An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gardening

ÎLLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA o/GARDENING """ WALTER
LONDONPUBLISHED
lyJMDENT"SONS-E?
ANP
IN NEW
YORK
BYE-PDUTTONSCO
Unit library, UCSanteCraz2002
FIRST
ISSUE
OF
THIS
....
EDITION*
1911 1913
REPRINTED
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reserved rights
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HS
W7
INTRODUCTION
THE
Everyman's Library
a means
has
placedwithin
the
reach of all
classes
has
were
by the wisdom of every age. It benefiting that hitherto treasures unlocked storehouses of literary every sphereof human open only to the rich. Almost
of
has been considered. activity The
addition of
volume
on
the trend of modern recognise and agreeable as recreation,

made
as
a
marks a Gardening taste. as Gardening

as a source
decision to
a
healthful
well
of
income,has
follow it of livelihood.
notable advance
in recent
years.
as a
Thousands
means
pastime, pleasant many

find
a
others
Readers
happy
association in
and plants
books.
Poets
Artists learn that the making from flowers. gaininspiration beautiful pictures. of gardens is an aid to painting including The plant growers generally, present volume provides with a guide to the culture of amateur gardeners, and to gardenpractice. plants popular all the flowers, Its scope embraces fruits, ferns, vegetables, cultivation. palms,trees,and shrubs in general The term popularplants has a real meaningin my mind. has always before The writer of a gardening encyclopaedia He fears to omit an his eyes the spectre of incompleteness. of the volume with a taste obscure plantlest an irate purchaser This nervousness for rarities should be aggrieved. respecting
" "
omissions
grows,
are
and of
no
leads real
to
the inclusion of hundreds
of
which plants Thousands

or
importance.
never seen
of
are species a
outside botanical
gardens
the collections of
handful of virtuosi. To vii
include them
viii
Encyclopaedia
the
of
of
Gardening
they
rob
with
popular
valuable in in
plants
space,
means
that
really
important
of
things
them,
The
and
and
prevent
adequate
volume.
treatment
except
large
the
expensive
case
object
which number
present
can
being
the
to
produce
of
practical treating
a
work
every of
one
afford,
alternatives limited
has been
large
kinds themselves.
has
inadequately
The been Kitchen
devoted
or
number chosen. Flower which been
quately ade-
present
latter
Special
Fruit,
attention
to
Bulbs,
under
has
Garden,
heads
a
Greenhouse,
amount
and of
Garden,
information
considerable
detailed
gathered
together.
WALTER
P.
WRIGHT.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
GARDENING
Abele Abelia Tree the (abe-le), (abe-lia,after which
are
White Dr.
Poplar, Populus alba. Abel. Ord. Caprifoliaceae)

" .
house Greendistricts.
shrubs
sometimes
grown
outside
in mild
a propagated by layers in spring and by cuttings under bell glass in summer. and Loam sand, suit them. peat, with with Floribunda, a purple flowers, is the most spring bloomer rosy the Botanical popular species. See Magazine, t. 4316. from abeo, to rise, in allusion to the tall Abies, Spruce Firs (a-bies, habit. Ord. now ferred reConiferae). Several important species are to other now Albertiana, botanists, Tsuga notably by genera Mertensiana; Pseudostuga Douglasii; excelsa, now Douglasii, now Picea excelsa ; Mertensiana, now now ; Morinda, Tsuga Mertensiana These Picea Morinda. Picea and now Smithiana, Morinda; species
They
are
"
still appear the most named
catalogues of many Abies important species kept under by

under Abies in the the Balm of
Gilead; (also known nordmanniana, as pectinata lasiocarpa), grandis, nobilis, for all good. Conifers, suitable are (SilverFir) and Pinsapo. These
balsamea,
nurserymen. botanists may cephalonica, concolor
Of be
the
garden,
and
make the
handsome young Plant each. with the

trees
trees
in
deep,
to
fertile soil.
If the with Abies of

a
natural
soil is poor barrowload of loam
ought
in autumn
be
or
given
winter.
start
The
are
closely
connected and
Piceas, but
leaves instead
have of
upright
round,
instead hard
ones.
drooping They are

Abronia
cones,
flat, soft
evergreens.
"
Ord. abros, delicate. (abro-nia, from Nyctaginae). A of perennial trailing small genus They plants,suitable for rockeries. like sandy soil, and Sand Verbenas. tings Cutknown are as commonly A strike in sandy soil in spring under stock be can glass. the raised in first place from in a frame be sown in seed, which may autumn. Arenaria, yellow, July; and fragrans,white, May, are procurable. Both sweet. Umbellata, are pink, spring, is also grown. Abrus Ord. The abros, delicate. (a-brus, from Leguminosae) is with is stove and of a climber, species precatorius purple flowers,
" .
interest used
measure
on
account
of the
and
pretty
also
as
scarlet
and
white
seeds, which
a
are
for
rosaries,
of
weights.
Carat,
to
proportional
from
must
-^
of
the
name
fineness
of
gold,
to
is said
derive
retti be
a (Greek Iteration] sown
applied
these
seeds.
They
in heat.
Abutilon
"
(abu-tilon, mallow-like, from Greenhouse plants, sometimes

and allowed
to
run
the grown
Arabic. in
or
Ord. but
vaceae). Maloften
pots,
planted out,
up
rafters, walls,
pillars. They
A
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
leaves, and bright,drooping, bell-shaped flowers. the With exception of Thomsonii, which is often mixed with floweringplants in the garden for the beauty of its mottled leaves;
also has and handsome vexillarium, which foliage and scarlet and yellow flowers, the species have been discarded in favour of the modern varieties. and The seeds. Propagated by cuttings
produce large evergreen
(piecesof young, flowerless be inserted, and the removed) may heat in spring. They gentle bottom
third the shoots shoots. shifts
roots
as
former
wood
with
the
lower
leaves
in
a
latter sown, thrive in

out
in sandy soil sandy loam, but

soon
of
peat may
extended
be
added.
Pinch
the
tips,first,
after
cuttings have
have If the
rooted,
they are pots get filled with

a
and the resulting subsequently, when inches. This will make form side them a few to be grown in pots they must have successive
roots, say from

love
lo-inch.
Give
light position. They
3 to 6 and from 6 to at the water, both
and over but not much the foliage, throughout the summer, will be required in autumn winter. The winter and temperature may be
45".
Sanderianum
has
beautiful
to
foliage.
Ord.
Acacia
Most white
from (aca-cia, beautiful in the few
akazo,
shrubs
sharpen.
trees
Leguminosae)
"
of these flowers
a
and
have
form
of small
leaves; but
pretty foliage; yellow; leprosa,primrose, charming against a pillarwith the flowering shoots drooping; pulchella, deep yellow,one of the smallest growers; and habit; Riceana, verticillata, dependent graceful, yellow, in and in thrive all flower the greenyellow, cone-shaped, spring, house. taken the be few For cuttings, shoots should the tips of a after flowering, weeks when they are fairlywell matured, inserted
in
the florists' shops Wattle. Armata,
have flat is Acacia dealbata, otherwise
globes or foliage. The well-known

Drummondii,
yellow, primrose, or with cones, feathery

"
mimosa
as
"
of
known
the
Silver
lemon,
sandy
fibrous
soil, and covered loam, lightened with
advantage.
are
prune
grown hard
will do in bell glass. Acacias one-third of leaf mould is an but sand, if they The soil should be made firm at each repotting, If straggly, in pots, but they are often planted out. with
a
wood,
allowed the
and flowering, especiallyif they are

to suffer for water
after
new
growth will break
from
must
the old
not
well
syringed. They
Winter
be
in
summer.
temperature for all
speciesnamed,
See
45".
Garden
"
Acaena.
Flower
Rockery.
Ord. akalepe, a nettle. Acalypha (a-cal-ypha,from handsome for their Stove shrubs, principally biaceae). grown
"
Euphorleaves,
summer.
has crimson but hispida (sanderiana) marbled Macafeeana have and musaica in a by cuttings propagator in in
spikes of bloom foliage. They spring or summer,

sand.
in may
be
creased in-
and
thrive
equal parts
Acanthus
of loam
and
with leaf-soil,
from akantha, spine. Ord. Acanthaceae) (acan-thus, plants, generally represented by the species mollis style of architecture), (whose leaves suggested the Corinthian is finer. lusitanicus They grow about 4 ft. (latifolius) although but are chiefly high, and have white or pink flowers in summer,
" .
Herbaceous
remarkable seed in
out
a warm
3
raised be from
for their
handsome
or
greenhouse
frame
foliage. They may be in spring, and should

may be increased
planted
division.
"
in rich soil.
Subsequently they
by
Acer,
from acer, sharp. Ord. Sapindaceae). An important Maple (a-cer, of the Common, Silver, trees, embracing Japanese, genus
Norway,
also the survives
although not quite hardy, partialshelter. The be named: Maple, Campestre, the Common followingspeciesmay with small divided leaves; there are varieties with gold and silver the Silver margins; dasycarpum, Maple; Japonicum, several with green and white foliage, varieties ; Negundo variegata, a small varieties; platanoides, tree; palmatum, the Japanese Maple, many the Sycamore, the Norway Maple, many varieties; Pseudo-platanus, the Scarlet with and rubrum, varieties; Maple, heart-shaped many varieties of the Japanese Maple, and Negundo The leaves. gata, variewell adapted for small are gardens, as they give welcome in places not colour and beauty of form exposed to cold winds or is hard frosts in spring. The Sycamore hardy, and being perfectly cheap, as well as a rapid grower, is very useful, but it should not be planted too largely,as it is liable to be disfiguredby blotches. Propagated by layers or seeds, the choicer varieties also by grafts trees from and buds, but the small planterwill buy young men. nurserysoil is not suitable A stiff,damp for the majority, which loam, but the Scarlet Maple will thrive in wet prefer well-drained
the
Maples, variegated Negundo,

winter in most
and
Scarlet
as
well
as
the
Sycamore.
There
is
which,
districts if it has
soil.
medicinally. for plants, mostly suitable has hoary leaves, and bears white borders, but Clavennae, which in spring; and flowers which has tomentosa, woolly leaves and in flowers for the rockery also, are summer, good produces yellow ins. from 6 to 9 as they only grow high. Of the taller onesiMillifolium the red Milfoil, 2 ft. high, a summer and roseum, bloomer; Ptarmica, The Pearl, 2 ft. high, with double white flowers, are the best known. or Propagated by division of the roots in autumn as spring,or by seeds if preferred. They are not at all particular
used Ord.
from Achillea, Milfoil (achille-a,

"
Achilles, who
it
Compositae). Pretty hardy
to
soil,and
will thrive
in stiff,
i
Sericea, ground. May, white, is pretty.

Achimenes
cool
ft.,
(achime-nes,from
to cold.
cheimaino, sensitiveness Ord. Gesneraceae) ."See

Acis." See Bulbs.
Bulbs.
Section
of pan
with
Achimenes.
(See ako Bulbs-"
Aconite,Winter Aconitum,
Acona.
(Eranthishyemalis).
"
See
Bulbs. grown
near
Monkshood,
Wolf's-bane
"
(aconi-tum,
common Ord. Ranunculaceae) Napellus,is one of the most poisonous,yet most handsome, of for Horseradish, and hardy plants. The root has been mistaken it Some results. with eaten, people exclude highly unpleasant that b ut of its poisonous properties, from account their gardens on
.
The
Monkshood,
tum Aconi-
4
ought
not to
be It grows in summer; about
4
necessary. blue, helmet-shaped flowers Other handsome speciesare
ft. is
high, and
a
bears
there
white
variety.
ft., blue;
Wilsoni,
Anthora, 2 ft. high, yellow; Fischeri, ft., pale blue; and Lycoctonum, 4 ft.,
division it should about. in
yellow. Propagationis by poisonous nature of the roots

person,
as
spring;
in view
of
the
who
may
be trusted
to avoid
by some responsible the dangerous practice of carelessly

A
be done
leaving
portionsof root
a
cool, substantial
will grow
soil such
to
suits Dahlias, Sweet
Peas, and
shaded
"
Roses,
Monkshoods
perfection. They enjoy

Acroclinium Adam's Needle. See
position.
"
(acroclln-ium). See Annuals

"
Half-hardy.
Yucca.
Adiantum,
"
Maidenhair and
treatment.
Filices).Beautiful
or
adiantos, dry. Ord. (adian-tum, from all requiring greenferns, nearly popular house
There is
an
stove
immense The
number
of
and
not
still
of largernumber the Capillus-Veneris,
varieties. British
followingare
which,
is
Maidenhair,
species, cipal: prinalthough

the
a
generally hardy, grows variety of it; caudatum,
wild
in Cornwall, imbricatum
ful beauti-
stove;
concinnum,
good for baskets,
specieswhich has a charming variety called latum; cuneatable plant, as a tum, the popular Maidenhair, so greatly esteemed and for association with cut flowers, gracillimum, grandiceps, and
a
stove
Pacotti
are
pretty varieties of it,it likes
warm
greenhouse;
Far-
leyense,beautiful, broad, tinted fronds, stove; macrophyllum, a largestove species;and pedatum, hardy. Propagation is by spores in a propagating case, and division. in heat, and Sow cover or with a bell-glass. But is easily propagated by splitting cuneatum it up, and Farleyense, which does not produce spores, is exclusively
in this way. Soil : 2 parts of loam, i each of peat and leaf have In the main the plantsmust shade, mould, and -J part of sand. When but it should not be dense; a soft, diffused light is best. in it has become cuneatum used should rooms rusty through being be cut annual
autumn in fact many make pruning an growers It may be kept fresh in a living-roomfor several months in watering, and, while if great care is taken giving it air, preserving it from cold draughts. All ferns like moisture, but the
increased
right down,
function.
soil should
to
not
be
kept sodden.
When
be
a
associated few hours

"
for
flowers, they be|ore being used, then

Garden
aer,
"
with
should
of Maidenhairs are be cut and laid in water they last better. fronds
Adonis. Aerides
See Flower from (aerides,
Rockery.
Ord.
air.
Orchidaceae)
" .
Evergreen
white,
Orchids,
rose,
with brown
flowers flowers
in
racemes.
which Fieldingii,
bears
and
in late
principalspecies. The They may be planted in pans

the
moss.
about and grows spring, Aerides require a warm,

or
3 ft. high,is moist house.
baskets
in crocks when
and
the
The
spring and
summer
growing, may
the
must
range from Abundance less will suffice.
75"
to
temperature, 85", but in autumn

roots
sphagnum plants are

winter 10"
and
of water
growing period,both
be reduced
at the
will be required throughout and in the air, but the supply
in winter.
Aesculus, Chestnut
"
5
the Greek.
(aes-culus, having
edible
fruit,from
Ord. Hippocastanum, is a Sapindaceae). The Chestnut, Aesculus in form British tree, handsome and and well-known foliage, very There several varieties, includinga in bloom. beautiful when are
pink and white flowers, and one with variegatedleaves. is a handsome dwarf (small-flowered) specieswhich produces in spring. Propagated by seeds for the flowers white and by graftingfor the choicer varieties, but the small common, should winter, or buy small transplantedtrees in autumn, planter Soil moist and plant and stake firmly. : rich, loam, but the spring,
double with Parviflora
tree
will attain
"
to fair dimensions
in most
"
kinds
of soil.
Aethionema.
See
Flower
Garden
Rockery.
Agapanthus,
anthos, flower.
umbel but
near on a
African Ord.
stem
Lily (agapan-thus,from agape, love, and Liliaceae). A beautiful Cape plant with long,
"
sword-shaped, light green

stout to
leaves, and
blue
flowers
borne
in
an
about
is found
water.
a
in
largetub
as
pass the More often, when or pot, so that it
3 ft. high. It is not perfectly hardy, winter in mild districts when planted out used
can
for outdoor in moved
effect,it is grown
be stood
appropriatepositions,
such
at
the
top
winter. varieties
a i
It is often The of it.
indoors for the in for adornment of tubs the servatories. large congrown only speciesis umbellatus, but there are several
of
of flights
steps, and
Most
of them
are
blue, but there

in
are
also whites, and 3 mixed
double.
Propagated by
manure,
i
division
spring.
sand, -JGarden
"
Soil:
parts loam,
and made
decayed
leaf mould,
and
well
firm.
Agaricus campestris.
"
See See
Kitchen
"
Mushroom.
Agathaea Agave,
coelestis.
"
Chrysanthemum
Marguerite.
from agavos, admirable form of flower. Ord. (aga-ve, with Handsome greenhouse plants, Amaryllideae) fleshy,spiny leaves, and greenish-yellow, funnel-shaped flowers. They are slow bloom and rarely. A tradition has grown growers, up out of the Aloe
"
latter fact that made
they
flower
every
100
principal speciesis americana,

use
and it will not b ut the winter in cold prominent positions, pass several varieties of it,notably picta and variedistricts. There are have Filamentosa has leaves the variegated leaves. gata, which grown stood in
"
of for the
garden,
and often
years, it is so
but
it is
an
error.
The it is
being
nearly hardy that in large tubs
margins
dwarf and
water
of
which and form Soil:
are a
furnished base
with
long
threads.
Sartori
is
grower
comparatively
at the
free
bloomer.
suckers, which
potted.
parts
of the plant,and may loam, i dried cow manure, will take be reduced
Propagated by be pulled off

i a
J part sand, pressed quite firmly. They

very in summer, but the supply must little given in the winter.
leaf mould, good deal of and
in autumn,
Ageratum (agera-tum, from a, without, and geras, old always bright. Ord. Compositae) Pretty dwarf plants, generallytreated as
=
" .
annuals, being raised
seeding in autumn. off to prevent seed
from seed in If desired the
formation, and
after spring,and thrown away flowers be can fading pinched the plants preserved through the
6
winter which be but
are
in may
a a
cool be
house,
to
come
inserted
either
adopted
as
in order
rule
they
the
subsequently increased by cuttings, or spring; this plan may make quite sure of keeping a variety true, Where pretty true from seed. seedlings
to
be
in autumn
preferred
in
to
seed
frame
spring, and
borders,
or
in a be sown may the seedlingshardened in mixed beds.
greenhouse or and planted
heated
out
as
margins
Any
friable, well-drained
soil will do; the plants do not like a stiff, soil. Mexiwet, adhesive is the best-known is much and canum but such species, grown, varieties as Imperial Dwarf and Blue Swanley Blue are generally
preferred.
Agrostemma Agrostis.
"
coronaria See Grasses
(Rose Campion).
under
"
See
Annuals
"
Hardy.
Annuals.
Ailanthus
from (ailan-thus, Ailanthus be
ailanto, tree
of heaven.
a
Ord.
Simasmall
rubeae).
"
(or Ailantus)glandulosus is
tree
which
exposed plan is adopted

them the back best of the
regarded as hardy, although may It loses its leaves in autumn. to cold winds.
of
handsome liable to At soil and
injury if
Kew the
growing
which
close to the shoots leaves
ground
young in autumn.
start
course.
plants
in rich In the
cutting followingspring
grown
on,
is selected, and
to
produce
Alder in
beautiful
"
in due
"
Ajuga.
not
See
Flower
Garden
Rockery.
"
tree, Cupulifereae). A well-known but esteemed because parks gardens, great for damp positions. The name of its adaptability Alnus from comes It will thrive in swampy and Ian, river-bank. al, near, places. It
(Alnus glutinosa.
demand for
Ord.
and
to do duty as covert. There be pruned annually, and made are may varieties with distinct of and of several these aurea, it, yellowfoliage,
is
one
of the
best
known. Dr. Allamand. Ord.
Allamanda
"
(allaman-da, after
stove
Apocynaceae)
"
Beautiful
flowers among Their
plants, which freely during summer.

Hendersoni is
so
produce
All best the known
large, trumpet-shaped principal species and

"
yellow be used as climbers, they may be trained on balloonbeing trained along the rafters ; or they may in trellises in shaped large pots. Propagated by cuttings spring, formed of the ends of partially matured shoots, inserted in sandy Soil: 4 parts loam, i each soil,and placed in a propagating case. The young and leaf mould, " sand. decayed manure plantsshould have into started be pinched when growth. They will they fairly but the supply when take a good deal of water growing in summer, in autumn. The in be reduced be pruned hard must plants may into will start late winter, and then growth repotted; they growth
these
is the
have
flowers.
vigorous
that
vigorously.
Allium.
"
See
"
Bulbs. Small
Allotments.
men,
pieces of land,
in
suitable
for culture urban

or
by
or
ing work-
of
specialbenefit
districts, whether
rural,
on
the gardens attached to the where for cropping. Flowers, fruit, and
dwellings are
small,
unsuitable grown
vegetablescan
all be
be kept on in some cases allotments, and pigs and poultry may the the fact that in of are view but generally held on plots them; the rule for holders to go to much a yearly tenancy, it is not expense for
sun can
in
buildingsor fittings.Large structures, which might keep the for allotments from other plots,should not be permitted. Land in serious the without difficulty country, but generallybe got of trouble case parish councils have the power of acquiringland
the the purpose. be
cut
for
near
It into
is desirable that
that
the
ground
be
reasonably
The
pieces rectangularstrips. Twenty square parallel a rods, poles,or perches (equal to an eighth of an acre) constitute It good average size, but it may vary according to circumstances. smaller plots. Much convenient to make is often more larger ones who is best avoided, as a man are followinga regular occupation
cottages, and
up should than rods clean and 20 hardly keep more councils instruction in the give county cropped. staff instructors. culture their cultivation allotment Deep through soil should The be double and correct dug manuring are advised. and manured Kitchen Garden Bastard Manures) trenching) (see (see vegetables should have most Except in particularcircumstances,
it be fair
land. agricultural
throughout the day

well
can
Most
of
"
of
Sprouts, Kale, and Savoys), Onions, Cabbages, Peas, Beetroot, Carrots, Parsnips, Cauliflowers, Celery, Tomatoes, and Rhubarb. chokes, ArtiBeans, Turnips, Leeks, Vegetable Marrows, Salads Cucumbers, Horseradish, Spinach, Shallots,
The space. (Broccoli,Brussels

the
principalcrops
are
Potatoes,
Winter
Greens
(Mint, Sage, Thyme, and so It is a good plan to arrange grown This is not these in some order, and crop the ground in rotations. it is to small where plots, give up nearly half necessary easy on very the ground to Potatoes, but it is not altogetherimpossible. In into three groups: the first place,the vegetablesmight be thrown to Winter Greens latter be Potatoes and or planted between (i) (the in Potatoes after early summer) ; (2) Peas, Beans, Turnips,Celery, Leeks, Spinach, and Onions (the Turnips and Spinach going between the Peas and Beans, the Leeks and Celery followingthe early Peas Tomatoes. The in summer); (3) Beet, Carrot, Parsnips, and Sections taken 2 and together, may change places followingyear 3,
and (Lettuces, Radishes, etc.), also be
Herbs
forth), may
if desired.
with which
Section Section
i
i.
The
Section
3 had going back
the
2 year Section may first year, and Section to its original place. The
third
occupy 3 that
the
ground
2,
of Section
provided
of be raised Onions.
for may be arranged early in August and Cauliflowers

summer
as
follows
principal crops Cabbages for spring may

on sown
not
planted in
Peas
or
October be
ground cleared
in
for autumn
planted
in and
after
early
a
may Potatoes.
spring
Rhubarb,
one
and Artichokes,
Herbs
plot. Vegetable and planted out

succeed Peas.
have may and Marrows in

summer
permanent
Cucumbers
place at
may be
end of the raised in pots,
between be grown all dealt
Lettuces them. may various kinds are The
early Peas, to subsequently on Celery ridgesor between

with
to
under
not
Kitchen fruit mixed should

on
Garden small
in this work.
allotments, and
It is not, in any with the
as case
rule, wise
the
trees
plant much
be
should If
vegetables.
planted,they
discrimi up ineither
8
form
a
of Gardening Encyclopedia
group
of at
one 20
end,
ft.
or
else be
the
on
intervals suitable. main
about
bed
as
across
planted in straight lines at plot. Gooseberries, Currants,

Paradise be
stock
Raspberries, and
A
bush
Apples
the
would
be
most
of Strawberries
Flowers, such
annuals, may
should soil
than
path.
Weeds
may space be grown in a border alongside the be tolerated never on allotments, as may,
man
provided if
permits.
apart from injury to permitted
robbing the
other to grow.
"
they
if they seed, prove

on
source
of
are
allottees The
the
whose
ground they
and
paths
is
so
should
be
kept
neat
clean.
Allspice.
Almond.
be out in
"
See The
Calycanthus.
Almond
and
one
of
the
most In
useful mild
of
flowering
trees, because
cold
to
it blooms The
early in rarely
flowers
a
spring.
later than
cover
districts it may
March,
that
it is
parts.
so
pale pink
the tree the
base,
makes
common
very
April, except in very from tip long branches cheerful There are object.
the
several
varieties
of
Almond.
Dulcis
is the
Sweet
and Amara the Almond, be considered, because
Bitter
those
Almond.
who want
Propagation need hardly trees will purchase the

Soil
almost and
:
necessary in the least

common
probably particular; it object in the suburbs

the
number,
in autumn. will
the
Almond
is not is
a
grow of London alloch.
other
It anywhere. large towns.

"
Aloe
often
from (al-o-e, excite may

be
20
Arabic
when 30
Ord.
Liliaceae).The
in
Aloes
astonishment
or
flowers
ft. above
planted out public parks. The the ground. They are used in
and in winter, for cover sub-tropicalgardens in summer, put under of the not Several suitable for cultivation are hardy. species are they in greenhouses, notably striata, with spotted leaves; succothe popular trina, with a rosette of glaucous leaves ; and variegata, Aloe. suckers. Soil: equal parts of variegated Propagated by loam of with and shattered A temperature brick. a quarter peat, of about must 45" will be suitable in Winter, when very little water be given.
Alonsoa
of
after Alonzo. (alonso-a, including several graceful plants,

sown
Ord.
which
A Scrophularineae)."
being
off and
glass in a warm potted singly. They are

under and W. in this way.
house
genus be treated as annuals, may in winter, pricked frame or
Linifolia, Warscewiczii
may be
treated
occasionally used in flower beds. compacta, all with scarlet flowers, Sandy loam suits them.
See Flower Garden
"
Alpine
Garden
"
and
See
Plants. Bulbs.
"
Rockery.
Ord.
Alstromeria.
Althaea, Mallow
"
from (althae-a,
altheo, to
the
cure.
Malvaceae).
popular Hollyhock, A. rosea important plant is frutex (seeHibiscus (see Hollyhocks). Another varieties. Ficifolia is the Fig-leaved several are syriacus) ; there The flowers. Althaeas and has handsome are fringed Hollyhock, thrive in and friable soil. shrubbery plants any good
A
useful
genus,
which
includes
Alyssum
anger. flowers
without, and lyssa, rage = allaying a, (alyss-um, from dwarf Charming Cruciferae). plants, with bright in Maritimum is a fragrant great profusion. produced
Ord.
ii-T^fo white
annual, often
is
a
as an edging great and its variety comyellow-flowered perennial, is highly popular for spring bedding, also for rockeries; and other a there are varieties, including a double variegated. the perennialsalso by division, Propagated by seeds or cuttings, and saxatile cornpactum are but maritimum generallypropagated the same in March to flower the former or April year, the by seeds, the flower or latter in May They are not June to followingyear. for a heavy, wet medium. to soil,but do not care as very particular
There
grown variegated form is

a
under
the
name
of
Koniga
maritima.
which
is in
favour
plant. pactum
Saxatile
Amaranthus
(amaran-thus, from
the
a,
not,
and
maraino,
"
waste,
Caudatus, the durability. Ord. Amaranthaceae). and hypochondriacus, The Prince's Feather, Love-lies-bleeding; of out be sown are summer-flowering hardy annuals, and may a nd tricolor in spring. Melancholicus are doors ruber, salicifolius, handsome foliage plants. The first is not infrequentlyused as a
alluding
to
bedding plant
more
where
rich leaf-colour
often
sown on
grown
a
in
pots.
near a
All
warm
are
raised
is wanted; from
the
other
two
are
seed, which
should
be
hotbed
each when they begin to crowd cool house, and potted as needed. They will appreciateabundance Soil: moisture. of root and loam, with a third of atmospheric of sharp sand. and a sprinkling decayed manure
house, the seedlings pricked off in a other, subsequently hardened
Amaryllis.
"
See
Bulbs.
"
attacks
American Blight. The various trees, but
Woolly Aphis, Apples, principally
Schizoneura which it often
lanigera,
damages
the
the roots
seriously,in ground for

as
part by
its direct
that
well
as
on
be
on
examined them. of
the
fell scourge, trees the branches, and young that there are to make sure insect is really a brownish The with fluff. forth
action, in part It fastens canker.

none
by
preparing
on
itself of the
bought in should
always woolly tufts
power
extracts and
covering its colonies
juice.
Females
bring
the
has the aphis, which and It piercesthe bark in summer, livingyoung
termed are viviparous. In lay eggs tree easilyaccessible, paraffin of a slightattack on a part of the case be oil or methylated spirits cising applied with a small brush, exermay
care
in autumn;
former
to In
bring the
case
fluid to
bear
insects.
the
of bad first
attacks
impracticable.
powerful spray,
the
The
hose-pipe, in order to wash of the a aphides. Then expose away be applied, and this can be made by boiling paraffin emulsion may in -Jsoft soap in i quart of water, stirring i pint of good pint of and' it the taken is then off oil fire, directly paraffin churning up by of a syringe in 6 gallons of water. means Apply through a knapsack This the be while or on syringe. spraying put may sprayer
a
step should preferablythrough

the
the bodies of the on directly is on large trees this method be to apply water alone in a
fluff and
bodies
trees
are
in
leaf.
"
If the
trouble
continues
use
the
followingas
water
winter
spray
i,
% Ib. soft soap, 5 pints paraffin oil, 10 gallons soft (see4 below). 2, 3 below) ; 2 Ib. caustic soda soft in Dissolve the i i. gallon of water. soap
(see
I o Add
the
Pump paraffinoil and through a spray
the soda in 9 and beat
2.
3. 4. In
nozzle
up. and
churn
up
the
emulsion.
Dissolve
the
gallons of rain apply.

American
water.
5. Add
case
emulsion from of trouble

may in
"
blight
into the
on
the
2 a
roots,
oz.
of
bisulphide of carbon avoiding the roots,

American American Cress.
be
forced
soil of
ft. from
the
stem,
early summer,
See See Kitchen
by
Garden
means
Vermorel
injector.
Cowslip.
"
Dodecatheon.
"
Salads.
from ampelos, a vine, Ampelopsis, Virginian Creeper (ampelop-sis, Ord. Ampelideae) resemblance. The common opsis, Virginian well-known is or hederacea, a Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia is rightly fallinginto desuetude. It is rank, coarse, plant, which colour of Veitchii, now and lacks the beautiful called by botanistslatter is a fine natural Vitis inconstans. The climber, giving rich tints before It should losing its leaves in autumn. always be in preference to the common. planted Propagated principallyby be inserted in a greenhouse in September. cuttings, which may The plant will grow almost anywhere, and most soils suit it.
and
" .
as Anagallis (anagall-is) Pretty plants, mostly grown house greenannuals. Linifolia, blue, i ft. high, blooms freely in the The is often offered by variety Breweri greenhouse in summer. from in seed seedsmen. These raised be spring in the greenmay house, pricked off, and subsequently potted. Soil: 3 parts loam, and i leaf mould, J-part sand will suit them.
"
Boragineae). Hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials,of which Italica,a blueand the Dropmore flowered blooming in summer, variety, perennial, latter the The is most should are popular. very rich in colour and Anchusas be preferred The to the type. are vigorous growers, and not be given manure. should Propagated by division in autumn in summer in root or cuttings spring,or by seeds sown spring,by flowers the to give following year.
a
"
Anchusa
(anchu-sa, from
anchousa,
cosmetic.
Ord.
Andromeda The number
(androm-eda,
of
classical
name.
speciesin
botanists, who have to the best known, floribunda, which
this genus them transferred
has
been
to other
Ord. Ericaceae). greatly reduced by This applies genera.

" "
is
now
called
Pieris floribunda
Magazine, t. 1566). It grows 3 to 6 ft. high, and in spring. Of the rest, the most popular is which flowers about foot in June has a high, pink polifolia, grows in like well-drained and autumn. coloured soil of a foliage They position. Propagated by layers in sandy peat and a sheltered or autumn, by seeds. and sakos, buckler, form Androsace (andros-a-ce,from aner, man, Ord. of anther. Primulaceae). Charming little rockery plants, of which lanuginosa, 9 ins., carnea, 3 ins. high, pink flowers in summer; sarmentosa, rose, summer; 4 ins., pink, spring; and villosa,4 ins., sarmentosa. Chumbyi resembles spring; are four of the best. rose, in in sandy division inserted or spring, by cuttings Propagated by in Soil : peat, with a liberal admixture of summer. soil in a frame (seethe
Botanical
bears
white
flowers
"
sand
stones
1 1
and
mortar
rubbish.
They
thrive
but
best
in
positionsamong
moisture. in winter.
off rain
where
Small
squares
they get plenty be of glassshould
of root
little overhead
fixed for
throwing
anemos,
in
Flower (anem-on-e, from Anemone, Wind Ord. Ranunculaceae). exposed places.

"
wind,
growing
Ord.
See
Bulbs. virtues.
named Angelica (angel-ica,
from Garden
"
its
medicinal
Umbelliferae).
"
See
Kitchen
Herbs. term
Angraecum
Orchids.
are
(angrae-cum, from
"
angurek, Malay
for
epiphytal
of
both
Ord. Orchidaceae) Tropical Orchids, beautiful and fragrant; citratum, a dwarf

.
several
which
species with
white,
and
lemon-coloured
flowers,
is
particularlysweet.
Eburneum,
white
flowers
Falcatum,
ft. winter and
very dwarf, is also ft. 2 sesquipedale,

are
perfumed. high, with
i"
high, white;
in
spring,
popular species. The latter, with its long spur, is particularly quaint and interesting. Propagated by offsets in spring. Crocks be of soil. The small instead used should and moss Sphagnum in the in baskets, and kinds are generally larger pots. They grown in and establishments are love a moist, warm large temperature, in which the Indian a a high temperature and in East house, grown air The be maintained. saturated kept a atmosphere are may
little drier fatal to them
when when the
plants are
are
but flowering, their
arid
conditions
are
they
making
do well of
growth.
Ord.
At that
Anguloa (angulo-a,from
"
Angulo, a Spaniard.
in
an
Orchidaceae).
house, i.e.,
season
These with
handsome
a
Orchids
intermediate 60".
they temperature be saturated and must avoided be kept fairlydry, a atmosphere may in spring, but while they are in bloom while they are making their of root and atmospheric they enjoy abundance growth in summer in crocks and should be moisture. Sphagnum moss. They grown f t. Soil is not required. Clowesii, i-Jhigh, yellow, is perhaps the and Ruckeri, i-Jft., crimson best-known yellow, species; but There also esteemed. several are are and uniflora, i-Jft., cream, division. these varieties of both species. Propagated by
one
winter
55"
to
Annuals. from
"
Annuals
germination to
complete plants which within a year. seed-ripening,

are
their No
life-cycle, experienced
they will have flower-gardener will neglect the annuals, because in the first him. to their worth place Bought proved very cheaply, that under shown will have a simple system of culture very they a long period. they are capable of giving beautiful displays over of the annuals, notably China Certain Asters, Ten-week Stocks,
Phlox
Drummondii,
the most
Godetias, Clarkias, and

valuable of all
Sweet
Peas,
are,
indeed,
be garden plants, yet they can from bloomed seed in a few weeks. They give beauty of flower, in some delicious cases neat habit, long duration, and perfume. it is convenient to divide the annuals into twoFor garden purposes the former out of and sections, hardy half-hardy, being sown doors where they are to bloom, the latter in a greenhouse or frame
amongst
and
transplanted.
"
Sowing hardy annuals. beds, or for patches in
Hardy
herbaceous
annuals and
may
other
be
used
for
forming
borders.
It is not
1 2
that
a
often, perhaps,
whole
bed
is
given up
beautiful
to
collection
be done. Lavatera
of
hardy
With
annuals, but there is no reason Peas and tall thingslike Sweet

the
why
the
it should
not
pink
towards
centre, and
dwarfer
kinds
like Godetias, Nasturtiums,
Clarkias,
the front, Larkspurs, Love-in-a-mist, Poppies, and Mignonette near In such would beautiful. of annuals be really bed a case a they in groups. The should be sown ground should be well dug, and
if poor; soil but it is easy to make a dressingof manure if the is fertile refuse for and mould burnt too some annuals, of superphosphate per square and a handful yard will be preferable The surface may be left lumpy when to dung. digging,and raked may
have
rich
down
it is
fine
just
before
sowing.
As
the
a
seed
particularly necessary
to prepare
of many fine tilth.
kinds
Early
is small, April is a
if the weather is favourable. Thought should be good time to sow It not to is to sow given prudent patches of different kinds space. foot each for their of plants within of other, making 110 allowance a that even if only a small quantity of seed Remember development. in each is sown there be patch. As a safeguard 50 plants may the different kinds which from being against crowding, prevents for the individuals, every distinct kind is bad well displayed, and be sown in a ring as far from its neighbour as that should plant The table able ring system of sowing is preferbelow). high (see grows for each it gives a defined to a broadcast area patch because of thinning. For reduces the labour time kind, and at the same is reserved for, say, a particular example, if a ring a foot across variety of Godetia, and the seed is sprinkled thinly in a shallow if a than less seed used circular drill, there is likely to be much with the with is kind foot of sown same ; moreover, ground square Yet fewer there will be less thinning-out to do. surplus seedlings It suffices the ring of plants will be just as effective as the patch. to
cover
the
small-seeded inch.
In
kinds
with
half
an
inch
the
of
soil, and
have
"
the
an plants grown large enough to get tangled and weakly. A preliminary run inch when the seedlings about with finger and thumb an are over of lot the facilitates final it as gives a sturdy high plants singling,"
" "
larger with
thinning,act
before
to
choose
from.
One should make
sometimes
sees one
50
annuals
on a sown
crowding
area. area
6 ins.
or 100.
of
ground ; there four plants wdll
only
a
be
better in
a
plant clump in
may
be
that small
Three
than
Similar
near
ringsto
front
those
sown
bed
in selected of ins.
row.
positions
halfmid-
the
of borders.
"
A Sowing half-hardy annuals. simple is fill shallow boxes to some hardy annuals
method
with
2
raising
fine soil about
March,
the seed
draw
shallow
drills from
a
back
to
front to
apart, sprinkle
The boxes put If in frame. shelf or a or on a stage, greenhouse may be hardened afterwards the plants must they are put on a hotbed in an unheated As soon frame. as they begin to crowd in the seed be pricked off 3 ins. apart in other boxes they must boxes, kept in a and watered t o light airy place, sufficiently prevent flagging. only will probably By the time they begin to crowd again the weather be mild enough for them be potted to be planted out, or they may in
thinly, and
small
label
each
be
stood
singly.
"
outdoors. Summer treatment Half-hardy annuals may be planted borders. After they in mixed in beds, used as lines, set in groups treatment the as need same been have practically planted they is One have thinned. which been point hoeing, hardy annuals down it keeps weeds is beneficial to all classes of annuals; which with few of a only be needed about should the latter kinds, but when they plants begin to sprawl Flower Garden under be drawn together and supported (seeremarks If snails Herbaceous and are troublesome, freshly plants). slugs Most annuals the be at dusted slaked lime should over plants night. do for a longer period than bloom naturally if the they would flowers are gathered before they have time to ripen their seeds.
and aerates
the
soil.
Staking
will
"
GOOD
NAME.
HARDY
ANNUALS
Abronia
umbellata
coronaria Agrostemma Alyssum, Sweet setosa Asperula azurea Bartonia

aurea
Calendula, Prince
of
Orange
Candytuft, White
carmine
,,
Spiral
Centranthus Bridal
macrosiphon inodorum, Chrysanthemum

Robe
Chrysanthemum,
,, ,,
Evening
Morning
Star Star
Burridgeanum
elegans,double
,,
Clarkia
,,
Firefly
,,
marginata dwarf pink

bicolor candidissima
,,
Collinsia
"
Collomia Convolvulus
coccinea
major
minor
Coreopsiscoronata
Drummondii
Cornflower, Victoria
Erysimum
Eschscholtzia Eutoca
arkansanum
crocea
Rose viscida
Cardinal
Gamolepis Tagetes
Gilia dichotoma tricolor
,,
alba
NAME. COLOUR.
Glaucium
luteum
yellow
orange
rose
phoeniceum
Godetia, Bridesmaid
Duchess
,,
and
white
of Satin
Albany
Rose
white carmine
rose
,,
,,
Lady Lady
Albemarle flore
Schamini
,,
pleno
double white
rose
rose
Gypsophila elegans
muralis
, ,
Helichrysum (Everlasting) lonopsidium acaule Jacobaea (Senecio)

Kaulfussia Kochia amelloides
various violet various blue, crimson

handsome
tricophila(scoparia) Larkspur, Butterfly

Dwarf
,,
leafage
blue various various
Rocket
Stock-flowered Lavatera
,,
rosea
alba
splendens splendens
pink
white
Layia elegans Leptosiphon hybridus Limnanthes Douglasi

Linaria
yellow
various
yellow
various scarlet red
and
white
grandiflorum see Love-in-a-mist, Nigella

Linurn
rubrum
Love-lies-bleeding Lupinus Hartwegi

,,
hybridus
atrococcineus albus
blue and white scarlet and white white

red
Mai ope Mathiola
grandiflora
bicornis Giant
Machet
(Night-scented
lilac white
red red
Stock) Mignonette,
!!
Nasturtium,
Tom
Thumb
,,
various gated-leaved varievarious
Nasturtium,
leaved
tall
various
variegatedvarious
Nemophila
insignis
alba
blue
white blue
rose nana
Nigella,Miss
Oenothera
,,
Jekyll
rosea
Drummondii Phacelia
yellow
blue
campanularia Shirley
The Mikado umbrosum
Poppies, double
various
various
rose
and
white
scarlet,black
spots
NAME.
COLOUR.
FEET
I
HIGH.
Platystemon
californicus
lemon various
various red
Portulaca, single
double Prince's Feather Sunset Golden Rudbeckia, Salvia, Blue Beard Sanvitalia
4
3
yellow
blue
'i
i
procumbens
calabrica alba Vaccaria
Saponaria
yellow pink
white
I
i
2
pink
various white
Scabious, large-flowered
2$
SchizopetalonWalkeri
Senecio,
Silene
,,
see
Jacobaea
rose
armeria
pendula
,,
pink
compacta
alba
pink
white orange puce
rose
,,
"
,,
Sphenogyne speciosa Statice spicata (Everlasting)

Suworowi
,,
Sunflower, double
Sweet Sweet Venus' Venus' Viscaria
single notes Peas, see special

Sultan
yellow yellow
various blue white
3 to 8 3 to 8
Looking-glass
Navel-wort Stock cardinalis oculata
Virginian
red, white
crimson
pink, purple eye

various violet
Wallflower, annual
Whitlavia Xeranthemum
grandiflora
(Everlasting)
may be
sown
Nemophilas, Silenes, and Saponarias September to flower in spring.

GOOD Those Those
NAME.
outdoors
in
HALF-HARDY marked
marked
*
ANNUALS
are
p
are
good
not true
for pots. annuals.

COLOUR. FEET
I I I
HIGH.
p Acroclinium
(Everlasting)
rose,
white
Ageratum
*
blue various
Antirrhinums Arctotis
to
grandis
white,
various various various various various
mauve,
and
yellow
Asters, China, Comet p
,, "
Chrysanthemum-
flowered
Bouquet p Asters, China, Dwarf Victoria p ,,

"
*
" "
Quilled
i6
NAME. COLOUR.
Asters, China, Ostrich

,, ,,
Plume
various various various blue various
Paeony-flowered
p Balsam, Camellia-flowered (Swan River p Brachycome p Carnation, Marguerite p Celosia plumosa aurea coccinea p
,, ,,
Daisy
yellow
red
Cobaea Cosmea
*
*
scandens
Dianthus
",,
(Cosmos) bipinnata (Indian Pink) Heddewigii

Barberae aurantiaca
purple pink, white

various various
coral
p Diascia
Dimorphotheca Eccremocarpus scaber Gaillardia, single

double
,,
orange orange
shades
of orange
various
scarlet
Gilia Golden
coronopifolia
Feather
yellow yellow
blue
leaves
p Heliotrope
*
mauve lilac,
Helipterum (Everlasting) speciosa Maize, Japanese Striped

Lobelia
Four-coloured
Marigold, French
African
,,
variegated leaves coloured foliage striped

lemon, orange
Martynia fragrans Mimulus tigrinus

cardinalis Nemesia Mina Nicotiana
strumosa
purple spotted
scarlet Suttoni various
cream
on
yellow
lobata affinis Sanderae
white
shades
of red
Pansy
Perilla nankinensis
*
various
dark
foliage
Petunia, single
double
,,
various various various
p p
Phlox Ricinus
Drummondii
Rhodanthe
(Everlasting)
Gibsoni
pink, white dark foliage

various various
p Salpiglossis p Schizanthus
Statice
,"
sinensis sinuata
yellow hybrida
mauve,
and
white white, and
yellow
p Stock, Ten-week
Wallflower-leaved various
various
Tagetes signata pumila

Venidium
*
orange orange various various various
calendulaceum
Verbena
Zinnia, single p
double
"
"
17
Grasses A collection of ornamental which Grasses. Ornamental the treatment will thrive under given to hardy annuals as described ing above is a good and useful feature of the flower garden. The followB riza Avena be selected sterilis, maxima, : nebulosa, Agrostis may
Eragrostiselegans,Hordeum jubatum, Lagurus ovatus, Pennisetum will be charming for longistylum, Stipa pennata. The sprays if gathered before they mature. vases
Anomatheca. Antennaria.
" "
See Bulbs.
See Flower
Garden
"
Rockery.
Anthemis,
"
Camomile
Compositae). Showy
and
easilypropagated
is
2 one
Ord. (an-themis, from anthemon, a flower. border plants,thriving in almost any soil, by division in spring. Tinctoria, the dyer's
Camomile,
about grow is pretty.
of the
best, and
and
common
ft.
high
bloom
several varieties; they there are in July. Aizoon, May, white,
Nobilis, the
Camomile,
from
has white
a
flowers.
and
Anthericum flower"
(anther-icum,
kerkos,
"
hedge,
anthos,
which
Lily; and Liliastrum, the St. Bruno's Lily,both growing 18 ins. to 2 ft. high, and bearingwhite flowers in There is a large variety of each June, are the two best known. called major. Propagated by division of the root after flowering. A fertile,well-drained soil is desirable. They are hardy, and may be planted in autumn or spring.
Anthurium
the
tall stems. Ord. the St. Bernard's Liliago,
Liliaceae).Graceful
plants, of
spadix.
leaves white. scarlet colour.
(anthu-rium, from our a, a tail, and anthos, a flower stove Aroideae). Handsome plants,with large and brilliant spathes, which be scarlet, crimson, rose, or may The best known which has Andreanum, species are a spathe and a white spadix; and Scherzerianum, which is all
=
Orel.
"
varying in size and two mental-leaved ornaWarocqueanum principal the in crowns species. Propagated by dividing each Soil : 3 parts of peat portion with roots at the base. spring, in a fibrous, lumpy state, i part of leaf mould, i of Sphagnum moss, and i in equal proportions of broken crocks, charcoal, and sand.
are
scarlet.
There
many
varieties
of
each,
Veitchii
and
are
the
The The
pots
must
be
thoroughly
drained
a
with deal
plants enjoy moisture, given throughout the summer,

This, combined
a
and
good
abundance of water and
both
at the
roots
of crocks. should be in the atmosphere.

and and
with
temperature
a
with
night
is 10"
occasional minimum of
repotting as needed, 65", will insure free
healthy growth.
winter needed.
Shade
required during
suffice, and
temperature
less will
hot sunshine. In less water will be
from Antirrhinum, Snapdragon (aritirrhi-num,

a
anti,like,and
Ord.
rhin,
Scrophumajus, as represented by its beautiful modern offspring,has developed into a florist's flower, and the varieties are grown under like Roses and Sweet Peas. specialnames, The in Scotland, where much plant is especiallyesteemed good
snout,
in reference
"
to
the
form
of
the
flowers.
lariaceae).Antirrhinum
work has been colour only are
done
in
developing the
as
flower.
rose,
Varieties
of
one
procurable,such
crimson,
yellow, and
white;
B
8
these
are
suitable
with and
2
and both
for groups flaked

and
and
masses.
But
A has
there bed
are
also is
beautiful
forms
striped flowers.
of these
pink flowers, type, which There strain the Tom is dwarf called a high. grows about which ins. Thumb, high. Compact strains only grows 9 and the two between be can got, they are perhaps the most useful of in their all. lies almost much The of the Snapdragons value as long period of blooming, and their adaptabilityto nearly all kinds of soil, as in their beautiful flowers. They grow continuously for
bright
about
interesting.The
ft.
several
months,
and
almost
in
every
little side
shoot
forms
flower
will
buds. luxuriate
They
will
thrive
shallow,
in cool
clay.
some
Propagated
from
new
chalky soil; and they seeds and cuttings. by

if
care
It is
always
it from
to get quite likely to in February or March, If sown in a greenhouse or frame appear. the seedlings pricked off and close to kept sturdy by being grown the glass and given plenty of air, the plants will be in flower before midsummer. Cuttings may be inserted in sandy soil in a frame in It is wise to insert a few autumn. or summer cuttings of any from sure seed, in order to make good variety that comes specially
well to raise
a
seed, because,
is taken
well-known
florist, good
varieties
are
of
a increasing
true
stock
of it.
ants
Ants.
whether
"
Gardeners
dislike
among
their
plants because,
they do any direct injury or not, they certainly encourage aphides. They probably do direct as well as indirect injury, particularly is to best means to fruits. The of reducing their numbers
with old bones, trap them will treacle; boilingwater
them.
or
with
the
pieces of
rest.
do
with smeared sponge oil also disturbs Paraffin
plant flies). Aphides or sucking flies attacks one species or another of The almost class of Solarrums, Roses, fly plant. green every Beans; Tulips,and other plants; the black fly of Asters and Broad the blue fly of Plums, of aphis. If the all forms are aphides are to extent allowed to such to multiply they speedily increase as an of increase their rapidity the plants they attack, and all but smother Aphides (green
familiar
to all and
other
"
are
gardeners, because
is such For this
that
reason
few
individuals
to
soon
grow
them Those
to
as
many
are are
thousands.
seen,
it is wise
are
to attack
directlythey
who
and
fortunatelythey
"
easy
kill.
troubled
with
of the will find that fumigating with one aphides in glass structures and suit in to sizes sold various which are large vaporisers in horticultural dealers small and houses seedsmen, by nurserymen, of keeping them sundries, provides a ready and inexpensive means in a gallon of water An of washing soda dissolved down. ounce be syringed which heated forms to a simple destroyer, 150" may up of quassia, A decoction to outdoor on plants through gloved hands. made by soaking a handful of quassia chips in a gallon of water, will advertised are also destroy aphides. Various proprietary washes the directions to for the and be applied according may purpose, supplied with them.
"
(aponoge-ton, from water). neighbour=growing near Aponogeton

"
apon,
See
water
and (Celtic),
geiton,
Flower
Garden
"
Water.
Apple.
"
See
"
Fruit.
Apricot. Aquatic
See Fruit. Plants.

"
See
Flower
Garden
"
Water.
natively aquila, an eagle (alterOrd. Ranunculaceae). ceous The is one of the most popular of hardy herbagraceful Columbine in it is not represented. which flowers, and there are few gardens well adapted best suited for borders, but a few are The majority are the of few for the rockery. The are a principalspecies following and hybrids: alpina, a charming blue rockery plant, i ft. high; caerulea, 15 to 18 ins., blue and white; caerulea hybrida, 18 to 30 of from colours, and the a seedsmen, ins., obtainable gives variety flowers have long spurs; chrysaiitha, 3 ft., yellow; glandulosa, blue, lilac,and white, i ft., an exquisitebut short-lived plant that several needs and there of which are renewal, frequent pretty varieties; pyrenaica,blue and lilac,only a few inches high, suitable for the rockery; sibirica, 10 to 12 ins., blue, good for rockwork; Skinneri, 2 ft.,red, green, and yellow; and Stuarti, 9 ins., blue and Columbines white, a charming hybrid. The begin to flower very for a long in May, and early, often being in bloom they continue for useful sown seeds, are cutting. They by period. Propagated in June, transplanted in August, and the following year. flowering Also by division. Soil: the strong kinds will thrive in almost any The weaker like glandulosa, pyresoil,from clay to chalk. ones, naica, and well-drained loam. Stuarti, should have a light,warm, /jquilegia,Columbine
from from (aquile-gia,
aquilegus, water-collector)
a
.
"
(ar-abis. Ord. Cruciferae). Very cheap and in mild off and on flowering plants, throughout spells when and the winter, but at their best in spring, they grow rapidly, bloom as They are charming in the rockery, in bulb they extend. at the edge of basins of beds, at the front of mixed borders, and and both white-flowered much and albida, aquatic plants. Alpina little dwarfer and alike, but the former more a compact than the the two double white latter, are principalspecies; but the newer It is outdo flore bids fair in to both esteem. pleno, variety, public and lasts well. Lucida very graceful,having long spikes of bloom, variegata, which has pretty green and yellow leaves, is also a useful has Arabis. Aubrietioides Alba large pink flowers. variegata has a white-edged leaf. The are singlevarietie^ propagated by seed, in May outdoors sown or June for flowering the followingseason; division after flowering; the double or by cuttings, by by cuttings, which the and be taken from struck clumps after flowering, may in sandy soil in a frame, or in a shady spot out of doors. They grow
"
Arabis,
Rock
Cress
easily grown
well in all soils,and Aralia
no
special provisionneed
"
be made.
(ara-lia. Ord. Araliaceae). Handsome foliage plants, The most requiring a greenhouse or stove. hardy, others Sieboldii called Fatsia or popular species,Japonica (now Japonica esteemed as a by botanists),is much greenhouse and room plant, for its large,dark being grown Elegantisgreen, deeply-cut leaves. sima and Veitchii two beautiful sorts, but gracillima are they house. remark The a warm to Kerchoveana same require applies
some
20
and
is hardy. of the Reginae. Racemosa Japonica and most species are propagated by cuttings of ripe wood, preferably Veitchii in bottom heat; by gracillimaby grafting; racemosa division. Soil: 3 parts loam, i leaf mould, i peat, % part sand. indoor
the Araucanos tribe. Ord. Coniferae). embraces the of which well-known Conifers, Monkey large genus of the few really hardy kinds, and spicuous cona Puzzle, imbricata, one object in the pleasure grounds of many places. Excelsa
Araucaria
A
from (arauca-ria,
"
important of the greenhouse species,and it has several as glauca, Goldieana, and variegata. They make nice table plants. All are Propagated by cuttings, evergreens. then the shoots start which the tops of plants being first struck, and in and leaf the root old stumps; loam from readily they sandy if leaf in Soil: i mould a kept shaded. greenhouse 3 parts loam, Puzzle is not mould, j-part sand for the pot plants. The Monkey very fastidious, but does best in a deep, well-drained, loamy soil. Arbor vitae (Thuya). greens, evereasily grown Cheap, hardy, and used for When well for individual effect. often as hedges, as be inserted about planted for forming hedges they should 9 ins. and have not Privet but so are as Thorn, cheap They quite apart. Arbor distinction. The American vitae little more a (Thuya occigated Propadentalis)is the speciesmost largely used for this purpose. tial, soil that is deep, substanby seeds or cuttings. Almost any will suit. See also Thuya. and well drained
is the most
varieties, such
"
Arbour.
"
See Flower
Garden
"
Summer-houses.
,
to
from arboise (Celtic) referring Arbutus, Strawberry Tree (arbu-tus, some Unedo is a handthe rough fruit. Ord. Ericaceae). Arbutus
"
shrub, growing from evergreen in September, which flowers somewhat resembling Strawberries.
white
8 to
are
15 ft. followed
are
high, and
by
bearing
fruits
redand
scarlet
There
pink
flowered varieties of it. It is hardy, be generally speaking, though it may in if winters severe injured planted in an exposed place in a cold district. in spring. Propagated by seeds sown sirable. is dewell-drained soil Warm, peaty
Arches. Arches. Arctotis and

ous,
"
See
Flower
Garden
"
an
from arktos, a bear, (arcto-tis, Ord. ear=shaggy fruit.

"
Compositae).
hardy.
Areca.
"
See
Annuals
"
Half-
See
Chrysalidocarpus.
arena,
plain galvanised wire arch.
from (arena-ria, Ord. Caryophyllaceae). Garden Rockery.

"
"
Arenaria
sand.
See
Flower
Aristolochia, Birthwort
locheia,
parturition. Ord.
from (aristolo-chia, Aristolochiaceae)

" .
aristos, best, and
Singular climbers,
some
21 One
evergreen,
the best
others
deciduous;
is
some
"
hardy,
Dutchman's flowers
others
tender.
in
a hardy spring, and of the indoor species with handsome foliage. The most remarkable immense climber with is gigas Sturtevantii, stove an a greyish flower with furnished a long tail. Propagated by cuttings of young Soil: 3 parts wood with a heel, preferablyin a propagating case. leaf mould, for the indoor and sand, loam, i each decayed manure |kinds; ordinary garden soil for Sipho.
of
known
Sipho,
the
pipe,"
climber
with
curious
brown
and
yellow
late
Armeria
(Thrift).
"
See
Flower
Garden
"
Rockery.
name.
Arnebia,
Prophet
Arnebias
the 18
Flower
cornuta and
Arabic (arne-bia,
and
Ord. The
in
naceae).
"
echioides
or
are
pretty dwarf
flowers under
Boragiplants,
former,
suitable which
for
frame ins.
be
borders,
and
has
for rockwork.
grows
and
a
high,
yellow
annual,
It likes
9 ins.
may
loamy, high,is a perennial,and

as
seed from sown grown well-drained soil. gritty, has
July, is an glass in spring.

grows
five black
Echioides
with
about
dots
yellow
the
name
flowers
of Mahomet," (" marks spring; the spots fade cuttings or pieces of root soil if not dry Arrowhead. Artichoke.
"
hence
Prophet
age.
It
the
flowers
in
spring in
Garden Garden.
"
heat.
It
Flower) in late propagated by thrives in any good

is
"
See
See
Flower
Kitchen
"
Water.
Artificial Manures. Arum
See
Manures.
"
Ord. Aroideae). (ar-um, from aron, an Egyptian word. Arums The are distinguished by singular flowers, resembling those of the Arum leaves. cases Lily in form, and in some by marked about 18 and ins. Itaiicum, which high, produces greenishgrows white flowers in April, is perhaps the best-known species. It has with its poisonous variegated leaves, and is hardy. Maculatum, scarlet autumn Cuckoo berries, is the native pint. Palaestinum Black the sometimes called or Sanctum, Calla, requires greenhouse cultivation. The flowers
be has It should
Cornutum
are
is the
in
so-called
"
Monarch the stems
of
the
are
East."
red, spotted with
black;
and
and
spotted.
frost.
kept dry
immense
has is mottled
winter,
red
needs
protectionfrom
Crinitum Dracunculus suits ;
Propagation nearly
Arum
by
are
division
the
marked stems. spotted flowers, and stems, large leaves, and purplish flowers. in spring. good, moist garden soil Any
for litter
over
all
"
better
the
roots
in winter. its beautiful

the
white Calla
is
now
is remarkable Lily. This plant, which such spathe, is grown under various names, and Richardia R. aethiopica, aethiopica, the accepted botanical name. Although
for
as
Lily of
Nile,
last is is
Africana.
the
The
pass almost several which
the
winter
out
of
universally grown garden

are
it is not unharmed for flowering in winter and

doors
times plant will somehardy, and spring. It
in demand particularly
varieties
very
large;
and
at Easter. There are of it, notably Childsiana and grandiflora, Little Gem, form ; Pearl of Stutta miniature gart,
for church
decoration
dwarf;
The
Godfrey,
another
miniature
form.
All
are
22
white.
and
There Pentlandii.
Both
are
also
two
yellow
has
Arum dark
Lilies,namely, Elliottiana
green
much
The
sorts
latter
are
leaves
more
with
reddish
than
petioles.
the
beautiful, but
Soil : Propagation is by division or offsets The Arum i part decayed cow manure, " part sand. and Lilies are often planted out in the garden in summer, potted up winter about of will in the middle do a minimum September, They heat bloom. for early winter temperature of 45", but require more white. 3 parts loam, Arundinaria
"
expensive in spring.
from (arundinar-ia,
arundo,
genus
of Bamboos,
Bambusa
several
of which,
foliage; Hindsii, 8 to 12 as Metake) ; auricoma, 2 to 4 ft. ; humilis, 3 to 4 ft. ; Simoni and and its variegated form nobilis,8 to 10 ft. ; are hardy. but not are are handsome, quite hardy. Falcata and Veitchii very of Bamboos, other the Like two require a greenhouse. genera better for the and Bambusa are Phyllostachys, the Arundinarias of liable be to shelter when out are as doors, severely they grown When cut by cold winds. they They do best in a moist climate. Soil: loam, flowered have they die. Propagation is by division. peat, and leaf mould.
high, green
Ord. Gramineae) a reed. notably Falconeri, 6 to 8 ft. ft.; Japonica, 6 to 8 ft. (also
.
known
Arundo, Great Arundo Gramineae).

