0 : x0 f '( x0 ) = f ( x0 ) . :
f y = x , C f
( 0, 0 )
142. f : ( 0, + ) R , f ''
Cf
. ( 0, 0 )
C f . C f
.
15

:
15A1.
f(x)=
15A2. f ( x ) =
15A3. f ( x ) =
x+2
x3
x 1
x 4 5
2
x2 + 2
x3
15A4. f ( x ) = 3 x 3 3 x + 2
15A5. f ( x ) =
ln x
x2
15A6. f ( x ) =
x
ln x
mathematica.gr
182

15A7. f ( x ) =
1 + 2 ln x
x
15A8. f ( x ) = xe x
15A9. f ( x ) = x e
x 1
15A10. f ( x ) = 2x + x

m
15A11. f ( x ) = ( x + m )e mx
15A12. f ( x ) = ( x m )e
1
x
15A13.
f
().
)
)
Cf
Cf
5 78
Cf
Cf
mathematica.gr
-1
183
3/2 3 4
15A14.
f ( x ) f
f ( 0 ) = 0 .
()
Cf
Cf
-2 -1
2 3 4 5
15A15.
f ( x ) = x 5 2 x 3 + x . ,

f(x)=.
15A16.
f ( x ) =
x
. ,
4 x2
/
f(x)=.
15A17.
f ( x ) =
x3 4x2 + 8x 4
.
( x 1 )2
3x-(4+)2x+2(4+)x-(4+)=0

151. 0 < a < b < c ,a + b + c = 7 ,abc = 9 .
a,b,c .
mathematica.gr
184
.
(1) AO
(2)
(3) ..
(4) EY
(5)
(6)
(7) A
(8)
(9)
(10) - H
(11) EMBAA
(12)
mathematica.gr
185
mathematica.gr
186
1 AO

1A1.
2
x + x 4 x + dx
x
x 1
dx
x
1A2.
1A3.
x + x 1 + x 2 dx
1A4.
xe
1A5.
e xdx
1A6.
x lnxdx
1A7.
xln xdx
1A8.
x ln (1 + x )dx
1A9.
1A10.
1A11.
x 3 xdx
1A12.
1A13.
1A14.
( x )( x )dx
1A15.
dx
lnx
dx
x3
xlnxdx
2
4
2
dx
dx
mathematica.gr
x dx
187
1A16.
1A17.
1A18.
x2 + 1
2 x + 3dx
1A19.
1A20.
1A21.
x
xe dx
1A22.
1A23.
4+e
1A24.
125.
1A26.
1 + ex
1 e x dx
x dx
x dx
2x + 3
dx
+ 3x + 1
x+4
dx
+ x2 2x
2
e 1 / x dx
dx
1
dx
+ ex
1
1 + ex
e2x
dx
1A27.
1A28.
ex
1 + 2e x + e 2 x dx
1A29.
1A30.
x dx
1A31.
1+ e
dx
e x 1dx , x>0
xdx
mathematica.gr
188
1A32.
xdx
1A33.
5 + xdx
1A34.
1A35.
1A36.
1A37.
xlnx dx
1A38.
1A39.
ln ( lnx )
xlnx dx
1A40.
1A41.
1A42.
x
dx
x + 2x 5
x + 4 x )dx
lnx
dx
x
lnx
dx
x
1 x 2 dx
4
1 + x dx
1+ x + 3 1+ x
1+ x
x2 + 2
1A43.
(x 1)
1A44.
4x + 1
2 x + 1dx
1A45.
1A46.
dx
1
x x 1
3x
dx
dx
2 4 x dx
mathematica.gr
189
1A47.
1A48.
ln 4 + x dx
1A49.
x ln ( 2x )dx
1A50.
( x )dx
1A51.
1 xdx
1A52.
2 x +
1A53.
3 + 5xdx
1A54.
1 +
1A55.
1 x dx
1A56.
( lnx )dx
1A57.
1A58.
xe x
( 1 + x )2 dx
1A59.
xln (
e x dx
dx
2 x
2
dx
1 + x
x + 1 dx
1 + x 2 dx
ln x + 1 + x 2
1A60.
1A61.
1+
1 + x2
1
x
mathematica.gr
)dx
dx
190

.
xx x
dx
x2
11.
12.
1 + x e
13.
2 x + 2 x
dx
2 x
14.
1 x
dx
ex
15.
N 2x 3x 5x dx
16.
f(x)=ex+x+x+2x
1 x
dx
a,b: x + x 1 = af ( x ) + bf '( x )

x + x 1
dx
e + x + x + 2x
x
f (x) :
t3
dt .
1+ t2
21.
f (x ) =
22.
f ( x ) = t dt .
23.
f ( x ) = ln 2tdt , x>0.
mathematica.gr
x2
2x
191
1
dt , x[0,/2).
1+ t2
24.
f (x ) =
25.
f (x ) =
x +
26.
f ( x ) = 0 1+ t 2
27.
f (x ) =
28.
x
t
2
f ( x ) = t 2 e y dy dt .
0
0
1 + 2 t
29.
x2
dt
dt .
1
dy .
1 + y2
1
dt .
1+ t4
f, g, h R w(x)
w( x ) =
h( x )
g (x )
f (t )dt .
( )
f (x) :
x
210. f ( x ) = ( x t )dt .
0
211. f ( x ) = ( x t )dt .
0
212. f ( x ) =
1 x
ln( xt )dt , 0 < x < 1 .
213. f (0, +)
f ( x) =
mathematica.gr
1/ x
1
1
dt
+
dt
2
1
1+ t
1+ t2
192
214.
2
1 / x ln( 1 + t )
ln( 1 + t 2 )
dt +
dt = ln 2 ( x ) , x ( 0, + )
1
t
t
215. :
(1+
t
)dt = 2x , x R
t + e t
2
216. f: (0, /2) R f ( x ) =
1+ t2
dt

217. g(x) 2
g ( x )
x +1
g (t )dt
x 1
R.
218. f:RR g : g ( x ) =
x +T
f (t )dt (R ).
*
f
: g
219. f ( x ) =
lnt
dt , x(0, +) :
1+t
1 1
f ( x ) + f = ln 2 x .
x 2
220. :
et + t
x 1 + et dt = x + x
x
e x + ex
e x e x
, sinh x =
xR.
2
2
221. cosh x =
mathematica.gr
cosh x
t 2 1dt =
193
(cosh x sinh x ) x .
2
+x
222. g ( x ) =
f (t )dt f , :
g(x)=f(-x)+f(+x).
x
223. : g( x ) = ( x t ) f ( t )dt f ( x )
0
R g ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( 0 )
224. g ( x ) = ( x t ) f (t )dt f . g
x
g(x)=f(x).
x
225. g( x ) = f ( t )dt , h( x ) = g( t )dt f ,

x
h( x ) = ( x t ) f ( t )dt , x R
0
226. f, g R
f (t )dt = g ( x ) g ( y ) , g (t )dt = f ( y ) f ( x ) x,yR

y
: f (x)+f(x)=0, g(x)+g(x)=0
227. f ( x ) f ( y ) =
x+ y
f (t )dt x,yR
x y
: f (x)f(y)=f(y)f(x) x,yR.

21.
g ( x ) = f ( t ) x t dt + f ( t ) x t dt f ,
:g(x)=2f(x) x[0,1].
22.
g (x ) = max{x , t} f (t )dt f . :
1
g(x)=f(x) x[0,1].
mathematica.gr
194

23.
g ( x ) = f (t ) x t dt f , :g(x)=2f(x)
x[,].
2B4.
x
x f (t )
x
, F( x ) = f ( t )dt , G( x ) =
dt , x > 0
2
1
1
1+ x
t2
f(x)=
h( x ) = F( x ) + G( x )
( 0, / 2 ) . ?
25.
f ( x ) = (x t )e ( x t ) g (t )dt 0, x>0 g .
x
: f (x)-2f (x)+2f(x)=g(x).
26.
f ( x ) =
R(t ) ( ( x t ))dt
(R*) R
. : f (x)+2f(x)=R(x).
(
)
27.
f ( x ) =
e ( x t ) e (t x )
g (t )dt g
2
: f (x) - f(x) = g(x)

(
2 .)
28.
f, g, h R +* :
f (x ) =
f (t )
1 x
(
h( x ) h(t ))dt , g ( x ) =
dt (R*)
x
t
x 0
: f ( x ) = h( x ) + g ( x )
29.
f :
mathematica.gr
h(t )dt
0
f (t )(x t )dt = f ( y )dy dt .

x
195

21.
f :
22.
2
x
f ( t )( x t ) dt = 2!
0 0
f ( t )dt d1 d2
f . g ( +1) (x ) = f ( x ) g ( )( 0 ) = a , =0,
1, 2, , .
x
1 x
g (x ) =
+ f (t )( x t ) dt
0
!
=0 !
(
.)
23.
f ( x ) =
1+ t3
dt x(0,+). f
f ' ( f
(x )) =
( f (x ))'
: ( f ( x ))' ' = ( f ( x ))
1
3 ..

31.
f : f ( x ) =
x2
dt
. f
1+ t2
.
32.
f : f ( x ) = (t 2 ) (t )dt . f
x
[0,2).
mathematica.gr
196
33.
f: (1,+)R f ( x ) =
ln ( lnt )
dt .
t
f .
34.
t 2 +1
f ( x ) = (
eu
du )dt .
u2 + 1
f(x).
(
. .
)
2x
35.
f ( x ) = e t x ln tdt , x > 0 : xf (x)=xf(x)+2ex

1
f(x)
x0=1/2.
g( x ) =
1
1
2
g( t )dt ,
f ' ( x ) + f '' ( x )
ex
( )
36.
E f ( x ) = ( e t y ln tdt )dy , x , y ( 1,+ ) :

f (x)+f(x)=lnx f(x)
x0=2.
( )
37.
x2
f : f ( x ) = g( t )dt , g R , g(0)=1
0
f .
( )
mathematica.gr
197
38.
f ( x) =
1 + 4t 2
f ( x )
39.
f ( x ) =
dt .
1
1
x0
1 + 2x
1 + 4x2
1
An(1 + 2 x ) Aim f ( x ) .
x +
2
1 + t 3 dt , x [ 1, + ) f

31.
f f(x)>0 xR .
t f (t )dt
g (x ) =
t f (t )dt
x
g (0,+) :
0
x
32.
f, g, h f(x)>0,g(x)>0,h(x)>0
g
w(x)
h
f (t )g(t )dt .
(0,+ ) w(x ) =
f (t )h(t )dt
x
0
x
0
33.
,

x
f : f ( x ) = [ f 2 ( t ) + et t + 1]dt , x R
0
34.
f [0,1]
f ( x ) > 0 , f ( x ) < 1 x [ 0,1] .
b
g( x ) = f ( t )dt f ( t )dt + f ( t )dt f ( t )dt .

a

mathematica.gr
198
0 < a f ( t )dt , x 0
0
f ( x ) 0 , x [ 0, + )
36.
f ( x ) =
et
dt , x [ 1, + ) f
1+ t2
,
f(x)>
36.
1 1 + x2
ln(
)
2
2
f ( x ) =
ln( 1 + t 2 )
dt , x [ 1, + ) f
t
,
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) + ln(
x
) x0 > 1 .
x0
37.
f: (0,+)R f ( x ) =
et
dt . f
t
.
f(x)=0
f ( x ) lnx x[1,+) lim f ( x ) .

x +
f ( x ) x 1 + lnx , x ( 0,1]
f
mathematica.gr
199

31.
f ( x ) =
1
1 2 2t
dt , (0, 1), =f(/2).
) f .
) f(x+)-f(x)
.
) f ( x ) 2 1 + x 1 x 0
lim f ( x ) .
x +
(
1 ,
.)
32.
f ( x ) =
lnt
dt , x(0, +)
1+t
) f (0,+)
1
) : f ( x ) > f x ( 1,+ )
x
1 1
) : f ( x ) + f = ln 2 x lim f ( x ) .
x +
x 2
( lim f ( x )
x 0 +
!! Fourrier!? 2/12.
, ,
!! )
mathematica.gr
200
4 EY
A OMAA
4A1.
f : f (t )dt = x 2 1 ?
4A2.
, f
f ( t )dt = 1 + f 2 ( x ) ,x R
f (t )dt = x ?
x
4A3.
4A4.
, f
4A5.
f ( t )dt = 5 x 2 ,x R
, f
4A6.
t 2 f ( t )dt = x 2 ,x R
, f
f ( t )dt = g( x ) ,x R g
R .
4A7.
, , f
4A8.
x
1
tf ( t ) dt = x 2 + x 2
.) xR ) x R +* .
f: (0,2) R
1
1
f ' ( x ) 2 f ( x ) = x .
x
x
f.
4A9.
f: [0,+) x + f ( t ) dt = ( x + 1) f ( x )
0
f.
4A10. f :
f (t )dt = t 2 f (t )dt +
1
f.
mathematica.gr
201
x 16 x 18 1
+
8
9
4A11. f : tf (t )dt = x 2 + x 3 .
x
4A12. f : [ 0, + ) R
x
x 2 + 4x = ( 1 + t ) f ( t )dt . f
0
4A13.
x
, f R, : f ( t )
0
4A14. f , R* : xf ( x )dx =
1
t
dt = f 2 ( x ) .
2 + t
x + 1 xf ( x )
.
x
f.
4A15. f : ( 0, + ) R
x
2 f ( t )dt = x 2 An 2 x k , x > 0 . k
1
f.
4A16. f: RR f ( x ) = f (t )dt .
x
f.
4A17. f:RR 1 + f (t )dt = f ( x )
x
xR.
4A18. f :
x f (t )
f ( x ) = ( 1 + x 2 ) 1 +
dt
0 1+ t2
x R .
x2
4A19.
f(
t )dt = f ( x ) , x > 0 f.
mathematica.gr
202
4A20. f: (0,+) R : f ( x ) = 1 +
1 x
f (t )dt .
x 1
f.
4A21. f : R ( 0, + )
x
f ( x )( x 2 + 1 ) = 2 tf ( t )dt + 2 , x R .
1
4A22. f x>0 f(x) 0

x
2x f ( t ) dt = f ( x ) f.
1
4A23. f : ( 0, + ) R
f ( x) =
x tf ( t )
1
+
dt ,x ( 0, + ) . f.
x 1 x2
4A24. f R , 2 f ( t ) dt = x ( f ( x ) + 4 )
x
f. f(1)=3 , f(-1)=4
4A25. f R f ( x ) = e t f (t ) dt .
x
) f ' (x )e f (x ) = e x .
) f(0) f.
4A26. f : ( 0, + ) R
x
f ( x ) + tf ( t )dt = 2 , x R . f
1
4A27. f (0,+ )
f ( x)
f 1 ( t ) dt = x e . f.
4A28. f : [ , ] R
x
f ( t )dt +
mathematica.gr
f ( t )dt = x + kx ,
203
f ( t )dt = 4
4A29. R
x
f ( x ) = x + e t f ( x t )dt
0
4A30. f: R R
f(x)=
x
e1 + x
+ e t f ( x t )dt , x R .
0
2
4A31. f: RR
1
0 f ( x ) = 1 2x 2 tf 2 ( xt ) dt ,x R .
0
(! x 0 )
4A32. f : [ 0, + ) R
0
x2
f ( x) =
2xf ( 2xt )dt ,x [ 0, + ) .
1/ 2
2
f
433. f: RR
f ( x ) = x
1/ 2
f ( 2xt )e x dt , x R . f.
4A34. f: (0,+) R :
x
1/ x
( 1 + f ( t )dt =x f ( xt )ln tdt . f.

4A35. f [,]
f (x )dx = 0 .
2
4A36. f [1,2] :
2
1 + t 2 f 2 ( t ) dt = 2 tf ( t ) dt . f.
1
mathematica.gr
204
4A37. f [0,) f()=0 .
2 1 + tf ' ( x ) e f ( x ) dx = f ' ( x ) :
x
) 2xef(x) =f (x),
) g(x)=ef(x)
g' ( x )
= 2x
g 2 (x )
) g f

41.
f : [ 0, + ) R
x2
42.
tf ( t )dt = 2x 3 x ,x [ 0, + ) . f
f xR.
:
43.
x
tf (t )dt = x xx
x
f ,
: f
2 f ( x ) + (tf (t ) 2 f ' (t ))dt = x 3 + x xR.
x
44.
f(x)0 R* f R f
: f (x ) f (t )dt = x xR.
x
45.
f : R R :
b
4 f ( x ) + f ( x ) = f ( t )dt = k , x R .
a
46.
f R x 2 = f (t )dt + xf (x )
1
f.
mathematica.gr
205
47.
x
) f g ( x ) = f (t )dt g(x)
0
f.
) g R
f(x)=0 x R+ .
48.
x R+ , :
*
f (t )dt
f ( x ) = e 0
49.
f ,g : [ a,b ] R :
g( x ) 0 , f ( a ) = f ( b ) , f ( x ) =
f 4( t )
dt
g 3( t )
f
410. f:=[0,) R
x
f ( x ) = 1 2 f 2 ( x t )dt ,x A . f
0

411. f R ,
f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ( 0 ) = 2
( t 2 + 1 ) f ( t )dt = 2 tf ( t )dt 4 xtf ( x )dt
f ( x ) =
2x
1 + x2
412. R
f ( x ) + tf ( x t )dt = 0 ,
x
( f ( x ))2 + ( f '( x ))2

413. R
f ( x ) = 6 x + f (x t )tdt
x
mathematica.gr
206

414.
f (t )dt = f
1
(t )dt = 1 .
f(x)=1
x[0,1].
415. f
(x )dx 1 0 xf (x )dx .
1
f(x)=x x[0,1].
416. f [,] : 0 f ( x ) f (t )dt
x
x[,]. f(x)=0 [,].

417. f ( x ) f ( x ) 2 ( f ( x )) = af 3 ( x ) 0 , x [ 0,1 )
2
g( x ) =
f ( x )1
3
g( 0 ) =
f(x)
2
x-g(x)
g , f
418. f ,g : [ 1, + ) R :
1
f ( x ) = e g( t )dt , g( x ) = e f ( t )dt .

419. E
f ,g : [ 0, + ) R* :
x
1 + f ( t )dt =
0
1
5
.
, 1 + 5 g( t )dt =
g( x )
f
(
x
)
0
f ( x ) = 5g( x ) .

41.
f ( x ) = 1 + ( f ( u )du )dt f
R f
mathematica.gr
207

42.
R
x
f ( x ) = x + ( x t ) f ( t )dt
2
43.
f [,]
2(-)f(x) 2f 2()+2f 2()+1 x [,]
f.
44.

:
) f [0,1],
) f(x)0 x[0,1],
)
45.
x 2 f ( x )dx = 2 , xf ( x )dx =
1
f (x )dx = 1 .
1
) f f(x)0 [,]
f (t )dt > 0 .
) f , f 2 f(x)0
f .
) B f
x
3 f
0
46.
(t )dt =
f 3 (x ) .
t
f (t ) 1 + t
x
dt = f
(x )
47.
R :
f(x)
f ( 0 ) = 0 , f '( x ) > 0 x R ,
mathematica.gr
208
f ( t )dt = xf ( x ) f ( t )dt
0

48.
f [0,1]
x
0 < f ( x ) = f ( 1 ) + ln( f ( t ))dt ,x [ 0,1]

0
f ( 1 ) = 1 f
49.
f R
x
f ( x ) = 2 + f ( c ) etf ( t )dt ,x R f
0
c f(0)=3 , f(1)=5
410. R
x
f ( ax + b f ( t )dt ) = ax + b , a 0
0
411. R :
f ( t )dt = ( b a ) f
f ( t )dt ,a,b R
412. f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ), f ( x ) = x +
f( x)
x
t
2t
dt
f
413. f R,
,
x,y
y
x
f ( t )dt
yx
f( x)

41.
f : [ 0, + ) R
[0,] >0
x
f 2 ( x ) = f ( t )( 2t + 2 )dt , x [ 0, + ) .
0
mathematica.gr
209

42.
f : [ 0,a ] R + . O(0,0) ,
A(a,0) ,M(a,f(a)) , B(0,f(0)) P(f,a)
, E(f,a)
.
>2
: f
L(f,a), Cf ,
: L( f ,a ) =
1 + ( f ( t )) dt .
2
f P(f,a) - (f,a)=
a 0
4
43.
f : R R
f ( x ) = ( 2 f ( x ))e f ( x ) ,x R , f ( 0 ) = 1
f 1 ( x ) =
eu
du ,x ( ,2 )
2u
(
)
5

f (x) :
51.
f ( x ) = An( x + t )dt , x0.
52.
f ( x ) = ( x + t )dt .
53.
f (x ) = (x t )dt , xR*.
mathematica.gr
210

54.
f ( x ) = e xt dt .
0
f
:
+
f ( x )dx =
( f ( x ) + f ( x ) )dx .
55.
56.
f (x )dx = f ( x )dx .
57.
f f ( x )dx = 2 f ( x )dx .
58.
f f ( x )dx = 0 .
59.
f , >0,
f ( x )dx =
f ( x )dx .
510.
f (x )dx = f (x )dx
511.
f ( + t )dt = f (t )dt .
512.
513.
dt
dt
, (x>0).
= x
2
1
1+ t
1+ t 2
g ( x ) = f (tx )dt x(0, 1)

1
xg(x)+g(x)=f(x). f
1
514. : f ( x t )dt = f ( x + 1 ) f ( x 1 ) f ( x )
1
mathematica.gr
211
515. L( x ) =
1
dt , x>0
t
: L(xy ) = L( x ) + L( y ) , x,y R +*
516. :
x e x dx = ( lnx ) dx , N.
51.
x (2 x ) dx , x=2t.
I =
x ( x ) dx
/2
517. f (2 x ) = f ( x )
2a
xg ( f ( x ) ) dx = a g ( f ( x ) ) dx .
2a
518. f (2 x ) = f ( x )
519. :
520. :
xf (x )dx =
/2
521.
f (x )dx .
2
0
/2
f (x )dx
0
f (x )dx = 0 .
f (x )dx =
2
f (x )dx .
f (1 + x ) + f (1 x ) = 2 , xR.
522. f R f ( 0 ) = 0 , f ( 1 ) = 2
f ( t )e 2t [ f ( t ) + f ( t )]dt

51.
g (0, +) g ( x ) =
mathematica.gr
a x
212
x
dt
x + t2
2

52.
A f ( x ) [0,2] f ( x ) = f ( 2 x )

53.
f ( x ) =
f ( t )dt = f ( 0 ) + f ( 2 ) = 2 f ( 1 ) *
Ant
dt , x>0
1+t
1
f (a) + f , a > 0 .
a
54.
f R
f ( x ) f (0 )
,x 0
g( x ) =

x
f ( 0 ) , x = 0
1
g( x ) = f ( xt )dt
0
55.
f ( + x ) = f (x ) , xR
56.
xf ( x )dx =
1
( + ) f (t )dt .
2
f ( x ) = f ( x ) , (R*) g ( x ) + g ( x ) = .
:
57.
58.
f (t )dt .
0
g ( f (x ))dx = , :
g ( f ( x ))
dx = .
x
2
1+ e
f ( x ) + f ( + x ) = 2 , (0). :
59.
f (t )g (t )dt =
f ( x )dx = 2 .
f ( x ) + f ( x ) = , (+0).
f (x )dx .
mathematica.gr
213
510. f ( x ) + f ( x ) 0 , xR.
f (x )
f (x ) + f ( x ) dx
0
511.
512.
513.
et
et + e4 4t +t
1+ e
1t t
dt
x4
dx
x 4 + ( 1 x )4
2
dt
514. f ( x ) + f ( x ) 0 , xR.
f (x )
f (x ) + f ( x ) dx
515. f ( x ) f ( x ) = 1 , x[-1, 1]
1
1 + f (x )
dx .
516. f , g , >0, 1. :
f (x )
dx = f ( x )dx . *
0
+1
g (x)
517. f , f(0)=0, f .
f (t )dt +
x
f (x )
(t )dt = xf (x ) .
518. f (x)>0, :
f ( )
f ( x )dx + ( )
f
f 1 ( x )dx = f ( ) -f ( )
.
( -)
mathematica.gr
214
519.
520.
521.
522. f ( x ) =
e x e x
e 1
et 1dt +
1 + t 3 dt +
1
4 + t2
ln( 1 + t 2 )dt
t 2 1dt
dt
( 4 m )x 2 + 2x m
.
( 2x + 1 )( x 2 + 1 )
a,b R : f ( x ) =
ax
b

+
x + 1 2x + 1
2
m : A im f ( x )dx R
k +
N :
523.
x x( 3 +
x )dx
/2
524.
x + x dx
0
/3
525.
ln( x )
dx
2
x
/4
/2
526.
1 + x
dx
1 + x
x 1
e 2t
dt , = 1 + An 2 Li ( x ) =
dt (x2).
t 1
2 Ant
527. I =
Li(x).
Li(x)
.
mathematica.gr
215
528. Li ( x ) =
ln x
1
dt , (x2) :
lnt
et
dt = Li (x ) .
t
f : f ( x ) =
et
dt x(0,+).
t
f
529.
530.
531.
532.
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
et
dt >0,
t +
et
dt
t
et
dt
t2
e1 / t dt
51.
x2
x
e t t dt = ! e x e x 1 x
... .
2!
!
7

61.
f ( x ) =
a t ln a + bt ln b
dt :
a t + bt
f ( x ) x , x R ab = e 2
(
)
mathematica.gr
216

62.
H f R :
x2
f ( t )dt a
x 1 xR , a>1 a=e
63.
H f R
x
( 1 + x ) f ( t )dt a ln( 1 + x 2 ) + x
x R
f (0 ) = 1+ a
64.
H f R
2x
f ( t )dt x 2 + x , x R f ( 0 ) = 1
65.
H f R
x
e x + f ( t )dt 1 + mx , x R . m
0
66.
f [,] f()>0.
f (x )dx < 0
(,): f()=0.
67.
f [,]. [,]:
f (x )dx = f (x )dx .
68.
f [,]. [,]:
f ( x )dx = k f ( x ) dx
k ( 0,1 )
69.
f : R [ 2, + )
g( x ) = x 2 5x + 1
x2 5 x
f ( t )dt , x R . g
[-3,0]
a
610. f, g
f ( x )dx = g ( x )dx
1
Cf , Cg
mathematica.gr
217
611. f:[0,1]R : f (x )dx = 1 .

1
(0,1) :
f()=3 2.
612. f:[0,1]R :
1
f ( x )dx = .
1
(0,1): f ( ) =
613. f [0,1]: 3 f ( x )dx = 1 .

1
(0,1) : f()= 2.
614. f [0,1] : f ( x )dx = 1 +
1
(0,1): f ( ) =
1 1
+ .
2 3
1 3
.
1
615. f [0,1]: 6 f (t )dt = 2 + 3 + 6 .

1
(0,1): f()= 2++ .

616. f [0,1]. (0,1):
( 1 ) f ( ) = f ( t )dt .
0
617. f [,]. (,):
f ( ) =
f (x )dx .
618. H f R
f ( t )dt = f ( t )dt b-a=d-c b<c

c
g( x ) =
x +b a
f ( t )dt
a , c. f ( x )
x0 ,x0 + b a g ( x0 ) = 0
mathematica.gr
218
619. H f R
f ( t )dt = f ( t )dt (0,3): f ( ) = 0

2
620. f [,], f()=0
f (x )dx = 0
(,) f ()=0
621. f [,]:
f (t )dt = 0 .
1, 2[,]: f (1 ) f ( 2 ) 0 .
622. f ( x ) < 0 , x R , f ( a ) f ( b ) < 0
2
1 , 2 R : f ( t )dt = 0
1
623. f ( x ) = f ( x ) , x R f
b.
( 2 t 2 ) f ( t )dt + 2bf ( b ) = 0
624. f [ 0, / 2 ]
/2
( f ( t ) + f ( t ) )tdt = f ( 0 )
[ 0, / 2 ] : f ( ) = 0
625.
xf ( x ) = f ( x ) , x [ a,b ] , f ( b ) = f ( a ), f ( a ) = f ( b )

:( b a ) f ( ) = ( b + 1) f ( a )( a + 1) f ( b )
626. f [ 0, ]
( f ( t ) + f ( t ) )tdt = 2 f ( 0 ) f ( x )
1-1
mathematica.gr
219

61.
f [,+1]:
a +1
f ( t )dt = 1
g : [ a,a + 1] R
x
a +1
g( x ) = f ( t )dt
f ( t )dt .
2
1 x
1
g( x ) = f ( t )dt g
a
4
2

62.
f f()>.
f ( x )dx <
2 2
2
(,): f()=.
63.
f [,] f()>2.
3 f ( x )dx < 3 3 (,): f()= 2.
64.
f '( x ) > 0 , g'( x ) = x f '( xt )dt x R

1
g
: 2 f '( 2 ) = f '( )
65.
f [,], (,)
<0
f ( a + b t + x )dt f ( t )dt
x R .
(,) : f ()=0
66.
f :
f (t )dt = 0 . (,):
f (x )dx = f ( ) .
mathematica.gr
220

67.
f (t )dt = 0 0<<, (,):
f (x )dx = f ( ) .
68.
f [,].
[,]:
69.
f (t )dt f (t )dt = ( + 2 ) f ( ) .
f, g (,).
(,):
f ( x )dx + ( )g ( ) = g ( x )dx + ( ) f ( ) .
+
610. f [,] f
0 .
2
(,):
f (x )dx =
f ( )( )( )
.
( + 2 )
611. f [,].
g ( x ) = ( x ) f (t )dt + ( x ) f (t )dt .
g (,).
612. f [0,1] : f ( 0 ) = 0 .
1
(0,1) : f '( ) = 2 f ( t )dt

0
613. f, g [0,1]: g(0)=0, g (1) = f ( x )dx .