"
Reed
which
Pampas
rise to 8 may It looks Grass.
reed. Ord. a arundo, (arun-do, from white with its fine, silky panicles, conspicua, rival to the ft. high in August, is no mean best in to
a
bed
on
grass
near
water. the
Donax
is still taller, often attaining 12 paniclesare Although There is a dwarf off white. at first, they fade reddish variety of this called versicolor, \vhich has variegated leaves. Propagation is by seeds or division in spring. Any cool, moist garden soil suits;
ft.
a
thin, dry soil is

Ash
not
"
good.
The
as over
(Fraxinus).
Ash
a
is
one
of the and
rob
best
to the the
known the
of timber
trees, but is eschewed all run roots, which

Americana
F. Ornus
garden tree, owing place

F.
are
greed
of the
and
the
crops.
Common
Fraxinus
is the
the Manna
White
Ash,
Excelsior several
Ash,
of each.
Ash.
There
varieties
The
is of Ash wood of their tools.
graftingfor the
Ash,
Ash,
It is
a on
tough and elastic; gardeners like it Propagation is by seeds in spring for varieties. Any soil.
for the the
handles
by species,
Mountain
(Rowan).
to
a
and very
belongs
handsome
account
of its
ordinary Pyrus, species Aucuparia. for garden planttree, and is in great demand ing, and still account cut more on foliage, prettily
"
This
is
quite distinct
"
from
the
different
genus
of the
as a
bright
orange
berries
which
it bears
a
in autumn. tree
It does
not,
high is a good with several varieties; one, yellow fruit, is specimen. others called fructu-luteo are distinguished by particularlyerect ; or pendulous habit, or by variegated foliage. Although it loses its
rule, grow
to very There are
large dimensions;
25 ft.
leaves trees
in autumn,
are
the
Mountain for the

"
Ash
should
; and
not
be overlooked
in most
when
being
chosen
garden
Kitchen
it will grow
soils.
Asparagus
(culinary). See
Garden.
Asparagus
allusion
"
23
to
ornamental
(aspar-agus, from
on some
spamsso,
tear, in
"
kinds. Ord. Liliaceae). The garden is sometimes pressed into in its and other service for ornamental species are season, purposes fact from the that still more ornamental, they are available at apart different periods. Plumosus and its variety nanus are particularly and esteemed for cutting,as they are graceful lasting. Popularly in favour known for as Asparagus fern," they rival the Maidenhair with cut flowers. associating Sprengeri and its variety variegatus is also good for this purare charming basket plants; retrofractus pose. Verticillatus is a graceful,vigorous species suitable for growing under of red berries. glass, and bears abundance up a pillar is the called which Medeoloides Smilax, popularly plant grows trained when back cut to freely annually, perpendicular strings in will succeed in a a warm house, and syringed. All of those named and of loam leaf soil (equal parts) warm^ greenhouse in a compost seed and be raised from with s'and. They may division of the roots.
the to prickles ordinary Asparagus of the kitchen
"
Aspen. Poplar).
to the
"
This The
tree
name
of petiole
the the
of the
leaf
tree
near
trembling Anglo-Saxon aespe. Owing leaf being flattened at right angles to the plane blade, a very lightwind suffices to move sequently, it; cona comes
is
speciesof Populus (tremula, or

from the
the
a
leaves
are
in motion
when
other
are
is still. foliage several
It is of
good
to
plant
in
damp
form.
places.
There
varieties
it,includinga weeping
most
Asperula (asper-ula,from asper, rough. Ord. Rubiaceae). The is commonly useful species is azurea setosa, which as grown It has blue flowers in summer, annual and an (seeAnnuals) grows white-flowered British plant called Sweet about foot high. The a Hirta forms a white carpet in July. Woodruff is Asperula odorata.
" .
Asphodelus, Asphodel (asphod-elus, as-phodel, from a, not, and ceae). sphallo,to supplant, a suggestion of surpassingbeauty. Ord. Liliaworth the of two the One in or Asphodels are including herbaceous border, notably ramosus, a tall, white-flowered plant in a shady place. Acaulis in spring, and blooms will grow is which much with flowers. Treat like dwarfer herbaceous a pink plant Garden. plants. See Flower
"
ring aspidiseon, a shield, possiblyreferwhich is direct the from flower, pushed up the soil. for just above Ord. Liliaceae). be looked must roots, and is about Palm the best of all plants for rooms The popular Parlour and almost corridors, as it will endure draughts better than any other occasional plant. Watering as needed, and an sponging, and Lurida its form keep it in good health a long time. variegata suits them. be loam Propagated by division Sandy may grown. in spring, should which be at season they they need repotted when
to
from Aspidistra (aspidis-tra,

the form
of the
"
it,but
that
is not
often.
buckler. Ord. aspidion, a small Aspidium (aspid-ium, from which botanists of ferns to have added now Filices). A genus and Cyrtomium Polystichum, together with certain minor genera; as consequently, the ferns still commonly Polystichum grown
"
24
aculeatum, Shield, the
P.
angulare,
Shield,
are
and
and
P.
the
Lonchitis
handsome
Soft
(respectivelythe Hard classed as Holly ferns), are now

forms of
the
Aspidiums.
notably
culture,
see
There Ferns.
several
first two,
aculeatum
proliferum
and
angulare
graiidiceps.For
not, and Asplenium, Spleenwort (asple-nium, from splen, a, in value. A medicinal Ord. allusion to Filices). spleen, large and of for and kinds suitable cool warm ferns, including important genus and called gardens. The Lady Fern, once greenhouses, rooms, the classed with Athyrium filix-foemina, is now Spleenworts by the The botanists. following are principalspecies:
" "
Adiantum-nigrum,
nice form of it.
a
the
Black
Spleenwort, hardy;
acutum
is
bulbiferum,
anum
greenhouse
the
plantletson
and best
laxum
species which produces tiny swarthy be propagated ; Fabifronds, by which it can is one of the are good varieties; bulbiferum ofncinarum),
the
of
room
ferns.
Ceterach
(syn. Ceterach
hardy
Scale
fern,
falcatum, a greenhouse species, the filix-foemina, the Lady Fern, hardy, of which following are and Victoriae. forms: Barnesi, dissectum, good flaccidum, greenhouse, good for baskets. Nidus, the Bird's-nest fern, a graceful species requiring a warm
greenhouse.
Trichomanes,
For the
see
Maidenhair Ferns.
Spleenwort, hardy.
"
culture,
Aster, China
(Aster sinensis).
See Annuals.
Aster, Perennial, Michaelmas
from aster, Daisy, Starwort (aster, the to of the a star, referring original shape Ord. Compositae). See Flower single form.
"
Garden
"
Herbaceous
borders. and
_'
from not, (astil-be, a, brightness, flower not showy. would fragaceae). This genus
Astilbe
stilbe,
Saxiportant unimthe
Ord.
be
"
were
it
not
that
it includes
PROPAGATING' PERENNIAL
ASTER
(MICHAELMAS
BY
DAISY)
the
CUTTINGS.
line shows
The
dotted
roots are popular Spiraea japonica, of which sold in large quantities by bulb dealers in for spring bloom. It thrives in the autumn bulb if given plenty of water it soil, and will throw white in beautiful plumes up abundance. It be put into rooms may when Astilboides, 3 ft. coming into bloom. rivularis, 4 ft.,a high, a spring bloomer; summer bloomer, good for the waterside; and
Thunbergi,
ft., a
spring bloomer,
are
all
in
be grown good species,with white flowers, and may moist division in places. Propagate by spring.
in borders
Astragalus, Leguminosae).
Milk
"
Vetch
large
but
monspessulanus, an
evergreen
the Greek. Ord. (astrag-alus, from not important Perhaps very genus. trailer which produces purple flowers
in
25
is the most be used for the rock useful, as it can early summer, garden. It may be propagated by cuttingsin a cold frame, sandy soil being used. Astrantia from astron, star, and anti, comparison, (astran-tia, the the umbels. of to Ord. Umbelliferae). alluding arrangement Hardy herbaceous perennials,thriving in ordinary well-drained, friable soil,and propagated by division in spring. Carniolica, with white, and major, with striped,flowers are perhaps the most
"
esteemed.
Aubrietia,
"
Rock
Cress
after M. Aubriet. (aubrie-tia,
Ord.
Cruci-
ferae). Splendid dwarf hardy plants for the rock garden, and for form dense They are carpeting and margining beds. evergreen, the in and flower most of are tufts, Easily raised from seed year.
in
June
and
planted in
autumn.
Any
soil.
Dr.
Mules, Leichtlinii,
H. Marshall,
i are
Campbelli (syn.Hendersoni) rosea, Fire King, Lavender, Lloyd Edwards, argentea variegata,and Prichard's A
See
good.
Useful
also Flower
Garden
"
Rockery.
the
Aucuba evergreen,
in and
sun or
(au-cuba, from
marbled-leaf
Japanese.
which
Ord.
Cornaceae).
in almost
"
shrubs,
or
will grow
any
soil,
shade, in town
abundance kinds
are
country,
beautiful
bear
of
are
on
berries The
if both
planted.
different
sex-flowers in
plants.
outdoors
Propagated by cuttings spring or autumn, and

See
also
by seeds.
"
Flower
Garden
Shrubs.
Auricula, Bear's-ear (auric-ula, the shape of the leaf. Ord. Primulaceae) Although the show of the florists Auricula or stage
from
"
"
"
has
hard
work
to
hold
tend
its own,
to
the in
a
border
varieties
grow
have
favour. band
and and
a
Stage
of
Auriculas
round
paste
the
tube,
PROPAGATING AUCUBAS
BY
margin
round have
of
the
a
white
grey, green, border colour,
they margin, in which

called
in shades
unless
yellow or case they

varieties
dark
are are
The
the
leaves
^^
bg to the
rgmoved
cutting inserted
the
dotted
^ line,
run
selfs; border
of have
double
size, and
white.
such
as
mostly
and yellow, primrose, cream, rich colours, and flowers large
Alpine
violet,
fail to
culas Auri-
plum,
sow a
No lover purple, and blue. mixed packet of Alpine and border Auriculas strain is good, some charming varieties are be propagated and can good ones particularly them after and flowering, Auriculas are coloured with soil. These in company
of spring flowers
should every
sure
spring.
appear.
true
If the
out planting them a well adapted for rilling
Any dividing by kept in a cool spot in rich

to
Primroses,
spring bed Polyanthuses, and Oxlips.

The show Auricula frame culture all the year
They
is
a
may
more
be planted a delicate plant,and
foot
apart
should
in autumn. have
2.6
round. late The
are
good
never
exhibition
varieties
they
likelyto be
fore slowly, therecheap plants. They are repotted in
increase
but
have offsets which formed and removed are spring, when any into floweringplants. A comto be grown on post potted separately, and of loam leaf mould (4 parts), decayed manure, (i part sand used. A is suitable size of each),and pot for the old plants is is set to face north for the summer, The frame is fully and 5 -in. In autumn it is turned to the south, and ventilated. watering is little in winter. The reduced, very being given plants are looked for louse, which is brushed off and over periodically destroyed. The following are good varieties: Green-edged, Rev. F. D. Horner and and John Garrett; grey-edged, Colonel Champneys George Bell. and Heather and Rudd; white-edged,Acme Selfs, Heroine Mrs. Potts. and Alpines, Celtic King, yellow; Masterpiece, maroon
yellow.
Azalea
The
botanical
name
of the
Auricula
is Primula
Auricula.
from to the habitat. Ord. azaleas, dry, referring (aza-lea, of The the of is most Azalea brilliant one ing early-flowerEricaceae). for the flower under garden (seeShrubs plants. It is valuable Flower Garden) and also for the greenhouse or conservatory. Its culture as a pot plant is made simple by the skill of Belgian gardeners, the do Hyacinths. who Instead plant just as Dutchmen specialise of a bulb, however, they send a plant on a clean stem a few inches head which is well set with flower-buds. the of There is a long, in these trade Azaleas. The amateur Belgian recognised special who an through a florist or bulb dealer is not asked buys them exorbitant house, price. He places the plants in a mildly heated the when them waters gradually pots ring hollow, and sees them
"
break
are
into
sheet
of
glowing bloom.
These
little standard
Azaleas
very
useful
or
for
other
dwarf
for houses
bulbs
breaking the uniformity of a flat stageful plants,and they can be brought into the rooms
A command of two
or more
of
special
can
occasions.
have
a
of them in by forcing some After the the others. blooms should than heat flowering greater be pinched off carefullyto avoid injuring the growth, and the plants leaves. outdoors in and make be stood will grow on They may will when watered fresh lot of set and as a required, they summer, like and be flower-buds. a peaty soil, successfully They grown may in a compost of 3 parts peat, i loam, and a good sprinkling of sand. in sandy be removed as cuttings a.nd struck Young shoots may is in the in bottom heat. done under a Grafting bell-glass peat nurseries.
with person succession of bloom
Good
varieties
of the
Indian Reine
des
and
Chinese
sections
for
pots:
Bernard Souvenir
rose.
Fielder's
Fleurs, single salmon; Deutsche double double violet; Perle, Andre, early white; and Simon de Prince Mardner, carmine Albert, double rose ; white,
single;
The
following are
:
"
good
varieties
for
growing
Mollis
in
peaty
soil in
the
garden
Ghent de
Azaleas. carmine.
cream.
Hybrid
Azaleas.
Comte Madame
Flandre, Thibaut,
Alphonse Lavallee, orange. Anthony Koster, yellow.

Duchess
of Portland,
cream
Unique, yellow.
and
rose.
Glory
of
Boskoop,
orange.
Babiana
the
27
eat and most
from (babia-na, Orel.
babianer, baboon
"
bulbs.
Irideae).
See
the
Bulbs. varieties
(Dutch). Baboons Ringens, scarlet;

of the
stricta,blue and
white, with
latter, are
the
popular.
Balm.
"
See
Kitchen
"
Garden
"
Herbs.
"
Balsam, Annual.
Bambusa,
Ord. Bamboo
"
See Annuals
Half-hardy.
bambos,
the
(bambu-sa, from
There
do well
are
Indian of
Bamboos
name.
Gramineae).
Arundinaria,
Bambusa,
and
great genera Phyllostachys. The

in sheltered
three
Bamboos:
are
graceful plants, and
outdoors
placesin northern
peaty. They do not thrive if exposed ing followbe propagated by division. The to cold winds. They may the are palmata, nana, aurea, principalspecies: arundinacea, called and metake both and tessellata. are Japonica pygmaea, aria ArundinSimoni is called Arundinaria Japonica by botanists now. Simoni. Viridi-glaucescens is called Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens.
climes, especiallyif the
soil is Bartonia Annuals. Basil.
"
(barto-nia, after
See Kitchen
"
Dr.
Barton.
Ord.
Loasaceae).
"
See
Garden See
"
Herbs. Garden and Soil.
Bastard Beans.
"
trenching.
See Kitchen
Kitchen
Garden.
"
Bearbind
(Bindweed).
"
See
Calystegia.
Garden.
one
Bed, Bedding-out.
Beech. and of
the
"
See
Flower
The
common
Beech, Fagus sylvatica,is
of the
largest
is
one
handsomest
of
park
trees, and
should
the be
Purple-leaved Beech
admitted
to
few
large trees
that
gardens-
See
Flower Beet
Garden.
(Beetroot)
" .
See Kitchen
Garden.
" .
Begonia
brilliant
summer
after M. Ord. Begon. Begoniaceae) (bego-nia, made has in strides public favour, both great plant The and kinds same are a winter-blooming plant. purposes.
Varieties
This
as a
not
resulting from hybrids between tuberous-rooted spring species are used for summer flowering, and the offfor winter. of fibrous-rooted We are employed see, species of which therefore, that there are two distinct types of Begonia, one does another which The not. tuberous produces a tuber, and American the have from South Boliviensis, species Begonias sprung Veitchii. Some Clarkei, Davisi, Pearcei, rosaeflora, and hybrids
used for both
have
now
been
raised
between
selected
tuberous-rooted and
varieties very ful. beauti-
and
the
fibrous-rooted
speciessocotrana,
examples:
"
they
are
The Winter
and
following are
Cheer, carmine, semi-double soc9trana.

semi-double
tuberous
tuberous
orange-scarletvariety
socotrana.
rose, Julius,
white
variety and
These
are
semi-tuberous.
28
The tuberous
Begonias
are
vation, but they should not sandy soils unless the grower
in hot,
garden culti in shallow be used outdoors chalky or ing is prepared to do a good deal of watersuitable both
for
pot
and
dry
summers.
He
should
also mulch
with
short
manure
PROPAGATING
i.
REX cut.
BEGONIAS
2.
BY
LEAVES
LAID
ON
SANDY
a
SOIL.
Veins
Tubers.
3. Tubers
put in
box.
or
cocoa-nut the
fibre
refuse,
is to be
to used
check
as a
When
Begonia
and
evaporation of moisture. bedding plant, it is wise to buy

in boxes in March. If
the
mixed
tubers
embed
them
in leaf mould
kept in a frame or greenhouse they will break into growth, and by June will be well advanced. They can then be given a good water
PROPAGATING
BEGONIA
LORRAINE.
has
grown cut back.
GLOIRE
DE
PROPAGATING LORRAINE DE
BEGONIA
BY
GLOIRE
CUTTINGS.
plant which
i.
again after
suitable
being
Shoots
of this kind
are
for cuttings.
ing to settle the soil about their roots, and planted out a foot apart. They will probably be at their best in October, unless early frosts When be lifted, the tubers they are over they may checjvthem.
dried
and be stored chosen
29
varieties
are
in fine sawdust for
for the
winter.
Named tubers
cheaper. may soil (see Bulbs) in be They may February or March, and brought on steadily in a greenhouse. Any be propagated by striking cuttings of the young good variety can in sandy soil, or the tubers shoots ing be cut in halves the followmay the be flowered same spring. These Begonias can year from
seed if there is heat available for it to be is snuff-like, and a very fine surface must be shaded with glassand paper pan should The
sown
pots if desired, but mixed potted in 5 -in. pots in bulb
in winter.
be
prepared
The for it.

and
seed The handling their
until the seeds
germinate.
until
seedlingswill requirecareful watering (seeWatering) first pricking off. at the They will grow slowly
are
tubers
formed,
as
then
much
faster. Gloire de
The The
best habit
winter-flowering
has pretty of this splendid
Begonia is the well as foliage

plant
is
one
beautiful
abundance
pink
Lorraine, which
of flowers.
making it suitable for a hanging basket. It thrives in a temperature of 55" to 65" in winter, and when be kept somewhat After it has bloomed in bloom cooler. may it may be gradually dried off, pruned back to short stumps, and rested. With fresh watering and will shoots syringing in summer be taken off at and ins. struck as push, and these may long 3 Another method take of is leaves to mature cuttings. propagation before drying off, lightlynick the ribs, and lay them the surface on
charms,
of the
more
of its chief
when soil,
roots than
will form. those
Plants
from
leaves bloom
come
somewhat
in full Gloire
and
compact growth plenty

de
from
cuttings, and
and
a
later.
While
of water
It
moist
under
Lorraine.
a
is beautiful
is alba
Hall deeper pink. Turnford another. beautiful Other grandiflora Gloire

de and
atmosphere are good for piece artificial light. Masteris a white form, good
winter-flowering
brownish leaves Gloire
Begonias
and Sceaux the
are
Sceaux,
which be
has handsome
pink flowers;
is
to
a
Weltoniensis, with
It may
grand hybrid.
and
de pink from propagated by cuttings

be
flowers.
base
in March,
the
house
should
fumigated
it.
every
three
weeks
keep
down
the
mite
which
attacks
It lasts in bloom
weeks. The foliage Begonias must not be overlooked, many Rex and decora. The former is a popular window plant. Belladonna
notably
Lily.
" "
See
Bulbs. fitted with a knob, glass, covering cuttingsto exclude air

made and till rooting
Bell-glass.
in various
has taken
dome-shaped
for
sizes, used
place.
bellus, pretty.
of Bellis low
the
The
from Bellis,Daisy (bell-is, garden Daisies, varieties
Ord.
Compositae).
"
perennis,are
as
esteemed
for
spring flowering. They are brightflowers, especiallyin

Rob
but they growers, of varieties such case
produce large, Alice, Longfellow,

is a curious
Roy,
and
Snowflake.
The
Hen-and
-chickens
variety,producing
planted
or as
in autumn and
The small secondary flowers. in ordinary garden soil, either as be
be may for beds, carpets
Daisies
lines;
to
may
propagated by
to the
division
after
flowering.
"
from Berberidopsis (berberidop-sis, the resemblance
berberis,and
Ord.
ring opsis,like,refer.
Berberis.
Berberideae)
The
30
corallina, is a handsome only species grown, rambling evergreen shrub crimson the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 5343). It bears in spring. It is not very flowers at the ends of the branches cular partito soil, but likes a mild, sheltered be proas place. It may pagated in spring, or wood by cuttings of young by layering the
branches in autumn. from Berberis,Barberry (ber-beris,
berbery's (Arabic). Ord.
Ber-
berideae). Extremely
"
valuable
and
beautiful
the
shrubs,
have
as
evergreen
cularly partispecies,
flowers. stenoa are
most
of which
as
handsome
foliage
In
well
pretty
and
Darwini, orange;
phylla, yellow (the latter branches hybrid), the

clothed
in in flowers from base
to
The common tip spring. handspecies, vulgaris, has is sometimes fruit, which preserved. Aquifolium, often
home
under grown of Mahonia
the
older
a
name ful use-
aquifolia,is
as
shrub,
it grows
almost
is and anywhere, evergreen, bears Darwini purplish fruit. and stenophylla give of their best
PROPAGATING HERBERTS
BY
when
sheltered
from may
ting cutbe tings cut-
SUCKERS
IN-
winds.
They
AUTUMN.
i.
Roots.
2.
Young
growth starting.
line.
or propagated by suckers of ripe wood in autumn.

"
Insert to dotted
Monarda late summer, Beta for the
didyma,
and
"
whose
It
leaves,
grows grown
2 as
when to
an
bergamot-like odour.
may
be
A name Bergamot. given to lightly rubbed, give a has ft. red flowers in high, 3 herbaceous plant. ordinary used
flower
Garden. Beta cicla is sometimes (Beet). See Kitchen and seed in spring. be raised from garden, may from (bet-ula,
Betula, Birch
"
betu, the
Celtic
name.
Ord.
a
Cupuli-
or ferae). The common in worth planting parks a
Silver Birch, Betula and the outskirts on
good weeping
many
as weeping and (laciniata pendula), a dark-leaved (purpurea), in most (foliis-variegatis). They will grow
forms
of
it, such
graceful tree, of gardens. There are (pendula), a cut-leaved

a
alba, is
gated-leaved variesoils if
with
planted long, straight stems

autumn.
in
Nice
trees and
of the
Silver heads
Birch
at
a
can
be
bought
pyramidal
are
low
cost.
Biennials.
cycle
bloom of the
in
complete their lifeone year they their seed the and Several biennials next. are hardy ripen in the flower and value the flower Wallutmost fragrant garden, stands out prominently as an indispensable plant that is best
"
Biennial
the
second
plants year from
those
which
germination.
Sown
treated
as
biennial.
The
Sweet
William
is another
useful
old
plant
were
31
that
thrives
these there two
with
the
treatment
as
only
section
seed
would The
best
If there hardy biennial. be important, but, as the
table
the
a
shows,
are sow or
several.
the
method
of treatment
for
biennials
is to
in
soil in drills drawn in well-pulverised in
June, thin, hoe, set out a few inches apart May apart in autumn. in and bed a July, plant in beds and borders spare and treated thus When sturdy, transplant well they are strong bear and a long succession freely, showery weather, branch
foot
in of
flowers. GOOD
NAME.
HARDY
BIENNIALS
Adlumia
Androsace Aster
cirrhosa lactiflora
Campanula
"
Bigelovii pyramidalis
alba
,,
Canterbury
,,
Bell
,,
Cup
and
Saucer
Dianthus Gilia
Heddewigii
Foxglove (Digitalis) aggregata
Michauxia
campanuloides
Iceland
+
Poppy,
Sweet Sweet
Stock, Brompton
Rocket William
Verbascum Wallflower
olympicum
The
Sweet
Dianthuses
are
are
often
treated
as
annuals
as
(seeAnnuals),
and
Eschscholtzias
almost
Scabiouses,
wintered all the
always grown are although both

are
annuals, together with

Antirrhinums
sown
biennials.
when
(Snapdragons) and
in
Pentstemons in
a
admirable
in boxes
autumn,
bloom
nearly
biennials.
Wallflowers
out the
planted out in spring; they thus as proving their worth following year, become perennial if left, but in regular
and
frame
garden
practiceit
they
seed
go for
of flower
old is most convenient to discard in late spring and raise a fresh
plants after
supply
from
will
following
soils,but
year.
Wallflowers
are
and
Snapdragons
hardy
flowers
thrive poor
in most limestone.
they
the
best
of all
for
Bignonia (bigno-nia,after
Brilliant
train up hothouse the
or
Abbe
Bignon.
Ord. house.
Bignoniaceae)
"
climbers, with
roof
compound
heated
leaves, well
suited
are
to
pillars large They and a peat in equal parts, compost of fibrous loam with sand. They are propagated by cuttings of half-ripe side shoots kept close in heat; also by seed and layers. The principal species are magnifica, with purplish-crimsonflowers; speciosa or pink; tweediana, yellow; and venusta, orange. picta, Capreolata,
a
of
best
planted
out
in
32
which has
scarlet flowers, may be grown
increased
outdoors
in mild, sheltered
places.
This
species may
be
by
root
cuttings. Bignonia
in the Botanical
radicans, which has orange flowers, and called Tecoma Magazine, t. 485, is now
is illustrated
radicans
by
botanists.
Bilberry. This is the Vaccinium hardy British shrub bearing pink

"
berries The
are
edible.
It is also
Cranberry
is Vaccinium
Myrtyllus of botanists, a dwarf blue flowers in spring. Its dark called the Blaeberry or Whortleberry. Oxycoccus.
Ord.
"
Hothouse
and
after Billberg, a Swede. Billbergia (billber-gia, with thick, plants, fleshy leaves
dense
Bromeliaceae)
on a
crowded
short
stem,
heads
parts of loam and sprinkling of sand. thyrsoidea, scarlet; rose;

three
They thrive in equal and a good peat, with a little decayed manure is and blue suckers. Moreli, by Propagation
of brilliant bloom.
and
vittata, green,
All
red, and
or
violet,
winter.
are
of the
"
best-known
See
species.
bloom
in autumn
Bindweed. Birch. Bird

"
Calystegia.
Padus. birds
See
Betula.
Cherry,
"
Prunus
Birds. the of main
Although
friends
of the
damage to various crops, they are gardener, through destroying large numbers
do
in
Tits, swallows, robins, thrushes, caterpillars, grubs, and insects. starlings, wrens, flycatchers, whitethroats, cuckoos, and redstarts The most are some cases damage mainly (in wholly) insectivorous. and is done to finches, blackbirds, thrushes, starlings, by crops with fruit be must house and protected Seedlings sparrows. not be should The of Nature balance thread, netting, and scares.
interfered be
with, and
birds with
of prey,
such
as
owls
and
hawks,
should
preserved equally
song-birds.
farinosa. nidus.
Bird's-eyePrimrose,
Bird's-nest
Primula
Fern, Asplenium
Birthwort, Aristolochia.
Bitter Almond,
Prunus
(Amygdalus)
dulcamara.
communis
amara.'
Bitter-sweet, Solanum
Bitter
Vetch,
Orobus.
"
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).

Black Black Bladder
See
Fruit.
Fly.
"
See
Aphides.
Thorn,
Prunus
spinosa.
Senna, Colutea.
Utricularia. See Kitchen Garden
"
Bladderwort,
Blanching.
Blandfordia
"
"
Celery,Lettuce,
etc.
Ord. after the Marquis of Blandford. (blandfor-dia, for the plants, suitable house. greenLiliaceae). Pretty semi-bulbous They are propagated by offsets and thrive in the bulb soil (see Bulbs). The flowers are drooping and funnel-shaped. Grandiflora
(Cunninghami)
with
,
crimson
flowers
in summer;
and
flammea
aurea,
1
33
grow about
8 ins.
yellow, summer, high. (blec-num,
are
two
of
the
best.
Both
Ord. Greek. Filices). A The popular species Spicant large genus of ferns, allied to Lomaria. Lomaria is now called by botanists Spicant. It is a British plant, in northern and will therefore thrive outdoors climes, but it is worth For in the for cool culture, see Ferns. growing greenhouse. pots Blechnum from
blechnon,
"
Blood, Bloom,
Bloom
as
manure. or
"
See
Manure.
Bloodwort
Bloodroot, Sanguinaria.
"
Blossom.
These
to
names
are
popularly applied to
flowers.
the down-like covering on the skins " is used While of Grapes and other fruit. ".bloom generally as an " alternative for flowers, blossom is usually reserved for the inflorescenc
"
is also used
describe
of fruit trees. Bluebell." Scotch

is
The
English
Campanula
Bluebell rotundifolia.
is Scilla nutans
(seeBulbs) ;
"
the
Blue-bottle
call it Bluets.
(Centaurea Cyanus, the See Annuals Hardy.

" "
Cornflower).
The
French
Bocconia,
Papaveraceae) plant,and
.
attains It may
worth
a
to be
Plume after Dr. Boccone. Ord. Poppy (bocco-nia, cordata Bocconia is a very handsome herbahardy ceous in moist, substantial soil,such as well-worked clay, of ft. The is expansive,and the or height 4 foliage 5 is in the
the
inflorescence
form
border.
of
tall
in
spike
not
propagated by
division
spring.
care
"
of buff-coloured flowers. This fine plant is well for
place in
See
"
It does
dry,
shallow
"
soil.
Bog
Bean
"
See (Menyanthes trifoliata). Greenhouse

used etc.
"
Flower
Garden
Water.
Boiler.
Heating.
the
Bolting. A term Celery, Lettuces,

Kitchen Garden. Boltonia
to indicate
running to
due
seed to
of
Cabbages,
See
It
is
commonly
drought.
after Professor Bolton. Ord. Compositae). (bolto-nia, is a vigorous, autumn-flowering,hardy herbaceous with flowers which be mistaken plant, pale pink might easily for a Michaelmas Daisy. It grows about 4 ft. high, and spreads freelyin most soils. It is easilypropagated by division in spring. It is well worth is pretty. For adding to any border, as its foliage
"
Boltonia
asteroides
etc., see staking,

Bones,
"
Flower
Garden.
See Manures.
" "
Garden Herbs. Borage. See Kitchen annual Borage, Borago ofncinalis, is an

bees.
blue-flowered hardy aromatic plant beloved of
The
leaves in salads, and used sometimes are for from It in be raised seed and thrives liquors. spring, may any soil that is not stiff and wet.
The
flavouring
in almost
Bordeaux service
the than
Mixture.
in
"
Modern at
our
putting
science has done agricultural which disposalcertain liquids the

one
no
better
destroy
is the wineC
fungoid
diseases
Bordeaux
Mixture,
of crops. Of these which originated in
most
famous the
of
great
34
growing
growers, viticulturists.
districts of France, It
Tomato-cultivators,
water.
lime, and
by Potatowell as as fruit-growers generally, consists of sulphate of copper (" bluestone "), The followingare suitable proportions:
and
"
and
has
been
found
useful
For
Fruit
Trees.
For
Potatoes.
8 Ib. bluestone 8 Ib. lime

100
14 Ib. bluestone gj-Ib. lime

water
100
gallonsof
stone
gallonsof
water
Fresh of
a
white when
lime
procured one pound

closed with
wanted,
of each When water
important, and as it cannot always be to make stock solution a a good plan to a gallonof water, and ingredient keep it in
it is wanted for
to
use
is
vessel.
the
stock
solution
diluted
till brought
the
strength
advised
may above.
be In
preparing the stock solution, first dissolve the pound of bluestone in in a wooden half a gallonof water vessel, then place the fresh lumps of lime in half a gallon of water, and leave both for an hour. Stir them and of muslin the two together through a piece liquids, pour Air-slaked lime is not suitable for making to strain out any lumps. of fruit trees. Bordeaux When Mixture, as it scorches the foliage it first at the of Bordeaux Mixture, use sign an attack, applying very it in a dew-like will distribute state. employing a sprayer which well as the upper it should be applied to the under For Potatoes as One surface of the leaves. applicationat the end of June and of July suffice. at the middle another
Border. Borecole Boronia
"
See
or
Flower
"
Garden See
"
Herbaceous Garden.
borders.
Kale.
Kitchen
Ord. alter Signor Boroni. (boro-nia, Rutaceae). New hair-like and with shoots which need roots, wiry plants this they are suitable in watering to keep healthy. Given much care not only pretty, but fragrant. for culture in a greenhouse, and are it has brownish One sweet; megastigma, is deliciously species, flowers. Elatior, with rosy flowers, is also sweet. Heterophylla, with bright rose flowers, is the most showy but the least fragrant. in equal parts, with sand, suit. Peat and loam Propagation is by in soil under inserted of the shoots a bell-glass sandy cuttings young in August.
"
Holland
Bottle
Brush.
"
See
Callistemon.
Bougainvillea
" .
after (bougainvill-ea,
a
Nyctagineae) B. glabra is well adapted for trainingup

in profusely, of in and
a a
handsome the wall of
Bougainville. Ord. plant of vigorous growth,

a
M.
greenhouse.
It blooms
fact
it becomes
lilac-rose shade of loamy border in the and winter

a
with bracts, which are It is best planted out and of satiny texture. soil. After floweringit should be kept dry,
quite covered
the
wood,
fresh
a
shoots may young will appear. crop
be
pruned
be
Blooming
to the old back in autumn, the
Bougainvillea is cuttingsin sandy
useful plant. It may very soil under a bell-glass.
propagated by
Bouvardia of the One in winter.
35
"
be had in bloom may be and may in habit, bushy plants of loam in 6-in. in -in. a or compost successfully pots 5 grown They or leaf mould (i part),and sand. (3 parts), decayed manure
(bouvar-dia,after of evergreen prettiest

The
are
Dr.
Bouvard.
Ord.
Rubiaceae).
shrubs, and
and
dwarf
BOUVARDIA
TO i. YIELD
CUT
BACK
AFTER FOR
ING FLOWER-
CUT-BACK
BOUVARDIA,
SHOOTS
CUTTINGS.
Mature
4. Collar.
can
shoots. 2. 5. Roots.
Stem.
6.
Depth
3. Bud. to pot.
which has produced a number of shoots suitable for cuttings.
Propagation may be with half an effected by taking piecesof the root and covering them be struck shoots under inch of soil; or young in a bell-glass may in watering (seeWatering) and minimum a care spring. With temperature of 50", the plants will give their pretty sprays of white After floweringthey may be or pink, fragrant flowers in winter. and back cut dried off, then hard, syringed, when partially they
warm
in a frame be grown and brought into a
throughout
house
the summer, in winter.
or
even
stood
side, out-
Dividing old Box. will
A Shoot
of Box
and
depth
to
plant.
give plenty of young shoots suitable for cuttings. Pinch youngplants to make them bushy. Good varieties: PrioryBeauty, pink; Dazzler, scarlet; President Garfield, double pink; Alfred Neuner,,
double white.
Box, Buxus
Ord.
(bux-us,from pyknos, dense, in allusion to Euphorbiaceae). The speciesand varieties ol Box

"
the wood.
are
hardy
36
"evergreens,
some
of which
are
used
common
for the
sempervirens suffruticosa, bordering beds.

soil,but
to
the
Box
shrubbery border, while edging, is used for
It harbours
slugs, and
likewise
its old-world
plant
in
it in old
is in its appearance its It of drawbacks. spite
impoverishes the favour, and causes people looks particularly priate approand trained
trees.
Dutch to
gardens,
with
Yew
hedges
When
allowed rooted down
Young
soil cut
scraggy pieces should the
get
and be in
gappy
it is not, however,
a
pleasing.
of
planted against
straight edge
and
with
spade
River
spring or
be
autumn,
soil trodden
against them.
Brachycome
Brake Bramble Brassavola
Clippingshould (Swan
Pteris
done
"
annually
Annuals
in
"
June. Half-hardy.
Daisy).
See
Fern,
or
aquilina.
"
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).See

after Signor (brassavo-la, Brassavola. in
Fruit. Ord.
on
Orchidaor
ceae).
"
A if
genus
of Orchids,
warm
thrivingeither
Peat
will at and
baskets be
given a
but
house. The
used
for
compost.
plants
pots, Sphagnum requirea great

rest.
blocks,
moss
in
should of water
deal
growing, very purple, fringed lip,is the most crossed with Cattleyas,giving
which
while
little while
Digbyana, important species. It

new
the
genus
green and has been Brassocattleya, of
Baron, Cliftoni,Holfordi, and Langleyensis are good forms; in the genus and with Laelias, resulting Brassolaelia, of which some is of the best representatives There are Clio, Helen, and Veitchii. the tri-genus even Brassocattlaelia, with rare and expensive members such as Fôwleri, Lawrencei, and Wigani.
Brassia
most in in
a
after (brass-ia,
Mr.
Brass. for culture its
Ord.
the in
genus
of
Orchids,
of which
popular.
warm
It is suitable
and borne
terestin Orchidaceae). An inthe is speciesverrucosa a large, deep Orchid pan

"
house,
produces
on moss
Peat
spring. Being and Sphagnum

and
yellow,green, arching spikes they

make
a
and
are
brown very
flowers
graceful.
When but
in the
suitable
water
are
compost.
necessary,
growth
bloom
regular suppliesof
at rest.
plants need
"
little while
Brassica from Crucibresic, cabbage (Celtic).Ord. (brass-ica, for Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels ierae). This is the generic name Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Colewort, Kohl Rabi, Rape, Savoy, and Swede, Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Turnip. The Sprout, all sprung from Cabbage, Cauliflower, Colewort, and Savoy have which the wild Cabbage, Brassica wild on oleracea, parts of grows the
sea-shores of Great
Britain.
See
Kitchen
Garden.
" .
small
Ord. (bravo-a, after Sefior Bravo. Amaryllideae) A of which of the greenhouse bulbs, principalspecies is genus in July. It flowers geminiflora,which produces spikes of orange the be Bulbs. treatment. bulb See general given may Breastwood.
shoots
Bravoa
which
trees
as
Fruit-growers generally speak spring from the front of the main

"
of
the
summer
branches to indicate
of flatsmall should
trained
shoots
breastwood,
may be
but
some
use
the
term
as
generally,and
frontal shoots
speak
of
cut
front out.
shoots
shoots. fore-right
Such
Only
the
side shoots
,ined in, where Fruit. young
wood is wanted,
as
37
See
in
Peaches.
The common Brier, or Sweet, and Penzance. Brier, Common, stock for used is Rosa Roses, as a canina, being taken dog Rose, in and in budded summer the from autumn (see Roses). hedges is often used inner garden as an The Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa, it diffuses which of the delicious odour hedge, chieflyon account of the parents The Briers are hybrids,one after a shower. Penzance of which is the Sweetbrier. They are strong growers in good soil,
"
suitable followed
for
and pillars, scarlet by large

Anne
bear
abundance The
hips.
of large brilliant flowers,, followingare good varieties:
Amy
Rose
Robsart,
Bradwardine.
of Geierstein, Lucy Ashton, The Austrian Brier, Rosa
Meg
Merrilies, and lutea, is a pretty

Ord. also
plant with pale yellow flowers.

Briza,Quaking
"
Grass
from brizo,to (bri-za, and both

and
nod. latter
Gramineae).
known
aa
See
Annuals.
and
"
Maxima
minor annuals. Kitchen Mr.
(the
minima
are gracilis)
Broccoli. Brodiaea Bulbs.
See
Brassica
Garden. Ord.
(brodiae-a, after
Brodie.
Liliaceae). See
"
Ord. Bromeliaceae) after Bromel, a Swede. (brome-lia, Bracherbaceous Handsome requiring a hothouse. perennials, the teata Aechmea), with pink genus (now referred by b'otanists to red flowers in spring, flowers in September; and Pinguin (Binotii), with a third of decayed manure two of the best species. Loam, are The plants and is suitable. some sand, Propagation is by suckers. ought to be kept on the dry side in winter. Bromelia
.
" .
Broom.
"
Genista,
it is
a
and
commonly The Spartium.

name
applied to
Butcher's trees.
certain
speciesof Cytisus,
aculeatus;
very useful
,
Broom
is Ruscus Brooms
are
good plant to grow
under
The
for light, sandy soils. The earlyBroom owing to their adaptability C. albus; and the Spanib.i the Broom, Cytisuspraecox; Portuguese Still more some handshrubs. all Genista are Broom, good hispanica, Andreanus. and is the beautiful brown yellow Cytisusscoparius All these are worth plantingin beds or shrubberies. Brussels Buckbean
Sprout.
"
See Brassica
and
"
Kitchen
Garden. Flower Garden

"
See (Menyanthes trifoltata).
Water
plants.
Buckthorn, Rhamnus. Buckthorn, Sea, Hippophae rhamnoides.
Budding.
"
Both
are
fruit trees
the
Flower
A the and
Garden)
in
being inserted
(seeFruit) and Roses (seeBrier and of budding, the buds propagated by means stocks in summer, preferablyafter a shower.
such the
as
proper flat tip of the without

If
budding-knife,
handle
seedsmen
of the
sell,is desirable, as
bark
that
can
with
edges
to
be raised the
will buds turn
quickly
kept moist;
shrivel.
tearing. if they are

Roses
are
It is most allowed budded
desirable
get dry they
should be black and
early they
will often
make
strong
38
shoots
the same but even bloom; year, and till the following when stocks the spring,
to
generally they
may tied
be until
do
not to
have
grow united
shortened
Stumps,
which
the
young
growth
Mr.
so
may
be
they
thoroughly.
(buddlei-a,after
Buddie. Ord.
Buddleia Beautiful
Loganiaceae).
"
planting capitata)bears
when
cases shrubs, in some in outdoors sheltered
nearly hardy as places. B. globosa (also called
to be
suitable
for
its inflorescence in an ball in spring,and orange well flowered is an interesting and beautiful object. B. variabilis and its variety Veitchiana bear of rosy long,Lilac-like bunches flowers in July and lavender All be these may August. planted outdoors. may be
"
ft. high. They soil they may 20 15 or grow under in a by cuttings propagated handlight September. A
In
rich
Buds.
case
study
of buds
as
is
and interesting, to know and
it is
the
important
blossom
in the
of fruit trees,
it is necessary
difference
between
leaf which
buds, which
are
are
thick
and
generallythin globular.
"
conical, and
buds,
Flower
Bugle
Garden
"
(Ajuga reptans).
Rockery.
"
useful
rockery plant.
See
Bugloss.
Bulb. of which
as
"
See bulb
Anchusa. is
an
underground
The Onion
bud
and
with
the
die
annually.
Some
fleshyscales,the roots Tulip may be instanced

on
typicalbulbs.
of the flowers. Bulbocodium
plants form
bulbs
the
stems
or
at
the
base
See Bulbs.
wool,
Bulbs.
in
allusion
kodion, bolbos, a bulb, and (bulboco-dium, from to the woolly covering. Ord. Liliaceae). See
"
popular on account garden greenhouse culture, bulbs their adaptability for culture in bowls
"
Bulbs.
Always
of their
have has
usefulness
in
both
for
and
favour since grown been proved. They are Those who

or
valuable any
for every
class of flower the
lover.
may
the
or
not
feel
specialpredilectionfor
glowing Tulip
brilliant the ment refine-
Hyacinth
spring,when the of welcome blossoms after are long, doubly dreary months gay command of The at bulbs the are one. winter, majority of every know bulb lovers only of such popular kinds as Hyacinths, Tulips,
Daffodils, Crocuses, and
bulbous
methods Bulbs
to the charm succumb of the Daffodil may of the Iris. Cheap, easilygrown, floweringin
flowers
a
besides few
Irises,but these, and

about Bulbs
there
a
are many list of them
other shall and
beautiful be
given.
best
First, however,
words
the
kinds principal
the
of culture.
for
the
garden.
"
are
extremely
useful
summer
for
garden
flowers
summer
be planted when decoration, because they can the ground is cleared of are over. Thus, when bedders
the the
various
set of
are
(seeFlower
to
Garden It is true
"
Bedding-out) another
that when the bulbs for several those in
ready
covered
go
the
in.
plants is planted and

an
ground
may
is left bare
weeks,
who
but
soil is not
eyesore bare ground
if it is cultivated.
Moreover,
the bulbs among
plant
plant clumps
of Wallflowers
strongly object to widely separated groups and them ; or they may plant dwarf
1 Arabis, Aubrietia, and things hings like that
summer
39
same
Forget-me-not
beds should
the
at
the
time
the
the
bulbs
are are
put
in.
The
be well well
dug
with from
when
plants
and
cleared
Before verges,
of bulbs
the finishing, these
away, soil should
and
soil crumbled up shears.
the fork. the grass
be
thrown the
neatly trimmed
than
12.
look
better
3 each to
may
stand
a
vary
from
Separate groups The number concentric lines. per clump The bulbs each composing clump may
there
with
9 ins. from
other, and
A
should It is
be
clear
to
space
of
a sprinkle good plan groups. of decayed manure, light dressing mented suppleof half a pound per with basic slag at the rate square covered be yard, will suffice for enrichingthe soil. Crocuses may with inch of soil; Hyacinths, Tulips, and the small-bulbed an It should Narcissi with with be 2 ins.; large Daffodils 3 ins. somewhat in grouping that the remembered large Narcissi are the Hyacinths and taller than of the early Tulips,but that most later than not in are flowering May-blooming Tulips only any of the The order of blooming is: preceding, but are also taller. (i) Crocuses; (2) Hyacinths; (3) Dutch Tulips; (4) May Tulips. There is not much difference between (2) and (3). The drawback to planting bulbs in borders Garden Herbaceous (see Flower is the that the of for out are borders) plants sight greater part of the year, and careless workmen them in other plant things over them in or are: autumn, injure digging. The remedies (i)labels, be renewed which must and then; (2)careful digging. When now bulbs in autumn unearthed it is found that they are are rooting and have when commenced freely top growth; replanted at once they sustain no injury. Bulbs in grass. It is common to plant bulbs in turf nowadays. Daffodils are particularly and suitable, and Crocuses Snowdrops are also good. Hyacinths and Tulips should be kept for open soil. The bulbs may be planted in autumn, either by taking up piecesof turf here and there, stirring the soil,adding a little sand and basic an slag,and replacingthe turf; or by using a special bulb-planter, the turf. All the Narcissi look implement which obviates lifting nice in grass, and the Poet's must ing. not be forgottenfor late bloomIt is not advisable to plant in tennis lawns, or in grass close to the house, as cuttinghas to be deferred, for the sake of the bulbs, some
foot
between
the
various
sand
in the
holes.
"
"
tillthe
middle
or
end
of
June;
may
and be
by that time the grass has grown

in planted freely
the
long
and
and wild
tangled.
garden.
"
Bulbs
woodland
Bulbs in pots. Every greenhouse-owner learns the value of bulbs in winter and spring. They give him charming material for his stages. Despite a little stiffness,Hyacinths are pre-eminent; but beautiful All love too. a Tulips and Daffodils are gritty,
loamy soil;
mould,
not and sodden the
and
splendid compost
The for
or
part sand, all well

best
mixed
is 3 parts loam, and in used
i a
part leaf
moist but
state.
6-in.,
latter
former
3 the the
for
Tulips
October, and hard, round
soil
flower-pot are 5 -in. and i Hyacinth or Polyanthus Narcissus, the Daffodils. The in be done potting may should be pressed firmly,though not quite
may
be left
sizes
of
bulbs, the tipsof which
protruding.
40
inches
for check 6
pots
on a
By standing the
of cocoa-nut
or
fibre refuse, the
8 weeks. They top-growth till root not out extend the
covering with a few can safely disposed of will not want watering. The fibre will action has developed, which is desirable.
and
bed
of cinders
bulbs
be
The
When to
tipsshould
more
than be
brought plants can is wanted. Strong gentleheat, according as late or early bloom With is not desirable. twice heat water, staking,liquidmanure a will when the be buds week show, and a light,airy place, plants be successful. Tulips and Daffodils may planted out after they if desired, but of bloom have out Hyacinths are not worth gone keeping. modern of growing bulbs in bowls of fibre. This Bulbs method from the has much to recommend it,especially point of view of the light, and gives results room-gardener. It is clean, interesting, dark those from to Wide-mouthed, bowls, pots. equal green China to to suitable. a e ach, are size, according shilling costing threepence
"
fibre,however. kept quite cool, or subjected

an
inch
in the
Peat-moss
fibre, mixed
used. about
in It should in the
with
be
fine shell and
material turned
threes
thoroughly
process.
look the
little charcoal, is the moistened while it is being

a
mixing
bowls,
The
6-in.-wide
also.
may the
be used
tips of
be in
Tulips and Daffodils, used in Liliums Hyacinths and bulbs may from protrude slightly
well.
As
soon as
fibre, which
should be
made
a
firm.
the
bowls
are
filled
near a
they
to
should remain and
stood
dark, cool place.

The
6
or
dry cupboard
never
fire is not
allowed may be
good ; a cellar is better. quite dry for long. In

into
the
fibre must
8 be weeks needed
be
the
bowls for
the
brought
the
"
light.
culture
Stakes
will
Hyacinths
Bulbs in
largerDaffodils.
Water is not
water.
practisedmuch
now
that
good, but Hyacinths may be grown in glassesif loves her few glasses on The to have desired. a cottage widow find interest sisters also her and better-placed great window-ledge, All bulb dealers and most and pleasure in this system of culture. which only need filling supply suitable glasses, crockery makers with clean water containing 2 or 3 pieces of charcoal to be ready
fibre has
proved
so
for the
in
bulbs.
the
Even,
firm-based A
the few
bulbs
weeks
can
should
in the have
be
chosen,
Wire
and
set
water. just above and then moving freely, needed in when boxes the Bulbs
dark
will set the
roots
plants
"
light.
supports
will be
plants bloom.
dealing with bulbs in for transplanting. When with shallow boxes fill two it is a good plan to or one autumn Tulips for bowls and Daffodils, as it often happens that placescan be found
of bulbs
can
in
spring which
is
are
not
vacant
in
autumn. when
The
are
plants
in
be
shifted
moss
successfullyfrom
and
the
boxes them
they
look
bud,
""
fresh, neat, over they packed round into bloom. they come pretty when in bowls Bulbs also be grown in bowls Bulbs of water. may then and clean filled with filled bright, pebbles up with partially in this nice done look The water. Polyanthus Narcissi way. very Joss Lily/' so popular a few years ago, belongs to this class.
and
if
natural,
and
"
Bulbs
in window-boxes. when
"
All the the

summer
for
window-boxes
popular kinds come occupants are
in very cleared
useful
away.
The will hints
on
41
height, season
of bloom,
and
distance selections
already given
of
the most
guide in
Selections
planting. of bulbs.
" "
The
"
following are
important
Achimenes.
start
kinds
A
of bulbs:
genus the at the root, to which
of Gesneraceous
plants,forming
in autumn,
tubercleswhich
plantsdie back
and
from
they
the
able suitagain the followingspring. They are particularly that in soil is in bulb will thrive and baskets, kept hanging started be intoThe tubercles of basket may by a lining moss.
for in pans
or
in winter, and frame house in a warm or boxes when the baskets they are 3 ins. potted or put 3 ins. apart round and moist like The a atmosphere plenty of water plants high. be in full bloom When while in growth. hung in a cool they may
growth
house.
Ambroise
good varieties, Admiration, violet-magenta;. yellow; Dazzle, vermilion; be Rose named. and (Seealso page 3.) Queen, rose, may Ads. (see Leucojum). TheClosely allied to the Snowflakes is white, autumnale, rose, growing about tinged principalspecies It does best in sandy peat ort 6 ins. high and blooming in summer.
Among
many
Verschaffelt, white, netted
"
the
rockery.
Winter with
and white
Aconite,
Plant
6 ins.
"
(Eranthis hyemalis).
"
A the
pretty, low,
winterflowers.
blooming plant
Allium. The
a an
apart
green inch
frill round
pale yellow
deep.
Moly, Neapolitanum is the best known; and are white, rose; drooping, triquetrum, yellow; Ostrowskyanum, also good. thick about These Alstroemerias. a yard high and make grow clumps, bearing flowers streaked and spotted with orange, red, and: good species. yellow. Aurantiaca, Chilensis, and Pelegrina are
"
There
is
white
"
variety of
The leaves
are
the
last.
Plant houses
foot
apart.
which
now
Amaryllis.
in advance
beautiful
in
hybrids large-flowered
warm
bloom called
6 to-
of their
in winter
are
Hippeastrums.
They
handsome form and be
having pot plants,

coloured. brilliantly
flowers The
of handsome 9 ins. across, in and rest to summer, go
bulbs
in batches in autumn re-started may of bloom. Grow in 5 -in. in order to get a succession and winter in is Belladonna sheltered and 6-in. pots. Amaryllis a lovely be lifted and place out of doors in September. The plants may
potted
This
the in
when
they
show is
bud. called
The
the
leaves size.
come
after
beautiful
plant
Belladonna
the flowers. are Lily. There
several
in tint and forms, differing
Jacobean Lily, a plant which May and is well adapted for the
otherwise Vallota
is Amaryllis formosissima produces bright crimson flowers unheated greenhouse. Amaryllis is the
and
purpurea,
Lily,a
little water
fine
plant
purpurea, for a cool

in winter
brilliant scarlet
or room
borough Scar-
greenhouse
window.
spring,but a good deal in Very often summer. Sternbergia)lutea is a beautiful Amaryllis (more with little Crocus-like bulb bright yellow flowers in early autumn,
is needed
borne be in advance in is
as
planted
late
sarniensis
treatment
the the
for the garden; it should Amaryllis (more correctlyNerine) lovely Guernsey Lily, which requires the same of the
leaves, suitable
summer.
Belladonna,
We
see
that
the
Amaryllises are
42
as
valuable good for both greenhouse and garden, but they are chiefly flowers in the beautiful greenhouse. yielding Anemones Crocuses, together with (Windflowers) These, Winter and Irises, Ranunculuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli, many Aconites not are are bulbs, botanically speaking, but generally
" .
Anemones them. "classed with useful of garden plants, and
are one
among
or
the
can
most
kind
other
be had
brilliant and in bloom
all the
round The by using cool frames part of the year. year Annulata, singlescarlet; King of fulgens class is very beautiful. Scarlets, double scarlet; Rose de Nice, double pink; and Snowball, The tubers may be planted double white, are gems in this section.
in late summer,
autumn,
and
winter.
The
most
St.
Brigid and
which bear
Alder-
borough
are
large strains
and
of
Poppy
Anemone,
single,
varied and in Seeds be roots planted 9 ins. apart colours. sown or spring, may The in spring or autumn. A. japonica, is a Japanese Anemone, with This flowers late summer on plant, large long stems. grand
semi-double,
double
flowers
of the
brilliant
Jobert, white; Charlotte, pink, semi-double; Silver and double Whirlwind, white, are popular varieties. Of the smaller of Anemone, species Apennina, blue; Robinsoniana, blanda, deep blue, a dwarf winter bloomer ; nemorosa and blue form of the Wood a Pulsatilla,silky purple,are Anemone;
may be grown herbaceous border. Honorine
in the
Lady
Ardilaun, white; white; Vase, double
Queen
perhaps growing
It should
the
best.
"
These The ins.
Anomatheca.
6 to
9
a
good for the rockery. is cruenta, a pretty plant popular species in summer. flowers high, and bearing crimson
are
all
most
have
are
warm
Babianas Brodiaea. with The with bulb
spot on the rockery, and be grown in a frame. pretty Cape bulbs suitable for culture like Ixias
is
a
(seepage 48).
"
This
very
charming
not known
genus,
to the
and
great favourite
amateurs.
lovers, although
are
majority of
good greenhouses. Coccinea, plants enviolet; ixioides spl drooping crimson flowers; grandiflora, dens, yellow; and laxa, purple,are all good. There is only one Bulbocodium. important plant in this small is Crocus-like B. it little and the pretty purple-flowered, genus, which flowers in winter or early spring. It likes a sandy, vernum,
for
rockeries
and
cool
"
loamy soil,and
border. versicolor.
sunny Propagation is
spot on the rockery or at the front of the by offsets. There is a variety of it called
" .
as
(MariposaLily) A lovelygenus, with flowfers as large marked. grittysoil beautifully They thrive in light, in sheltered, sunny and be in pots. They should places, may grown be planted 9 ins. apart and Albus, white; 3 ins. deep in autumn. luteus, yellow; pulchellus, yellow; splendens, lilac; and venustus, white, are the best species. in May, border Useful for the herbaceous Camassia esculenta. Plant 2 ins. deep bearing handsome spikesof blue, starry flowers.
Calochortus
Tulips and
"
and
ins.
apart in
autumn.
"
An of the Snow). exquisitelittle blue and in with the It is good winter white bulb, flowering Snowdrops. for the rockery, or for plantingin colonies at the front of the border.
Chionodoxa
(Glory
Insert Gentian
an
43
is
a
inch
deep
and
3 ins.
from
apart
the
"
in autumn.
Sardensis
blue,
the
quite distinct
one
typicalLuciliae.
Not
a
Christmas
but
none
Rose less best foot
(Helleborus niger).
of the time
take to
care
true
bulbous
handled
plant,
by
bulb
who
most
beautiful it is
order the to
of those
dealers.
know and to
The
plant
September,
it with
and
those
their
business
their
has
plant a
apart
before
summer
earliest bulbs, It thrives gone. is

a
in most and be of
so
and soils,
enjoys shade.
Madame
Fourcade
fine
flowers. both have is maximus; white covered with handlightsthere ought to be
If the
no
doubt
variety, clumps can of a supply
stainless
the
flowers
at Christmas. to which
The be
Lenten
Rose with and There for
(Helleborus orientalis) may

Christmas The flowers many
considered
it forms
a
Rose,
are
succession.
the
are
foliageis brighterin larger and