1
(0,1): f()=g().
614. f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x + :
10
+ = 0
(0,1): f()=0.
615. f [0,1]. [0,1]:
f ( t )dt
mathematica.gr
1
f ( )
2
221
616. f :
f ( x )dx = 1 ,
f ( x )dx = 5 .
2
(0,3) : f '( ) = 2
617. f : f()=f()=0
f (x )dx = 0 .
1, 2(,) : f ( 1 ) = f ( 2 ) = 0 .
: f ()=f ().
618. <, <
f (x )dx f (x )dx < 0 .
1, 2 : f ( x )dx = 0
1
619. E f ' f ( x )dx = 0 .

0
(0,1) : f '( ) = f ( 1 )
620. f [0,1]
tf ( t )dt = A, f ( t )dt = f ( 0 ), f ( 0 ) = A + 2
0
(0,1) : f '( ) = A + 1
621. f [0,1]
2 f ( x + 1 ) 2 f ( x ) = x 2 , x [ 0,1]
f ( x )
f ( t )( t 2006 )dt = f ( 0 )
622. f
xf ( x )dx = 0 . (0,1) :
f ()=f(1).
623. f f()=0, f()=0 (,):
f (t )dt =
mathematica.gr
( )2 f ' ' ( ) .
222

61.
f,g g( x ) 0 , x [ a,b ] ( g( x ) 0 )
b
(,): g( x ) f ( x )dx = f ( ) g( x )dx

,
3
62.
f [0,1] : (0,1):
1
(1 x ) f ' ( x )dx = 2 f ( )
1
63.
f [0,1] (0,1):
1
f ( x )dx = f (1) 2 f ' ( ) .
1
64.
f b

f ( b ) f ( a ) = ( b a ) f ( a ) +
65.
( b a )2
( b a )3
f ( a ) +
f ( )
2
6
E f ' , f '( 1 ) < 1

x
x f ( xt )dt x 3 x , x R : f '( ) =
1
( f ...)
66.
E f f ( t )dt = ln( 1 + 2 )
0
x0 (0, 1) :
1
2
< f ( x0 ) <
1 + x0
2

61.
f : R R :
f ( t )dt f ( x ) f ( y ) x, y R f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1
f >0
mathematica.gr
223

62.
f R :
f ( t )dt = tf ( t )dt
0
) [0,1] : f ( a ) = f ( t )dt
0
) b [0,1] : bf ( b ) = tf ( t )dt
0
63.
f [a,b]
f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0
( a,b ) : f ( )
2( f ( b ) f ( a ))
( b a )2
7 A
A
:
71.
72.
t5
2
dt .
1 t + 2
3
2e
/4
dx
/4
e
2
t
3
dt .
t
1 e
e
2
73.
74.
/ 3 t
1
3
dt
.
4 /6 t
2
75.
76.
f [,] m = min f ( x ) , M = max f ( x ) , >0
2 + 2 t
dt .
x[ , ]
mln
mathematica.gr
x[ , ]
f (t )

dt Mln .

t
224

77.
) x[0,1] x x 2 ln ( 1 + x ) x ,
) :
78.
1
1
1
ln (1 + t ) dt .
6 0
2
>0 x[0,1] 1 x 1 x 1
:
lim
+ 0
79.
2
64
1+
1
x
2
1
2.
1 x dx
+1
1 x dx .
/4
2
xdx
.
1 + 2 x 32

,
.
x
710. 2 e t dt e x e xR.
2
711. 1<< : 0
dt
1
ln
.
lnt
1
712. f [,b] :
b
tf ( t ) dt
+b
2
f ( t ) dt .
713. f ( x ) [ 1, + ) f ( 1 ) = 2
xf ( x ) > f ( x ),x 1
b
f ( t )dt b 2 a 2
1 a 
f ( x )
> 0 , x ( 0, + )
2
( f ( t ))n dt
( f ( t ))2n dt , a > 0 , n N *
0
715. f ,g : [ 1, + ) R :
1
x 1 f ( xt )dt + xg( x ) < xf ( x ) + g( t )dt .

1
f ( x ) > g( x ) ,x [ 1, + )
716. f [ 0, + ) ,, f ( 0 ) = 1, f ( 0 ) = 1 .
f ( x ) > 1 ( 0, + ) ,
f ( t )dt ln( f ( t ))dt

1
717. f ( 0, + )
f ( 1 ) = 0 , ln x f ( x ) x 1 , x ( 0, + )
f
f
f ( x ) = m 1
718.
( f ( x ) x ) + ( f ( x ) x )
2
f (x )xdx = f (x )xdx = 1
1
f :
719. f ( 0 ) = 0 , 0
mathematica.gr
f 2 ( x )dx
3
.
2
x
f ( x ) xf ( x ) ,x [ 0, + )
2
1
1
1
f ( t )dt f ( 1 )
4 0
2
226
720. f(x)0, f()=0, f()=1 f
f (x )dx 2 ( )

f (x )dx 3 .
2
t2
dt
4
.
3
71.
72.
73.
f (x)>0
ln( 2 + t 2 )
dt 1 .
1 + t2
x[,] :
74.
f (t )dt 2 ( )( f ( ) + f ( )) .
1
f (x)<0 x[,]
( )2
2
75.
f ' ( ) f ( x )dx ( ) f ( ) .
f : f(0)=0 , 0 f (x) 1 , x[0,+)

76.
f 3 ( t ) dt
f ( t )dt
x[0,+).
f ( x ) = g (t )dt g [,]. g( 2 )
x
g( 1 ) g [,]
mathematica.gr
227
( )
g( 2 )
( )
f ( t )dt g( 1 )
77.
f (x)0 x[,] :
+
78.
f ( x )dx + f ( x )dx
f ( x ) =
2x
+
f ( ) f
2
dt
.
t lnt
) .
) f [2,+).
) f(x) x, x>0.
) f(x) ln2, x1.
79.
1
1
x
( + 1)
dx 1 (N*)
2
0
2
1+ x
710. f ( x ) = s ( x s )ds x>0 , N*.

1
) : f ( x ) =
1
x
t tdt .
+1 0
f ( x ), x > 0
g .
) g ( x ) =
0 ,x = 0
( )
) : g' 0 + =
1
.
2 +
) : xg' (x ) + ( + 1)g ( x ) = x .
711. f: (0,+) (0,+)
f (x)+2xf(x)=0 , f(1)=1
) f (x)
f(x).
mathematica.gr
228
x 1
f (t )
x 1
f ( x ) < 2 dt <
x ( 1,+ )
2
2
2x
1 2t
x
) F ( x ) = ( 1 +
1
1
) f ( t )dt , x > 1
2t 2
) 2e e t dt < 1 , x > 1
2
712. f [,]
:
x
x
f ( ) +
f ( )

) f (x )
+ 1
f
{ f ( x ) + f (a + x )}
2 2
1
+
) f
f (x )dx 2 ( f ( ) + f ( )) .
713. f: RR ,
x
g( x ) = f ( t )dt
k
m [ 0,1] g( ma + ( 1 m )b ) mg( a ) + ( 1 m )g( b )

714. f f(0)=0, f(1)=1
1
f ' ( x ) f ( x )dx .
e
715. f (x)>0, f f(0)=0
: f (x) f(x) ,x [ 0,1] , f ( x )dx f (1) .

1
716. f , [0,1] :
f (x )dx f (x )dx .
mathematica.gr
229
717. f [,].
( (x ) 2 xf (x ))dx . f
If = f
f f.
718. f , f()=0, f()=1. :
) f (x ) 1 + (x ) f ' (x ) x[,],
) f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) +
) f
1
(x ) f 2 (x ) ' ,
2
(x )dx 2 f (x )dx .
3
719. f :
f (x ) f ( 1) + (x + 1) f ' (x ) x[-1,1],
f (x )dx f ( 1) + f (1) .
1
720. f, g f(x)g(y)>1 x,yR
f (t )dt g (t )dt ( ) .
2
721. f [,] x(,)
1
x
1
1
f (t )dt f (t )dt x f (t )dt .
x
722. f [-1,1]. :
1 1
f ( x )dx f ( 1) + f ' (1) .
2 1

.
mathematica.gr
230
723. f(x)>0 , f
dx
f (x ) <
f()>1.

71.
f(x)>0, f I = f (t )dt .
1
+1
f (t )dt f ( ) f (t )dt
(N*).
) =f(1)+f(2)++f() c1,
c2 : I +1 c1 < c 2 < I .
1 1
1
) Aim 1 + + + ... + , n N *
n +
2 3
n
72.

!
Bouniakofski-Cauchy-Swartz (B-C-S)
2
k 2 2 .
=1
=1 =1
f, g [,].
I = (f ( x ) g ( x )) dx R.
2
()0 R.
:
2
f ( x )g ( x )dx f
(x )dx g 2 (x )dx .
= .
mathematica.gr
231
x ..
Cauchy-Swartz (-C-S) 8
:
1
5
2
73.
74.
f [0,+) f(0)=0 :
1 + x 3 dx <
f ' (x ) dx
f (x ) .
75.
f(1)-f(0)=1, f :
76.
f(1)=0, f :
2
0 ( f ' (x )) dx 3 0 f (x )dx
1
( f ' (x )) dx 1 .
1
f ( x )dx = 1
f 2 (x )
3
dx .
2
4
1+ x
77.
78.
f , f(x)0 I = f ( x )dx
I 21 I I 2 .
79.
:
2
f ( x )xdx + f (x )xdx ( ) f
(x )dx
f .
710. f(x) x , f
mathematica.gr
232
e x f ( x )dx e x f ( x )dx
1
1
.
4
711. 0<<f(), f(0)=0, f .
f (t )dt + f (t )dt .
1
712. f ,g : [ a,b ] R +
x
f ( x ) A + f ( t )g( t )dt,x [ a,b ] >0

a
g( t )dt
f ( x ) Ae a
,x [ a,b ]

71.
ln2<7/10
72.
f : f (x)=p(x)f(x) , p(x)>0
R. f a ,b : f(x)=0
x [ a ,b ]
: f
, f(a)=0 , x0>a , f(x0)>0 : f(x)>0
x ( a ,+ )
f (k).f(m)=f (m).f(k) k<<m :
p( )
73.
ln f ( m ) ln f ( k )
mk
f : R R .
1
f ( 1 / 2 ) 12 t 2 f ( t )dt 6 tf (
74.
1+t
)dt [1]
2
1
f [0,1] f ( ) = 0
2
( f ( t )) dt 12
mathematica.gr
f ( t )dt
233

75.
f f ( x 1 ) + f ( x + 1 ) x + f ( x ) ,x R

2005
f ( x )dx f
?
76.
f ( x ) [ 0,1] f ( t )dt = 0
0
f ( t )dt
1
max f ( x ) , x [ 0,1]
8 x[ 0 ,1 ]

77.
f : ( a,b ) R .
f(x)
1 h
f ( x + t )dt
2h h
[ x h,x + h ] ( a,b ) f
8

x +2
81.
et
lim dt .
x +
t
x +1
82.
lim
x +1 2
83.
x +
t
dt = 0 .
et
lim f ( x ) = R , >0 f
x +
x +
lim
x +
84.
f ( t ) dt = .
x
lim f ( x ) = f :
x +
lim
x +
1 2x
f ( t ) dt .
x x
mathematica.gr
234

85.
g(x0)=0, g(x), g(x0)0, f

x
f ( t )dt
lim
x0
x x0
g ( x)
86.
lim
87.
lim
88.
89.
x 0
x 1
lim
x 0
4tdt
.
x5
x 0
lim
et
dt
1+t .
x
ln t
dt
1 + ln 2 t .
( x 1 )2
t
dt
0 1+t
.
x3
x
,x 0
810. f ( x ) = x
f R
1 , x = 0
lim
x 0
f ( t )dt
x3
ln x
,0 < x 1
811. f ( x ) = x 1
f
1 , x = 0
R
lim
x 1
f ( t )dt
ln 3 x
x +1
812. : lim
x +
mathematica.gr
235
1
1 + 2t 2
dt
x +2
x +
1 + t2
x +2
814. lim
x +
1+t
813. : lim
ln( 1 + t )
dt
ln t
x +4
815. : lim
x +
dt
1 + t + t2
dt
et
dt
x + t
1
816. : lim
f ( x ) =
ex
,x>0
x
2x
817. : lim
x +
1
,x>1
ln 2 x
2x
x +
dt
f ( x ) =
818. : lim
(ln t )
ln t
1 + t dt
f ( x ) =
ln x
, x>0
1+ x
819. g ( x ) = f (tx )dt f

1
lim g( x )
x 0
mathematica.gr
236
2x
x +
lim
1+t
dt
f ( t ) =
2x
1+t
820. : lim
1

1+ t2
dt
lnx
et dt lim
81.
lim
82.
: lim
x + 0
x +
x +
0
x2
e + x2
1 + t 3 dt , x > 0
x + 0
lim ( e x
x et dt
1 + t 3 dt )
83.
: lim x 3e3 x e2t 1 + 3t 2 dt .
84.
: lim
85.
f (t )
f [0,]. lim+ x 3
dt
2
x
x 0
t
86.
f ' ( x )
x +
x +
x
2
1
dt (x2).
lnt
1
xR f(0)=0 , f .
1 + x2
lim f ( x ) .
x 0
mathematica.gr
237
87.
f : f ' ( x ) =
1
x + f
2
(x )
xR f(1)=1.
x 1 f(x) 1 u=x
lim f ( x ) < 1 +
x +
88.
: lim e( x t ) dt
x +
f ( x ) = e x
89.
+x
g ( x ) =
f (t )dt f R .
f ,
x
x f ( a ) g( t )dt
2
lim
x 0
810.
: lim
x 1
f ( t )dt
( x 1 )2
f ( 0, + )
2Anx f ( x ) 2( x 1 ) , x ( 0, + )
811. f : ( 0, + ) R :
lnx f ( x ) x 1 , x > 0 .
) f '( 1 ) = 1
x
) lim
2 f ( t )dt + x 2 + 1 2e x 1
1
x 1
( x 1 )2
x
=1
) 1 + f ( t )dt = lnx +
1
(1,e)
mathematica.gr
238
x2

2
812. ) et>t t R
2
) E f (x)= e x l im f ( x ) = +
x +
) lim
x +
xf ( x )
ex
x
) lim ( x et
x +
x2
dt +
xf ( 0 )
ex
)*
813. f R,
x0 : f ( x0 ) = 0 lim
x + a
f ( t )dt = +

81.
f ( x ) =
x2
dt
x(0,1) (1,+ ).
lnt
) f .
x 2 dt
) lim f ( x )
f ( x ) = ln 2 .
= 0 lim
x t 1
x 1
x 1
x 2 dt
) Aim+ f ( x )
= 0
x tlnt
x 01
lim f ( x ) .
x 0+
f ( x ) x > 0.x 1
g(1).
) g ( x ) =
x =1
ln2
82.
xt
dt
2
f (x ) =
,x 0
,x = 0
0
f , .
mathematica.gr
239
83.
f R lim
x + a
f ( t )dt = A R
lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) = 0
x +
x +

81.
f ( x ) =
R f ( x ) = 2e x
e x ( 1+ t )
dt
1 + t2
2
e t dt .
g
g( x ) =
lim
e t dt
x + 0
) + f ( x )
2
e t dt =
(
!!!)
82.
) f ( x ) = e xg(t) dt ,x R g
a
[a,b],
, Aim f ( x ) = +
x +
) : f ( x ) = g( t )e xg( t ) dt :
a
f ( x ) Af ( x ) ,x R : lim
x +
f ( x )
= A
f( x)
ln( f ( x ))
x +
x
lim
(
)
mathematica.gr
240
91.
I = x e x dx N .
92.
I = x e x dx N
93.
I = (Anx ) dx N,
( 1)
+ e 1 ).
( : I = ( 1) ! e
=1 !
94.
I = t (Ant ) dt N
95.
>0 I = x e x dx (N),
96.
I =
ex
dx N*

9B1.

I =
9B2.
(1 + x )
I =
/4
dx (N*).
xdx (N*-{1} ):
) I +1 < I
) I +1 + I 1 =
)
1
1
.
< 2 I <
+1
1
mathematica.gr
241
x
dx .
(1 + x 2 )
9B3.
I =
9B4.
I = ( t )dt , N * .
9B5.
I ( x ) = (t )dt (N).
x
) (x), (/2).
) 2-1(/2), 2(/2) .
( Wallis)
) ( + 1) I ( / 2 ) I +1 ( / 2 ) = / 2 .
) g
g ( ) = ( + 1)I ( / 2 )I +1 ( / 2 ) >0.
.
9B6.
I = (1 x 2 ) dx N,
1
0 I +1 I .
9B7.
I = x 1 x 2 dx (2 + 3 )I = 2 I 1 .
1

91.
I , = x (1 x ) dx ,N*. :
1
) I , = I ,
) I +1, =
+1
I
+ 1 , +1
) I , +1 + I +1, = I ,
mathematica.gr
242

) I , +1 =
+1
I ,
+ + 2
) ,0
I , =
( + 1)( + 2 )...( + + 1)
(
.)
10 - H

.
3
101.
102.
x (x 3)dx
x 3 3 x + 2 dx
1
1
103.
104.
(t + t )dt
105.
( t 1 + t 2 + ... + t )dt
106.
107.
108.
( x + x 2 x )dx
1/ 2
2 x 2 + Anx dx
3 x + 4 x 5 x dx
x 2 ( x ) 2 dx
mathematica.gr
243
y [,] y=f(t) ,
F , y =
y y =
f ( t )dt
( y ) . y y
2
y=f(x).
(H yR.M.S)
109. f(t)= [0,2]
1010. f (t ) =
2t
[0,] a , R +*
T
2
1011. f(t)=+(t+) [0,
] , , , R +*
1012. y 1 + y 2 = y1 + y 2 , y = y ( )
101.
dx
x + 1
( ) ()
102. y 2 = y 2 y
( ) ()
y=f(t) : y 2 = y .
1
1
y=f(t)>0
y
y
[0,].
mathematica.gr
244
11 EMBAA

.

.

:
111. 2y=x2, x2+y2=8
112. y2=2x+1, x-y-1=0
113. y2=6x, x2+y2=16
114. y=2x2ex, y= -x3ex
115. y = Anx , y = An 2 x
116. y =
Anx
, y = x Anx
4x
117. 2 x + y = 2
118. y=x3, y=x

Cf x=, x= xx :
119. f(x)=x2-1 =-2, =2
1110. f(x)=x+2x =0, =
1111. f(x)=
5
3
2Anx 1
a=1/2, =2
x2
mathematica.gr
245
1112. f(x)= x +
(1 + x )2
a=-, =, 0 < < 1
1113. f(x)=
Anx
1
a= , =e
x
e
1114. f(x)=
2x 2
a=2, =4
x 1
1115. f(x)=
1116. f(x)=
x
x 2 + 2
x2
1 + x3
a=-1, =>0
a=0, =>0
1117. f(x)= 5 x x 2 a=-1, =1

1118. f(x)= x eAnx a=1, =e
1119. f(x)=
2 x Anx
2 x
a=1, =2
1120. (0,0) 2
y=x-
x2 xx.
1121. (,0)
f ( x ) = ( x a )( x b ) ,0 < a 0,
y=f(1) .
1123. Cf:
mathematica.gr
246
f(x)=e-x(x2+3x+1)+e2 x=, x= ,
f .
1124. Cf: f(x)=(1-x)e4x
x=, x= f
.
1125. Cf:
f(x)=x+x y=f(), f=f() f

[0,2] f
[0,2].
( )
Cf .

, Cf :
1126. f ( x ) =
1
,x 1
x2
1127. f ( x ) = xe x
1128. f ( x ) =
/2
8 4x
x
Cf
, :
1129. f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x 3 , =3, =0
1130. f (x ) = 3 x 2 , =-3 3 , =3 3
mathematica.gr
247
1131. f(x)=(2x) x[0,/2], =0, =/2

1132. Cf:
f(x)=ex , Cf 0 y=e2.
1133. f ( x ) =
3
x1.
9 x 3x 2
2
Cf, Cf
1 x=1,x=2, y=0 .

1 + x2 1 x3
111. f (x)= 1 / x + 1 / x
e
xe
a=1, =e
112. f [a,b]
x0 ( a,b )
(): y = f ( x0 ) Cf x=a
() Cf x=b
113. y=x2+x+, <0 1, 2: 1<2. m=
y Cy
xx : 3=2m(1-2).
114. f(x)=x , x>0 , 0<<1 Cf
x0>0.
Cf , yy
E=
(1 )
x 0 f ( x0 ) .
2(1 + )
115.
y = Anx , y =
mathematica.gr
1
x=1. *
ex
248
1
1 + 5 x , x [ 0 , 2 )
116. f ( x ) =
a
,
x
=
2
)=? f [0,/2].
5 x
) : f ( x ) =
x [ 0, ]
5
5
x + x
2
/2
f ( x )dx .
) Cf ,
117. x=0, x=/2
Cf : f ( x ) =
1
1 + x
118. y = x 2

.
, ,
.
119. f(0)=0 f(1)=1, f , x [ 0, + ) ,
Cf ,
x=x0 ,xx 1/3
Cf, yy y=f(x0) f.
1110. f f ( 1 ) = 1 , f ( x ) > 0 x ( 0, + ) f
[ 0, + ) , f ( 0 ) = 0
: Cf
,

mathematica.gr
249
Cf , xx . (H OA
Cf ).
1111. Cf ,
xx . A xx

Cf , xx ,
:
f ( 0 ) = 0 , f '( x ) > 0 , f ''( x ) > 0 [ 0, + )

1112.
Cf yy ,
, 2/sec
4/sec,
: f ( 0 ) = 1 , f ( 1 ) = 2 , f ( x ) 0
[ 0, + ) Cf .
12

121. a(t)
2 6 t ,0 t 2
a (t ) = 12 + t ,2 t 12 . (t=0)
0
,12 t
0
0, ,
.. S.I
122.
=3x2+5 Nt/m, x
.
mathematica.gr
250
) 0 0,2m
) 0,2m 0,4m.
123. a
a=k- k ,
. 0, t
x :
(t)=0+kt-x(t).
124.
00. .

Kg/sec.
0 .
( = x )
121. F

. m=1Kgr,
0=20m/sec F
F0=40Nt,
. (
a =
d

dx
)
122.
n 0

mathematica.gr
251

m0 t
,
m=m0e-t , . (Q=mc)
123.
.
S0. :
= 2 gh h .
R0
.
124. J
J=m
m=
m0
1 2 / c2
, m0= c
. F F =
dJ
,
dt
x
F, , W = F dx .
0
=0 =0<c
: W =
m0 c 2
1 / c
2
0
m0 c 2 (
).
125. m, c
R0 0C
V0. %
mathematica.gr
252
. t=0
0.
mathematica.gr
253
mathematica.gr
254
mathematica.gr
255
mathematica.gr
256
1
g : A A = [ a,a ] , a > 0 , g( A ) = A
.
1. y A g( x ) = y
.
2. x0 : g(x0)=x0
3. g(-x)
4. w(x)=g(x)+g(-x). w
5. w .
6. w( A ) [ 2a,2a ] :
w( A ) = [ 2a,2a ]
7. g.
8. f : A A
. g
g
f(g(x))+g(x)+f(x)=0 .
9. N f(g(x))+g(x)+f(x)=0
g .
10. g(f(x))+f(x)=0 ;
mathematica.gr
257
2
: f(f(x)) + f(x) = x + c x R , f(R)=R
1. f : 1-1
2. f(c)=c
3. f(a)=b : f(b)=a-b+c
f
4. f
5. a 0
1+ x
x2 x3
2. N : ln( 1 + x ) < x +
, x > 0
2 3
3. N :
1
x3
1
2
= 1+ x + x +
< 1 + x + x 2 + 2x 3 , x ( 0, )
1 x
1 x
2
x2 x3 x4
1
4. N : ln( 1 x ) < x + + +
, x ( 0, )
2 3 2
2
1+ x
x3 x4
1
5. : ln(
) < 2( x + + ) , x ( 0, )
1 x
3 4
2
6. N : ln 2 < 0.7
mathematica.gr
258
EMA 4
1. f ' ' ( x ) > 0 x R Cf
Cf
2. : f ( a + b x ) + f ( x ) 2 f (
b
a+b
) x [ a ,b ]
2
3. : f ( t )dt = f ( a + b t )dt
a+b
f (a )+ f (b)
4. : ( b a ) f (
) f ( t )dt ( b a )
2
2
a
b
5
: f ( x ) = e f '( x ) x [ a,b ] , f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 1
1. : f .
2. : f '( x ) = f ( x ) f ''( x )
3.