"
colour,
varied.
more
varieties.
A
Clivia
(Imantophyllum).
and
room
great
favourite
House
greenhouse gardeners esteem

because it has
decoration. Clivia
the
highly, not
habit and thrive best affected bloom
handsome The
only bright
ficial artithe
.
flowers, but
stock bulb become
because
it is not and
by
in
illuminants.
plants
compost,
when
pot-bound, so that they should I Drainage. 2 Soil, not be repotted frequently. When they are should be given, with growing freely large quantities of water its varieties Miniata be twice and week. a liquid manure may chosen. Propagation is by offsets. Colchicum (Meadow Saffron). Pretty autumn-flowering bulbs. Autumnale is the best known, but speciosum is a finer plant. They thrive in cool placesand make pretty clumps. most Crocus. One of our popular cheap early bulbs, good for beds, borders, margins, and grass, but not effective in pots. The birds by be protected from golden yellow is the best, but must the otherwise effect be black threads above it, spoiled. stringing may fine varieties; two are King of the Blues and King of the Whites Set 6 ins. apart when lines is a good dark. Purpurea grandiflora worth the of formed. are planting on the speciesare being Many and zonatus. Sieberi, iridiflorus, rockery, notably vernus, A Crown Imperial (Fritillaria imperialis). very handsome plant, the of totallydifferent habit, allied with but common Fritillary, growing 2 to 3 ft. high, and bearing a cluster of large,drooping be got, also a duplex variety flowers. A red and a yellow may called These are splendid plants for the Crown-upon-Crown.
they
" " "
border,
varieties
in
and
"
should
The
be
set
18
ins. apart.
are
Cyclamen.
of
hardy
Cyclamens
we are see
much in
smaller
than
the
persicum
which
to
decoration, but they be difficult fact, it would

more
just
find
as
grown beautiful
pots
in
for their
of
or
house greenway;
flowers
charming
established
than
politanum
in
anything in the way a colony of coum, europaeum, shady spot. To get the best
hardy
Neaa
result
44
dozen
or more
corms
should
be
set 6 ins. loam
apart
;
and
3 ins.
deep
in
clump.
They like peaty soil, or
thoroughly impregnated
leaf mould lime
with
rubbish
is also
good
*"
for
these
plants.The
are
dainty little greenhouse varieties

be
very beautiful, and may raised from seed in late summer,
put singlyinto made they have

and the
How
i. 2 TO PLANT
small
pots
or
when
3
to
leaves,
or
transferred
5 -in.
6-in. ing Dur-
DAFFODILS.
following
hot
summer
summer.
weather t j frame The

~,
they
Qr air
'3.
Baseof large bulb 5.ins from the surface Top ol larae bulb at ins. from the surface. Smaller bulb with top 1 1 in. from the surface.
hld
be be
cool,
should flowers
shady
house.
kept
show
humid should
will and
syringing picked
when out the
frequently.
until
into
by Any
be
which
mid-autumn,
come main re-
plants
gradually
in
flower
in
a beauty greenhouse for several
warm
weeks.
Most
growers
and
raise
fresh
stock
the old thus
; but
every
year, plants after

them treating others
discard
blooming,
as
biennials old
plants after Cyclamens flowering. grow slowly in the seedling stage, because they have to form the keep
the
corm.
Daffodil
most
as we
(Narcissus). The popular of all bulbs, and,

"
have
NARCISSUS
BULBOCODIUM.
seen,
good
alike
for
beds, borders, rockeries, grass,

bowls. The
woodland,
pots, and
followingare
Van
good varieties:
Giant Narcissi.
"
Early Trumpet
* *
Daffodils.
Waveren's Chalice
Victoria
Black C.
Golden
Spur
Henry Irving
Varieties.
well
Backhouse
*Obvallaris
Later Cernuus
* *
J. *Cynosure
Frank
Trumpet
Miles Mundi
Gloria
Emperor Empress Glory of Leyden King

Madame Mrs. Alfred de
Homespun Lady M. Boscawen *Stella superba

*Sir Watkin
Poeticus
*Horsefieldi Graaff T. Ware
Varieties.
Almira
Ben
Walter
Jonson
*Orna Tnatus *Pheasant's *Plenus
45
(early)
Eye
Sections. section
I
*Double and
(double)
Various
incomparabilis (Butter Eggs) *Orange Phoenix (Eggs and

--
*Poeticus
plenus
Phoenix
*Barri
conspicurs,Barri
*Sulphur
*Telamonius
section Firebrand, Burb clgei John Bain, Lee Isiisection Seagull Duchess of Westminster, Leedsii section
plenus
Narcissi.
Polyanthus
Bathurst *Double
Roman
Elvira, Poetaz
For *Tohnstoni.
Minimus
section Rockeries.
*Grand
Monarque
White
Pearl
*Paper
White
Queen
of Spain
Triandrus Double Cernuus

A
Jonqmls. *Campernelle
*Double
Daffodils. plenus
varieties The
"
rugulosus *SingleSweet
here
are
Odorus
few
choice
are
intermingled with
marked *.
the
popular,
inexpensivesorts.
Dicentra
latter
is the well(Dielytra). The popular speciesspectabilis known Bleeding Heart, which has drooping,lyre-shaped, coral-pink It succeeds in sheltered flowers on long pendulous stems. places if roots It is much used out of doors for are planted in autumn. and if in soil well bulb in Autumn, answers greenhouse work, potted greenhouse, light, kept cool through the winter, and given a warm and formosa of water in spring. Eximia two are air, and abundance of Dicentra which in be herbaceous borders. good species grown may Tooth with Erythronium (Dog's Violet). Charming bulbs, quaint
"
flowers, well adapted for cool, shaxlyspots in the rock
garden,
Violet with about
where varies
they
in
will flower there
in
spring.
are rose
The and
common
Dog's
forms
all be
Tooth it.
colour;
are
white and
of
Americanum,
orange 6 ins.
yellow spotted
patches, deep and
Freesia.
9
"
with
brown;
giganteum,
may
cream
good species. They ins. apart in autumn.

most
planted
a
blooming
of the One and in winter
fragrantof bulbs and spring. By putting several
real gem bulbs

an
for inch
in a frame apart in 5 -in. pots in bulb soil in autumn, placing them and (not plunged in fibre), bringingthem into heat in batches, it is of bloom. The plantsare nearly hardy, easy to get a long succession for and be used unheated an greenhouse. They like a light, may
and plenty of water the buds have formed. once After airyposition, floweringthey should be dried off by degrees, and finally spread on to ripen. Refracta ings, a shelf in the sun alba, white with yellow markis the original kind. Leichtlini major has primrose flowers, and is a very Hybrids are being developed, and strong grower. be looked should out for by bulb lovers; Chapmanii, yellow, is one.
Fritillaria Fritillaria There is
(Snake's Head Meleagris have
Lily).
"
The
subdued
and
chequered lilac flowers composed appearance.

them,
but
of
nothing
brilliant and
assertive
about
they
are
46
quaint
and foot about a in grass, and the
border.
pleasing. They droop from the ground. The
it may be grown on Well-drained sandy
on
their
stems
at
height
very front
of of
Snake's
Head
or
looks
near
well
the
the
rockery,
White is
a
the
soil should
be
provided, and
and
be put 4 ins. deep in autumn. bulbs may of Meleagris are procurable,and there
aurea.
pink varieties yellow speciesnamed

handles in shady this
(PlantainLily). The bulb dealer broad-leaved, Lily-like plant, which thrives

Funkia
"
pretty,
-
looks leaved may

data
well
be
near
the
front
varieties look
of the herbaceous border. The and rooms. well in pots in conservatories
places,and variegated
They
subcorfor the
put
in the
bulb
compost
in autumn.
Fortunei
and
grandifloraare two of the best variegatais a pretty stripedsort. garden. Undulata

Gladiolus.
and
one
"
plain-leavedforms
The
most
beautiful
of all the should

be
as
pseudo-bulbous plants,
devoted. it does colours
to which
attention special
Combining,
beautiful
and
a
form,
liant bril-
graceful habit,
with of it
and
blooming
between autumn
which the
period brings
it
summer
flowers,
not
is
almost
are
indispensable.
difficult
soil and
Gladioli
plants to
'
is
well
grow drained
if the
free
from
do
not
but they wireworm, like stiff, damp)

on
soil,and
INCREASING
i.
GLADIOLI.
4. Small
corm. corms.
New
corm.
3. 5. Old
Spawn. decayed
newly broken pasture-land they suffer severely from ground Well-drained pests. loamy
soil suits
them
best.
It
should under left

has
be
the
broken
and
or
top-spit.
bone
up deeply If this is done with

at soot
and
of decayed manure coat in winter, the surface may

wood ashes
to
put
be
rough
been
dressed This
or
which
phosphate super-
flour
the
be
rate
of
well
"
added.
should
dug
planted a foot apart and 3 ins. deep before will need into they come staking early-blooming varieties, like Blushing
be
lb. per square in. The corms in April. The The
yard
may
plants
bloom. Bride
smaller,
(delicatissima),
be may bulbs.
cardinalis, and
the bulb flower
names
Colvillei alba,
in autumn
are
gcoi
for
to
pots, and
like other
put
in
compost does not care gardener who buy mixed hybrids of may
He
and
treated
The
under and
Gladioli specialise
scarlet
Gandavensis,
fine
Childsii,
Lemoinei. which the
should
also
get
the
is brilliant in colour, lasts long in beauty, and he wants collection of named varieties he a however,
Brenchleyensis, is cheap. If, might procure

throat
following:
"
Angele, tinted white Arrnagnac, crimson

Black
Prince, violet
Canicule, scarlet,lemon Halle, blush Hercules, scarlet
Marie
throat
47
Therese,
white,
lemon
Safrano, yellow
Sanspareil,salmon-pink, white
throat
Pearl, white Pius X., pink, white, and

These
are
lemon
Van
Dael, pink
quality. It is well to take the corms up\. in a dry, frostproof early winter, and store them place till spring. Gladiolus lovers should look out for thethe inner hybrids of primulinus and Gandavensis, a modern race, whose of flowers make them look like? to over so as droops segment the Orchid Anguloa. The colours are shades of yellow. Guernsey Lily. See Amaryllis and Nerine.
all of the
finest
with
their
labels, in
"
Helleborus. Hemerocallis
"
See
Christmas
"
and This
(Day Lily). fugacity by blooming abundantly, and well adapted for sunny positionsin
planted
a
Lenten Roses. short-lived flower
the
the
plant
makes up for itSr is a gracefulone, If border. effectivean
herbaceous
foot
apart
in
clumps
in autumn
it makes
and goes on flowering Aurana long time. displayin earlysummer, tiaca major is a fine orange-colouredvariety. Flava is a lemoncoloured of which, species. Fulva is a largeorange-coloured species there is a variegated -leaved variety; both grow 2^-to 3 ft. high and:
need Kwanso is a double with bronzythan the others. more room of flowers ; there is a variegated-leaved this also. The Dayvariety Lilies may in division be increased by spring.
Hyacinth.
"
Perhaps
"
the
most
popular
with,
La and
of
all
pot
bulbs.
to
The*
culture has already been selection of varieties Varieties White and
dealt
it
only
remains
give a.
for Forcing. Roman (pot in August successionally)
Grandesse
L' Innocence
Single Blush.
Grandeur La
a
Italian, various colours Dutch Miniature, various colours
Merveille
Franchise
SinglePink.
Cardinal Gertrude Wiseman Grand
SingleBlue.
Maitre, medium
of the Blues, dark of the Blues, light
Gigantea Jacques
L'Ornement Rose
King
Queen
Schotel, light
SingleRed. Amy
Robert Roi des
Single Yellow. City of Haarlem King of the Yellows

Doubles. La Tour
Steiger Beiges Single White. van Tuyll

necessary
to
d'Auvergne, white
Koster, blue
Baroness It is not dealers
Laurens
buy
first-size named
Hyacinths
for
bedding;,
cool,,
supply Grape Hyacinths (Muscari) are beautiful shady parts of the rock garden. Botryoides,blue; and conicum, Heavenly Blue, are all charming. The planted an inch deep and 3 ins. apart in autumn.
as
bulbs special-size
in distinct
colours. little plants for
b. alba, white; bulbs may be*
48
Musk
with may
Hyacinth (Muscari moschatus), iflowers, is an interesting plant which

Muscaris. The
mauve
yellow, musk-scented
be treated
like
the
Hyacinth (Muscari plumosus), the blue Hyacinth (Muscari racemosus) and the Amethyst Hyacinth also be grown. (Muscari amethystinus) may of all the This is the noblest Hyacinthus (Galtonia) candicans. which rises to a height of 4 ft., Hyacinths, bearing a flower-spike A of cluster and a large,expanded, pendent, bell-shapedflowers. ft. and in or a bed, planted 3 a border, interspersed apart :group of it with the Brenchleyensis, looks very fine. cheap scarlet Gladiolus
Feather
Starch
"
.Both
plants will
"
thrive
in
any
well-drained
soil, and
will
probably
*be at their best in Iris. See Iris.

Ixia.
"
August.
artificial-looking, bulbs, well adapted Pretty, if somewhat where in pots, but also thriving in sunny spots outdoors for cool useful well drained. a "the soil is light and are They greenbe put in a 5~mThree house, succeeding the spring bulbs. may generally. The leaves pot and given the bulb soil and treatment borne of and the flowers those are and like Gladioli, slender, .are long varieties "in Gladiolus-like : spikes. The following are pretty
for culture
.
"
Azurea, Brutus,
blue
yellow Bucephalus, carmine

Crateroides, scarlet
Lachenalia.
"
Lady Slade, pink Queen of Roses, rose

Snowflake,
white
Viridiflora,green
suited bulbs sides for could
of
are a
Pretty, graceful,free-blooming bulbs,

still more
for
"pot culture, "be put in a

wire basket
and
hanging
2
baskets.
Five
6-in.
lined
pot,
with
or
several and
ins. filled
apart
with
kinds
round bulb in
the
moss
soil.
They
"charming
for cool
greenhouses,flowering late
popular
green,
and and
spring. The most are pendula, red, purple; Nelsoni, yellow;

and
red. A
tricolor,yellow, green,
"
Lilium.
large
and
us
genus,
giving
portant imvery beautiful
plants for conservatory, greenhouse, and garden; and exquisiteflowers

for wreaths and
table Liliums
in
and
are
church true
decoration.
The thrive
in
bulbs,
and
the
bulb
The
soil
already they
roots
recommended.
culture of at
only
as
real difference have

above
a
is that
the
habit
producing
lower
to
the
bulb,
OFFSETS
i.
ON
LILIUMS.
2.
Fibrous
roots.
Offsets.
part in low place the bulbs rather and of give a top-dressing Pots"
when the stem roots
of
the
stem,
it is desirable
the soil
in
appear.
also do for
Otherwell
"wise bowls
they may or pots
be
treated
like be
Hyacinths.
shell. sheltered
They
When
of
peat-moss
should
fibre and
used The
garden
tdecoration
Liliums
given
places.
soil should
be
The
49
own
well
best
drained,
and sand.
if stiff, lightened with
road twice
scrapings,leaf
their
mould,
peat, and
varieties
for
They may pot culture
be
are
covered
depth.
with The Wittei the
Kraetspeciosum (lancifolium)
zeri, white; speciosum roseum and red; longiflorum, white;

most
and
rubrum,
are
white
the
spotted
longiflorum Harrisii, white.

auratum,
and rubro-vittatum, virginale,
or
popular
the
kinds
white
for the
Garden
garden
Golden-rayed
:
and Japanese Lily,
its varieties
candidum,
Madonna
Lily,
cap;
and
its double
the scarlet variety; Chalcedonicum, Orange Lily; Martagon, purple, and the 6 bulbs to
Turk's
its white
croceum,
variety; tigrinum,
Tiger Lily,and planted a

bought
Other
a
its varieties foot
be
towards
Fortunei and splendens. From 3 to in look well. Candidum ought apart groups the end of summer, in autumn the others or
spring.
good
Liliums
the
flowers, likes
cool, moist
scarlet; pyrenaicum,
giganteum, very tall, pure white place; Henryi, orange; pomponium, yellow Turk's cap; and sulphureum, pale
are
"
yellow. Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis).

old
It
This
scented deliciously in.

It is of the
favourite
be
should
forced
be and
or
grown
treated
both
outdoors
and
easiest may
cultivation,
inexpensive.
as a
simple greenhouse plant

success.
with
equal
Those
in whatever.
a
who
are
satisfied with artificial

to
crowns
flowers
heat half with in
April need
It
"
give no
suffices
put
"
dozen
flowering
in
a
the autumn
tips exposed
in the
bulb
5 -in.
pot
soil, plunge
them
them
in fibre like in the
Hyacinths, and put greenhouse a few weeks
They will remain with little or no sign of growth until the warm of and weather then spring comes,
later.
will
come
into
the flowers. in
bloom
rapidly.
will
What
is more, the on
leaves
follow the
the
quickly
are
When heat
crowns
forced
come
bottom advance
flowers
in
of
the
leaves.
"
By
is,
"
OFFSET
OF
LILY
OF
THE
VALLEY.
getting
crowns a
retarded
crowns
that
kept
can
dormant
month
from
be
by starting
cold the
over
storage forcing,
a
flowers and
within be had may the successions with The

crowns
supply
put
in should
maintained
long period.
may
be
moist fibre refuse cocoa-nut or damp moss well up, then be kept in the dark until the spikesare put in with To succeed flowers show. the the and when light potted choose it is in the to Lilies of the Valley a moist, garden necessary will improve the shady place. A dressingof peat and leaf mould not It is well to buy special soil. clumps for planting in autumn, is a fine variety. Berlin to rely on forced crowns. Fortin's Giant crowns are good for forcing.
and for forcing,
Montbretia.
and
"
which
does
well
quasi-bulbous plant which if bought and planted in
bulb
autumn.
dealers The
handle,
Mont-
50
bretias while
are
they
very useful, for they will thrive in almost like a cool, rather shady place, with
will
any soil,and abundance of
moisture, they
in most places. They form thick masses grow Iris-like leaves, from the midst of which of long,narrow, the flowerbe division in rise. stems propagated by They may spring. Most
of the in
yellow or large quantitiesover

sorts
are
orange
a
in
colour,
and
the flowers
are
borne
Germania,
Prometheus,
Narcissus.
Nerine.
"
scarlet; Golden
orange,
"
long period. George Davison, yellow; Sheaf, yellow; Pluie d'or, apricot; and
varieties.
are
good
See
Daffodil.
beautiful
houses
or
for cool districts. late but

the
summer.
of genus for warm,
half-hardy
sheltered
and
tender borne
in
able bulbs, suitin mild in
places indoors
are
The
flowers brilliant,glistening rather

are
umbels
they
the
are
ance, Increasingslowly, and being impatient of disturbthan the of more bulbs, expensive majority
not
(Amaryllis) sarniensis, of the most of the genus, and beautiful Guernsey Lily, is one in it in late summer, the plants being there is a large trade done the are bought with Roman Hyacinths when flower-spikes rising their the bulbs. from They make growth after blooming, and until they show should be watered signs of going to rest in spring, the dried should be off for The bulb soil suits when summer. they in the same them. It is best to leave them pot until they get very
rates
exorbitant.
Nerine
The is bad. frequent shifting followingare beautiful corusca Bowdeni, pink; major, scarlet; Fothergilli major, crimson; and Salmon Queen, salmon. Star of through the pretty white Ornithogalum. Best known the O. flower often a on Bethlehem," umbellatum, fragrant grown the front of the border, hardy, and thriving in rockery or near ordinary soil if the bulbs are planted an inch deep and 6 ins. apart ; the other it likes a shady spot. Arabicum, on a warm, hand, prefers the white flowers spot; it is a beautiful and fragrantspecies, sunny in pots for be grown It may having a central boss of shiningblack. it is it is sweet and both and worth as a pretty spring flowering, and white with the in yellow anthers; greenhouse. Lacteum, place nutans, grey, are also popular. A beautiful white Pancratium. greenhouse bulb, with long in It the thrives usual bulb be grown soil, and may singly sepals.
crowded,
Nerines:
as
"
"
"
in
5 -in. scented.
best-known
or
6-in. Calathina
pots.
and
Most
of
the
Pancratiums
are
are
agreeably
the
fragrans,white, sweet,
is also
in
a
species.
be grown
"
Maritimum of
doors
last
may
out
sandy,
has
grown well-drained
lost
perhaps good deal.
The
a
soil in
sunny Ranunculus.
place.
This florists' flower and
some
of its old-time the

but
case.
favour,
and
is
rarely bedded
are
flowers are The Turban and

a
symmetrical
class
as was once by coloured, brilliantly
florists
The stiff.
rather
2
early bloomers,
claws
and
may
be
planted
ins.
deep
foot all like
apart,
a
Persian, which
They
the French and doAvnward, in autumn; bloom be planted in February or March. later, may soil. sandy, friable,well-drained
coccinea Schizostylis
Kaffir Lily) (scarlet

" .
The
and
great value
of this
when
brightlittle plant is that
it blooms
in autumn
earlywinter,
flowers its
are scarce.
Gladiolus, for might be called a miniature those it is, of the resemble Gladiolus; spikes and few smaller. It is much a however, quite hardy, clumps of it look very cheerful in the border on a winter day. They should be given a sunny, sheltered positionand left to spread. The Kaffir Lily is well worth growing in pots, and 3 plants put into a 5 -in. pot
It
leafageand
flower
in bulb
greenhouse in winter. little bulbs, charming in spring beds or on Scilla (Squill). JBright almost the rockery. They will grow anywhere and bloom early. Plant an inch deep and 6 ins. apart in autumn. They make pretty
soil in autumn
"
will enliven
the cool
The Scillas come into bloom margins, and also look well in grass. with the charming companions for those Snowdrops, and make flowers. little dark Bifolia, blue; and Sibirica, bright blue, dainty there white varieties of both. and dwarf are are species; pretty Hyacinth, is a taller plant, and there are Campanulata, the wood several good garden varieties of it,blue, white, rose, or lavender now
in colour.
Nutans of
there
is the it.
are
English Bluebell,
the Cuban and
and
there
are a
white
and
pink plant,and
varieties
Peruviana,
white
"
Lily, is
handsome
pink varieties of this also. Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis). Pretty little hardy bulbs, the when than look nicer never Snowdrops hanging their bells above of the grass. course, good for margins, for colonies near They are, the front of a border, for rockeries, and also for pots. They like a
cool, shady spot better
established may be and single themselves
2
than
dry, sunny
be
one;
and
when
they
The
have
they
should
left undisturbed.
bulbs
deep and 6 ins. apart. Both the common are larger. good, but Elwesii and plicatus the Snowdrops, Snowflakes succeed Snow flake (Leucojum). The aestivum Both and vernum floweringin spring and early summer. and white flowers tipped with green, and have are largerin bloom Vernum is the earlier in flower, and is the Snowdrops. taller than be planted 3 ins. deep and fragrant. The bulbs may 9 ins. apart, planted
double ins.
are
"
and
shady spot
is desirable.
One
of the
finest of all the
Snow-
flakes is
Vageneri,which flowers late in spring. Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum). A distinct and ing gracefulplant,growing 2 to 3 ft. high,thrivingin shade, and bearIt is perfectly greenishflowers on a long, arching stem. hardy, in but in and be it out autumn, pots, planted using grow may many bulb soil and forcing it gently. resembling Ixias, but flowering Sparaxis. Cape bulbs, somewhat rather earlier,and dwarfer. They are good for rockeries and the when thrive front of borders, and planted in light,well-drained, in pots like Ixias. The fertile soil; or they may be grown species from the others, floweringin autumn pulcherrima is quite distinct and growing several feet high. It is hardy in friable,well-drained
" "
soil.
in
richly-marked flowers, blooming late summer. They are fairly hardy, thrivingin sandy, friable,welldrained soil in a sunny spot; but not reliable in cold, damp soil. Conchiflora, the shell flower, yellow spotted with red; grandiflora alba, white, spotted; grandiflora rosea, pink; and Pavonia, red with darker spots, are good sorts.
Tigridias.
"
Short-lived
but
52
Trillium
and the
grandiflorum. The American distinct plant, admirably adapted
"
Wood for
Lily is
beautiful
woodland in
or
wild The
garden.
bulbs may
The be
flowers
are
cool, shady positionsin large and pure white,

2
borne
May.
"
planted
ins.
deep
and
ins.
apart good
known and
in autumn.
Triteleia.
Pretty
dwarf
the
bulbs, blooming in spring.

front of borders.
are
They
with
are
for rockeries
have
and
Uniflora
is the
bestlilac
species; the white flowers a pleasant perfume. be variety. They may planted
or
delicatelysuffused
is
a
Violacea
2
darker-coloured 6 ins.
ins.
deep
and
apart
in
autumn,
treated 3 in a pot, and grown for floweringin winter under glass.
like other
indoor
bulbs,
Tritonia
or
Crocosmia. of
"
The
species aurea,
which
bears
long,
graceful
is a bright orange-coloured flowers in summer, and in welland popular plant. It is hardy in warm, spots, sunny in the cool for drained, friable soil. It is well worth growing pots and the be Crocata greenhouse, given generalbulb treatment. may is also an orange-coloured species. Tuberose bulb, (Polianthes tuberosa). A fragrant, pure- white
racemes
"
with
long
in
flower stems,
winter and and
which
rise in
summer.
The
be
bulbs
are
curable pro-
spring, and
the
should
potted singly like
Hyacinths
"asy
to
given
The
that
general bulb
treatment.
They
are
quite
manage.
flowers
favourite
are
variety is Pearl, which

for
fragrant
charming
double, bouquets, wreaths, and
has
general cut-flower work. as a Tulips. The rapidly in favour Tulip grows every year the Daffodil hard for an race garden flower, and runs increasingly Its great value lies in the fact that by making a choice supremacy. of varieties we have from can Tulips in bloom mid-April to June. have can Moreover, we plants with flower stems a foot high, and
"
varieties
the out the the that
3 ft. high. Few Tulip,but it does not

the
flowers
have blue.
for
wider
It has
range
of colours been
this
than
give us
useful
Tulip is
very
already pot culture, and in

the has Due been
van
pointed
respect
are
early
most
Dutch
varieties, beginning with

The
method of culture
Thols,
suitable.
indicated.
The
throw abortive flowers, but this rarely happens bulbs, unless there has been a serious error large, well-ripened in culture, such as keeping the plants too long in fibre (seeprevious remarks sufficien to too hard, or as potting bulbs),forcing them giving inIt may be remarked that British-grown Tulips are water. with
plants sometimes
good as Dutch, and the buyer must not be alarmed by loose The differs affect the from do not skins, as they Tulip flowering. the Hyacinth in bulbing freely after flowering, and consequently If the soil is good, and the season varieties should be kept. good any better the second not a very dry one, sometimes are they year than the first. It has been Flower that there noted are Garden) (see quite
as
plenty
out
on
in the
plants which June, so that no

ground
that
of
may
one
be
need
raised
the The
hesitate
they occupy
in borders.
noble Dutch
colour
groups
planting plant Tulips freely beds too long. They make followingare beautiful early
to late and beds:
"
in
readiness
for
singleTulips,suitable
for
pots, bowls,
Chrysolcra,yellow Cottage Maid, pink, dwarf
Couleur
Due
van
53
and
Keizer's very Pink
Kroon,
tall
red
yellow,
de Cardinal, cardinal
Ophir d'Or, yellow

Beauty, rose yellow Proserpine,
Thomas Vermilion White and white
Thol,
red
and
yellow,
also other
colours
Joost van
white
Vondel,
form
also striped,
Moore,
orange
Brilliant,scarlet Swan, white

"
The
La
followingare
good earlydouble
varieties:
Candeur, white red Rubrorum, Salvator Rosa, rose

Rex The
j Tournesol, red
,,
and
yellow
yellow
Rose,
"
Yellow
sweet
followingare
splendidMay
bloomers:
Caledonia, cardinal Clara Butt, pink Gesneriana lutea, yellow

Grand
La
Maiden's
Mrs.
Loveliness, lilac-pink Blush, white, rose
edge
Krelage,mauve,
of Haarlem,
white crimson
rose
edge
Monarque,
chocolate
Pride Summer Walter
La
Le
sweet Merveille, coppery, Tulipe noire, purple Reve, mauve

"
Beauty,
T. Ware,
flake
orange
of which two
Watsonia.
small
and
sorts, Ardernei
of beautiful genus Meriana O'Brieni,

in
are
Cape bulbs,
have
be
pure- white
flowers.
They
may
summer.
are
worth but
growing
the in
Hyacinths,
be
bulbs
pots, and may not procurable
potted singly,like
in
till earlywinter.
started
pots
in
are
The
flowers
spring if desired, and planted out in long,gracefulspikes. borne

"
They early
See
Bullace
A (Prunus insititia).
fruit
hardly
bous,
an
worth
growing.
and
Fruit
"
Damsons.
Buphthalmum
eye,
in allusion
(buphthal-mum,
to the
from
ox,
"
ophthalmos,
are
disk.
Ord.
Compositae).
These
tall,
hardy herbaceous perennials, suitable for the border, and thriving in ordinary well-drained soil in a sunny position. Propagation is in division The best salicifolium are by spring. grandiflorum, and speciosissimum(Telekia speciosissima), speciosum (cordif olium)
,
all of which
grow for
about
"
ft. high and is

a
have
yellow flowers
for Bordeaux
to
in
summer.
Burgundy
and is used
Mixture.
This
substitute
in order
Mixture,
spraying Potatoes
of lime, and
the
keep
off
is used
proportions are: Ib. washing soda, 50 gallonsof water. /-JFraxinella. Burning Bush, Dictamnus Butcher's Broom (Ruscus). A good shade bens and derives from box, kelem, holly; (Celtic),
copper,
"
instead
blight. Soda Ib. sulphate of
plant.
and
Ruscus
also order
called
the
Box and
Holly.
grow
The
Butcher's
a
Brooms
plant is belong to the

are
the
Liliaceae,
about
foot
high. They
"
grown Garden
as
plants. foliage
Butomus umbellatus Water plants.
(Flowering Rushj. vulgaris.

bulbosus, etc.
See
Flower
"
Butterbur, Petasites Buttercup, Ranunculus
54
Butterwort. Buxus.
"
See
Butterfly Flower, Schizanthus.

"
Pinguicula.
and
a
See
"
Box. Brassica
is not
Cabbage.
Cactus.
such
"
See Cactus
a
Kitchen but
a
Garden.
class. have
a
genus,
The
common
term
is
applied
to collectively
as
number
of genera
which
character,
Cereus, Echinocactus, Echinopsis,Epiphyllum, Mamillaria, Pilocereus, and RhipMelocactus, Opuntia, Pereskia, Phyllocactus,
of these
"salis. All
plants
one
are
Cacti.
named.
The
majority
in
are
of them
to
were
grouped in originally the first of spininess
genus,
so
called
Cactus,
allusion
the
member
They
fleshyplants,
One or two, mostly of slow growth, thrivingin a cool, airy house. are plants. The Cactuses require good room notably Epiphyllums, of shattered a, plain, gritty soil,such as loam with a good sprinkling brick
and sand.
They
but
may
should
be be
given
kept
be
stems
water
in
summer
when
the
"soil becomes
dry,
are
with
hardly
in very
a
any
in winter. division.
They
When
are
propagated by
available
Kinds in well -drained
seeds, grafting,cuttings,and
seeds
they
may
sown
gritty, porous
compost
pots, preferablyin
that
form
these
may
greenhouse in spring. be propagated by
cuttingsof
the
sun
otherwise inserted
be
growths, which should be laid in of the sap, few for a days to get rid of some they may damp off; they should then be
in
soil. gritty when

are
Speciesof
are
tufted
habit in
to stocks
may of
divided
the
plants
As
repotted
of arid but
spring.
Epiphyllums
Pereskia Cacti have
are a or
generallygrafted on
natives
a
Cereus.
to
one some
districts,
used
dry atmosphere,
of the
they
"
moist
when
followingare
Cereus
growing in summer. species: principal

flowers
in
summer,
may The
flagelliformis, pink
bloomer.
grandiflorus, white,
,,
spring. a night
Macdonaldiae, white and red, summer. a night bloomer. white, summer, nycticalus, summer. scarlet, speciosissimus, Echinocactus gibbosus, white, autumn. nobilis,white, autumn. Leeanus, yellow, spring. summer. Echinopsis cristata, cream,
, , ,, ,,
DRAFTING
PHYLLUM
AN ON
EPI,, ,,
purpurea,
purple, summer.
A
,,
PERESKIA The
on
STOCK.
are pinned grafts
sweet. white, summer, Eyricsii, flore pleno,double.
with
spines
from
the stock.
and red, summer. Pentlandii, white Epiphyllum Russellianum, rose, spring.

,,
truncatum,
Cactus the and for
rose, rooms,
springand
and hence
summer.
(The
which several
latter
is
a on
brilliant flowers
comes
from
popular the edges of epi, upon,
produces
the
name,
its
branches,
phyllon,
from
the
leaf.
There
are
in varieties, differing
colour
original species.
It is The
water
55
Pereskia
generallygrafted on
but
those be
a
to have
Cereus
no a
or speciosissimus
aculeata,
who
stocks
warm
may and
insert
cuttings.
winter, midlittle very
plants may
put
in
started cool
house
in
greenhouse
about
into
in summer,
given
Mamillaria
winter.) red, crassispina,
summer. summer, spines,
dolichocentra, rose, white echinata, yellow,summer,
Melocactus
elongata, yellow, summer, longimamma, yellow, summer. Zuccariniana, crimson, early summer. communis, rose (Melon Cactus).
orange,
summer.
Opuntia decumana,
leucotricha
.
white, earlysummer (ursina),

and
(GrizzlyBear
Cactus) Opuntia Rafmesqui, red
yellow,summer Pereskia aculeata, white, autumn (American Gooseberry). summer. crimson, Ackermannii, Phyllocactus varieties of Phyllocactus, of and (There are many hybrids the following which are good: Agatha, rose; Brilliant,scarlet; Cooperi,cream; Epirus,pink; Niobe, deep red.) Pilocereus senilis,white spines and long white hairs (Old Man Cactus). RhipsalisCassytha, green and white, late summer. white, a good basket plant. sarmentacea,
,,
Caladium
Except
plants,
house
for the and
from kaladion, (cala-dium, these speciesargyrites,
a are
cup.
Ord. Aroideae). large-leaved, expansive

"
need
large pots
and
roomy
to be done
entirelyfor
size, borne
show to
to. They are grown justice is of great which their foliage,

on
shield-like and
a
the
stems
so
as
to in
advantage,
best
a
coloured. beautifully
warm
They
which
thrive When
in
greenhouse
can
humid
house
atmosphere
huddled
with
soon
be
tained. mainA
x
other lose
small, dry
form
they
to from
plants in their glow.

back
CALADIUM
Point
TUBER.
of division.
They
in
tubers,
and to the suit heat
which which
autumn,
sand
they die they start

Loam be
afresh
in winter mould
or
according
and rest.
available.
(3 parts),leaf
spring, (ipart),
while
at
them.
"
They
may
propagated by
Roncador Rose
division
Good
varieties
Argyrites(species)
Clio Duchess Calanthe Ord.
of Fife
Laing
and most
Silver Cloud
(calan-the, from
"
kalos, beautiful,
is
one
anthos, flower.
Orchidaceae). important of in addition to great beauty it has the advantage all Orchids, because It is what is called a of easy culture. terrestrial " Orchid, that is, Most in soil, it is grown of the speciesare evergreen, not on blocks.
"
The
Calanthe
of the
but
vestita duration
is deciduous. of the
One
of
the
most
valuable
traits is the
long
flowers, and
this qualityis retained fortunately
56
cut
more
the spikesare when in winter, when no
and
put
in water. should be
The
deciduous
than The in
a
kinds
rest
water the
given
fresh.
is
keep
be towards
pseudo-bulbs
into end
required to plants may

house
started the
fresh
of
growth
should
be
warm
winter, when crocks, and

whole The
they
filled the
should
to
be
repotted.
third with
moss
The
their
pots depth with

leaf mould
oneup remainder
loam,
in and filled
on
(or peat),and
Sphagnum
should
equal
broken in
parts, the
charcoal.
lightened with
material
sand be
nearly to the brim, and the plants to top. This plan allows a free run have the strong roots. The a light plants must *"! place,and be kept moist in a temperature of 65" When full grown the pseudo-bulbs are to 75". in house. drier cooler" a tion PropagaI'Compost' tlieymay S" of the is by division pseudo-bulbs when species and varieties : repotting. The followingare the principal
set the
^_
~"
",
:'
"
Masuca,
todes winter. There
oculata crimson
violet,winter bloomer ; Veitchii, rose, winter (syn.Limaveratrif olia,white, spring; vestita, pink and white, ; rosea)
are
several white.
good
varieties
red
are
of the
gigantea, white,
and
blotch
last,notably nivalis,white ; on lip; and rubro-oculata,

of Veitchii. the tinct dis-
There
also varieties
Calceolaria
form of the
from to calceolus,a slipper, (calceola-ria, referring Ord. flower. Scrophularineae). There are two
"
types of Calceolaria, the herbaceous to the roots at the end former dies back
latter holds
its
stems
as
and of the
the
shrubby.
season,
The
the
are
growing
raised
and
leaves.
Herbaceous batches
Calceolarias from
generally grown
every year. The
annuals, fresh
being
seed
have raised beautiful strains, principalseedsmen which form with large, large plants under good culture, covered is somewhat seed expensive, and pouches. The richly-coloured with handled be should ing). small care (seeBegonias, and Waterbeing in spring. When the It may be sown seedlingsare fairly and be repotted till they have 6-in. started they grow rapidly, may will be in safe in bloom. which or an /-in.pots, they may They and be given a warm greenhouse in summer, may in autumn if early bloom is required, otherwise they will The is the Calceolaria do in a cool greenhouse. ordinary shrubby in is used flower It is a often which dwarf yellow gardening. brilliant plant,nearly hardy, but is subject to disease, which carries in summer. It should be planted a foot apart in off large numbers Mixture). Cuttings of the young April, and sprayed (seeBordeaux in October, be taken and shoots put in sandy soil in a cold may
airy frame greenhouse
or
cool
frame,
over
which
mat best
may
be
thrown
in cold
weather
in winter.
hybrid, yellow-flowered variety. have been vigorous growth than the bedders useful for raised, and flowering in greenhouses and they are in autumn, conservatories winter, and spring. Clibrani is a particularly being very bright. good one, blooming profusely and
Golden Glory is the of more Calceolarias
Several
Burbidgei is also good. showy plants. large,
Calendula Calla
57
and make
They
are
of
rambling habit,
(Marigold).
"
See Annuals.
"
the from Ord. Aroideae). Much kalos, beautiful. (cal-la, most Lily, often called important plant in this genus is the Arum Richardia africana. called botanists but Calla aethiopica,, now by and Bulbs. See Arum Lily See Coreopsis and Calliopsis (calliop-sis)'.
"
Annuals.
Callistemon,Bottle
and
Brush in
stamen, stemon, and attractive Singular

must
from ful, beautikalistos, most (calliste-mon, allusion to the long scarlet stamens).
"
be
kept safe
from
frost
evergreens, in winter.
suitable
for close
cool
house,
but their
The
with spikes,
Brush. The have gained the popular name in sand. and with loam of a enjoys parts, equal plant compost peat in sandy peat in late It may be propagated by cuttings inserted (syn. semperflorens, spring. The principalspecies are lanceolatus
long stamens,
of Bottle
and citrina and M. semperflorens) also called Metrosideros of both have which called Metrosideros (also speciosa), flowers.
speciosus
crimson,
from beautiful, and! kalistos, most Callistephus (callisteph-us, is Stephanos, crown). The China Aster, C. hortensis (syn.chinensis) under the name of Aster seedsmen offered by some sinensis, and isin summer. well worth growing,as it produces large blue flowers freely be grown See Annuals. It should as a half-hardy annual.
"
Calluna, Ling,
Heather
common
Ericaceae). British plant with

"
The
from Ordkalluno, to adorn. (callu-na, Heather is Calluna or a vulgaris, Ling flowers. It is well known as a wilding,, purplish
dwarf ; white; Hammondi, white; pygmaea, for esteemed are more leaves, gardens. argentea, silvery They like will in but most soils. good garden Propagation ispeaty soil, grow
but its varieties, alba,
by cuttings.
Callus.
"
For
the
best
Heaths,
see
Erica.
swelling at the base of a severed shoot, which springs, It isthe cambium from layer at the junction of bark and wood. of rooting. Gardeners the precursor speak of cuttings callusing."
A
"
Calochortus
in allusion
from (calochor-tus,
slender leaves.
kalos, beautiful, and

Ord.
"
chortus, grass,,
Bulbs.
to the
Liliaceae). See
kalathos, a goblet. Ord. Caltha, Marsh Marigold (cal-tha,from Marsh is useful waterside The a Ranunculaceae). Marigold plant, several and are as bicolor, procurable, such good garden forms and flore pleno, large double; flore pleno, nana white; monstrosa
"
dwarf division
double. in
They spring.
thrive
in
moist
soil, and
are
increased
by
to flower, referring both in bloom It and
from Calycanthus, Allspice kalyx, calyx, and anthos^ (calycan-thus, the coloured calyx). These plants are fragrant
"
-leaf.
The
in
brownish
flowers
of C. floridus
are
not
conspicuous,but
June.
are
they
are
is illustrated
deliciouslyfragrant. They are borne in the Botanical There Magazine, t. 503.

and asplenifolius
several
varieties
of it, of which
variegatusare
58
two
of the best.
sweet.
Occidentalis, which
These
to
bears
red
flowers
in
August,
in
is also
very Britain, but

near a
it is best
plants give them a

or name
are
nominally hardy
Great
sheltered
are
place in
a
or
wall.
They
like
but peaty soil,
not in
fastidious.
frame.
shrubbery gation PropaThe
is sometimes
by layeringin
grown
summer,
by
seeds
plant
is
under
the
of
Calycanthus
praecox
Oiimonanthus
fragrans.
from kalyx, calyx, (calyste-gia, the from calyx being staga, a covering, Ord. Convolvulaceae) obscured by bracts. Bindweed
and
" .
Bearbind, Calystegia,
While
some
of
have
these
relatives
of
the
volvulus Con-
beautiful
flowers,
notably
(pubescens),with rosy flowers in and early summer; sepium dahurica, with in flowers the as summer, genus rosy purple with whole be must a suspicion. regarded
hederacea
When in
a
the
common
Bindweed
to
gets
a
footing
look of
as
garden twining round

much
it is
become apt plants which many it. above be The The

off
nuisance,
way shoots
would
best the
better
without is to
keeping
fast
as
it under
chop
they
the out
appear
can
ground;
ever, if, how-
root
traced
it should
be
pulled
be
GRAFTING
altogether. propagated by division
Calystegiasmay in spring, or by
CAMELLIAS.
may be propa-
seeds. Camassia
name.
Camellias
Haie^sfof fprfng the Indian ii Camellia bCot"tkof4aterted

"
* i
Quamash, the (camass-ia,from Ord. Liliaceae)." See Bulbs.
(camall-ia,
Ord. of it may
our
after
Camellus,
" .
Stock
Scion
Moravian.
the noblest that
Ternstromiaceae)
be
One
of
the in
Camellia
northern
is
so
nearly hardy
outdoors
shrubs, evergreen in cool houses grown
climes, and
districts of
in warm,
moist,
southern
plant, its
its leaves
ful England. It is a beautihabit pact, being bushy and comflowers its symmetrical, glossy, " of
are
substantial,
white
The The
and
brilliant
the
colours.
The
'
varieties double
one
quite wax-like
are
in texture.
Camellias of
most the
popular.
Camellia which
with it
serious
with difficulty
is its habit
does
pot planted-out watercorrect turns on PROPAGATING CAMELLIAS probably CUTTINGS. BY ing (seeWatering). Turfy loam and peat in equal parts, with broken charcoal and sand, The cuttingsmay consist of mamredyoungwood.and its growth The suit as compost. plant makes effected be after flowering. Propagation can bottom heat. in sandy soil in a shoots by strikingyoung in frame inarching are shaded July. Grafting, layering, and
with
on very is less serious
castingits flower buds, slightprovocation. The

than
trouble
plants, and
practised in
the
nurseries.
Repotting
should
never
be
done
with
established
59
quite full of roots, and then it is best done directlythe buds set. Large plants in borders may varieties be pruned into shape after flowering. Good Lavinia Comtessa Alba Maggi, white, carmine plena, white; and white; stripes; C. M. Hovey, crimson; Donckelaari, crimson plants until
the
pots
are
"
Lady
Hume's
Blush, flesh; Marchioness

Bell
of Exeter,
rose.
(campan-ula, from campana, a bell, in A large reference to the form of the flower. Ord. Campanulaceae) for material alike valuable and greenhouse, giving good genus, (C. border, and rockery. The Canterbury Bell is a Campanula medium), and this, with C. pyramidalis,is best treated as a biennial in be grown kinds of these beautiful (see Biennials). Both may bury Canterthan the other the border The of best Campanulas pots.
Campanula,
Flower
" .
Bell
are
as
follows:
"
blue, early summer, carpatica, 9 ins. high. alba, white, early summer, 9 ins. high. venusta, lavender, early summer, 9 ins. high, 18 ins. high. glomerata, blue, early summer, 18 ins. high, dahurica, blue, early summer, ins. latifolia, blue, early summer, high. 24 macrantha, blue, earlysummer, 24 ins. high, ins. blue, summer, early high. persicaefolia, 24 alba plena, double white, 24 ins. high. Trachelium, blue, summer, 3 ft. high.
,, ,, ,,
in May, out of doors readilyraised from seed sown in be division spring. They propagated by may will thrive in ordinary well-drained soil. Pyramidalis and its white in spring for pot work, pricked off, potted variety should be sown in in a greenhouse. shifted to wintered -in., 6-in., and singly 3 The with blue flowers in summer; (syn. Barrelieri), speciesfragilis and white nice basket blue, summer, are plants. The isophylla, the than the of latter is For blue. even rockwork, variety prettier its varieties; garganica and its variety hirsuta; carpatica and portenschlagiana(syn. muralis) and the Bavarian variety; Allionii, and the F. G. be and Rained, Wilson, pulla variety pusilla may
All and
of these
most
are
of them
chosen.
See
"
Flower
See
Garden.
Campion. Canary
Agrostemma,
Lychnis, and
Flower
Garden.
canariense aduncum or Creeper, Tropaeolum (Ord. A in comes Geraniaceae). pretty yellow-flowered creeper, which
"
useful annual.
in
for verandahs,
a
palings,window-boxes,
it
answers
balconies,
to and
and
other
as an
places. Although
It is
but out
"
perennial generally raised under

soil is friable at the end of
well
treatment
glassin March
the
planted
in
summer.
out
May,
sown
if the
and
positionsheltered,
will flower
it may other
are
be
of doors
April,and
carmine,
annuals
Candytuft. The Candytufts which

old
the
pretty
-we
white,
as
crimson,
The
and
grow of Iberis coronaria offspring
hardy
(seeAnnuals)
the
and
I. umbellata. bears
t. 106.
latter is
plant,a
in the best
native
of
Spain, and
Magazine,
annuals.
Botanical
It purple flowers. The Candytufts are
a very is trated illus-
among
of the
hardy
60
Canker. old trees
see
"
One
of the commonest to in
diseases
It
of fruit
trees, canker
as
is
as
particularly destructive
of certain The
when
Apples.
attacks
young
For
well
varieties,and
soils. particular
remedies,
of chemical fertilisers has been following mixture in the trees under spread February and pointed in : good of 12 potash, 8 parts sulphate parts superphosphate, 10 parts nitrate of lime, 4 parts common salt, i part sulphate of iron; use 4 oz. per yard. square
Apple.
found
Canna grows
in
"
a cane. (can-na (Celtic),
Ord.
a now
Scitamineae).
"
The
an
Canna
outdoor
"
favour
It is
more
rapidly as
less used
has
plant.
perhaps
greenhouse in the garden

the
than
as
because of
tropical sub-
hardy given gardening dwarf forms have finer flowers the than plants. The new make old race, and really beautiful plants in /-in. pots. They of develop large spikes brilliant flowers at about 2 ft. high, and the
rich colours which should
in
are some
place to
culture
ceous herba-
well set off varieties

of
course,
by
the
abundant and out in in
and
handsome
foliage,
These
is be
brown,
others beds
They 2 deep, rich planted pots, apart end of May. the soil towards They enjoy weekly soakings of in spring,and started manure. Young plants put in 6-in. liquid mould and loam in leaf of sand, will a compost (3 parts), (ipart), pots heat the roots be but with bloom well by midsummer, more can When the plants flowered earlier and started by the end of May. proof stocks the root be stored in a dry, frostin autumn die away can be when divided They may growth starts place like Dahlias.
varieties
be
may, started
planted
green. if desired.
in
in
and
out
ft.
if
more
plants are
required.
Charles
de A. Hermann
Good
varieties
"
Africa,
scarlet;
yellow, spotted; yellow; Souvenir Canterbury

Cantua
Naudin, salmon; Fischer, vermilion;
Elizabeth
Hoss,
and
der Van
Italia, orange
;
Crozy, scarlet, yellow edge

and
Schoot, yellow,spotted.
Bell.
"
See
Biennials cantu,
a
Campanula.
name. a
(can-tua,from
Cantua
in
Peruvian is
Ord.
Polemonia-
ceae).
"
buxifolia
(dependens)
handsome
greenhouse
in
evergreen, tt thrives
growing
a
4 to 6 ft.
sandy by cuttings under

"
mixture
a
high, and bearing rosy flowers of peat and loam, and may
spring.
be propagated
bell-glass.
Cape Gooseberry. Cape Jasmine. Caper Spurge.

" "
See
Physalis.
See
Gardenia.
See
Euphorbia Lathyris. (Arabic).

the
from kabar, caper Capparis (cap-paris, is from not This important deae).genus
"
Ord.
Cappari-
but
it has
"
economic
value,
It has loam in
as
the
garden point of view, mercial speciesspinosa yields the commay be
capers." greenhouse in peat

of mature
white
flowers, and
soil
grown
in
and
if desired.
wood,
"
inserted
Kitchen
sandy
Garden.
Propagation is by cuttings under a bell-glass.

from
Capsicum. Cardamine,
on
See
Lady's
of
Smock the
(cardami-ne,
hot flavour.
kardamon,
cress, water"
account
Ord.
Cruciferae).
The
common
Lady's Smock,
all silver
white
with
its white
or
lilac flowers Garden
(" lady's
smocks,
in
prefer the May. also pretty.
lovers pratensis. double white. They grow about 18 ins. high and bloom is C. diphylla (Dentaria diphylla of the older botanists)
"), is Cardamine
It bears
white
flowers
a
in
high. They by division.

Cardinal Cardoon.
"
like moist
soil in
cool
May, and spot, and
grows may
about
be
18 ins.
propagated
Flower,
See
Lobelia
cardinalis. Garden.
Kitchen
sharp are good for edges. Ord. Cyperaceae). One or two the Water Lilies, and species Pseudogrowing in pools among connection. be in this It has mentioned particularly cyperus may the and at Plant about ft. same high. 3 triangularstems, grows
"
Carex, Sedge (ca-rex,from
keiro, to cut, in allusion

of the Carexes
to
the
time
as
the
Water
Lilies.
See
Flower
"
Garden.
Whether
represented by the tions; Carnahuge-bloomed, long-stemmed, highly perfumed American

Carnations, Picotees, and
the
Pinks.
fragrant Malmaisons;
Cloves laced
common
the
flaked
;
or
flowers
the
beloved of the love. Dianthus
of old-
time
florists ; the this

and
of the wins
Pinks
border
our
Pinks and from Dianthus
cottage
tions, Carnacaro-
garden, phyllus,
lovely genus
the
admiration Pink sprung from
Picotees, and
Carnations
have
have
plumarius. of years, it and for hundreds specialised the from their upward progress would be difficult to trace small, which the varieties to forms we early large,symmetrical irregular for have them Florists have worked on century to-day. patiently
white
been
after
century,
with
the
result The with

that best
that
we
have
of
at
our
command
drawn
an
almost Garden the self
embarrassingly rich
Carnations.
or
"
assortment
lovely varieties.
are
garden
modern
Carnations and
from
one-coloured
class, the
we
of which representatives
combine delicious and

under
perfect form
scent.
brilliant
modern
colours add
(in many
from
cases)
insects from
Would the
not truth
could
freedom
fungi,but glass,
a are
is that
Carnations, whether
over-fertilisation,excessive
with
in
collection tilled
to
of
coddling propagation, or unnecessary It is best to start constitutionally vigorous. in clean and plant them spring, plants young,
not is the
deeply
but
crumble
heavily
it well
manured the
soil.
Friable, well-
drained, sandy
it will be road If the
loam
best; should
wise
by
and
mortar scrapings,
rubbish,
soil be stiff and heavy after frost, and adding digging and coal. both wood of ashes,
be
as
soil is rich stakes

be must
the
be
not
plants had
put
to the in to bind
or
better
set
18 ins.
apart.
The
Neat
flower
care
plants
stem and border
the flower
stake
stems
rise,and
must
taken
in
be grown may beds several to
beds
one
tightly. clumps. Where

devoted
and to
more
plants
are
there
fill
Picotees,
the at
a summer
for
the
might plants will be

than
well
more
be
Carnations
less
and
varied,
or
interesting
brilliant the
through,
Geraniums
Begonias, if
that
are
It must be remembered season. particular and are as as they long healthy they evergreen, Diseases. Unfortunately, the beauty of the
"
plants are
attractive.
silveryfoliageis
2 marred fresh per
by fungi,which
The
cause
often and
dark
blotches, rusty patches,
shrivelling.
liver
remedy
has
is to
be
which
ounce
of sulphur and this must gallon, arise from
the spray been dissolved done

at the
plants with
at the rate
water
in
an
of half
first
such
an
sign of
as
attack. from
Ill-health leather
may is
underground
surface
enemies,
wireworm,
-jacketgrubs, and
but caterpillars,
attack
in puny generallyshown growth rather than patched and slices of Potato be set among the leaves. Mangel Traps may the The draw off should be grubs. pieces impaled on plants to examined sticks and frequently. Unwonted pallor in summer this
source
be due to may should be found
maggot
and well
which
works with
within
the
stems
its burrow
a long probed Propagation. If the plants are healthy and the soil good they be turned will produce strong, non-floweringside shoots, which can few inches into separate plants by making a slit along the stem .a in the root stock from August, and pegging them into a small heap In 6 or 7 weeks, when the of sandy soil. they have rooted freely, It and severed from old be the out. ones planted plantsmay young
"
needle.
into small is, however, well to put a reserve in a cool frame, giving them plenty of air may prove Summer
a
pots
in
and
winter
them
fine weather.
They
is often
useful
show
in
filling gaps
"
in
spring.
self Carnation
Carnations.
good garden
of exhibition good show variety too, but so high is the standard it has is which been reached that almost impossible to quality without the the in attain to it plants growing pots, and giving them shelter of glass. A light, airy pit or greenhouse is desirable; and a be maintained. With must a close, warm brisk, lively atmosphere would fall disease. with the to air a prey Loam, a quarter of plants and a liberal dash of sand, makes a good compost. decayed manure in be -in. each 8 Two or stricted rea /-in. pot, and plants may grown
to
one
flower
stem,
the
buds
on
wrhich
may
be
thinned
to
three. Winter and
spring
Carnations. the
"
There
spring
The
Carnations:
or
Tree,
the
and 3 sections of winter Malmaison. and the American,

are
Perpetual is less popular than it was, the larger flowers, having brought longer stems, and richer fragranceof the Americans into The this class (which is really a glorified Tree) greater favour. the kinds from both raised culture is practically tings cutas are same, in spring in a warm house or frame, potted as required, grown and in under flowered cool, airy conditions through the summer, the houses winter. be heated following They may gently grown
Tree
singly
watered
in
5 -in. or for show
6-in.
pots, in
similar should
compost
be
to
that
as
mended recom-
varieties.
They
staked
needed,
and as required in winter, and given regularlyin summer twice when week The weak a coming into bloom. liquidmanure but Malmaisons are treatment, they given substantially the same the others, and not so accommodating as are are easilyupset by a this in On account mistake they are not watering or ventilating. in mixed collections of plants, but left to large much are grown
establishments
where
they
can
be
put
in
separate house charge of a skilled

a
can man.
be
devoted
to
them,
and
Carnations
from
seed.
"
In
days
when
there
is not
much
trouble
from
to
63
himself
or
disease
it is not
every
Carnation
lover
who
will bind
varieties, propagated vegetativelyby layers cuttings; which, if they do not produce prefer to trust to seedlings, of the highest quality,judged by the exhibition standard, It is a good thing to sow beautiful and sweet. nevertheless a are florist in friable seed reliable from a spring,using sandy, packet of heat. In due soil, and aiding germination with gentle bottom in hardened unheated the seedlings an are frame, course off, pricked in In then bed. ins. out and a apart September spare planted 9 like newly-rooted layers: i.e., planted out treated or they are A sowing of hardy border mixtures be potted for the winter. may and other biennials. made out of doors in June, with the Wallflowers Pinks Garden are propagated by pulling Propagation of Pinks. in moist, sandy soil the and from old shoots inserting plants young will in summer. thrive in almost and are hardy, healthy, They any soil with the simplest treatment. The laced Pinks cate, deliare more need and careful Carnation treatment; they are decliningin in the favour. selections various colours: The are following
named many flowers
" "
Self
Carnations
for
Show.
Border
and
Alisemond,
Rob
scarlet
rose
Roy,
rose
flake flake
Banner,
Ben
scarlet
Thalia,
flake
Bendigo, purple
Ghazi, crimson Exile, rose Firebrand, scarlet Garville Gem, heliotrope Gil Polo, crimson
for Garden or Show. Brunette, heavy red-edged J. B. Bryant, heavy red-edged

Picotees Charlotte
Bronte, medium
red-
edged
Mrs.
Hildegarde,white Lady Hermione, salmon-pink Lady Nina Balfour, peach Lord Roberts, yellow Miss A. Campbell, primrose
Mrs. Eric
Thomas Mrs.
Gorton, lightred-edged William, light red-
Hambro,
white
Queen of Bedders, blush Seagull, Trojan, white

Uriah
pink
Pike,
crimson,
clove-
scented Bizarre
and
edged Payne, heavy rose-edged Clio, medium rose-edged Ethel, lightrose-edged Favourite, lightrose-edged Chancellor, heavy purple-edged Zerlina, heavy purple-edged Robsart, medium Amy purpleedged Ann Lord, lightpurple-edged
Tree. Deutsche
Flake Show.
Carnations
for
Mdlle. Uriah Wm.
Admiral Robt. Master

Sarah
Curzon, scarlet
bizarre
Houlgrave, scarlet bizarre
Brant, white T. Franco, pink Pike, crimson

scarlet American.
bizarre Fred, crimson bizarre Rifleman, crimson
Robinson,
Payne, pink Skirving,pink
and
and
purple purple
bizarre
Wm.
bizarre Gordon
Lewis, purple flake
Beacon, scarlet Britannia, scarlet Carola, dark crimson Enchantress, pink Lady Bountiful, white
James Douglas, purple flake
Lady
C.
Waring, yellow
64
Mrs. Burnett, Winsor, soft White
Yellow Brodick
Childe
May Day, pink

salmon
rose
Ground
Carnations
and
Picotees. Harold
Enchantress
,
Gertrude Garden
Anne
Pinks.
Gronow
Boleyn, purple
Hidalgo
Lucy
The Carnations Glitters Rabelais
Ascot,
Ernest
pink
Mrs.
blush Ladhams, Sinkins, white
Pilgrim
Seed.
from
foot
colours. Double Border, mixed "Grenadin, a type growing about
high, scarlet
double,
winter.
flowers.
the
same
Marguerite,
year
if
mixed in
or a
type,
warm
singleand place in late

from
flowering
varieties.
Professor
sown
Perpetual Prize
Carpenteria
Ord.
Self, saved
exhibition
Carpenter. beautiful shrub, which produces Saxifrageae). evergreen It may be grown out of doors white, fragrant flowers in June. large,
"
californica
A
after (carpenter-ia,
in northern
climes
if it
a
it must
be
kept
in
given the shelter of a wall, otherwise greenhouse. It is well worth planting out in
can
be
large conservatory. It is not particularas to soil, and in the propagated by cuttings. A plate will be found
Magazine,
t.
be may Botanical
6911.
from (carpi-nus, used to make
car,
Carpinus, Hornbeam
the wood head; The Hornbeam, used
as a was
wood
yokes.
there
are
Ord.
and pix, (Celtic), Cupuliferae).

"
C. Betulus, of which
several who
varieties, is
find its fast hedge plant, particularly by nurserymen, growth, and habit of holding its leaves, useful for gettingdivisional shelters quickly. It thrives in most soils, and is easilyincreased by
seeds, suckers,
or
layers.
the
Carpocapsa pomonella (carpocap-sa)

,
Codlin
Moth.
"
See Fruit.
Carrot, Daucus
Cassandra Andromeda. H. The
carota. (daii-cus)
"
See
Kitchen
Ord.
Garden.
"
(cassan-dra, mythological.
shrubs
now
often
as
called
Andromeda
Ericaceae). Allied to angustifoliaand

former
sidered being con-
calyculata are a variety
classed latter.
Cassandras,
the
of the
ft.
They
are
North
white
American flowers
in
shrubs,
2 growing about They like a peaty
high, and
producing
Ord.
spring.
soil.
The bestLeguminosae). produces yellow flowers in early
"
Cassia known
summer. warm
from kasian. (cass-ia, is species corymbosa, which
It is
an
evergreen
or
shrub
about
conservatory greenhouse and with third of leaf mould a 633). Loam, in seeds or cuttings spring. Propagation is by and of commerce. other some yieldthe senna species,
t.
(see
3 ft. high, and the Botanical

some
requiringa Magazine,
sand,
are
suits. many Ord.

trees
There
Castanea,
Chestnut
"
(casta-nea,from
Horse Chestnut is
one
the
Thessalian
our
town.
Cupuliferae).
The
of
most
beautiful
when in full bloom,
65
are
The
Sweet
esteemed.
are
Chestnut They will
and there are is Castanea
several
varieties
and its in
Aesculus). (see
nuts
sativa,
time
are
keep
long
if stored
dry sand,
much and
There roasted. very tasty when in the form and colour-markingof the Castor-oil Plant.
"
several
varieties,differing
leaves.
See
Ricinus. Indian
the
name.
Catalpa (catal-pa,the
Handsome is the most
Ord.
trees, of which
North
a
American
20 important. in flowers July. There are several bearing white, purple-spotted and another with silver-variegated with varieties,includingone yellow It is a good town leaves. tree, as it does not grow to a great size,or run immoderately at the root, yet the head has a nice spread to soil,and will and the flowers are pretty. It is not particular as in is seeds towns. near spring or layers in Propagation by grow and Cordifolia autumn. Kaempferi are two other good (speciosa) hardy species. in reference from katanangke, to its use Catananche (catanan-che, under which also the name in love-potions, hence it is Cupidone, Ord. sometimes Compositae.) Caerulea, blue; and its grown. blue and white perennials, variety bicolor, are hardy herbaceous ft. in and The flowers to summer. 2 are flowering 3 high, growing not and to dried for winter use. be are as soil, They particular may propagated by seed or division.
"
It is
tree
growing
Bignoniaceae). species bignonioides to 30 ft. high, and

"
Catasetum
in allusion
"
(catase-tum, from
to the
kata, downward,
and
seta, a bristle,
daceae). A generally grown
of the horns of the column. Ord. Orchiposition of but not hothouse Orchids, large very important genus
on
in baskets, but also available for pot of peat and some and a culture in crocks Sphagnum moss. They should be given a good deal of water while growing, but when growth is completed they should receive very little. Propagated blocks
or
fourth
by
heat
division
and
when
fresh in white
growth
starts.
moisture
has
summer.
The
most
abundance of They want is Bungepopular species
rothii, which
flowers; there
Macrocarpum
"
and
with splendens,
several varieties of it. are their varieties,are also esteemed.
of certain eggs kinds of plants. moths, very Several kinds attack fruit trees (seeFruit),while others infest green with Hellebore Garden). Dusting them vegetables (see Kitchen of is a means bushes of on simple destroying caterpillars powder butterflies and
are
Catchfly." See Silene. Caterpillars.Caterpillars, hatching
from
the
destructive
to many
small
to.
size. Birds
with brine may Hand-picking and syringing of eat and large quantities caterpillars,
be resorted should be
encouraged in gardens. after Mr. Cattley. Ord. Orchidaceae) One Cattleya (catt-leya, of the most important genera of Orchids, giving noble flowers of and beautiful varied colours. either in pots They may be grown In the former the pots should case (alternatively pans) or baskets. be nearly filled with fibrous peat, Sphagnum and moss, crocks, and the plants set on the top. The be 3 parts filled with pots may
"
66
crocks and
of and
2
to
the and the
roots
begin with, then the plant should be set on a layerof moss, packed in with peat and Sphagnum in the proportion be done i respectively. Repotting may every other year, roots time is when best begin to push from the young
like
a
growths. They spring heat of

shade
winter
temperature
of
55"
to
65",
while
and
60"
to
70".
must to
An
airy
have the
house
is required,with of water
light
ing, grow-
in but
summer.
They
abundance
only enough
prevent
pseudo-bulbs from
shrivelling
when be increased by restingperiod. They may in height and variation There is considerable fresh growths start. Of recent habit among hybrids have been Cattleyas. years many crossed with have been and generic. Cattleyas raised, both specific Laelias, and also with Brassavolas (seeBrassocattleyaand BrassoThe the are principal species ; for the hybrids, catlaelia). following consult should a of which there are large numbers, specialists in
the
division
standard
book
on
Orchids
"
Aclandiae, 6 ins. high, late spring. citrina,6 ins. high,spring. intermedia, 15 ins. high,spring.
labiaâ
high, autumn. Lawrenceana, 9 ins. high,spring. Loddigesii, 15 ins. high, late summer. 1 Mendelii, 5 ins. high, late spring. Mossiae, 1 5 ins. high, late spring. Schilleriana, 6 ins. high,spring. Skinneri, 10 ins. high, spring. Trianae, 15 ins. high,winter. Warscewiczii (gigas), 15 ins. high,early summer.
vera,
12
ins.
Cauliflower.
Ceanothus Beautiful
"
See
Brassica
and
Kitchen
Garden. Ord.
are
(ceano-thus, from
the most
keanothus.
of which and
Rhamneae).
"
shrubs, as kinds, such americanus,

azureus,
useful
the
white,
inasmuch
its
de
as
hardy variegated variety;

utilised for like
deciduous
blue, and
and
its fine
flower
variety Gloire spring or
Versailles; dentatus,
blue;
house
a
Veitchianus, blue;
All
walls.
in late
and damp. aspect, and ordinary soil that sunny in winter. be late autumn or planted They may Propagation is by in under soil of side shoots or a bell-glass by cuttings sandy layers, in August. wall plants are Few charming capable of making a more
be they can early summer. is not heavy
They
pictureon
Cedar,
brook and There
A
dwelling than
healthy Ceanothus.
from
Cedrus
(ce-dar,ce-drus,
"
kedron,
Cedar
or
from
Cedron,
Judea. Ord. Coniferae). The The Mount Libani, an impressivetree.

in the and
are
Deodar
not
or
Indian
so
Cedar
is
is Cedrus of Lebanon Atlas Cedar is C. atlantica; All are some, handC. Deodara.
the least
several
horticultural
has a pyramidal habit. is atlantica, which varieties of each of the species named.
deep, well-drained
Celandine.
"
sandy
Greater is
soil is best. Celandine Ranunculus
cold clay is unsuitable. Stiff,
The
is Chelidonium Ficaria. Both
majus,
are
and
the
Lesser
Celandine
British
wildings.
Celeriac,
67
Turnip-rooted Celery. (a-pium) graveolens.

"
Celery,Apium
Celmisia
"
See
Kitchen
Garden.
after Celmisius, a mythological being. Ord. (celmis-ia, as a Compositae) The speciescoriacea is not infrequentlygrown hardy herbaceous plant. It will thrive in ordinary soil,and produce and white Holosericea, white, yellow centre, is yellow flowers. with in winter. Cover glass Propagation is by seeds or pretty. division in spring.
.
Celosia appearance
from (celo-sia, of the members of this
kelos, burnt,
Ord.
are
in
allusion
"
to
.
the
scorched
two most
flowers.
Amarantaceae)
cristata, the
are
The
popular
the
and Cockscomb; annuals, greenhouse sub-variety, plumosa. They its yellow form, in pots, but plumosa, red, and generally grown
genus
feathered
aurea,
are
are
sometimes
sub-varieties really
in summer. in flower-beds These used two of cristata pyramidalis, the pyramidal Cockscomb.
under glassin late winter, pricked off, They should be sown in and planted out June. If kept in pots they may be potted singly, to 8-in. for large plants to 5-in. and then to 6-in., or transferred and and have doses should be of warm moist, weekly kept They the till when into flowers show, servatory cona they may liquidmanure, go is grown The Cockscomb in or flowering house." If the the be same come plants leggy they may practically way. decapitatedwith a few inches of stem and struck in sandy soil after if they are has formed the head kept close in a warm place under a the inwards With dwarf combs curl until the plants hand-light. the like of of loam reach the side a compost pot. They tipsnearly and sand. with a little leaf mould or decayed manure,
"
Scrophularineae) (Mullein). The best-known genus speciesis Arcturus, a half-hardy shrub growing about 4 ft. high, in August (see the Botanical and bearing yellow flowers Magazine, be propagated by cuttingsof the young wood in a t. 1962). It may greenhouse. Cretica is a half-hardy biennial, with yellow flowers seed in a greenhouse in spring. in July, and may be raised from
" .
Celsia small
after (cel-sia,
Professor
to
Celsius.
Ord.
allied
Verbascum
much Ord. (centau-rea, from centaur. Compositae). Inasthe the Cornflower and this Sweet Sultan it us as gives genus C. Cyanus is the Cornflower, and there are is one of much interest. in addition is a hardy to the several colours This popular blue.
Centaurea
"
such as (seeAnnuals). Moschata grown seedsmen offer white and Sultan, of which purple Sweet varieties ; the latter is called odorata botanists, thus by some
annual, and
may
be
is the
yellow
making
annuals. of the
it
distinct
is
species from
dwarf blue
the
a Depressa perennial species are
annual
purple. Grow species. The
as
hardy
useful
most
which
is grown
for its
Cineraria Cineraria, otherwise candidissima, is and raised seed in heat from leaves, silvery
in
spring; macrocephala, a tall yellow perennial; and montana, blue, 2 ft. high ; the white varietyof the latter is a good border plant, careful tying, as its habit but needs is hardy and free-flowering, be used to deal for its a straggly. Ragusina good silvery grown Cineraria maritima is a better leaves, but plant. The hardy
68
in
perennialsgrow spring.
anthos,
"
ordinary soil,and
are
propagated by
kentvon,
a
division
in
Centranthus, Valerian
a
from (centran-thus,
to the
flower,
The
in
allusion
are
spur
at
aneae). Macrosiphon, red;

annuals,
which
Valerians
and
bright
ft. high and
and
the base. free -blooming

two
summer.
spur, and Ord. Valeri-
albus, its white

2 common
are variety,
plants. good hardy

Ruber
grow about (Valerianarubra) is the

on
bloom
in
often naturalised itself by self-sown

too much.
on
chalky
is
a
red Valerian, a hardy perennial It increases cuttingsin Great Britain.

must be
seeds, and
white seeds
a
kept
in
hand,
or
it will
spread
selves them-
There
variety. Both
are
will establish
walls
if
few
dropped
into crevices. spur, and stigma. Ord. is Lucyanus,

a
Centropogon
beard,
"
(centropo-gon,
to the
from
kentron,
pogon,
the fringeround Campanumember The one a hybrid widely grown laceae). in It flowers be autumn. and ft. bearing rosy high growing 2 may in a warm greenhouse in equal parts of loam and peat, and grown shoots in bottom of the young heat under a cuttings by propagated soil. using sandy bell-glass, Dipsaceae). An unimportant Cephalaria (cephala-ria.Ord. the which for one speciesalpina (Scabiosaalpina), except genus, flowers in ft. and about summer. high, produces yellow 5 grows It will grow almost anywhere, and may be propagated by seed. in allusion
"
Cerastium of
the
seed is
from to keras, a horn, referring (ceras-tium, vessel. Ord. Caryophylleae) The Mouse-ear
" .
the
shape
Chickwhere
weed there
is useful
room
as
for it to
carpeter,and may spread without

in almost two
be
grown
on
the
on
rockery
more
encroaching
soil,and
seeds
delicate
freely, springing and Biebersteinii tomentosum species up much be increased are alike, and both may by cuttingsor division wanted the self-sown in spring where a good many plants are ; or white flowers as well be transplanted. They have seedlingsmay on walls, and are useful as as silvery leaves. They may be sown edgings. plants.
any
in all directions. The
It will thrive
from Cerasus, Cherry (cer-asus, Ord.
the
town
of that
name
in Asia. Prunus
Rosaceae).
"
The
genus
Cerasus and
is
now
put under
by
botanists, but
the old under the wild Gean;
common
nurserymen
generic name,
certain gardeners grow species avium (dulcisor domestica), notably
Cerasus, the common Cherry; Laurocerasus, the Laurel; lusitanicus, the Portugal Laurel; Padus, the Bird
Pseudo-cerasus
of
;
Cherry;
varieties
and
serrulata.
There
are
several
good
pendula, weeping; and Rhexii flore pleno is laciniata, cut-leaved, are varieties of avium. of Cerasus. ornamental is nice variety a variety a Argentea good
of the
each.
Multiplex, double;
Bird and The
Cherry.
Watereri,
in
double
in
form, represents Pseudoto the
cerasus,
winter. may The be
be grown may be others may
planted in varieties special Cherries, see fruiting
be gently forced in where shrubbery, they grown well-drained soil. autumn, preferablyin light, and are propagated by budding grafting. For
large pots
Fruit.
Cercis,Judas Tree by Theophrastus.
on
69
so
from (cer-cis, Ord. is
kerkis, a shuttlecock,
"
named
trees
Leguminosae).
reputed
to have
Among
ended
the his
several
Judas a native siliquastrum,

red
which
Iscariot
life is Cercis
flowers
are
flowers
garden,
but
"
Europe, which produces purplishin May (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1168). The attractive, and the tree is worth planting in the flower in cold districts it should be given a sheltered place.
of Southern See Cactus.
an
Cereus.
Cestrum (ces-trum, Allied to Habrothamnus.

a
old The
Greek
most
name.
Ord.
Solanaceae).
"
warm-house may grow

with
a
shrub
which
and
Loam,
to 5 ft. little peat and soil in
produces high. It looks

some
is aurantiacum, popular species flowers in early summer, orange well
against a
wall
or
pillar.
by
cuttingsin sandy
Ceterach
spring.
sand, suits. Propagation is Prune after flowering.

"
from keterak, the Arabic (cet-erach, name). As the omcinarum, already seen, hardy Scale fern, Ceterach called Asplenium ceterach It is suitable by botanists. rockery. Chalk.
and
"
we
have
is
now
for
the
Useful
as
an
applicationto
"
sour,
acid
soils.
See
Manure
Lime.
Chamaecyparis (White Cedar). See Cupressus. chamai, dwarf, and Chamaepeuce (chamaepeu-ce, from peuke, leaves. Ord. pine, pine-like Compositae). Two plants are grown in the genus under this name, botanists although modern put them Cnicus. and the C. C. Casabonae former of are diacantha, They which is known the Fish-bone Thistle. as or Herring-bone They for their foliage, are gardens. being planted out in sub-tropical grown in spring, house and have They may be raised from seed in a warm soil. ordinary garden
"
Chamaerops (chamae-rops, from small twig literally, palm. Ord.

"
chamai,
dwarf,
"
and
rhops,
cut. gracefully
C. humilis it may
is
Palmeae). popular plant,and

in
a a
Fan-leaved is
even
palms, comparatively
out
some
hardy,
in
so
that
mild
districts. be grown
in
Loam,
a
be grown with is
cool house,
or
of doors
sand,
will suit. It may
Propagation
of the
by
little leaf mould and seed in a warm house, or with careful
by
suckers.
sional occa-
room,
and
sponging
Charcoal. charcoal
"
leaves, will remain

of
watering and an healthy a long time.

with exclusion
The
result
burning
wood
of
air,
such is almost is good for as pure carbon, and When broken composts for plants of almost all kinds. about the size of cob-nuts be put at the bottom it may
mixing with into pieces

of flowerpots, bits in bulb considerable
where
it will bowls
help
are
to
glasses and
use
keep good.
the soil sweet. Orchid growers
few
make
of it.
Chards. been
these earthed and
are
"
used,
are
of the principal heads plants are cut back, and new about ft. high they are bound 2
the them. In
When
Globe
round the
Artichokes with
straw
have
growths break.
stems
When and
to blanch then
about
6 weeks
will be
ready,
called Chards.
jo
This
Ord.
Charlock, Ketlock (Brassica Sinapistrum. in the is common yellow-flowered weed be killed by an the invades garden. It may
of (sulphate
Cruciferae).
"
fields and
sometimes
stone
copper)at the rate
of
5 Ib. per 40
applicationof bluegallonsof water.

"
and from cheilos,a lip, anthos, a flower, (cheilan-thes, the of Ord. form to the fructifying Filices).A referring organs. three species are two of ferns, of which or popular plants. genus is fragrans, best known The a half-hardyperfumed species. Microrequire a warm phylla, myriophylla elegans and farinosa, which the last has powdery leaves also esteemed; house, are (seethe and of loam t. Botanical 4765). Equal parts peat, with Magazine, suitable make sand little and a a charcoal, Propagation compost.
Cheilanthes
is
by
spores,
sown
in brumata
warm,
moist
house.
"
Cheimatobia Cheiranthus
(Winter Moth).
See
Apples.
from anthos, a cheir, the hand, and (cheiran-thus, Wallflower the of the to as a flower, alluding popularity nosegay. of this genus Ord. Cruciferae). By far the most important member Wallflower and is Cheiri, the -common Wallflower). (seeBiennials and ins. has which about yellow flowers in high 9 Alpinus, grows in flowers and Marshalli, i ft. high, orange May, are both May; popular plants,and may be used on the rockery. Allionii,orange, is beautiful mutabilis, bronzy orange, a hybrid, is also good. ; and They like a dry limestone soil. Propagation is by seeds, or cuttings in summer. under a shaded bell-glass
"
from chelone, a tortoise, a fancied resemblance (chelo-ne, The Ord. Scrophularineae). Allied to Pentstemon. of the flower. is called Pentstemon best-known barbatus, now barbata, species about bears scarlet flowers in July. A which grows 3 ft. high and t. 116. Lyoni, Register, plate of it will be found in the Botanical in is flowers also ft., ft., purple, August, Obliqua, 4 purple 4 grown. seen. August, is sometimes They may be raised from seed in spring, or Ordinary garden soil. propagated by division. Chelone
"
Chenopodium
foot,
"
in allusion
to the
(chenopo-dium, from chen, shape of the leaves.

,
and pous, a goose, Ord. Chenopodiaceae)

a
of this genus to any are extent, viz. : Only two members grown ft. annual about an atriplicis (purpurascens) high, with growing 5 flowers used in ornamental and Bonusas an purple August, plant; shire Henricus, Mercury, or Good King Henry, which is grown in Lincolnis for Spinach. A newer as a substitute amaranticolor, plant, will It to arrest attention. ft. the same beginning high 7 year grow leaves from a springsowing in favourable conditions, and the young the pigment be cooked. They are brightred, and when rubbed may the in Britain. off It does seeds Great not comes on fingers. ripen
Cherry.
"
See
Cerasus
and
name
Fruit. for Common Laurel.
Cherry Laurel, another

Prunus Kitchen
Cherry Pie, Heliotrope. Cherry Plum,

Chervil.
"
cerasifera. Garden
See
Chestnut.
"
71
Handsome
trees.
See
Aesculus
"
and
Castanea.
Chickling
called
Lord
.
Vetch Anson's
(Lathyrus
Pea,
which
sativus). Often, but erroneously, is Lathyrus magellanicus (syn.

"
nervosus)
media. Ord. Caryophyllaceae). A common (Stellafia under weed, easilykept by regularhoeing. Chicory. See Kitchen Garden. Chimonanthus, Japanese Allspice(chimonan-thus, from cheima, winter, and anthos, flower, in allusion to the season of blooming. Ord. There is but the one Calycanthaceae) species, deliciously bears perfumed fragrans,which yellow and red flowers (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 466). There is a largervarietycalled grandiflorus. One of water, will perfume a fairly flower, laid in a saucer and It likes room. wall angle. Propaa sheltered large peaty soil, gation and is by layersin autumn, in a warm house by seeds sown in spring. from Chinodoxa, Glory of the Snow chion, snow, and (chinodox-a, doxa, glory. Ord. Liliaceae). See Bulbs. Chives as (Allium schoenoprasum. Ord. Liliaceae). Used a in spring salads. for young substitute Onions Ordinary soil. They seed or offsets in spring. from be grown may The Chlorophyll. The green colouringof leaves. granules must hence the whiteness of plants grown in the dark. have light, phyll Chloroacid. is able to decompose carbonic Chlorophytum (chlorophy-tum,from chloros,green, and phyton, a plant. Ord. Liliaceae). This genus is allied to Anthericum, and elatum gated variegatum, which is used in summer bedding for its varieis Anthericum often called foliage, variegatum. Loamy soil It is an and suits, and propagation is by division. evergreen, in the greenhouse. should be wintered after M. Choisy. Ord. Choisya (choi-sya, Rutaceae). The only is an ternata, shrub, species forming a dwarf bush grown, evergreen and in a sheltered white flowers in early summer. bearing place, and It likes The leaves are glossy. loamy soil,and may be green either in a propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass
" " . " " " " "
Chickweed
spring
or
autumn.
In
cold
districts it should
be grown
in
pots
in
cool house.
(choroze-ma,from choros, a dance, and of joy which followed the discovery a drink, Owing zena, in of water of the New the habitat near Holland. Ord. plant Leguminosae). Attractive greenhouse evergreens, likingpeat, with and and charcoal. third of loam sand a some Propagated by in in soil under a bell-glass summer. cuttings sandy They flower in for the summer. be put out of doors spring,and may They will deal not much of water but in winter. a then, When require good and be start they pruned growing they may repotted. Angustifolium, with red and yellow flowers; cordatum, red, and its variety scarlet (seethe Botanical splendens; and Henchmanni, Magazine, the principalkinds. Flavum t. 3607), are and superbum are the
Chorozema
or
Chorizema
to the
dance
"
same
as
cordatum.
72
Christmas
Rose
(Helleborus niger). See Bulbs.

" "
Chrysalid, Chrysalis. The winged butterfly or moth.

as
they mimic
eyes of birds. when found.
stage of insect life before the perfect study of chrysalidsis interesting, which various on things they are laid to escape the Those of recognisedgarden pests should be destroyed
The
"
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. warm-house handsome palm,

loam
and leaf mould.
The which
same
as
Areca
a
lutescens,
thrives
in
sandy compost
of
See Palms.
(chrysan-themum, from chrysos,gold,and anthos, of people who visit Chrysflower. anthemum Compositae). Thousands in autumn shows are impelled to grow this beautiful and of colours flower. It gives us a great range large,handsome is gettingvery bloom flowers at a period of the year when scarce. of the most beautiful Moreover, it is a good town plant. Some collections are grown in densely populated districts in East London,
Chrysanthemum
Ord.
"
in
one
case
"
Southwark
Park
"
close
to where
the
Thames,
where
the
fogs are not uncommon. atmosphere is never in the prizecompetitions, and very remarkable Large flowers prevail Blooms the of the Japanese exhibited best as are, they by growers. section 10 ins. deep and wide are not rare. fully Of perfectform, beautifinished, with broad, evenly folded florets,and bright,fresh
noble colours, they are indeed examples of floricultural the the same time, charming single and small double skill.
At
of the purest, and
spoken of
and
we
as
must and
houses,
(generally ") varieties have a wide circle of admirers, that these remember play an important part in small for cutting. It is in providing abundance of flowers
"
decorative
draw varieties that the ranks of the decorative we mainly Chrysanthemums for outdoor culture, and every year the Autumn her sway in outside beds and borders. Queen extends The be briefly of the History. history Chrysanthemum may summarised sinense The and follows: were as species indicum
"
from
natives
1764.
From
of China, and the latter was them certain varieties
introduced
were
to
Great The
Britain
in
raised.
first double
the end of the eighteenthcentury, at Kew towards grown and within the next appeared. The first 25 years several others show in 1829; the first in is said to have held at Norwich been London held at Stoke The in was raisingof new 1847. Newington varieties became about the active first Incurved appeared 1830; about
varietywas
1836, and
the
was
first raised
Japanese in
from
the
a
1860
of
a
or
1861.
The
in
Pompon
Chrysanthemum
and the
speciesintroduced
many
With Classification." rise in

at:
the
introduction
1846. different types,
popularity of
and flowers
were
flower,
became arrived
desirable,
The
by slow
with
stages
flat
or
the
system of classification following system was

in
10
classified
Japanese long (smaller flowers, cup-shaped, with

towards the
; Japanese centre)
(large flowers
namely, groups, ; Incurved quilledflorets) in quilled florets that curve
curved, (largerthan ordinary Incircular flowers florets) (small, ; long, with reflexed ; Japanese Reflexed (like a small Japanese, florets) and reflexed) florets broad ring of ; Large Anemone-flowered (flat
Incurved
with
broad
Reflexed
florets round flowered
than
a
73
Anemonedisc of
not
raised
(outer ring
disc of flat
of
quilledones); Japanese
florets round double
a
more quilledones); Pompon Anemone ins. across) 2 ; Pompon (small form of the large Anemone-flowered) ; Single (round, flat flowers, with only 2 or 3 of florets, centre reckon in with rows the open). As we may the double tive decoraJapanese great majority of the small-flowered
drooping (small, roundish
raised
flowers
"
"
varieties
a
Pompons) Japanese for show only for general purposes the Single holds second file of Chrysanthemum could well growers classes except the Japanese and single. This is a Growing for large show blooms.
are
,
(although
few
grown of these
for
greenhouse
and
garden
the most
decoration
it is much
comes
important
class.
Next
to the
the Incurved, but place. The rank and

to
afford
ignore all
and
the
"
distinct
on
specialised
form
who make
of
can a
except by those give attention to the plants for the better part of a year, soil and pots, and study of bud production,provide special
follows:
the
culture, which
should
not
be
embarked
is briefly The routine as large varieties. short, sturdy suckers from cuttings(preferably
grow
(i) Strike
ber Novem-
base) in
in
to
or
December,
and
in
3 -in.
pots
filled with
loam
well
leaf mould
sand;
keep
close
till rooted, then may be shifted

a
lightenedwith a cool, light,

5 -in.
airy house
stood
on a
till March, when bed of cinders in strike

a
they
a
pots
over
and
on
cold
more
frame,
mat
being put
in
frosty nights; tops spring. (2) Stop such plants as requireit in spring,so as to get 3 shoots for in August. The buds varieties vary a giving crown great deal in to the as spring stopping, respect following examples of certain sorts will show : popular Japanese
few
cuttings from
"
VARIETY.
WHEN end
TO
STOP.
CROWN
BUD.
Algernon Davis Bessie Godfrey

Brilliant
of March
of
2nd
ist ist
end
May
break in
natural Gouldsmith of Sutherland
Dorothy
Duchess Edith E.
3rd
end
week
May
ist ist ist
Jameson
Towers Penfold
J. Brooks
Emily
Florence F. W.
April end of April early in April 3rd week in May

of natural end of
ist week
2nd
ist
break
ist ist
F. S. Vallis Lever
May
in
May
ist ist ist
George Mileham Harry Wood Henry Perkins Henry Stowe H. J. Jones Hon. Mrs. Lopes
H. W. Meadows
natural natural
break break
early in
ist week
April in April
break in March break
2nd
ist ist ist ist
natural
ist week
natural middle
ist week
J. H. Silsbury
J. Lock John Peed
of
April in April
2nd
ist
natural natural
break break
ist ist
J. W.
Molyneux
74
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
"
continued
WHEN
TO
VARIETY.
STOP.
CROWN 2nd 2nd 2nd 2nd ist 2nd 2nd ist ist ist ist 2nd
BUD..
Joseph Stoney Lady Conyers

Lady Lady
Frances Talbot Park Park G. R. Rival Wonder Rivol Radaelli Rider
middle
of
April
in March in- March in March in March
3rd 3rd
end
week
week
Lady Hopetoun Leigh Leigh

Madame
Madame
of March
ist week
earlyApril
3rd
end
week
of
C. Terrier Paolo
middle middle middle
Madame Madame
Cadbury
Venosta
April of April of April of April
Magnificent Marquise V.
Master Master Melchett Miss Miss Miss
Mrs.
week in March middle of April
3rd
2nd
ist ist 2nd
David
middle natural natural

ist week
of
April
James Beauty
Ware Miller
break break
in
Elsie Fulton Mildred Olive
June
ist 2nd ist ist ist 2nd 2nd 2nd
end
of March
break
natural natural
Mrs. Mrs. Mrs.

Mrs.
A. H. Lee A. T. Miller
break break break in

in
natural natural
ist week end
Barkley
Beckett
Eric
April
April
Crossley
Vallis
of March in
Mrs.
Mrs. Mrs.
F. W. F. C.
G.
ist week ist week end
2nd ist ist 2nd 2nd ist ist 2nd ist ist 2nd ist ist 2nd 2nd
Stoop George Mileham

F. Coster Weeks Davis
S. Cleave B.
April
of
May
Mrs.
Mrs. Mrs. Mrs.
end
of March
in March break in March
Greenfield H. N. R. L. Thorn
early June
ist week
natural
Mrs.
Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs.
3rd
Marsham
week
Percy
H. R. H. Trevor Walter W. C. S.
natural
ist week
break in
of
Pearson Williams
middle
April April
Jinks
Knox
mid-April early in April end of April

3rd 3rd
week in March in March
N.
Jubilee
Davis
Norman
week
2nd
ist 2nd 2nd 2nd ist 2nd ist ist 2nd ist
O. H. Broomhead Pockett's Surprise President
natural
break
March in March of
early in April
early in 3rd week
middle
Viger
Vallis D.
Eves
Reginald
Revd.
Rose
R.
April
in March
Pockett Penford Rollit
3rd
week
Sidney
natural
end
Sir Albert
break in April ist week

of March
Splendour
Valerie Greenham
natural
break
VARIETY. WHEN
TO
75
BUD. ist
STOP.
CROWN
Walter
W.
Jinks
"
3rd
end
week
in
April
Beadle Incurved Hall Hirsch H. Curtis Poitevine Isabel Edmond Ferlat Barnard G.
of March break break

in
2nd
ist ist ist ist ist ist ist 2nd
A. H. Baron Charles Embleme lalene
natural natural
Buttercup
Lady
Madame Madame Mrs. Mrs. Mrs. Mrs.
Roger
3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd

end
week week week

week
week week
May in May in May in May in May

in March
middle
of March
2nd
2nd ist
Hankey
F. Ashworth
in March week of April
Denyer
H. Hall Clibran de W. Orientale
Robert
3rd week 3rd week

ist week
in
in
April April
2nd 2nd 2nd

ist ist ist result
in March
Souvenir
Topaze
W. W.
"
natural natural
break break
Biddle Pascoe
"
early in
the
May
Stopping is nipping off the plants break into three these throughout the summer
buds called that
the round
top of the plant. The

should
is that form
on
shoots.
them column and
some
Any side shoots be picked out at

in
summer.
which
once.
Flower These
are seen
with
crown some
leaf shoots buds.

are
round In
the ist
will form for

crown
buds With
2nd round
it will be marked first
marked buds
2nd. be marked
those
the
ist
first
crown
which
form with
should
those
kept, and
the leaf shoots

crown
them with
picked out;
all but
one
buds,
of the
leaf shoots
them,
form
the
should
a
be
the shoots left will then and on removed; grow crown bud, with leaf shoots as before; in this case be
second
bud
should
as-
kept
be
and
the
leaf shoots
rubbed
out.
This
procedure, varied
each
to time must
of first stopping according to the

be
of peculiarity
variety,
Without it, it adopted with all prize Chrysanthemums. the to all at varieties their best get impossible together. of every be learned must The sultation variety grown peculiarities by conwith experts. Speaking generally, prize flowers require from from to 13 weeks to arrive at perfection the time of bud 12 Transfer formation. the to 8-in. or (3) plants 9-111. pots about the middle of June, using some the such compost as and following, ramming it in well: 4 parts fibrous loam, i part decayed manure, and it gritty. A quart of i part leaf mould enough sand to make would
bone
meal
should
and
be well mixed may be drained by laying some flakes and in

the
in
each
bushel
of soil. the
The
potsbed
of
overlapping crocks
of soil.
in the
on a
bottom
covering with rough

open
summer,
Stand the
pots
as
cinders
air.
throughout the
if necessary. If the soil the will be pot, success

manure
when
the
buds
(4) Support they grow water regularly several times a day gets so dry as to shrink from the side of jeopardised very seriously. Give liquid colour. show (5) Put the plants under
shoots
"
j6
glass by
the
"
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
end of
continued.
the of air, and use of of fresh dissolve an mildew, ounce syringe. liver of sulphur in 3 gallons of water and syringethe plants with it. when This may be done even The same they are in bloom. remedy
September, give plenty

trace
If there
is any
may
be
used
for rust.
"
Much less trouble is involved when it is only Growing for bushes. of growing plants as of bushes to yield a larger number case a To begin with, a later start may smaller flowers. be made, as it is not necessary to strike the cuttingstill spring. The tortuous tion quesof bud selection may be dropped entirely. It is true that stopping may be advisable, but it is merely to get a shapely plant. if the tips are Thus the young pinched off when plants are about 6 ins. high.itwill encourage them to throw out side shoots. Any buds be Flower plants which tend to straggle again. stopped may
at in clusters late in summer, will appear If thinning is done discretion. the and buds
may
be
thinned
or
not
left form
larger flowers
there fewer of them. are thinning,but of course in the garden. The Chrysanthemum is a very beautiful flower autumn for the garden, and garden lover will take every to of have when for lifting care a collection some they come plants, and into bud in beds for groups some replantingto fillbare places,
than
without
Culture
"
or
bed merely to yield flowers perhaps, in a reserve from shifted in late one cutting. plants are place to another the summer, precaution should be taken of giving the soil round them a good soaking just before, and they should also be watered of showery weather in. But perhaps a spell will come at a suitable time to favour the operation. Plants set 3 ft. apart in clumps of
some,
borders,
for
If
or
more
make
beautiful
colour
is to Plant
buy
them
plants young in deep, manured

and
groups. freshly rooted
The from
way
to make
start
cuttings in
occasional Give
as
soil,and
in
and
give an
of water
liquid manure
when
dry
tie
weather.
each
spring. soaking plant a
growths are securely, necessary, brittle and broken liable to be in windy weather. No is lift them, the plants go out of bloom stopping required. When cut them back to stumps, pack them with their labels in boxes with
rather
strong
stake
the
moist litter When
soil round
can
them,
thrown
and
over
put
them
in
sheltered
placewhere
or
some
be
them
in
hard
weather,
in
frame.
off, push up from the roots 3 or 4 ins. long take them strike them, and so get a fresh stock of good plants for the coming In sandy, friable,well-drained soils the roots may be left in year. the ground all the winter, and throw will in they up fresh shoots
shoots
spring like
Varieties.
a
an
"
herbaceous
plant.
plant
It is somewhat varieties of dangerous to recommend which, like the Ghrysanthemum, is still being developed
the who
as florists,
actively by
those
the
sorts
are
quickly out
flower
of date.
or
tainly Cer-
other themselves in with touch should the societies keep principal purposes there certain varieties of established and raisers. But merit are to be superseded quickly. The not likely which are Japanese and Incurved varieties
are
want
to
the specialise
for exhibition
named
in the
in the other
foregoingtable
"
are
reliable.
The
following
good
classes:
Reflexed.
Dr. Double Garden Varieties.
77
Sharp
of Crimsons
King
Large Anemone-flowered.
Descartes
Aquitaine Bijou Rose Champ d'Or

Evelyn *Firefly
Gluck
Gascoigne
*Guinea
Horace
Lady Margaret PomponA

nemone.
Gold
Martin
*Le Nina Roi
Pactole
Calliope
Gem
of Earlswood
Minnie
des
Carpenter
Blick Blancs Belle
Pompon.
Mdlle. Wm. Elise Westlake
Dordan
*Ryecroft Glory
*September
Victor *White Double
Mew
Single.
Altrincham
Quintus for
Yellow
Pink
Yellow
Varieties Altman's
Pot
Bushes*
Caledonia Florrie
King
Framfield Kathleen L.
Market
Gaiety
Gem
of Merstham
Thompson Canning
Gold Maker d'Or Lincoln Cheer six.
Ideal
Ladysmith
Mrs.
Money
Tresham
Gilbey
Source W. H. Winter
Pyrethrum
Sandown Radiance These The list includes both would make
a
good
early and
summer
late bloomers.
"
Species of hardy
genus florists' is far from
Chrysanthemums.
exhausted the
The
value varieties
of
the
being by which blooms in autumn. There are Chrysanthemum flower in the garden in summer, several good hardy specieswhich the ; Pyrenean or notably the Ox-eye Daisy, C. Leucanthemum C. and C. Moon Maximum; (otherwisePyrethrum) uligiDaisy, first grow about The two a nosum. yard high and make good bushes. They are extremely useful plants,as they thrive in almost The soil, and bear their large white flowers on long stems. any varieties of all few the Moon have white are a good Daisy ; following
of the
flowers:
"
beautiful
G. H.
Sage, fringed
Edward VII.
Princess
Henry
King
C. of the
Triumph
later. All uliginosum is a taller,less bushy plant, and blooms herbaceous be are hardy perennials, foregoing may gated propaborders. by division in spring,and are good for herbaceous Garden For annual Annuals. Of the Chrysanthemums, see Flower
"
other known
Chrysanthemums
the most and
important
the
are
frutescens, the
Feather.
well-
Marguerite; Marguerite is a valuable
Parthenium,
Golden
The
con-
pot plant
for cool
greenhouses and
78
It grows servatories, and is also useful for window-boxes. freely, and is forms nice bushes, blooms tings Cutabundantly, easilygrown. of young shoots, or from the base, strike readily in spring,
summer,
or
"5-in. pots. of
a grub, yellow Marguerite,
in sandy soil. in autumn Good be grown plants can in the leaves, indicating the presence If grey lines show and thumb they should be pinched between finger. The
Etoile
d'Or, is
a
now
almost
as
popular
It is
as
as
the
-white, and
The Blue "coelestis.
iormal
both
may
be grown
under successfully
similar
treatment.
Marguerite belongs to
however,
Golden
be
different
It may, Marguerites. The beds.
grown Feather is used like

or an
genus. in the same
Agathaea
the true
way for lines and
designs in
in frame, put in an unheated

not be
It may be treated in a heated frame
in a box annual, being sown greenhouse, pricked off,hardened

summer.
made be
frame, and planted out in rich, or the plants will grow
The
soil must
rank
and
green.
to
They
them
should
pinched regularlywith
Goldilocks
finger and
thumb
keep
"dwarf.
Chrysocoma,
home,
best-known
(chrysoco-ma, from
chrysos, gold,
"
and
florets. Ord. Compositae). The is Lynosyris, called a hardy herbaceous species plantnow Aster It in botanists. border. be the Linosyris by grown may C. Coma-aurea is a greenhouse evergreen, growing about 2 ft. high and the Botanical producing yellow flowers in July (see Magazine, t. 1972). Peat in equal parts,with sand, suit. and loam tion Propagais by cuttingsunder in spring. a bell-glass
hair, alludingto the yellow
Chrysogonum (chrysog-onum, from chrysos, yellow, and gonu, a joint. Ord. Compositae). Virginianum is a good yellow springsoil. flowering hardy herbaceous perennial, i ft. high. Loamy division in Propagated by early summer.
"
Cibotium. Cichorium
"
See
Dicksonia.
"
(Chicory).
wort
See
Kitchen
Garden.
from cimex, bug, and fugo, to (cimicif-uga, ceous hardy herbaRanunculaceae). Very handsome away. well worth plants, growing in the border. They do best in a a heavy, moist soil. In light,dry soil they ought to have shady is The division in by place. Propagation spring. following are flowers ft. white good: cordifolia, 3 (see Botanical high, July, white; and Magazine, t. 2069); foetida (syns. frigida, simplex), 3 ft., white. racemosa, 4 to 5 ft., August, drive Ord.
"
Cimicifuga, Bug
Cinchona
after (cincho-na,
no
the
Countess
of the
of Cinchon. interest
as
Ord.
as
a
Rubia-
"ceae).
"
Of
garden
value, but
medicinal and
which "quinine, Cineraria
is prepared from
bark
is famous
yielding febrifuge.
from cineres, ashes, in allusion to the grey (cinerar-ia, Cineraria of the florists, leaves. Ord. Compositae). The whether strains the that were round-flowered, smooth-edged represented by the older star-flower of the joy an generation, or type (stellata) favour which brilliant, to-day, is a free-blooming, enjoys so much of in esteem well the and which it worthy high easily-grownplant, from almost in raised winter is held. seed, hardy, blooming Easily
"
"
"
and
79
of
be
spring,it
and
is
most
are
valuable
worth
plant.
their
Good
strains may
seed
sown
are
rather
dear, but
they
May
June pricked off

small
similarly to
into
cost. larias, Calceo-
They
in
boxes,
and
then
put
in
singly in
to which
pots,
ferred finallytrans8 -in.
6-in., 7 -in., and

will flower.
in
pots,
and
even
they
They
summer,
must
have
a
j
1
cool, airy conditions

frame stood suits them. in the open be Aphides) must dwarf a maritima, is foliage,
be other
They
air.
may Green
be
fly (see
Cineraria
kept away. plant with

in
silvery
It may
Such
often from
used
bedding.
in
are now
raised
seed
are
spring. only
and
one
speciesas
by
used
a 2
grown
called
that
Senecios
much
botanists, but
in
gardens,
and
is is
cruenta,
about
greenhouse perennial growing

ft.
high 406).
with the
purplish
Botanical
SEEDLING
CINERARIA
flowers
in
summer
(see
Cinnamon
"
ready
for
prickingoff.
Magazine,
Ord.
t.
(Arabic). (cinnamo-mum, from kinamon b ut important Laurineae). Unimportant horticulturally, C. Camphora and economically,as C. zeylanicum yields cinnamon gives camphor. Cinquefoil. See Potentilla. Ord. Cissus (clss-us, from kissos, Ivy, in allusion to the habit. It Amepelideae) One produces species, discolor, is grown. handsome its in for flowers is but greenish September, chiefly grown the Botanical with white leaves, which are velvetygreen marked (see loam in equal in peat and Magazine, t. 4763). It may be grown is by with the roof of hothouse. on sand, a Propagation parts, of side heat. in shoots under a bell-glass cuttings Rose to the shape Rock from a box, alluding kiste, Cistus, (cis-tus,
Cinnamomum,
" "
of the
Cistineae). Brilliant shrubs, suitable for the rock garden, floweringin June, and thrivingin warm, sunny, sheltered places. They like well-drained, sandy soil. Propagation in spring,in a frame is by seeds or greenhouse, or by cuttings in the and in late summer. The best: May following are layers
seed Ord.
"
vessel.
albidus incanus, white; crispus,purple; cyprius, white; and salvifolius,white, all 2 ft. high; and ladaniferus, white, and its such as maculatus, spotted; laurifolius, varieties, white; lusitanicus, white or white; all of which yellow; and longifolius, 4 ft. grow
high.
Citrus genus
point very it does, the Orange (C.Aurantium), as economically, giving, the Shaddock (C. decumana), the Citron (C. medica), the Lime The (C. medica Limetta), and the Lemon (C. medica Limonum). Otaheite as a Fruit, Orange is sometimes pot plant (see grown p. 154); nice dwarf in 6-in. pots, and be grown low standards plants can
in 8 -in.
from Citron, a town in (cit-rus, of little value the garden from
Judea.
Ord.
Rutaceae).
"
of view, but
portant im-
80
Clarkia Annuals.
after Captain (clark-ia,
An
Clark.
Ord.
Onagrarieae)
" .
See
sclarea). Clary (Salvia

"
from Clary (clear-eye) in for use sown spring
its
as a
Clay.
"
See Soil, Kitchen
English plant,gettingits name supposed value in eye affections. pot-herb. Garden, and Drainage.
old from
" .
of It is
Clematis
to the
or clemat-is, (clem-atis
klema,
vine-shoot,
ing allud-
One valuable most Ord. Ranunculaceae) our in and of most a soils, thriving giving profusion rambling plants, habit. which blooms in montana, lovely white be propagated by cuttings after flowering. early summer, may the garden varieties and hybrids, are of most and gated propaJackmanii, ing) Graftin the nurseries by graftingon the speciesVitalba (see struck be from of sometimes mature cuttings they may ; but in September. in summer, from layers or side shoots under a bell-glass fastidious about not The Clematises are soil; they preferlightto stiff soil is not suitable. ; damp, They heavy land if it is manured will be subject to constant the roots be planted where should not It is wise to plant the Jackmanii set early, drip in wet weather. back and to within cut them a foot of the ground at once ; they are then to break sure strongly; when planted late, and unpruned, they be often fail. The pruning of the different kinds varies, and it may from these them well to classify cocare : Coccinea : hybrids group cinea (syn. a scarlet, urn-shaped species flowering in July; Pitcheri), of of Onslow, deep red; Duchess the following are good: Countess thin and Sir Trevor as crimson; Lawrence, required. Albany, pink; beautiful
flowers.
of
The
Florida
group
these"
are
suitable
for
Woking, double, grey; and Duchess in late winter shoots and leave popular sorts; thin out crowded alba Smith's the rest. Jackmanii type: Jackmanii, violet; J.
are
greenhouses ; Battle of of Edinburgh, double, white,
cool
variety, white; Madame

are
Edouard
Andre, red; and
Prince
of
Wales,
be pruned hard of this set, and they should puce, back of the to the old flowered shoots cut one annually, year being which will bloom for well the shoots, wood, making way strong new same Lanuginosa group : these are largeand beautiful flowers, year.
four of the
best
suitable
for
pillars;Beauty
of
Worcester,
violet; Enchantress,
Victrix, double, lavender, are three of the double, white ; and Venus pruning as the Florida group. best; they do well with the same blush ; Patens group: beautiful for arches and pillars ; Fair Rosamond, Miss and The Bateman, silver; white; Queen, Lady Londesborough,
lavender,
Florida
are
set.
have the same they should pruning as the Viticella group : Lady Bovill, silvery blue ; Viticella
good;
red, are three of the best, and grandiflora, Of the old species,Flammula, Jackmanii pruning. may and its variety lobata, white, greenhardy, white, sweet; indivisa house; alba, white;
have and V. rubra
and
Vitalba, hardy, white, the Traveller's

be mentioned. The last is beautiful better
Joy
or
Old
Man's
Beard,
may
in the
hedgerows
newer
is a much but montana i-n autumn, variety of it, rubra, is desirable.
garden plant ; the

and
Clerodendron
from (cleroden-dron,
to
kleros,chance,
dendron,
Verbena-
tree,
in
allusion
uncertain
medicinal
qualities.Ord.
ceae). Although
"
fairly largegenus, only one or two species the most Much popular is Balfouri, a grown any of which its brilliant light scarlet Thomsonae, variety produces flowers at the end of summer. It is a beautiful plant,but not easy
a are
this is
to
extent.
to do of stock
well.
It likes the
temperature
fourth
of
of
hothouse,
and
and
some
compost
sand.
If
fibrous
loam
struck
with
in
leaf mould side shoots

a
is required, a few but

be used
of the
young
may
be
taken
off in
springand
in summer,
sandy peat under sparinglyin winter.

as a
Water bell-glass. liberally Balfouri is of vigorous habit

er
and
may flowers. its leaves Clethra
climber.
Fallax
are
is dwarf
and
also has Balfouri
scarlet loses
This
and
splendens
evergreens,
whereas
in winter.
in reference to the (Greek), resemblance of the leaves. Ord. Ericaceae). Only two speciesare to extent: ft. alnifolia, white, high,hardy, blooming grown 4 any in late summer; and arborea, white, floweringin September, and a requiring greenhouse. The latter is illustrated in the Botanical It is a shrub growing 6 to 8 ft. high; there is a Magazine, t. 1057. dwarf variety called minor and one with variegated leaves called variegata. Peat, with a third of loam, and sand, suit the Clethras. in spring under Arborea is best propagated by cuttings a bell-glass; in summer alnifolia by cuttings or layersin autumn. from kleios,glory,and anthos, Clianthus,Glory Pea (clian-thus, Brilliant The flower. Ord. flowers. best- known Leguminosae) the Parrot-beak scarlet with black are flower, Dampieri, species in does basket well in a cool house; a and boss, which hanging in sheltered puniceus, crimson, which will thrive outdoors places, but is best in a cool greenhouse in cold districts. green They are everwhich be raised from in and seed further shrubs, spring, may propagated by cuttingsin sandy soil under a bell-glass. They like peat and loam in equal parts,with sand.
from (cleth-ra,
klethra,adder
"
"
Click-beetle. Climbers loose Gloire de

and
"
See Wireworm.
Creepers. People use

"
the word
"
climber
"
in
what somea
way
in connection Rose
with
plants,applying it
over a
equally to
area
by
out
mere
Dijon vigour, and

suckers his
which
to and
spreads
considerable
of wall throws Indian have

a
adhesive
with
climbs
VirginianCreeper, which as an actuallyclimbs as certainly broad the definition,we slings. Accepting

is
no reason
Veitch's
large selection of climbers, and there palings, arches, pillars, pergolas,and

bare. For
why walls, fences,
high
Allen
walls
Creeper and
as
selected
summer-houses should go there is nothing better than the Virginian Ivies (see Hedera) ; but a vigorous Rose, such
cover a
William
Richardson, will
considerable
area
of wall
an
if
planted in good
an
wall,
aspect
on
Ivy
and west
also does Ceanothuses
be thought of for soil. This Rose may which it will thrive better than on most walls. Roses east and north Flower (see
east
plants. Garden)
walls, with
The fruit. edible
be considered for south and (seeCeanothus) may Pyrus (Cydonia) Japonica for low positions under latter
A
windows.
by a strong grower,
brilliant flowers, followed plantproduceslarge, is Lonicera flexuosa, for it is good Honeysuckle and free flowering Clematises sweet. (see Clematis)
F
82
must not
be overlooked, for
montana and
they comprise two

and
valuable particularly
others than
plants in
Jackmanii,
more
several creeper
of much the
portance. im-
There
is
no
beautiful
Flame
Tropaeolum speciosum of botanists; but it will have root and not thrive in dry, hot positions. It must atmospheric and Climbers moisture to give its true beauty. creepers sometimes where fail because they catch drip they are planted in a position be roof. This should from avoided, if necessary a by planting annual An in. from then the wall, and rather farther training In the most cases pruning takes helps plants. mulching of manure for younger the form of thinningout the older growth to make room
Nasturtium,
the
wood.
In
few
cases,
notably
the
Wistaria,
must
the
young
wood
is The
Climbers spurred to older branches. and summer-houses pergolas, pillars,
also be selected
for arches,
(see Flower
:
"
Garden).
following selections Hardy

Perennial
may
be
useful
Climbers.
Clematis Clerodendron Cobaea

Ficus
Ampelopsis
Aristolochia
Calystegia
Clematis
Gloriosa
Eccremocarpus Hedera (Ivy)

Jasmine
Hoy
Ipomaea Lapageria
Maurandya
Passiflora
Smilax
(Honeysuckle) Periploca Polygoiium

Rose
Lonicera
Tacsonia
Tropaeolum
Vitis Wistaria Tender Perennial
an
Thunbergia
Vitis
Hardy
Climbers.
Annual
Climbers.
Convolvulus
A 11am
da
Aristolochia
Polygonum Tropaeolum
Tender
Annual
Asparagus
Bignonia
Climbers.
Ipomaea
Mina
Bougainvillea
Cestrum
All
Thunbergia
dealt with under their
a own names.
of the
plants are
Ord.
Clivia, Imantophyllum
family.
Cobaea
one
after (cli-vea, See Bulbs. Amaryllideae)

" .
member
of
the
Clive
(co-baea,after
of
a
Senor
Cobo.
Ord.
to
Polemoniaceae)
.
"
Only
is
member
this
genus
is grown
bearing purple Magazine, t. 85 1). There is a varietywith white-margined It is suitable for the roof of a cool house, or for pillars leaves. outside in summer, and the best plan is to treat it as an annual, sowing in heat in spring,hardening in a frame, and planting out in June. Ordinary soil.
summer
scandens,
Botanical
rambler
any flowers
extent,
in
and
that
(seethe
Cockchafer feeds on the
harm
83
The
most
(Melolonthavulgaris). In
"
its
on
grub stage the May bug

the leaves.
roots
as are
of trees
and
as
beetle
is done
grubs,
not
seen.
more
because, particularly
If trees
ground, they
Cockscomb.
"
suffer from the
no
working apparent
under
cause
it is well to fork
up
the soil and
leave
starlingsto find the
pests.
See Celosia.
Cockspur Thorn, Crataegus crista-galli.

Cocoa-nut moist
state
(seeBulbs),and
for plunging Refuse. This is the best material In a it may be used repeatedlyfor the purpose. Lilium bulbs before it is good for freshening up imported
Fibre
"
It potting them. checking the escape Cocos

the
no one
is also
useful
for
mulching
beds
in
summer,
of moisture.
from a coco monkey, in reference to (co-cos, (Portuguese), The Ord. Cocoa-nut Palm, C. nucifera, has shape. Palmae). is value the species Weddeliana ; but particular horticulturally of the most gracefulof small palms for greenhouse and room
"
decoration.
See
Palms.
Codiaeum,
Ord. Codlin Moth.
Croton
"
(codiae-um, from
See
" .
codebo, the
Malayan
name.
Euphorbiaceae)
"
Croton.
See Fruit
Apples.
"
(coelog-yne,from koilos, hollow, and gyne, female, pistil. Ord. Orchidaceae). A charming genus of its of which cristata and are Orchids, the most popular members varieties. The flowers of the species white crested with yellow; are those of alba, white; of lemoniana, those white with lemon lip. in with Cyprias a cool house They are easily they will thrive grown, pedium insigne,Odontoglossum crispum, and other kinds. They in baskets with fibrous peat, Sphagnum and best grown are moss, both crocks. of water at the root They will appreciateabundance and be reduced while in full growth; overhead the supply should
Coelogyne
alluding to
the
when
growth
is mature,
but
they
should
never new
be
dried
off.
If
when it should be done repotting is necessary the end towards of winter. Dayana, a beautiful
growth
have flowers.
a
starts
specieswith
warmer
long
drooping
house,
Coix which
tender
a as
spikesof
should
yellow and
brown with
flowers, should
and black
pandurata,
"
green
(Job'sTears). A small genus the species Lachryma-Jobi

annual,
and and
of grasses is grown,
in heat
are
raised
from
seed The
in
(Ord.Gramineae) being treated as hardened spring,

See
of
a
in
frame,
Botanical
planted out. Magazine, t. 2479.

Meadow Saffron
"
seeds
ornamental.
the
Colchicum,
Minor. Coleus
of
are
(col-chicum,from
Bulbs.
Colchis
in
Asia
Ord.
Liliaceae). See
stamens.
from (co-leus,
the
koleos, a sheath, alludingto

Ord.
the
tion combinashrubs
Labiateae).
"
These
evergreen
valued
most
for their coloured One

of
leaves;
the
in
cases.
however, species,
flowers are inconspicuous has sufficiently thyrsoideus, alone ; the

are
attractive
are
flowers and
to be
green
for its inflorescence grown little ornament. The flowers
leaves
and
pale blue,
84
are
borne
on
in
collection
long stems in of plants
winter.
in
a warm
The
is useful for growing species greenhouse or conservatory. rich and varied colours
The white
ordinary
may
be
of their
others
Coleuses are leaves, in which

seen.
remarkable
crimson have
for the and
Some
purple, yellow, and green, one-coloured leaves, others are flaked,

Plants
marbled,
same a
others
season
margined.
if seed
may
in
be
grown
into
nice size the with
is
sown
in heat
earlyspring,and Special seedlings,
little pinching they will be be increased varieties by may
compact, shapely bushes.
cuttings.
The
weakest
PROPAGATING
BY 1.
COLEUSES
CUTTINGS.
STOPPING
i.
COLEUSES.
2.
Drainage. Rough soil.

soil.
Shoots
the
breaking after pinching.
3. Fine 4. Sand.
showing the most be large enough

wanted,
few Beckwith's
as are species now
colour,
to
are
generallythe
them
best.
Six-inch
pots
will
flower the
they develop
Gem,
in, unless very richest colour when

of and
large plants are
grown. Countess
The
are following Dudley, Decorator,
pot-bound. Very good garden varieties :
Pineapple
Beauty,
Pride
"
of the See
Market,
Sunset.
Colewort.
Collinsia
See Annuals.
Kitchen
Garden. Mr. Collins.

t.
after (collms-ia, Coloured

in the
Ord.
Scrophularineae)
"
platesof the
107 ;
verna
will be found species
as
follows
bartsiaefolia Botanical
But
Botanical
1
Magazine,
in the
3488
in the grandiflora
t. Register,
Botanical
Magazine, t. 4927.
to the
mucus on
bicolor
is the
most
important.
holla, glue,in allusion
" .
Collomia
the for
from (collo-mia, Ord.

and which
seed. red
Polemoniaceae)
the
most
Pretty hardy
are
annuals
Annuals (see
of culture),
useful grow
coccinea, red; and

2
flora, grandiflower
in
yellow.
Both
about
ft.
high
and
early summer.
Coltsfoot, Tussilago.
Aquilegia. Senna from koloutea, a name Colutea, Bladder (colu-tea, given by OrdThe is most Theophrastus. Leguminosae) important species ft. high,and producing yellow 10 arborescens, a shrub growing some
" " .
Columbine.
See
flowers raised No
in from
summer,
followed
in
by
inflated
seed
spring and
increased
be pods. It may in by cuttings September.
seed
soil special
is needed.
Conifers
85
cones,
or
woody
and
names
(Coniferae).Trees and shrubs bracts containingthe flowers, such

"
which
as
bear under
Cedars, Firs, Larches,

their
own
The different Pines. in this work.