.
4. f . ( f
U( x0 , ) [ a,b ] x0 [ a,b ] f
[ a,b ] )
6
f : [ 1,+ ) R : f(1)=3 , x4f (x)=f 2(x)
1. f .
2. f ( x ) 3 ,x [ 1,+ )
3. N f.
mathematica.gr
259
4. A Cf , xx
x=1 , x=3 x=m
..
7
f : f(0)=f(4)=2-f(2)=0

0 > f ( x ) 1 , x [ 0,4 ]
1. f ( x ) > 0 , x ( 0,4 )
2. f ( 0 ) 2 , f ( 4 ) 2
3. g ( x) =
1
x(4 x) g(0)=g(4)=2-g(2)=0 ,
2
g(0)=2 , g(4)=-2 g(x)=-1 [0,4]

4. h(x)=f(x)-g(x)
1 ( 0,2 ) , 2 ( 2,4 ) : h(1)= h(2)=0

5. h h(x)=0 [1,2]
6. h(x)=0 [1,2]
7. h [0, 1] [2,4]
8. h
f.
EMA 8
f ( x ) = 2 x +1 x 2 x 2 , x R
1. f ( x ) = 0
2. f ..
3. f.
mathematica.gr
260
4. :
g( x ) = 2 x +1 , h( x ) = x 2 + x + 2 , x R .
5. g,h.
E f '( x ) =
2
x R , f '( 0 ) = 1
1+ ef ( x)
1. f.
2. f(x)=0
3. f
f .
4. y=x f 0
5. f ( x ) x ,x R
6. f ( x ) + e f ( x ) = 2x + 1
, x R
7. f ( x ) < 2x + 1 , x R
8. lim f ( x )
x
9. f ( x ) ln( x + 1 ) , x > 1
10. lim f ( x )
x +
11. f.
12. f .
13. f
14. f +
e
15. f ( ) = 1
2
16. :
e/ 2
mathematica.gr
f ( t )dt f , f 1
261
10
f ' ( x )
x
x R
1+ x
1. f ( x ) x ln( 1 + x ) + f ( 0 ) x 0
2. f ( x ) x + ln( 1 x ) + f ( 0 )
x 0
3. f(x)=x
g
g' ( x )
ex
+ 4 x R
1 + ex
x
4.
et
0 1 + et dt
5. g
EMA 11
1. f (x)>0, :
f ( x )dx +
f ( )
f ( )
(x )dx = f ( ) f ( )
2. .
e
3. N : e dt +
t2
ee
ln t dt
4. g R
g3(x)+g(x)+2=x R
g(x)=0
5. g -1(x)=x3+x+2
4
6. N
g( t )dt
2
mathematica.gr
262
12
R
:
x
E 0 ( x ) = 1,E + 1 ( x ) = 1 +
E ( t )dt , N
0
1. , x
2. : +1(x) , (x)
..
3. 2-1()=0 .*
4. 2()>0
5. 2(x)>0 x
R.
6. (x)=0
.
13
f [0, + ) :
x
2 f ( x ) + f ( x ) = 2 e f ( t ) dt f(0)=0
2
1. : 1+f(x) 0 , f & f ( x ) > 0 x ( 0 ,+ )

2. f ( x )e f ( x ) = x [0, + )
3. lny < y , y > 0
2 f ( x ) > lnx , x > 0

4.
lim f ( x ) f.
x +
5. y=x
f 0.
mathematica.gr
263
6. f
f ( x) x, x 0
7. f ,
f -1(x).
8. f.
9. : f(e), f(ee+1).
e
10. : f ( t )dt +
0
( t )dt
11. ()
f, 0
x= e > 0 *
12. : lim E( )
+
14
x
t
e dt , x 0
f : f ( x ) = x 0
2 + t dt , x < 0
0 t 1
1. f
..
2. f .
3.
: lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x )
x +
4. f.
5.
N x R* y R* xy<0
: f(x)=f(y).
mathematica.gr
264
15
x
f , g R
f ( t )dt + g( t )dt = ( x 1 )
x R
: f ( a ) = f ( b ) = 0 , a < 1 < b
1. g (a,b).
2. (a,b) : g()=-2
3. g f .
4. f .
5. Cf ,Cg
yy.
16
1. P(x)=anxn++a1x+a0 , n N , a n 0 P(n)(x)=an n!
P( x )
x +
ex
2. lim
3. A P(x)<P(x) x R f(x)=e-xP(x)
f.
4. B f.
5. P(x) .
6.
x
a,b : P( x ) = a + ( t 2 + 1 )k dt x R , k N *
b
mathematica.gr
265
17
1. t Ant 1 t > 0
2x
2. f ( x ) =
t lnt dt .
f.
3. f
4. 0<f(x) x x>0
5. ln 2 < f ( x ) x 1
6. f .
18
f ( x ) =
2x
1
dt
1+ t2
1. f .
2. B .
3. B .
4. H f ?
5. B lim f ( x )
x +
6. f ,
7. t=u :
( f ( x )) =
x
1 + 2x 2
8. f
0 :
mathematica.gr
266
< f(x)<
19
f : R R :
f ( t )dt f ( x ) f ( y ) x, y R f ( 0 ) > 0
1. f
f ( x ) = f ( x ),x R
2. : ( f ( x )) + ( f ( x )) = a 2 > 0
2
f( x)
3. Aim
x +
x
4. f y=x
5. f
6. f , :
f(0)=A f(0)= f .
=?
20
x
ln t
dt
1+t
1
f ( x ) =
1. f.
2. N f .
3. x>1 f(x)>f(1/x)
4. x
f ( x ) + f ( 1 / x ) = (1/2)ln2x
5. N o o lim f ( x )
x +
.
6. ( 0,1 ) b>1
f(a)=f(b)
mathematica.gr
267
21
:
a
f ( x ) = e t t x 1dt , a > 0 , x [ 1, + )
0
1. =1 : f
2. =1 : f '( x + 1 ) = x f '( x ) + f ( x )
3. =1 1 t e t 1 , t 0 :
1
1
f(x)
x +x
x
2
4. =1 : lim f ( x )
x +
5. >0 : f ( n + 1 ) = n f ( n )
an
, n N *
ea
an
a + e a
6. : lim
7. (n) : (n)= lim f ( n ) , n N * .

a +
(n+1)=n(n) :
(n+1)=1.2.3. . . n = n!
8. 5)
ax
, x 1
a + e a
9. : lim
10. (x) : (x)= lim f ( x ) , x 1

a +
(x+1)=x(x)
(
!!! (x)
Gamma function)
mathematica.gr
268
22
1. (x)=2x2 , B(x)=2x2-4x+3 , C(x)=-
2x2+4x-1 ,D(x)=-2x2 , x [ 0 ,1 ] . ,,
, C,C
D :
O
M
,,.
2. ().
3. (x) , C(x)
.
4. f : f ' ' ( x ) 4 x [ 0 ,1 ] f(0)=0
, f(1)=1 ,
f (0)=0 , f (1)=0, f

().
5. f(1/2)=1/2
6.
1
9
f(x)
8
8
7. h
1
h( t )dt
. h : [ 0 ,1 ] R
h (). h=f
[0,1];
mathematica.gr
269
8. . t=0
0 m/sec. 1sec
1m 0 m/sec.

t0
4 m/sec2.
23
f : f ( x ) f ( x ) = A 0 x R . f
1, 1 :
1. f(x)>0 R
2. A>0
3. f
4. : lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x )
x +
x +
2 Aln( f ( x )) , x 1
5. : f ( x ) =
2 Aln( f ( x )) , x < 1
6. lim [ f ( x ) x ]
x +
7. Cf y=x
8. Cf

9. :
2 A( x 1 ) = 2
ln( f ( x ))
et dt , x 1
2
10. w( x )w( x ) = B 0 x R , w( 1 ) = 1 , w( 1 ) = 0

B > A w( x ) f ( x ) , [ 1, + )
mathematica.gr
270
24
1. f : f (x)=p(x)f(x) , p(x)>0 R.
f a ,b : f(x)=0 x [ a ,b ]
( f ,
[a,b]
)
2. : f ,
f(a)=0 , x0>a , f(x0)>0 : f(x)>0 x ( a ,+ )

3. : f x ( a ,+ )
4. N : f (a) 0 f
x ( a ,+ )
5. : f `
( , a ) .
(a,0) f .
6. : lim f ( x ) = + f.
x +
7. f (x)>0 : lim f ' ( x ) = lim f '( x ) = +

x +
8. x ( a ,+ ) w>a : f '( w ) =
f(x)
xa
9. (a,0) , B(x,f(x)) , x>a,
f .
10. f
3 .
m
m
f '( x )
f '( x )
dx m > k > a
11. : p( x )dx =
+
f ( x ) k k f ( x )
k
m
12. f (k).f(m)=f (m).f(k) k<<m :
p( )
mathematica.gr
ln f ( m ) ln f ( k )
mk
271
25
f : R R , f ( x ) = f ( x ) ,x R
1. ( f ( x )) ( f ( x )) R
2
2. f ( x ) =
a =
f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) x f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) -x
e +
e
2
2
f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 )
f ( 0 ) f ( 0 )
,b=
2
2
3. ab 0 , a + b 0
,
4. ab > 0 , , r,
x=r
5. ab < 0 .

6.
f ( x ) = f ( 0 )g( x ) + f ( 0 )h( x ) h, g

7. w( x ) = k 2 w( x ) , k > 0 x =
y

k
2
d 2w
2 d w
k
=
w
d2x
d2y
26
1)
f : ( 0, + ) ( 0,1 ) :4 f 3 ( x ) = 2xf ( x ) = x + 1,x > 0

2)
mathematica.gr
x +1
x +1
1
lim f ( x ) =
< f( x)<
x +
2x + 4
2x
2
272
3) | f ( x ) f ( x0 )|<
1
| x x0 |,x0 > 0 f
2x0
4) f ( x ) >
1
,x ( 0, + )
2
5) f
1 1
6) f (( 0, + )) = ( , 3 )
2 4
7) f 1
27
1. ) f ( t ) =
ln t
.
t
) x,y : x A D f
y A D f f(x)=f(y)?

y
x y=y(x) .
.
:
1) y 1-1.
2) y .
3) .
4) : y(x)=e.
5) y x=e.
6) y .
mathematica.gr
273

1. z : Rez>0 , Imz=1
z 2 +
1
R
z
2. = z 3 z + 2 , z, z = 1 .
.
3. z u, z = 1 ,z = x + iy ,x > 0 , y 1
u = z 2 + iz . u
Im(z) z, u
.
4. f ,g [,] ,
(,b) g(x).g(x) 0 x ( a ,b ) . z1=f()+i.g() ,

z2=g()+i.f() : z1 + z 2 = z1 z 2
(,) :
f ( ) f ( )
+
=0
g' ( ) g ( )
5. f f(x) + f (x)=0,
x f(0)=i-2000.

z = f()+f(-)i, R.
6. f, g [, ],
(, ) g(x)g(x)0 x(, ).
w = 2f()-ig() z = g()-2if() :
2 w + z = 2 w z . x0 (, ), :
f (x 0 ) f ( x0 )
+
= 0.
g(x 0 ) g ( x0 )
mathematica.gr
274
7. ) z1, z2 :
z1 z2 = z1 + z2 . : Im ( z1 z2 ) = 0 .
) f [, ].
z1 = f()+if() z2 = f()+if(),

f()+f() 0. 1, 2 (, ), 12,
f ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) = 0 .
8. z = 1+ix, >0 w = 1+x+i,
: 2 w + z 2 w z . = e.
9. ) z1, z2 :
z1 + z 2
2
= z1 z 2
Re ( z1 z2 ) = 0 .
) f: [, ] [, ]
z = 2+if(), w = f()+i2, 0.
w + z = w z f(x)=0
2
[, ].
10. f: [, ]R
z = +i, z1 = +if(), z2 = +if().

3 ( z 2 z 2 ) 4izz = 4i Re ( z1 z2 ) , f(x)=0
[, ].
11. f: (0, + ) R, f(x)0
x>0 z1 = 2+if(),
z2 =
+i
1
, , >0. : z1 + z2 = z1 z2 ,
f ( )
(, ) f ()=2f().
mathematica.gr
275
12. f:RR, (, f()),
(, f()) , (, f()), , <<.

: w = z1 z 2 + z 2 z 3 + z 3 z1 ,
z1 = +if(),z2 = +if(), z3 = +if(). wR, :

i) , , .
ii) x0, f (x0)=0.
13. z = x+i, x, R f [, ], f()f().
z f ( )
z + f ( )
=
= 1 .
z f ( ) z + f ( )
f(x)=0 (, ).
14. z = x+i, x, R f [, ],
p( z ) = z 3 + f ( a )z 2 + f ( b )z + 1 , p( 1 + i ) = 0 f
(a,b)
15. z = a+bi, a,bR f ( x ) = z x 3 + w x 2 z + w
f [-1,1].
16. z = x+i, x, f [, ]. A ,
z = 1, z +
1
1
= f ( a ) , z 2 + 2 = f ( b )
z
z
: x 3 f ( a ) + f ( b ) = 0 [-1,1]
17. z = a+bi 0 , a, b f . A
lim
x 0
zf ( x ) 3 3
zf ( x ) + 1 1
R ,lim
R , f
x
1
x
x 1
[0,1].
mathematica.gr
276
18. z = x+f(x)i 0 , x, f(x) a>0 f . A
f (
a
a
3a
a
)= ,f(
) =
2
2
2
2
x0 ( 0,2a ) z a < a , 2z a a , 2z 3a a f(a)=0
19. P n
,
.
Q(z)=2zP(z)-nP(z)
.

1. = {2 r / r Z ,1 r 50}

: P( ) = m +
+2
f ( t )dt
m f .

: f(k )=
1 50 m
100
2. f,g
x 3 g ( x ) + ax , x > 0
g ( x ) K , x R . T a,b
: f(x)=
2bx , x 0
={1, 2 , 3 , 5 }. f
0 f 0
()=().
mathematica.gr
277
3. x
R P( x ) =
2x
.
1 + x2
()=()
()=() , [1,3],
.
4.
f(x)=xae2a-x a>0 , x>0. E

={e-n n N*,n 20 }
.
f .
=1
f(x)=e+P(A) () .
?
5. ={1,2,...,100} ,
()=(+1)-() P(k)
>0 :
()=1/100
6. f f(0)=0, f(n)=n>3 nN* f (x)<0
R
i) f ( x ) x , x [ 0,n ]
ii) y=x+1 Cf
f(x) x +1
iii) ={x1,x2,...,xn} R .

mathematica.gr
278
k +1
P(xk+1)= ( f ( t ) t )dt , k=0,1,...,n-1

k
n
f ( t )dt = 1 +
n2
2
P(xk+1)
.
iv) .
7. A={1,2,,n}
a,b

f ( b ) f ( a ) b a 8% f(x)=x2-7x+lnx .
n

1. f,g R : f (x)=g(x) ,
g(x)=f(x) ,f 2(1) g 2(1) (f(x),g(x)).

.
2. E f R
f ( x ) = a x b , a = b = 1 , x R .
x
A : f ( t )dt 2x 2 x R
1
mathematica.gr
279
. !!
1
ln t
1 ln t
dt = lim+
dt
x0 x 1 + t
1+t
r =
1 1 1
+ + + ...
12 2 2 32

) f [a,b] >0 :
lim
+ a
f ( t ) ( t )dt = 0
n
1
Sn
2
k =1 k
) S n =
, .

k
k =1
1
.
2
k =1 k
r =
) r =
1 1 1
2
...
+
+
+
=
12 2 2 32
6
( )
)
ln t
1 ln t
dt = lim+
dt !!
x 0 x 1 + t
1+t
2 .
[,]
1. = ( x ) xdx ()
mathematica.gr
280
( x ) ( 0 )
,x 0
2. g( x ) =
g
x
( 0 ) , x = 0
3. g
b
4. b = g( x ) xdx (b)
0

b y
b ( x )
dy = 0
xdx ( 0 )
5. lim
0
n +
y
0 x

lim
n + 0
y
y
y
y
dy = C R .
dy = C
6.
Cauchy ,

(
)
C
7. f
I = f ( x )
0
mathematica.gr
/2
( 2 + 1 )x
( 2 + 1 )x
dx = ( f ( x ) + f ( x ))
dx
0
x
x
281
8. f 2

x
x
,x 0
,x 0
( f ( x ) + f ( x ) )
x
k( x ) = x
, h( x ) =
1,x = 0
f ( 0 ) + f ( ),x = 0
9. lim I n = C( f ( 0 ) + f ( ))
n +
10.
11.
12.
( 2 + 1 )x
= 1 + 2 2kx
x
k =1
2kxdx, k N
( 2 + 1 )x
dx =
x
13. f(x)=1 C=/2 .
lim
+ 0
f( x)
mathematica.gr
( 2 + 1 )x
dx = ( f ( 0 ) + f ( ))
2
x
282
O

2109712610
Copyright 2010

.
.

MATHEMATICA . GR

.

.

.
,
.

.

(.Darboyx, .Taylor,
, ),
.

mathematica.gr

.

.
2010

mathematica.gr
mathematica.gr
A.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4) MONOTONIA
(5)
(6) 1-1 .
(7)
(8)
(9)
mathematica.gr
mathematica.gr
A
31

D(f n ) = R,f n (x) =
x
, n = 1,2,...
1+ n x
47
f (0) = 0
x 0, y =
f (x)
x = 0, y = 0
x
(y 1)3 + y 3 = 0
2
f (x) = 2x
412
f (x) 2x
x = 0
413
x = 1 f (1)
H f (x) + x
66
x = 0, x = 3 (f (0) f (3))2 0
67
x = 0, x = 1 (f (0) 6)2 0,(f (1) 6)2 0
61
f(x) x x R
f&
f (x 0 ) > x 0 f (f (x 0 )) > f (x 0 ) x 0 > f (x 0 ) ,
f (x) = x, x R
mathematica.gr
62
f :11
x = 0, x = 1 f (0)f (1) = f (b) = f (a + b) b = a + b

a =0
x = b f (b)f (1 b) = f (b)
f (b) = 0 f (x)f (1 x) = 0 f (2)f ( 1) = 0 = f (4)f ( 2) 2
,
63
) f
) f = f 1
f (x) = x 61
64
) ( )
x = 0
)
x1 x1 = x 2 x 2 x1 x 2 = x1 x 2 = 2
x1 x 2
2
x1 x 2
x + x2
1
2
2
A) x x
x1 x 2
x x2
2
1 1
= 1
2
2
2
x1 = x 2
) 62
65
) f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) f (f (x1 )) = f (f (x 2 ))
) x f(x) f (f (f (x))) = f ( x) = f (x)
) x f 1 (x) f (f (f 1 (x))) = f 1 (x) f 1 (x) = f ( x) , x
f
mathematica.gr
10
66
)
$
B)
) f (x) = y y R
) f 1 = f
) Cf y = x
)
666=
95
) f (x) =
x3 + 1
, g(x) = 3 x 2 + 100
2
f (x) = f 1 (x),g(x) = g 1 (x) f ,g
97
. x f(x) f (f (f (x))) =
f (f (x)) 1
1
= A
x
f (x)
x
. x f(x) f ( f (f (f (x))) ) =
. f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) f (f (x1 )) = f (f (x 2 ))
1
1
1
f( ) =
f (x)
x
f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
=
x1
x2
f :11
. f (x) = 4 = f (2) x = 2
98
f (kx) = kf (x), x R, k Z
f (a) = f (1.a) = a.f (1) = a.k f (1) = k f (b) = f (1.b) = k.b Z
mathematica.gr
11
914
. x = y = 0 . x = y = a . y = 2a .
x = a f ( a) = 1 x x+2a
f (x + 2a + 2a) = f (x + 2a)f (a) = f (x)f 2 (a) = f (x)
9B18
f ((x y) + y) y + f (x y) f (x y) f (x) y
f (x + ( y)) y + f (x)
f (x y) = f (x) y
x=5 y=5-x
919
) 2x-y
x y 2y-x.
) 2xf(y)=xf(y)+xf(y) x-y

920
x=y=0 f (0 + 0) f (0) + f (0) f (0) 0 f (0) = 0

y = x 0 f (x) + f ( x) x + ( x) = 0 f ( x) = f (x)
f (x) x f ( x) x f (x) x f (x) x
91
x=y=0 f(0)=0
f(nx)=nf(x) n

f (x x) = f (x) + f ( x) f ( x) = f (x), x R
f (nx) = f (nx) = nf (x)
f(
m [1]
x
m x [1] m
x
m
x) = mf ( ) = n f ( ) = f (n ) = f (x)
n
n
n n
n
n
n
m, n Z, n 0
f (rx) = rf (x), r Q f (r) = rf (1) [2]
mathematica.gr
12
xf (x) > 0 x x-y

(x y)f (x y) > 0 f (x y) = f (x) + f ( y) = f (x) f (y)

[2]
(x y)(f (x) f (y)) > 0, x y f & f (1) > 0

f (x) f (1)x x R . f (x) < f (1)x
f (x)
<r<x [1] ,
f (1)
f(x)<f(1)r=f(r)
f (x) f (1)x x R f (x) = ax, a > 0
92
) f [0,1] f (0) f (1) 1

x = 0, x = 1 f (0) f (1) 1 0 = 1
)
) f (0) = 0 f (x) = x = x 0 f (x) 1
f (0) = 1
93
. a x 0 b 0
x0 b
x b
=r
1 0
ab
ab
0 r 1
. f (x 0 ) = f (ra + (1 r)b) f (x 0 ) rf (a) + (1 r)f (b)

. m = r, n = 1 r, x = a, y = b
. 1x1 + 2 x 2 + 3x 3 = (1 + 2 )(
1
2
x1 +
x 2 ) + 3x 3
1 + 2
1 + 2
m = 1 + 2 , n = 3
r=
1
2
,1 r =
1 + 2
1 + 2
mathematica.gr
13
94
. x = y = 0
. g(x) =
f (x)
... g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y) g(nx) = ng(x)
2x
. g
95
g(x)=f(x)-f(0) g 0 .
g(x) 0 = x 0
g
x<0 , x>0
96
[1]
[1]
y = 0,x 0 f (0) = f (0)f (x), x R * [2]

[2]
1,x 0
,a R * [3]
f (0) = a 0 f (x) =
a,x
0
=
[1]
f (0) = 0 y = x 0 f (x) = f 2 (x), x R * f

0 1 R*

[1]
a b R * : f (a) = 0,f (b) = 1 a = 0

f (x) = 0, x R * f (x) = 1, x R * f (0) = 0 [4]
1,x 0
[3],[4] f (x) = 0, x R f (x) =
a,x = 0
97
. x [a, b] x a [0, b a] f(x-a)

| f (x a) |=| f (x) f (a) || f (x) | + | f (a) | M + | f (a) |= m
mathematica.gr
14
. g(T)=0 f(b-a)=k(b-a)
.
. g(x) = f (x) kx f (x) + kx M + k b a = M 0
) g R
g
g(nx)

98
. =1
.
. x x-1 f (k) = f ( n) =
k
n
1
n
. f (r) = f ( ) = f ( +
k 1
k 1
1 k2
) = f(
) = f( +
) = ... = f (0)
n
n
n
n
99
. x = 0,f (y1 ) = f (y 2 )
f :11
. x = y = 0 f (f (0)) = f (0) f (0) = 0

. y f(y)
910
. x = 1,f (y1 ) = f (y 2 )
. x=a , y=a
. x=1 , y=1 f:1-1
. R ( ) 1-1 f x=1
y f 1 (y)
. y f 1 (y)
. y
1

y
. 925
mathematica.gr
15
911
x f(x)-(1/x)
1
1
1
f (f (x) + )f (f (f (x) + )) +
) =1
1
x
x
f (x) +
x
f :11 1
1
1
1
+
+
=x
f(
) = f (x)
f (x) f (x) + 1
f (x) f (x) + 1
x
x
f (x) =
1 5

2x

912
. x = 1,f (y1 ) = f (y 2 )
. x=1 , y=1 f:1-1
. x=1
. y f(y) ,
913
1
f (x) x1x
1
f (1 x) f (1) f (x) 1 f (x)
)=
=
=
[1]
. f ( ) = 2 f (
x
x
1 x
(1 x)2
(1 x)2
(1 x)2
1
x
x
x
) = f (1 +
) = f (1) + f (
) = 1+ f (
)=
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x
1
1
. = 1 + f
=
= 1 f
1
1
1
1
x
x
1
1
f 1
f (1) f ( )
x
x =
= 1
= 1
2
2
x
1
x
1
x
x
f(
mathematica.gr
16
1
(x 1)2 x 2 + x 2f ( ) 1 2x + f (x)
x =
=
, x 0,1 [2]
(x 1)2
(1 x)2
. [1] [2]
f (x) = x, x 0,1 f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1
f (x) = x, x R
914
. g R
. f (g(x)) x g(f (x)) x g-1
f (x) g 1 (x) g(f (g 1 (x)))
f (g(x)) x g(f (x)) g 1 (f (g(x))) g 1 (x) f (x)

g-1
f (x) = g 1 (x)
915
f (g(f (x))) = f (x 3 ) = f 2 (x) x = 1,0,1
f ( 1),f (0),f (1) y = y 2
916
x,y
3x f (y) + 2 y f (x) = 3y f (x) + 2 x f (y)
f (x)
f (y)
= y
x
3 2
3 2y
x
f (0) = 0
917
x = 0, y = 0 x 2f (x) = f (x 3 ), yf (y 2 ) = f (y3 )
x 3 = a, y3 = b f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b), a, b R
xf (x) = f (x 2 )
f ((x + 1)2 ) = (x + 1)f (x + 1) = (x + 1)(f (x) + f (1)) = xf (x) + f (x) + xf (1) + f (1)
f ((x + 1)2 ) = f (x 2 + x + x + 1) = xf (x) + f (x) + f (x) + f (1)
mathematica.gr
17

918
f (x + 1) + 94 f (x + 95) = f (x + 5.19) f (x) + 95 f (x + 1) f (x) + 1
f (x + 1) f (x) + 1
f(n) 1 0
=1
919
. y=2 x=2 f(x+2)=0

f (x) = 0, x [2, +)
. f ((2 y)f (y)) = 0, y [0, 2)
. f (y) 0 [0,2)
(2-y)f(y) 0
f ((2 y)f (y)) = 0, y [0, 2)

(2-y)f(y) 2 f (y)
2
2y
f(2)=0 x
2
>0
f (y)
f (
2
+ y) = 0
f (y)

y+
2
2
2 ... f (y)
, y [0, 2)
f (y)
2 y
0, x2
f (x) = 2
2 x , 0 x < 2
mathematica.gr
18
920
. x = y = 0
,. y a x
x x
1/ 2 = f 2 (x) + f 2 (a x) 1/ 2 = f 2 ( x) + f 2 (a + x)
y x 1 = 2f (x)f (a x) + 2f ( x)f (a + x) 3
( f (x) f (a x) )
+ ( f ( x) f (a + x) ) = 0
2
. f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) + f (y)f (x) = 2f (x)f (y)

x = y = t / 2 f (t) 0
1
2
y = a x = 2f 2 (x)
921
w = x 0 + f (x 0 ) + x 0 f (x 0 ) = (1 + x 0 )(1 + f (x 0 )) 1 > 1
w S
f (w) = w [1]
w 0
f (w)
f (x)
= 1 w
:1 1
w
x
f (0) 0 w = f (0) 0 w
, 0 f(0),
f (w)
= 1
w
1- 1
f (0) = 0 w=0 0 [1]
w = 0 f (x 0 ) =
x0
, x 0 S
1 + x0
922
. x x+f(y)
f (x) = f (f (y)) + (x + f (y))f (y) + f (x + f (y)) 1
mathematica.gr
19
f (0) = f (f (y)) + f 2 (y) + f (f (y)) 1

1 + f (0) x 2
f (x) =
x = f (y)
2
2
x = y =0
. f (0) = 0 0 = 1
. y=0
f (x f (0)) f (x) = xf (0) + f (f (0)) 1
, f (0) 0 ,
xf (0) + f (f (0)) 1
. x=y1,f(y)=y2 y1,y2 f

f (y1 y 2 ) = f (y 2 ) + y1y 2 + f (y1 ) 1
(y1 y 2 ) 2
y12 y 22
1 + f (0)
= + y1 y 2 +
1 f (0) = 1
2
2
2
2
x2
(,1]
. f (x) = 1
2

R
923
y = 0 xf (x) = f (x 2 ) yf (y) = f (y 2 )
f(x2-y2)=f(x2)-f(y2)
x, y 0 x2 x y2 y
f(x-y)=f(x)-f(y) x x+y f(x)=f(x+y)-f(y)
f(x+y)= f(x)+f(y)
x,y
, xf (x) = f (x 2 ) f
R f(x+y)= f(x)+f(y) R

mathematica.gr
20
f(x) + f(x - 1)= f(2x - 1) = f( x2 - (x - 1)2) = x f(x) - (x - 1) f(x - 1)

=x f(x - 1) + x f(1) - (x - 1) f(x - 1)
= x f(x - 1) + x f(1)- x f(x - 1)+f(x-1)
f(x) = x f(1).=Ax
91
. x = 1, y = 0
. y = 1
.
. x = 0 f (n) = 2n + 1, n Z y = b Z, xy = a Z
f (x + b) + 2f (a) = 2 + f (x)f (b) (f (x) + 2b) + 2(2a + 1) = 2 + f (x)(2b + 1)
f (x) =
4a + 2b
a
= 2 + 1 = 2x + 1 x=0
2b
b
92
f (r) = 0
. y=r= f (x + f (r)) = f (x)f (r) f (x) = 0, x R

f ( y) 0
. f (y f (y) + f (y)) = f (y f (y))f (y) f (y f (y)) = 1 [1]

y y-f(y)
[1]
f (x + f (y f (y)) = f (x)f (y f (y)) f (x + 1) = f (x) [2]

. n f (n) = f (0) [3]
x=0,1,2,n , [2]
,
f (nf (y)) = f (0)[f (y)]n [4]
.
mathematica.gr
21

f (y) Q f (y) =
[3]
[4]
[3]
a
a = bf (y) f (a) = f (bf (y)) = f (0)[f (y)]b
b
[1]
f (a) = f (0) = f (0)[f (y)]b f (y) = 1, y Q
93
. f(0)=k x=y=0 [1] f(k)=k2 [2],

y=0 f(x2+k)=f 2(x) [3] x=0 , y=x f(f(x))=x+k2 [4]
x=1 y=0 f(1+k)=f 2(1) [5].
. x=k,y=1+k [1]
f(k2+f 2(1)) [5} 1+k+f 2(k)=1+k+k4
[2]
x=f(1) y=k [1] f(k2+f 2(1))
[2] k+f(f(1))2=k+(1+k2)2
[4]
1+k+k4= k+(1+k2)2 k=f(0)=0
. k=0 [3],[4] f(x2)=f 2(x) f(f(x))=x [6]
. y f(y) [1] [6]
f(x2+y)=f(y)+f(x2) f(x+y)=f(y)+f(x) x 0 [7]
. f(0)=f(x-x)=f(x)+f(-x) , x,-x
f [7] R
. y=f(x)>x z=y-x>0 f(z)=f(y)-f(x)=f(f(x))y=x-y=-z
A y<x ,z=x-y=x-f(x)>0 f(z)=f(x)-f(y)=y-f(y)=y-f(f(x))=yx=-z
z>0: f(z)=-z<0
z=v2 f(v2)<0 f 2(v)<0 , f(x)=x R
94
. f = = 0 = 2
. f a=b=c=d=0 f(0)=0 2
mathematica.gr
22
f(0)=2 c=d=0 f(a)+f(b)=1 a=0

f(0)=0 4
b=d=0,a=x,c=y f(x)f(y)=f(xy) [1]
. d=-a c=-b [f(a)+f(b)][f(-a)+f(-b)]=f(-a2+b2)
a,b f
. [1] x = y = x f (x) = f 2 ( x ) 0
. d=a,c=b f (a 2 + b 2 ) = [f (a) + f (b)]2 f 2 (a) = f (a 2 ) [2]