"
kinds
are
described
to display house, intended the in a tasteful manner, at their show plants grown in other houses. It is a somewhat expensive house, as it is more and than must it be well built, or drip will ornate a greenhouse, the It should be nuisance. be near a dwelling,and may prove the drawing-room or attached from be entered to it, so that it can for In made other conservatories beds are apartment. large and while other such Acacias, Camellias, Palms, large plants, plants Passion as Flowers, Tacsonias, and Lapagerias are planted to cover the roof. If there are fairlywide paths, tubs containing Clivias, and other favourite Myrtles, plants may be stood here and there.
Conservatory.
This
structure
is
best, and
See
also
Greenhouse.
Convallaria Convolvulus
Convol
(Lilyof
" .
the
Valley).
"
See
Bulbs.
to
(convol-vulus,from
These beautiful
are
convolvo,
twiners
are
entwine.
to
Ord.
vulaceae)
related
Calystegias
Ipomaeas. There deal, some being hardy

and
or
many
some
and species, tender
and
they differ a good annuals, others greenhouse
stove
evergreens,
to botanical
and
others
a
again
of
deciduous
the
unnecessary
enumerate
quarter
a purely in is in the it is illustrated flowers Botanical June, good; pink attractive Cneorum is an dwarf Magazine, t. 359. species with pink flowers in May, and silvery leaves (seethe Rot. Mag., t. 459) ; it should in the be grown greenhouse, or in a sheltered place. the popular is climbing Convolvulus Major (Ipomaea purpurea) and of the seedsmen of cottage gardens. Mauritanicus is a lovely culture in a greenhouse, little trailing shrub, well suited to basket
"
interest.
Althaeoides,
perennials. It is as they are of species, hardy perennial with
"
or
to the
garden
the
spring;
is the
in summer; flowers rich are
it may be raised from seed in summer. blue and come of the seedsmen.
osme,
in heat
in
Tricolor
dwarf
annual
Convolvulus
Coprosma
allusion
is grown
(copros-ma, from
odour.
to the to any
Ord.
kopros, faeces, and Rubiaceae). Only one

"
small, in Baueri, species,

not
extent, and
are
that
is
more
often
than
represented
by its varieties
leaves. of
a
picturata and
sand.
variegata, which
They
and
peat
some
greenhouse shrubs, thriving Propagation is by cuttingsin heat
have handsome in loam with a third

under
in spring. bell-glass
Coptis, Gold
leaf known grows likes division.
member about
a
Thread Ord. of 6 ins.

be See
from kopto, to cut, alludingto the (cop-tis, A small the bestRanunculaceae) genus, which is trifolia (Helleborustrifoliatus) which high, and produces white flowers in April. It
" .
moist, peaty
soil and
sheltered division
place. A
after
herbaceous
it may perennial, Corbularia. Corchorus

"
propagated by
Bulbs
"
"
flowering.
Daffodils. See Kerria
Japonicus.
Japonica.
86
"
Cordyline, Club Liliaceae). These

grown
and for their
are
indivisa
not
forms
are
of both.
from Ord. kordyle, a club. (cordyll-ne, which related to are are Dracaenas, plants, is slender which and Australis graceful. foliage, the two most are ; there variegated popular species planted out of doors, but they They are sometimes Palm
of leaf mould, and with fourth a sand, suit hardy. Loam, suckers. Tall, are They leggy plants may propagated by in bottom laid the tops struck be decapitated, heat, and the stems
them.
in moist break for
soil
or
cocoa-nut
fibre refuse
in heat
to
induce
shoots
to
cuttings.
to the
See Dracaena.
from Coreopsis,Calliopsis (coreop-sis,

in
koris, a bug,
"
and
opsis,like,
allusion
seed. which
Ord.
of are name species of is a good hardy perennial, (see Annuals). Lanceolata Calliopsis and flowers in summer ft. about 2 bearing yellow high (see growing t. Grandiflora the Botanical 2451). (syn.longipes) is Magazine, in with flowers Drummondii also a good perennial summer. yellow have red and yellow and tinctoria are the best of the annuals ; both in the greenhouse in winter. flowers. Grantii, yellow,blooms annual
under the
Compositae). generally grown
Useful
plants, the
Coris which v,ith
monspeliensis.
"
pretty rockery plant (Ord. Primulaceae)

,
(seethe
grows Botanical
about
foot
high, and
t.
produces
from
seed
lilac flowers
a sown
in
June
spot,
Magazine,
It is
2131).
It likes
dry, sunny
under
sandy peat. spring.

Corn
easilyraised
under
glassin
Flag.
" "
See
Gladiolus,
Centaurea
Bulbs. Annuals.
Cornflower.
Cornish Corn
See
and
Moneywort,
"
Sibthorpia europaea.
Garden.
Salad.
See
Kitchen
from a horn, alluding to the cornu, (cor-nus, much esteemed shrubs, Cornaceae). Deciduous and the brightness of the bark. for the beauty of their foliage Alba, in and white flowers Siberian has a July. Spathi variegata species, are popular varieties of it. Capitata has white flowers in August; it is not ripens on a wall in Great quite hardy; fruit sometimes
Cornus, Dogwood
Ord.
hardness.
"
Britain, but
Botanical
it is
one
it is not
edible; this is the Benthamia

t.
fragiferaof
flowers in
the
Magazine,
of
Mas the
4641.
and
Florida
are
has
white
in
spring;
and
best,
in
there
good
or
varieties Cornelian
rubra
t.
pendula.
yellow
There
the
are are
(syn. mascula), the Cornel
Cherry, has
2675).
one
flowers
February
varieties is the
(seethe
of it, aurea
common
Botanical British
Magazine,
several
elegantissimabeing
Dogwood;
the
of
best.
Sanguinea
it is often
berries
black;
planted
for two
winter
effect, the
t.
red
branches
being bright. There are one or (see Botanical being canadensis

flowers
herbaceous
Magazine,
the best perennials, with yellowish 880),
given.
not
suitable for the rock in summer, need The no shrubby Dogwoods

a
like
dry spot.
be peat can do specialsoil, but they and Propagation is by seeds, layers,cuttings,
garden where
division.
to the
87
alluding
The
"
most Leguminosae) of this genus glauca, a greenhouse evergreen popular member Botanical in late spring (see the shrub, bearing yellow flowers ft. to it t. 2 high; variegata (Bot. 13); 3 Magazine, grows form it. is of a They like loam, with a garden Mag., t. 2179) sand. fourth of peat and some Propagation is by cuttingsunder in summer flowers cream a iberica), Cappadocica (syn. bell-glass. t. and varia, pink (Bot.Mag., 258), are hardy (Bot. Mag., t. 2646); trailers suitable for the rockery; they like loam, peat, and gri"
Crown Coronilla, arrangement
Vetch
from (coromll-a,
corona,
crown,
.
of the flowers.
Ord.
is
from Fumitory (coryd-alis, Corydalis,

to
korydalos,a lark, in
allusion useful C. lutea is
the
genus,
must
spur the as
be
resembling
lark's. in it will
Ord.
Fumariaceae)
a
"
plants will
in
thrive
or
dry
limestone
soils,but
weed. flowers C.
kept
hand,
become bears
t.
nobilis from
good;
onward and
foot it grows a the Botanical (see is not

wet
high, and
cheiranthifolia, cream
soil that
Any
in
yellow May 1953). Wilsoni, grey leaves; fern-like foliage, and flowers are pretty. is and stiff suits. Propagation by division Magazine,
nut
spring.
"
from korys, hood, referringto the Corylus,Nut (cor-ylus, the calyx. Ord. Cupulif erae) See Fruit. being covered by
.
Corypha australis.
"
See
Livistona
australis.
Cosmos,
Cosmea
A
(cos-mos, from
genus which
the
kosmos,
one
beautiful. very
Ord.
Comin
positae).
"
small which
includes
has
useful
plant
the
annual
bipinnatus;
type
the
and
sell mixtures flower
include
purple flowers, but seedsmen purple, white, and others; they

the
profusely and
3 ft. tuberous
long,
leaves
are
prettilycut.
C. diversifolius
The is
a
height is about
hardy
Annuals (see
for
there
culture).
in is
a
with perennial, Botanical. Magazine, t. 5227); sanguineus. Cotoneaster
lilac flowers
dark
September (seethe varietycalled atro-
from and aster cotonea, quince (Pliny), (cotoneas-ter, Ord. like. Rosaceae). Hardy shrubs, suitable for (ad instar), Most from 4 to 6 ft. high,and of them walls. grow growing against when soil. well-drained thrive in any Propagation is by seeds sown and by layers in autumn. ripe,by cuttings in spring or autumn, and The most are Simonsii; the former microphylla popular species and has small, glossy, produces white flowers in foliage, evergreen Botanical Register, by scarlet berries (see the spring, followed Buxifolia is a t. 1114). Glacialis (syn.congesta)is a variety of it. rockwork. for used sometimes dwarfer species
"
Cotyledon,
.
Navelwort
"
name (cotyle-don,
given by Pliny.
which have been
made
Ord.
to
Crassulaceae) This,
it modern
with
the
additions
have The Echeverias botanists, is a very large genus. by have the and been added to it,and so Umbilicuses, Pachyphytums with smaller some They are succulents, with glaucous genera. the foliage. The Cotyledons proper are of shrubby habit, whereas
Echeverias the old
are
low
and
flattened.
than
The
latter
are now.
were
more
used
in
carpet-bedding days
they
Of
the
species
88
under the
name
generallygrown
all of which The
such
as
of
and and
Cotyledon
yellow;
are
may
and
be
mentioned cool greenhouse.
coccinea, scarlet; gibbiflora, pink

flower
in late
summer
orbiculata, red;
for
a
suitable
varietyof
rosea,
called gibbiflora
its
as
metallica, and
Echeverias. leaves
form
other and
species
glauca,retusa
and
varietyglauca,secunda
outer
glauca,and propagated
summer, not and
are commonly grown of the by laying some
its variety These may be

sand in
in
on
late The
must
taking Cotyledons may be propagated by cuttingsin

little
off the
plants that
loam. in
them.
summer;
they
the
be
kept
are
close.
For
soil
use
used under
for the
flower
sandy garden
Although summer, they
verias Echebe
should
wintered is
glass. Cotyledon
umbilicus, the British
Navelwort,
hardy.
Couch
Grass, Twitch
is
a
*
of
wheat,
Couve
(Triticumrepens). This, although a dangerous weed, as its underground stems

"
relative creep
widely. They Cow-dung.

Crab,
Crambe Wild
must
"
be
forked
out, dried,
Garden.
and
burned.
Tronchuda.
"
See
Kitchen
See Manures. veris. Ord.
Cowslip,Primula
maritima
Apple (Pyrus acerba. (Seakale).

"
Rosaceae).
"
See
Fruit.
See Kitchen
Garden.
" .
Cranberry (Oxycoccus palustris. Ord. Vacciniaceae) A fruit of The American is finer than Cranberry, O. macrocarpa, the British. They are hardy evergreens, likingmoist, peaty soil, and propagated by layers.
little value. Crane
Fly (Tipulaoleracea).
"
See
Daddy-longlegs.
Crane's-bill.
"
See
Geranium.
" .
Crassula from thick. Ord. (crass-ula, crassus, Crassulaceae) These succulents allied to Kalosanthes and are Rochea. The most about 18 ins. popular species is coccinea, which high and grows has scarlet flowers in summer the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 495).
Jasminea, which has white. flowers, blooms of the plant (Bot. Mag., t. 2178). None
much. very mould and
earlier,and
other
is
smaller grown of leaf brick.

then the
species
a
are
The
a
Crassulas in loam thrive liberal admixture of sand
with
and for
a
third
shattered few
Cuttings of
inserted in
young
shoots, dried
in the
sun
hours,
Give the
sandy soil in pots, root readily in summer. a and abundance plants position in early summer sunny the supply of water reduce in late summer, and cut shoots in winter. back; give hardly any water Crataegus, Thorn
"
of water;
flowered
from ceae). (cratae-gus, kratos, strength. Ord. Rosauseful genus, giving us, as it does, the useful hedge " Flower Garden of handsome Quick (see Hedges), and a number suitable for standard trees bushes. wall The or species following few of the best: are a North Coccinea, a handsome American tree A
most
"
"
with
t.
white
flowers
there
are
followed
several
by
3432);
red fruit (see the Botanical Magazine, varieties of it; Mespilus coccinea is a red
synonym.
C.
cordata, white,
fruit, is
late
spring bloomer,
shown in the
so
89
the Cock-
spur Thorn, flowers in
Botanical t. 1 1 5 1 Register, the thorns called because

dark red
C.
are
is crus-galli
varietyof it. "May,"

praecox, says
spring,followed by C. Oxyacantha
there
are
long and curved ; white berries; splendens is a good

British Hawthorn
one or
is the
common
of which is the from

the
many
garden varieties;
of these,
sprang
of the and
Glastonbury Thorn, an early bloomer the staff of Joseph of Arimathaea;

Double Crimson
and and make
which Paul's
are
legend
Double
Scarlet, also
lawns
Double
White,
also varieties
trees for in shrubberies bloom C. ; they Pyracantha is the spring. sometimes the wall Thorn shrub called popular ; it has various Fiery such as Cotoneaster Pyracantha, Mespilus Pyracantha, synonyms,
common
Hawthorn,
beautiful
standard
and
Pyracantha coccinea;
one
there
are
several
varieties
of
the
Fiery
Thorn, and
in town birds
of the best is Lalandi
(syn.Lelandi) ; they
will thrive
hold their brilliant berries a long time if the The Thorns thrive in almost soil. Standard spare them. any trees should be staked securely. Propagation of the speciesis by varieties are to Oxyacantha. on seed; the special generallybudded The Black Thorn is not a Crataegus; it is Prunus spinosa. *
gardens, and
Creepers. See Climbers.

"
Cress. Crinum
"
"
See
Kitchen
Garden.
(cri-num,from krinon (Greek),a Lily. Ord. Amarylliand beautiful flowers handsome deae). plants, with leaves. One two and or be grown speciesare nearly hardy, may outdoors in sheltered well-drained, friable soil; one places in light, of the best of these is Powelli, which about grows 3 ft. high and has
Bulbous
red
flowers Moorei
in
July; album,
white;
and
rubrum,
a
red,
warm
are
forms
of it
it.
and Magazine, t. 6113); there are white-flowered forms of it and Colensoi variegated-leaved ; Mackenii, Makoyanum, are Longifolium is a hardy species,with pink flowers synonyms. in July, growing about a yard high, and enjoying a moist spot; it has several synonyms, such as capensis, riparium,Amaryllis capensis and A. longifolia (seethe Bot. Mag., t. 661). Kirkii has red and white flowers in September (see the Bot. Mag., t. 6512); it grows about in a warm should be grown 1 8 ins. high, and house. Giganteum is a tall, white-flowered in species, blooming July, and shown in the Bot. Mag., t. 923; it Amaryllis gigantea is a synonym; house. Loam, with a third of peat and some requiresa warm sand, suits the Crinums. Propagation is by offsets in spring,or by seeds.
grows the Botanical
is very popular for pot culture in has about 15 ins. high, and rosy flowers
house;
in late
spring (see
Crocks.
"
See
Drainage.
Crocus.
"
See Bulbs.
"
Croscosmia. bulb (ord. flowers should may be
South African a aurea, species, only one Irideae),growing 2 ft. high, and bearing orange in July (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 4335). Bulbs be planted 4 ins. deep in friable soil in autumn. The bulbs lifted in in
autumn the
There
is
and bulb
growing
pots, and
wintered like Gladioli. It is worth soil (see Bulbs) will suit it.
90
Croton Ord. their
"
Cross-fertilisation.
See
Hybridisation.
kroton,
a
(cro-ton, from
" .
tick, in allusion
of and the
to
the
seeds. lies in
Euphorbiaceae)
which foliage,
The
great beauty
Crotons
is both
gracefulin form
beautiful
in colour.
In some hue. the leaves are alike in shape and greatly, in either others or and arched; broad, they are gently upright them. colours in twisted. and are narrow Many represented beautiful plantsfor table decoration, and it is customary Crotons are for this purpose collection to grow in. most a large places. The of the is home usual a warm, light house, kept moist by plants and moisture are, indeed, the principal frequent syringing; heat, light, in With them the rich and are plants healthy requirements. of dull. like without weak and a colour; them, 3 They compost It varies
parts loam,
sand. peat and leaf mould, and some sand shoots of firm and in by cuttings peat Propagation young dwarfed in in often under heat a bell-glass spring. Leggy plantsare with
is
i
each
of
putting something in to hold it open, keeping in a high temperature until roots have when the and potted. The species pushed, plantsare removed not of no and need be described. are importance horticulturally, The seed of C. Tiglium yieldsCroton oil,a strong purgative. The followingare beautiful varieties: Golden twisted; Chain, narrow, twisted; Golden Ring, narrow,
slit in the stem, round, and binding^wet
by cuttinga
moss
"
Hawkeri,
twisted. Crowfoot
broad;
Invicta, broad;
A
out
Mortii, broad;
weed
Warrenii,
which
narrow,
(Ranunculus).
"
troublesome
must
be
kept under;
Crown
it dies if forked
"
into sunshine.
Imperial.
"
See
Bulbs.
of the vegetable kingnon-flowering members dom their because methods of increase were were cryptogams word The obvious. from not comes kryptos, hidden, and gamos, The concealed union. flowering plants were marriage literally, from and called Phanerogams, phaneros, visible, marriage. gamos,
Cryptogam.
The
called
"
They
are
now
called
Angiosperms.
Cedar
"
from kryptos, hidden, and (cryptome-ria, hidden. Ord. meris, part, Coniferae). Only one being to any extent, and that is japonica, a handsome speciesis grown there are varieties, different in habit; elegans tree, of which many few of the most and are a Lobbii, nana, (syn. Veitchii), spiralis popular. The Japan Cedar likes a deep, loamy soil and a sheltered situation. A dry, exposed spot is unsuitable.
Japan Cryptomeria,
the
flowers
Cuckoo-spit. Many
"
plants
in
summer.
are
soiled it may
covering a green quassia water is

Cucumber.
"
insect
a
masses by spittle-like Syringing with a decoction
of
good remedy;
Kitchen Garden.
or
be
brushed
away.
See
Cuphea
Ord.
from (cii-phea,
" .
Lythrarieae) Only one speciesis which platycentra),
Graceful grown grows
kuphos, curved, plants, with

any about
to
a
the
form
of the is has
seed
pod.
slender, tubular
and that
flowers. and
extent,
foot
ignea (syn.
scarlet
high, and
hite flowers not
can
in
June
are
; there
is a white
variety called alba.

for the
summer.
Although
They
hardy they
be raised fourth shifted
a
often
seed
planted
in
in beds
then with may
winter, pricked off, potted singly,and for the greenhouse. 6-in. to Loam, pots if wanted of decayed manure and sand, suits them. Cuttingsfrom in See
be struck
"
spring.
Catananche.
Cupidone.
from kuo, to produce, and parisos" Cupressus, Cypress (cupress-us, the Ord. to equal, alluding Coniferae). One of the symmetry.
"
most
useful to
of the
smaller
evergreen
trees,
giving us
cold
number
well
suited
They
stock
like is
shrubbery borders, and a deep, loamy soil,and
others
suitable from
for lawn
shelter
winds.
specimens. gation Propa-
spring, and by cuttings. Most nurserymen best speciesand varieties, which are plied supin autumn late winter. Much or cheaply,and may be planted the most important species is lawsoniana (syn.Chamaecyparis Of Calif ornian tree. its several varieties a Lawsoniana), graceful the albo recommended be : a? following may spica, gentea, erecta viridis,ericoides, gracilis pendula, lutea, argenteo-variegata, and nana good. Macrocarpa, glauca; erecta viridis is particularly the Monterey Cypress, is also a Californian is a good tree; Crippsii has of Nootkatensis is and varieties. it. several variety good varieties are frequently Obtusa, the Japanese Cypress,and its many under of the name as Retinosporas. Pisifera, also grown grown and plumosa are two Retinospora squarrosa, is useful; aurea good by
seeds
in
small
plants of
the
varieties. Currant.
"
See Fruit.
"
Currant, Flowering (Ribes). See Flower

of cultivated Cuttings. Large numbers and the time method but by cuttings, impossibleto give general instructions.
"
Garden
"
Shrubs. may be gated propa-
plants
differ See
the
so
is
greatlythat it various plants.
Cyclamen, Sowbread
to the
corm.
(cyc-lamen,from
Primulaceae)
Bulbs
" " .
circular,in allusion kyclios,

Bulbs.
Ord.
"
See
Cyclobothra.
and
See
Calochortus. from (cycno-ches,

the
Cycnoches, Swan-neck
auchen, neck,
"
Orchid
kyknos,
Ord.
swan,,
to referring
curved
column.
Orchida-
ceae).
and
small
moisture
of stove genus while growing, but
Orchids, requiring plenty of heat

little in the
moss
restingseason.
of crocks
They
and
of do well in baskets little fibrous a peat.
Sphagnum Propagation
with
abundance
is
by
dividing the
Ord.
stock
pseudo-bulbs, Rosaceae).
"
Cydonia, Quince
as a (see1 The japonica and Maulei. is a popular plant for low walls, owing to its profusion of former brilliant red flowers in spring. The fruit is sometimes jellied. The the handsome latter is also very Botanical (see Magazine, t. 6780). botanists class the genus with Pyrus. Modern
vulgarisis the Fruit).

The
(cydo-nia,from Quince, which is much

ornamental
Cydon.
used
C..
for Pears
best
species are
92
Cymbidium
hollow with is in the
(cymbid-ium, from kymbe, a boat, in lip. Ord. Orchidaceae). Evergreen
"
reference
stove
to
Orchids,
recurved
leaves which
the also
and
bears
large
flowers.
The
most
popular species
flowers
eburneum,
winter Lowianum between
(see
the and
Botanical
are
latter
house,
the
a grown and eburneum. hybrids will thrive
late in yellow-crested Magazine, t. 5126). Giganteum and good deal. Hybrids have been raised
white,
Lowianum
in less heat
does than
well
in
cool The
eburneum.
in pots in fibrous peat and should be grown loam, and Cymbidiums reduced of while water deal but a a good growing, supply given when growth is complete. Propagation is by division when growth starts.
Cynara.
Globe
"
C.
Cardunculus
See
is the
Cardoon,
and
C.
scolymus
"
the
Artichoke.
Kitchen
Garden.
mental Ord. name. Cyperus (cy-perus, the Greek Cyperaceae). Ornatable decoration. Grass-like useful for Loam, plants, very with fourth of peat and a some sand, suits. Propagation is by abundance of have division when repotting in spring. They must water.
Alternifolius but
and
its
variegated
are
forms
are
the
most
portant; imin
elegans and
See
laxus
also grown.
All
will thrive
greenhouse. Cypress.
"
Cupressus.
and
Cypripedium, Lady's Slipper (cypripe-dium,from kypris, Venus, form of the from the slipper-like podion, slipper, lip. Ord. Orchidaceae). A large and highly important genus of Orchids, comprising hardy as well as tender species. Hybridisation has been extensively practised with this genus, the result being that the of added hundreds considerable list of specieshas been to by some of which are cross-breds, many very beautiful; they are, however, 'and can in to a some degree cases, expensive by only be specialised Most the of wealthy people. Cypripediums are evergreen, but the in The kinds indoor should be grown hardy kinds are deciduous. of with the made of fibrous crocks, plenty pots compost being up The love a cool, moss. peat, loam, and Sphagnum hardy kinds moist peat bed in a sheltered place. Repotting for the tender kinds when is t"est done they start growing in spring, at which period of be divided. like abundance moisture They strong plants may in the at the roots and both The atmosphere. following are the
"
principalspeciesand
varieties: Warm
"
House.
t.
barbatum bellatulum should Boxalli. callosum

caudatum.
Magazine, (Botanical
and
4234),
these,
several
varieties.
the
variety album;
in autumn.
unlike
majority,
be rested
and
variety Sanderae.
Charlesworthii. Fairieanum hirsutissimum.
(Bot. Mag.,
t.
5024).
Lawrenceanum and
93
variety Hyeanum.
niveum (Bot.Mag., t. 5922). Rothschildianum (Bot.Mag., t. 7102). colours The are mostly combinations
of
green,
brown,,
yellow,white, insigneand
Schlimii villosum and and
and
purple.
Cool House.
etc.
varieties
Chantinii, Sanderae, Sanderianum,

albiflorum.
variety variety
Spicerianum.
aureum.
Hardy.
Calceolus, yellow,
guttatum,
macranthum,
rose
and
white, and
purple,
brown
and
pubescens,
rose spectabile,
white white.
yellow, (Moccasin Flower).

to
album,
For the newest
hybrids
it is well
consult
Orchids;
and
Leeanum,
Harrisianum,
This
Morganiae,
fern
and
modern Sedeni
work
are
on
good
inexpensive.
Cyrtomium
falcatum.
"
popular
is
now
called
Aspidium
bladder,
the
most
falcatum.
and
Cystopteris,Bladder fern. Ord. pteris,

loam, peat, and
is
fern
from (cystop-teris,
"
kystos, a
of which several
important speciesis
of
Fiiices). a hardy fragilis,
small
genus, British fern,

are
likinga compost
varieties.
Propagation
Beautiful
by
leaf mould, with sand; there division when growth starts from (cyt-isus, all
in
spring.
" .
Cytisus, Broom
Cythrus.
and
They
Of the rock creamy
are
shrubs, nearly hardy, the allied to Genista, and

grown
for market under
Leguminosae) sandy soil. light, is yellow species racemosus thrivingin

name
Ord.
extensively
the
Genista
racemosa.
Ardoini, with principal species,
garden.
and
Kewensis nice
or
is
fine
yellow flowers, is good for the hybrid of prostrate habit, with
flowers, hardy.
makes
a
hardy,
Praecox, pale yellow, very early,is also bed; as does albus, with white flowers in
spring.
in pots for the fragrans should be grown in be propagated by cuttings spring,and with makes the plants will flower the a nice bush; a little pinching soon a more yellow Broom; spring. Scoparius is the common following which is has beautiful brown important plant its varietyandreanus, and yellow flowers ; sulphureus is a pale yellow varietyof scoparius. is a hybrid (albus X andreanus). Purpureus Dallimorei, mauve,
Racemosus greenhouse; it may
and
its
varieties,
and
and
decumbens,
are
good
for
the
are
rockery.
See
on a
also Genista
Laburnums,
frame
in autumn.
choicer The Laburnum. but for standards; especially
Brooms
grafted
root in
cuttingswill
Ord.
the
Daboecia small
St. (daboe-cia, of low is
Dabeoc's
Heath.
much
speciesof
genus which
evergreen
shrubs,
called
also polifolia,
Menziesia
Ericaceae). A important polifolia.It is a

"
most
94
ft. high, neat It is
a
lovelylittle shrub, growing about 2 abundance of purplish flowers.

thrives
most
in
peat
or
loam.
There
are
several
ing habit, and bearof Ireland, and the varieties, of which

in
native
desirable
is the
white, alba.
Propagation
is
by cuttingsand
layers.
Gramifrom daktulis, finger-breadth. Ord. Dactylis (dac-tylis, used in Grass, much neae). D. glomerata is the familiar Cocksfoot in flower form which is used There is a variegated pastures.
"
gardening.
sion. Not
It thrives
in
ordinary soil,and
is
propagated by
divi*
quite hardy.
"
Daddy-longlegs. The Crane fly, Tipula oleracea, is dangerous to of the is very the as grub, which leather-jacket gardeners parent
troublesome
darker
gardens; it is larger than the wireworm, and colour. Regular cultivation, and trapping with Potato reduce cherished their numbers. slices impaled on sticks near plants, in clear off be in or Vaporite Apterite may dug spring. Starlings when the flies of turf the end out at numbers of the come they large
in
new
in
of
summer.
Daffodil." Dahlia
See
Bulbs.
named
dah-lia, (popularlyda-hlia, correctly
after
Dahl,
DAHLIA
A
RAISED
FROM
PROPAGATING Tubers.
DAHLIAS
BV
DIVISION
OF
THE
CUTTING.
i.
ROOTSTOCK.
2.
Points of detachment.
Swede.
Ord.
Compositae).
"
native
of
Mexico, the Dahlia
is not
of
be killed in winter climes, and may hardy in northern doors in friable, well-drained unprotected, although
if left out
survive,
the
as
if especially
some
litter is thrown
over
the
rootstock
soils it may after
tops have they are so

from of
been
much
killed
by frost. The speciesare not inferior to the garden varieties which

and
cultivated,
have to
been
raised
be unJuarezii as worthy and places. The horticultural forms are so numerous, so in type, that it has varied been found to classify them; necessary thus have: we (i) Show, (2) Fancy, (3) Cactus, (4) Decorative, or (5) Pompon Bouquet, (6) Single, (7) Paeony- flowered, and Classes (8) Pompon-Cactus. i, 2, and double, symmetrical 5 have the each other flowers, to petals folding over evenly from bottom no show; Nos. i and 2 only differ in colour; top, where green must Shows
have two
variabilis,coccinea, Merckii,
colours
at
the
a
most,
Fancies the
three;
Pompons
Show
are
one-coloured
flowers
about
quarter
size of the
and
Fancy.
Classes
the 3
95
quilledflorets,spreading from the have Cactus centre circumference; pointed florets,the small Decorative blunt a ones. Pompon-Cactus are practically feathery." Paeony-flowered type of Cactus, not quiteso loose and All the leaves. have thrown flowers, large,irregular up well above modified unless be it somewhat a culture, system requirethe same to carry be allowed of pruning for Singleand Pompon, which may branches than the larger more types. If seed is and division. effected by seeds, cuttings, Propagation in frame in boxes soil is sown of gritty in winter, put a warm pots or in a cool place,and or house, the seedlings pricked out, hardened The in will in the same rich soil flower out planted June, they year. will be good or bad flowers from the florists' point of view according to the quality of the strain sold by the seedsmen, but they are A beginner varieties. to be equal to the best named hardly likely who of a good type will do well to buy plants of wants to be sure recognisedvarieties in spring for June delivery. He can increase these by cuttings the following springif he likes to lift the tubers in in a dry, frostproof store them autumn, place for the winter, and for they will push up in in them a March; lightplace warm, put taken ins. be at which off shoots can long,inserted singly 3 young in small to house or frame, and covered pots, placed in a warm be division effected air. exclude can by by separating Propagation
and
4
have
to
the
"
the in
tubers
that
form
the then
a
rootstock
from
each
out.
other, starting
soil
them
pots
Soil.
"
"
or
boxes, and
Dahlias
plantingthem
love
deep, fertile, moist
(see Kitchen
Garden
manured and
be Bastard dug and trenching). The ground should few allow for to weeks before a planting, settling. Water
If in
a
will be helpfulin dry weather. liquidmanure of nitrate of soda dissolve an ounce slowly at first, and them water a give good soaking. to become threaten Pruning. If the branches
"
they grow-
gallon of
some
thick
centre
of
them
should open.
"
be cut These small
out,
must
as
it is desirable
to
keep the
of the Bean 5 to The
bushes
Earwigs.
stalks,or
It is best
6 ft.
be
trapped
when
with
hollow
Bamboo be
or
with
to fix be
"
pots strong stakes

may be
secure.
filled with
hay.
Staking must
inch
the
thorough.
plantingan
and
long.
They
The Show.
painted green good
square and base tarred. sections:
tying should
Varieties.
followingare
in the
various
"
Fancy.
A.
M.
Blush
Burnie, orange Gem, white, mauve
tips
white
Chorister, fawri Comedian, orange,

white
crimson, and
Crimson King, deep red Ethel Britton, purple and Golden
Gem,
yellow
Dorothy, fawn and maroon Gaiety,yellow,red, and

Mabel, lilac
Matthew
and
white and white
James Cocker, purple

John Walker, white Mrs. Gladstone, blush R. T. Rawlings,yellow
crimson Campbell, buff
crimson Mrs. Saunders,
yellow and
and
rose
Queen
and
of
the
Belgians,cream
Peacock,
maroon
white
pink
Novelty, purple and
96
DAHLIAS
"
continued. Cactus.
crimson Brigadier,
Nerissa, white and Phoebe, orange
rose
Britannia, salmon
Queen
of the
Whites
Buttercup, yellow
salmon-pink centre pink,primrose Dainty, Easton, yellow Daisy Electra, primrose,white tips
C. E. Wilkins,
Sunny Daybreak, apricot Keith, red, white tips Tommy

Pompon-Cactus.
Freedom, scarlet Goldfinch, yellow,rose
Floradora, dark red Galliard, carmine

Harbour Harold
Mary,
Peace,
The
Peerman,
Light,orange yellow
Mignon,
orange, lilac-rose
cream
white
tip tip
Sovereign,yellow
Bride, white
Ibis, orange Evernia, salmon-fawn

Nisi Prius, vermilion Radium, orange, suffused
Revd.
rose
Codsall
Paeony-flowered. Rose, yellow

maroon
Ruby
Hall, ruby Grinsted, yellow and

Arthur colours
Garibaldi,
fawn
Saturn, fancy
King Leopold, crimson Lady Saville,art shade

Loveliness, pink
Paul
Single. Beauty's Eye, mauve,

ring
crimson
Kruger,
crimson white
Mrs.
T. G. Baker, Solfatara, scarlet
and orange Columbine, rose of York, scarlet Duke crimson, yellow centre Formosa, Leslie Miss The
Warrior, dull red

Decorative.
Scale, lilac Roberts, yellow
Avoca,
Glare
crimson of the Garden,

Duke
scarlet
Peggy,
buff, suffused
magenta
Grand Sea Yellow
Alexis, white
Bride, white
Pompon.
Adelaide, Bacchus,
Shell, pink Colosse, yellow
pink, suffused
crimson
trope helio-
Dwarf
Single (abouta foot high)

.
Booties,
white
Buttercup, yellow Midget, orange The Show, Fancy, and

the and
Golden F'airy,. yellow Mignon, pink Tom Cactus

are are
Tit, orange
esteemed
the
most the
for exhibition, The

the
are are
Singleand
flowers
Cactus with
the the
most
pleasingas flowers, the Pompon

for
Paeony-flowered are
up
above
best
garden.
as
last have
blooms
are
huge
thrown
broad, almost
the leaves
colour
on
flat florets, and
long,thick
The
stems
they
fine
for for
making
bold
groups.
Pompon-Cactus
plants charming
cutting.
class. Collarette Dahlias are a small flowers, with They are single round Star Dahlias centre. the are a singles ring of short florets These both modern are with classes, widely diverging florets.
which may
"
be See
watched
for future
developments by
Dahlia
lovers.
Daisy.
Damask
Bellis.
"
Rose.
See
"
Rose.
Damask
Violet.
See
Hesperis.
Dame's Rocket.
" "
97
the
See
Hesperis.
of the
too
Damping-off.
of
phrase used by gardenersto

soil. It is much moisture
at the surface seedlings but indirectly by fungus, See Watering.
collapse caused by a directly

and insufficient air.
describe
Damson. Dandelion.
"
See
"
Fruit.
on
kept
under
plant is a nuisance by vigorousspudding out.

This
lawns,
and
as a
should salad.
'be
See
It is useful
Kitchen
Garden.
Ord. ThymelaeaDaphne (daph-ne, after the nymph Daphne. ceae). Pretty dwarf shrubs with fragrantflowers, which are borne
"
in late winter and are early spring. Some evergreen is deciduous. a spring-blooming trailer Blagayana white flowers, suitable for the rock garden. Cneorum
and with
others
sweet
an
is also
produces its fragrantpink flowers in spring evergreen the Botanical variety (see Magazine, t. 913); there is a large-flowered leaves. Mezereum with variegated called grandiflorum, and also one its (the Mezereon) is a great favourite, although not evergreen;
trailer,and
pinkish flowers
late
summer
come
in late
ciouslyperfumed; purple flowers

Mazelli, white
are or
there
are
winter white
before and
the
other
delileaves, and are varieties,includinga evergreen,

in
bloomer.
Odora
(syn.indica)is
it should be
and
its
very
sweet;
is
blush,
probably a varietyof
peat, but
The
a greenhouse; grown it ; it blooms earlier,
and is also sweet. They do well in loam for Mezereum. should be made
liberal addition of a trailers are propagated

a
the others by layeringin autumn, by cuttingsunder in sandy peat. In nurseries autumn, graftingon to the
in bell-glass D.
Laureola,
Spurge Laurel, is practised.

"
after Dr. Darlingtonia californica (darlingto-nia, Darlington. An half-hardy plant suitable for Sarraceniaceae) interesting but otherwise ing needoutdoor culture in a peaty bed in mild districts,
Ord.
flowers when
The red glassshelter. It loves moisture. green, yellow, and in It division be are by spring. produced propagated may it starts growing. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 5920.
Date
Palm,
"
Phoenix
dactylifera.
Tatorali. worth Ord. attention
the Arabic from Datura, Thorn Apple -(datu-ra, Solanaceae) Although poisonous plants,these are
.
Fastuosa is an flowers. annual, growing about there producing blue and white flowers in summer; several varieties,including Suaveolens is a beautiful are a double. greenhouse shrub, with largewhite fragrantflowers in August; it is sometimes called Knightii,and it is also grown as Brugmansia suaveolens. Meteloides (syn.Wrightii)is a greenhouse shrub with
for their
2
beautiful
and
ft.
high
white
high large,spiny
plant. Sandy
The loam
flowers in early and produces white
summer.
Stramonium,
in
flowers
August,
is the
which Thorn
in is familiar fruit of which seed annuals raised from are

a
autumn;
in with
ft. the Apple, it is a British grows

2
spring,the
cuttingsunder
in bell-glass
spring
or
summer,
bottom
shrubs by heat.
suits.
G
98
Daucus
(Carrot).
" "
See
Kitchen fern
Garden. Davalli.
are
Davallia, Hare's-foot
after Signer (davall-ia,
Ord. very
Filices)
.
A
in
largegenus
pots
and
greenhouses. They in loam leaf soil, with and little peat and sand. thrive Add a for basket plants. Propagation is by spores (see Sphagnum moss the division of and or rhizomes, ferns), creeping stems (the likeness of of these to a hare's foot has given the popular name), in the case will thrive in a cool greenhouse or room. canariensis, which They
all love moisture. rhizomes
A
handsome
of ferns, several of whose hanging baskets in warm
members
The
"
fern balls bullata
"
seen
in
shops
are
made
of the
pliabledry
moss.
few
of the
hirta Moorei
cristata and
packed Sphagnum speciesare canariensis, dissecta, elegans, and (syn. Microlepia hirta cristata), pallida (syns.
best
of D.
Mariesii
with
Mooreana).
"
Day Lily (Hemerocallis). See

Dead
Bulbs.
Nettle,Lamium.
"
Deciduous.
term
applied
to
plants
which
shed
their
leaves
annually.
from Delphinium, Larkspur (delphin-ium,
to the
ferring delphin, a dolphin,rea
resemblance
" .
of
the
spur
in
to
dolphin'shead.
of
Ord. culture
annual
A largeand Ranunculaceae) for colour valuable perennials, and

uses,
see
important
groups Of the is the
genus
hardy
herbaceous
Flower
Garden. consolida
For largeborders. is the species, Ajacis
Rocket
flowers t. the
Larkspur, and
in summer,
parent
18
of the
ins.
annual
ing branchscarlet
to
Larkspur. 5819.
Few forms
Nudicaule, growing about

is used
other in borders.
high, with
See
the
Botanical
Magazine,
elatum,
are
speciesare
have been
and
garden grandiflorum, peregrinum,

beautiful varieties
:
"
which
grown, raised
preference being given

from
cheilanthum,
The
formosum.
following
of
Autolycus, Beauty
Persimmon,
There from it seed
is
a a
of
Langport, Belladonna, King

Blue
Delphiniums,
raised
treated
and
True
Blue.
charming variety called

frame in
Butterfly, which,
same
in
spring,blooms high.
the
year
; thus
only grows
Dendrobium
about
9 ins.
(dendro-bium, from
dendron,
tree, and
in bios, life,
"
Ord. trees. to their growing on allusion an5 beautiful genus of epiphytal Orchids,
In the
Orchidaceae). requiringa warm
large
house.
of heat and moisture, they enjoy abundance and when drier is mature. cooler growth kept they may be in should be and potted when pots or baskets, They may grown and of new pack a mixture growth begins. Use crocks liberally, the The about and roots. erect moss fibrous Sphagnum peat
growing
season
but
be
growers,
be
such
as
densiflorum, nobile, thyrsiflorum,

those of
and
fimbriatum,
in Orchid grown may winter The in baskets. 60" to summer 70", spring
pendulous habit are best pots ; but from 50" to 60", temperature may range 60" to to autumn sun 65" 85" (with heat),
some
70".
The
are following
of the
and principal species
varieties
"
yellow,winter, Brymerianum, yellow,winter. densiflorum, orange, spring.
aureum,
99
red
and
sweet.
fimbriatum formosum
oculatum,
orange
and and
maroon,
spring.
giganteum, yellow
white, spring.
infundibulum, orange and white, early summer. nobile, purple,rose, and white, winter.
Phalaenopsis,mauve,
autumn.
Pierardii, white, spring. speciosum, buff, winter.
superbum, purple,spring. Wardianum, purple,orange,

There and
in
are
and
white, winter.
at
the work
"
hybrids, which are seen many For collections of specialists.

on
the
principalshows
of
details
parentage
modern
Orchids Cedrus.
should
be
consulted.
Deodar.
See
Ord. Logania(desfontam-ea,after M. Desfontain. and is that a one species, spinosa, dwarf hardy only ceae). shrub producing beautiful scarlet and yellow flowers in evergreen It is well worth summer. includingin the shrubbery, near the front, to soil,so long as the ground is not stiff and it is not particular as It is suitable for pot culture. tings and damp. Propagation is by cutof loam and peat, with sand, under in a mixture a bell-glass, with bottom heat. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 478 1 preferably Desfontainea
"
There
is
Deutzia genus
so
after J. (deut-zia, of deciduous

as
Deutz.
Ord.
Saxifrageae).
"
able valucases
shrubs, quitehardy, but in

the flowers
one
or
two
early in bloom
shrubs.
Gracilis for
to have to
renders other soil.
it desirable
plant them where They are quite easy to is sold by bulb dealers in
are
injuredby late frosts. This they will have shelter from thriving in ordinary grow,
autumn
in the soil and
form
of prepared
and
roots, which
grown flore
put in 6-in. pots in bulb
Bulbs) (see
spring. pleno, double white, is the best of the garden kinds; it is an The old wood be pruned out after early and profuse bloomer. may if the which of will the there be abundance and flowering, young, for the following year. soil is good, retained Propagation is by with a heel in spring,and inserted cuttingsof young wood removed in sandy soil. They root best when kept close. Or division may be when Lemoinei starts. is a dwarf white growth practised hybrid,, and scabra a tall, strong species.
Devil in the Bush
in the flowering
greenhouse in winter
Crenata
(Nigella). See
"
Annuals. British in
caesius). A hardy deciduous high, and with white flowers growing about 2 fruit is of no importance.
Dewberry (Rubus
"
shrub,
The
ft.
June.
from dios, divine, and anthos, a flower (dian-thus, A most Ord. Caryophyllae) valuable genus, giving (seeCarnation) the Pink (seeCarnation) us, as it does, the Carnation the Picotee the and (seeCarnation),the Indian Pink (see Biennials), in addition William to Sweet beautiful (seeBiennials) ; speciesmany Dianthus
"
Jove'sFlower.
"
i oo suitable
the
for the
Garden). D. caryophyllus is the Carnation, plumarius the garden Pink, D. barbatus Sweet Pink. The William, and D. chinensis the Indian following in crevices : alpinus, the best Alpines; all thrive in sandy loam are t. red, June (BotanicalMagazine, 1205), top-dress annually with fresh soil; caesius, the Cheddar stone Pink, pale pink, July, enjoys limePink, chips; cruentus, scarlet, July; deltoides, the Maiden soil red, June, likes a sunny pink, June; glacialis, aspect and a gritty containing leaf mould; neglectus, rose, June; and superbus, white, summer (Bot. Mag., t. 297). Atkinsoni, May, 9 ins., crimson, is
D.
rockery (seeFlower
brilliant,and
Diascea
likes shade.
from (dia-scea,
diaskeo,
"
to
adorn, in reference
to
the
beauty. Ord. Scrophularineae) One species is esteemed, both for greenhouse and flower-garden Culture, and that is Barberae, a annual with half-hardy growing about rosy flowers in early summer,
.
foot
high (seethe
Dibble.
"
Botanical
Magazine, pointed wooden
t.
5933).
tool
For
culture,
for
see
Annuals. Dibber. greens. Dicentra

to the form.
short
useful
planting
from (dicen-tra,
Ord.
dis,twice, and
"
kentron, spur, in reference

old
Fumariaceae)
is
The
Dielytra.
much
"and
with Spectabilis,
its beautiful
is popular name is flowers, pink pendent

and
the most popular, and Bulbs). Eximia pots (see

herbaceous
good
both
for herbaceous
are
borders
and
formosa
also
worth in the
growing
Botanical t. 1335.
"
in the
border.
and
The
latter
former
in the Mr.
is illustrated Botanical
t. 50; Register,
the
Magazine,
Dicksonia genus
ferns.
.a
(dickso-nia,after
ferns,
in
a some
of handsome
Ord. J. Dickson. Filices).A of which classed with the tree are

of
2
They
thrive
compost
abundance
liberal dash
of sand.
Propagation
is
parts loam, i leaf mould, and by spores (seeFerns). Like

water. Antarctica
most
ferns, they
enjoy
of
is the
species. principal
Rutaceae). Burning Dittany, is of the stems with resin, which account on interesting being covered if touched burns with a lighted match ceous at night. It is a hardy herbaits in late It white flowers conforms plant,bearing spring.
"
name. Dictamnus, Dittany (dictam-nus,Virgil's
The
speciesFraxinella,
the
Bush
or
Ord. Bastard
to
the
general
treatment
.a
The by seed. may variety, although the two are often grown in the reverse way, i.e., the purple as the species. Giganteus (caucasicus) is a large form. Dieffenbachia Dieffenbach. Dr. Ord. (dieffenbach-ia, after A houses. Aroideae). Handsome plants, suitable for warm foliage of with of leaf third and and a loam, some mould, compost sand, peat suits them. They have a distinct growing season, during which of moisture, both at the root and in the they must have abundance will less water when in be needed to rest atmosphere; they go
"
division, and
of its class, but therefore be propagated
does
not
lend
itself to purple is
autumn.
They
shoots
should
be
shaded
in
young Three
will strike in heat
of the
principal speciesare
Cuttings of spring,and so will piecesof stem. Chelsoni, Imperator, and picta.
from
hot
sunshine.
Dielytra. See Dicentra
"
i o
and
Bulbs. after Dr.

" .
the former Diervilla, weige-la, Weigela (diervill-a,
DierThese
ville, the
are
latter the
after
most
C.
amongst
in
are
E. Weigel. Ord. beautiful of deciduous
oliaceae) Caprif
shrubs,
and
grown
there
every few
friable, manured
throw
garden. places in ground,
should be in well-drained almost soil, Thriving any In which they will not succeed. deep, and
with
adequate moisture, they

every year, and
a
will
up
considerable after
number be selected
of shoots for
the best the

others well
placed of these should
well-shaped bush,
will bloom
being removed followingyear.

it has Houttei
rose are
the shoots the new as flowering, Rosea or species ; (florida amabilis)is the principal flowers in spring. Abel Carriere, Eva Rathke, and Van three
fine varieties. of fertility the soil turns and greatlyon the tillage, digger should have both
In
some
Digging.
proper
"
The
digging has
and
spade
the
The great influence. of steel. fork, large,and made
states
of the soil
spade is the better implement, in others the Ground quickly decides which should be chosen.
damp,
should
the
fork; experiment
is best
dug when
or
but be
not
sodden in with turned

to
a
with the lower

over.
recent
rain.
at
an
The
blade of about it
prongs the
driven and
as
foot hand
angle
45", then
handle
depressed,the
slid down
to the
a
base, and
portionlifted
in
It is well to throw
trench
little forward
the manure keep open, be in can a placed. By working straightline spread level is the maintained. across piece,and digging evenly, a perfect It is a good plan to begin digging a piece of ground by taking out a spit of soil and wheeling it to the other end, as there is then an
turning, so
has
been
small
into which
that
"
"
and trench all the way, open Annual weeds should with.
material be
at
hand
as
to
fill the work
last
one
buried
the
proceeds,
perennialones
allusion
to the
forked
out, dried, and
burned.
from a finger-stock,in (digita-lis, digitale, The Ord. shape. Scrophularineae). Foxglove is an and sell old favourite, seedsmen now splendid strains of the old is a form There bears (campanulata) which species purpurea. Of the other speciesambigua is one flowers at the top of the stem. of the For best. It has yellow flowers. Foxglove culture, see
Digitalis, Foxglove
"
Biennials. Dill.
"
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Herbs.
(dimorphothe-ca, from dimorphos, two-formed, of floret. and the disc having different forms Ord. theca, receptacle, the but An aurantiaca, Compositae). unimportant genus, species bears which about foot high and a a profusion of orange grows
Dimorphotheca
"
flowers
in
see
summer,
has
"
come
to
the
front
in
recent
years.
For
culture,
Annuals
"
Half-hardy.
separate male
and
Dioecious.
specieswith
female
flowers
on
separate plants. Dionaea, Venus's

Venus. Ord.
from the
Dione, a name Fly-trap (dionae-a,from The only species,muscipula, Droseraceae)

" .
of
teresting is in-
fact that
the bristles
on
the leaf lobes
are
irritable,
1O2
and
when
a
small
insect in
it. It should alights the leaf closes over and of in be grown a compost a greenhouse, peat Sphagnum moss. The the pot may be stood in a saucer of water. As it loves moisture in July. Propagation is by seeds or division. white flowers are borne A coloured plate appears in the Botanical Magazine, t. 785.
Scrophularineae) One species is Diplacus (dip-lacus. Ord. that call is w hich botanists and now deal, a good glutinosus, grown It is with small a Mimulus greenhouse shrub, orange glutinosus.
" .
flowers
some
and
sticky foliage. Loam,

suits it.
with is
fourth
of leaf mould
a
and
sand,
summer.
Propagation
by cuttingsunder
bell-glass
in
diploos,double, and aden, gland; Ord. are Very Apocynaceae) glands ovary. brilliant of large, beautiful twiners, producing abundance evergreen trained in a warm flowers greenhouse. They are sometimes up trellises fixed in but on more frequently balloon-shaped pillars, is well covered and the plants are the frame-work large pots; when the former make in full bloom lovelyobjects. Peat and loam, the suit them. with former sand, Repotting is best preponderating, When in full growth they in spring,when done growth begins. after flowering the will delight in large quantitiesof water, but A moist should be maintained reduced. be atmosphere supply may in is of shoots the by cuttings by syringing. Propagation young spring. They ought to be put in a propagating case, or in bottom them. heat with a bell-glass over boliviensis, Amabilis, rose; and t. white and 5783); splendens, yellow (BotanicalMagazine, carmine (Bot. Mag., t. 3976),are three of the best kinds.
from Dipladenia (diplade-nia,
two in there
the
"
Disa
is
a (di-sa,
native
name.
Ord.
of Orchids, not
a
except grown great favourite, partly because
much
in the
Orchidaceae) A small genus which of grandiflora, case

" .
of
its brilliant
colour, and
It should be grown partly because it will thrive in a cool house. of fibrous peat in pots, liberally crocked, and filled with a mixture for sweetening. little charcoal and be added a Sphagnum moss; may Early winter is the period for repotting. Little water will be when until the plants are to be rooting freely, needed seen regular of the must at be end the and abundant growing supplies given; and the plants rested. the supply must be reduced season gation Propais by division when flora, repotting. There are varieties of grandiand superba is very good.
Disbudding.
"
term
applied to
case
the
thinning out
of
growths
etc.
or
flower
buds,
in the
former but
to
prevent
See
latter to get fewer
finer flowers.
much too wood, Fruit, Carnations,
in the
Dittany.
"
See
Dictamnus.
Dodecatheon, American Cowslip (dodeca-theon,a name Ord. Pliny. Primulaceae) These pretty flowers thrive in cool, shady spots on the rockery or in the border. peat is by division seeds in spring. There or are many
" .
given by
in
sandy
of
tion Propagaforms
D.
Meadia.
Giganteum
Rosa
is
one
of the
best.
Dog Rose,
canina.
"g'sTooth
Violet." See See Bulbs.
103
Dogwood.
Arabic
name.
.
"
Cornus.
Doronicum,
Ord.
(doron-icum, from Leopard's Bane Compositae). See Flower Garden

"
doronigi, the
"
Herbaceous
plants.
Dove
Orchid.
"
See
Peristeria
elata.
Draba,
Whitlow
Grass Garden
(dra-ba,from
"
drabe, acrid.
Ord.
Cruci-
ferae).
"
See Flower
Rockery.
drakaino, a female (dracae-na,from dragon. Ord. Liliaceae). Handsome foliageplants, some nearly hardy, others With care some requiring a hothouse. kinds can be kept healthy in living-rooms, the principalrequirements being proper watering (see Watering), a weekly sponging with tepid water, ventilation without draughts, and a lightposition. Repotting should in spring when be done necessary, but 6-in. pots are generally large enough, and in preference to shifting the balls on be reduced, and the plants put in the can
"
Dracaena
same
size of
down
a
pot, with
around
of
some
fresh soil well ball.
rammed
the
Loam,
with suit.
be
third When
and sand, decayed manure, the plants get leggy they can like Crotons, which
see.
PR"pfEGcAETsIN0GF 4.2pie?e
in moist have
seen
shortened in
Pro-
pagation is effected
stem
spring,each
fibre
by cuttingup piecesof with a joint, and laying them

in bottom heat. As
we
soil
or
cocoa-nut
refuse
under
Cordyline,these two genera are related, and several plants which, Dracaenas. The as strictly speaking, are Cordylines are grown of the best: followingare some Australis, A. lentiginosa,A. lentiginosa Russelli, Baptisti, Chelsoni, fragransLindeni, Goldieana, indivisa terminalis.
"
Dracocephalum, Dragon's Head (dracoceph-alum, from drakon, and Ord. kephale, a head. dragon, Labiatae). Pretty summerfloweringhardy herbaceous plants. For culture, see Flower Garden Herbaceous with flowers plants. Ruyschianum, purplish-lilac in early summer, ft. high, is one of the best. 2 growing about Grandiflorum, blue, 6 ins. high,is suitable for the rockery.
" "
be considered under two heads subject may of and the drainage garden ground drainage of be laid until the necessity has flower-pots. Drain-pipesshould not been proved, as the process is laborious and expensive; moreover, it is possible to make ground too dry. A simple test is to dig holes ins. them in to exclude winter, cover rain, and see if water 30 deep rises into them and after a spellof wet stands If water weather. to become lodges in the upper strata of soil the latter is likely sour, and unsuitable for crops. Before stiff, look out layingdrain-pipes
Drainage.
"
This
the horticulturally,
for
spot
where
there
is
and fall,
let the main
drain
lead to it.
If
04
a
ditch
or
it is small
river, the
be
"
water in
is carried the
off the and
place,otherwise
made ornamental
pond (see Flower
may
Garden
formed Water
grounds
The be
plants).
may
for the trenches ins. deep and 30
pipes
15 ft. and 20 Twocost
apart in stiff soil,3 ft. deep ft. apart in lighter ground.

inch ins.
ends earthenware
drain-pipes 12
the
long are
suitable, and
the 30 shillings per 1000; be left Care must may open. that the bed of the trench be taken is perfectly firm ""nd level. The
is about
pipes may leading to

HOW
TO DRAIN
be the fall
laid in main and
diagonallines
drain. With
water
LAND. ft. apart, leading
Pr"per
outlet,
the
cannot
lie
near
surface bottom-hole
in
Diagonal pipes 15 to 20 to a drain-pipe which

ditch.
discharges in
ground thus treated.

are
Flower-pots
a
provided
with
in order to
to allow
water superfluous
escape, fall through.

the
but
in the
absence
of
By laying crocks
drainage material the over (broken flower-pot)

to
soil would the

it
as
hole
to
soil is
one
choose
upheld, but water large piece for the

with
moss
is allowed
escape.
It
is best
concave
bottom
smaller
or a
layer, and
bits
place
then side downward, cover With little clean a

over are
few
arranged so flaky portions
to
lap. over-
of
compost
perfectdrainage is provided, but a few pieces of charcoal improvement. Pots for Orchids are filled two-thirds full of of water needed. drainage,to allow for the largequantities Sundew from Ord. Drosedroseros, dewy. Drosera, (dros-era, is a raceae). Interesting insectivorous plants. D. rotundifolia British covered with hairs that with plant, glandular sparkle It likes a cool, moist moisture. spot, with peaty soil. Propagation and Binata is by division. filiformis are pretty exotic species.
an
"
all
All may
be grown
in
pots for the greenhouse
if
desired, peat
the
with
surfacingof
Dryas
which
summer.
Sphagnum
Ord.
(dry-as,from
a
being dryades, wood-nymph,

moss
used.
to referring
Oak-
like leaves. is
A
Rosaceae).
"
The
best-known
speciesis
white
octopetala,
British
shrub, and has evergreen trailer,it is suitable for the sand,

and
flowers in early rockery. It thrives in
loam, peat, and

Dutchman's
b;i propagated may Pipe, Aristolochia sipho.
by division
in
spring.
Dyer's Green Weed, Genista tinctoria. Earwig. When present in large numbers
"
trial to in small
the earwig is a great both and flowers. attacking gardeners, plants Traps of hay be set. flower pots inverted stakes should on
ekkremes, pendent, and Eccremocarpus (eccremocar-pus,from Ord. fruit. The Bignoniaceae) karpos, only popular species,
"
scaber,
is much
esteemed flowers
as
trailer,both
It
indoors
produces orange half-hardy annual
freelyin July.
(seeAnnuals).
may It is illustrated
and out. It be treated as a in the Botanical
t. 6408 (syn. Calampelis scaber). Magazine,
Echeveria J See after (echever-ia, Cotyledon. M. Echeveri. Ord.
105
"
Crassulaceae).
cactus.
Echinocactus
from (echinocac-tus,
"
echinos, hedgehog, and
Ord., Cactaceae). See Cactus.
Echinops, Globe
Thistle
from (echi-nops,
"
echinos, hedgehog,
and
opsis, like. Ord. Compositae). E. ritro is a hardy herbaceous perennial growing about 3 ft. high and resembling the Eryngiums. Its blue metallic flowers are in the Botanical summer produced (see
Magazine, plants.
Ord.
t.
932).
For
culture,
see
Flower
Garden
"
Herbaceous-
from Echinopsis(echinop-sis, Cactaceae). See Cactus.

"
echinos, hedgehog, and
opsis, like.
blance Echium, Viper'sBugloss (e-chium,from echis, a viper,the resemof the seeds to a viper'shead. Ord. Boraginaceae) The speciesvulgare is the Viper's Bugloss. It is a biennial, growing about is a white 3 ft. high, and with violet flowers in July. There For culture, see Biennials. Candicans, with rosy variety,alba. two or flowers; fastuosum, blue, and one others, are occasionally
" .
grown
in the
greenhouse.
"
Ord. A (Leontopodium alpinum. Compositae). the flowers, easily grown on silvery-leavedAlpine with white rockery, but the better for protectionfrom rain with a square of It may be raised from seed in spring. glassthrough the winter.
Edelweiss
Edgings.
"
There Some than
are
various
and
looks
borders. better
like Box broad

outer
Something
is requiredin order
a
providing edgings to beds(seeBox), others grass, others tiles. to keep the soil off the walks. Nothing
ways
of
of
regularlymown,
well back flowers. but
as or
from
Such
ft. wide; when and the soil thrown, edge neatly clipped, the inner edge, it forms a cool foil both to gravel and band is best made with turves. a Tiles look neat: grass
2
band
about
the
the
if used, a dwarf mechanical; plant should be grown near, such Viola, VirginianStock, Cerastium, Crocus (forspring), Thrift,
London
Pride.
A
a
charming edging
bed of
may
be
the
with
placed Alpine plants.

Egg Plant.
" "
in irregularly
good
soil,and
"
made with interstices
stones
planted
See
Flower
Garden
Rockery.
See
Kitchen Rose.
Garden.
Eglantine.
Eichornea
"
See
after Herr Eichorn. Ord. Pondeteria(eichor-nea, that tank in house. a a warm ceae). Aquatics require Propagation in spring. Speciosa, is by division with blue flowers in summer, is grown
a
little. Olive
from elaeagnos, name (elaeag-nus, given by Ord. Dioscorides. shrubs, including Eleagnaceae) Handsome several which, with their green or variegated foliage evergreens, and berries,are good for winter effect. They are not particularas to soil, and are easily propagated by cuttings in autumn. Angustifolia, with yellow flowers in May; macrophylla, yellow; autumn multiflora, leaves silvery below; and bloomer; leaves pungens,
" .
Elaeagnus, Wild
06
and
an
silvery below,
.aurea,
evergreen,
are
good.
handsome Ord.
common
Aurea
Simoni
variegata are
(sambu-cus.
than the
marginata, glabra garden varieties.