. x = a 2 + b 2 , y = b 2 x y
[2] f (x) f (y), x y 0 f [0, +)
. f(1)=f 2(1) [1] f(1)=0
f(x)=f(x1)=f(x)f(1)=0 f(1)=1
a=x ,b=c=d=1 f(x-1)+f(x+1)=2(1+f(x)) [3]
. x=n f(n)=n2. n=0,n=1
. f(n-1)=(n-1)2, f(n)=n2
[3] f(n+1)=(n+1)2
f (n) = n 2 , n N [4]
. Z f .
[1] Q
f(
m
1
1
1
m2
1
m2
1
) = f (m ) = f (m)f ( ) = m 2f ( ) = 2 n 2f ( ) = 2 f (n)f ( ) =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
2
m
m
= f (1) =
n
n

mathematica.gr
23
0 f (x) < x 2 f (x) < x

f (x), x q
f
f (x) < q < x f (x) < q 2 = f (q) x q f (x) x 2
f (x) x 2 f (x) = x 2
[0, +) R f
95
f (x) N
f (x) f (y)
f (x) (
).
f (x) =
x+y
xf (x) + yf (x) xf (y) + yf (x)
f (x) =
<
= f (x 2 + y 2 ) < f (y)
x+y
x+y
x+y
f (x 2 + y 2 ) f (x),f (y)
96
f (n) < n , n N * f (1),f (2),...,f (n)

, 1-1
>n
f (n) n , n N*
n + f (n)
f (n) f (f (n)) f (n)
2
f (n) = m N *
f (m) < m
f (n) = n , n N *
97
f 11
. y = 0 f (f (0) + x) = f (x) f (0) = 0
mathematica.gr
24
f (f (y) + 0) = y + f (0) = y
y f(y) f (f (f (y)) + x) = f (y) + f (x) f (x + y) = f (y) + f (x)

. n>1 f(f(y))=yn =
yn fof f b:
bn=f(y), bn=f(f(b)) f(f(b)))=f(y) f(b)=y
f (f (b) + x) = b n + f (x) f (y + x) = f (y) + f (x) f(x)=ax
f(f(y))=yn n=1
mathematica.gr
25
mathematica.gr
26
B. -
(1) 0/0 , /0
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9) BOLZANO
(10)
mathematica.gr
27
mathematica.gr
28

2B6
0< < f (x) +
1
x
21
f (x) 1 2f 3 (x) > x
f (x)
1
=

3
x
1 + f 2 (x)
f (x)
f (x)
=1 3
x
x
411
x=1+y (1 + y) n = 1 + ny +
n(n 1) 2
y + y 3Q(y) Q
2
y
51
x = u f1 (x) = 3u f 2 (x) = (32 u) ...
(3n u)
=
u 0
u
lim
61
a b a b

62

63
bxn x +
b
75

mathematica.gr
29
94

918
P(x) = ax 5 + bx 4 + cx 3 + dx 2 + ex + f , P(1) = 0, P(0) > 0
P(x)=(x-1)Q(x) Q(1)>0 0 < Q(1) = lim

x 1
(0,1):
P(x)
x0
x 1
P(x 0 )
> 0 P(x 0 ) < 0
x0 1
919
w(x) = 1/ 2[g(x) + g( x)]

w(A)=A =[-,] r : w(r)=0
r 0 g(0)=0 f(0)=0 f
r 0
f (g( r)) + f ( r) + g( r) = f ( g(r)) f (r) g(r) = (f (g(r)) + f (r) + g(r))
Bolzano
920
f (a) < f (c) < f (b)

. [,]
) f 1-1 f , fof=
) f 1-1 f , >0
f (a) < f (b) < f (c) < f (d)
91
H f f(a) f(b)
f(a)=f(c) f(b)=f(d)
mathematica.gr
30
. [a,b],[b,c],[c,d]
a,b,c,d
92
f . x = 0 f (1) = 2 .
(0,1) : f()=0. x= =2.
f 1-1 , 2
(0,1)
93
f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 (4a + 3b + 2c)x + c f

f ( 1) = 3a + 4b + 3c,f (0) = c ,f (1) = 3a 2b c,f (2) = 2b 3c

f ( 1) + f (0) + f (1) + f (2) = 0
f (0) > 0 f ( 1) > 0 f
. f (1) > 0 f (2) > 0 .
f ( 1) + f (0) + f (1) + f (2) > 0 0 > 0
f (0) < 0
91
x 0
f (x) = ax
f (x)
= a a>0
x
g(x) =
f (x)
(0, + )
x
.
g(x) = a
[1,b] g(x) a

mathematica.gr
31
[1,b] g(x) a
.
g(x) , x [1, b] g(x) > a > 0, x > b
g (0, + ) .
g(x) a
106
g(x) = f ( n x )
109
(x) = (
x
) n
2n
101
x = y 2xf (x) = 2 xf (x 2 )
f (x) f (x 2 )
=
x
x
1
g(x) =
f (x)
n
g(x) = g(x 2 ) n
x
102
x = y = 0 2f (f (0)) = f (0)
y = 0 f (x) = f (f (x)) + f (f (0))

x = 0 f (y) = f (f (y)) + f (f (0))
f (x) + f (y) = f (x + y) + f (0) (f (x) f (0)) + (f (y) f (0)) = f (x + y) f (0)
103
f (x1 + x 2 + ... + x n ) = f1 (x1 ) + f 2 (x 2 ) + ... + f n (x n ) [1]

x2=x3==xn=0 [1] f(x1)=f1(x1)+f2(0)+f3(0)++fn(0) [2]
x1=x3==xn=0 [1] f(x2)=f1(0)+f2(x2)+f3(0)++fn(0)
x1=x2==xn-1=0 [1] f(xn)=f1(0)+f2(0)+f3(0)++fn(xn)
mathematica.gr
32
f (x1 ) + f (x 2 ) + ... + f (x n ) =
= f1 (x1 ) + f 2 (x 2 ) + ... + f n (x n ) + (n 1)[f1 (0) + f 2 (0) + ... + f n (0)]
f (x1 ) + f (x 2 ) + ... + f (x n ) = f (x1 + x 2 + ... + x n ) + (n 1)f (0)
[1]
f (x1 ) + f (x 2 ) + f (0) + ... + f (0) = f (x1 + x 2 ) + (n 1)f (0)

n 2
f (x1 ) + f (x 2 ) + (n 2)f (0) = f (x1 + x 2 ) + (n 1)f (0)

[f (x1 ) f (0)] + [f (x 2 ) f (0)] = [f (x1 + x 2 ) f (0)]
g(x) = f (x) f (0)
Cauchy
g(x1 ) + g(x 2 ) = g(x1 + x 2 ) g
g(x) = ax
f (x) = ax + b, b = f (0)
[2]
f i (x) = ax + bi , bi = f i (0) ,
b
i =1
= b = f (0)
101
x=
f(2)=2f() [1]
x x 2x(f(-x)+f(x))=0
x 0
f(0)=0 x=0
f(1)=-f(-1)=0
(0,1)
(0,/2) [2] [1]
g() =
f ()
, (0, ] g(0)=0
g(2) = g(), [0, ] [3]

2
mathematica.gr
33

g() = g(
) g() = lim g( n ) = g(0) = 0 , g

n
n
+
2
2
, g f
[0,1] [-1,1]
102
f (x) f (y) x y , x, y R .
.
f (b), f (a) min max . [x,y]
b, a [x, y] f ([x, y]) = [f (b), f (a)]
y x = f (a) f (b) =| f (a) f (b) | a b y x .
x,y b b, a [x, y]
=
f (x) < f (y)
x < y
f (y) < f (x)

f f (x) f (y) = x y f (x) x = f (y) y
f (x) x f (x) = c + x
f (x) = c x
103
f (x + y) f (x) > yf 2 (x) 0 f lim f (x) = +
x +
x a > 0 f (x) > 0

x n +1 = x n +
y =
mathematica.gr
1
, y n = f (x n )
f (x n )
x =x n
1
1
2f
(x)
f x +
>
y n +1 > 2y n
f (x)
f (x)
34
y n > 2 n y0
x n +1 x n
1
1
2
2
= n x n +1 a <
f (x n +1 ) f (a + )
y n 2 y0
y0
y0
y n M
104
f (x) 0, x R f (x)f (y)
1/ f = g,h(x) = g(x) g(0)

h(x + y) = h(x) + h(y)
f (b) = 0
. a : f (a) 0
y = b,x = a f (
a+b
) f (x1 ) = 0
2
y = x1 ,x = a f (
x1 + a
) = 0 f (x 2 ) = 0
2
2x n +1 = x n + a x n = a +
x0 a
a f (x n ) = 0
2n
x n a 0 = f (x n ) f (a) 0
105
f 1-1
f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) f (f (x1 )) = f (f (x 2 ) f (f (x1 )) + af (x1 ) = f (f (x 2 ) + af (x 2 )
bx1 = bx 2 x1 = x 2
1-1
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = m R
x
f (f (x)) + af (x)
- bx . lim f (x) =
x
f f (R) = R
mathematica.gr
35
x 0 = x , x1 = f (x) , x n +1 = f (x n ) , n N .
x 2 + ax1 = bx 0
x f (x) x 3 + ax 2 = bx1 ..
x n + 2 + ax n +1 = bx n x n + 2 + ax n +1 bx n = 0
x n = Ap n + Bq n p,q
x 2 + ax b = 0 . a , b >0
, q.
, x1 , x 0
f
x n x n +1 = f (x n )
x n +1 x n > 0 ( < 0) Ap n (p 1) + Bq n (q 1) > 0 ( < 0) . p>0

n
q
A(p 1) + B (q 1) > 0 ( < 0)
p
n
q
B (q 1) > A(p 1) ( < 0) B 0
p
pq < 0 ,
q
> 1
p

. =0
x 0 = A + B, x1 = Ap + Bq .
, =0
x1 = x 0 p f (x) =
mathematica.gr
a + a 2 + 4b
x
2a
36
106

f 1-1
f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) f (f (x1 )) = f (f (x 2 )) f (f (x1 )) 4f (x1 ) = f (f (x 2 )) 4f (x 2 )
4x1 = 4x 2 x1 = x 2
f 1-1
f R f (f (x)) R 4x
R
R f R , .
f R
f R : lim f (x) = a R lim f (x) = + .
x +
x +

lim ( f (f (x)) + 4x ) = lim ( 4f (x) ) + = 4f (a) .
x +
x +
lim f (x) = + lim f (x) =
x +
f (R) = R , f :1 1 f f R
x 0 = x , x1 = f (x) , x n +1 = f (x n ) , n N .
x 2 + 4x 0 = 4x1
x f (x) x 3 + 4x1 = 4x 2 ..
x n + 2 + 4x n = 4x n +1 x n + 2 2x n +1 = 2(x n +1 2x n )
x n +1 2x n 2..
x n +1 2x n = (x1 2x 0 )2n
x n +1 2x n
x
x
= x1 2x 0 nn+1 nn1 = x1 2x 0
n
2
2
2
mathematica.gr
37
xn
, n N x1 2x 0
2n 1

x
xn
= 01 + n(x1 2x 0 ) x n = ( 2x 0 + n(x1 2x 0 ) ) 2n 1
n 1
2
2
x
x n = x 0 + n( 1 x 0 ) 2n , n N
2
x f 1 (x)
f (x) + 4f 1 (x) = 4x
x f 1 (x)
x + 4f 1 (f 1 (x)) = 4f 1 (x)
y0 = x , y1 = f 1 (x) , y n +1 = f 1 (x n ) , n N .
4y n + 2 + y n = 4y n +1 2y n + 2 y n +1 =
1
( 2y n +1 yn )
2
2y n +1 y n
2n y n
2y1 y0 y n
y n = ( y0 + n(2y1 y0 ) )
1
2n
x 0 < x0 . x n , xn

x
x
x n = x 0 + n( 1 x 0 ) 2n , xn = x0 + n( 1 x0 ) 2n .
2
2
mathematica.gr
38
.
x 0 < x 0 f (x 0 ) < f (x 0 ) x1 < x1 f (x1 ) < f (x1 ) x 2 < x 2
... x n < x n
x x
x n xn = (x 0 x0 ) + n[ 1 1 (x 0 x0 )] 2n < 0
2
x x
(x 0 x0 ) + n[ 1 1 (x 0 x0 )] < 0
2
x1 x1
(x 0 x0 ) 0
2
(x 0 x0 ) + n[
x1 x1
(x 0 x 0 )] +
2
.
f (x) + 4f 1 (x) = 4x x1 + 4y1 = 4x 0 = 4y0
x 1
y n y n = x 0 + n(x 0 1 ) n
2 2
x 0 < x0 y n , yn
f 1 y n < yn

(x 0 x0 )
x1 x1
0
2
(x 0 x0 )
x
f (x 0 )
f (x0 )
x1 x1
x
x
, x 0 , x0
= 0 x 0 1 = x0 1 x 0
= x0
2
2
2
2
2
f (x)
= c f (x) = 2(x c)
2
mathematica.gr
39
mathematica.gr
40
.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) ROLLE , ..
(6)
(7)
(8) AKOTATA
(9) AKOTATA
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13) DE L HOSPITAL
(14)
(15)
mathematica.gr
41
mathematica.gr
42

1B18
x x-y f (x) f (y) f (x y)
y y-x f (x) f (y) f (y x)
x = y + h, h > 0
h >0
(f ( h) f (0)) f (y + h) f (y) f (h) f (0)

f ( h) f (0) f (y + h) f (y) f (h) f (0)
h
h
h
1 f (y + ) 1
212
f (x 0 ) = 0 f (x 0 ) = 1
( f (x) ) + ( f (x) )
2
f ( x ) 0
= 1 2f (x) ( f (x) + f (x) ) = 0 f (x) = f (x)
f (x)
219
p'(r) + ap(r) = 0 p(r) 0 r=

a =
p'(r)
1
1
1
1
=
+ ... +
a =
+ ... +
p(r) r a1
r an
x + iy a1
x + iy a n
(x a1 ) iy
(x a n ) iy
+ ... +
= a y = 0
2
2
(x a1 ) + y
(x a n )2 + y 2
226
227
1
P(x)
n
1
1
P(x) = P(x)( x b)
=
=
+ ... +

n
P(x) x nb x a1
x an
mathematica.gr
43
n
1
1
,
+ ... +

x nb x a1
x an
. a1 = a 2 = ... = a n = nb = B P(x) = c(x B) n

228
p(x) = a n x n + q n 1 (x)

n 1
231
ln f (x) + ln g(x) = x
f (x) g(x)
+
=1
f (x) g(x)
4f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x)
f (x) g(x) 1

f (x) g(x) 4
21
n = 0, p0 (x) = 1
f ( k ) (x) = x a 2k e x p k (x)
f ( k +1) (x) = x a 2k 2e
1
x
( ( (1 + (a 2n)x ) p (x) + x p (x) )

2
( (1 + (a 2n)x ) pk (x) + x 2 pk (x) +1

p k (x)
22
n = 0, p0 (x) = 1
p k (x)
f ( k ) (x) =
(1 + x )
2
f ( k +1) (x) =
n+
1
2
(1 + x 2 )pk (x) (1 + 2k)xp k (x)

(1 + x )
2
mathematica.gr
k+
3
2
44
(1 + x 2 )pk (x) (1 + 2k)xp k (x) +1

p k (x)
23
n = 0
( x n 1e1/ x )
(x e )
n 1/ x
( n +1)
(n)
= ( 1)
= ( x(x n 1e1/ x ) )
n +1
( n +1)
e1/ x

(xg(x))( n +1) = (n + 1)g( n ) (x) + xg( n +1) (x)
( x(x
n 1 1/ x
))
( n +1)
= (n + 1)( 1) n
= (n + 1)(x n 1e1/ x )( n ) + x ( (x n 1e1/ x )( n ) ) =
1
x
e x + x( 1) n +1
n +1
1
x
ex =
n +2
24
P(x)
= lim lnx=+ > =() ,=(Q)
x + Q(x)
x +
lim
Q(x)W(x)+U(x)
U(x)
=W(x)+
(1)
Q(x)
Q(x)
1
U (x)Q(x)-U(x)Q(x)
=W(x)+
x
Q2 (x)
1
U (x)Q(x)-U(x)Q(x)
lim = lim W(x)+
0= lim W(x)+0
x + x
x +
x +
Q2 (x)
W = /
U(x)
W(x)=0 W(x)=. (1)lnx=c+
Q(x)
U(x) U <Q
lim lnx=c+ lim
+ =c+0
x + Q(x)
x +
lnx=
mathematica.gr
45
25
f ( ) = 0 p( ) 0 p
f ( ) = 0
p( ) 1
1
1
1
=
+ ... +
=
r1
rn k
p( ) k
1
1
1
+ ... +
| r1 |
| rn | | k |
| |> R + n | k || |>| ri | + n | k || ri |> n | k |

1
1
1
1
+ ... +
<n
=
| r1 |
| rn |
n|k| |k|

1
n
...
|b|
i =1 | ri |
= a + bi | ri |= (a ri )2 + b2 | b |
1
n
|k| |b|
4B7
x2
x = x ,x > 0
n OMA
n = MOA
n = =
MAx
x2 1 + 2 x2
1 + 2x
x
2x
x=
x

1 + 2 x2
2
x
x A = .
4
2
(1 2x 2 (t))x (t)
x(t)
= ( (t)) = (t)(1 + 2) = (t)(1 +
)
2
2
(1 + 2x (t))
1 + 2x 2 (t)
x A (t 0 ) = 3/ 2 x (t 0 ) = 3 x(t 0 ) =
mathematica.gr
46
4B11
, ,,
,
, (),() ==,
== = OM = x = 2t ,
OK = 4 + x 2 , ( + ) =
2
1
, =

x
4 + x2
x .
=
2
MB = f (t)
MB
= 90 2 , =
2
MA = g(t)
MA
AB = f (t) + g(t)
5B2
5B8
f (x) 0 f (x)
f (x)
5B9
f (x) x 2 , Bolzano f (x) 2x

5B10
f (x) x 3 , Bolzano f (x) 3x 2

5B12
3 f , 2 f, Bolzano f
mathematica.gr
47
5B22
k,x = a
Rolle g(x) = f (x),a < x 0 : f(a)=0 Rolle [0,].

f(x)>0 x>0 . f(x)>f(b)>0 x>b ..
c>b : f(c)<f(b).
[0,b]. d (0,b) :
f(d)=f(c) . Rolle
5B25
g(x) = f (x) f (a)

5B26
lim+ f (x) = lim f (x) = k R ,Rolle f (x) k

x a
x +
lim+ f (x) = lim f (x) = Rolle ef (x )

x a
x +
lim+ f (x) = lim f (x) = Rolle e f (x )

x a
x +
5B27
Rolle f (b) f (x)
ba
(b x)2
f '(x)
k [a, b]
1!
2!
51
f (x) f (a)
,a < x b
g(x) = x a
0 = f (a) , x = a
g [a,b] (a,b]
mathematica.gr
48

g(x) =
f (x) f (a) f (x)

+
, x (a, b] , g(b)>0
(x a) 2
x a
f (b) f (a)
g(b)
g(x) g(b)
+0 =
< 0 lim
<0
2
x b
(b a)
ba
xb
x1 g(b)
g(b) =
g(x1 ) > g(b) > 0 = g(a)

g [a, x1 ] [a, b] g(x1 ) > g(b) > g(a)
c (a, x1 )
c b : g(c) = g(b) . Rolle g
[c, b] [a, b] (a, b) : g() = 0 f () =
f() f (a)
a
52
g(x) =
f (x)
g(a) = g(b)
f (x)
g [.+/2],[+/2,]
g(1)+ g(2)=0.
g(1)+ g(2)=
f ( 1 )f ( 1 ) (f ( 1 ))2 f (2 )f ( 2 ) (f ( 2 ))2
+
=0
(f (1 ))2
(f (2 ))2
f (1 ) f (2 )
f (1 )f (2 ) + f (2 )f (1 )
+
>0
>0
f ( 1 ) f ( 2 )
f ( 1 )f ( 2 )
f
53
1 (a, x) : f (1 ) =
f (x)
f (x)
, 2 (x, b) : f ( 2 ) =
xa
bx
f (1 ) f ( 2 ) = f (x)(
mathematica.gr
1
1
ba
+
) = f (x)
x a bx
(x a)(b x)
49
(b a) 2
(b x)(x a)
( )
4
1
4
f (x) 0
(b x)(x a) (b a) 2
f (1 ) f ( 2 ) 0 [1] 1 < 2 ,f
f (1 ) f ( 2 )
4f (x)
ba
[1,2] f (x)
f (1 ) f ( 2 )
4f (x)
4f (x)

(1 2 )f ()
ba
ba
a b < 1 2 < 0 [1,2] (a,b)

f () > 0 [1]
(b a)f ()
4f (x)
ba
f (x) f ()
ba
2
54
f([a,b])=[a,b] c, d [a, b] : f (c) = a, f (d) = b

c<d
g(x) = f (x) x g(c)g(d) = (a c)(b d) 0 [1]
g(0)g(c) = (f (0))(a c) 0 g Bolzano
1 [0, c] : g(1 ) = 0 2 [c, d] : g(2 ) = 0

1 = 2 = c : g(c) = 0 a = 0 Bolzano
[d,b] g(b)=0
c>d g(x) = f (x) (a + b x)

Cf
, ,
mathematica.gr
50

f ()

1 -1
(a, b) :| f () |= 1
51
[1,x] , [1/x,1]
f (x) f (1) = (x 1)f (b) , 1 < b < x f (x) = (x 1)f (b) , 1 < b < x
1
1
1
1
1
f ( ) f (1) = ( 1)f (a), < a < 1 f (x) = ( 1)f (a), < a < 1
x
x
x
x
x
xf (a) + f (b) = 0
f (x) + f (a) + f (b) = 0
f (x) + f (a) = xf (a)
f (x) = f (1/ x) x=1
f (1) = 0
c=1
a < c = 1 < b < x
52
f (x) f (a)
g(x) g(a) ,a < x b
h(x) =
f (a)
, x =a
g(a)
h g(x) = g(a) Rolle
g(a) 0
mathematica.gr
51
h (a,b]
f (x) f (a)
f (a)
x a
=
= h(a)
lim h(x) = lim
x a
x a g(x) g(a)
g
(a)
x a
[a, b]
h (x) =
f (x) ( g(x) g(a) ) g(x) ( f (x) f (a) )
( g(x) g(a) )2
,a < x b
) h(a) = h(b) Rolle h [a, b]
)
h(a) < h(b)
f (a) f (b) f (b) f (a)
=
<
f (b)(g(b) g(a)) < g(b)(f (b) f (a))
g(a) g(b) g(b) g(a)
h (b) < 0
g(x) 0 x [a, b] g
g(b)(g(b) g(a)) = g(b)g(u)

x b <0
h(x) h(b)
< 0 c (a, b) : h(c) > h(b) > h(a)
x b
xb
h (b) < 0 lim
d (a,c) : h(d) = h(b)

Rolle h (d, b) (a, b)
)
Flett

Cf //
mathematica.gr
52
A
B
53
f (x) 0, x R x + f (x) x
Rolle [x,x + f (x)] [x + f (x),x] :
f () = 0
f (x) = x 2 x + f (x) = x f (x + f (x)) = ( x)2 = x 2 = f (x)
[a, b] : f (a) = f (b) = 0,f (x) 0, x (a, b)
f (x) > 0 (a,b)
u a + f (u) f (a) = 0 u + f (u) a + < b u + f (u) (a, b)
(a, b) f 1-1
f (u + f (u)) = f (u) f (u) 0
f (x) < 0 (a,b) u b
) +
f (x)
+ a
..
mathematica.gr
53

f ( u ) < 0
f ' ( ,a] u ( ,a] u + f (u) ( ,a]

f 1-1
f (u + f (u)) = f (u) f (u) 0
54
g(x) = f 2 (x) + 2f (x)

) f (x) 0 x [0,1] h [0,1]
h(0)=h(1)=-1/2 [0,1] :
h(a) = 0
1
f (a)
= 2
g(a) = 0 g(0)=0 Rolle
2
f (a)
g [0,a], [0,1],
mathematica.gr
54
) x 0 (0,1): f (x 0 ) = 0 f
x0 f(0)f(1)>0 x0
. f (x) f (x 0 ) = 0
f (1) = 1 > 0 = f (x 0 ), f (0) = 2 > 0 = f (x 0 )
f (x) f (x 0 )
f (x) f (x 0 )
f (x 0 ) = 0
lim
0 lim
x x0 +
x x0
x x0
x x0
g(x 0 ) = 0 Rolle [0,x0]
) f x1 , x 2
(

[0,1] f f (x) 0 0 1)
f (x) > f (x1 ) = 0 x<x1,x x1
f (x) > f (x 2 ) = 0 x>x2,x x2
( )
f (x1 ) < 0, f (x 2 ) > 0
g(x1 )g(x 2 ) = (0 + 2f (x1 ))(0 + 2f (x 2 )) < 0 .
Bolzano b (x1,x2) : g(b)=0. Rolle
g [0,b] .
55
f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) (x1 x 2 )2 , x1 ,x 2 [0,1] f (x) = c, x [0,1]

.
f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) (x1 x 2 )2
mathematica.gr
x1 x 2
x1 ,x 2 [0,1]
55
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
lim
x1 x 2
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
= 0 f (x 2 ) = 0, x 2 [0,1] f (x) = c, x [0,1]
x1 x 2
x1 ,x 2 [0,1] : f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) > (x1 x 2 )2 [1]

t ( [0,1])
( at+b)
[x1 ,x 2 ]
[0,1] 0 f (x) 1
t=0 (a.0+b)x1 + (c.0 + d) = x1 ,(e.0 + f )x 2 + (g.0 + h) = x 2
b = 1,d = 0,f = 1, h = 0
t=1 (a.1+b)x1 + (c.1 + d) = 1,(e.1 + f )x 2 + (g.1 + h) = 0
(a.1+1)x1 + (c.1 + 0) = 1,(e.1 + 1)x 2 + (g.1 + 0) = 0
a = 1,c = 1,e = 1,g = 0

g(t) = f (( t + 1)x1 + t) f (( t + 1)x 2 ) ( ( t + 1)x1 + t ( t + 1)x 2 )
g [0,1]
( t + 1)x1 + t
[0,1], x1,2 [0,1]
0 t 1
( t + 1)x 2
g , g(0) = f (x1 ) f (x 2 ) (x1 x 2 )2 > 0 [1]
g(1) = f (1) f (0) 1 0
0 f (x) 1, x [0,1] [0,1] : g() = 0

1 = ( + 1)x1 + , 2 = ( + 1)x 2

( x1>x2 1>2 1,2
1 2
mathematica.gr
56
6B13
9f (x) = 3f (x) g(x) = f (x) + 3f (x) ...
6B22
f (x) =
1 + x2
g(x)
6B23
f (x) = xg(x)
61
x x , h ( x) = e2x h(x)
h (x) = e2x h ( x) + 2e2x h( x) = h(x) + 2h (x)

h (x) h (x) = h (x) h(x)
h (x) h(x) = f (x) ... f (x) = aex (h (x) h(x))e x = a
(e
h(x) ) = (ax)...
62
w (x) = w (x) w ( x)
w ( x) = w( x) + w(x) = w (x)
w (x) = 0 ...
63
f (x) = F(x), x R
F=
f f
F(f (x))f (x) = F(x), x R
F(f (x)) = F(x) + A [1]
f (x) 0, f (x) = F(x) 0 f F
1-1 R Rolle
mathematica.gr
57
f :11
x=1 f (f (1)) = f (1) f (1) = 1 [2]

[2]
x=1 [1] F(f (1)) = F(1) + A F(1) = F(1) + A A = 0

F:11
[1] F(f (x)) = F(x), x R f (x) = x

f(0)=0 f (x) 0, x R
64
f (0) =1
2f (x)f (x) = 2f (x)e2f ( x ) ( f (x) ) = e2f ( x ) + c ( f (x) ) = e2f ( x )

2
f (0) =0
f (0) = 1 f (x) > 0

f (x) = ef (x ) e f (x )f (x) = 1 ( e f (x ) ) = ( x)
f (x) = ln(1 x)

65
( f (x)e ) = ( f (x) + (f (x)) ) e

f (x )
f (x )
= 4ef (x )
ef (x ) = g(x) f (x)ef (x ) = g(x)

g(x) = 4g(x) g(x) + 2g(x) = 2(g(x) + 2g(x))
g(x) + 2g(x) = h(x) h (x) = 2h(x)
66
g = ln f
f (2x) = [f (x)]4 ln f (2x) = 4 ln f (x) g(2x) = 4g(x)

4g(2x) = 4g(x) g(2x) = g(x)

x
x g
=
)
g
(x)
lim
g
(
) = g(0) = 2A g(x) = Ax 2 + Bx + C
n
n
n
+
2
2
Ax 2 + Bx + C
f (x) = e
g(x) = g(
mathematica.gr
58
67
1 + f 2 (x) , f
.
f (x) =
1
2 1 + f 2 (x)
2f (x)f (x) = f (x)
f (x) = f (x) f (x) + f (x) = f (x) + f (x) ( f (x) + f (x) ) = f (x) + f (x)
f (x) + f (x) = aex
f (1) = 0 f (1) = 1 a = 1/ e
f (x) + f (x) = ex 1 ex f (x) + ex f (x) = e2x 1 ex f (x) =

b =
e2x 1
+b
2
e
ex 1 e1 x
f (x) =
2
2
68
A) x=y=0 . f (0) = 0 g
g(0) 0 )
0 ) ) )
h (x) = w(x)
69
x=y f(0)=0

f 2(
a+b
ab
) f 2(
) = f (a)f (b) [2]
2
2
[2]
1
ab 2
a+b 2
ab
ab
a+b
a+b
) + f (
) f(
)f (
)+f(
)f (
)
f (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= f (a)f (b)
mathematica.gr
59
b
1
ab 2
a+b 2
ab
ab
a+b
a+b
) + f (
) f(
)f (
)+f(
)f (
)
f (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= f (b)f (a)
f (a)f (b) = f (a)f (b) [2]
f
b : f (b) 0 k =
f (b)
f (b)
f (x) = kf (x), x R, f (0) = 0 [7]

k

) k=0 . f (x) = Ax
) k=-2<0 ( f (x) x ) + ( f (x) x )
2
f (x) = x
) k=2>0 f(x)
g(x)=f(x)+f (x) ,
f (x) = A(ex e x )
610
x a/x
a
a
a 2 f (a / x)
f (x) = 2
+
f (x) =
xf (a / x)
x f (a / x) x 3[f (a / x)]2
f (a / x) =
mathematica.gr
a
x
, f (a / x) =

xf (x)
f (x)
60
f (x) =
f (x) [f (x)]2
+
xf (x)f (x) + f (x)f (x) = x[f (x)]2
x
f (x)
xf (x)
xf (x)f (x) + f (x)f (x) x[f (x)]2
xf (x)
0
=
=0
=A
2
[f (x)]
f (x)
f (x)
f (x) A
=
f (x) x
>0
( ln f (x) ) = (A ln x) = (ln x A ) f (x) = Bx A ,
A, B > 0
611
x 1/u
1
2
1
1
1
0 = f ( ) + 3 f ( ) + 4 f ( ) =
u u
u u
u
1 1 1 1 1
1
f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 2 f ( ) =
u u
u u u
u
1 1 1 1 1
= f ( ) + 2 f ( ) + 2 f ( ) =
u u
u u u
1 1
1
1 1
f ( ) + 2 f ( ) = f ( ) + f ( )
u u
u
u u
1
f ( ) = g(u)
u
g(u) + g(u) = 0

1
1
1
f ( ) = g(u) = Au + Bu f (x) = A + B
u
x
x
mathematica.gr
61
1
x
1
1
1
+ Bx = Ax + B
1
x
x
x
x
lim xf (x) = A0 lim x + B 1 = A lim x + B
xf (x) = Ax
x +
x +
x +
A = 0
1
f (x) =
x
B =1
612
f (x) = F(x), x R
y
F(x + y) = F(x) + (xf (y)) (F(x + y)) = (F(x) + xf (y)), x R
F(x + y) = F(x) + xf (y) + c1
x=0 c1=F(y)-F(0)
F(x + y) = F(x) + xf (y) + F(y) F(0)
x
F(x + y) = F(y) + yf (x) + F(x) F(0)

xf (y) = yf (x), x, y R y = 1 f (x) = Ax, x R
613
p(x) = (x r1 )(x r2 )q(x) , deg(q) = n 2 [1]

n>2 q p
Rolle q
[r3,r4],[rn-1,rn] .
q (=n-3)
[1]
p(x) = (2x r1 r2 )q(x) + (x r1 )(x r2 )q(x)
x=
r1 + r2
r +r
q( 1 2 ) = 0
2
2
mathematica.gr
62
r1 + r2
< r3 < ... < rn q
2

q(x)=c p(x) = c(x r1 )(x r2 )
61
[1],[2]
(2x y)f (y) xf (x) 0< y< 2x 2y x
x
f (x) f (y)
f (x) [3]

(2y x)f (x) yf (y)
y
2x y
0 < y < 2x y x
[3] lim f (y) = f (x) f .
yx
x(f (y) f (x)) (y x)f (y)

x(f (y) f (x)) (y x)f (y)
y(f (x) f (y)) (x y)f (x)

y(f (y) f (x)) (y x)f (x)
f (x) f (y) f (x) f (y)
y > x
y
yx
x
f (x) f (y) f (x) f (y)
y < x
y
yx
x
y x + , y x
f

f (y) f (x) f (x)
f (x)
f (x) 1
=
R f (x) =
=
y x
yx
x
x
f (x) x
ln f (x) = ln x + c f (x) = Ax, A > 0
lim
mathematica.gr
63
7B11
g(x) =
xf (x) f (x) xf (x) (f (x) f (0)) xf (x) xf ()

=
=
=
x
x
x
71
1.
du d(y 4x) dy
=
=
4 = u4
dx
dx
dx
2.
du
= u (x) = u 4 (x) 0 u
dx
3. x 0 u(x) u(0) = 1
u(0) =1
u (x)
1
1
1
=
+
c=
(x)
x
c
4
3
3
u (x) 3u (x)
3u (x)
3
1
x <0
3
4.
1
1
= x u(x) =
3u (x)
3
3
72
f (x) > f (x) e x f (x) e x f (x) > 0 (e x f (x)) > 0

e x f (x) a 0 c [a, d) : f (x) > 0, x (c, d] f (c) = 0

f f(d)
d. f (x) mf (x), x (c, d]
f (x)
m ( ln f (x) mx ) 0 (ln f (x) mx) (c,d]
f (x)
lim (ln f (x) mx) ln f (d) md ln f (c) mc ln f (d) md
x c +
f (c) e m(c d )f (d) > 0

mathematica.gr
64
f(c)=0 d [a, b] : f (d) 0

f (x) = 0, x [a, b]
72

P(a) = P(a) = 0 P(x) = (x a)k R(x), k 2, R(a) 0 [1]
a[8]
P(x) = Q(x)P(x) [2]
deg(Q)=2 c=
1
> 0 [3]
n(n 1)
[1] [2]
(x a) k 2 x=a
Q(a)R(a) = 0 Q(x) = (x a)W(x) [4]
[1] [4] [2]
[1]
(x a) k 1 x a W(a)=0 [3],[4]
Q(x) = c(x a) 2 0
Q
Q(x) 0
a

a, b b>a
(a,b) P(x) P(x) [2]
,
mathematica.gr
65
x
P
b
+
+
0
P(a)=0
.
[a,b], P(a)=P(b)=0.
a. P(x)=k(x-a)n.
73
): g(x) =
1
x(4 x) g(x)=2-x , g(x)=-1
2

) h [0,2] [2,4]
h(0)=h(2)=h(4)=0 . Rolle
): h(x)=f (x)+1 0
[0,4] [1,2]
h [1,2] . h(1)=h(2)=0

) h
[1,2] . 2 [1,2]
h(2)=0. h(x)=0 [1,2]
) h [0,4] , [0,1] ,
0 x 1 h(x) h(1 ) = 0
h [2,4] 2 x 4
0 = h( 2 ) h (x) h [2,4]
mathematica.gr
66
) h(0)=0 ,h(1)=0 h
[0,1] ,h
[0,1] [2,4] . h
[0,4] f (x) =
1
x(4 x)
2
74
f (x) > 0, x R f (f (x)) > 0, x R f (x) > 0, x R f

R
f (f (x)) > f (0) f (x) > f (0) ( f (x) xf (0) ) > 0 f (x) xf (0)
R [1]
[1]
x < 0 f (x) xf (0) < f (0) 0 f (x) < (1 + x)f (0) [2]
f (x) > 0, x R f (0) > 0 (1 + x)f (0) < 0
x<-1 f(x)<0 x<-1 [2],
f (x) > 0, x R
75
f (x) = f (x)ef (x) = f (x)f (x) f

f
[a,b] f(a)=f(b)
, c
c f (x)
c . f (x)f (x)
f (x) = ef (x) > 0 f (x)
f (x)
mathematica.gr
67
c-
c
-
c+
f
c .
f (x) = 1, x [a, b]
f (x) = 0 x (d,d + ),f (d) > 0 f (d) > 0

f (x) f (d)
f (x) f (d)
lim
>0
>0
x d +
x d
x d
f (d) > 0 x d+ f (x) = 0
76

f (x) = f (0) +
x0
(x 0) 2
f '(0) +
f ''(). 0<<x
1!
2!
f >0 0<k<x
xf (x) > xf (k) = f (x) f (0) = xf '(0) +
x2
f ''().
2
f 0<<x
xf (x) > xf '(0) +
x2
x2
f ''(). > xf '(0) + f ''(0) m m
2
2
xf '(0) +
mathematica.gr
68
x2
f ''(0)
2
x >0
xf (x) > m f (x) >
m
( f (x) m ln x ) > 0 f (x) m ln x
x
(0, +)
77
f (x) Mx [0,1] f(x)

[0,1]
,
[.+1/4]
, 0 a 3/ 4 x i :| f (x i ) |< M / 4
| f (x) |< M / 4
f (0) 0 f (x) 0 [0,1] f

f(x) [0,1] f
[1/4,1/2] f (1/ 4) < M / 4
f (1/ 4) M / 4 f (0) f (1/ 4) f (0) (M / 4) 0 f (1/ 4) M / 4
f (1) 0 f (x) 0 [0,1]

f (3 / 4) < M / 4 | f (x) |< M / 4
f (1) f (3 / 4) M / 4 f (3 / 4) M / 4
f (0) 0, f (1) 0 : f()=0
[.+1/4], a {0,1/ 4,1/ 2, 3 / 4} f

[1/2,3/4] , [3/4,1]
mathematica.gr
69
f (3 / 4) < M / 4 f (3 / 4) = min f (x), x [3 / 4,1]

f (x) Mx [1/2,3/4]
f (3 / 4) f (1/ 2) M / 4 f (3 / 4) M / 4
81
x 0 p(x) 0
(0, +) , (, 0)
.
p
+ ,
R* .
Fermat
p(x) > 0, x R * , p(0) = 0} p(x) 0 = p(0), x R p(0) = 0
P(0)=0 P(x)=xW(x) [1]

P(0)=0 P(x)=xH(x) [2]
[1] : P(x)= [ xW(x) ] ==W(x)+xW(x) [3]
[2]
[3]
: xH(x)=W(x)+xW(x) x(H(x)-W(x))=W(x) [4]
[1],[4]: P(x)=x 2 (H(x)-W(x))

Q(x)=H(x)-W(x)= P(x)=x 2 Q(x)
82
f(x0)>0 f(a)=f(b)=0, f [a,b]

x0 (a,b) . f(x0)>0 f(x0)>0.

mathematica.gr
70
83
min f [0,1] ,b
Fermat f (a) = f (b) = 0 Rolle f (c) = 0,a < c < b
Rolle f [,c] , [c,b] Rolle
f
84
d(x) = (x k x)2 + (y k f (x))2 .
) -
) Fermat . T
85
h=f-g x=1,x=2 h(1)=h(2), Rolle [1,2] ,

Fermat 1 2 , Rolle
81
g(x) = f (x) kx g(a) = f (a) k < 0 < f (b) k = g(b)

g(x) g(a)
> 0 x1 : g(x1 ) > g(a)
x a +
x a
lim
x 2 : g(x 2 ) > g(b) g [a,b]
, Fermat
82
f (x) 2x 2 , 0 x < 1/ 2
g(x) =
2
f (x) 2(x 1) , 1/ 2 x 1
f (x) + 2x 2 , 0 x < 1/ 2
h(x) =
2
f (x) + 2(x 1) , 1/ 2 x 1
( ) : f, g
[0,1], .
:
mathematica.gr
71
f '(x) 4x , 0 x < 1/ 2
g '(x) =
f '(x) 4(x 1) , 1/ 2 < x 1

f ''(x) 4, 0 x < 1/ 2
g ''(x) =
f ''(x) 4, 1/ 2 < x 1
f '(x) + 4x , 0 x < 1/ 2
h '(x) =
f '(x) + 4(x 1) , 1/ 2 < x 1

f ''(x) + 4, 0 x < 1/ 2
h ''(x) =
f ''(x) + 4, 1/ 2 < x 1
: f ''(x) < 4 , x [0,1] 4 < f ''(x) < 4 , x [0,1]

:
x
0
1
g
0
:
1
1
g ''(x) < 0 x [0, ) ( ,1]
2
2
1
1
g '(x) x [0, ) , g '(x) x ( ,1]
2
2
1
1
g '(x) < g '(0) = 0, x (0, ) , g '(x) > g '(1) = 0, x ( ,1)
2
2
g :
1
1
g x [0, ] , g x [ ,1]
2
2
1
1 1
g( ) < g(0) = 0 f ( ) < [1]
2
2 2
mathematica.gr
72
h :
x
1
+
0
1
1
f ( ) >
[2]
2
2
[1] [2]
[0,1]: f ''() 4
: f [0,1] f (0,1)

83
f [-2,0]
a (2, 0) : f (a) =
f (0) + f (2)
f (0) f (2)
f (a)
1
2
2
b (0, 2) : f (b) 1
g [a,b]
(
f )
g(0) = 4, g(a) 12 + 12 = 2, g(b) 12 + 12 = 2 a<0<b
g [a,b] .
Fermat g (a,b)
g() = 0 2f ()[f () + f ()] = 0
mathematica.gr
73
f () = 0 g() = f 2 () + 0 1 g() = max 4

(a, b) : f () + f () = 0
108
f .
f (r) = 0 r 2 = 3r 2rr 3 r + 2 r r 3 + 2 r
r 2 r 3 0 0 < r 3
2
f
(0,3] [1]
f (x) = 2x(1 x) + 5x > 0x (0, ) (0,3] f & x (0,3]

f [1]
f (0)f () = 3(2 + 3) < 0 f

1017
x x + 2 = (x + 2) x
ln x ln(x + 2)
=
f (x) = f (x + 2)
x
x+2
f (x) =
1 ln x
e
x2
0 < x < x + 2 e f (x + 2) f (x) = 2f (a) 0

a<e
0 < e x < x + 2 f (x + 2) f (x) = 2f (b) 0
b>e
x<e<x+2
f(x+2) f(x) ,
f(x+2)-f(x)
. 2

mathematica.gr
74
101
f (t) = t x , t > 0 f (3) + f (6) = f (4) + f (5)

f (6) f (5) = f (4) f (3) (6 5)xa x 1 = (4 3)xb x 1 x(a x 1 b x 1 ) = 0
0 1
3<b<4<5<a<6
102
:
x 0
x 3 kx 2 + 12x 8 = 0 k =
x 3 + 12x 8
= f (x)
x2
x>0 3

(x 2)2 (x + 4)
> 0, x (0, + ), lim f (x) = +, lim f (x) =
x +
x 0+
x3
.
f (x) =
.
(x r)3 r=2 k=6
103
f (x) 0, x (a, b)
f f (x) > 0
(a, b) .
2
2
2
f (x) + xf (x) > 0 ex / 2f (x) + xex / 2f (x) > 0 ex / 2f (x) > 0
ex / 2f (x) & x (a, b)

2
. Rolle

mathematica.gr
75
ex / 2f (x)
2
ex / 2f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f (x)

104
p(x)=a(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-an)
| p(x)|=|a||x-a1||x-a 2 |...|x-a n |
ln | p(x)|= ln |a|+ ln |x-a1|+ ln |x-a 2 |+...+ ln |x-a n |
p(x)
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
p(x) x-a1 x-a 2
x-a n

p(x)p(x) [p(x)]2
1
1
1
=
...
2
2
2
p (x)
(x-a1 ) (x-a 2 )
(x-a n ) 2
[p(x)]2 p(x)p(x) > 0
x a1 , a 2 ,..., a n
ak
[p(x)]2 p(x)p(x)
mathematica.gr
76
p(a k ) = 0
[p(a k )]2 p(a k )p(a k ) = 0 p(a k ) = 0 ak
,
p(x)
ak
105
H (2x 8 4x) + (3x 6 5x 3 + 6) = 0

3x 6 5x 3 + 6
47
12
f (x) = 2x 8 4x f (x) = 16x 7 4

f x 0 =
f (x 0 ) = 2x 0 (x 70 2) =
1
<1
4
7x 0
1
x 70 =
4
2

47
47 7x 0
47
> 0 x0 <
x 0 < 1 <
42
12
2
42
106
2x 8 + x 6 > 2x 6 + 3x 3 + 2x 9
2x 8 + x 6 0 2x 6 + 9 > 3x 3 + 2x f (x) + 4 > g(x)

f (x) = 2x 6 + 5, g(x) = 3x 3 + 2x f (x) g(x)

x 0 f (x) 0 g(x)
x 1
f (1) = 17 > 11 = g(1), f (x) = 60x 4 > 18x = g(x)
f (x) g(x) & f (x) g(x) f (1) g(1) = 6 > 0
mathematica.gr
77
f (x) > g(x) f (1) g(1) = 2 > 0

f (x) > g(x)
0 x 1 g g(x) = 18x > 0
y = 5x 5x 3x 3 + 2x 0 x 1
2x 6 + 5 5x 2x 6 0 5(x 1)
f (x) g(x) x R
107
f (x) = (x) x,g(x) = ( x) x ,x [0, / 2]

a 0
f (x) < 0 f
g(x) = x( x) 1 < 0 ,
g
f (0) = 1 > 0,f ( / 2) = / 2 < 0
g(0) = 1 > 0,g( / 2) = 1 / 2 < 0 Bolzano

a, b (0, / 2):f (a) = g(b) = 0

a x [3]
(x) < x < ( x) [4]
b a a b (a) < ( b) a < b
a < b
mathematica.gr
78
108
g(x) = ( f (x) + xf (x) )( f (x) xf (x) )
( f (x) + xf (x) ) = ( xf (x) ) , ( f (x) xf (x) ) = ( e x
/2
2
f (x) ex / 2
xf (x) k+1 , k f 0
. Rolle
( xf (x) ) k
e x / 2f (x) k f
2
(e
x2 / 2
f (x) Rolle k-1 .
(e
x2 / 2
2
f (x) ex / 2
( f (x) + xf (x) ) , ( f (x) xf (x) )

1 k 2
k-1 g(x) = ( f (x) + xf (x) )( f (x) xf (x) )
k+k-1=2k-1
r: f (r) + rf (r) = 0,f (r) rf (r) = 0
f (r) 0 f (r) = f (r) = 0 r

f (r)
1
= r = r 2 = 1
f (r)
r
101
xn
x n 1
x
+
+ ... + + 1 = f n (x)
n! (n 1)!
1!
f n+ 2 (x) = f n+1 (x) = f n (x)

f 2n (x) > 0, x R n=0
. f 2n (x) > 0, x R
mathematica.gr
79
f 2n + 2 (x) > 0, x R .
+1 (x) = f 2n (x) > 0, x R f 2n +1 (x) & R
f 2n
r

x
r
+
+ 2 = f 2n
f 2n
+ 2 = f 2n +1
f 2n
+ 2 = f 2n +1
f 2n
f 2n + 2
f 2n + 2 (r)
f 2n + 2
f 2n + 2 (r) r f 2n +1 . f 2n + 2 (r) > 0
,
f 2n + 2 (x) > 0 f 2n (x) > 0, n N, x R
f 2n + 2 (r) =
r 0
r 2n + 2
r 2n + 2
+ f 2n +1 (r) =
(2n + 2)!
(2n + 2)!
r 2n + 2
> 0 r=0 f 2n +1 (0) = 0
(2n + 2)!
f 2n +1 (0) = 1
f 2n (x) > 0, n N, x R n
fn
f2n+1
.
mathematica.gr
80
+1 (x) = f 2n (x) > 0, x R f 2n +1 R

f 2n

102
>0

1.
2. x0 : x > x0 0 < P(x) P
lim P = + a
x
: P(x) P(a), x a lim P = + b

x +
+ : P(x) P(b), x b .max-min

c [a, b] : P(x) P(c), x [a, b]
P(a),P(b),P(c)
P(x 0 )
r,r
x > d = max{r, r '} ,
+

s = [d] q
q(x) = P(x) + ... + P(x + s) + P(x + s + 1) + ... + P(k)
q(x) (s + 1)P(x 0 ) + P(x + s + 1) + ... + P(k)
P(x),,P(x+s) P(x0)
x+s+1>d
P(x + s + 1) > 0
P(x + s + 1) < P(x + s + 2) < ... < P(x + k)
mathematica.gr
81
q(x) (s + 1)P(x 0 ) + P(x + s + 1) + ... + P(k)

q(x) > (s + 1)P(x 0 ) + (k s)P(x + s + 1)
: k > s
(s + 1)P(x 0 )
P(x + s + 1)
q>0
103
n
a,b
n=2k b
f (x) = x 2k 2ax
f (x) = 2kx 2k 1 2a
>0 f
a 1
1
x 0 = ( ) 2k 1 f (x 0 ) = x 0 (x 02k 1 2a) = 2ax 0 ( 1)
k
2k
g(k) = 2ax 0 (
1
a 1 1
1) = 2a( ) 2k 1 ( 1)
2k
k
2k
b f (x 0 ) b
f
b g(k), k N b max g(k)
k
, k = x 1 ,
g
. a 1
a > 0,a Z
mathematica.gr
82
a 2x 1 a
ln

x
x ,x 1,a 1
g(x) =
x(2x 1)
g x=a g(a) = 1 2a
, g(k) k

g
<0
=0 b 0 b f
[0, + ) f (x) = x 2k
a = 0, b 0 b 1 2a
104
b = p2 = 2k + 1 ,a = p1 = 2m + 1
k 2m +1 + (k + 1)2m +1 = a n (k + k + 1)Q(k) = c n Q

2k + 1/ c n 2k + 1/ c c n = (2k + 1) n A(k)

k 2m +1 + (k + 1) 2m +1 = (2k + 1)Q(k) = (2k + 1) n A(k)
Q 2k+1 ( n>1)
P(k) = k 2m +1 + (k + 1) 2m +1
(2k+1)2

1
1
P( ) = P( ) = 0
2
2
P(x) = (2m + 1)(x 2m + (x + 1) 2m ) 0 x R ,

mathematica.gr
83
113
x+y
a x
b x
=
+
= Jensen
a+b a+b a a+b b
116
, f y=x : //xx, //yy

[0,1]. |-|<|-| .
>. =f -1(x)-x , =x-f (x)
117
f(x)-x f(-x)-x
1116
f
a x 0
Aim f (x) = k R . , f(x-1)-f(x)<f (x)<f(x+1)-f(x).
x +
111

(1 k)x 1 kx, k,x (0,1) .
a1 b = (1 (1 a))1 b 1 (1 a)(1 b) = a + b ab < a + b a b >
mathematica.gr
84
a
a+b

ba >
b

a+b

112
b
= x > 0 a 4
a
(8 + x 2 ) 2 > 16x, x > 0 .

f (x) = (8 + x 2 ) 2 , x > 0 f f (x) = 12x 2 + 32 > 0
1 y f (1) = f (1)(x 1) y = 18x + 63
f
f (x) y f (x) 18x + 63 > 18x > 16x, x > 0

113
f (x) = x x +
x3
f (x) > 0, x > 0
6
Df =[0,+)
f f (x)=x-1+
x
f ''
f ''
f'
0
0
f'
0
0
x2
, f (x)=-x+x , f (x)=1-x
2
f '' [ 0, + ) x > 0 :
f (x) > f (0)=0 . f [ 0, + ) f '
mathematica.gr
85
[ 0, + )
.
[ 0, + ) f (x) > f (0)=0, x > 0
x 1/x
1
1
1 1
1
> 3 x > 1 2 , x > 0
6x
x x 6x
x

(1 +
1
1
1
1
)(1 2 ) > 1, x
y = 2 , 0 < y < 5
2
x
6x
x
5
: 5y y 2 > 0 0 < y < 5

114
f (x) y f (x) y = f (x 0 ) + f (x 0 )(x x 0 )

f (x) f (x 0 ) f (x 0 )(x x 0 ) (x x 0 )f () f (x 0 )(x x 0 )
x > x 0 > x 0 f () > f (x 0 )
a x 0 b 0 x 0 a b a 0
t=
x0 a
1
ba
x0 a
x 0 = tb + (1 t)a, n = t, m = 1 t
ba
f (x 0 ) f (a) mf (x 0 ) mf (a)
(m + n)f (x 0 ) mf (a) + nf (b)
f (x 0 ) f (b) nf (x 0 ) nf (b)
mathematica.gr
86
kx + y
f (kx + y + mz) = f ((kx + y) + mz)) = f (1 m)(

) + mz =
1 m
kx + y
) + mz =
= f (1 m)(
k+
kx + y
kx + y
) + mf (z) = (k + l)f (
) + mf (z) =
(1 m)f (
k+
k+
k
k
x+
y) + mf (z) (k + ) f (
x) + f (
y) + mf (z)
= (k + )f (
k+
k+
k+
k+
f (y) + mf (z) = kf (x) + f (y) + mf (z)

f ( x) +
(k + )
k
+
k
+
1
1
1
) 5 = 2 + 3 + 5
3
3
3
)
a a b b cc (abc)
a +b+c
3
a ln a + b ln b + c ln c
a+b+c
(ln a + ln b + ln c)
3
f (x) = x ln x
(0, +) . Jensen
f (a) + f (b) + f (c)
a+b+c
a+b+c
) f (a) + f (b) + f (c) 3f (
)
f(
3
3
3
a+b+c a+b+c
a+b+c
a ln a + b ln b + c ln c 3
ln(
) = (a + b + c) ln(
) [1]
3
3
3
-
Cauchy
a+b+c 3
a + b + c ln a + ln b + ln c
[2]
abc ln(
)
3
3
3
[1] [2]
mathematica.gr
87
115
x = PD BC, y = PE AC, z = PF AB, PA = k , PB = m , PC = n

n = , CPE
n = , APF
n =
BPD
PFBD, PDCE PEAF

n = , CPD
n = C, EPA
n = A ,
BPF
, , ,
BPD CPD
x2
x x
=
= ( C)
mn m n

y2
z2
= ( ) ,
= ( )
nk
km

xyz
= ( C) ( ) ( )
kmn

L = ( C) ( ) ( )
mathematica.gr
88
f (x) = An(x) , x (0, )

2
f (x) =
< 0, x (0, )
2
x
2

An(x1 ) + An(x 2 ) + ... + An(x 6 )
x + x 2 + ... + x 6
An(( 1
))
6
6
x + x 2 + ... + x 6
An(x1x 2 ...x 6 ) An( 6 ( 1
))
6
x + x 2 + ... + x 6
x1x 2 ...x 6 6 ( 1
)
6
x1 = , x 2 = C, x 3 = , x 4 = , x 5 = , x 6 =
A + B + C =
L2 =x1x 2 ...x 6 6 (
2
27
3 3
)=
L
6
64
8
xk
ABC
116
====1

, , , 2x , 2y , 2z , 2
B
x ,y ,z,
AB
2 = OAx AB=2x
x 2y
x
2z
2
B = 2y , =2z , =2
4

mathematica.gr
89
:
x y z
1
4
[1]
f (x) = An(x) , x (0, ) .