"
Elder, Sambucus
trees
are more
Caprif oliaceae)
.
Few
small fumed per-
familiar
in
Elder, with
its white
followed early summer, by black fruits. It is a soft-wooded tree, apt to grow straggly and to be ugly in winter soil suits it. unless carefully pruned. Any well-drained gation Propais by cuttingsfrom the buds which the lower part have on
flowers been
removed.
The
common
species is
as
"several
garden varieties of it, such variegata,silvery. Viridis has green

Elecampane, Inula
Helenium.
nigra, but there foliis aureis, golden;

racemosa
S.
are
and
and
scarlet
berries.
Elm, Ulmus campostris (ul-mus. Ord. Urticaceae) Handsome but suitable for gardens, partly because park trees, by no means the roots ramble afar and impoverish the soil,partly because the their in summer, to cast branches and partly because trees are apt
" .
not be planted near drives drip. They should because of the Elms The branch-casting propensity mentioned. like a friable,loamy soil. They are propagated by seeds and layers, good varieties of the common specialvarieties by grafting. Two Elm and antarctica are aurea variegata. The Scotch or Wych Elm (Ulmus montana) is suitable for gardens. The Parsley-leaved Elm and so are the Golden-leaved is a variety of it (crispa), Elm, Dampieri and the .aurea, Purple-leaved, purpurea. -of the
noxious
Embothrium
in
reference
small "ne which
(emboth-rium, from en, in, and bothrion, a little pit, the setting of the anthers. Ord. Proteaceae). A of little but importance generally, including one very genus in the shrub plant speciescoccineum, a half-hardy evergreen
to
"
bears
clusters
of
beautiful
scarlet and
other
flowers mild
in
early
summer.
in Cornwall It grows out of doors but loam, preferablya mixture
districts. should grit,

See the
Peat
or
of both, with
sown
Propagation Magazine, t. 4856.

Empetrum,
of
-a
is
by
seeds
in
spring.
be provided. Botanical
Crowberry (em-petrum, from en, in, and petros, a rock, Empetraceae) Evergreen shrubs in and Berries follow Heaths, the resembling flowering May. soil in flowers. moist suits them. a cool, Peaty place Propagation is by cuttings in summer under a hand-light. There is but one and rubrum species,nigrum, with black berries; scoticum are
native
stony places. Ord.
"
varieties Endive.
of it; the
"
latter has
red
berries.
See
Kitchen
Garden.
Enkianthus
(enkian-thus,from
flowers genus with
of
a
"
enknos,
enlarged, and
the includes
some
anthos,
middle.
one or
flower, in reference to the "Ord. Ericaceae). A small

two
being enlarged
shrubs, which
third of
in
useful
them.
plants. Loam,
peat
and
sand,
in spring. Propagation is by cuttings in a frame with red flowers in July; and japonicus, with white Campanulatus, in late flowers Botanical winter, are hardy (see the Magazine,
suits
t. 7059
and
t.
5822).
from Epacris (epac-ris,
"
07
to the epi,upon, and akros, top, referring hard-wooded greens, everOrd. Epacrideae). Beautiful hilly habitat. but not easy to grow, owing to the hair-like roots being very susceptible. If kept either too wet or too dry they die. They in a greenhouse, and in a batch to themselves ought to be grown attention in The careful pots must be well drained given watering. sand suitable make a compost. (seeDrainage). Fibrous peat and bella tips inserted in sandy peat under Propagation is by young The ing followafter in Prune back or summer. flowering. glass spring are popular kinds :
"
Alba odorata, white, sweet; bloomer; devoniana, scarlet.
autumnalis,
red
and
white, October
and See
from a Epicattleya (epicatt-leya, Epidendrum compound those Cattleya, the plants being hybrids between genera). for culture. Cattleya
"
(epiden-drum, from epi, upon, and dendron, tree, Graceful Ord. Orchidaceae) Orchids, requiring if set in hothouse and or culture, high over pots thriving pans of the with fibrous crocks and roots mass a peat and packed must be given during Large supplies of water Sphagnum moss. the growing season, but the supply must be lessened in the autumn, without, however, being stopped altogether. The following are selected from a large number: dellense, hybrid, orange, spring; Medusae, purple,earlysummer; vitellinum Wallisi, crimson, white, majus, orange, late summer;
Epidendrum
on
growing
trees.
"
"
and
yellow, sweet,
winter.
from epi,upon, and gaia,earth, in Epigaea,May-flower (epigae-a, to the habit. Ord. trailing Ericaceae). E. repens is a the principal charm of which is the fragrance of trailing evergreen, its white It is hardy, but in are summer. flowers, which produced will not in soil. A sun-scorched cool, moist, sheltered dry, grow sion place should be found, and peat provided. Propagation is by diviin spring. allusion
"
A hybrid Epilaelia(epilae-lia).
"
between
Epidendrum
with scarlet
and
Laelia. in
For
culture, see
a
July, is pod,
in
Cattleya. Charlesworthii, good hybrid.

Herb
to
flowers
from (epilo-bium, epi, upon, and lobos, being set on the seed pod. Ord. of the Onagrarieae). Tall, hardy herbaceous perennials. Two finest species, do the well waterside. by angustifoliumand hirsutum, Propagation is by division in spring. There is a white variety of is a good dwarf angustifolium. Obcordatum, rose, species. All thrive in any good soil. allusion
"
Epilobium, Willow
the
flowers
epimedion, Pliny's Berberideae) perennials for the shady parts of the rockery, attractive both in leaf and flower. tion Propagais by division. They like sandy loam, except Alpinum, which should have peat. This speciesis British, and has red and yellow flowers in May. in spring, with blue and white flowers Macranthum, is good; violaceum is a dark varietyof it.
name.
Epimedium,
Ord.
Barrenwort
(epime-dium,
Useful dwarf
from
"
io8
Epiphyllum.
"
"
See
Cactus.
"
Eragrostis. See Annuals

Eranthemum flower. Ord.
Grasses. from
erao,
(eran-themum,
" .
to
love, and
anthos,
Acanthaceae) Pretty plants for a warm greenhouse, in winter. with a fourth each of useful in that they bloom Loam, is suit. and leaf and sand, mould, Propagation by cuttings peat
pinching is required to insure Andersoni, with purple and white flowers (Botanical a bushy habit. t. (Bot.Mag., t. 4225); and 5771); albiflorum, white Magazine, useful is called scarlet, are cinnabarinum, species. Pulchellum
under
a
in spring. bell-glass
little
Daedalacanthus
nervosus
by
modern
botanists.
It has
blue
flowers
(seeBot.
Eranthis Eremurus
Mag.,
t.
1358).
"
hyemalis (Winter Aconite). See Bulbs.

the
"
and our solitary, (eremu-rus, from eremos, a, tail, in flower Ord. ceous spike. Liliaceae). Tall, hardy herbain summer. Fertile, spikes of bloom plants,with handsome and friable,loamy soil gives the best spikes, they may rise 6 or 7 ft. in a greenhouse high. Propagation is easily effected by seeds sown will not flower for 3 or 4 years. in spring,but they The roots are be planted in remarkable, and as growth starts early they should Guard autumn. against slugs in spring. A sheltered place should for these noble plants, be provided as they suffer from strong winds. Himalaicus, white, is a fine species. Bungei, yellow, is good. has silvery-rose Robustus flowers, and is very strong; Elwesii is an of this. early variety
allusion
to
Erica, Heath
ness.
Ord.
from erico,to break, in (eri-ca, Ericaceae). These are amongst

"
allusion
the most
to the brittle-
valuable
and
of
us
evergreens, such beautiful

terranea.
are
for in addition
to
the
greenhouse speciesthey give

carnea,
hardy speciesas
arborea,
cinerea,
Medi-
The
wooded
summer,
hard in
They greenhouse speciesare not easily managed. of plants with hair-like roots, requiringabundance yet liable
to
water
suffer
in the
from
end
sodden and
as
well if
as
from soil
dry soil. They should be required it should be done

should and
be
grown
towards the
sandy peat,
should
repottingis
The
old if
of winter. be
crumbled
then
put into
from 6-in.
ball, which
soaked
dry,
over
ample drainage.
suit them
will in
A in winter, when
in
pot and well packed with fresh soil frost is excluded greenhouse from which
much
will
less water
will
be
needed.
They
the
flower
summer. a
under
spring,and may be stood on an ash Propagation is by cuttings in summer, bell-glass..

Greenhouse Heaths.
bed
in
open
in
sandy soil
caffra,white, May. Cavendishiana, yellow,July,

March, purplish-red, gracilis, winter. hyemalis, rose,
Massoni, red and green, summer. ventricosa, flesh,late spring (several varieties, such erecta, flesh; and superba, scarlet).
as
alba, white;
Hardy Heaths.
arborea,
from
09
white, May,
the wood.
several The
name
varieties.
has
no
"
Brier
"
pipes
with
are
made
connection
the
hedge
corruption of bruyere, the French carnea (herbacea), purple,February. varieties. cinerea, crimson, July, many lusitanica (codonodes), pink, February. Mediterranea, purple,spring (BotanicalMagazine,
Brier, but
is
a
for Heath.
t.
471), several
varieties. vagans,
autumn, purplish-red,
Cornish
Heather.
"
Erigeron, Fleabane downy in springand

see
from er, spring, and geron, old man (erig-eron, later. Ord. hoary Compositae). For culture,
"
Flower
Garden
"
Herbaceous has orange is a fine
plants.
flowers
The
most
popular species
grows
about
a
is
aurantiacus, which
in
and July,
variety. Speciosus (syn. Stenactis high; superbus Botanical speciosa), Magazine, t. 3606, is a good plant. Alpinus semi-barbatus growing. (syn. Roylei) is well worth of the early blooming. because from Erinus er, spring, (eri-nus, to any extent is The Ord. only speciesgrown Scrophularineae) in May, and is well adapted for which bears magenta flowers alpinus, the rockery (see Flower Garden). It likes well-drained, sandy soil See Botanical and a warm Magazine, spot. Propagation is by seed.
foot
" .
t. 310.
There
are
white
and
rose
varieties.
Eritrichium
account
from (eritrich-ium,
erion, wool,
and
"
thrix,
hair,
on
Ord. Boragineae). nanum species plant, giving bright blue yellow-eyed flowers in It may the rockery (see Flower be grown on summer. Garden), if with and of leaf of mould, plenty grit. Propagation given a pocket peat is by division in spring. See Botanical Magazine, t. 5853. from erodios, a heron, in allusion Erodium, Heron's-bill (ero-dium, Ord. Geraniaceae) ovaries. of the style and to the form Pretty and suitable for border and hardy plants, allied to Geraniums, like friable and Flower a soil, light, Garden). They rockery (see in spring. Chamaedryoides be propagated by seeds (syn. may in summer; flowers with Manescavi, white, rose-veined Reichardi), macradenum, with violet, June purple flowers in June; and all t. are 5665), good. (Botanical Magazine, Eryngium, Sea Holly (eryn-gium,from eryngeon, a name adopted by Pliny. Ord. Umbel liferae).Tall, spreading hardy herbaceous plants, with metallic flowers that, if not beautiful, have quaintness to soil,and as and distinctness. are easily They are not particular from The in seeds. division or are following spring, by propagated ft. the 2 kinds: blue, (Botanical Magazine, alpinum, principal of the
woolly hairs.
The
is
useful
dwarf
"
"
t.
922) ; amethystinum,
blue,
to
2
anum,
ft. ; and
ft. ; maritimum, blue, blue, 2.\ planum, blue, 3 ft. All flower
from
ft. ; Oliverisummer.
in
allusion
draw, in (erys-imum, eryo, Hedge Mustard Ord. Cruciferae). See Annuals blistering power. 18 ins. high, July (Botanical for culture. Perofskiaum, orange, the is t. principalspecies. It is a biennial, but Magazine, 3757), treated as a hardy annual. generally
Erysimum,
to
the
"
1 1 o
Coral
" .
Erythrina, Leguminosae)
Tree
most
The
(erythri-na,from member interesting

of scarlet flowers
an on
erythros, red.
of this genus
in
summer.
Ord.
is Crista-
bears which racemes galli, not perfectly hardy, it
will thrive The
outside be
and
is sunny
and
sheltered. and
manure
station
or manure
should
Although position prepared by adding

wall
if the
loam,
mulched which See
the
peat,
with should
road in
grit,
with
sand.
It
should
be
early summer.
a
be
removed
heel and
Propagation is by cuttings, heat. kept close in bottom

erythros,
Magazine, Erythronium, Dog's Tooth

Botanical Ord.
t. 2161.
Violet
(erythro-nium,from
Escallon.
in
red.
Liliaceae).
"
See
Bulbs. Sefior Ord.

in
Escallonia
"
after (escallo-nia,
out
Saxifrageae)
.
includes one genus that beautiful shrub thrives This flowers

in
very followed
popular plant
of doors mild
macrantha,
Botanical be propagated
are
districts,and
has
summer, pink Magazine, t. 4473). It
by
berries
(see the
by cuttings
varieties, one
of
and is not particularas to soil, may in a frame. firm wood There
several
hybrid;
and
being sanguinea. Langleyensis,a pink white, are also good. philipiana,

See Kitchen Garden" Shallot. Dr. Eschscholtz. Ord. after (eschscholt-zia, Fruit.
of the
best
Eschallot" Eschscholtzia
Papa-
veraceae).
"
See Annuals.
"
Espalier.
allusion
See
from Eucalyptus (eucalyp-tus, eu, good, and kalypto, covering,in the flower. Ord. to the calyx covering Myrtaceae). A is the popular Blue Globulus often so Gum, large genus of trees. in outdoor suitable for culture tricts. disbut mild as a pot plant, grown It thrives in peat and loam. is or seeds, by Propagation in soil in under Gunnii a early summer, bell-glass. cuttings sandy
"
is also scented
an
interesting species;
and
citriodora, which eucharis,

"
has
citron-
leaves, is sometimes
grown.
Eucharidium
(eucharid-ium,from
_
agreeable.
is
a a are
Ord.
and
Onagrarieae)
.
Grandiflorum
there For
pretty
rosy
other
annual,
and
white
'
varieties.
culture, see Annuals.
Eucharis
to the
in this agreeable,
eucharis, (eu-charis,from case perhaps referring perfume. Ord. Amaryllideae).

"
One house white
of
the
most
valuable
of
warm-
account of the plants,on of its large, substantial,

are
fusion propure
for cutand
seen
flowers, which wreaths, bouquets, and

flower
work.
good general
PROPAGATIÊ^RISES.
An old inserted in 5 and 6-in.
the
complete
the
It is easy to grow, failures sometimes

attack of
a
potful is divided in early arise from spring; and the smaller pieces infests the
pots. and renders
mite
and
which
bulbs, multipliesenormously,
the
plants weak
this
course
dingy"
out
It is
and
impossible for the

its presence is
plants to thrive
suspected
the
when best
pest
is to
is at work,
shake
when
he of
an a
1 1 i
bulbs, wash
hour
and in
a
the in
6
soil from
them, and
soak
them
for
quarter
of leaf
solution
of liver of
water. If
sulphur
Loam,
of (sulphide with
a
potassium),
half mould
done
pound
some
gallonsof
suits.
fourth
sand,
after
but flowering,
while plenty of water they begin to bloom, they will flower well in 6-in. or y-in. pots. in a hothouse, and be flowered put into a cooler They should after be afterwards. The graduallyreduced water-supply may place is by offsets, blooming in order to rest the plants. Propagation Grandiflora when which be removed (syn. repotting. may forms Lowii and the Moorei is are popular species; amazonica) is sometimes Candida of it. They are splendid winter bloomers. grown
; it has
potting is required,it should be with frequent shifts are not necessary; the from timeand liquid manure growing,
white
flowers
in autumn.
Eucomis
ceae).
"
The
Ord. (eu-comis,from eukomes, beautiful-haired. is as speciespunctata, a half-hardybulb, grown leaves
Liliamuch
its flowers. It will thrive out of doors in as and propagated by be grown in sandy loam It may brown flowers i" and and It grows has offsets. ft. 2 high, green the Botanical Magazine, t. 913 and 1539). August (see
for its mild
spotted
districts.
allusion esteemed
summer.
from in well, and kryphia, a cover, eu, Eucryphia (eucryph-ia, Ord. Rosaceae). The is to the calyx. speciespinnatifolia
"
for
its beautiful
an
white
It is
evergreen
in
are flowers, which be grown shrub, and may
produced
outdoors shelter
in
in
and
mild
districts,but
cold, exposed places must
have
It likes a compost of peat and loam. in winter. gation Propaprotection is by cuttings of young shoots under or a bell-glass, by layers. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 7067.
from much lalia,speech (eula-lia, eu, well, and literally, praised. Ord. Gramineae). Japonica zebrina is one of our most Grasses, and a strong clump looks well on the gracefulornamental lawn. It is not particular sion be increased to soil,and as by divimay in spring. There several other varieties of Japonica. are
" "
Eulalia
Euonymus,
name
"
of
some
Spindle Tree (euon-ymus, from eu, good, good repute. Ord. Celastrineae) These are
" .
and
onomar
handsome
shrubs,
The while
in autumn.
deciduous, others
are
evergreens
good
the is
evergreen, grown for winter effect, and best of seaside is
for their do well firm
foliage.
they
are
almost
in and
any
among soil.
plants. They
shrub,
in towns, will grow wood is

in
Propagation
a
by cuttings of
flowers Radicans
Europaeus May. There

has several
hardy
a
deciduous
with of the
white
green, ever-
is
variegatedvariety. Japonica
is one varieties; latifolius aureus and is also evergreen, has several varieties.
best,
Ord. (eupator-ium,after Eupator, King of Pontus. the Some of will thrive and Compositae). Eupatoriums are hardy, in ordinary well-drained Others soil,with spring division. require and like a compost of loam, a third of leaf pot culture under glass, and mould sand. These should be raised from cuttings and pinched to make them bushy. They should be cut back after flowering.
Eupatorium
"
112
Hardy
Herbaceous
4 ft. 4 ft.
Species.
white, August, ageratoides, altissimum, blush, late

purpurea,
summer,
purple,August,
4 ft.
Greenhouse
Species.
grandiflorum,white, spring,3 ft. riparium, white, spring,3 ft. Weinmannianum (odoratum), white,
autumn
and
winter,
4 ft.
Euphorbia, Spurge (euphor-bia,after Euphorbus, a physician. A large and varied Ord. Euphorbiaceae) genus, including annuals and herbaceous and perennials, and shrubby, all with tender, hardy three for the Two or are milky juice. greenhouse, notably grown
" .
brilliant evergreen, a 3 ft. fulgens(jacquinaeflora), growing about in with loam and scarlet flowers in It thrives autumn winter. high, in a hothouse, and is propagated by cuttings. Lathyris is the Caper Spurge, and is hardy. from Eurya (eu-rya,
eurys, in allusion to the large, variegata is the best flowers.
Ord. genus,
with
Ternstroemiaceae)
" .
Latifolia
of this
and
is grown
for its handsome
foliage.
It is
in mature
an
evergreen, wood in
requiring
peaty
soil
sand.
under
greenhouse protection. Peat and loam Propagation is by cuttings of

a
equal parts suit,
bell-glass,
to the
Eutoca Ord.
summer.
from eukotos, fruitful, in allusion (euto-ca, Hydrophyllaceae) The species viscida has
"
seeding.
in
blue
flowers
For
culture, see
Annuals.
"
Evening
cue
Primrose
of the
Primroses
culture Herbaceous
ing (Oenothera. Ord. Onagrarieae). The Evenand perennials. For comprise both hardy annuals
former,
See
see
Annuals
; of the
latter,Flower
Garden
"
plants.
"
also
Oenothera,.
hold
Evergreens.
Plants
as
which
their leaves
these
Many
and
own
are
valuable All
hardy shrubs,
throughout the year. including Hollies, Aucubas,

their knife
that
Laurels.
names
under the principalkinds dealt with are (seealso Flower Garden Shrubs). In pruning, a
"
should
the bare
be
used
in
not
preferenceto shears,
should be made
near
in
order
to
avoid
cutting
so
leaves.
The
do
cuts
the leaves
below,
stumps
show.
Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus. Ord. suitable for growing hardy ramblers,

The
and
now typicalspeciesis latifolius,
Leguminosae) against fences
" .
Beautiful
and
pillars.
called
a
has
carmine
flowers.
comes
There true
is
sylvestris platyphyllus, splendid white variety called

seed.
White Pearl, which soil. substantial

"
from
They
enjoy moist,
as Everlastings. The principal everlasting flowers," such and under dealt with are Rhodanthes, Helichrysums, Acrocliniums,
"
their
own
names,
or
under
Annuals.
ex, out
Exacurn
(ex-acum,
from
of,and ago,
"
to drive
"
credited
a
with
warm
expellingpoison.
Ord.
Gentianeae).
Beautiful
plants for
in winter. greenhouse, flowering They each of a quarter peat and leaf mould, like and in
a
1 1
compost of loam, with

The annuals
are
sand.
raised
from from
seed
in
warm
house has
or
cuttings.
Affine
high. Zeylanicum macranthum,
frame violet flowers, and is also grown. violet, autumn,
; and spring
the nials peren6 ins. grows
from Exochorda chorde, a cord, in exo, outside, and (exochor-da, ful is a beautiallusion to the placenta. Ord. Rosaceae). Grandiflora It is not particular white-flowered as shrub, blooming in May. in is likes a sheltered to soil, but by layers place. Propagation t. suckers in See autumn Botanical or Magazine, 4795. spring.
"
Faba
or
Vicia
(Broad Bean).
" " .
See Kitchen
Garden.
to the
Fagus, Beech
seeds. there
are
Ord. many
from phago, (fa-gus, Cupuliferae) The common
to eat, in allusion
edible
and
pendulous.
"
varieties of it, such as dark and Flower See Beech Garden. Circles of year
and sylvatica, variegated, purple, copper, Beech
is F.
Fairy Rings.
grass,
"
fungi are
sometimes
seen
growing
the
in the genous nitro-
and
every
"
they get stronger, owing
to
rich
A deposit following the decay of the earlier members. in and it is out but is meadow a fairyring interesting pleasing, be destroyed by syringingwith of place in a garden, and a may in water. of pound of sulphateof iron dissolved 3 gallons
fallow ground is to dig it and leave Fallowing. To in for that matter order the corruptible a period, crop
"
"
"
it without within it
decompose ground gardeners may and manuring they rarely adopt this practice. By proper tillage the ground capable of carryingcontinuous make crops.
False
and
the
be
aerated.
Good
Acacia, Robinia
"
Pseudacacia.
Farfugium.
Fatsia "The one almost
and
See
Senecio.
"
Farm-yard Manure.
See Manure.
name.
(fat-sia, iromfatsi,the Japanese
Ord.
Araliaceae).
plant of importance in under the universally grown

much
is japonica,which this genus is of Aralia Sieboldii,a halfname in sandy loam, plant, thriving out
hardy shrub
esteemed
as
room
propagated by cuttings. places.

Feather
"
It will thrive
of doors
in sheltered
Grass, Stipa pennata.
Fences. In enclosing ground to form a garden the nature of the be carefully A wall is best, because "line must considered. dividing it givesimmediate and from cattle, shelter,besides security privacy, for fruit It is, and trees. houses, greenhouses, affordingsupport estimates however, the most expensive. The cost varies, and An should be got from oak local builders. fence 6 ft. high may cost 8s. per yard run. Galvanised wire fences are popular. very A fence 4 ft. high will keep back The wires should be a foot stock. apart, and the lower half protected with wire netting,to exclude lambs
and
rabbits.
The
top wire
at
least
should but
to
be
discouragecattle from putting their heads over ; tempting on the other side they will try
if there
get
to barbed is anything their heads

H
1 1
4
below. upper
the
The
through
and
posts
tarred
should
or
be of oak, the
as
lower
part tarred,
See also
part
painted
"
taste
dictates.
Hedges.
Fennel. Ferns.
" "
See
Almost
Kitchen every
Garden lover
of
Herbs.
plantsgrows
few
ferns, and
siderable con-
their own The latter class have them. specialise for interest have no particular ordinary species publications. not could amateur possibly hand, the general On the other them. number of some in the case the as they all species varieties, grow number
The
hundreds,
Most
but
must
content
himself
with
selection under may do

not
of the best
own names
kinds.
in
ferns are principal few this work, but a general observations cultural points. certain to with respect majority of ferns Propagation. The of the
"
mentioned
their
obviate
repetition
and
the
flower,
"
seeds
"
must
be
looked
to
for in which
the
form adhere
surface
of the
fronds,
they
of spores on until they
'the
under
In
ripen.
PROPAGATING PLANTLETS
ASPLENIUMS
ON THE
BY
THE
FRONDS.
i.
PROPAGATING LEAF
ASPLENIUMS
BY
THE
PLANTLETS.
The dotted insert a
line
the shows depth to from plantlet detached
Asplenium bulbiferum.
Drainage. 2. Rough soil. 3. Fine soil, Space for water. 5. Base of plantlet. 6. Young fronds starting. 7. Old frond a on growing plant pegged down.
4.
sowing, a
laid with
on
fine surface
the
of soil is
are
prepared, and
or
the
the
fronds
are
either rubbed
when
spores
mature,
held
over
pot
and
The the spores. to scatter fingers pots should be shaded. A plate-like which the male and female the on prothallium process from arise. these the They may be develop,forms; plants organs and as repotted as required,the same pricked off, potted singly, form a spreading rootkinds of ferns which ordinary plants. Some sion; the Maidenhair for example be propagated by divistock may in Some starts the plantsmay be cut up when spring. growth down be drawn the fronds; the latter can ferns form on plantlets in and there fixed to the surface of the soil in another position pot, when be severed. have rooted till the plantlets they may freely, in Fern Soil. no longer pot their plants almost entirely growers sequently nutriment, and conpeat; it is recognisedthat loam contains more for ferns than it is used much was more formerly largely and Half each of fibrous loam the case. peat, with a quarter of leaf the
" " " " "
mould
and
a or
1 1
decayed
manure,
a over
heavy
the
dash
of sand
to insure
few
bits of charcoal Another
drainage,will
modified. it is found
suit the
porosity, majority
of ferns Shade. ferns may

root
are
admirably.
"
old idea has
been
but the
are
Speaking generally,
that
certainlyshade
in sunny Under house
lovers;
hardy
the
kinds
be grown moisture. unshaded hottest

"
parts of glassthey day.

to turn
garden
if
they
to
have
liable to suffer from is at hand of their
of
an
unless
the grower
adequate aridity his syringe ply

every wise
in the
part
of the wise the
if
to go the of the soil base and old from side and remove farther, as a rule, the ball without replacing in disentanglingthe roots, afterwards
Repotting. It is only to rearrange
ferns out
pots
found
spring,
drainage,but
it will be
the
pot
and
ramming
rooms.
"
in fresh
a
soil.
soon
Ferns
in
As
rule ferns
fail in rooms,
because be If the
the
the
air is too
and dry; but with care judgment they may The healthy a long time. principalpoint is watering. for time the some plants are sure to suffer; on goes dry The state is bad. hand, a sodden is to test the pots every day in summer
kept
soil
other
only way of keeping thingsright (see Watering) and be guided

not
by
a
the sound.
In
winter
water
may
be wanted insure
a
more
than
once
Another is to important matter window and draughts. An open of the struck medium permit happy being be injured. the plants may
cold
week.
ventilation
door
without
closed both
; with
open
generally together
Wire
to
Ferns
the the
in baskets. be
a
"
Some
used.
ferns
look should
their
be
best lined
in baskets.
with
moss
receptacles may
soil in, and baskets may Indoor
house to
They
similar
keep
compost
be
"
to that
for
pots
be
used.
In
summer
dipped dailyin a tub of ferneries. In largeplaces it may

if it should
and
water.
the from
so ferns, and walls, providing rocks
be
done and
water
possibleto devote a thoroughly, covering shading the roof. A

frames
a
simple way
of
covering the
walls
is to fix wire
few
inches
not
the wall, pack with compost, and plant. The ferns should in pots, but planted among be grown blocks of tufa. Outdoor
stones
and
ferneries. A fernery is a good adjunct to a rock should be used in preference to tree roots, which
"
garden,
rot down
quickly.
Roses
and to flower
The
situation
should bulbs
not may
be be
heavily
shaded.
between
Christmas
the
various
in winter
"
hardy
and
planted
ferns
should and
Filmy ferns. The be kept separate

the
spring. Todeas, Hymenophyllums,

in
a case
and the
Trichomanes shade is dense
or
cave
where
atmosphere
phrases.
"
saturated.
are
creeping The leaves are called speciesare called rhizomes. forms fronds, and the stalks stipes. The first divisions of divided the called pinnae, and subdivisions The seeds are are pinnules. the called spores, and the case latter is The indusium. the covering clusters of sporangia are The female called sori. called are organs and the male the antheridia. Both form membranous on archegonia, plate (prothallium)which is the first growth from the spore.
cryptogams
stems
Fern
Ferns
(which see).
The
of
some
1 1
6
Good
Room
cuneatum
Ferns.
Good
Basket
Ferns.
Adiantum
hair) (Maiden-
Adiantum
Edgworthii
flaccidum Mooreana
Asplenium Asplenium Nephrodium

Pteris
,,
bulbiferum molle cristata
Davallia
cretica tremula
schizophylla hirta crisMicrolepia(Davallia)

Gymnogramine
tata
serrulata
, ,
Nephrolepisdavallioides
"
furcans
Fertilisation. Feverfew.
"
See
Hybridisation.
section of
The
and
aureum
Pyrethrum
the
name
Chrysanthemums
most
are
called to
Feverfews,
Pyrethrum
Feather.
perhaps (Chrysanthemum
and
is
commonly
Garden.
applied
the
Parthenium),
name.
Golden
See
Chrysanthemum
includes
such
Flower
from fag,the Ficus, Fig (fi-cus,

"
Hebrew
Ord.
Urticaceae).
as
This
genus
widely
our
different
and
plants
the
the
India-
rubber
plant Fig (F. gardens see Fruit). The India-rubber plant is popular for rooms, and in equal loam be kept healthy in a compost of peat and may with if ventilated watered sand, parts, carefully (seeWatering), without be cold draughts, and It may the leaves sponged weekly. in a propagating propagated by piecesof stem with a leaf attached F. pumila (syns.repens and is case. a stipulata) graceful greenCarica;
leaved creeper
"
of (F. elastica)
delicious
suitable and
for
greenhouse
Fruit. Garden
fir
"
"
wall.
Fig.
See
"
Ficus See
Fruit.
and
Filbert.
Cory]us
"
Finger-and-toe.
Fir.
"
See
Kitchen
"
Green
the
Vegetables.
is
The
general name
(from
Anglo-Saxon furh)
number of resinous, cone-bearing trees. applied to a considerable Thus Pseudotsuga (or Abies) Douglasi is often called the Douglas the Scotch Abies Fir, pectinata the Silver Fir, and Pinus sylvestris Fir. Particulars of the different kinds of fir are their given under
own names.
Flame Flax.
"
Flower.
See
"
See
Kmphofia.
well-arranged, well-managed
flower
Linum.
"
Flower
a source
Garden.
of
garden
is
immense
pleasure
The and
an
and
enjoyment.
It
In
is
beneficial is at gone
physicallyand
once a
morally. pleasant pastime

narrow
cultivation
of beautiful
flowers years
the
ennobling pursuit.
in
by
very
ideas
of
a
of flower
gardening were
tender
displayed:
and is and freedom
more
grown
bloom.
were
few
kinds,
constitution
the
plants garish in
Hardy
and
Nowadays greater kinds are used, plants of many With abundance more interesting.
a
much
breadth of
prevail.
varied
the and
garden
flowers
a
all round
house,
a
cool stretch
of grass, belts of shrubs,
rockery, water,
of trees, the home surroundings are made judiciousadmixture beautiful and fragrant. The principal features of the flower garden
be taken may Herbaceous
seriatim. borders.
"
The
most
important
feature
of
modern
flower
"
1 be
17
gardens is
the It is easy
its herbaceous
borders.
"
They
and
should
and
was.
spacious
within
limits
of the
to
things.
are as
place mismanage herbaceous

as ever a
varied
planted
borders,
with
sterling
they
the
as season.
then
uninteresting
hand,
them
bedded-out
garden
them the
On
a
other have
it is not full of should
difficult to deal and bloom

be
with
in such
way
to-
growth
even
throughout
them there
outdoor
The
trees
borders and
word
if they have wide, especially
to accommodate be
20 no
shrubs The
"
; and
"
without
should
6 to
stint of
ground.
The
borders border
may,
indeed, range
from
ft. in width.
belts of suggests a background, and wherever it is wise to leave a belt 6 ft. wide shrubs trees and are being planted, to put herbaceous at the front in which plants. Soil : The ground for be prepared as thoroughly herbaceous should plantsas for vegetables,
manuring may be the sarr^ and liber 1 Garden). deep tillage and will the make bloom vigorous growth manuring plants long and and Division abundantly. plants may planting: Old herbaceous be divided, and new to April inclusive. ones planted,from November is and suits the majority of people as Spring planting quite good, well as the majority of plants. But those who are forming a new
and the
method
of cultivation
and
(see under
Kitchen
With
this
garden, garden,
to
to carry and propose will find a great rush
plant their herbaceous during daylight. There

the have
case
a kitchen garden as well as a flower and of work in spring, be advised may in if borders autumn they have leisure is one division in disadvantage of autumn on
of
existing borders,
a
and
that
is that
out
been
planted in
because
the
dormant,
the
previous year are roots are moving,

soil.
A
any bulbs which may of sight. They are not the

stems have not much
but is
pushed damage
them,
scatter
through to the clumps

and in
careless
workman
might
taught
to to
do look
when
some
he
of bulbs, but dislodges part of
if he
a
after
clump
than at the
lift it, dig the small The time. offsets First
soil,
and of
the
fresh
sandy
loam,
rather
remove
the
replant, he
really does
good
be
harm.
same
clumps
herbaceous plants may shoots dead disfiguring
dealt
be
with
cut
well
after
back
so
as
clumps
may
be
to shorten taking care may away, to avoid the then old leaving long, ugly stumps, the cut and through portions replanted vigorously
digging the ground

be taken of
which
and
manuring
it if necessary.
or coarse
The
tunity opporthe
may clumps of any kinds is heard : Much
scatteringashes
are
gritround
of colour
of doubtful hardiness. Colour grouping that is,of forming grouping in borders

"
plants,the colours of which shall of instead blend, dotting single plants indiscriminately.There is much favour the in of system, but to carry it out thoroughly throughout the reserve a few a garden, where gardening year demands of be while out are and can whence bloom, they good plants grown be shifted when their floweringperiod approaches, and they can the permanent when occupants of the borders go off. As examples be mentioned: the followingplants may
small
"
colonies
of the
different
Antirrhinums
out
(Snapdragons),sown
in boxes
a sown
in boxes, hardened
in
under glassin January, cool place,and planted in
pricked
June. in early
Asters, Annual,
summer.
in
spring,and
planted
out
1 1
GARDEN
"
FLOWER
continued.
in
Begonias, the tubers started planting time comes.

Chrysanthemums,
shifted
when
boxes
in
spring and
kept
there
till
struck
from show
cuttingsin spring, planted in June, and

bloom.
they
Marigolds,treated like Asters. treated Nicotianas (Tobaccos),
like Asters. Pentstemons, treated like Antirrhinums. like Asters. Phloxes, Annual, treated
treated Salpiglossis,
like Asters.
the
Sweet
sown Williams, sown
previous June
in
a warm
and
Verbenas,
and It may bloom
in boxes in
house
in
planted out in summer. February, hardened,
planted out
be
June.
readilysupposed that if a fairlylarge group goes out of in late summer or early autumn, and there is nothing to take of its place,a bare, and even ugly, spot is left. This is a weakness which is for. and not colour always recognised grouping provided is particularly A of hardy Chrysanthemums bed useful, as spare in but well the not move are weather, only showery plants very the When beautiful grouping system is (seeChrysanthemums). of kinds is generally dealt with, of which adopted a limited number the principal: the followingare
"
Asters, Perennial
(Michaelmas
September
will thrive
and
Daisies
to
blooming
Carnations,
summer.
from
Starworts),beautiful for November, easilypropagated by

or
division, and
in any
soil.
lovely
Roses,
out
fragrant flowers, propagated by

autumn and winter
layers in
best
Christmas
charming
bloomers,
propagated by division in September. in June. Columbines easily raised from seed outdoors (Aquilegias), and in the front October. Crocuses, bulbs bought planted near and Narcissi, best planted in early autumn. Daffodils Delphiniums (perennialLarkspurs), tall and stately plants with planted
and
spikesof blue flowers, may be raised from seed in summer further propagated by division in spring. Gladioli, noble late-bloomingflowers, raised by planting corms in April.
Hollyhocks, handsome
like Columbines. coloured Irises, exquisitely
be flowers
and
doors out-
old favourites, best
raised
from
and
seed
in
June
may
of which
bulbs
tubers
planted
in autumn.
Lilies,pure
Paeonies,
and refined, may be planted as bulbs in autumn or spring. large,brilliant,fragrant flowers, propagated in nurseries by grafting. and Pansies Violas, lovely low-growing favourites, propagated by
cuttings in
autumn.
of beautiful Phloxes, grand plants with large heads perfumed in spring. division flowers, propagated by cuttingsor for their bright colours, profusion of bloom, Pyrethrums, valuable
and
earlystarting.
Sweet
119
outdoors.
Peas, charming in clumps, and
Tulips,make
in autumn.
glowing
masses
of
raised from easily colour in spring from
seed
bulbs
planted
sown
and cheerful old flowers, raised sweet Wallflowers, outdoors in June. The foregoingare, however, only a few of the many
from kinds
seed
of
plants
which
be
may giving the
be used
in herbaceous kinds
principalpoints about
dwarf
are
useful; very
"
tables, borders, and the following the best herbaceous plants,may suitable for the omitted, as more
rockery:
KIND.
Achillea, The
Anemone Antirrhinums Anthericums
Pearl
Pulsatilla
Aquilegia(Columbine)
Armeria
Aster
,,
cephalotes
Alpinus
Amellus dumosus
,,
Campanula
Centaurea
carpathica
muralis
montana
Corydalisnobilis Delphinium nudicaule Dielytra spectabilis

formosa Dodecatheon Doronicum
(American Cowslip)
austriacum
Erigeron speciosus Fuiikia grandiflora

Gentiana Geranium
,,
Andrewsi Endressi Lancastriense
,,
sanguineum
coccineum trifoliata cardinalis
Geum Gillenia Lobelia
Hemerocallis
fulgens Lychnis Viscaria fl. pi. (Welsh Meconopsis Cambrica Poppy) Monarda didyma (Bergamot) Morina longifolia
Orobus aurantius
Poppy) Papaver nudicaule (Iceland Plumbago Larpentae

Polemonium Richardsoni
I2O
FLOWER
GARDEN,
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
"
continued.
KIND.
121
Epilobium angustifolium
Eremurus himalaicus
robustus
Gynerium
Helianthus Lilium
(Pampas Grass)
(Sunflower)
auratum
giganteum Polygonum (Knotweed)

Rudbeckia maxima
Solidago (Golden Rod)

natural there are numerous ties garden variespecies, ceous plants. Propagation : The majority of the herbathe borders are plants are best propagated by division when In dividing them, it through, as they should be every year. gone should that the outside be remembered parts are generallystronger than the central portions. Many good herbaceous plants may, of the best able forethought a valuof plants can be provided. A simple way of dealingwith them the seed in drills outdoors is to sow in June, with Wallflowers and other and set the biennials, thin the rows, plants in a spare bed in July, drawing from this nursery when planting time comes. Those which not forward are enough to transplant the first year In addition
to the
however,
be raised
from
seed,
and
with
little
stock
may and
be
left till the
second.
mas Michaelfrom
Daisies, Phloxes,
Pentstemons
the two in
Snapdragons,
be raised
in
may
cuttings,
rooted then in
a
first
a
spring,
and
sandy soil in
frame,
planted out, the others

cool frame.
culture
"
in autumn
of
Staking : The object to get large, good vigorous, freely-bloomed plants is frustrated unless timely and adequate staking is It is no done. exaggeration to say
"
that
the
is
beauty
doubled
of
an
herbaceous mid
-
border
onward
from
July
by
good
staking.
Loose,
compact, fresh floppy plants are made and with is new growth encouraged,
shoots
comes
another flower
Ordinary
canes are
crop of flowers. bamboo sticks and

HOW
Note
to
TO STAKE
of little use;
stakes
4 to 6 ft.
are
strong square long, according to the

These
can
PLANTS.
are
that the
the shoots
looped
plant, bought
and
required.
but
be and
can
stake, not
bunched.
from
florists,painted green,
the material tarred. should
with
be
the
base in
pointed
winter,
rough planed, painted, pointed, and

tarred;
hands
bought
is
a
This be
two the
suitable
one
job
about
for
a
in wet and
the
weather. other
There about
bands,
third
two-thirds
height
of
the
clump.
122
FLOWER Cocoa-nut
GARDEN
"
continued.
the Or shoots be looped. string is suitable. may does not mean days bedding-out Bedding-out. In these in A much the it did as same by. greater variety years gone quite consideration is given to the provision of plants is used, and more combinations. Once time of beautiful a bedding-out upon than in little more of Zonal thousands consisted putting out so many much for These their -Geraniums. were as plants prized foliageas with leaves their flowers, and a new was richly-coloured variety without valuable. by no means They were beauty, and the very to recommend has much not be it,but it must brightold Geranium A group of everything else. of flower-beds used to the exclusion on be made still feature of it lawn is a a largegardens ; and many may most of the year attractive in by arranging two plantings: one the other in spring. At the former, bulbs and Wallflowers autumn, but as with the former alone the ground would be used largely, may is bare earth be bare until growth began at the end of winter, and
" "
"
"
"
not
liked
three
in these
days, Arabises, Aubrietias, Forget-me-nots, mossy

other
carpeting plants are used with them. in early The are easilyraised from seed outdoors be propagated by division. the last may Daffodils, or summer; be in in and used of the Daffodils some mixture, Hyacinths may of and these richer noble but a colour, beds; Tulips give glow The varieties bloom with flowers early Dutch enjoy high favour. the other bulbs, and are of low stature; the Cottage and Darwin with immense flowers. Tulips flower in May, -and are tall growers Saxifrages,and
first-named
dwarf
They
of the
are
in full bloom
at the end
with
the
Wallflowers,
and
may
be cleared
"
out
"
laid in together; the Tulips to be the in the reserve Wallflowers the to rubbish somewhere plot, heap. Another plan for part of the spring bedding is to raise a stock of coloured Primroses, Auriculas. Polyanthuses, and Oxlips from seed foot out and in summer, a apart in beds in autumn. plant them best the their with Wallflowers at and May Tulips,and are They in the be out with latter the reserve garden. When planted may and the autumn spring flowers are over, the turn of the summer beds
of
May
flowers wintered
comes.
good
from in
a
stock
of
these
should the
be
hand: prepared beforeautumn
Geraniums
in boxes from
cuttings struck
house
;
previous
and
cool
Pentstemons
house in
cuttings struck
and
Calceolarias, Pansies, Violas, and in autumn; Verbenas, Snapdragons,

Pinks from cool from from this with alone.
seed
sown or
Pentstemons,
Indian
in
warm
January,
and
hardened
in
Asters, Mimuluses,
and Salpiglossis,
Ten-week Nicotianas
Stocks,
from
Phlox
frame; Drummondii, Marigolds,

seed
sown
house
China
(Tobacco)
tubers
under in
a
glass
house greenor
in March
or
; tuberous in frame
Begonias
March;
started
in boxes
sown
Sweet
Peas
seed from
much the
in
pots
summer.
boxes
in
a
With and of
the
early spring ; and Carnations nice variety of plants such

beds
can
raised
as
layersin
more
beautiful
combination
diversified Geranium.
be
made and
than
old
Calceolaria,
much taste
Lobelia
There
is
room
for
display of
and
of material, and
it is free from
in bedding with this class originality the objectionsurged against the old
styleof
"
23
bedding-out." At each change the beds should be well dug but in preference to using a heavy dressing of dung and manured, apply a light coat and supplement it with superphosphate or bone flour at the rate of 4 oz. per square yard.
Carpet bedding. This
"
is the
most
formal
of all
the bands and
plants
and
used
are
low
regular cropping with finger summer. throughout enjoys no favour, and may be considered obsolete, although used occasionally in the public cruder of the the of elements the parks to stimulate curiosity community. panels, and
thumb the It Trees.
in But
"
with growers restricted by
coloured
systems, because leaves, arranged in
What should
are
known because
as
the
room
flower
garden,
be
park or forest trees are they deprive plants of sun

one or
not
wanted
and
food.
notably Tree of Copper Beech, Variegated Maple (Acer Negundo variegata), Heaven and white Thorns, (Ailanthus glandulosus), crimson Laburnum, Tulip Tree (Liriodendon) Magnolia, Purple-leaved Lilac. The and Plum, Robinia, Almond, foregoing are leaf-losers. be and Arbutus, Amongst Holly, Portugal Laurel may evergreens, the sions dimenconsidered. It is rare of these to see approaching any all have of the park trees, unless it be the Copper Beech; but them. The beautiful flowers or foliage to recommend evergreen flower for the excellent trees are garden, (Conifers) cone-bearing handsome of their because growth, graceful form, and compact Pines (Cedrus), Juniper, Cypress (Cupressus), leafage. The Cedar and Firs (Abies,Picea, and Puzzle, Larch Pinus), Monkey (Larix), Tree (Ginkgo), and Thuya Wellingtonia, Yew (Taxus), Maidenhair familiar examples. Conifers not be set amongst should shrubs, are but isolated Standard Thorns, Laburnums, given positions. Rowan False Mountain or Acacia, Ash, Purple-leaved Plum, Almond be planted abundantly in shrubberies and however, may,
two
found
for
ornamental
trees,
to
break
up
the
may genera is the Bird so
be considered.
uniformity. In this connection, too, is a beautiful Pyrus floribunda
the
fruit
tree, and
boundary,
to
the
for a Cherry. If a large,fast-growing tree is wanted Poplar might be considered ; if the heads are pruned
the
a
about
soon
half
make
are
"
length of
screen.
the
branches
for
two
successive
years
they
Here
the
names
of
some
handsome
evergreens
for
good
: positions
Andromeda Arbutus Azalea Berberis Ceanothus
floribunda Unedo
Daphne Erica (Heath)

Kalmia
Lavender
latifolia
Magnolia
ternata
Choisya
Cistus Coronilla Daboecia
Olearia
Haastii
mucronata
Pernettya glauca
Rhododendron Yucca
24
The
GARDEN
"
FLOWER
continued. beautiful
followingare
floribunda
floweringshrubs:
Genista
"
Abelia Azalea Berberis Buddleia
Forsythia
Hydrangea
Amelanchier
botryapium
Hypericum
Kerria
Ceanothus
fragrans Cotoneaster microphylla Cydonia Japonica

Chimonanthus
Magnolia Philadelphus
Rhododendron Ribes Rose Rubus
Cytisus
Daphne
Deutzia Diervilla
Spiraea (Weigela)
a
Viburnum few of
the most
Referring individuallyto : foregoing

"
important
soils forms
come
of
the
Aucubas
will grow As to them.

much
either
in
are
sun
or
shade,
male
and
and
most
alike
do not
they
naturallycompact
If both
in habit
they
are
need The The
pruning.
female
planted
in the
of berries. garden there will be abundance Box in a close, dense (Buxus semper virens) grows Evergreen and
are
mass,
will thrive close
in most
soils.
of all shrubs
Brooms
perhaps the best

a
for
sandy light,
Andreana
soil.
has pyramidal beautiful brown yellow flowers. handsome have there are Euonymuses foliage,and variegated thrive the forms available. near sea. They for their foliage both and admired berries. Hollies are The Silver is a beautiful sort. Milkmaid They grow slowly. have The St. John's Worts ample foliageand bright yellow flowers.
They
have
habit.
Genista
and
They
Veronicas
and
will thrive will
in shade.
need
are
no
in the grow attention. most
Calycinum is one of the poorest of soil. They form

Traversi is
a
best. neat
bushes
good species.
hybrids of Azalea splendid plants, and the
cream
"
Azaleas
the
brilliant
of shrubs.
The
Mollis, such
shades
as Anthony Koster, are they give orange, salmon, and

"
are
not
common
among Berberises
of
shrubs.
are
valuable in
plants, because
to
they will grow

handsome
of the
or orange best.
in most
kinds
soil, and
and
addition
streamers shelter of
a
having
two
evergreen
foliage
they bear
Darwinii
long
of brilliant of
yellow flowers.
stenophyllaare
a
Ceanothuses
like the
wall, and
lavender
They will thrive in most kinds of soil. but Daboecias are lovely little shrubs, not half enough known, eagerlybought and planted by those who see them. They form covered become ing with charmneat, compact little bushes, which in summer. both flowers thrive and on loamy They peaty
soils. Polifolia
and
of heads November.
bloom,
soft
produce large,Lilac-like tint, often quite into
alba
are
both
desirable.
Daphnes
neat
are
125
make
desirable
and
if the
only
for their
fragrance. They
with of and
small,
bushes,
Mezereon
is covered
fragrantreddish
flowers before the leaves Heaths (Ericas) are well-known such Deutzias Diervillas with Rathke
appear. inhabitants
peaty uplands, and

lusitanica
are
mediterranea, speciesas carnea, growing in the garden.

are
worth
abundant Crenata
bloomers,
flore
and
is
a
bear
long
sprays
of
white
flowers.
pleno
to
grand variety.
which clothe soils. themselves Eva with
(Weigelas) are
flowers
are
lovely shrubs,
top
and bottom.
thrive
from all
Rosea,
in most
alba, and
covered
good.
in
Forsythias yellow
is
one
bloom
early
best
They profusely,often
before the
being
flowers
of the
March,
leaves
appear.
Suspensa
The The
best immense double Here
Hydrangea
heads
species. is paniculata grandiflora, which

of white bloom. It likes
produces angle.
culture.
need
Kerria it is
againsta low wall, or completely clothed in small deep yellow

in most
is best
shelter. in a sheltered
rosettes.
Lavender The
will thrive
soils, and
is too
needs well
hardly
known
any
to
perfume
are
of
the
flower and
and
scription dein
Magnolias
sheltered former The
glorious shrubs, places. Stellata

blooms in
a
will thrive
out
of doors
if
put
conspicua are
its leaves
particularly good.
appear. Grandi-
April before
wall. is not
flofais
or
best
against
Mock
but
Philadelphia or
of the
Orange
remarkable
worth
for handsome
foliage
perfume
gracefulform,
flowers.
are
it is well
growing
for the
Rhododendrons
have
the
most
beautiful
that
of all of
kinds
for
every of soil.
merit
except
love
shrubs. flowering adapting themselves
They
to not
all
care
They
they
Pearl,
peat
and
loam, but
they
and
do
sand,
six
and
detest
limestone.
John
Memoir, shrub,
on one
Waterer,
Old
The Port of its first to Sanbest. The
Queen,
are
Pink
Michael
is
Waterer,
very
covers
Ribes
or
good Flowering Currant

abundant into
varieties
of different
a
colours. useful It is
account
early and
come
blooming.
and and it
always
with
are
of the blossom.
flower,
itself
atrosanguineum guineum, album, in almost will thrive The any Flowering Currants smell. whole plant has a strong but not disagreeable
Roses
are
three
of the soil.
generally grown
for
to themselves, the
shrubberies, notably This has bushy Japanese Rose. is a good white variety. Fellenberg and The Dawson of their bushy account on good shrubbery Roses
good
speciesare single-flowered, large-leaved, largeflowers and hips. Alba

one or
but
two
are
also and
habit
The
profuse blooming. See also Rubus is a fruit-bearing generallyrestricted to the genus, and the fruit garden, but deliciosus is well worthy of a species in the the of of its because white place beauty shrubbery, large
flowers. in almost
Roses.
Spiraeas are a host in themselves, for they will thrive soil provided they have shelter, and they bloom
any
abundantly.
126
FLOWER
GARDEN,
is
as one
SHRUBS of the Viburnum
"
continued.
Arguta
as
best
because species, Guelder but
it has
graceful foliage
well
charming
flowers. is the with Rose, Opulus sterile,

a a
The
best-known its
snowball-like is
a
flower
heads,
far bush
finer
plant
for
the
shrubbery
and
or
bears
plicatum, which forms profusion of large white

"
of handsome
habit
a
flowers.
It likes
peaty
Soil shrubs
to
loamy for shrubs.