2
f (x) =
1
2 x
f .
Jensen x,y,z

An(x) + An(y) + An(z) + An()
x+ y+z+
))
An((
4
4
x+ y+z+
An(x y z ) An( 4 (
))
4
x+y+z+
x y z 4 (
)
4
x y z 4 ( )
4
x y z
1
4
[2]
[1], [2] .
Jensen x=y=z=
x,y,z, 450

117
Jensen
A + B + + +
)
3( ) + +
3
3
3
3 3
+ +
2
mathematica.gr
90
== .

3 3
,
2
++
118
Jensen
f(
k1x1 + k 2 x 2 + ... + k n x n
k f (x) + k 2f (x 2 ) + ... + k n f (x n )
) 1
,
k1 + k 2 + ... + k n
k1 + k 2 + ... + k n
k i > 0,x i ,f
f (x) = x n = (0, +) k i = a 2 , x i =
b+c

2a
a,b,c
k1f (x1 ) + k 2f (x 2 ) + k 3f (x 3 )
2n
a n +2
b n +2
c n +2
= 2
[
+
+
]
k1 + k 2 + k 3
a + b2 + c 2 (b + c) n (c + a) n (a + b)n
f(
k 1x 1 + k 2 x 2 + k 3 x 3
ab + bc + ba
) = f( 2
) f (1) = 1 f
k1 + k 2 + k 3
a + b2 + c 2
ab+bc+ca a2+b2+c2

119

a+b b+c c+a
b c a

2 2 2
a+b
b+c
c+a
a ln b + b ln c + c ln a a ln
+ b ln
+ c ln
2
2
2
a
a b c
Jensen(17) ln x

mathematica.gr
91
ln a + ln b
ln b + ln c
ln c + ln a
+b
+c
2
2
2
a(ln a ln b) + b(ln b ln c) + c(ln c ln a) 0
a(ln a ln b) + b(ln b ln c) c(ln a ln c)
a ln b + b ln c + c ln a a
[19]
cba
.. ln x [b,a],[c,b] [c,a]
a(a b) b(b c) c(a c)
+
x
y
z
0 < c < y < b < x < a

1(a b) + 1(b c)
c(a c)
c
1
z
z
[c,a]

a+b b+c c+a
a b c

a b c
2 2 2
a+b
b+c
a+c
a(ln a ln
) + b(ln b ln
) c(ln
ln c)
2
2
2
a

a(
ab
bc
a c
) + b(
) c(
)
2k
2m
2n
b+c
a+b
a+c
< m < b,
< k < a, c <
<n<a
2
2
2

(
ab
bc
a c
a c c a c
c
)+(
) c(
)
1 .
2
2
2n
2
n 2
n
1110
mathematica.gr
92
1
x y 1
f (x) =
+
1 x 1,x 1
+
y
x 1 y 1 xy 1
2
D(f)
,1,1/ y
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0,lim f (x) = lim f (x) = +
x +
x 1
x 1/ y
f (x) =
(1 x 2 y)(x 2 y2 + x(1 3y) + y)

(x 1)3 (xy 1)3
f (x) = 0

D(f) ,
4
a=
d=
1 + 3y 1 6y + 3y 2 4y 3
1
1
, b = + ,c =
,
y
y
2y 2
1 + 3y + 1 6y + 3y 2 4y 3
2y 2
2
1 2 y
1+ 2 y
f (a) =
,f (b) =
,f (c) = f (d) = 0
y 1
y 1
a,b y>0 c,d y<0
4
0
0
mathematica.gr
93
1111
z = 1 y x ,
x 3 + y3 + (1 x y)3 + 4xy(1 x y)
9

32
(3 7y)x 2 + (7y 2 + 10y 3)x + (3y 2 3y + 1)
9
32
1
1
1
1
1
1
x = 1 y z [ y,1 y] [0, ] = [ y,1 y] [0, ] = [ y, ]
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
y [0, ]
2
1
1
f (x) = (3 7y)x 2 + ( 7y 2 + 10y 3)x + (3y2 3y + 1),x [ y, ]
2
2
1
y [0, ]
2
y =

3
13
f (x) =
3 7y < 0
7
49
3 1
, y ( , ]
4a
7 2
1
= g(y) = (7y3 5y 2 + y + 1) ,
4a
4
g=
9
32
3 7y > 0
-y
1
1
1
f ( ) = f ( y) = (2y 2 + y + 1) max
2
2
4
9
R
32
mathematica.gr
94
(3 7y)x 2 + (7y 2 + 10y 3)x + (3y 2 3y + 1)
9
32

1112
x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 , x + y + z = 1 z

(0,1) . y (0,1) x
(0,1-y). S z
1-x-y x
y (0,1) (0,1-y).
S = (3y 1)[x 2 + (y 1)x
3y 2 2
2
] + = (3y 1)f (x) + , x (0,1 y)
9
9
9
f (0,1-y)
f(
1 y
) f (x) < f (1 y) x (0,1-y) f
2
f
(0,1-y).
(3y 1) 2
3y 2
f (x) <
, x (0,1 y)
36
9

) 0 < y <
S
1

3
(3y 1)3 2 (1 3y)3 2

+ =
+ = g(y)
36
9
36
9
g ' g(y) < lim g(y) =

x 0
mathematica.gr
1 2 1
1
+ = S <
36 9 4
4
95
)
S<
1
y < 1
3
(3y 1)(3y 2) 2
+ = y 2 + y = h(y) h
9
9
1
1
h( ) = .
2
4
( x,y,z .
S(x,y,z) (0,1)3
(0,1)3 ,
)
1113

A 33
1
a +1 b +1 c +1
(a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) = 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 3 = 3f (a)f (b)f (c)
2 2
a bc
a
b c
2
f (x) =
x +1
, x (0, +) ,A
x2/3
a=b=c f (x) =
x2

3x 2
f x=2 f (2) = 3(2) 2 / 3
A min = 34 3(2) 2 / 3
9
=
2
1114
y= a<0 lim x a y b = + , lim K(x + y) = Ky +

x 0 +
x 0+
x a y b K (x + y) [1] a 0
b 0
[1]
y = zx x a + b z b Kx(1 + z) x a + b 1 Kz b (1 + z) [2]
z a+b-1>0
mathematica.gr
96
lim x a + b 1 = + , lim Kz b (1 + z) = Kz b (1 + z)
x +
x +
[2] a + b 1 0 , a+b-1<0 [2]

x 0 + a + b 1 0 . a+b-
1=0
.
a, b 0, a + b 1 = 0 = max{a,b}:
x a y b K (x + y)
x a y b ax + by a ln x + b ln y ln(ax + by)
Jensen lnx (0, +)
a, b 0, a + b 1 = 0
= max{a,b} x a y b ax + by Kx + Ky = K(x + y)
111
f (x) = (x) (x) , x [0, / 2)

f (0) = 0 f (x) > 0 , x (0, / 2)
f (x) > 0, x (0, / 2)
x
(x)
>
x (0, / 2)
2
(x)
2 x
3 x > 2 (x)(x) x (0, / 2)

ln((x)) + 2 ln( (x))
ln(x) >
3
g(x) = ln(x) g(x) = x g(x) = 1 2 x

g (0, / 2)

g(x) >
g(x) + 2g(x)
(0, / 2)
3
mathematica.gr
97
Jensen g(
x + 2x
g(x) + 2g(x)
)>
3
3
(0, / 2)
x <
x + 2x
3x < x + 2x
3
(0, / 2)
h(x) = x + 2x 3x , x [0, / 2)
h(0) = 0 h (x) > 0 , x (0, / 2)
h(x) > 0, x (0, / 2)
x + x +
3
1
2 x > 1 x (0, / 2)
-
x + x +
3
1
2 x > 3 x x
1
=1
2 x
112
2
f (x) f (x) f (x)
f (x)
>0,
f (x) + f (x) > 0 1 +
= f (x) f (x)
f (x)
f (x)
f >0
2
f (x) f (x)
x (a, b) 1 +
+
>0
f (x) f (x)
f (x)
= g(x) 1 + g 2 (x) + g(x) > 0
f (x)
f (x)
= g(x) = (h(x))
f (x)
mathematica.gr
98
1 + h (x) > 0 x + h(x) x (a, b)

f (x)
a + lim h(x) b + lim h(x)
x a +
x b
f (x)
x+
f (a) < 0 f ( f)
f (x) < 0 a+ (a,a+) f
f(a)=0 f(x)<0 (a,a+)
f(x)>0 (a,b). f (a) 0
f (b) 0 f
a+,b f (b)f (a) 0
f (x)
A
= lim (h(x)) = lim h(x)
= + =
x a + f (x)
x a +
xa +
0+
= lim h(x) lim h(x) =

x a +
x a +
2
lim
>0 f (a) = A
lim h(x) =
x b
a + lim h(x) b + lim h(x)

x a +
x b
f (b),f (a)
f (x) DLH
f (x) f (a)
= lim
=
= +
x a + f (x)
x a + f (x)
0+
lim
f (a) + f (a) > 0 f (a) > 0

113
Taylor [x,x + 1] , [x 1,x]

f (x + 1) = f (x) + f (x) +
f (x) f (u)
f (x) f (x)
+
> f (x) + f (x) +
+
2!
3!
2!
3!
x < u,f
mathematica.gr
99

f (x 1) = f (x) f (x) +
f (x) f (v)
f (x) f (x)
> f (x) f (x) +
2!
3!
2!
3!
x > v,f

114
f (x) < f (a) + f (a) (x a) +
f (a)
(x a) 2 , x < a [1]
2

f (b) = f (a) +
ba
(b a) 2
f '(a) +
f ''(). a,b
1!
2!
b=x<<a f & f > 0
(x a) 2
0
2
[1]
x-a=y y 0
>0 y<0
>f(x)>0 R
1<0 [2]
, f
f
f (a ) < f (a )
f (a)
(x a)2 , x < a
2
f (a)
f (x) < f (a) + f (a) (x a) +
(x a) 2 , x < a [3]
2
f (x) < f (a) + f (a) (x a) +
[3]
y 2<0 [4]
mathematica.gr
100
A=f(a), B=f (a), C=f (a) [2] [4]

B2<2AC, C2<2AB <2
a
115
f (x) + Bx
B f (x) B
, a x a
f (x) Bx
f (x) + Bx f (x 0 ) + Bx 0 x 0 x a [1]
f (x) Bx f (x 0 ) Bx 0 a x x 0 [2]
[1],[2]
[f (x) (x x 0 )f (x 0 ) +
B
(x x 0 )2 ] 0 x 0 x a
2
g(x) = f (x) (x x 0 )f (x 0 ) +
B
(x x 0 )2 x 0 x a
2
h(x) = f (x) (x x 0 )f (x 0 )
B
(x x 0 )2 a x x 0
2

g(a) g(x 0 ) , h( a) h(x 0 )}
g(a) h( a) g(x 0 ) h(x 0 )
f (a) (a x 0 )f (x 0 ) +
B
(a x 0 )2 f ( a) (a + x 0 )f (x 0 ) +
2
B
(a + x 0 )2 0
2
f (a) f ( a) 2af (x 0 ) + B(a 2 + x 02 ) 0
+
f (a) f ( a) 2af (x 0 ) B(a 2 + x 02 ) 2af (x 0 ) 2Ba 2

2A f (a) + f ( a) f (a) f ( a) f (a) f ( a)
2af (x 0 ) 2Ba 2
A
+ Ba f (x 0 )
a
mathematica.gr
101
f (x)

| f (x 0 ) |
A
+ Ba f (x 0 )
a
A
+ Ba
a
q(a) =
2
A
+ Ba,a > 0 -,-
a
A
Ba = 2 AB a =
a
A
B
Taylor [x,x + 2a]
f (x + 2a) = f (x) + 2af (x) + 2a 2f ( ),x < < x + 2a

f (x + 2a) f (x)
2A
af ( ) f (x)
+ aB
2a
2a
2A
+ aB) = 2 AB
f (x) min(
2a
f (x) =
116
g (x ) g(x ) > c > 0 e x (g (x ) g(x )) > ce x (e x g(x )) > ( ce x )

(e x g(x ) + ce x ) > 0 e x g(x ) + ce x
e x g(x) + ce x
x < 0 e x g(x) + ce x < g(0) + c g(x) + c < (g(0) + c)ex
lim g(x) = L
x
x L < c < 0
(x<x1) :
g(x) +
3c
c
< g(x) < [1]
2
2
3c
c
> 0 g(x) + c + > 0
2
2
mathematica.gr
102
g(x) > g(x) + c

g(x) +
c
c
> 0 g(x) > [2]
2
2
n
[1] g(x) !!! (x<x2)
L < c < 0 g(x) <
c
[3]
2
x < min{x1 ,x 2 } [2] [3]
1212
f f f (x) > 0 f (x) < 0

f , f (x) = 0 .
f
f (x 0 ) < 0
1213
g(x) = f (x) M = g(x) < 0
1214
f . f

f (x 0 ) < 0 f (x) = 1, x R
1215
f . a,b
f (x) > 0, x (a, b) f (x)x (a, b) Rolle
f (x) < 0, x (a, b)
f
mathematica.gr
103
f (x) = 5f (x), x R f (x)

1217
g =f +f
f (x) + f (x) > f (x) + f (x) g(x) > g(x)

e x g(x) e x g(x) > 0 ( e x g(x) ) > 0 e x g(x) &
x >0
e x g(x) > 0 g(x) > 0 f (x) + f (x) > 0

x >0
f >f
> 0
x
x
e
f
(x)
e
f
(x)
0
f
(x)
0
>
>
f (x) > 0
(
)
121
f (x) & x R
f R f (x)
Bolzano x 0 :f (x 0 ) = 0 x0
x1 > x 0 f (x1 ) > 0 f
.
f (x) > f (x1 ) + f (x1 )(x x1 ) x > x1
Aim (f (x1 ) + f (x1 )(x x1 )) = +
x +
Aim f (x) = +
x +
f (x) (
)
f (x) > 0
f (x) < 0 f (x) R
f (x) f (x) R
f (x) f (x) = 0
mathematica.gr
104
122
2 [x-1,x],[x,x+1] f
f (x + 1) a(x + 1) b ( f (x) ax b ) = f (x + 1) f (x) a 0

123
f (x) > a, x R .
g(x) = f (x) a g(x) = f (x) < 0 g
g(x) > lim g(x) = lim (f (x) a) = a a = 0
x +
x +
124
.

f (
kx + y
) Cf [x,y]
k +
kf (x) + f (y)

k+
kf (x) + f (y)
k+
f(
kx + y
)
k+
mathematica.gr
kx + y
k+
105
125
1) f (x) = x 2 , k1 = k 2 = k 3 = 1
2) f (x) = x n , k1 = k 2 = 1
3) f (x) = x ln x, k1 = k 2 = 1
126
O f f
c

f (x) > f (b) + m(x b)
f (b) m
f (x) f (b)
f (x) f (b)
< m lim
m
x b
xb
xb
lim
w(x) = f (x) g(x) w(a) = 0, w (a) = f (a) k > 0 x1 : w(x1 ) > 0

w (x) = f (x) k w (b) = f (b) k < f (b) m < 0
w(a) = 0, w(b) = (b a)(m k) < 0

121
f (x) f (c)
f (c),x c
g(x) = x c
0
, x=c
g R
( ,c) (c, + ) y = c

Cf
c
mathematica.gr
106
x > c g(x) > 0 Cf

c
x < c Cf
c
x 2 < c : g(x 2 ) < 0
x1 > c

f (x1 ) y,f (x 2 ) y y Cf c ,
y = f (c) + f (c)(x c) Cf
(x 3 ,f (x 3 )) .
f (x1,2 ) f (x 3 )
= f (c)
x1,2 x 3
x < c : g(x) > 0 .
g(x) 0 = g(c), x R , Fermat
f (x) f (c)
0
,DLH
f (c)
0
f
(x)
f
(c)
f
(c)(x
c)
x
c
0 = g(c) = lim
= lim
=
x c
x c
x c
(x c)2
f (x) f (c) f (c)
lim
=
x c
2(x c)
2
f (c) = 0
131
,
n = x( ) = R , (0, )
=x,

DLH 2R.
x()<2R. f()=3--2 0
mathematica.gr
107
f ()== 4 [ ] < 0 f()< f(0)=0 0<<.

2 2
2
x()<2R 2R
f(0)=2R
132
f (x) + f (x) =
ex (f (x) + f (x)) (ex f (x))

=
R
ex
(ex )
| ex |= ex +
ex f (x)
= f (x) f (x) 0
ex
131
x
f (x)e 2
x2

= (f (x) + xf (x))e 2

x2
2
= f (x) + 2xf (x) + (x + 1)f (x) e 2
De L Hospital

lim f (x) = lim
x +
f (x)e
x +
x2
2
x2
2
x 2
x2
f (x)e 2
= lim (f (x) + xf (x))e 2

= lim
x2
x +
x +
2
x
xe 2
e 2
x2
2
e
x + .
x
(f (x) + xf (x))e 2
= lim
x +
2
x
2
xe
lim
(f (x) + xf (x))e 2
x +
xe
x2
2
mathematica.gr
108
(f (x) + 2xf (x) + (x + 1)f (x))e

2
lim
x a
(x + 1)e
2
x2
2
x2
2
f (x) + 2xf (x) + (x 2 + 1)f (x)

=0
x a
x2 + 1
lim
f (x) + 2xf (x) + (x 2 + 1)f (x) 1, lim
x +
1
=0
x +1
2
132
lim ( g(x) + kg(x) ) = A , k > 0 , A R

x +
g R, lim ( g(x) ) = 0 lim ( g(x) ) =

x +
x +
A
k

g(x) + kg(x) =
e kx ( g(x) + kg(x) )
e
kx
(e
=
kx
g(x)
e kx
) = (e
kx
kg(x)
( e )
kx
kx
e kg(x) )
(
lim
e kx = + k>0
= A xlim
x +
+
kx
(e )
ekx

( e kx kg(x) )
= A lim ( kg(x) ) = A .[*]
lim
kx
x +
x +
e
(
)
lim ( g(x) + kg(x) ) = A

x +
lim ( g(x) ) = 0
x +
lim ( kg(x) ) = A lim ( g(x) ) =

x +
mathematica.gr
x +
109
A
k
a > 0, b > 0, a 2 > 4b

, a = + , b = .

lim ( f (x) + af (x) + bf (x) ) = c
x +
lim ( f (x) + ( + )f (x) + f (x) ) = c
x +
lim ( f (x) + f (x) + (f (x) + f (x)) ) = c
x +
f (x) + f (x) = h(x)

lim ( h ( x ) + h ( x ) ) = c
x +
lim f (x) = 0
lim ( h (x) ) = 0 lim ( f (x) + f (x) ) = 0 x +
x +
f (x) = 0
x +
xlim
+
f (x) = 0
xlim
c
c
+
( f (x) + f (x) ) =
( h(x) ) = xlim
xlim
+
+
f (x) = c /
xlim
+
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0 , lim f (x) =
x +
x +
x +
c
b
[*] De L Hospital

142
f (2x) f (x) = xf ( )
x < < 2x f (x) > f ( ) > f (2x) xf (x) > xf () > xf (2x)
xx / 2
xf (x) > f (2x) f (x) > xf (2x)

x
f (2x) f (x) < xf (x) < 2(f (x) f ( ))
2
lim f (x) = a
x +
mathematica.gr
110
143
x 0 : f (x 0 ) 0 f (x) > 0,x > x 0 a > x 0

f (a ) >0
f (x) > f (a) + f (a)(x a) +

141
f '(x)
: y f (x 0 ) = f '(x 0 )(x x 0 ), x 0 = (0, +)
y = f '(x 0 )x + f (x 0 ) x 0 f '(x 0 )
(0, 0) () 0 = 0 + f ( x 0 ) x 0 f '(x o ) x 0 f '(x o ) = f ( x 0 )
x1
y(x3)
1/2{+y(x3)}
x1 k x3
g ( x ) =
f (x)
f (x)
, : y = y(x) = x lim
= ()
x +
x
x
f ( x1 )
= y ( x1 ) = x1 ( C f
x1
, ) lim g ( x ) = . g ( x ) >
x +
( x 1 , + ) g ( x 2 ) = ,
mathematica.gr
x 2 > x1 Rolle g
111
[ x1 , x2 ]
g ' ( ) = 0, ( x1 , x 2 )
g ' ( ) = 0 f ' ( ) f ( ) = 0
x 3 > x1 , g ( x 3 ) > ( y ( x1 ) = )
g
x 1, x 3
+ y ( x 3 )
y ( x )
g(x)
y ( x3 ) +
= g ( )
2
y ( x3 ) +
, x > g
2
g ( x3 ) +

2
g ( x3 )
g ( x3 ) +
> 0
2
g ( x3 ) +
g ( x3 ) +
> 0, x > g ( x ) >
2
2
g ( x3 ) +
lim g ( x )
x
2
g ( x3 ) +
g ( x3 )
2
g(x)
,( )
> x 3 : g ( ) =
g ( x3 ) +
= g ( ) Rolle
2
.
142
f ( xo )
= f ' ( x o ) , lim f ( x ) x = 0
x
xo
w ( x ) = f ( x ) x , w '' (0, +)
mathematica.gr
112
w ( x ) > 0 x x o
xo
x
w
w'
w'
( 1)
lim w ( x ) = 0
x
0(
)
w ( x ) < 0 x x o
x
w
xo
w'
w'
( 2)
w
w

w
w ( x1 ) = 0 , .. w ( x ) > 0, x < x1
w ( x ) < 0 x > x1 w ''(x) = 0 .
w ( x1 ) > 0, w ( x1 ) > 0 1
w ( x ) < 0 x > x1
.
mathematica.gr
113
xo
x1
x2
( 3)
+
+
w'
w'
w ' ( x ) 0 x > x1 , w

w ( x1 ) > 0
lim w ( x ) = 0 x2 > x1 : w ' ( x2 ) < 0 w( )=0
w '(x) < 0 x > x2 >

w ( x ) = w ( x 2 ) + ( x x 2 ) w ' ( n ) , x 2 < n < x
lim w ( x ) = , a
x
w '(y3 ) > 0 y3 > x 2
w '(x) < 0 x > (y3 > )
x 3 > x1 : w ( x 3 ) 0
x 4 : w ( x 4 ) > 0
w ( x ) > 0 x 4
w
xo
x1
x3
x2
x4
x4
x4
x1 x1, x4 .
( x1 , x4 )

mathematica.gr
114
151
P(x)=(x-)(x-)(x-)
P(x) = (x 2 x x + )(x )
P(x) = x 3 x 2 x 2 + x x 2 + x + x
P(x) = x 3 - ( + + )x 2 + ( + + )x
P(x)=x 3 7x 2 +(++)x 9
= + + . : P(x) = x 3 7x 2 + x 9
, , . f(x)= x 2 +7x+
9
, x > 0 A f =(0, +) ,f
x
(0,+ )
f (x) = 2x + 7
=
9 2x 3 + 7x 2 9 (x + 1)( 2x 2 + 9x 9)
=
=
=
x2
x2
x2
2(x + 1)(x 3 2 )(x - 3)

x2
f (x) = 2 + 2
9 x3
9
= 2 3
x3
x
( 3 9, 3 9, 0)
lim f(x)=+ , lim f(x)= x = 0
x 0+
x +
f(x)
= / \
x + x
lim
mathematica.gr
115
15
57/4
3/2

P(x)=0 x 3 +7x 2 +x-9=0 x=-x 3 +7x 2 -9 =-x 2 +7x+
=f(x)
3 , , (x) = 0 x
f(x) = 3 ( ).
0< < < 1, 3
mathematica.gr
) , ( 3 2 ,3) , (3, 4) .
116
.
(1) AO
(2)
(3) ..
(4) EY
(5)
(6)
(7) A
(8)
(9)
(10) - H
(11) EMBAA
(12)
mathematica.gr
117
mathematica.gr
118

21
2
A(x) = f ( t )( x t ) dt
x
x
x
x
A (x) = x 2 f ( t ) dt 2x tf ( t ) dt + t 2f ( t ) dt = ...
0
2
B(x) = 2!
0
0
B(x) =
f ( t )dt d1 d2
f2
( f ( t ) dt ) = ...
x
(2) (0)=(0)
22
g(x) a k
k =0
h ( n ) (x) = g( n ) (x)
xk

= h(x)
(n)
k!
h (0) = 0
n
h(x) = f ( t )( x t ) dt h(x) = n! ...
0
0
0
f ( t )dt d1 ... d n
fn

+1
23
f (x) =
1
1 + x3
> 0 f 1 f (f 1 (x)) =
f (f 1 (x)) = x f (f 1 (x)) =
mathematica.gr
(f
(x) )
119
1
1 + (f 1 (x))3
1
1 + (f 1 (x))3

31
x
g(x) =
x n 1f (x) t n 1 (x t)f (t)dt

0
( +)
32
x
g(x) g(t)
f (x)h(x) f (t)h(t)
dt
0
h(x) h(t)
w (x) =
( +)
31
f (0) = 0
. f (x) > 0...,f ( x) = f (x) f ( x) = f (x)

x =
. f (x + ) f (x) = 0 f (x + ) f (x) = c 2f ( ) = c
2
. g(x) = f (x) 2( 1 + x 1), x 0

32
.
. g(x) = f (x) f (1/ x)
. f (1/ x) =
1/ x
ln t u =1/ t x ln t 1
dt =
du = ...
1
1 u2
1+ t
1+
u
2f (x) f (x) + f (1/ x) f (x)
(ln x)2
+
4
4B13
2 . f (x) f (x)
4B14
(f (x) 1)2 0
mathematica.gr
120
4B15
f (x) x = g(x)
41
2 .
f (x) = f (x) f (x) + f (x) = f (x) + f (x) ...
f (0) = 1,f (0) = 0

42
g =2+f
2 . f (x) = f (x) + 2 g(x) = g(x) ...

43
1
1
f (a) + + f (b) 0 f (a) = 1/ 2,f (b) = 1/ 2

2
2
(b a)f (x) 1 x x
f (x) =
2x a b
2(b a)
44
f (x ) 0
f ( t ) (t a)2 dt = ... = 0 f (x)(x a)2 = 0
45
f
i. f : lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) ( I )
x x0
x 0 > 0
f 3 ( x ) f 3 ( x0 )
=
x x0
x x0
f 3 : lim
x 0 > 0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
2
f ( x ) + f ( x ) f ( x0 ) + f 2 ( x0 ) =
x x0
x x0
lim
mathematica.gr
121
( II )
( I)
lim[f 2 ( x ) + f ( x 0 ) f ( x ) + f 2 ( x 0 )] = 3f 2 ( x 0 ) 0
x x0
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
= 2
0
x x0
3f ( x 0 )
( II ) ( III ) xlim
x
( III )
x 0 > 0
f (0, +) (, 0)
ii. f ( 0 ) = 0
f 3
x
f x ( 0, + ) : 3 f 2 ( t ) dt = f 3 ( x )
3
f x>0 :
x
f ( t ) dt > 0
2
x > 0 f 3 ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) 0 , x > 0
f (0, +)
3 f 2 ( x ) dt = f 3 ( x ) 3f 2 ( x ) = 3f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) = 1
0
f ( x ) = x f ( x ) = x + c1 , x > 0
x ( , 0 ) : f ( x ) = x + c2
f 0: f ( 0 ) = lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) 0 = c1 = c2
x o
x 0
f(x)=x x R
46
f ct b
t
t
dt > 0
0 f (t)
2
a
f
1+ t
1 + t2
2
f (x) > 0 f (x) 0
x > 0 t 0 f (t)
(0, +)
mathematica.gr
122
f (x)
x
= 2f (x)f (x) f (x) 0 f
1+ x2
(0, +) f (x) =
1 x
1
f (x) = ln(1 + x 2 )
2
2 1+ x
4
1
x<0 f (x) = ln(1 + x 2 ) f(0)=0
4
.
1
1
ln(1 + x 2 )
,
f (x) = ln(1 + x 2 ),
4
4
1
1
2
2
4 ln(1 + x ), x 0
4 ln(1 + x ), x 0
f (x) =
, f (x) =
1 ln(1 + x 2 ), x < 0
1 ln(1 + x 2 ), x < 0
4
4
f (x) =
47
f (x)
f (t)dt = xf (x) f (t)dt f (x)f (f (x)) = f (x) + xf (x) f (x)
f (f (x)) = x,f & f (x) = x
1
48
f (1) = 1
f (0) = f (1)
f [0,1]
[0,1] f (x) = ln(f (x))
H f [0,1]
[0,1]
0<<1 f(a)>1
Fermat f (a) = 0 f (a) = 1

mathematica.gr
123

[0,1] f
(1=f(a)>1>f(b)=1)
49

(0,1) : 2 = 5 3 = f (1) f (0) = (1 0)f () = f ()
x= f () = f () + f (c) e tf ( t )dt
0
(0,1) > 0 e tf ( t )dt > 0 f (c) = 0 f (x) = 2

0
f (0) = 3,f (1) = 5 f (x) = 2x + 3

f (c) = 2c + 3 = 0 c =
3
2
410
g(x) = ax + b f (t)dt
0
g R g(x) = a + bf (x) [1]

f (g(x)) = ax + b [2]
[1] x g(x)
g(g(x)) = a + bf (g(x)) = abx + b2 + a [3]
b 0 [3] g 1-1

g(x) 0 g(g(x)) 0 [3]
R
b=0 f (x) = x, x R
mathematica.gr
124
411
F f
F(b) F(a)
= F(F(b) F(a))
ba
b a F = f =
F(a) = F(F(a) F(a)) = F(0) = c f (x) = c
412
f (x) = x +
f (x)
f (x ) t
x t
t
dt f (x)
dt = x
dt
1
1 2t
2t
2t
g(x) = 1
t
dt = g(x) g(f (x)) = g(x)
2t
x
> 0 g :1 1 f (x) = x
2x
413
F f
F(y) F(x)
F(x)
yx
y>x F(y) F(x) + F(x)(y x)

y<x
CF x ""
(x, F(x)) x CF
"" (x, F(x))
( ( )
CF f )
F

G
G(0) = G(0) = 0
x > 0 G(x) > 0
mathematica.gr
125
a > 0 :G'(a)
x > 0 :G'(x) <
G(a)

a
G(x)
G(x)

x
x
G(x)
= G'(0) = 0
x 0
x
lim
G(x) < 0 x > 0

G (a,G(a))

" " (,0)
""
"" .

G(x)=0 F(x)=cx+d f(x)=c
41
f 2 [0, + ) ,f
[0, + )
f (x) f (x 0 )
f 2 (x) f 2 (x 0 )
(f (x) + f (x 0 ))
= lim
xx0
xx0
x x0
x x0
k R : k = lim
lim ( f (x) + f (x 0 ) ) = 2f (x 0 )
xx0
3
) f (x 0 ) 0 x 0 > 0 f (0, + )
) .
) a>0 (0,a) f
, f (x) 0 (0,a)
[0,a]. (0,a)
mathematica.gr
126
f (x ) 0
2f (x)f (x) = f (x)(2x + 2) f (x) = x + 1 > 0 f

[0,a] f (a) = f (0) = 0
) f
. a>0 : f(a)=0 r (0,a) : f(r)=0
f [0,r]

b 0<b<r : f (b) 0
b
f 2 (b) = f (t)(2t + 2)dt

0
f 2 (b) = b( + 1)f () (0,b) f () > 0

f
(-,+) f (x) > 0
c + (c>+)
( r,
)
(,c) c
f () > 0 f
[,c] f () < f (c) = 0
f () > 0 ) , )
f

x2
f (x) = x + 1 , x > 0 f (x) =
+ x + C f
2
x2
0 = f (0) = lim f (x) = C f (x) =
+x
x 0
2
mathematica.gr
127
42
f [0,a] , y0
x0 , . P(x0,y0)
P
B
M
L(C,D) Cf
C , D :
BP L(B,P) (
)
PM L(P,M) ()
+ OB+L(B,P)
AM+MP AM+L(P,M)
:
+ OB+L{B,P)
P AM+MP AM+L(P,M)

P
y0=PK + OB+L(B,P)
y0=PK P AM+MP AM+L(P,M)

2y0 OB+L(B,P)+ AM+L(P,M)
: a+2y0 x0+OB+L(B,P)+ AM+L(P,M)=L(f,a)
mathematica.gr
128
:E(f,a) ay0
a+2y0 L(f,a)= E(f,a) ay0 0<a (a-2)y0
a>2
P(f,a)= (f,a)+
a 0
1 + (f (t)) 2 dt + f (0) + x + f (x) = f (t)dt + , x 0

0
x=0 =2f(0) :
1 + (f (t)) 2 dt f (0) + x + f (x) = f (t)dt x 0

0

1 + (f (x)) 2 = f (x) f (x) 1 , x 0

1 + (f (x)) 2 = f 2 (x) + (f (x)) 2 + 1 2f (x)f (x) + 2f (x) + 2f (x) , x 0

f (x) > f (x) + 1

2f (x) ( f (x) 1) = f 2 (x) 2f (x) x 0
[1]
f (x) > f (x) + 1
[2]
x0 : f(x0)=1 [1] 0=-1 .

f (x) 1 x 0 f f(x)-1
.
) f(x)-1<0 f(x)<1
[3]
[1] : f (x) =
f (x) >
f 2 (x) 2f (x)
[2]
2(f (x) 1)
f 2 (x) 2f (x)
+ 1 .
2(f (x) 1)
[3] f 2 (x) 2f (x) + 2 < 0
mathematica.gr
129
) f(x)>1
[4]
f 2 (x) 2f (x) + 2 > 0

[4]
[1] g(x)=f(x)-1>0 [4]
[5]
(g 2 (x)) = g 2 (x) 1 , x 0
[6] h(x)=g2(x)-1
[6]
[7]
h (x) = h(x) x 0
h(x) = ce x
[8]
[7] g2(x)=1+cex c 0 x1>0:

g2(x1)<0. c<0
: g 2 ' [0, + ) g 2 (0) = 1 + c, lim g 2 (x) = .
x +
[6] g(x)>0 : g(x) = 1 + ce x [5]

:
f (x) = 1 + 1 + ce x x 0, c 0
[9]
[2] [4]
, x=0,
.
2f(0)== 2(1 + 1 + c) 4 , c 0 c = (f (0) 1) 2 1
43
f R
,
,
.. f
R
mathematica.gr
130
f f (x) = f (0) = 1, x R
f (x) = 0 . : 0 = (2 1)e1
, f R
x 0 :f (x 0 ) = 2 f
a f (x) 2, x f (a) = 2
x a :f (a) = 2, f (x) 2 x .
:
x
f (t)
dt = ef (t ) dt , x , b
b
2 f (t)
x
2 f (x)
= ef (t ) dt , x , b .
b
2 f (b)
x a

b
= ef (t) dt R . f (x) 2, x R
a
f (x) 2, x R ,f , f (0) = 1 ,
f (x) < 2, x R , :
f (x) > 0, x R f & R
:
f (x) = f (x)ef (x ) (1 f (x)) f
1 > f (x) f (0) > f (x) 0 > x
R. : f
(, 0] [0, +)
f & , x R f (x) < 2, x R
im f (x) = im f (x) = A < 2 .
mathematica.gr
131

im f (x) =
: .. x<0
f (x) f (0) = xf ()
f (x) 1
= f () > f (x) > 0 0>>x f
x
x<0.
im f (x) = A < 2
f (x) 1
> f (x) > 0
x
x im f (x) = 0 .
x
x
0 = (2 A)e A <2

x
f (t)
dt = ef (t ) dt , x R
0
2 f (t)
x
n(2 f (x)) = ef (t ) dt , x R
0
x
e
0 < 2 f (x) = e 0
f (t)
dt
, x R . x>0
..
x
e
0 < 2 f (x) = e 0
f (t)
dt
= e xf (k ) < e x 0<k<x , f(0)=1 f
. x +
0 < 2 f (x) < e x , x > 0 : im f (x) = 2
x +
f R,
im f (x) = , im f (x) = 2 , f
x +
f (R) = (, 2)

mathematica.gr
132
f (t )
x f (t)e
f (x)e f (x )
dt
=1
= x ,
0
2 f (x)
2 f (t)
f (t) = u ,
x=
f (x )
e u
du , x R
2u
f f (R) = (, 2)
x , f -1(x), :
f 1 (x) =
e u
du , x < 2
2u
51
x
x2
x
e t dt = !e e 1 x ...
2!
!
x2
x
ex t t dt = ! ex 1 x ...
2!
!
x2
x
e u (x u)du = ! ex 1 x ...
2!
!
2
68
x
Rolle (x b) f + (x a) f
69
Rolle (b x) f + (a x) g
610
x
Rolle (x b)(x a) f
a
611
g (,). Rolle g

mathematica.gr
133
612
x
g = f x 2 f Rolle g , g
613
Rolle F(x)-g(x)
614
x
g = ( f ) g(0)=g(1)g(0)=g()
615
g=F-x2/2 g(x)>g(1) . H(x)=g(x)-xg(1) H

(0)=(1)
616
g=F-x2 Rolle , Rolle g

619
(x)f((x)= ..
620
Rolle, f ( x )
621
, x=0 , ,
622
, ..
623
(x a)2 f (x)dx
. ..
61
g(x ) 0
m f (x) M mg(x) f (x)g(x) Mg(x)

b
m g(t)dt f (t)g(t)dt M g(t)dt
mathematica.gr
134
f (t)g(t)dt
g(t)dt > 0
g(t)dt
62
1 x [0,1]
(1 t ) dt = 1/ 2
1
63
1
x [0,1], xdx = 1/ 2
0
x
1
1
=
f
t
dt
[tf
(t)]
(
)
0
0
0 tf ( t ) dt = f (1) 2 f ()
1
64
b
f (b) f (a) = f (t)dt = (x b)f (t)dt = [(x b)f (t)]ab ...
.

65
x
x f (xt)dt x 3 x f (xt)xdt x 3 x , x R y=xt

1
dy=xdt t=1 y=x , t=x y=x2 o

x
x f (xt)dt x 3 x , x R
1
x2
f (y)dy x 3 x , x R
x2
g(x) = f (y)dy x 3 + x , x R
x
g(x) 0 x R g(0)=g(1)=0 g
0 1 R . g
R Fermat
g '(0) = g '(1) = 0 g '(x) = 2xf (x 2 ) f (x) 3x 2 + 1 f(0)=1
f(1)=2
mathematica.gr
135
f(x) .. [0,1]
0 (0,1) : f '( 0 ) =
f (1) f (0) 2 1
=
=1
1 0
1
x2
h(x) = f (x) h '(x) = f '(x) x , x [ 0 ,1] [0,1]
2
: h '( 0 ) = f '( 0 ) 0 = 1 0 > 0 , h '(1) < 0
[ 0 ,1]. [ 0 ,1]
Bolzano ( 0 ,1)
(0,1) h '() = 0 f '() =
66
F= F(1) F(0) = ln(1 + 2 )
x
1
1
... ln(1 + 2 )
a : f (a) >
2
2
2
b : f (b) <
2
(
1+ b
ln(1 + 2 ) < ln(2 + 2 ) = ln 2 + ln(1 + 2 ) < ln 2 < 2 ln 2 )

g(x) =
2
1
, 2]
[
1+ x
2
f
61
y x
f (t)dt f (x) f (y) f (t)dt f (y) f (x) f (t)dt f (x) f (y)

y =
f (t)dt = f (x) f (y) f (x) = f (x) f () + f () = 0 R
[1]
f (0, +) .

mathematica.gr
136
f (0) = 1 lim+
0
f () f (0)
f ( )
f ( )
= 1 lim+
=1
>0
0
0
(0,). >0 f()>0

,
(0, + ), f ( ) > 0
(0, + ) .
f ( ) = f ( ) < 0 f
[0, + ) 0. Cf
.
, 0 > 0:f (0 ) < 0 ,

, Cf
.
.
: f ( ) > 0 , > 0
f , f < 0
f ( ) = f ( ) < 0 .
f ( ) = f ( ) .
f f
.
f
, ( f < 0 )
f , ,
f .
mathematica.gr
137
f .
. .
, :
0
f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1 > 0
f (x) 0, x (0, )
62
)
x
A(x) = e x F(x) , F(x) = f (t)dt , R(x) = tf (t)dt

1
R (x) = xF(x) R(1) R(0) = tF(t)dt = [tF(t)]10 F(t)dt =

F(1) (1 0)F()
R(1) = tf (t)dt = f (t)dt = F(1)

F( ) = 0
(0,1)
[0,1]
[0,] Rolle
)
x F(t)dt
H(x)
0
,x (0,1] , B(x) = e x R(x) = e x 1 tf (t)dt
=
w(x) =
0
x
x
0,x =0
lim w(x) = lim

x 0
x 0
( F(t)dt)
0
(x)
= F(0) = 0 w [0,1]
1
(0,1) w(0)=0 w(1) = F(t)dt

0
mathematica.gr
138
F(1) = f (t)dt = tf (t)dt = tF(t)dt = F(1) F(t)dt = F(1) w(1)

w(1) = 0
Rolle H ( ) H() = 0
F( ) F(t)dt = 0 R()=0 ()=0 Rolle

0
[0,]
63
a<x<b f (x)-0=f (c)(x-a) f (x)-0=f (d)(x-b)

c,d (a,b) |f (x)|=|f (c)|(x-a)
|f (x)|=|f (d)|(b-x)
f
Darboux, |f |,
, f (x) M(x a) , f (x) M(b x)
b
f (b) f (a) = f (t)dt | f (t) | dt M (t a)dt + M (b t)dt =

a
= M(x 2 (a + b)x +
a +b
(b a)
)M
2
2
2

x 2 (a + b)x +
a 2 + b2
, x [a, b]
2
x=a x=b M = f (x 0 )
2(f (b) f (a))

(b a) 2
76
g( 2 )(x a) f (x) g( 1 )(x a)
mathematica.gr
139
78
. ln t t 1
. t>1
711
) f /f =(lnf)) ... f(t)/2t2

)
2
x 2t
2
1 x 1 1 t 2
1 e1 x
F(x) = f (x) + e dt = f (x) + 1
e1 t dt =
+
1
2 1 t
2
x
t
1 e1 x
1 e1 x
f (x) +
f (x) =
2 2x
2 2x
)
2
x 1
1 e1 x
1 e1 x
1 t 2
F(x) =
e
dt
f (x) +
=
1 2t 2
2 2x
2 2x
2
x 1
2
1
e1 x
e1 t dt > 0
f (x) =
+
2
1 2t
2
2x
2
714
f f
e-x<1
721
.
x x
71
.
.
. f (x) =
1
x
72
mathematica.gr
140
73
F(x) = 1 + x 3 ,G(x) = 1
74
F(x) = G(x) =
f (x)
75
F(x) = f (x),G(x) = 1
76
F(x) = f (x),G(x) = x 2
77
F(x) = f (x),G(x) =
f (x)
1 + x2
78
n
F(x) = (f (x)) 2 ,G(x) = (f (x))
n 1
2
79
F(x) = f (x),G(x) = x
F(x) = f (x),G(x) = x
710
x
F(x) = e 2 f (x),G(x) = e
x
2
f (x)
711
f (a )
f (0)
f ( t )dt + f 1 ( t )dt = f ( t )dt +
f 1 ( t )dt +
f (a )
f 1 ( t )dt
af (a) + [ f (a)]f 1 () >

712
h(x) = (A +
h [a,b]
mathematica.gr
g(t )dt
f (t)g(t)dt)e a
, x [a, b]
-
141
x
g(t )dt
h (x) = g(x)e a
f (x) A f (t)g(t)dt 0
-
h [a,b]
h(x) h(a) = A , x [a, b]
:
(A +
g(t )dt
f (t)g(t)dt)e a
A , x [a, b]
-
A + f (t)g(t)dt Ae a
x
g(t )dt
, x [a, b]
f (x) A + f (t)g(t)dt , x [a, b]

a
g(t )dt
f (x) Ae a
, x [a, b]
71
2 3 1 4
5 1
1+ x
f :[0, a) R f (x) = ln
2x x x , a =
3
2
2
1 x
f f (x) =
2x 3 (x 2 + x 1)
x2 1
: f (x)<0 (0,a) .
f [0,a) ,
1
[0,a) f < f (0) 0<1/3<a
3
f(0)=0
1
3
4
1+ 3
1 21 11
113
1
1

2
f = ln ( 2 )
f = ln
3 33 23
162
3
3
1 1
3
ln(2) <
mathematica.gr
113
< 0.7
162
142
72
: f()=0 f
[,] . : f()=0
x1 (,) :
f(x1)>0 f [,].
. f(x1)>0 f , f(),
[,]
f()=f()=0 f ()= p() f()>0 ,
.
f
(,+) f(x0)>0 , x0> f(x)>0
(,+) x>
2
2
f (x) f (x) f (x)
f (x)
=
= p(x)

f (x) f (x) f (x)
f (x)
2
f (x) f (x)
p(x) =
+

f (x) f (x)
m
m f (x)
m f (x)
f (x)
p(x)dx =
dx = 0 +
+
dx
k
k
f (x) k
f (x)
f (x)
2
(m k)p() =
mathematica.gr
f (x)
dx <k<<m
f (x)
143
[1]
m
f (x)
m f (x)
2
1 dx
dx k 1 dx k
f (x)
f (x)
(m k)
f (x)
dx
f (x)
(m k)
( ln f (x) ) dx
f (x)
m
dx [ ln f (x)]k
f (x)
f (x)
( ln f (m) ln f (k) )
dx
mk
f (x)
2
[2]
[1] [2] :
( ln f (m) ln f (k) )
p()
2
(m k)
p()
ln f (m) ln f (k)
mk

CBS .
f (x)
=.
f (x)
1. f(x)=cex .
p(x)=, .
CBS
p() >
ln f (m) ln f (k)
k < < m
mk
73
u =
1+ t
2 [1]
2
1
1/ 2
f (1/ 2) 12 t 2f (t)dt 12 (2u 1)f (u)du

f (1/ 2) 12 t 2f (t)dt 12 (2u 1)f (u)du
0
1/ 2
f (1/ 2) 12( t 2f (t)dt + ( 2u + 1)f (u)du)

0
f (1/ 2) 12(
1/ 2
mathematica.gr
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
t f (t)dt + t 2f (t)dt + ( 2t + 1)f (t)dt)

2
144
f (1/ 2) 12(
1/ 2
f (1/ 2) 12(
1/ 2
t 2f (t)dt + (t 2 2t + 1)f (t)dt)
1/ 2
1
t f (t)dt + (t 1)2 f (t)dt)

2
1/ 2
x 2 , 0 x < 1/ 2

g(x) =
2
(x
1)
,1/
2
x
1
g
1
[0,1], g(1/ 2 t) = g(1/ 2 + t) =, g(t)dt =

0
1
1
= 2 g(1/ 2 t)dt
0
12

f (1/ 2) 12(
1/ 2
g(t)f (t)dt + g(t)f (t)dt)

1/ 2
1
1
u, t = + u 1 2
2
2
t =
Jensen
f (1/ 2) 12(
1/ 2
f (1/ 2) 12(
1/ 2
g(1/ 2 u)f (1/ 2 u)du +
1/ 2
g(1/ 2 + u)f (1/ 2 + u)dt)
g(1/ 2 u)(f (1/ 2 u) + f (1/ 2 + u))du)
Jensen
f (1/ 2 u) + f (1/ 2 + u) 2f (1/ 2)
g(1/ 2 u)(f (1/ 2 u) + f (1/ 2 + u)) 2f (1/ 2)g(1/ 2 u)
1/ 2
g(1/ 2 u)(f (1/ 2 u) + f (1/ 2 + u))du 2f (1/ 2)

74
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
(f (t))2 dt
1/ 2
(f (t))2 dt
t dt
2
1/ 2
1/ 2
1
[tf (t)]1/0 2
0
24
(f (t))2 dt 24
1/ 2
f (t)dt
)
f (t)dt )
tf (t)dt
BCS
mathematica.gr
145
g(1/ 2 u)du = f (1/ 2)
1
12
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
(f (t))2 dt (t 1)2 dt
1/ 2
1/ 2
1
1
[(t 1)f (t)]11/ 2
1/ 2
24
(f (t))2 dt
(f (t))2 dt 24
1/ 2
f (t)dt
)
f (t)dt )
(t 1)f (t)dt
1/ 2
(f (t))2 dt + (f (t))2 dt 24
1/ 2
2
0 (f (t)) dt 24
1
1/ 2
f (t)dt
1/ 2
) (
2
f (t)dt
1/ 2
) (
2
f (t)dt
1/ 2
f (t)dt
a 2 + b2
2
0 (f (t)) dt 24
1
(f (t))2 dt 12
1/ 2
) (
2
f (t)dt +
f (t)dt
1/ 2
f (t)dt 12
1/ 2
(a + b)2
2
1
f (t)dt + f (t)dt
1/ 2
75
g(x + 1) g(x) g(x 1)

g(x + 2) g(x + 1) g(x) ( x x+1)
g(x + 3) g(x + 2) g(x + 1)

g(x + 3) + g(x) 0

a +6
g(t)dt
a +6
g(t)dt =
a +3
a +3
mathematica.gr
g(t)dt +
a +6
a +3
g(t)dt =
a +3
[g(t) + g(t + 3)]dt 0
146
g(t)dt +
a +3
g(t + 3)dt =
)
2
1 2005

2005
2005
13
g(t)dt = g(t)dt + g(t)dt + ... +

1
2005
1999
g(t)dt 0
2005
f (t)dt =
2005
t2
[g(t) + t]dt
2 1
= 2010012
g(x) = 0 f (x) = x
76
x
F(x) = f (t)dt
0
F(0)=F(1)=0, F
M = max F(x)
x[0,1]
M F(x) M, x [0,1]
. F(x)
g(x) =
M
M
F(x)
8
8
M
M
F(x)
8
8
M
M
x(1 x) h(x) = x(1 x)
2
2

0 g(x)
M
M
M
x(1 x)
(2x 1) 2 0
8
2
8
0 x 1
0 h(x)
M
M
M
x(1 x) (2x 1) 2 0
8
2
8
0 x 1 a (0,1) :F(a) >
mathematica.gr
147
w
F(a)
F(a)
M/8
g(x) w (x) = F(x) +
M > M +
M
g(a)
g(a)
M/8
= 0 w & w :1 1
w(x) = F(x)
w(0) = w(a) = w(1) = 0 Rolle

[0,] , [,1] 1 2 :w (1 ) = w (2 ) = 0
w :1 1
b (0,1) :F(b) <
M
M
M
F(x) , x [0,1]
8
8
8
77
f . Jensen
x+t+xt
f (x + t) + f (x t)
)
, 0th
2
2
2f (x) f (x + t) + f (x t) , 0 t h
f(
2f (x) dt f (x + t)dt + f (x t)dt

0
2hf (x) f (x + t)dt

h
1 h
f (x)
f (x + t)dt [1]
2h h
[1]. [x, y] (a, b)
f max [x,y] , c
c (x, y) f (z) f (c), f (x) < f (c), f (y) < f (c)
h = c x y c .
max f [c-h,c+h] c
h
f (c h) = f (x) < f (c) f (c + t)dt < 2hf (c) [1]

h
mathematica.gr
148
f (c + t)dt 2hf (c)
max f [x,y]

g: g(z) = f (x) +
f (y) f (x)
(z x) (
yx
(x, f (x)), (y, f (y)) )

g(z + t)dt = 2hg(z) w=f-g
w(z + t)dt 2hw(z) w
x y
w(x) = w(y) = 0 w(z) 0 f (z) g(z)

f .
813
f (x) > f (x1 ) = m > f (x 0 ) = 0, x > x1 > x 0
f (t)dt > mdt = m(x a) +

a
81
1 lim f (x) = ln 2
x 1
.
lim(
x 1
x2
x 2 dt
dt
) = 0 [1]
lnt x t 1
1
t 1
1
t 1 +1
1
1
t 1 ln t < 1 ln t >
<
<1
t
t
ln t
t 1
ln t t 1
[2]
mathematica.gr
149
t 1 ln t < t 1
1
1
1
1
>
> 0 [3]
ln t t 1 ln t t 1
[2],[3]
0<
x2
x2
1
1
1
1
<1 0 < (
)dt < dt = x 2 x [4]

x
x
ln t t 1
ln t t 1
lim(x 2 x) = 0 [4]
x 1
[1]
x 2 dt
x 2 dt
dt
x2 1
) = 0 lim(
ln(
)) = 0
x t 1
x 1 x lnt
x 1 x lnt
x 1
lim f (x) = ln 2
lim(
x2
x 1

g(x) g(1)
f (x) ln 2 0 / 0
2x
1
= lim
= lim f (x) = lim(
)
2
x 1
x 1
x 1 ln(x )
x 1
x 1 DLH x 1
ln x
x 1
= lim
=1
x 1 ln x
lim
82
g(y) =
, y ( , 0) (0, )
y
2
2
g ( y ) =
yy y

, y , 0 0,
2
y
2 2

w ( y ) = yy y, y ,
2 2
w ( y ) = y yy y = yy
y -/2
w
mathematica.gr
0
0
/2
-
150
w(x)>0 [-/2,0) w(x)<0 (0,/2]

g(y) > 0, y , 0 g(y) < 0, y 0,
2
2
y -/2
g
/2
0
+ 0
2x
xt
dt
=
t
y
dy =
y
y =
xt
x
dy = dt
t 2
y x 2x
2x
g ( y )dy ,
x 0 0< x <2x</2
x y 2x
g ( 2x ) g ( y ) g ( x )
g'
2x
2x
g ( 2x )dy
g ( y ) dy
g ( 2x )( 2x x )
2x
g ( x )dy
x
2x
g ( y )dy g ( x )( 2x x )
x
g
y
dy
x
(
)
2x
xlim
x g ( y )dy = 0
0+
2x
lim
= lim+ x = 0
x 0+
x 0
2x
2x
2x
-/2< 2x<x <0 lim+

x 0
lim
x 0
g ( y )dy = 0
x
xt
dt
= 0 = f 0 f 0
( )
t
x 0 f . f R
mathematica.gr
151
2x
g ( y ) dy
x g ( y )dy
f ( x ) f (0)
f (x)
= lim
= lim
= lim x
lim
x 0
x 0
x0
x 0
x 0
x
x
1
2x
0
0
(1)
, . 1/2 ,
.
2x
x
g
y
dy
g
y
dy
+
( )
( )
1/ 2
1/ 2
lim
= lim+ [ g ( x ) + 2g ( 2x )]
x 0+
x 0
1
2x
x
= lim+
+2
= 1 + 2 = 1
x0
x
2x
f ( 0 ) = 1
83
g(y) =
, y ( , 0) (0, )
y
2
2
g(x) = f (t)dt lim g(x) = A R

a
x +
lim [g(2x) g(x)] = A A = 0 lim
x +
2x
x + x
f (t)dt = 0
lim [(2x x)f ()] = 0
x +
lim
x +
1
= 0, lim [xf ()] = 0 lim [f ()] = 0
x +
x +
x
x < < 2x +
lim f (x) = 0
x +
81
mathematica.gr
152
0
f (x) f (x 0 )
= lim
xx0
xx0
x x0
e x
L = lim
e x0 (1+ t )
dt
1 + t2
x x0
(1+ t 2 )
ex , A = x 2 (1 + t 2 ), B = x 02 (1 + t 2 )
< , (
>)
k (A, B):e A e B = (A B)e k = (x 2 x 02 )(1 + t 2 )e k .

L = lim (x + x 0 ) ek dt = 2x 0 lim ek dt
xx0
xx0
k (A, B) e A dt < e k dt < e Bdt

x x 0
x ( B = x 02 (1 + t 2 ) )
1
lim e Bdt = eBdt

xx0
x.
1
e
0
dt e Bdt = (e A e B )dt = (x 2 x 02 ) (1 + t 2 )e k dt
(1 + t
0
)e k dt .
0 < (1 + t 2 )e k dt < 2 e k dt < 2 e x0 dt = C ( 0 t 1 x0

2
lim (x 2 x 02 ) (1 + t 2 )ek dt = 0
xx0
mathematica.gr
153
dt = e Bdt + (x 2 x 02 ) (1 + t 2 )ek dt lim eA dt = eBdt

xx0
lim e k dt = e Bdt 2x 0 lim ek dt = 2x 0 eBdt = 2x 0 e x0 (1+ t )dt
xx0
xx0
L = f (x 0 ) = 2x 0 e
0
x 02 (1+ t 2 )
dt = 2e
x 02
x 02 t 2
x 0dt = 2e
x 02
x0
e u du
2

u = x 0 t f (x) = 2e x
e t dt
2

g(x) = 2e x
e t dt + f (x) = 2e x
2
e t dt 2e x
2
e t dt = 0
2
g
1
dt t = y
0 1 + t2
g(x) = g(0) = 02 +
g(x) =
/4
dy =

x
1 e
1
2
e x (1+ t )
1
2
<
<
f (x) =
dt
0
f
(x)
dt = e x
dt = e x
2
2
2
0 1+ t
0 1+ t
0 1+ t
4
2
lim f (x) = 0
x +
= lim
x
+
4
t2
e dt
+ f (x) = lim
x +
t2
e dt
lim
x + 0
e t dt =
2
82
b
f (x) = e xg(t) dt , x R g
a
[a,b], ,
im
x +
n(f (x))
=A
x
mathematica.gr
154

h : [ a,b ] R ,
. : lim
x + a
h( t )e xh(t)dt = +
, h [a, b]

) h .
, , .
h(t) > 0, t [a, b]
:
e y 1 + y > y , y R y = xh(t)
h >0
e xh(t) 1 + xh(t) > xh(t) h(t)e xh(t) > xh 2 (t) .