"
soil.
are
not
phrase frequentlyused that such-and-such should to soil not encourage as particular people
"
The
plant
be
them
in
poor, up
or
shallow, ill-cultivated
a
ground.
an
The
soil
should
Kitchen
broken
to
good depth
manured.
(seeBastard
Moreover,
be
a
trenching under
occasional
Garden)
of water Plant shrubs. them
and
well
soaking
summer.
liquid manure
in November, When evergreen within bounds
or
will and
early
"
great help in a dry press the soil firmly.

have to
Pruning
order to
shrubs
to
be
to
pruned
a
in
keep
restrict them
certain
shape, it
that the stumps should be done with a knife in such a way hidden leaves. the Those are by leaf-losing flowering shrubs made which bloom the wood the on previous year (and they are the
great majority) should

the
wood
be
pruned
when
they
be
cut
go
out out.
of
flower,
new
and
which will flower
has the for the
bloomed
should
The
shoots
made
"
Grass.
Whether
shrubbery borders,
as
it is,it will be Simple if it is to be kept in good order and is an impression that because grass
no
following year. gardens, or paths, tennis lawns, flower consideration. is most a important grass found and skilled attention to need special
of
a
smart
appearance.
There
management.
were
Well, the meadow

manured
if it
not
the plan of on garden out of a meadow disposed to work turf as is required for beds, borders, and cutting up only as much That is all rightprovided shrubberies, leaving the rest for lawns. the farmer, and is not full (i)the grass has been well managed by of plantain, dock, thistle,buttercup and daisy; (2)the gardener is turf to roll,and clipthe edges regularly. Meadow mow, prepared from be into it made turf can by mowing good garden weekly April to October while dry, rolling it when or wet, spudding out weeds be with acid must off dressing them (which kept sulphuric grass and clothing), trimming the edges of the paths with a pair of longhandled edging shears, and every 2 or 3 years spreading on a mixture of fine soil and inch thick in autumn, an letting dry, crumbly manure the mixture: nitrate it lie till spring. Then on sprinkle following of soda
i
and will be
it needs in every meadow lose would its soon beauty grass is making a grazed. A person who
grows
part, bone
meal to
4
use
parts;
forming grass it is best being able to buy turves

turves
a are
seed free from weeds

as
rod. 5 Ib. per square is absolutely sure unless one

use
In
of
given the latter,however,

evenly
It must and
to be
preferred,
be had
not
firm
bed
of soil in winter
in does shun
as
and
a
by laying beating
few
weeks.
a
them them
closelyon
lawn
the it is
one
thoroughly, a
be
fit for
that
anything can
remembered and
seeding gardener must

to likely
necessarily give
seed from seeds weed
as
weed-free
sources,
lawn,
cheap
many
obscure grass
because
contain
seeds.
Buy
from
of the
127
if the price is large firms that specialise grass seeds, even their rather seeds with high, because these dealers select and clean And the soil must be well prepared. It is a good thing great care. in September, digging,manuring, crumbling, and to do the work the soil, thus treading making it quite fine, and sowing half a little clover Ask to add the seedsman a pound to the square rod. mix the whole know how much will and to the mixture to (he put), with well up before sowing. Cover sifted soil,and put fine, lightly If it to keep off birds. other black threads or some protectionover the work in September do it in April. The lawn iscannot be done the which be bad with to to or likely good according thoroughness and the soil is prepared. Tennis croquet lawns are playable from turf the same There seed. but not always from season, ought to be before mat of turf tennis a thick, good, springy begins; otherwise the ground is soon It bare. is desirable to worn get a perfectly firm piece of ground for turf at all times, and for so particularly
tennis, otherwise
lawn is ft. when
it will and
soon
fall into
hollows. it is well
full-sized
extra
tennis
78 36 long space making a lawn for this purpose. flower varied be as asSpecial features. The garden should that there is and so no heaviness, bareness, deaclness, possible, the main formality about it. Consequently when things,such as"
ft. wide, but
to allow
shrubberies, herbaceous provided for, the owner

Here
are a
borders, lawns,
should
and
a
flower-beds, have
few
consider
been features.. special
suggestionsfor such : a Rose garden, an Iris garden, Sweet Pea set of arches, a scented a a garden, a summer-house, garden, a pergola,a rockery garden, a water garden. If the place is quite small it may not be possible to get all of them in, in which
case a
few
selection
should
and
be made.
Summer-houses
are
garden-rooms.
"
In
practical help in adding a pleasant outdoor to our room flower structures of the most us gardens. They show tempting with flowers. decorated It description, bright,airy,and alluringly is certainly the short cut to of suitable structure a possession a to make deal with a some wares are special tradesman, whose offered in the country and The summer-house gardening papers. be a simple erection of rustic with boarded woodwork, a may floor and weather-boarded a roof, costing from ^10 to "20; or it be an ornate building, painted and glazed,costingfrom ^30 tomay will often summer^50. But a handy amateur put up his own it which has of timber he of house, building the nearest bought forester. The then, buildingis not likelyto cost less than ^5 even
not
makers
left without of rustic-work
from
this age of horticultural
gardening
builders
we
and
"
"
"
"
if it is of fair size and
is built to last; and will be that modest sum exceeded less to the of material or amount more by according put in. side outward, looks very well, but will Splitlarch, the rounded not keep out wet quite so thoroughly as weather-boarding. The latter need not be condemned the score of plainness, it will be on as
covered
speedilyif good plants are put into fertile soil and trained house. Roses on and Alister Pillar, Dorothy Perkins, Carmine Stella Gray; Clematis well suited are Jackmanii and C. montana, for covering summer-houses.
the
128
FLOWER
Arches.
means
"
GARDEN
"
continued.
of
wherever
afford a ready and inexpensive Creeper-clad arches and be introduced should breaking up garden stiffness, the junction of paths, as is a legitimate place, such there
between
"divisions
so on.
departments
to whom the
of the
to
gardens,
them,
can
ends
of lawns,
arches of
and
a
Those
metal
arches
use
of the but be
ironmonger
are
convenience wood
are more
bought ready made at the But few from a shillings upwards. country prices ranging his be make He advised will to display own. perhaps may gardener of his principaluprights,not liberalityin the size and treatment well with tar or only selectingstout pieces, but dressing them of The them the better ft. creosote, and part deep. embedding 3 Roses named Rambler, PhiladelphiaRambler, above, also Crimson
Blush
hesitate not need Both suitable.
rustic
kinds
Rambler,
American many may
Pillar, Electra, Alberic

are
Barbier,
Mrs.
F.
W.
most
Flight,and
Clematises of the
others
suitable
for
arches. be
Any
of the
hardy
be used.
Honeysuckles may
planted,and
under Pergolas below may be used. plants mentioned Pergolas. A pergola might be described as a stringof connected arches, and it is suitable for forming a cool alleyor spanning a long of material is the amount walk. The drawback required,the main advantage is the scope provided for a good collection of plants. In to addition Roses, Clematises, and Honeysuckles, less familiar sheltered the EccrePassion the Flower in mild, (in places), "creepers Akebia Cobaea scandens, quiiiata,Jasmine, Canary mocarpus, scandens, Periploca graeca, and Tropaeolums Creeper, Maurandia be planted on pergolas. may Here is a charming corner. be brought The Scented Garden may Southernwood, Lavender, Bergamot (highly perfumed together
"
when
the
hand
is drawn
across
the
leaves), Sweet
Ambrosia
Carnations, Night-scented Stock, Wallflowers, trope, Sweet Scabious, Daphne, Lily of the Valley, HelioRocket, Sweet Mock Sweet Sultans, Roses, Orange Jasmine, Mignonette,
Winter (Philadelphus), flowers. The and Heliotrope (Tussilago),
Peas, Clove mexicana,
many
other
sweet
Rockery.
"
To
lovers
of
Alpine flowers
of the
flower
the
and important interesting is it the flower garden. Not for them many the or even opulent splendour of bedding,
feature
rockery is the most in fact, with garden the garish joys of

"
herbaceous
borders. it. Such and
"Gardening
flower it with the
are
must
be
natural,
or
they
find
no
pleasure
the
seen on
in
lovers
delightin
beautiful
making a garden things which they have

the
even
from
wild in
storing
travels. up,
of
their
There reveals
many
districts in which The

In
"
ground,
strata.
being
No
broken
stone. hand.
rock
lies in
in
building up
rockeries
"
artificial rockwork
is needed
other the for and
ready
near
to
the
surface
places. at all events places there is no stone lover of Alpines finds himself constrained
such
Natural
lie
to
construct
"
rockeries
his
favourites.
problem
in
is the
thereby
"created Stone
tasks
has in the
to
solving. requiresgood judgment problem and there few into are be bought and position, put rockwork : flower garden more spoiled. Building easily
which
It is almost
29
impossibleto
good (i) A
deal of the sunny
to
describe
on
the the few
work,
and
as
depends
stone;
plan of buildingrockof the ground configuration

best hints
be
the
nature
but
may
be
as
of service
to
beginners,
are
should position
chosen,
Alpine plants
accustomed the
unrestricted
(2) If
variable outline ised
to
light. ground is
its
~f
in contour may
form
and the outline level,

be
mounds
be utilnatural dells; if may form-
///'/t
'"//?
broken
mounds
by
with
PLANTS
miD"
RQCK
Sx"ps
run
mg
the
largerstones.
should
(3) The
advance
rock and
garden
should
so
not
in
straight
that bay succeeds recede, line, but tory. promonthe rockery should consist of soil rather body of (4) The the plants will not thrive under the tions condithan of stones, because face unless of have to abundance have which they good they in soil for rooting in. (5) The rock garden looks well if formed
irregularmasses
itself consist
on
both
sides
of
winding path,
which
should
flat piecesbeing chosen, and of stones, large, dwarf such in crevices between them. Given a (6) path, the plants put side it either carried of in flat on low, terraces, rockery might be up
risingabove the one below it at a height tages: styleof rockery buildinghas several advanif be mistake is it can stones small made used, a (b) may (a) the laborious of without of rock. be rectified shifting large masses so long as (7) An effect of height can be got in a small compass everything is kept in proper proportions. Any trees and shrubs
each
3 or of about
4 ft.
wide, and
This
foot.
which
used on proportionwill be
are are
small
rockery
lost.
(8) When
or
put
them
in
slopingmound
such
a
set
in
way inwards
the
that
themselves, or the whether stones, large or small, bank of soil,care should be taken to the rain and water fall suppliesmay
instead should In of outwards
"
must
be small
in other
words,
towards Soil for
the stones
plants, not
plants :
with
deflect the moisture from them. away
making up the body of a rock it is generally soil convenient to garden draw from soil in the neighbourhood, but while this may be good enough to form the it may nucleus not be suitable for actual with the plants, contact either on account of
its
GOOD STONES
ARRANGEMENT FOR
A
rock
being heavy
poor
t
over
and
damp,
The
or
because few loads
it is
OF
very
be
"
and b {m
"
fibreless.
ROCKERY.
can difficulty
Ramcan^mbetween spedal ^
the the
and
importing a and surfacing"

the
of for especially
in
pockets
plants
are
limestone
a
Alpines love
The
of good fibrous a loam placed. Here grit will be very helpful. The great majority of them. Planting ring of chippingsaround Alpines : should have before him the of desirability
I
among mixture
stones
which
rockery
maker
130
FLOWER
GARDEN
stones
AND
ROCKERY covered
as
"
continued.
to this and quickly as possible, be provided for should end plant carpeters freely. Places may But it is well to of these. their enbroad croaching guard against patches weaker of the and the on things pockets smothering latter. Arabises, Aubrietias, Cerastiums, Alyssum saxatile,Iberises of the Saxifrages are beautiful (perennialCandytufts), and many and very useful for covering the surface of the soil quickly; bounds. be kept within ut they must Alpines may be planted at of dealers the as almost keep the best kinds in period year, any done be from the but planting ground may any time between pots ; the is workable. when and autumn a ground Slugs are spring
getting the
well
Slants,
source
of considerable
that
trouble
the most
to
the
rock
found
cover
they
are
abundant
where
gardener, and it will be of moist a good deal
plants. The repressionof exuberant provided by coarse lime, will keep dusting with freshly-slaked growth, and a periodical Winter them under. a : Alpines for Alpines will endure protection those with suffer to leaves but of are deal cold, woolly apt great severelyfrom wet, and consequently it is wise to set small squares off the rain. choice kinds in order to throw of glassabove Plenty the plants will also serve as a preventive of loss of chippings round from damp. Alpines in shade : As we have seen, the great majority few desirable plants, but there are a of Alpine plants love the sun, and Anemones Robinsoniana, blanda, Hepatica, Campanula notably Hendersoni, Cowslips, Corydalises, EpiCyclamens, American Funkias, Gaultheria mediums, procumbens, Omphalodes verna, and Primulas Orobus Japonica and rosea, Saxifraga Geum vernus, Thalicvarieties generally, the mossy Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, the lovely white Wood trum Lily, minus, Tiarella cordifolia, and often It is shade. which Trillium practicable enjoy grandiflorum, a northern to provide that a certain part of the rockery shall have
is
aspect;
Selections
by
by
be
to form must be used so as if not, stones shady corners. about of learns The lover rock : plants Alpines of plants botanical visits to mountain in travel large gardens, regions, by nising of collections at important flower shows, and by fraterinspection
with
amateurs
of similar
"
tastes.
Meanwhile,
beginners may
glad
of the
followinglist:
Anemone Antennaria Anthemis Antirrhinum ties varieArabis Arenaria Armeria Aniebia Aubrietia
.
Acaena
Acantholimon Achillea Adonis Aethionema
microphylla glumaceum
Clavennae
Hepatica
Pulsatilla
tomentosa
vernalis
aizoon asarina
the
grandiflora
and and the
Ajuga reptans Alyssum saxatile

compactum
Androsace
"
AquilegiaAlpina
albida, also
Balearica double
variegatum
variety
carnea
lanuginosa
sarmentosa
cephalotes
echioides
Dr.
,,
Anemone
"
blanda
Mules
fulgens
Graeca
Aubrietia Leichtlini
131
Campanula carpaticaand C. alba garganica Portenschlagiana

,,
Lithospermum prostratum Lychnis alpina

"
Lagascae
Cerastium Cheiranthus
Biebersteinii
Alpinus
Marshall!
Chrysanthemum
Cistus ladaniferus Colchicum
Alpinum
Meconopsis cambrica Menziesia polifolia Mertensia virginica Muscari conicum Heavenly Blue and varieties Myosotis alpestris (Forget-me-not)
Narcissus
,,
speciosum
Bulbocodium triandrus
Corydalisnobilis Cyclamen coum Europaeum Cypripedium Calceolus

macranthum
,,
Nierembergia rivularis
Oenothera
caespitosa
fruticosa
verna
Omphalodes
Ononis Onosma Orobus Ourisia
Daphne Blagayana Delphinium nudicaule

Dianthus
,,
arvensis Tauricum umbellatum
cruentus
Ornithogalum
vernus
deltoides
Dielytraspectabilis
Draba aizoides
coccinea nudicaule
Papaver Alpinum
,,
Dryas octopetala
Edelweiss Erica Erinus
carnea
(Iceland
Poppy)
Pentstemon
,,
azureus
Alpinus
nanum
Eritrichium Gentiana
,,
glaber Hartwegii
amoena
Erythronium grandiflorum
acaulis Andrewsii Bavarica
verna
Phlox
,,
reptans
subulata varieties Polemonium Richardson! Potentilla formosa

,,
Geranium Geum
argenteum
Lancastriense
Primula
Japonica marginata
rosea
montanum
Gypsophila
Helianthemums Herniaria Heuchera Houstonia Hutchinsia
repens Ramondia Ranunculus
viscosa
glabra sanguinea
caerulea
and
ties varie-
pyrenaica alpestris Lyalli Sanguinaria canadensis

Santolina incana aizoon Burseriana
alpina Hypericum olympicum

Iberis Garrexiana Gibraltarica
,,
Saponaria ocymoides
Saxifraga
Camposi (Wallace^
cotyledon
Incarvillea
"
Delavayi grandiflora
Iris,see
Lewisia Linaria Linnaea Linum
Iris rediviva
alpina cymbalaria
borealis
hypnoides longifolia oppositifolia Megasea

Scabiosa caucasica Scilla bifolia and varieties Sedum acre
alpinum
132
FLOWER Sedum
,,
GARDEN album caeruleum
"
continued. Trollius
,,
asiaticus
Europaeus
Clusiana
glaucum Sempervivum arachnoideum

,,
Tulipa
"
Greigi
Leichtlini
montanum
Tectorum
,,
Veronica Viola
,,
gentianoides
Shortia Silene Statice
galacifolia
acaulis
repens biflora calcarata

cornuta
Soldanella
alpina
incana
,,
Sternbergialutea Thymus lanuginosusserpyllum
,,
cucullata trifolia
Waldsteinia
MAKING
i.
POCKETS
a.
FOR
WATER 3. Plant.
LILIES.
4.
Large
stones,
Soil.
Water.
The
with of
can
Water the rock
Garden.
"
The
water
garden
has and been
can
often cool and
be
associated
garden.
to
one or
Reference
made
to the
providing different
be carried
a
aspects,
more
forming
bays,
desirability bays. If water

soil is provided,
of these
peaty
moisture-loving plants can be grown, (Irislaevigata or Kaempferi varieties), Water Violet Marsh (Hottonia palusMarigold (Caltha palustris), Wood Japonica and Lily (Trilliumgrandiflorum) Primula tris), P. rosea, the Water Flag (Iris Soldier Pseudacorus) the Water the ing Floweraloides), (Stratiotes
number such
as
of beautiful Irises
Japanese
(Butomus umbellatus), (Menyanthes trit he foliata), Lady's Smock (Cardamine pratensis), the Lady's
the
Rush
Bog
Bean
SMALL
TANK
FOR
WATER
LILIES
distachyon), and the reeds Carex A pool, puddled with clay or If the plants are for Water Lilies. made
latifolia.
Slippers(Cypripedium Calceolus and C. spectabile), the Arrowthe sagittifolia), "ead(Sanitaria Water Hawthorn (Aponogeton riparia variegata and Typha
lined
sunk
with in
2
cement,
to
may
be
3 ft. of,water
in
133
sacking,or
water
April,with
round with
the
roots
packed
they
in loam
will
in
piecesof
When
old
bound covered
with
moss,
thrive.
the
is
yellow, and followingare good hardy James Brydon, red;

yellow;
Shrubs. pygmaea, white.
flat brown, green, and purple leaves, and white, rose, blue flowers, the pool will be a charming sight. The Water Marliacea Lilies
(Nyrnphaeas): carnea, pink; M.

"
"
chromatella,
Garden
Flowering Flowering
Water.
Currant
(Ribes sanguineum).
See
Flower
"
Rush
(Butomus
are
umbellatus).
"
See
Flower
Garden
"
Flower-pots. Pots quantity in a cast, as

"
sold
:
under
number,
according
to
the
follows
NAME.
ones
twos
fours sixes
eights
twelves sixteens
twenty-fours thirty-twos forty-eights

sixties thumbs Clean soaked
flower-potsshould
in water
a
always
be
used,
New
ones
should
be
few
hours.
Flowers, Cut, gathering and seed cut flowers, except where

which young
the
packing.
is
"
It is and
good principleto
are
wanted,
there
few
cases
in
plants
are
not
benefited
by
it.
Cutting the
flowers
while
prevents
process continuous
only be
from often latter leave
affect the
cut
ing settingseed, which is the most exhaustis therefore an incentive to a plant undergoes ; gathering flowering. There are, however, a few kinds that must and with care growth springs judgment, because the new them of the bloom-truss.
as
from
base
Azaleas, Camellias, and

The
dendrons Rhodo-
be quoted may of contention bone
instances.
between
contending that the cutting. Gathering may,

the
appearance
cutting of flowers is employers and gardeners, the of plantsis spoiledby careless

done
however,
a
be
in such it should
from
one
effect of the To bed
plantsunimpaired, and
gather
dozen flowers
be
way done
as
to
with of
discrimination.
plant might
each
or a border, but to gather 2 or 3 flowers from If flowers get somewhat several plants would leave no gap. The flowers of hard-wooded they may be put into hot water.
flaccid
such with
as a
Azaleas, keep longer if the

knife
in
base in
of the stem
the
vases.
plants, is lightly scraped
before
vases
they
and
are
put
when
Flowers
of
generally
is done;
look
best
bowls
little
mixing
kinds
34
may,
and
(i)red, pink. In
as
however, be judicious blending of colours, such salmon and lavender; and white, blue; (2) (3)cream packing flowers avoid using dry cotton wool, as it absorbs
If this material
there
moisture. of
a
is
ever
employed
flowers
cut
it should A tissue
be in the
form
damp
used should
wad be
for
round in the same show in
the way.
base
of the stems. The

to
little
damp
themselves
or
should butter
or
may be dry, and paper. In
moss
be
packed firmly,preferablyin
it is best
a on
in the
afternoon the stems
evening,and
in water, until
flowers
cool, dark
the
place,with
etc.
"
cutting keep the they can
be set up
boards. See
Fly, Green, Black,

Foam
Aphides.
Breastwood.
Flower, Tiarella
"
cordifolia. Fruit
"
Foreright shoots. Forget-me-not.

seed
"
See A
delightful flower-gardenfavourite, best raised of the Alpine annually (see Biennials), except in the case which be increased sown as or species, required, by division. may The late are bulbs, planted in Forget-me-nots charming among autumn and lifted after floweringin spring. For this purpose none is better than Mysotis dissitiflora, There it is dwarf and compact. as several varieties are of it. Sylvatica is taller, but bright. very Palustris is the best for damp places. Alpestrisand its varieties are good for the rockery.
from Fork.
"
See
Digging.
Bell
most
Forsythia, Golden
after (forsyth-ia, valuable leaves and deciduous

wreathed
Mr.
ceae). early in
"
One
of the Two
a
advance is
of the
Forsyth. Ord. Oleashrubs, blooming very in yellow flowers from

and
top
to bottom.
Intermedia
speciesare hybrid between

After young,
are
popular, suspensa the two. They

soil suits will them. old flower
or
viridissima.
6 to 8
grow
ft. be
out
high. Any
planted in
to
well-tilled, fertile
autumn.
They
may
the
should
be cut
floweringthe
which
summer
wood
make
and
room
for is
following year.
autumn.
Propagation
tunei
by cuttingsin
varieties and Biennials
layers in
For-
Sieboldi
"
of suspensa.
Foxglove.
Ord.
See
Digitalis.
reference flowers
to has
from Fragaria (fraga-ria,
fragrans, in
vesca
Rosaceae).
"
Indica, which
F.
yellow
in the
is grown
on
rockwork. Fruit. A frame
semperflorensis
perfume. earlysummer, berry. Alpine Straw-
the
See Frame.
"
hotbed is very useful in a garden. With a it (see tender beneath plants Hotbeds) it may be utilised for raising in summer, and in spring,growing Cucumbers forcing Violets in
autumn.
Unheated,
it will prove
serviceable
which
for and
raising half-hardy
raised
plants and hardening garden plants A two-lightframe, 18 ins. deep at the

sash
6 ft.
have
been
14
in heat.
each
back
in
front,
by
4, will
answer
well. after Senor Franco. Ord. Saxi(franco-a, gracefulplant, with long, arching spikes It thrives in
a
Francoa, Bridal Wreath
frageae). F. of small white

"
ramosa
is
flowers.
cool
greenhouse, and
when
in bloom
can
135
it will It
or
be
drafted
into
the
window
a
of
room,
where
overhang
can
the
other from
plants and
seed, which
impart
may be
loose, pleasing effect.

sown
be
raised
in
warm
frame
them
greenhouse in spring,the seedlings pricked off,potted and will Five-inch be needed. as pots largeenough to flower
loam, with a fourth of leaf mould or decayed manure, See the Botanical sand, will do for compost. Magazine,
and
t.
repotted
in,
some
and
3824.
"
Fraxinus,Ash
common
from (frax-inus, flexible

aurea,
the
a
Latin. British
are
Ord.
tree
Ash very
as
is Fraxinus
Excelsior,
wood.
Oleineae). The floweringin May,

varieties of it,
with such
tough,
There
many
aucubaefolia,
is the White several
Americana There are in small Freesia French French
Ash. of
varieties
heterophyllavariegata,and pendula. Ornus is the Manna or Flowering Ash. both. Ash trees should not be planted
Ord.
gardens.
a (frees-ia, personal name.
Irideae).
"
See
Bulbs.
Bean.
"
See
"
Kitchen
Garden.
is known French as Gardening. What gardening is the of the of soil until it becomes a manuring top spit black under and the in it frames cloches and of a mould, forcing of vegetables,mainly salads, that number tensive lend themselves to inculture. It is not wholly new to British gardeners ; on the have been practisedfor many contrary, the main principles years,
concentrated
but been
less effort has
been
spent
of
"
on
the
top soil, fewer

salads
"
cloches been
have
used, and
the
number its most

not
different intensified entered
has
smaller.
gardening in equipment, and must

of
some
French
form
needs
expensive
sideration. con-
be
upon
are
without erected
careful
garden is well equipped with pits, be expected frames, and adequate heating,the cost may to be from to This would not be justified acre. ^700 ^1000 per unless there was for the produce, hence the necessity a good market
the of caution.
are
a
kind
If walls and glass houses is absolutely and necessary)
(and protection
The
"
principal appliancesrequired for

which
must
French The
garden
as
reed
mats
be
"
dressed
with
Bordeaux cloches.
Mixture
fungicideand
grown
preservative
are
frames, and
principal
Cauliflowers, Cucumbers, Melons, Tomatoes, Radishes, Endive, Chicory,Spinach, Parsley,Lettuces, Mushrooms, Beans, Carrots, and Turnips. Attention must be given to cropping
crops the
ground
successionally. Those
should
consult
a
French
gardening
who are reliable
embarking
work
on
capital in the subject.
See also Kitchen French
Garden.
"
Marigold. See Annuals. Snake's Head from Fritillaria, Lily,Crown Imperial (fritilla-ria, a Ord. chess-board, in allusion to the chequered flowers. fritillus, F. Meleagris is the Snake's Head Liliaceae). See Bulbs. Lily,F. Crown the with Imperialis Imperial. Armena, purple flowers, also a red and yellow, are yellow variety: aurea, yellow; and recurva, all good for the rockery,and bloom in spring.
"
Frost.
"
Frost
is most
to likely is
occur
on
autumn,
escapes
winter,
from the
or
nights,when
the
sky
clear, and
heat
earth
spring by
36
In
cloudy
it. weather
on
radiation.
to be likely
this radiation low
is checked.
of
Frost
a
is
the most
severe
sites,but the presence
body
non-hardy plantsare frozen they should not be syringed. Plants in unheated be exposed to the sun, but should houses should be dry before evening. A few sheets of newspaper will protect the plants against a mild frost. Smudge fires are into fruit to Cotton use coming protect blossom. among growers in Colorado waste is burned heaters, of which 40 to 50 are required Frost acts beneficially soil. on per acre.
"
of water
modifies
If
"
Fruit. all but

a
"
supply
of fruit should
be
regarded
in these
as
the smallest
gardens, and
as
even
it is
in indispensable to grow possible
dwarfing stocks, as cordons on a wall or fence, or as fans on a wall. Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and berries StrawDamsons, Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Apricots, all claim attention, while Peaches, Grapes, Loganberries,
on
few
trees, either
bushes
and The
Blackberries fruits named certain

A
have
also dealt
to
be
in
considered.
Crabs,
Damsons,
the list.
are,
Figs,Melons, Mulberries, Nuts, Oranges, and

are
with
Quinces order. alphabetical

may
be
swell with
There
however,
save
general points that

is bad
dealt
here,
to
repetition.
Soil,
"
cold subsoil
to drain
a
for all kinds be
imprudent
is unavoidable, soil for fruit is
are
plant in
damp,
undrained loam
pipes should
damp
be and the
of fruit trees ; it is fore thereIf low site a ground. The laid in 3 ft. deep. best least suitable soils land close to fibreless light
;
reddish, substantial
the
heavy,
The
"
undrained soil should

the trees to
clay
dug
blow
or
and
and
chalk. Site. winds
ploughed deeply.
so are
Windswept
places are
bad,
the
low In
spots. Strong
low sites frost is
near
damage preventive. A south-easterlyaspect

may
and
worry liable to do
fruit off.
a
blossom, but
body
of water
is
sun
strike direct
on
to the
trees
is unsuitable, because is touched while the bloom

reason a
the
destroy
"
the Fruit
crop.
trees
For
this
by frost south-westerlyaspect is
when
better. Manure. receive would

i are
generallymanured
little food be better.
barrow-load
much
again other them be spread round every bearing a coat of manure may such 2 Ib. as with a dressing of artificial manure, year, alternately instead of of sulphateof potash and Ib. basic slag(superphosphate 5 of the latter on limestone soils) per rod, applied in February and
raked in.
"
when they have got into bearing. tons of manure In rich, loamy soils, 20 per acre, or In suffice at planting. poor ground half as per rod, have the used. When trees be got into regular may
and young, The reverse
Grass. in grass. sheep do

weeds the
are
Only
Some
not
in
good
and
soil districts should growers

are
the
fruit trees with

the
be
planted
where
market
pay crop
kept
that
under
keeping by running
comes
the the
doing away The soil open.

shim
the
grass
early
crops
of
and
through
or a
orchard,
so
autumn
is turned
the
in with
fork
one-horse
plough.
clean
It is found
as on
fruit
but larger,
what
falls is not
the
grass.
"
Planting.
not
November
summer
lost all its
good planting month, if the ground but warmth,

is
a
as
is very
wet
soil has it is
better to
137
of March.
plant later,
and
to
and
it may
trees to
be ft. for
done
Standard distance
half-standard increased
other
should
up be
to set
the 24
end ft.
apart,
the
be
30
Bramley's
Prince for
Seedling,Newton
Albert,
and ft. be Blenheim Cherries.
Wonder,
Emperor
and
Alexander,
Lane's also
Orange,
Bush
strong Apples,
Plums
and pyramid trees on 12 apart. dwarfing may Pruning. Practicallyall fruit trees require shortening when from the bud If they are or to grow allowed right away young. and the and lank make growth, Grafting)they graft (seeBudding A first-year lower ") tree should (" maiden part of the tree is bare. be pruned back in winter, or before it starts growing in to 6 buds spring. A two-year-oldtree should have its side branches shortened and a three-year-old tree, after transplanting, by by three-quarters, be should standard A three -year-old half -standard one-half. or when two-thirds shortened at least transplanted. by Summer shortening the main pruning. This does not concern side shoots branches to get a good head, but deals with the summer to it exposes the wood because to get fruit. It is a good practice, tion exhibiThose to who want and the sun accelerates ripening. grow fruit, and have plenty of time, may pinch off the tips of the
" "
stocks
side shoots break growers in the

to
at
the
end
of
May,
and
serve
the but
same
way
make
6 weeks
one
later;
secondary shoots that busy people and market

do it from mid-
should
pruning suffice, and

This
August mid-September. applies to Apples, Pears, Plums,

red
Currants,
and
Gooseberries.
be
Gathering.
"
Generally speaking,
fruit should
soon as
gathered
the
on
as
it
parts
from
tree
under stalk.
gentle
Late
ripen on the be gathered

comes.
The in the
not do should trees, and before sharp frost should be fruit
pressure varieties
the
placed
as
gently, receptacles
it will not All
the
if bruised
keep.
Storing.
"
important
at
once
fruits,except Apples, Pears, and
Grapes,
or
are
either
used
preserved.
will
Pears
in if
a
keep
Late Apples and for several months

clean
a
place cool, airy, frost-proof

boards. time
may with
spread thinly on
be
a
Grapes
if cut
of water.
kept
long
lateral and
this
portion of the placed in a bottle

i
"
PRUNING
YOUNG
STANDARD
FRUIT
2.
TREES.
Point of previous pruning.

with young
Side shoots
Types
lar
of tree.
are
The
types
the
the the the
pOpUthe standard,
most
the^bars
growths (3) to u). 5. Shoot to Standards 6 and
be be
pruned
at
removed
half-standard,
bush, the pyramid,

the cordon. and espalier, about clean, straight stems
fan,
have
and 3 ft.
half
standards
high
38
stem
are
respc main
ctively. They
of
a
stock
bud in a generallyraised by inserting (forbest stocks, see the various fruits)a inches in above
summer.
the few
the ground If the bud
dries up, the stock is cut back to about 6 ins. and ing) whip-grafted (see Graftthe followingspring. Some supply nurserymen
standards
on
with
the
stems,
be but
fruit spurs and these
spurs may few years,

the
kept
for
should
away
be
as
graduallycleared
heads extend.
are
Bushes rally gene-
and
stocks
pyramids
put
on
by grafting. gradually
with
STANDARD FRUIT TREE
PREVIOUS x AFTER BEING PRUNED THE
dwarfing budding or
are
Bushes
supplanting
growers. planted about
standards, except perhaps

market
are
TneY
WINTER.
3. Points
half the
distance
apart, as
have seen, of previous year's we pruning. 4. Spurs. 5. Young shoots that ought on cultivated ground, to be pruned at the bars,otherwise they will break lonH Tri^v PTooo weakly at the tips(6). 7. Shoots which have been better Standards man for shortening. summer pruned marked
and
2.
Main
stem.
generally
not
an*
8raf
tor
gardens, and come into bearing sooner. Fans are in the good for walls, especially of Plums, Cherries, and case Peaches. trees with Espaliers are several tiers of horizontal branches, and are very good for growing
on
small
strained
wires of all.
at
the
side of up
are
walks. least with

room
Cordons
take
the
trees
They
only one stem, and may be t planted diagonally 2 ft. apart against a wall or fence. They from are prevented making side branches, and are kept fruitful by summer pruning. Horizontal cordons suitable for training on low strained wires are procurable. ing, need stakStaking. Standards
"
and
half-standards
8
are
the the
end and
x"
better about
stems
for it.
1 are
ins.
Strong longer
The
ash
stakes
than lower
needed.
FAN Stock.
2.
TREE.
Fig. A. pruning.
the other
should after
at the
be
painted, tarred,
well
First pruning. 3. Summer

4. Second
drying driven
time the the
down
made
growth. for old
where
hole is ligature is put, a
piece of
planting. At bicycletyre or
point
pro-
tective
i
to
39
substance
should
trained
be
wrapped
"
round and
the
stem
prevent
not
chafing. Supports for

supports, but
trees.
Bushes
cordons
pyramids
In the
do
case
need
fans, espaliers, and
do.
of walls,
shreds nails may and be used, and the fruit dealer seedsman or will kinds
supply
of both. wire comes One
suitable wise, Otherinto
play.
2
wire the
fixed
ft. above
ground
ever, howto
will
support
are
horizontal
cordons, which,
inferior
ones.
upright
right Upbe
cordons, and also
espaliers, may
on
strained
to 6
a or
ported suptiers of wire foot apart a
total 7
height
ft.
of
FAN
I.
Fruit
Fruit spurs.
TREE. of
dealers,seedsmen, and
Result
Fig. B. pruning (as in Fig. A,
p. 138),
straining posts, with keys for ironmongers supply strong metal be however, Wooden used, posts may, tightening the wires. if it absolutely immovable; provided the strainingpost is made It should be a yields only 2 or 3 ins. the wires will be slack.
strong, thick
to top when bottom stiff from will hold wire is often strand well bedded in. Single wire will do, although it will run inta from a reel, otherwise It should used. be unwound is finished. bends and be full of kinks before the work been fruit trees have Root pruning. When planted 2 or 3 years it sometimes happens that they grow far too strongly,especially To use wet. if the soil is rich and the summers are figuresas a
post that
"
a shoots grow over yard in length fruitfulness guide,if the summer it does not, wood makes coarse is jeopardised, when because a tree The fruit buds. a as rule, form remedy is not cutting back the
gross
to start
wood,
back
so
which buds vates aggratoin tree
only causes
and the the prune winter
evil, but
roots
when is at rest. should be

Om
the The th"
soil
r""ts the
forked
CORDON
The
_,
TREES.
m
,ff awa? carefully, and

for branches
04_-rt"^
bars
snow
the that
points of pruning
been
summer
winter
have
pinched. the
strong,
far
running,
roots
deep
cut
striking
roots
through
In the
to
couple of
case
feet from
hole.
Fibrous
left.
of
prudent
restrict
the
large tree growing in the pruning to a half-circuit
open of the
be may it will be-
tree; if
140
FRUIT this does
"
cow
tinned. suffice in pots.

"
not
the Now
circle may
that
as
be
completed
are
the
following
winter. Fruit the When crops

and trees of trees the
glass houses
orchard-house
culture in
the
what
are
is known
fruit is tubs
cheap relatively extending.
proportion to
fruit from
should
in large pots or grown their size, the bloom
is
are
they bear heavy protected from frost
birds. be
Heated
and
houses
structures
and airy, light, large,
well
required. The ventilated. Apples,

not
can
Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Peaches,
bushes with
a
Nectarines
all be
successfully
decayed
turf
as
in
10
and of
12-in.
pots.
manure
The and
the
grown soil may be

some
fourth
decayed
grit.
years
Every other year will suffice for hair roots the top 2 ins. of soil and
of fresh
in
summer
repotting; in
alternate
mould
after
the
rammed fruit
in. has
ing be torn out and a top dressmay doors of The out stand trees may been gathered to ripen the wood,
indeed coal
may ashes, if the
they
be left out house

when
all the
winter, with
for
come
the
pots packed
housed in
in
is wanted
something
into attended
manure
else, and
bloom
to in
they
and
spring.
Watering fungi must

season.
keeping free from

will
insects and
be
Liquid
Six
or
growing improve the

will
the
crop.
eight
main
branches may be
summer
and suffice,
the side shoots
Apple). pruned and spurred (seeunder should be All trees fruit Labelling. and their names or labelled, positionsin the marked on a plan. But wire garden
"
should
branch
not
be the
fastened
or
and
as
forgotten,
tree the
,
round a young it will become in

be in
a
embedded The
COIL
NOT
grows.
followingare
principalfruits
N
"
WIRE
LABEL
THE
WHICH
DOES
alphabetical order'"
INJURE
GROWING
TREE.
^ ~T, Apple
^ (Pyrus malus).
write delicious
owner
T, It
would
difficult
to
too
as a
emphatically
food, useful flavour, and
should
as
commending
medicine,
be grown the
the
Apple,
in
for
it is valuable of
beautiful in many The flowers
appearance, forms. Every
in
a
may
garden
planting,pruning, and general culture will both the fruit will prove will please his eye, and him, British in fruit old The is and a very wholesome. Apple "enjoyable hardy. It is not, however, equally gardens, and the tree is perfectly Apples.
at
grow interest
home
equally results satisfactory

subdivided into is the for dessert.
well
All the many in every district. The all soils. on Apple must
are
varieties be
do
not
thrive
studied, therefore, if
are
to
be
secured.
: Classification Apples
two
great
few be
are
classes:
varieties either
;
for
cooking
and
and
a
ties varienotable the the
A old
must
example
two form
Blenheim
good for Orange
purpose,
for
sections of
kept
but general purposes take may separate. Subdivision
Stocks
providing classes for early,medium, and late-maturing sorts. from seeds or cuttingsnowadays, ; Apples are rarelygrown
but
that
are
budded
or
grafted on
to allied
plants.
case
The may
"
reason
of this is
secured.
At
the as habit, or earlier fruiting, the outset, therefore, of a consideration better the The best question of stocks. is, trees with a branching head
be, is
we
of
Apples
a
have
"
to
treat
"
stock
for
standard
trees
that
"
springingfrom
long, clean
stem
a
English Crab. strong rooting system.
is the
The
a
best stocks for dwarf main foot or two stem a

and
It is very hardy, very healthy,and hasIt does not, however, give early fruit. of which trees, the branches spring from from Nonsuch. the
ground,
Both
are
the
Broad-leaved
English Paradise
abundance
of
the
of these
give good habit,
roots, and early fruiting. When comparing the cost of Apple trees from different dealers the stock used should into account. Free " stocks be taken are cheaper than Crabs, and the narrow-leaved Paradise French is cheaper than the broadleaved English. The stocks are raised from seed, cuttings, or layers;
"
surface
and
In
should
be
a
ready for
a
"
working
shoot The
budding
stock,
about the
young
is taken removed away bud

"
midsummer,
leaves.
the
under
the
"
Budding : year. which to is be gated Apple propaand slices about in. i-|- long are pith is picked out without tearing
of the
"
in their third
growing
is inserted the
germ,
in
a
leaf is tied
cropped
with
of
in to the in the stock
stalk, and
stem
the
T-shaped
slit made
the
main should
of the
stock
near
ground, and
raphia.
is
a
It will
followingspring; if it dies, the top and a whip or tongue graft put on.
about 4 ins.
see
the grow be cut off
This
long
and
as
thick
as
lead
piece of Apple shoot partipencil. For further culars,
Grafting. The propagation of fruit trees is not much done in private gardens, being left to trade specialists. Planting .from For November to be March inclusive. Apples may planted Soil : The best soil for Apples is friable,welldetails, see above.
drained loam
a or
brick-earth.
for most Mel
Chalk
in the
form
and
of
ragstone rock
is-
good
is not
as
warm deep subsoil, being relatively
well
suitable See
varieties
for most
when
it lies close
drained, but to the surface.
Undrained
clay is
:
sorts.
Site, Staking, Manure,
Priming
as grown under see
above. Open bushes on the Paradise stock are best for orchards, cordons for walls, and garden quarters, standards the of side at for wire frames Varieties The fact : paths. espaliers that the sorts of Apples vary, not only in their flavour, but in their
open Fruit
be Training : Apples may and for bushes, standards, cordons, details, espaliers;
und
Fruit
above.
for
season
of
matter
maturing
and
their
a
the
of selection
: helpful
"
difficult
for particular soils,renders suitability The one. followingsuggestions
may
be found Good
Lord
Cooking Apples.
Grosvenor Victoria
Golden
Early
Spire King Wellington

Warner's Newton Lane's Wonder Prince Albert
Bismarck Castle Stirling Ecklinville
Seedling Royal Jubilee Lord Derby
Bramley's Seedling
Good Dessert
Apples*
Gladstone
Peasgood's Nonsuch
Beauty
of Bath
142
FRUIT,
APPLES Worcester
"
continued.
Pearmain
Baumann's
Sturmer
Red
Winter
Reinette
AllingtonPippin
James Grieve
Belle Cox's
de
Boskoop Orange Pippin

Pearmain
are
Pippin Claygate Pearmain Winter Queening

Duke
of Devonshire
Christmas The
Roundway
Magnum
Bonum the latest at
earliest varieties
put at the top of the lists and

Varieties worth
the bottom. Newer
trying.
Dessert.
Red Ross Ribston
Cooking.
Red Revd. Victoria W. Wilks Wonder of Stoke Ben's Charles Winter Wm. Rival
Langley Pippin
Byford
Beauty
Norfolk
Beauty
VII.
Crump
King
Those
Edward
Crimson who
Bramley
very County, and have
Coronation
soil should plant Lord Suffield,King of light will Bramley's Seedling. The last-named Tompkins it may be accompanied on such also thrive in heavy soil, and a and Lord Newton Wonder. Lord medium Grosvenor, Derby, by The gardens: Stirling followingshould be omitted from strong-soil King, Wellington, and Lord Suffield, Castle, Ecklinville, Warner's Canker is perhaps as they are very liable to canker on such ground. of It enemies. all destructive the most Apple rarely attacks Lord Wonder, Grosvenor, and Bramley's Seedling, and Newton The disease is very prevafree. Prince Albert are generally Lane's lent
on
but wet, stiff soils,

are
and
there
few
it is also severe places where it is not should
on
light,shallow ground, present. Varieties that

be avoided. When
the
suffer disease
from shows
canker
in the district of itself in the form should should be be
of wood, the wounds dressingof manure shoots

to and
crinkly patches and bare pieces A pared clean and painted with tar. This affects the given. Black Scab.
"
fruit,causing dark
a
patches
and
cracks.
spray the when
with
leaves
in 25 pound when the are unfolding,repeating
of bluestone
dissolved
remedy is gallons of water petals fall,and
The
later. affects the young shoots, Powdery mildew again a fortnight The is with white meal. of the ends a oz. % remedy "covering in a gallon of potassium) dissolved fresh liver of sulphur (sulphide the Brown disease is seen. of water, and spot sprayed on when brown dots which the Small the fruit. are affects seen, disfigure
decay. The remedy is working into the flesh, cause the at strength just recommended, sulphur, sprayed again American the white as soon as on blight causes spot appears. is and The roots. to branches the on remedy syringe patches fluffy
fruit, and,
liver of
vigorouslyso as to force off the protectingfluff and expose oil and the aphis underneath, then to spray with a paraffin Sucker This is a or soft soap solution Psylla : (seeParaffin oil). of inch insect which about slender an an eighth long, light green
or
hose
brown
may be
seen
143
of in
in other
in autumn, flight
when A the
it into
Apple and spring that

lime-water
to
trees;
on
these
hatch
lays eggs on the shoots winglessyellow larvae
feed
in
the
buds. The best
spring, just before

a
good remedy is to buds start, using 40

stone water
spray Ib. of lime
with
25 gallonsof water. be slacked in it should Several
white
lime
small
quantity of
and is necessary, first. Caterpillars :
is that of the winter attack Apples, but the worst caterpillars which trees in ascends the and autumn moth, lays eggs that hatch the feed on trusses the bloom followingspring. The caterpillars
preventive,fasten stripsof grease-proofpaper the trees just under the trees the crutch (if deep also be protected)and with are smear an staked, the stake must their way on approved grease, in order to trap the crawling moths
a
and
leaves.
As
about
7 ins.
round
THE
WINTER
MOTH.
THE
LACKEY
MOTH.
up.
If
should caterpillars with

arsenate
seen.
appear
in
oz.
spring in spiteof
from
eats
this precaution,
spray
paste, |
Grub
:
per gallon of water, directly
they
of leaves with Weevil
the
are
Codlin of foul
This The
comes
the
fruit
a
directlyit forms.
matter wash
a
grub
it.
eggs laid in the eye into the fruit, and
train In
behind weevil
eats
The
remedy
flowers fruit bud
is to
the
:
arsenate
some
paste
districts
directlythe
set.
spray Blossom
just before breaking stages, and, destroyingthe fertilising organs, prevents lime fruit forming; the recommended under Sucker is spray
Moss green
and
into the
good.
become
and
lichen
When be
the
branches A One
of fruit trees lime

more
tend
to
they should
cleansed.
soda.
spray
is be
an
lent excel-
cleanser, but
it may of
on
in bad cases in caustic be found

10
something
pound
required, may of this,with i Ib.

wood if
pearl-ash,in
in winter.
gallonsof water,
will cleanse
the
sprayed
Apricot (Prunus (Armeniaca) vulgaris). One

"
of the
most
delicious
of
of the most stone one fruits,the Apricot capricious. in good loam It is difficult to suit in soil,and even limestone on it often casts its main which is the ideal soil for fruit branches It should be given firm soil with plenty of lime after a few years. and this account It blooms rubble. should on not only very early,
the
" "
is also
or
protectionand support of a wall, but should have tiffany nettinghung in front of it while in flower when frost threatens. trained tree from In starting with Apricots it is best to buy a young If it grows fruit dealer, and a plant it in autumn. very strongly
have the
root for
prune
summer
it.
The
Late.
or
summer
side shoots under Fruit.
pruning
Bramble it is
a
be shortened advised as may Varieties: Moor Blenheim,
Park, Powell's
Blackberry
Britain, where
(Rubus
feature
of many
fruticosus).A wilding in Great hedgerows, and its fruit is

"
144
FRUIT much
for
"
continued.
in
sought after making jelly.

where in to
use
late
summer
for
stewing
are
purposes,
worth
and
also
The
in
gardens
the
soil is
improved and deep, fertile,

soils.
As
varieties
well
growing
they
are
moist;
often
but
of little and
dry,
shallow
the
it is wise prune
adopt
them
hard them
shy in starting with plan generallypractised Raspberries, in autumn. at planting time back This
they
are
If more are by thinning out old fruited wood. the and be wanted down can canes over they got by bending pegging the tips in late summer, or by dividing the stools in autumn. is a good variety, with large,richlyflavoured fruit. Parsley-leaved Cherry (Prunus Cerasus). The Cherry is suitable for culture as
"
generallyinduces be kept in order
to
break
from
below.
Thereafter
they
can
standard
or
half-standard
on
on
the Gean
stock.
a
"
tree
for walls
the
Mahaleb
"
It likes bush, pyramid, or cordon. brick-earth rich, deep, substantial

it grows to
a
stock, and also as a trained It is not often grown as a On loamy soil on limestone.
loams with The
ragstone
beneath
great
size and
With
crops
heavily.
to
general remarks
under back
Fruit and
apply. shaping is
regard
necessary,
little
pruning, while early cutting subsequent pruning should be

and
of
on
throw the trees may out done, otherwise gum them while full of leaf in summer get too thick, thin make a thick mass ; they do not, however, if the
die.
to
If
they
ming gum-
avoid
as a
wood,
the
rule,
they
wood
make
early pruning fruiting spurs.

so
has
been The
done
shoots,
that be
only old
left.
fruited
judiciously; Cherry bears on piecesshould be cut out.

Morello
not
contrary,
the young The new
should
Cherries
are
troubled
much
with
canker,
be attacked but they may Fruit and Plum). Trees black be which fly,
clusters in
by
on
and caterpillars walls

are
silver leaf
shoots.
(seeunder
by
It may
sometimes young
attacked
the
tips of
the
and soft soap destroyed by syringingwith a solution of paraffin with almost or (seeParaffin oil), any of the proprietaryinsecticides sold by seedsmen. of washing soda Very hot water, with an ounce
is efficacious. Some gallon,syringed on forcibly, growers shoots in the the May to avoid fly. When pinch out the tipsof the Cherry is grown as a trained tree it is found that it does better with fastened the branches horizontallythan diagonally or vertically. Bone meal and sulphate of potash, 2 oz. of each per square Black yard in March, will do good. Varieties: Eagle, Governor Wood, Napoleon Bigarreau,Morello, and Kentish, the last two for cooking. Crab, Ornamental (Pyrus acerba). The ordinary Crab is only of fruit value to as a stock (seeApples),but the better species, growers which Ornamental Crabs are as by fruit generally described the alike for their and for of use dealers, are worth beauty growing, the fruit for jelly. They are and as standards, generally grown under the for Apples. The conditions will thrive recommended
to
"
the
"
"
fruit is small, but coloured.
it is borne The four
in considerable most
quantities and
are
is brilliantly
popular John Downie, Siberian, and Transcendent. and Currant (Ribes nigrum rubrum album).
"
varieties
Dartmouth,
reader
must
The
not true
145
former
are
confuse and
the
garden
latter
in
and
are
the
Currants. grocer's
"
The
Currants,
red
"
the
Black
and
garden
and jellies, Currant is
fruits, for
Grapes, and belong to a different genus. Currants are ful a less degree white very usemake delicious excellent stewed, they are
The black not for eating raw. are negligible entirely it not fertile does soil; easilygrown in any fairly deep, modern varieties for poor, dry, shallow The are care large ground. 6 8 ft. ft. and at least should be planted apart; vigorous growers, other is not be planted, with too much. fruit, from They may November among Plums
or
to March
inclusive, either in
as
quarter
to
themselves,
or
largetrees, such ; but they should Propagation:
standard be
not
both
soil.
fruits will surfer by Currants
of the latter, robbing each other of the food in the not put on to stocks, like Apples, are
put
and half-standard close to the stems
Apples
and
Pears, Cherries, and Plums, but same year's wood, taken about a
are
struck
from
foot
long, and
inserted
cuttings of the firmly in
September.
about bushes
shoots The cut back to are following year the young one-half. and later This ins. shortened makes a long, 3 year The of them by encouraging them to form side branches.
be left to extend, and which come any sucker shoots may also be retained. Thereafter the roots may pruning will up from which has fruited; but a merely consist in thinning out old wood
growths
black
bears
Currant the best
must
never
be
fruit.
This
most
by
destructive
which
gets
in enemy into the heart of the
of young that wood, because useful fruit is unfortunately harassed the form of a mite (Eriophyes ribis),
cleared
buds,
be
feeds
on
the the out to
substance,
buds and dust burn the
and
kills the trees. Its presence may and rounded. swollen The best affected
at the of dew. red shoots
known
by
becoming
any
trees
remedy
is to cut
of
directly they
with should and
2
are
noticed, and
flowers middle while
are
end
of March
parts
slacked freshly
lime,
This Giant
repeatingat the
be done Baldwin's
of
the
May.
Boskoop
Currant
in closer
two
sulphur and i part April and the beginning trees are damp with The good varieties.
if any, the black, and is little, less useful than it as and the bears old needs it less on wood, form, room, grows while yieldingquite as heavily. It is a most useful fruit,and will in most soils,unless they are either very poor, shallow, and grow stiff The bushes raised from cuttings and wet. the are or dry, very
same as
blacks, except
that
it is
customary
to
prevent
as
the base by removing the buds on the ground so and also for 3 or 4 ins. above be the same, The earlypruning should stem. should
from
the lower
but
sucker half of the allow

the
growth
cutting
a
to
of
clean
later
pruning
shorteningthe annually,preferablyin summer.

to the
a
differ in
mite
which
works
such Red
healthy very varieties. White

just the
plant.
Versailles
should be done wood, which young red The Currant is not subject havoc with the black, and is generally 'Dutch and Fay's Prolific are good useful is a Currant, and requires
"
the red varieties. treatment same as and Damson The Bullace Damson is one of (Prunus insititia). the hardiest and toughest of fruits, and on that account is often put the outside of plantations, in order to serve and on as a wind-break to protect more The fruit is useful for stewing,and valuable trees.
K
146
FRUIT
also
"
continued.
the is less luscious than remarks The a standard. It needs
for
preserving;it
for
good
on
Plums.
culture
It is made
suitable
under when
culture
as
Plum
once
the Damson. apply in bearing. Varieties:

to
an
Prune,
need
not
pruning very Bradley's King. The

grown.
little
Bullace
is
inferior Damson,
"
and is
a
be
Fig (FicusCarica).
it is not
The
cultivated in the
esteemed fruit,but Fig very two There of small are gardens. majority things againstit : its rampant habit and It is of complete hardiness. its want sometimes little
old and
given
a then, angle of two shaping to keep it within bounds, its existence; but if neglected it justifies is it apt to stragglebadly and become
snug walls, and

a
corner
in
the
with
rather
nuisance. soil with The
In
such of be
case
root
Fruit, p. 139) will do pruning (see

A firm
good.
is desirable.
in
plenty
may
lime
trees
planted
mature
autumn it may
or
spring.
If increase
is desired
be effected
each
by cuttingsof
in
a
wood which winter stood
containinga couple of buds,

be inserted
in
may
and in
a
sandy
soil in
or
plunged
warm
mild
hotbed
times someare F\g"* ments, establishlarge grown FIG. FRUITING OF OUTDOOR the varieties and best yield The first (lower)fruits swell and The second (see delicious fruit. They give two and even ripen. crop three in a year. Thus pruning crops theîfnter\^fal\innspringU must be done or fruiting guardedly, If the pruning is restricted to thinning be cut away. wood may is mainly concentrated shoots on crowded bushes, and removing the does fruit has been not which from gathered, grower go far is about for It Brown the best variety outdoors. Turkey wrong. Where feature is is also good for pots, and so is Negro Largo. a for its earliness,and Grizzly of Figs,St. John's may be added made Bourjasotte for its fine flavour. Gooseberry (RibesGrossularia) The Gooseberry is an old cottage and hall garden fruit that is familiar on every countryside. It has immemorial Elms." been growing in British gardens as long as the the has bred and contempt, Gooseberry Unfortunately,familiarity
house
in
pots
in
"
"
bush but and
could have Such to itself. left very much been a course thick mass of interlacing shoots end in any fertile soil a useful small fruit difficult to gather. The Gooseberry is a really
has
one
"
of culture fruit, and it responds so readilyto a very simple course Like the Currants, it ought to be treated well. as it is, that, common its own it is generallygrown on roots, being struck, as they are, from
same
cuttings in
way. grower, Like and
late
the
and summer, subsequently shortened red Currant it is best on a clean stem.

a
in the
Spiny
to
shoots the
springing up
in
thicket avoided
from
the
roots
are
nuisance buds
should
be
by
picking the
lower
from
the
147
Gooseberry
cuttings.
It is
double
advantage
to
keep
the
bushes
are
well open when they get to the fruiting stage,as largerberries and be gathered more produced, they can quickly. This can be number shoots
can
effected
in
the by restricting side shortening the young

summer.
of main
branches
to
or
8, and
The back The
stumps
be in
a
pruned
winter.
does not
close to the
buds likes rule Bob
Gooseberry
soil. for of As Crown all
"
fertile,loamy
care
it
the
"
clay, but
thrives
splendid variety
one
of the
best
on
heavy ground if the drainage is good. The Gooseberry has many

enemies,
be taken attack and
small
birds buds
in
have
to
into
account,
for bushes is
a
they
most al-
the dormant
winter,
and
often
strip many entirely. This

as
great
nuisance,
and the
health In
crop is reduced paired. imof the bush limesmall cultures

the
WINTER-PRUNING
the removal
GOOSEBERRIES.
the spraying v".

J
bushes
T,
(see black
T
Fruit,
thread
shoots.
,,
'"
Leading growth, unpnmed,

of any
unripe
except
2.
for Side
p.
143) is good,
",
wood.
or
shoots.
be twined may It is doubtful would
among whether
the
either for
market,
are
pay but
in
large
cultures
are
3,6,7. Spurs 4, 5, 8. Young growths. The right-hand side is pruned, the left unpnmed. The latter should be P^ned to correspond with the former,
Gooseberries and attack
lime-sprayed,
mite,
but may it is
benefit
small
under grown the by process. Gooseberries and do a
often
big
Red
trees
that of
spider, a
great deal
rarely very bad except in dry, dusty places. A suffer and the inner a a high-road may plantation near serious clean. More is the American be quite portions Gooseberry the young attacks mildew, which growing shoots, causing purplish In bad cases it spreads to the fruit,covering patches on the wood. of down it. This enemy and spoiling it with a mat should be looked should combated for in May and and be by cutting off and June, the affected shoots and the bushes with liver of spraying burning Another serious enemy is sulphur, \ oz. per gallon of water. the which attacks and the caterpillar, foliagein early summer, The when present in force does great damage. remedy for this is the bushes hellebore dusted as soon as over are powder caterpillars the fruit is the at but not when seen, picking stage. Well-pruned a considerable Gooseberry bushes will do 6 ft. apart. There is now
damage, part of
demand
for
standard
are
Gooseberries,
on
which
are
not
aureum
grown
and
from allied well

and
cuttings,but
grafted species. They are suitable yield splendid fruit. grown

when
no
to
stocks
of Ribes
treated side
as
branches
private gardens, and also give very cordons, that is, spur pruned to a main In such form allowed. a they can
Gooseberries Varieties:
If sorts
are
for
when
stem
fine berries be
against walls Industry, and
fences. and Whitesmith.
Crown wanted
Bob,
of
grown Whinham's fine flavour
148
FRUIT
"
continued.
Greengage, Early Sulphur, Rough Red, Red Champagne, Pitmaston be chosen. Rifleman, Langley Gem Bright Venus, and may varieties. three and Leveller are large Antagonist, Grape Vine (Vitis Vinifera). The Grape is one of the oldest fruits in cultivated British gardens. It was probably found in Egypt. In in the open somewhat mediaeval times it was air, extensively grown but cheap glasshas enabled to grow us superiorcrops economically
"
PROPAGATING A
VINES
BY
EYES.
PROPAGATING Growth
VINES
BY
EYES.
bud
or
eye
cut
from
piece of wall
ripe tatcral.
starting.
in houses,
given to cordon fruit trees, space is now climbers. The Grape Vine is an interesting to beautiful flowering or is well within of the first to last, and from fruit to grow scope The amateurs. : are Propagation plants grown
and outside
on
their
own
roots, like
the
majority
of
the
soft fruits,and may be struck either from buds while in dormant winter. A bud or cuttings termed (technically of side several in
a
"
an one 2
growth
are
with The
") plump
eye
is
short
on
piece
soil of
the
bud
it, and
placed
a
ins.
large pot.
with
apart compost
in
prepared
consist
and
a
may
loam
third
of leaf
If it is
mould
liberal
of sand. sprinkling are plunged pots

soon
kept moist,
hotbed,
and leave better this
and
in the
mild rank
to
the
work
eyes
start.
But
file of
Grape
to
would do growers fruit dealers, who

amateurs.
well
can
raise
plants than
VINES PROPAGATING CUTTINGS. BY

i.
Vineries : Grapes can be grown in well wide lean-to is a any light house, but than convenient Amateurs more a span roof. often nice from small when houses get crops
they
kinds
resist the
of other
Heel
2.
of old wood. Basal buds (tobe

3. Stem be moved). re4.
temptation of crowding plants. By planting the

of the
as
in
all
vines have wall. it but
removed). buds (to

buds
to
Top
tained re-
4 ft. apart at the front clear run a up the roof The vinery should be
house
as
they
back
far
the well
light and
are
provided
that
in
be
5.
with
ventilators. unless
to
It have Soil
is not
necessary
Depth
be heated
return
to insert.
earlyGrapes
Wires
:
wanted,
it is advisable
hot-water
An
pipes
be
it,
if
only
flow roof
and
4-in.circuit.
the
under
the
18 ins. from
glass.
with
should inside
strained
sisting con-
border,
and
of
3 ft. of old
turves,
some
broken
bones
lime
rubbish
should
149
damp
logged water-
in, will grow be drained, otherwise soil,and the bunches colour,

or
mixed
Grapes
the will
"
well. will
"
"
If the
that
site is
sour,
it
roots
get into
shank the
is, the footstalks
of "he berries will shrivel up

never
before
proper will prove in autumn to winter or nursery be from 6 to 10 ft. long,but the whole length should not be retained. After the Vine has been planted the cane should be shortened, and will depend on the extent the height of the glassfront; if the Vine Vine
develop
from
a
flavour.
and they will Grapes are ripe, A good planting Planting :
bought
is cut should round

reach
as
back
be
to
point where
breaks
into
the
directlythe
them.
the
bud
covered
and lightly, and : Pruning training
starting shoot will have full light growth it will be right. The roots the soil trodden firmly but gently
The first year
the
Vine
may
all
top of the house, and

one
while On
in satisfactory
the
cut
growth
back the to
which
a
way, it makes.
of its
it would
its progress may not be advisable
be
to
regarded
retain
length part. The growth that goes to the top the second will be much has not year stronger than the first,but if the cane thickened one-half. well it had better be shortened Anyagain by side shoots that push must be pruned close in to basal buds, which
lower it is the which
A
third
be the contrary, the rod should in winter with the objectof thickening
habit
next
of
Grape
rod
Vines
to form shoots
near
the
main
rod, and
in
from thus
the
few
year's lateral
main
push.
Deliberation
developing the
:
bunches
in future years. will be rewarded of fruit may the second be taken year should
to be bear that not
ing Fruitif the

each
rod
is
strong, but
be
the
there
be
anything
third
year, lateral may

chosen
a
in which best
season,
if all has
a
allowed
gone bunch.
like well with
crop
the
until the
vine,
rod
These each
the
laterals should
to the
be
and two
from
shoots
apart, and should tied at right angles with leaves beyond the bunch
unlimited extension
foot
push on brought carefullydown

rod. When end of fruit the
side of the
about
wires made
the
lateral has be
the
should
pinched off,
been further
as
is undesirable.
When
fruit has
rod
gathered each pruned back

Moisture and
"
be cut back lateral may this time to the basal bud
to half its length, and

near are
the
"
in autumn.
ventilation very
A
Air
and
water
important
loves
tions considerabut
from
not
the
first.
The
Grape
Vine
"
fresh, pure,
"
dry air.
the
because
fresh, and
well-managed vinery is a pleasant place to enter, it is light, buoyant; gardeners well call sparkling. The condition is secured by providingplenty
air is what
of ventilation, keeping the soil moist, and syringingregularlyfrom the the Let not time be caught napping growth starts. grower house If the sun breaks which is with his ventilation. out on a
quite closed while he is still abed there may be scorching of leaf and scalding of berry. These troubles are the most likelyto happen portant imbecomes after a damp Artificial heat spell. Temperatures : in proportion to the amount of forcing which is to be done. be provided to If Grapes are in April,enough piping must wanted maintain a by artificial temperature of 50" to 60" in November
means,
and
65"
to
75" when
sun
the heat.
Vines It
are
come
understood,
r
without winter.
means,
into bloom; of course, wanted
this, be
it
through
the
If
Grapes
not
before
forcing all July or
150
FRUIT,
GRAPES
"
continued.
as simplified,
August, things
before
Muscat
are
the
house
need
heat
not
be
started
the
end
of
February,
It should
and
increasingsun
that
will
help
the
forcingin
spring.
be noted
more
of Alexandria
needs Black
are
heat
or
than the The
the delicious white Grape the Foster's hardier
Seedling and Buckland Black Hamburgh and

dry while
the
Sweetwater,
Alicante.
in
popular
air should
to
black be
the
Grapes, kept fairly
the
Vines
bloom,
is wet
in order and dull
favour
pollen.
If the
a
weather
at that
spread of period,rendering
to assist rest in
it difficult to
fertilisation
autumn
get by shaking the rods.

fire heat house Without
to
a
pleasantflow of
buoyant air,it will be well

When
the
Vines
go
to
reduce
out
minimum;
kept
of the task.
they
will be safe. it the

ask
necessary of berries The
large and
small, which
call and
beginner should
as long as severe Thinning : A tedious but bunches become shapelessmasses not at all. some ripen irregularly, permission to watch a neighbour-
frost is
?
A
4
VINES.
"*
strong roots.
BUNCH
OF
GRAPES
THINNED.
RENOVATING
3. Notches 4. Fibrous made roots
in the
pushing.
ing professional. Troubles : The real troubles begin when ing, shankscalding,scorching, mealy bug, and red spider attack the Vines. If shanking is persistentin young Vines over-croppingmay be suspected, and the tackled difficulty by taking fewer large bunches and giving liquidmanure while the crop is developing; if in old vines the roots should be examined. ones Deep-striking may
be
severed, and
for is
to
a
others
raised
into
fresh
soil
near
the
surface.
The
remedy
scalding and
scorching
is proper
ventilation.
bug Mealyit is difficult
the bunches. An infested house in winter, the woodwork cleaned being well scrubbed with a solution containingparaffinoil,and the Vines freed of loose bark and scrubbed with an insecticide. Vigorous syringing
pest, as when it once and dislodge, spread to may

be
serious
gets well established
should
thoroughly
will
under. Red help to keep the enemy spider will not gain a footing if the house is kept moist. Syringing is the best remedy. and be kept out of the must destructive, Wasps sometimes prove house the ventilators with muslin and by covering keeping the door shut.
Varieties
are
The
-two
most
useful
all-round
of
varieties
for
indoor
are
and Foster's Hamburgh vigorous, relatively hardy, productive, and
culture
Black
Seedling. They
good
flavour.
Muscat Gros is the
and
of Alexandria Maroc
most
is
superiorin flavour, but requiresmore

of fair flavour. well-known Gros
sorts
heat.
is
large Grape
Other
For
are
late
use
Alicante
useful. Downe's
Alnwick
Seedling
Lady
flavour
wanted
is very large,but the If Grapes are to colour. is not remarkable, while it is bad Miller's and Citronelle Ascot for outdoor Burgundy culture,
Seedling.
Colman
kept fresh and cut with for a long time if the bunches a sweet are piece of lateral be cool, dry, The store should and this is fixed in a bottle of water. It is and : hardly feasible to airy. Grapes in mixed greenhouses good Grapes in a general greenhouse unless the plants are grow
may be
chosen.
To
keep Grapes : Grapes
can
be
restricted
endure
to kinds
which
do
not If
a
want house
much is
heat
in winter for
and
can
winter which The
in summer. shade it starts the Vines
kept
warm
too
early.
and
spend
the
summer
outdoors is notable
It is best to work little heat need
plants in on plants
in winter.
a Chrysanthemum tercross Loganberry. A hybrid fruit, raised in America, perhaps by inIn the Great Britain and a a Raspberry. Blackberry Loganberry has been crossed with the Raspberry in the hope of vigour and cropping power as the gettinga sub-hybrid of the same Poor with better flavour. but quality is,indeed, the Loganberry, It is tremendous of defect the a Loganberry. cially espegrower, great in moist clay land or rich loam, making shoots 10 ft. long or fruit is much The and more, nearly an inch thick, in a season. that Blackberries and is borne than of either or Raspberries, larger It in be stewed, preserved as jam, or canned profusely. may that is the is for last it It now being largely planted. purpose syrup. trained The shoots are horizontallyor diagonally to horizontal the of which each a foot above there are wires, generally4 lengths, other, strained on stout posts. The plants should be 12 ft. apart, be rooted from be 7 ft. apart. Plants and the rows tips may may the will well of and bear in the down towards end summer, pegged
"
instance.
third
year.
Three the
tons
to
the
acre
is
in
satisfactory crop.
for
In
private gardens Loganberry arches or pillars. It may be planted