:
b
b
xh(t)
2
2
>
=
h(t)e
dt
xh
(t)dt
x
a
a
a h (t)dt lim b h(t)exh(t)dt = +
x + a
b
2
: lim x h (t)dt = +
a
x +
) h . h & [a, b]
c (a, b) :h(t) 0, t [a, c] h(t) 0, t [c, b]
c h(t).
) lim
x + a
h(t)exh(t)dt = + .
h [c,b].
lim
x + c
h(t)exh(t)dt = +
mathematica.gr
155
x +
x > 0 . [a,c] : xh(t) 0 0 e xh(t ) 1
h & [a, c] 0 h(t) h(a) [a,c]

0 h(t)e xh (t ) h(a) h(t)e xh(t ) h(a) h(t)e xh (t ) dt (c a)h(a)

a
h(t)e xh (t ) dt + h(t)e xh (t) dt (c a)h(a) + h(t)e xh (t ) dt

c
h(t)e xh(t ) dt (c a)h(a) + h(t)e xh (t ) dt

c
lim
x + c
h(t)e
xh(t)
dt = +
lim [(c a)h(a) + h(t)exh(t)dt] = +
x +
, )
lim
x + a
h(t)exh(t)dt = +
4
1.
b
f (x) = e xg(t) dt (1 + xg(t))dt = b a + x g(t)dt [1]

g [a,b] A > 0 g
[a, b]
g(t)dt > 0 [2]
[1], [2] lim f (x) = + .

x +
lim f (x) = + [3]

x +

2.
(A g(t))e xg(t ) dt 0
A g(t) 0 e xg(t) > 0 , a 0 > 0 : x > A <
f (x)
< A + .
f (x)
f (x)
< A +
f (x)
f >0
f (x) Af (x)
f (x)
A < A + .
f (x)
f (x)
> A [4] A 0 [4] x>
f (x)
[3]
[4] .
A > 0 [5]
f (x) > (A )f (x) g(t)e xg(t ) dt > (A ) e xg(t) dt x>
(g(t) (A ))e xg(t ) dt > 0 e (A )x (g(t) (A ))e xg(t) dt > 0

a
(g(t) (A ))e x (g(t ) (A )) dt > 0 [6]
h(t)=g(t)-(A-) h
[a,b] ,
[6]
x>
4. [3]
+
De
+
l Hospital
mathematica.gr
ln(f (x)) f (x)

=

(x)
f (x)
157
f (x)
= A , f g
x + f (x)
lim
(x) = 1 0 (, +)
ln(f (x))
=A
x +
x
lim
93
x = u
96
x = u
91
I , = , [1] x=1-u
I+1, =
I ,
+1
,+1 [2]
+1
(1 x)+1
1 1
= x (
)dx = 0 +
x (1 x)+1 dx
0
0
+1
+1
I , =
+1
1,+1 I+1, =
,+1
+1
+1
I+1, + ,+1 = I , [3]
[x +1 (1 x) + x (1 x)+1 ]dx = [x (1 x) ]dx

0
x (1 x) (x + 1 x)dx = x (1 x) dx
0
[2],[3] I+1,
I ,+1 =
+1
I , [4]
++2
1
=0 (+2)0,+!=(+1)0,==10,0=1
= [4] ,
[1]
mathematica.gr
158
mathematica.gr
159
mathematica.gr
160

1
1) x A x A
2) Bolzano g(x)-x
3) 1
4)
5) k:g(k)=a w(k) 0 m:g(m)=-a
w(m) 0 Bolzano w [-,]
6) a g(x) a , a g( x) a , x A
., . g
7)
8) g(-a)=-a g(a)=a f(g(-a))+g(-a)+f(-a)=f(-a)+(-a)-f(a)=-
[a+2f(a)] . Bolzano
9) 5 : g(-)=-g() f(g(x))+g(x)+f(x)=h(x)
h( )+h(-)=0 . Bolzano h, h( )=0

10) x1: f(x1)=a f(-x1)=-a. T x1 0
g(f(-x1))+ f(-x1)= g(-f(x1))-f(x1)=g(-a)-a 0 x1.

Bolzano.
2
1) f(x1)= f(x2) x1= x2
2) x0 : f(x0)=c
f (c) = x 0 f (f (c)) = f (x 0 ) = c , x=c 3)

x=a
4)
mathematica.gr
161
5) f(b)-f(a)=a+c-2b<0
6) b=f(a)>f(c)=c
3
1)
2) 1
3)
4) 3
5) 2 4
6) x=1/3
4
1)
2)
3)
4) 2
5
1)
2)
3)
4) . 2 3
6
1) f (x) 0
2) 1 x 1
mathematica.gr
162
3)
f (x) 1
=
f 2 (x) f (x)
4)
f = f
a
7
1)
2) f (x) + x [0,4]
f (x) +
x2
f (0)x [0,4] f (0) 2
2
4
3)
4) Rolle h [0,2] [2,4]
5) h (x) 0 h [1,2] 1,2
[1,2] h
[1,2]
6) 2 [1,2] h(2)=0 h
[1,2]
7) h h(1)=0 0 x <1 h (x) h ( 1 ) = 0
h [2,4]
8) h(0)=h(1)=0 h [0,1], h
[0,1] [2,4] . h
[0,4] f (x) =
mathematica.gr
163
1
x(4 x)
2
8
1) : -1,0,1 Rolle
2)
, .
f f ,f
3) 2 4)
5)
f = ...
9
1)
2) 0
3) f (x)==<0 , = ..
f 1-1
4) f (0)=1
5) 3 4
6) , = 0
7) 2x+1 6
8) 7
9) ef(x) 6
10) 9
11) R
12) R
13) ef(x) 6
14) DLH =0 , =+
15) f(e/2)=w 6, 1 , .
16)
mathematica.gr
164
10
1) . .

2) 1
3) 1
lim [f (x) x] = 2 lim [f (x) x] = +
x +
Bolzano f(x)-x
4) et=(1+et)
5) x>0 , x<0.
3
11
1)
2) f f -1.

3)
1.
4) g(2)=0 g R.
5) y=g(x)
6) 1
12
xk
1) E n (x) =
k = 0 k!
n
2) ()=+1()=0 =0

3)
4) 2()=2-1()+
mathematica.gr
165
5 E2k + 2 (x) = E2k +1 (x) = E 2k (x)
E 2k (x) > 0

E 2k + 2 (x) > 0
6) 2>0 2+1
13
1) (1+f(x))2 , , f(0)
2)
3) . 2
4) 3 + f(A)=R
5)
6) f 5
7) , x f -1(x)==xex
8)
9) 2 x=e
=f(e) , f -1(e)
10)
11) 10 5
12) +
14
1) ,
D.L.H
2) f x>0 f x<0.
mathematica.gr
166
3) ,
1 t 1
. +
4) f(R)=[0,+)
5) x>0 f(x) f((-,0))
15
1) Bolzano g
[,]
2) Rolle g(x)+2x [,] ,
Rolle f
3) f : f - g=2
4) f
.
1
5 E = f g dx = ... = 1
0
16
1) 1

2) DLH
3)
4) - + - . -
5) 4 (x)>0.
6) .
mathematica.gr
167
17
1)
2)
3) 2 f
1
4) .. .
5) lnt>0
6) 0 0 4
18
1)
2)
2
2
3) 0 x>0 f(x)>0, x<0
f(x)<0
4)
5) x t 2x
. 0
6) y=-t
7) f(x)=u2-u1 u1=x, u2=2x.
(u2-u1)=
8) f(0)=0 f R.
1
x
1
<
<
2
3 1 + 2x
3
19
1) x y
2) , >0
3) a f (x) a
mathematica.gr
168
4) Bolzano f(x)-x [0,]

5)

6) .
( f (x) A(x + ) ) + ( f (x) A(x + ) )

2
20
1) x>0
2) 1 0
3) g(x)=f(x)-f(1/x)
4) . 0
5) f(1/x) 4 3 .
+
6) Bolzano
21
1) (! 0 t 1 )
2) f(x+1)=f(x)+c . f(x+1) (
(t x)=xt x-1 )
3) .. 1=e0,

4) 3
5) f(n+1)
6) n DLH
7) 5 (n+1)=n(n) n

.
mathematica.gr
169
8)
9) DLH
10) 8
22
1)(3/4,9/8),(1,1),(1/4,-1/8)
2)
1/ 4
(A D)dx +
3/ 4
1/ 4
(A C)dx + (B C)dx
3/ 4
3) (1/2,1/2)
4) f<A , fC , f>D [0,1]. f (x)+4>0
0<x<1
f A,B,C,D.
5) C(x) f (x) A(x) [0,1]

6) A,B,C,D
, 0 x 3 / 4
7) h =
, h 3/4
B , 3/ 4 < x 1
8) f(t) -4<f(t)<4
4 =. 5
23
1)
2) f
3) 1
4) f
5) f (x) .
f (x)
mathematica.gr
170
6) f(x) / x
7) f(x)-x
8) (0,0). Rolle
9) 5,
10)
24
1) x0:f(x0)>0 f [,]
f .
f
.
2) f x>

3)
4) f()<0 f f()=0 f
<x<+
5) f ()<0 f f()=0 x2:f(x2)<0. H f
x< . f(x)<0 x< .

f

6) y= ,
3 To R
7) f + -
8) .. , f
9) =f (1) 1> .. f 10)
< = f (2) 2< f

f (2)>f () f f () +
11) f / f ,
mathematica.gr
171
12) 12 Cauchy- Swartz
.. p(x)
25
1)
2) f = f (f + f ) = (f + f )
3-4-5)
6) 2g(x) = ex + e-x , 2h(x) = ex -e-x
7) 2
26
1). x>0 y (0,1) :
g(y) = 0 g(y) = 4y3 + 2xy x 1

g(y) = 12y 2 + 2x > 0 g '
g(0)g(1) = (x + 1)(3 + 2x) < 0
2)
0 < y < 1 y3 < y
4y 3 + 2xy = x + 1 4y + 2xy > x + 1 y(2x + 4) > x + 1
x +1
<y
2x + 4
0 < y < 1 0 < 4y3

4y3 + 2xy = x + 1 2xy < x + 1
x +1
>y
2x

3) y0 = f (x 0 )
y3 y30 = (y y0 )A, A 0
x x0
y3 y03 + 2xy 2x 0 y0 = x x 0 ...
mathematica.gr
172
y y0
1 2y
=
[*]
x x 0 4A + 2x 0
0 < y < 1 |1 2y |< 1

A > 0,x 0 > 0 0 <
1
1
<
4A + 2x 0 2x 0
4) b > 0 : 2f (b) 1
2bf (b) b,4f 3 (b) 1/ 2 b + 1 b +

y >
1
2
5) [*] x x0
y
)
) 4

6) y x 0 z y
z 0 xz 0 z = +
+ 1 . z R
4z3 = 1 2) z
, y
4x 3 1
7) x f (x) =
x
1 x
1
mathematica.gr
173
27
A)
) A = ( 1, + )
(e y)(e x) 0, x, y A
1)
2)
3)
4) x = e
5) y(e) DLH
6) y = 1, x = 1

().1 z=x+i , x>0 ,Bolzano
().2 2= y2=1-x2 , 1 x 1
d u d 1 + iz
dx
y
y
=
= ...
= =
().3
dy
dy
dy
x
1 y2
3
().4
Rolle f(x)g(x)
().5 X=f(a)=e-x ,Y= f(-a)=ex ,XY=1 ,X>0, Y>0
().6
Rolle f(x)/g(x)
().7
.. [, (+)/2] , [(+)/2,]
().8
Fermat
(MI).9 , Bolzano [,]
().10
Rolle f(x)/x2.
mathematica.gr
174
(MI).11 , Bolzano [,]

(MI).12 w = w =
. .. [,] , [,] Rolle
().13
Bolzano
().14 Bolzano
().15 Bolzano
().16 f 2(a) f 2(b). f(b)
z=u+iv 1 u -1
().17
Bolzano
().18
().19 P(z) = a(z z1 )(z z 2 )...(z z n )
P(z) = a[(z z 2 )(z z 3 )...(z z n ) + (z z1 )(z z 3 )...(z z n ) + ...

... + (z z1 )(z z 2 )...(z z n 1 )]

A1 = a(z z 2 )(z z3 )...(z z n )
A 2 = a(z z1 )(z z3 )...(z z n )
...
A n = a(z z1 )(z z 2 )...(z z n 1 )

(z + z1 )A1 = (2z (z z1 ))A1 = 2zA1 (z z1 )A1 = 2zA1 P(z)

(z + z 2 )A 2 = 2zA 2 P(z)
...
(z + z n )A n = 2zA n P(z)
mathematica.gr
175
n
k =1
(z + z k )A k = 2z(A1 + A 2 + ... + A n ) nP(z) = 2zP(z) nP(z)
= Q(z)

n
z + zk
Q(z)
k =1 (z + z k )A k
=
=
z z1 , z 2 ,..., z n
P(z) a(z z1 )(z z 2 )...(z z n ) k =1 z z k
n
zk = 1 k = 1,2,...,n .
z 1
z + z k (z + z k )(z zk )
2 Im(z k z)
=
=
+i
2
2
2
z zk
z zk
z zk
z zk
2

n
n
n
2 Im(z k z)
Im(z k z)
Q(z) n z 1
1
2
=
+ i
= ( z 1)
+ 2i
2
2
2
2
P(z) k =1 z z k
k =1 z z k
k =1 z z k
k =1 z z k
2
z z1 , z 2 ,..., z n
r Q P
r =1
Q(r) = 0 2rP(r) nP(r) = 0 2rP(r) = 0 P(r) = 0

P,P r r

z r
n
n
Q(r)
1
Im(z k r )
2
2i
= ( r 1)
+
2
2
P(r)
k =1 r z k
k =1 r z k
n
0 = ( r 1)
2
k =1
r zk
0 = ( r 1)
k =1
1
2
+ 2i
1
r zk
k =1
k =1
Im(z k r )
r zk
Im(z k r )
r zk
mathematica.gr
176
rz
k =1
>0
r 1 = 0
2
Q

().1
P( ) = 1 ..
k
k =1
().2 ( ) 2=
.
().3 =[3/5,1]
().4 e 1/20.
f
().5
P( ) = 1 ..
k
k =1
().6 i) g(x)=f(x)-x ii) f(x)-x= iii)
) )
m
P( ) = 1 iv) P(x1)= P(x2)= P(x3)= P(x4).

k =1
4 .. f(1)- f(2)= 1-2 f(3)- f(4)= 3-4
g()=0
().7 .. (n-2)/n2=8%...n=10

().1 f 2(x)-g2(x)=c 0
().2 Fermat
mathematica.gr
177
1
)
f [a,b], f
. m1 , m2 :
m1 f (t) m 2 t [a, b] ,
|m1|,|m2| :
f (t) M t [a, b]
:
b
(t)
f
(t)
t)dt
=
f
(t)
a
a dt =
f (a)(a) f (b)(b) 1 b
=
+ f (t) (t)dt
a
:
b
f (t)( t)dt =
f (a)(a) f (b)(b) 1 b
+ f (t)(t)dt
f (a)( a) f (b)(b) 1
+
+
f (a)( a) f (b)(b) 1 b
+
+ f (t) (t) dt
f (a)( a) f (b)(b) 1 b
+
+ f (t) dt
f (a)( a) f (b)( b) M(b a)

+
+
f (t)(t)dt
f (a) + f (b) + M(b a)
f (a) + f (b) + M(b a)

A im
= 0 ,
+
mathematica.gr
178
A im f (t)(t)dt = 0
b
+ a
)
n
1
1
1 1
1
> 0 , Sn
= 2 + 2 + ... + 2 Sn +1 Sn =
2
(n + 1) 2
1 2
n
k =1 k
Sn =
.
k>1 :
0 < k 1 < k 0 < k(k 1) < k 2
1
1
1
1
<
=
.
2
k
k(k 1) k 1 k
.
1 1 1
<
2
2 1 2
1 1 1
<
1
1
2
3
2 3
Sn 1 < 1 Sn < 2 Sn < 2 n N *
n
n
...
1
1
1
<
n 2 n 1 n

1
=r
2
k =1 k
: A im Sn = r R
r (x)=x+2x+ . . . +nx
!!!
2=(+)-(-
x
) . , ( ) 0 ,
2
x
x
x
x
2( ) (x)=2( )x + 2( )2x + . . . + 2( )nx
2
2
2
2
x
x
= (3 )- ( )
2
2
mathematica.gr
179
x
x
+ (5 )- (3 )
2
2
+...
x
x
+ ((2n+1) )- ((2n-1) )
2
2
(2n + 1)
1
2
:
+(x)=
2
x
2
2
x=0 (0)=2n
,
De l Hospital.
x
x [0, ] , ( ) 0 (0,].
2
x 0 .
x
dx + x(x)dx =
0
0
2
(2n + 1)
2
x
dx
x
2
2
2
+ [xx + x(2x) + ... + x(nx)]dx =
0
4
x
1
0 x (n + 2 )x dx
2
2
0 ,
x
x

= 1
x 0
x
x
2
2
2
2
lim
[0,].

.
mathematica.gr
180
x(kx)dx = [0 0]
1
1 1 (k)
(kx)dx =
0
k
kk
k
1
( ( 1)k 1)
k2
0 =2-1 ,
,
( 2 1)
2 n 1
+ 2 ( (1) k 1) =
0
4 k =1 k
x
1
(n + )x dx (1)
2
x
2
2
(1), n
)
x
,0 < x
x
f (x) = 2
2
1 , x =0
1
= (n + ) +
2

x
1

(n + )x dx = 0
lim
0
n +
2
2 x
2
1
2
2
1
k
(
1)
1
=
im
=
=
2
A
(
)
2
2
2
2
n +
n +
k =1 k
k =1 (2k 1)
=1 (2 1)
=1 (2 1)
A imSn = r R :
n
A im
1
=r
2
n =1 n
1
1
+
=r
2
2
n =1 (2n)
n =1 (2n 1)
lim Sn = r R
mathematica.gr
181
1 1
1
+
=r
2
2
4 n =1 n
n =1 (2n 1)
r
1
+
=r
4 n =1 (2n 1)2
3r
1
=
4 n =1 (2n 1)2
(1)
n
2
1
+ A im 2 ( (1) k 1) = A im
n + 0
4 n + k =1 k
x
1
(n + )x dx
2
x
2
2
2
1
2
=0
2
4
=1 (2 1)
2
3r
2 =0
4
4
r =
1 1 1
2
+
+
+
...
=
!!!
12 22 32
6
ln t
dt :
0 1+ t
ln t
1 ln t
=
dt
lim
0 1 + t x 0+ x 1 + t dt
1
0 < x t 1
, 1
-t , :
1
= 1 t + t 2 t 3 + ...
1+ t
ln t
= ln t t ln t + t 2 ln t t 3 ln t + ...
1+ t

x 1 x>0 .
mathematica.gr
182
ln t
1 + t dt = ln tdt
x
t ln tdt + t 2 ln tdt t 3 ln tdt + ...

x
= ( t)0 ln tdt + ( t)1 ln tdt + ( t) 2 ln tdt + ( t)3 ln tdt + ...

, :
n +1
1 (t)
n
n
(
t)
ln
tdt
(
1)
x
x n + 1 ln tdt =
1
x n +1 ln x
1 1 n
( 1)
t dt =
n +1
n + 1 x
x n +1 ln x 1 x n +1
= ( 1) n
n +1
(n + 1)2
ln t
( 1)n x n +1 ln x ( 1)n (1 x n +1 )
=
=
dt
x 1 + t
n +1
(n + 1)2
n =0
1
( 1) n
( 1)n x n +1 ( 1) n x n +1 ln x
(n + 1)2
(n + 1)2
n +1
n =0
x 0+ ,
x n +1
(1)
0 .
(n + 1)2
n
De l Hospital A im+ ( x n +1 ln x ) = 0 ,
x 0
x n +1 ln x
(1)
0.
n +1
n
(
).
ln t
( 1) n
dt =
2
x 1+ t
n = 0 (n + 1)
lim+
x0
mathematica.gr
183
ln t
( 1)n 1
1
1
=
+
=
dt
2
2
2
0 1 + t
n
n =1
n =1 (2n 1)
n =1 (2n)
1
1
1 1
+
2
4 n =1 n 2
n =1 (2n 1)
1 2
1
1
2
=
+
=
2
2
2
6
6
n =1 n
n =1 (2n 1)
n =1 (2n)
1
1 1 2
+
=
2
4 n =1 n 2 6
n =1 (2n 1)
1
1 2 2
+
=
2
4 6
6
n =1 (2n 1)
1
2
=
2
12
n =1 (2n 1)
:
ln t
2
=
dt
0 1 + t
12
1
1.
.
=max{||,||} |(x)| M x [a, b]
2. =x
3.
DLH 0 g(0) =
mathematica.gr
184
(0)
2
x(x) (x) + (0)

,x 0
x2
g(x) =

(0)
,x = 0
2
DLH g
0
4. 4 2
5. lim g(x)xdx = lim
(x) (0)
xdx = 0
x
x = u
b x
b (x)
lim
xdx (0)
dx = 0
0
x
0 x
b u
b (x)
lim
du = 0
xdx (0)
0
0
x
u
lim
y
dy = C R
y
lim
b u
+ u
(x)
xdx = (0) lim
du = (0)
du
0
0
x
u
u
6.
lim
y
dy = C R
y
Cauchy. F(y) =
t
dt
t
y t
x
= 1 R F(y) =
dt
0
x 0 x
t
lim
mathematica.gr
t / t, t 0
t

t
1, t = 0
185
t
.
t
y ' t
y t
t
dt
dt =
dt
=
0
0
y' t
t
t
y t
y ' y
dt
y'
y'
y
t2
F(y) F(y ') =
y t
y ' y
dt |
y'
y'
y
t2
y 1
1 1
2 2
+ + 2 dt = +
y
'
y' y
t
y' y
| F(y) F(y ') |=|
y, y ' + F(y) F(y ') 0

lim F(y) = C R
y +
u
du = C (
u
) ,
lim
(x)
xdx = C.(0)
x
7.
/ 2
(2 + 1)x
(2 + 1)x
dx = f ( x)
dx
/ 2
0
x
x
(2 + 1)x x = u
((2 + 1) (2 + 1)x)
f
(x)
dx = f (u)
du
/ 2
/
2
x
( u)
(2 + 1)u
= f (u)
du
/2
u
f (x)

8. x 0 K(x) 2 x=0
DLH
x xx
,x 0
2 x
k(x) =

0, x = 0
mathematica.gr
186
x 2 x 2x + x 2 x
,x 0

k(x) =
3 x
1/ 3 , x = 0
DLH h(x)
k(x)
f (x) + f ( x), x 0
= f (x) + f ( x)
a(x) =
f (0) + f (), x = 0
2 h
9. 7
/2
h(x)
[(2 + 1)x]dx = C.h(0)
0
x
/ 2 f (x) + f ( x)
x
lim
[(2 + 1)x]dx = C.h(0)
0
x
x
8
/2
[(2 + 1)x]
lim [f (x) + f ( x)]
dx = C.h(0)
0
x
[(2 + 1)x]
lim f (x)
dx = C.[f (0) + f ()]
0
x
lim
10.
(2 + 1)x
= 1 + 2 2kx (2 + 1)x =
x
k =1
x + 2x 2kx
k =1
(2 + 1)x = x + ((2k + 1)x) ((2k 1)x)

k =1

11.
12.
2kx
2kxdx =
=0
2k 0
(2 + 1)x
dx = 1dx + 2 2kxdx = + 0
0
0
x
k =1
11,12
mathematica.gr
187
13. 10 f (x) = 1
(2 + 1)x
dx = C(1 + 1) C =
x
2
10
lim f (x)
0
(2 + 1)x
dx = ( f (0) + f () )
2
x
mathematica.gr
188
mathematica.gr
189
mathematica.gr
190

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f(x)= |x| , g(x)=-3x+6

f(x)=x2-2 , g(x)= |x|

310. f:RR : f(x)=x+ g(x):RR : g(x)=x+.

g(x)=x+ : (x)=x2+8 f=og.

f ( x ) > 0,g( x ) > 0,x, y : x y f ( x ). f ( y ) = g( x ).g( y )

f:RR g:RR. gof.

f:R R, g:R R. gof

f(x) f(1-x) = f(x+) : ) =0 ) f(1-)=1

918. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R* .

922. f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x,y R f .

923. f(xy)=f(x)f(y) x,y (0,+)

927. f , f(0) 0 f(x+y)=f(x)f(y) x,y R.

910. f(xy)=f(x)+f(y) x R*+ .

920. f(x) x f(x+y) f(x)+f(y) x,y R.

f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) x,y R xf(x) 0 x R

f : [a,b] R f(kx+(1-k)y) kf(x)+(1-k)f(y)

f(1x1+2x2+3x3) 1f(x1)+2f(x2)+3f(x3) x1, x2, x3 [a,b]

. g(x+T)=g(x) x [a,b] T=b-a

910. f : R*+ R*+ f(xf(y))=yf(x) x, y R*+ .

. f(xr)=[f(x)]r x,y R*+ r Q

f(2)=0 f(x) 0 x [0,2).

922. f(x-f(y))=f(f(y))+xf(y)+f(x)-1 x,y R

f(x2+f(y))=y+f 2(x) x,y

lim ( f 2 ( x ) + g 2 ( x ) ) = 0 lim f ( x ) , lim g ( x )

lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 0 < g ( x ) < f ( x )

0 < f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) = 0 lim

++=0, +=0 , >2,

a1b1x + a2b2x + ... + anbnx = 0 x R , b1 < b2 < ... < bn R+*

7A10. f : (-,) R, >0, f

7A12. f : x2f(x) + 1=x.

f 2(x) + g2(x) + 2f(x) 4g(x) + 5

f(x1)=g(x2)=0 x1<x2 : kf(x)+g(x)=0

u = ( f (0),1), v = ( f (1), 2), w = (2, 2)

a+b+c+d+e+f=0, 5a+4b+3c+2d+ e >0

103. (xy)=(x)(y) x,y R+, .

108. (x+)=(x), g(x+)=g(x), (0)=g(0) 0, 1,0

105 f ( f ( x )) + af ( x ) = bx,x R,a > 0,b > 0 ,Aim f ( x ) =

115. f (0). lim

116. : f(x)=(x2+2x+6)g(x), lim

121. f (). lim

f 2 ( x ) + 2xf ( x ) + An( 1 + x 2 ) = 0 f (0)

f (). f ' ( ) = lim

f (x0 )=, f(x0 )=. :

f: ( 0, + ) R f(xy)= yf(x)+ xf(y) x, y>0

f(x+y)-f(x)f(y)-xy=yf(x)+xf(y)-x-y , f(0)=1, f(x)0.

220. g( x ) = e x y( x ) y( x ) + ay( x ) + by( x ) = 0 , x R

: 2 f ( x ) = xf ' ( x ) + An( f ' ( x ))

234. p(x) p(x) x a

f 2(x)+(f (x))2=1. : f (4)(x)=f(x).

2B23. p(x) :[ p(x)] 2= p(x)

2B27. p(x) : p(x)

3A23. Cf: f(x)=x4+x2-x+1

3A35. y=3x Cg (2,g(2)).

f ( x ) = x( x 1 )...( x n ),g( x ) = x( x 1 )...( x n 1 )

y=g(x) p(x) (,p())

410. y=lnx . (a,f(a))

f [,b] f()=b , f(b)=a .

f(3)=f(2)+5. (2,3): f ()=2

f 2(3)=f 2(1)+8. (1,3):

910. f : R+ R+ f(xf(y))=yf(x) x, y R*+ .