March November soil between and with not to get crowded be allowed thin by pruning out in early autumn
is suitable
planting against deeply dug and manured inclusive. The clumps should old wood, but should be kept
shoots which have fruited.
(MespilusGermanica). An unimportant fruit, and one only be given space in largegardens. The twisted growth is peculiar and the flowers are not without beauty, so that it may be in in well-drained shrubberies. It will extensive succeed planted loamy soil. Fruit dealers bud their Medlars on to Quince or other stocks. quired. Beyond a little early shaping not much pruning is refruit should be gathered at the end The of summer, and
Medlar
"
that
need
stored
"
until
"
bletted Melon
in
begins to decay. It stage and ready for use.

it
"
is then
in what
is known
as
the
delicious fruit, (Cucumis Melo). A large, juicy, and small practically largegarden and in a good many grown every It is not a difficult plant to grow, ones. given heat and glass. The in small frames. French Melons Melons gardeners grow Canteloupe in in and in frames. are span-roofhouses, pits, They thrive grown
152
"
FRUIT, MELONS
when
continued. in mounds of
planted
out
soil made
on a
slates
warm same as
on
the
stage of
but
air and
span-roof
bers; Cucummore
house, the
they
need
than less moisture -p soil the and Cucumbers,
should less
must
sun on
be
firmer, closer,and
structure
lumpy. The be light,as

the
without
flavour
this account
will be poor; must shade
be avoided. There is from

sown FRUITING
Propagation :
no
difficultyin
of
getting a supply
seed, which
plants
be
should small
singly in
a
pots
SYSTEM
OF
MELONS.
. .
in
compost
A.
of the side shoots. Main B. One stem. C. mould, and , D. Male bloom. bloom. Female E. Unopened a-m-i-mr or sPrmg" F. Point of pinching. male flowers.
. . .
of loam, leaf sand, in winter

,
_"
o/^r^/^tirr according
when
the
crop
is
required.
Approximately 4 months the time be but may
cutting, spring crops and shorter with be If the pots can ones. summer heat, or plunged in bottom in stood a warm house, germination will be speedy, and the plants be for When ready putting out within the month. they have may in the small be rooted shifted to freely pots they may 5 -in.,and
may
be
allowed
from
sowing
to
longer
with
grown
shoot
in
must
them
not
until
be
the
house
but
is
ready
for
must
stopped,
the
side shoots
them. should be
The
leading
out.
pinched
The
length to which
on
depend
in
are
circumstances,
condition foot
a
good
plants may go but they are for planting when

have
rally gene-
about
high
are
and
several frame
the
they rough
If leaves. it is well to
it has made
they
grown of
for
culture
nip
a
off the
tip of
plant when
so
pair
push
be
a
rough leaves, and

shoots
or
encourage
over
it to hotbed.
side
for
training
:
the
House
pit
culture
The
a
structure
should
minimum maintained.
light, airy one night temperature of

The
mounds may and there
in which 60" be
can
be
made
or
of loam, with a and mould some
little
decayed
manure
up leaf be
when ings dressPLANT
sand,
out
should
ball
just enough the plant is

can
soil to
nicely cover
of
the
turned
its
to
pot.
go up
wires
Top
The
the
be
it
given
be
afterwards. secured
the will to
leading MELON
roof,
strained
shoots
STOPPED LATERAL
shoot where
may
can a
allowed be below
blossom other
" *^RAGE
form,
on
about
two
foot
glass,
Side
one
will
an
which
at
kinds
of the
show,
The
with
incipientfruit
the
base,
without.
latter is the
and pollen-bearer,
when
153
be picked and loose the flower should the pollen is ripe and thus the the of into centre fruit-bearer,which, pressed impregnated, will begin to swell. each Half a dozen fruits may be fertilised on the
of 2 or 3 days. The shoots at intervals it may be done fruits leaves the bunch. be 2 beyond stopped bearing may the air should with not be saturated While be kept fresh, it should culture : To grow Frame Melons moisture like a Cucumber house.
plant, and
in successfully made
sweeten
frame,
hotbed
manure
of well
and to
manure 2 or
up in the
after
turning
The
the
3 side
can
leaves should and times at intervals

a
be
to
it; the heap should

centre.
be
trodden, and
these be
mound
as a
of soil result
over
put
the
plants will push

well
shoots
of the
stopping previouslyadvised, bed in different directions, so as

Side
and shoots
trained in
a
cover
it without
crowd
may the frame. with

never
be
removed A When
warm
bodily if they push close covering,but not

roots
crowding. large numbers

thick
mound
pack,
of
leaves
is desirable. fresh
of
show
top dress watering,

attack water the
compost.
the soil to
allowing
the
through Give regular dust dry. get

in the and
the
of soil
to
attention Canker and
may
if
stems
plants, whether
collar. may lime be mixed Green-flesh
houses, pits,or
soil close rubbed
over
frames,
concave
there.
lodges round Sulphur and

Varieties
:
Keep
the affected
a
part.
Imperial
is very
fine; it is
large,
fruit. Hero of Lockinge (whiteflesh) is smaller, solid,well-flavoured in remark but to and the Read's same flavour, applies splendid Hero sort. of Superlative is a large red-flesh Orange. Lockinge is good for a frame, and so is Blenheim old tree, the acid fruit Mulberry (Morus nigra). An interesting of which is found agreeableby many people. As is well known, the for leaves used the are feeding silkworms, and for this purpose speciesalba is liked. The Mulberry will thrive in any deep, fertile for dry, shallow soil,but does not care ground. It may be planted in autumn, and or wood, propagated by layers, cuttingsof young It is rarely that the Mulberry is cultivated is desired. if increase as a a tree, and the fruit is fruit; it is generally planted to form if side issue. But cultivated for the fruit, it considered a pleasant Scarlet-flesh.
"
should
be
restricted See
to and
limited
number
of
nuts
branches
much
and
spur
Pears. Apples pruned. Nut (CorylusAvellana). The

"
cultivated
worth
are
superior
where
the
to the
wild
forms,
do not
and
are
well
a
growing
in
gardens
with
soil is suitable.
They
care
like
rich, friable
loam,
limestone is the
below,
most
and
of the best. one popular,and from differ slightly soil and ment. treatFilberts, but like the same the little best Nuts to a results, as they study require get One, the nut-bearer, is a small produce two distinct forms of flower. with at the base; the other, the male, is a a swelling pink blossom and bears the pollen, which is ripe and loose catkin," long yellow
for poor The dry ground. of this class Lambert's varietyis
Filbert
Cobs
"
late
in winter.
The should
female
not
flowers
are
borne
on
short
side shoots,
be
and
where
pruning
be
done
until the
case
pollen has spread, except

they
should not
any sacrifice
the bushes are convenient time

a
thick, in which
in winter.
at
thinned afraid
are
at to
The this
grower
need
be
little fruit blossom
thinning;
bushes
never
"54
FRUIT
more
"
continued. The it to well
as
productive for being crowded. pinch back a young plant to induce

a
system of trainingis to push side shoots until about
dozen
have and
been
secured
shoots
that
are
placed round
branches. main
the No
centre,
central few
or
growth
is taken
more are
then
to let these
extend from space.
main
Side up. retained

and
push according to
The
root the
a
the
branches, and
are are
Nuts
propagated mainly
basal lower
by
suckers
layers.
former, which
and down
shoots,
buds
are
drawn removed about

2
away ft.
to
from
planted,
In the
case
the of
being
shoots
to leave
clear stem. drawn

cut the
layers, young
long
are
pegged
the
ground.
It facilitates and
case
horizontally and the lower part rooting if they are partially planted, When rooted through. they are transthe the lower
the
buds
removed,
as
in
of
suckers,
is removed.
and
leaving, however,
In
sufficient to form
when
first set of side branches
the
head
forming
a
for commercial plantation should be chosen, place

be set
12
purposes
the nut
sheltered should
must
trees
ft.
apart.
The
weevil
be
kept
the
a
in May, and pierces It appears into full-fed it turns When young and lies buried in the chrysalis ground
in check.
nut.
throughout
seen,
the
winter.
arsenate
If
any
weevils 4oz.
are
spray bushes
with
; or
paste,
boards
gallon of
the
water
put tarred
"
per beneath
is
and
shake
the weevils
off.
Orange (CitrusAurantium).
not
The
Orange
cultivated
for commercial small the does
northern
How
TO
countries, but
as
purposes it is often grown

in
in the for
GRAFT
AN
ornament,
look this very
plants
when
pots
or
tubs For very
ORANGE.
A cut
effective
full of fruit.
is made
in the stem
purpose suitableK fact

mere
Otaheite
not
Orange
frost
in
is
require much
from suitable
heat, in
winter
attached.
protection
It is thus
will suffice.
sand
and conservatories. suits it. The habit

is
is
compost of loam, naturally compact, so

A
for cool houses greenand leaf mould,
that
very
little
sponged occasionally Oranges are raised seedling from into good fruiting pips they may be made plants by inarching of the When Otaheite fruitingbranches repotting is Orange. it should be done in spring. necessary Peach and Nectarine differ from (Prunus Persica). Peaches Nectarines skin; for only in having a downy instead of a smooth be considered cultural purposes the two fruits may as one. They the most are juicy and luscious of all the larger fruits, with the possibleexception of the Pear. They are not, however, so hardy
to
pruning
keep
needed,
but
the
leaves
should
If
be
the
plant clean
and
healthy.
"
as
their relatives
the
Plum
and
the
Cherry.
so
Partly
well
from
to in
this cause,
and
partly
are
because
they
lend
themselves
flat
training,
the
corn-
they
almost
exclusivelygrown
.againstwalls,
but
parativelyfew places where
they
open grown
in the
narrow are
155
is
orchard
-house of and
cultivation
practised
grown
as
often
included
In the but
in the
collection
pot
trees
and
were
bushes.
old is
days Peaches
are now
Nectarines
most
"
outside,
form
they
given glassin
as a
generally if only places,

"
"
of what
technically known
It may
case
that
is, a
not
as
corridor-like
structure.
be
that
with
the
greater
it
prevalence of glasshouses the modern fullylearn the art of Peach culture

may, failures
are
school of in the open

more
gardeners does
air; be and more
culture that
common,
to grow be not
this delicious
and it becomes fruit under cover.

that Peaches
the
:
rule
be
spicuously con-
Outdoor and
Some the
It must
assumed,
however,
with
Nectarines
south
cannot
are
grown The
in satisfactorily
the
open
air.
gardeners
of in the
most
in them, especially matters are care shelter, important freedom

and
successful
England. early stages of

Peach
If is
an
and training,
from
insects its
early grower
cold blister attacks
bloomer, and
the
fungi. The is delicate. foliage

and
exposed
to
spring winds
the
terrible disease a sap is checked, and which are retarded, or even trees, seriously
them
called killed
outright.
on
The
blister,which
the leaves, and causes fungus called Exoascus is but shelter. face of
if the
a
in the form of largeswellings appears of a to shrivel and fall,is the work
deformans.
to
Bordeaux
on as soon
Mixture
as
deaux) (seeBorfold, un-
good
if preventive,
sprayed
the
the leaves
it is desirable
avoid
attack
if
by providing possible
possiblethe kitchen-gardenwalls.
are
Where
ventilators which Peaches
quarter
causes are on
should be grown the inner on Blister may indoor Peaches on appear left open when cold wind is blowing from a a it to cut through them to the trees. door Outon Peaches
sometimes the young
crippledby
shoots
or a
black
fly,which
establishes
itself in force This
and
the
sucks trees
be kept under pest must be destroyed by syringingwith

or
solution with
out the life-giving sap. will be spoiled. It can of paraffin oil and water,
with
almost A
seedsmen.
restriction
any mistake
of the
proprietarywashes
made
offered
often
outdoor
indoor) Peaches
of the made
the
in rich, loose is to plant them luxuriant growth that follows. in
by florists and (and sometimes soil,and provide no

The result is that is wall
as
the
as a
wood
the
in
2
summer or
runs
walking-cane;
tree the
bare, and
upper rich
and
a
part of
bears wall.
3 years fruit only

as
4 the
on
or
ft., and
of the smaller
thick
base
the
is
nearly
on
Ordinary
they
wood kitchen-garden soil is
the
generally
enough
more
for
of
Peaches,
need
manure are
are
often lime
curbing than
is
naturallyvigorous growers, accelerating. In any case, half

be
barrow-load and
or
likelyto
and
enough
the
for each
tree. to start
Wood
ashes
a
rubble
suitable
materials.
shorten
It is wise branches
with
one-
two-
three-year-oldtree length.
The This
wood.
back
to
third
of
of their
followingyear
insures The
should
prune
then
to half the
length
the branches. with well furnished skeleton of the

so as
the be
lower fastened
part of the wall
being
growths
tree, and
admit There
will form the secured in quite clear of each
other,
between
must
to
of young should
be
them.
no
fruitingside shoots being laid in crossingof shoots, and no shoot

the face
of
be
allowed the
spring
from
to grow out front of the
from
the
be
'wall; all that

cut
branches
should
clean
out.
56
FRUIT,
PEACHES
be
"
continued. from
fix
a
Planting
an
may excellent
the in
,
done to
November
wooden
to
March about
a
inclusive. foot
a
It is
plan
coping
below and
top
even
of the
tanned
wall above
the trees
spring,when
or
It serves the trees. as in bloom, lightcanvas are
just protection, or (tiffany
wide
scrim) to hang
"
fish
down
in front
of the
allowed be fixed to it and netting, may under Peaches trees on frosty nights.
are
glass Training: Peaches and Nectarines wire sometimes and walls under on glass,
roof
wall
sometimes fixed
frames
grown under
on
the
against a high, strong training adopted. In each case a flat, may Little heat is required, unless earlyfruit is fan-shaped tree is used. For the wanted, and a flow and return 4-in. pipe will suffice. the that at will the lowest the be trees is, front, roof, planted near
of
a
lean-to
house.
With
wide
house
both
methods
of
be
part, of
a
foot
the house; below, where

case
and
the
branches
will follow
trees
the
rise of the
to
roof tied
wires back
shoots
will be strained wall fan

the
for the
shoots
be
to.
In the shreds
of the the
againstit,and
by
and
attached The
nails.
be planted will, of course, to wires fastened to it,or secured system will be adopted. Early
trees, if they are pruning will be desirable, as in the case of outdoor older to It is easy trees, already in an bought quite young.' get and advanced ready to give fruit the first year, but stage of training,
the cost trees
will
be
rather
high. Unfortunately,
train
near
some
people spoil
the base when
good
the taken turf
by
neglecting to get
the
no a
up
the
new
wood
from the
older
branches
at
bare
base, yet
Soil and
work
is
If the
simple if
decayed
natural of wood
in hand is available
for
proper
time. need of
planting :
should tree with
manure
be
used,
loam
But
even
soil be poor,
barrow-load which subsoil

a
good
for each half be

some a
will contain
the
all the
ashes In
nutriment
and
a
it should
requires.
bones
bushel
quart
of broken
may
tree
mixed
in
loam. turf
the planting,
on
be loosened,
the
of the them.
decayed
spread
covered,
be done
it in and
the
lumpy state,
top
soil trodden
set
well
round
the roots position, Planting may
the buds begin to swell. up to the time of wood the necessary the framework to form amount been secured by early shortening, the grower may The with wood. best placed of the summer fruiting be than chosen
are
Pruning
of the
When
has fill in
tree to
proceed
shoots
more
should
for this
needed,
away
the
purpose. selection and a

front shoots
If the
tree
is
healthy
be made
will
of the
push
them,
should the
among
cutting
as are
and first,
in between
such retaining main
others
well
placed
These
for
tying
branches
without
be neatly laid in when the leaf shoots may young fruit the following year. will bear falls, and They will also push be gradually pinched out but these must side shoots of their own,
crowding.
while
small,
The
with
the
exception of
be
one
at
the
base
and
one
near
the it
top.
will
former
a
may
at
allowed
for second
to the
extend
unchecked,
but and
because the
provide
soon
fruitingshoot
the from suffer
following year;
latter
be may Peaches the

trees.
stopped
leaf.
Watering
syringing:
atmosphere.
If the If the
air soil
dryness, either at the root or in the attack gets very parched, red spider may the is kept moist growing throughout
season,
157
and
no
the
house
on
is
syringed daily during

score.
will be should
trouble
this
first; when
as
be the rule to start with; the fruit has stoned and The
sun
weather, there sunny Low : temperatures Temperatures to 55" (day) will do at 45" (night)
is
more
given. it gains power

to be
will aid the
more
and
6 months to
ventilation
on,
must
forcing is
to
carried crop: the end

on
gathering the
towards
thus
have
made
of St.
December.
10" may be another swelling, and the springadvances, as If earlyspring be increased. from starting must be allowed be fruit in June a start must Peaches are Propagation :
clusively Julien stock, but the work is almost exin nurseries. carried on Seedling stocks raised from in summer stones be budded can or grafted in spring like other be made fruits (seeApples). Varieties : Selections according may The as following early,midseason, and late varieties are wanted. Nectarine Peach : and in their indicates a classes are a good (N) ; (P)
largelybudded
the
"
Early.
Cardinal
(N)
(N)
Lord
Dymond (P) Napier (N)

Late.
Early
Kale's
Rivers
Early (P) Barrington (P)

Midseason. Walburton Sea Admirable
(P)
Early
The
Grosse
Mignonne (P)
Eagle (P)
Hale's culture: Early, following are suitable for outdoor Dymond, Sea Eagle, and Salwey. Pear (Pyrus communis). A delicious fruit,well suited according to variety either for dessert for bottling. or stewing,and admirable Pears are not largely orchard as grown districts they thrive. trees, but in some They are excellent as neat pyramids
"
at
the
side
of
walls, and
fans choice Fruit of
in
grown
on
as successfully
may and
be
dons cor-
walls.
lovers
often dessert
grow Pears small

to
a as
collection cordons of benefit

can
number the
preference to a pyramids, in order

of be The Fruit
a
get
succession
of
fruit, which
got easily by
of varieties. made
to Pears.
a
making
Soil
under
suitable
choice
and
site
at
remarks
Apple
are
and
apply
They
loam.
their
:
Stocks Pears
firm
fn
best on The best the advised

fraHp
strong
for but
A4
stock
garden
amateurs
nrrvna era
is
thp
Quince,
will be well
to leave
f"vr"f"r+"; experts,
QUINCE STOCK
i.
FOR
BUDDING
PEAR"
LAYER.
Roots. 2. Stem. 3. Side shoots. 4. Leader.
because
"
many
varieties
that
have
to
be
double-worked,"
the
and
another
on
varietywhich Quince. Bergamotte Esperen,

Oliver
on is,budded is itself budded
Beurre
d'Amanlis,
as
ence, Confer-
not
only worth
de Serres are Pears of double value, because growing for their fruit,but are also valuable
they
af e
foster-
158
FRUIT mothers stock
"
continued. for
more
delicate do
so
Pears when
that do not
one
take
but directly,
of the
kindly to the Quince venes. foregoingvarieties inter-
Marie Benoist, Marie Louise, Passe Knight's Monarch, du Congres may be indicated Crasanne, Thompson's, and Souvenir delicious Pears that only develop their best qualitywhen doubleas The and worked. remarks made under : pruning Planting Apple diseases : The under Fruit and remarks apply. Insects and word be said to but which often a as scale, Apple apply, may in large quantities. The lime spray fastens on the bark to tends be used in winter: reduce it, or the followingspecialspray may Varieties : oil, 5 Ib. soft soap, 25 gallonswater. I gallon paraffin number of varieties,from which There is an enormous the following be selected-: (i)Jargonelle, (2)Williams's Bon Chretien, (3)Dr. may de du Congres, (6) Fondante Jules Guyot, (4) Hessle, (5) Souvenir Emile Thirriott, (7) Beurre Conference, Hardy, (8) d'Heyst, (9) of Jersey, (n) Magnate, (12)Marguerite Marillat, (10)Louise Bonne d'Automne, (14) Beurre Clairgeau, (15) Knight's {13) Fondante Beurre d'Amanlis, Monarch, (16)Beurre Diel, (17)Beurre Ranee, (18) Marie Pitmaston du Cornice, (20) Louise, (21) Duchess, (19)Doyenne (25)Ber(22)Thompson's, (23)Passe Crasanne, (24)Beurre Superfin, de Winter Malines, Nelis, gamotte Esperen, (26) Josephine (27) Easter Beurre. The list with earlies Glou Mor9eau, (29) (28) begins and would Two ends with lates. Nos.
2,
make a should flavour
good
selection Nos.
are
3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, Those of twelve.
19, 20, 24, 27, and
28
who
make
point of
26.
procure fine stewing Pears form

"
7, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, and Catillac and Uvedale's St. Germains.
"
Plum the
(Prunus communis).
The
"
Plum instead
and
is the of
most
important
in
some
of
fruits which
stones
pips, and
loam.
tricts, disacres
notably Pershore, Evesham,

are
Maidstone, hundreds
a
of A
grown of shallow
for market. lime in the limestone
The
Plum
loves
strong
certain
amount
on
class of fruit tree. limestone underneath is suitable.

stone
soil benefits it, but it is not at its best soil,which is reallynot fertile enough for any Three four feet depth of good loam, with or
It must
it, will grow be remembered
Plums
that
to
perfectionif
with
the
site
in
and
common
the other
the
fruits,
flowers frost from worked

are
Apricots,Cherries, Peaches, earlier than Apples and Pears, and

on a
Nectarines,
Fruit
as are
Plum
is liable to suffer
under to
severely
ing, manur-
low
site.
The
remarks to
planting, and
on
to for
used
as
staking apply They generally Brompton and Mussel stocks, although several others particularvarieties by the trade experts. They are
Plums.
standards, half-standards, bushes, and fans, more rarely grown and cordons .as espaliers.Pruning : After the early pruning to to under referred form heads do not Fruit, Plums Apple and
require much
because the
pruning
as
standards,
shoots
case
half-standards, and
which of
bushes,
is much
on
quantityof
a
summer
smaller, as other hand,
rule, than
the
in the
quantity of fruit spurs greater. naturally develop fruit buds is much growth, summer pruning good deal of summer
they produce Apples and Pears; and stubby shoots

Where will be
the is
which
a
there
beneficial.
Enemies attacked does will and
:
159
The
Plum
is not and
addicted blossom
"
to
canker, scab, spot, American
blight,codlin
and disease check
like the Apple, but it is grub, silver pillars Caterleaf," and gum. aphides, by caterpillars, best checked and if that are by grease-banding in autumn, not suffice by spraying in spring (seeApple). Lime-spraying check aphides. Silver leaf is a comparatively new but insidious which gets quite into the system of the tree dangerous enemy, the leaves to assume If the causes a grey, shiny appearance. endeavour an puts in an appearance, it by promptly cutting out the affected should be made
to
weevil
part and burning it, No other stone destroyinga whole tree in case of emergency. be planted on the same fruit should The following Varieties : spot. are culture, in order of good cooking Plums, suitable for market ripening: (i) Rivers' Prolific, (2) Morocco, (3) Czar, (4) Heron, Belle (5)Victoria, (6)Pond's Seedling,(7)Monarch, (8)President. de Louvain, White and Pershore also good Bonum, are Magnum Plums. The following gage, are garden varieties of good flavour : GreenLate Transparent, Bryanston Gage, Early Transparent, Jefferson's Gage, and Coe's Golden Drop. fruit, colouring Quince (Pyrus Cydonia). A highly aromatic when useful and for The tree is of rather ripe, brightyellow jelly. but the root is shallow and fibrous, thus straggly habit, system rendering it valuable as a stock (see Pears). The Quince will thrive in well-drained loamy soil. It is propagated by cuttings and latter. layers, principally the
even
"
There
are
several
one,
ornamental
varieties,and
as a
Japonica, the is Japanese Quince, much planted

shrub for flowers itself
in
walls of with
on
account
of
the
profusion
large
which
and it The
brilliant clothes
sp~mg.
varietyMaulei is also fine. Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus). The esteemed Raspberry is an fruit, alike for cooking and preserving, it and can fortunately be i n all but successfully grown
"
the like Its
It does not poorest soils. dry, hot ground, however. is to spread at the root nature suckers throw
near
by underground
surface, and
slender
these to
the
up
long,
TRAINING
RASPBERRIES
ON
WIRE.
"
shoots shoots
the
following year except where late year, but that is not fruit is wanted. to get heavy crops It will be gathered that the way annual to of Raspberriesis to manage them succession so as secure an is no difficulty If young of good fruiting There about this. canes.
sometimes
same
bearing leaves; produce small fruitingclusters
the desirable
suckers
are
taken wire
from
the
well-manured tilled, horizontal

a
soil,either
old stools in autumn, foot apart in a a in clusters of
planted in deeply
row
to be
or
yard high, or
tied to 5 to form
a a
60
FRUIT
"
continued.
be
clump
to
and
within
6 ins. of the the
The
fruiters of The
supported by a strong stake, and are then cut back established. ground, they will quickly become be pruned away and after bearing, the one year may
young annual ing which will be the fruiters of the followshallow. should be of Top dressings digging weevil fruitfulness. A sometimes vigour and
shoots
giveplaceto
year.
manure
will sustain
attacks
at
Raspberries,and night while feeding.

Hornet,
October
"
should The
Red
be
shaken
are
off
autumn
on
to tarred
boards
following (the last for

delicious
can
good
fruit
Strawberry (Fragaria). This
lative, Superbearing). occupies an almost

a
varieties:
unique
inasmuch position,
as
it
be fruited formation may within of

a
within of
year
of the
therefore the
plant, and be brought cropping scheme

if desired.
the
kitchen up for
garden
culture
Taking
suitable smallest of well
coarse
little room,
in
a
it is the
bed
gardens;
the
and
Strawberries take
might place of vegetables which

to than
very
the
are
often
more
allowed
space in little deserve

THINNING Those marked
THE
far occupy their merits Soil

:
places.
BLOOMS
OF
FORCED
Strawberries
^"o
will grow
in most
be
picked off.
soils, heavy or light.They like fertile loarn, but they a friable,
give good results on well-worked sandy clay,and also on light, it is well manured. Fair be from thin, can provided got crops soil Manure Two barrow-loads : by manuring liberally. chalky per of decayed yard manure, rod or 30 cartloads supplemented per acre will give heavy be of artificial, by 6 Ib. or 8 cwt. as the case may
will soil crops. The artificial may
same
consist
of 3
parts kainit, 2
limeless
must
(or the
on
quantity
of young be done from
used
of basic
slag on
nitrolim, provided it is turned
externally Planting : May if young pot plants are

a
bed
well in, but kainit Strawberries, or it
phate superphosand i of soil), not be spread
of
will kill the
plants.
in
September
they could
strike
to
May
put
in
inclusive
in small
"
fact,
if
be
during summer
it would is
not
desired. order
to
Most be
fruit dealers
to execute the
Strawberries
at
pots in
be time
able
orders open. made
safe to lift plant. The

1
plants from
rows
8 ins.
apart
be may in the rows.
quickly cleared spring. Propagation

other
crop Those
to a good apart, and the plants set Spring Onions, early Lettuces, or some be put between the rows the first may 30
periods when Early autumn

ins.
who
wish
to
raise
their
own
plants
soil in
of 3 -in. pots firmly with which the first form the set on plantlets July, in them with stone and a or position keep peg. should fill a number
light, loamy
runners
In
they will have

and
rooted
But
planted.
and freely, plantsshould
may
not
be cut away to form be allowed
the soil, on 6 weeks about from the runner any

runners
first year. plants are Fruiting : Strong young that fruit the first year bear is, the summer some struck. Long, clean straw should be spread between the
"
161
quite likelyto after being

the
rows
when
they
come
into
If the
bloom,
to straw cut
partly to prevent
is removed
protect
fruit
at the
the from
flowers
against a
soiled in
late
wet
frost, but weather.

cleared
bear
a
mainly
the
being
off, runners
splendid
upon
the
crop
and away, the second
the
end of summer, soil stirred, the Thereafter

are
the weeds
will turn
and
are
treatment.
If the
year. beds
the
plants will cropping

annually
well dressed
in with artificial manure in summer, given liquidmanure the the form of sulphate of potash and superphosphate between in February, they will yieldgood crops for several years. On rows if not the other the to and allowed are beds are hand, get crowded, A the fruit soon small. becomes properly cleaned and manured, few plants in most beds fail to bloom, and they should be destroyed,
as
if left
runners
may
be
stock
of Strawberries
barren in
or
plants spring should
from taken increased. either
them
inadvertently, and
Those
who
the want
Forcing :
the
in
purpose,
shift home-raised
buy plants ready prepared for plants from small into 6-in. pots
a
September, using loamy soil with nice plump The a plants will make They can be put into a gently heated
temperature
of
dash
of leaf mould
and
sand.
55"
the
to
65" will be
fruitingcrown in January or later. house better than a very high one.

the
before
winter.
A A
run
place near
up
the and
glassis desirable, otherwise

Water fruit be poor. dozen and weak liquidmanure
A
flower should
stems
will
enough to given while the crop is swelling. Mildew Strawberries much are : subject to which whitens often the mildew, foliagecompletely. The best remedy is liver of sulphur,which, however, is only effectual when the crystalsare kept perfectlyfresh up to the time of use in a sealed will suffice. The receptacle. Half an ounce per gallon of water and has is smell. It thus made offensive must be an liquid green, used at the first stage of attack. Varieties : For earliness,productiveness, and there is no Strawberry superior good flavour combined to Royal Sovereign. Other good all-rounders are Sir Joseph Paxton, and Bedford is One of the best late sorts Reward, Champion. Givon's Late Prolific. are Royal Sovereign and Sir Joseph Paxton the two market most Bedford but varieties, Champion important and who Those want to make berry StrawTrafalgarare gaining favour. in End jam quantity should grow the little variety Grove The remark Scarlet, as it keeps its shape well. same applies to de Thury. Vicomtesse Hericart Perpetual Strawberries : The nonof who reads Strawberries that give large crops every professional month if he likes, but he may, in the year should remain sceptical, of Laxton's try a few rows Perpetual or St. Joseph, as these smallbear successional fruited varieties certainly crops. Walnut is hardly a fruit for small (Juglans regia). The Walnut gardens, but it is ornamental enough to claim a place in a large It is garden, and also in parks, while the nuts are highlyesteemed. and in thrives soils most unless a tree, hardy very poor, dry, and
weakly
each
fruits will be be
plant.
"
shallow.
The
and
nuts stored
are
thrashed
use
down
in their thick
coats
in
early
autumn,
for
in winter.
62
of which
"
Hybrid fruits.
some are
There
dealt most
are
several
under
hybrid
their
own
fruits
names
available
in
now,
with
this work.
The
important (see p. 151). The StrawberryIt is a Raspberry is of no importance, as the flavour is very poor. with herbaceous a white, Japanese plant, hardy perennial, fumed perflowers. The berries are globular and dark in colour, and the new wood. The borne between are on reputed origin a cross The and is doubtful. Japanese WineStrawberry Raspberry very is is and a a berry hardy shrub, species (Rubus phoenicolasius) which bears red fruit in clusters, ripe in summer. It is juicy and
Loganberry
is the
" "
sweet
and
largeform
The
with
Mahdi bears dark also a good Fuchsia
Austen The Dewberry is a preserve. fruit of good flavour ; it thrives in damp sites. is a hybrid between Raspberry and Blackberry, and The Raspberry-likefruit of good flavour. Lowberry is
makes
good
black
hybrid.
"
Fuchs. after Herr This Ord. Onagrarieae) (fu-chsia, few has admirers. There are more graceful plant plants many and the culture is not difficult. elegant and pleasing, Bud-dropping in be avoided with is the only serious defect, and that can care watering (seeWatering). The Fuchsia thrives in a cool greenhouse if in summer, be grown and window a as plant with success may and ventilated. When pushed on by repotting properly watered specimens of great size may be grown, and such plants,6 or 7 ft. high and laden with flowers, are very beautiful objects; but smaller
.
plants
These
in
useful more 5 -in. or 6-in. pots are of be by cuttings got striking may young
in root
more
in
to
most
gardeners.
about 3 ins. if covered
shoots
be
sandy compost long spring; they 6 ins. high the tops may by a bell-glass. When A compost freelybranched plants will follow.
mould
i
part,
the to
and
sand
will
suit them.
soon come
With
surely pinched off,and of loam 3 parts, leaf adequate moisture

At and
they
the
will grow
season
rapidly,and
water
can
into be
in
bloom.
the
the
end
of
supply
be
should
stored
reduced any
brought
for the house
rest.
winter;
and
a
They in springcan syringed. They may

and
be retarded
then
plants dry, frost-proof place by being put in a warm

pruned
The
hard back to
are
be
encourage good varieties:
fresh
"
lot
of shoots
from
the
base.
following
Single.
Countess Loveliness of Aberdeen
Double. Avalanche Ballet

Miss
Girl
Lye's
Rose The
Excelsior of Castile for the in mild

roots
Lucy
and In
Finnis
Phenomenal
hardy speciesare often used after year, making largebushes

is well
autumn. to
garden,
districts. after
come
up
year
cold
places it
put
The
some
litter
over are
the
following
good:
macrostema
The Riccartoni, scarlet. red; macrostema scarlet, and its white variety are sometimes
in down cutting them gracilis, purplishspecies corymbiflora, under glass. grown
Fumigation.
"
which
is what
tobacco-paper in plant-houses, gardeners understand by fumigation, has largely
The
burning
of
given place to vaporisationwith
nicotine.
other
cones
163
One
"
containing a preparation of
and florists.
or
"
The
cones
are
sold
by
seedsmen
a fortnight practised periodically say once through the growing season. Fungi, Fungicide. A fungus is a low vegetable organism devoid of chlorophyll, and from host a deriving its nitrogen and carbon dead. There of which feed numbers or are plant,living large fungi and on which live livingplants, they are called parasites. Those of these on termed are decaying matter saprophytes. Some fungi referred the are to under Bordeaux they attack. plants which Mixture is the best of of one (which see) fungicides. Sulphide of is also flowers of potassium good. Dry sulphur destroys mildew.
"
should
be
Fostite, Strawsonite,
Vermorite,
and
Woburn
Bordeaux
a
paste
colour
are
good proprietaryfungicides. Condy's fluid of and good.
pink
is safe
Funkia, Plantain
"
un-kia, Lily (f
Whin.
the
after Herr
Funk.
Qrd.
Liliaceae)
.
See
Bulbs.
or
"
Furze, Gorse,
It is many
a
The
common
Furze
is Ulex
and
well-known
months of
occupant of heathy, sandy wastes,
europaeus. is in bloom
The double-flowered (florepleno) is year. it be particularly good; propagated by cuttingsin spring or may autumn. the Irish but is Strictus, Furze, is a variety of europaeus, not a free bloomer. Nanus is a dwarf species, blooming in autumn.
'
Gaillardia Annuals
in freely
are
and
summer.
after M. (gaillard-ia, with rich perennials, The form annuals

are
Gaillard. brown
and
varieties
For
Ord. Compositae). yellow flowers, borne of pulchella and picta,

"
sold
in mixed is
a
Lorenziana
packets by of picta with

are
seedsmen. tubular
are
culture,
see
Annuals.
florets.
The
perennial
are or
named Gaillardias, of which hybrids of G. aristata, and in
varieties frame
becoming known,
division winter.
are
propagated by
through
the
by
tings cut-
autumn,
kept
in
handsome
as
plants for
the
herbaceous
border, and
not
They are particular

and
to soil.
Galanthus, Snowdrop
flower, referringto
Bulbs. Galax Ord. is
the
from (galan-thus, white flowers.
gala, milk,
Ord.
anthos,
"
Amaryllideae).
the
See
(ga-lax,from gala, milk, referringto of this genus Diapensiaceae). One member

"
aphylla, a pretty hardy rockery

Its white flowers
are
white flowers. and is grown, that plant, attractive both in leaf and
in
summer.
.
"bloom.
borne
a
It likes
and
a
very
deal
with friable soil,such as leaf mould of grit. Propagation is by division
fourth
of loam
good
in autumn.
See the
Botanical
Magazine,
to be
t. 754.
Galega, Goat's Rue good for cows.
and
vigorousborder
between its white officinalis and may

be
by division
from gala, milk ; formerly supposed (gale-ga, Leguminosae). One of our most brilliant anywhere and easily thriving plants, propagated and November April. Both the lilac species
Ord.
"
variety alba should

if desired Garden
"
be
grown.
The
when
gated-leaved variein full
vigour in
summer.
See
grown Flower
; it becomes
green Herbaceous plants.
164
Galtonia. Gardenia
"
See
Hyacinthus
after
candicans Dr. is does
and
Bulbs. Ord. of neat
(garde-ma,
Garden. flowers
Rubiaceae).
"
Producing white, strongly scented

size, Gardenia
warm,
shape
and
venient con-
florida in
popular plant.
best
when
It thrives
in
moist be
of
atmosphere, and
grown loam
however,
compost part each,

be
a
with
pots, 6-in. and and dried cow manure 3 parts, leaf mould A suits it. of 60" to 70" should sand, temperature
is
planted out; it may, /-in. being suitable sizes.

i
provided in winter. Propagation in spring. in bottom heat bell-glass

florida,of which
Garlic. See the double white Others
by cuttingsinserted
are
under of
There
several known.
varieties
G. has
is the
are
best
Variegata
and radicans.
yellow-margined leaves.
"
Fortuneana
Kitchen
Garden.
"
Garrya (gar-rya,after Mr. Garry. Ord. Cornaceae). The one is a hardy evergreen shrub, speciesgrown to any extent, elliptica, in flowers It is soil. not to as producing yellow spring. particular is in September. See a by cuttings under Propagation bell-glass the Botanical t. 1686. Register,
after Dr. Gaulther. Ord. Gaultheria, Wintergreen (Gaulthe-ria, of this small genus esteemed are Ericaceae). One or two members for the rock shrubs that thrive garden. They are small evergreen in peaty soil and ridge the Partare propagated by layers. Procumbens, Berry,has white flowers in July. Shallon has white flowers in spring. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 2843.
"
from (gaza-nia, gaza, richness, alluding to the brilliant Ord. flowers. Compositae). Half-hardy plants suitable for the flower garden in summer. Splendens is the most commonly grown, it' bears and flowers. Ordinary friable soil suits it, and it orange be propagated by cuttingsunder in summer. a bell-glass may
"
Gazania
Ord. Leguminosae) name. (genis-ta, Virgil's allied to Cytisus. They are These are easilygrown, thriving in most soils,and propagated by cuttingsin a frame. Hispanica,the its varieties; and the Broom; Greenweed, tinctoria, Spanish Dyer's and .and virgata are the principal See Broom sorts. Cytisus.
"
Genista, Broom
after Gentius, King of Illyria. Ord. Gentiana, Gentian (gentia-na, of account valuable of Alpines,on the most Gentianeae). Among
"
their
brilliant
The in
a
blue
flowers, which
are
unexcelled
for may
has
richness
of
"colour. from
no
seed choicer
Alpine specieslike a peaty soil. divided or greenhouse in spring,

for to rockwork.
"
They
in
"
spring.
be raised There are
flowers
Gentian-blue The
become
popular expression Gentians: -principal

"
indicate
brilliance.
following are
the
Acaulis, blue, spring, Magazine, t. 52). 4 ins. high (Botanical 2 ft. Andrewsii, blue, summer, alba, white, i ft. (Bot.Mag., t. 1078). blue, earlysummer, asclepiadea, alba, white. Bavarica, blue, summer, 3 ins. Gentian. 2 ft.,yieldsthe commercial .lutea, yellow,summer,
,,
septemfida,blue, summer, 9 ins. (Bot.Mag., tt. ins. blue, verna, (Bot.Mag., t. 491). spring,3
alba, white Walujewi, pale blue, early summer.
Geonoma in
one
165
1410).
1229
and
that skill skilled, conveying (geono-ma, from genomos, is Ord. is propagation required. Palmae). Geonoma gracilis of the best of room and should be included in any collection plants, in small pots. of palms grown For culture, see Palms.
"
Geranium,
to the
Cranesbill
(gera-nium,
beak-like Geraniums
summer.
The
true
from projection are hardy
flowers
in
They
are
Geraniaceae). plants, with bright 'not particularas to soil, and are

"
from geranos, the seed. Ord.
crane,
in
sion allu-
herbaceous
sion easilypropagated by -diviin spring, also by seeds. Such speciesas argenteum, with light red flowers and silvery leaves; armenum, purple; Endressi, rose; san-
guineum, crimson,
and
its
variety Lancastriense, rose worth are striped, growing

in every herbaceous The Zonal Geranium
we
border. which
grow ribbon both

and
as
as
border
as a
summer,
summer a
bedding and plant in pot plant for

and
winter,
orna-
window-box
warm
HOW
TO
"
PLANT
LEGGY
"
ZONAL
GERANIUM.
ment not
a
for the
true
season,
is
no
Geranium.
Most
It has
modern
real
rightto
and P.
the name,
we
of the
the
varieties
of what
for it is a Pelargonium. call Geraniums
derived hence flower
from
the
Pelargonium
other
from
term
Zonal;
Zonal
as
if
tinguishe inquinans. They are disPelargoniums by having a marked leaf, this is used regularlythere is no fear of
not hold entire sway in the did in years gone by, because borders of the vogue; but are still used they are do
Zonale
confusion.
The
now,
Geraniums
garden
A
they
be
hardy
about
herbaceous
start
plants
may
of
largely.
of young plants ins. may apart in but not manured soil. These will flower ously continuwell-dug unless it the is wet. Pick off decaying summer, through very trusses thrown are regularly; fresh ones up continuously. About mid -August a piece of ground in a sunny be raked over spot may
a
made
by buying
be
stock
the
middle
May, heavily
which
planted
18
shoots, 3 or 4 ins. long, taken cuttings of the young underneath of their lower a leaves, and joint,divested firmly 2 ins. deep. Or cuttings may be put 4 ins. apart in
boxes
and
a
and
off
just
inserted shallow
of
sandy
a
soil.
They
that
will make
very
little growth before
spring,
on
it is not
desirable
cool house
they
which
should.
They
can
be wintered A
In
shelf in
from
frost is excluded.
few
of the
old plants may be tied in bundles, and
lifted in November, trimmed root in cool cellar a as a reserve. hung
and
branch,
spring the
66
be potted old (but the former or preferred), may plants, young or pit until the singly into 3 -in. or 4-in.,and stood in a frame for of them be for planting; or some time comes potted-on may in To in house bloom heated in the a get greenhouse. flowering until strike cuttings in spring, winter repot the plants as required twice to make them or in once are bushy, and 6-in., pinch they then until fast show buds the as out flower as November, they pick
let them
come a
into
bloom.
Loam,
with Zonal
little leaf mould Geraniums

are
and
some
sand, makes
suitable
compost.
generally
blotched
will become and insects free from diseases, but the foliage The to decay on allowed them. if the fallingpetals are are good varieties:
"
following
For Beckwith's Paul
Bedding.
Pink gated varie-
Saxonia, scarlet
Sir T.
Hanbury,
Doubles
blush
Crampel, scarlet of Spring, silver Flower

Mrs.
Mr.
Venus, white
for Pots.
Pollock, golden variegated Henry Cox, dark variegated
Singles for Pots.

Carmania, salmon-rose Hatfield, pink Lady Warwick, Picotee
Colossus, crimson Calif ornie, orange Rosa Bonheur, pink Pierre Loti, rose King of Denmark, salmon
Raspail Improved,
edge
Hermione,
white
scarlet
Ord. after Herr Gerber. Gerbera, Barberton Daisy (ger-bera, The beautiful Gerbera is modern a Compositae). Jamesoni quite South from plant in European gardens, having being introduced in 1889 (seethe Africa Botanical Magazine, t. 7087). It arrested its large,starry, brilliant scarlet flowers, instant attention, with and in hand soon being taken promptly by the hybridists, gave different colours. There is now The quite a range of hues. plant is not sheltered have should a quite hardy, and if grown outdoors in a best It is treated as a place. perhaps pot plant,being grown
"
frame
of
or
cool
greenhouse.
Seed
in
a warm
sandy compost
of
loam
be
and
sown
peat
in
equal parts
suits it.
is
procurable,and
or
may
in pans
greenhouse in spring, the seedlings and Five-inch repotted as desired. being pricked off,potted singly, and soil the consist of loam with a third of pots are largeenough, may If growths from and sand. be secured leaf mould the base can some they may be used as cuttings. The plants come readilyfrom seed
sown
sandy soil
frame
in
greenhouse
repotted
as
in
spring,the
Conrad
seedlingspricked off, potted

Ord.
and singly,
needed. Gesner.
Gesnera
after (gesne-ra,
warm-house
Gesneraceae)
.
"
plants, with large, rough leaves and flowers tubular borne loosely on long stems. The flowers are mostly both and abundant brilliant,so that the plants are very showy. The tubers should be started They are suitable for pots or baskets. heat in in bottom in February, and a potted compost of loam and leaf mould dried cow manure i 3 parts, part each, and sand. in 6-in. pots. be flowered Give and house warm a They may
Very
brilliant
plenty
of moisture
until
they
come
into
bloom,
when
they
may
go
to
a
67
cooler
scarlet and
and
white
are
white,
flowering. Cardinalis, ref ulgens, violet ; maculata, purple,spotted; and good. Dry
them
house.
off after
Geum,
Avens
(ge-um, from
root.
geyo,
to
stimulate, owing
"
to
the
perties pro-
Rosaceae). orange-flowered plants,blooming in spring and early summer. floweringearly and long,they are any soil,and useful. For Flower Garden Herbaceous see culture, plants. very Chiloense scarlet and its t. (coccineum), (Botanical Register, 1088), and montanum, variety miniatum; yellow, with its varieties, are
herbaceous hard}'Thriving in almost
"
of
the
Ord.
Brilliant
most
grown. after (gil-ia, Seiior

about
Gilia
and there grows
summer.
Gilio.
Ord.
Polernoniaceae). The
"
most
popular members
alba, which
is
a
of this small grow finer

a
the hardy annuals tricolor are genus foot high and bloom in summer; but the
much
about
30 ins. It is best treated in the
plant in high and
is illustrated Gillenia genus much It the of
Botanical
which speciescoronopifolia, produces beautiful rosy flowers in biennial as a (seeBiennials). Tricolor t. 3463. Magazine,
old
Gillenius. Ord. after (gille-nia, herbaceous plants,only one hardy For and
Rosaceae).
" "
small
grown.
culture, see
white
Flower in
Garden
of which, trifoliata, is Herbaceous plants.
produces red
Botanical
"
flowers
July
and
grows
3 ft. high. See

and
Magazine, t.
The
It
489.
for
Gilliflower. Stocks.
and
old
name
Carnations, Wallflowers,
It
was
speltin various
Gillivor.
the Indian
scent.
clove
Gilofre, ways, includingGillyflower, from caryophyllus, the name of probably originated of the clove tree, Caryophyllus aromaticus, because
Tree
Ginkgo,
"
Maidenhair
(Gink-go, the
is one the of the Maidenhair
as a
Coniferae). Ginkgo biloba resembling that of foliage and therefore rapidly, may
It thrives
near
most
Ord. name. distinct of Conifers, its Fern. It does not grow

tree in small gardens. well-drained fertile soil.
Japanese
be used
lawn
towns,
It may
sown as
planted Propagation in spring. There several garden forms are and pyramidalis. laciniata, fastigiata,
in heat
"
be
will grow in any in autumn or spring.
and
is
by
seeds
of it, such
Gladiolus of the
from gladius, to a sword, referring (gladi-olus, leaves. Ord. Irideae). See Bulbs. Thorn.
"
the
shape
Glastonbury Glaucium,
allusion genus Horned
of to the
See
Crataegus.
"
Horned
colour
from glaukos, in Poppy (glau-cium, grey-green, Ord. Papaveraceae) of the leaves. A small
.
Poppies, the Poppy;

from seed
in
most
it bears
of which large yellow flowers does

not
familiar
is
luteum, the yellow

summer.
in
It may
be raised
and spring,
soil. requirespecial
Glaucous, greyish-green.
Gleichenia small genus rhizomes on
of ferns
after (gleiche-nia, requiringa of the
Herr
warm
Gleichen. house.
Ord.
They
form
Filices).A creeping
"
the surface
soil.
Peat, with
broken
sandstone,
68
a
Propagation is by and are Circinata, flabellata, rupestris good compost.
several Amaranth. Flower. Thistle.
"
forms
division the
spores. There
spring, or principal species.
in
are
varieties
"
of each.
Globe Globe Globe
See
Gomphrena.
See Trollius, See
"
Echinops.
from in reference to the gloriosus,glorious, (glorio-sa, Ord. Liliaceae) ."Gloriosa is brilliant a superba and hothouse twiner, with long orange are yellow flowers which It should be repotted, when curiously contorted. required, in the pots get very The crowded. January; but that is only when of should taken be of the offsets for some removing opportunity Gloriosa beautiful flowers.
in summer, in It likes plenty of moisture but none loam and in equal parts, with Peat The winter. sand, suit. in the Botanical is shown Magazine, t. 5216. * varietygrandiflora
fresh
stock.
Glory
The
Pea.
"
See
Clianthus. P.
most
Gloxinia Gloxinia
(gloxm-ia, after
is
one
B.
Gloxin. beautiful
Ord. and
Gesneraceae).
"
of the
of all tuberous-rooted abundance of
plants,for it
takes in the
produces broad, handsome

one
leaves
large, bell-shapedflowers.
rank
as
of the
and It is very easy to grow, therefore Heat is required best plants for amateurs.
early stages of growth, but

are
they type
best
had
when the plants come into bloom the flowers last well. The old cool house, where class has erect ones. drooping flowers, but the modern in
a
Gloxinias tuberous months. from seed
may
be
raised
from
seed
in winter
can
in the
same
way
a
as
Begonias, and By using or

of bloom
can
good plants withholding heat

Those
store the
be
do
flowered
not in
in less than
for different wish winter

a
batches
to raise
cession suc-
be had. in
who
plants
of of each
Begonias
leaf mould may
in
year may every and restart them

and
tubers
like those fourth
spring. Loam,
with
decayed
manure
also be effected be
in
and some sand, is suitable. gation Propathe stalk either leaf leaves, by inserting
sandy soil,or nicking the

may
tubers
rarely grown
Goat's Goat's Godetia
laying it in the soil. divided in spring. The species of Gloxinias to gardens nowadays, attention being devoted
and
midrib
The
are
the
florists' varieties.
Beard, Spiraea aruncus.
Rue, Galega.
(gode-tia,after
M. Godet. Ord.
"
ful Onagrarieae) Beautifor their profusion of large, brilliant hardy annuals, remarkable flowers and late flowering. For culture, see Annuals Hardy. The varieties: Dwarf Double Pink, Rose, Schaminii followingare good flore pleno, double pink; Lady Albemarle, carmine; and Duchess
.
"
of
Albany,
Golden Golden
white.
"
Botanists See
"
refer the
genus
to
Oenothera.
Chain.
Laburnum.
once
Feather.
Parthenium botanists.
popular plant is the Chrysanthemum folium aureum) of the (formerly Pyrethrum partheni For culture, see Chrysanthemum,
This
[den Rod.
"
169
This
perennial
the
is the
unite, in reference
botanists.
the
graceful,late-blooming, hardy herbaceous from solidare, to Solidago virg-aurea (solida-goj to the healingproperties. Ord. Compositae) of
in almost
a
It will thrive
any
soil,but
It is
does
are
best
on
cool, moist forms, but
peat, where
common
it becomes
serves
noble
object.
There
several
when
well grown.
easily gated propa-
by
Gold
division.
"
Fern.
See
Gymnogramme. (or Aster) Linosyris.
Goldilocks. Gold
"
Chrysocoma
Amaranth of the
Thread, Coptis trifoliata.

flowers.
"
Gomphrena, Globe to the form referring
(gomphre-na, from gomphos, a club, Ord. Amarantaceae) Pretty half-hardy annuals, well adapted for cool greenhouses in summer. The popular species is globosa, which has small roundish red flowers,
.
like little crimson flowers
balls.
There
to be
are
several
varieties,and
"
in all the
are so as persistent They are easily raised from seed to soil. See Annuals as particular
suitable under
"
for use as everlastings." glassin spring,and are not Half-hardy.
Good Garden.
King
Henry
or
Mercury
Mr.
(Chenopodium).
"
See
Kitchen
J.Goodyer. Ord. Orchidaceae) Tuberous-rooted terrestrial Orchids, thrivingin peat with a fourth of leaf mould, and propagated by young shoots with a portion of tuber. for their beautifully marked leaves. color, Disare They grown and the Pubescens velutina, are pubescens, principal species. (Botanical Magazine, t. 2540) is hardy; the others require a warm
after Goodyera (goodye-ra,
" .
house.
Gooseberry.
"
See Furze.
Fruit.
Gorse.
"
See
from curbita,a gourd. Ord. Cucur(cucur-bita, bitaceae). A very largeclass,bearing fruits of different shapes and colours. all be grown as They may half-hardy annuals the same Marrows Kitchen as (see Vegetable Garden). They are suitable for arches. a nd The following of over are a few growing againstpillars the most popular kinds:
Gourd,
Cucurbita
"
"
Egg-shaped Hubbard Squash Ohio Squash Grafting.

"
Summer Turk's Yokohama of may into
Crookneck
Cap
useful
one..
The
a
process
is an interesting and grafting be

a
By
a
its
means
variety
changed,
"
stock
fruit tree, and a Brier is a form of grafting which in full
Rose.
Budding
in summer,
converted Fruit and (see when

in
"
into
Roses)
sap done
plants are growth. spring,when the is beginning to flow strongly. Indoor which is pracgrafting, tised with Roses, Clematises, and other popular plants,is generally
Outdoor
is done
the
graftingis best
done
in winter
in
a
"
warm
house. is
Outdoor
grafting. This
generallylimited
one
can
to
fruit trees.
If to
a variety is unsatisfactory, stronger
be
grafted on
it.
170
This
dormant
is done
by taking
few
shoots
of the
in a in winter, and putting them which action in the trees (an when the sap moves slightchange in the buds), the tops are shortened the
variety while cool, shady place,then,

chosen
can
be told
by
and
to
stumps,
graftscut
"each with
up 4 dormant
into
piecesabout
buds. The
the lower
size of inch
Turkish
cigarette,
wedge-
is sliced down
dealt The stumps are now point at the base. shaped, with : a slit the length of the wedge-shaped slice is cut in the two sides, and the edges of the bark gently raised; the graftis slipped of union, with raphia. To further the chances in and tied securely
taperingto
WHIP
A.
OR
TONGUE
GRAFTING.
GRAFTING
FRUIT
TREES.
B.
Scion prepared. 4. First cut. 5. Second 6. Point of raising the tongue. cut. inserted in stock cut with a tongue Scion it. to receive
"
Whip
cut.
or
tongue grafting First See also A, B, in
accompanying figures.
melted candle; composition wax paint all over the cut part some the following, melted a fire : 6 parts resin, or together in a pot over will exclude The wax the air. Some i tallow. 2 beeswax, grafters end the of horse same cow a compound by plastering manure, gain in a largecone round the grafts and loam the graft. When manure, begin to grow it is a good plan to tie flower sticks to the clumps and the graftsto the sticks, as a safeguard against their being attach in shady places. They should blown out; but this is not necessary
be in active
"
growth
within
month.
The
process
is called
"
"
crown
Where Paradise, Crab, Quince, or other stocks are young different dealt As a rule, nurserywith, a being system is necessary. men such first bud as stocks, and the process is the same budding
grafting.
Roses. above
6
One
the
bud
is inserted
in the
stem
of each
the shoot
"
stock
few
the
inches
ing follow-
ground. spring; but should

the
If it remains
fresh
it fail the
and A
ins. from
ground
cut
top of grafted.
is made
the stock Here
grows is taken
"
off about
grafting is performed.
half way
slice is made
a
whip upwards in
downwards.
(" tongue ")

stock, and
The
the
along the
face
cut
graftis
prepared with a slice and a cut (upward and downward case, however), the two are fitted together, tied, and waxed. of expert propagators Indoor grafting. This is the work
also
"
171
in this
in
series, nur-
and
is
rarely
is
on
done
outside
the
"
trade
"
establishments. The
The stock
process
is cut the
adopted
upwards
so
generallycalled
can
two
sides, forming
be is desirable.
centre
that
it
grafting. ridge,and the graftis slit up pressedgently on to the ridge or saddle

saddle
a
and
tied.
"
Bottom
heat
Grape.
See
Fruit.
"
Grape Hyacinth.
Grass.
"
See
Bulbs
"
Hyacinth.
Lawn.
See Flower
Garden
"
and
Grasses, Ornamental.
Green
See Annuals.
Fly.
" "
See
Aphides.
the grown
can
Greenhouse. many is no and glass, would

no
With be
to be
aid of which be
greenhouse,heated
have
to at
or
unheated,
there
plants may
have
be
omitted
done
where
flowers
produced
periodsof
they
was
procured by purchase or
the year when without if there
available. Greenhouses, therefore, are a plant structure At the the entail to useful auxiliary tional addisame time, they garden. these and and responsibility, sidered. things should be conexpense of many and and Greenhouses are sizes, they are shapes in but to various devoted large establishments, where purposes; has different glass structures, several there are a greenhouse is It intermediate not an a stove," house," a m eaning. specific it is "the a "pit," or a "conservatory;" greenhouse" mildly heated house, used mainly for bringing on young plants which are
"
"
"
"
"
to be flowered
in
conservatory.
a
With for
amateurs
of limited
means,
however,
well
the
greenhouse is
which
generalstructure, in which
is used
all kinds
of
floweringmature plants are grown, and plants as as bringing on young ones. Forms ing roof, leanof greenhouse. A greenhouse may have a single other it wall have or or a a roof, support; against may span each side supporting the other a against ridge-board. Against a make short dip, and rise again to the wall, low wall it may a rise, pound forming a hip." A plain span or lean-to is better than a com"
"
"
"
structure
for amateurs. The

4 be
Materials.
"
greenhouse
coats,
well and
should
.
consist with
2i-oz.
of
well-seasoned
timber, painted
glazed
glass
In
a
without roof
putty.
It should
suppliedwith
ventilators. side.
to rest
span
ventilator on each be at least one in sections is to be movable it should be made there should
and
a
If the structure
on
fixed to the freehold owner Urban
wall with
the
screws
turned
into
blocks.
In
loose bricks, the case of
house
"
building laws.
person may
the not
In
mortared brick walls. rest on may urban districts where building laws
a
apply, a
plans to
Unheated the year
round
of any district council, or corporation,

erect
greenhouse
not
kind
other
before
mitting sub-
authority.
bloom all
greenhouses.
"
It
will
be
possibleto by growing
get
the
from
an
unheated
house
ordinary
IJ2
GREENHOUSE
"
continued. and
but by using bulbs pot plants, will
generallybe
flowers.
The
garden plants as followingare available :

some
"
well there
Plants Various
raised
from
Seed.
half-hardy annuals
Annuals) (see
Auriculas, also offsets (see Auricula) Carnations, Marguerite and Grenadin (see Carnation)
Primroses Sweet Various Plants Peas and Flower Polyanthuses (see
Garden)
(seeSweet Peas) Alpine plants (seeFlower
Garden)
see (forparticulars,
from Bulbs, Tiibcvs,or Onsets

Lilies
Bulbs).
Arum
Hyacinths
Irises Liliums
Cannas Daffodils Freesias Gladioli
Canna) (see
Tulips
Plants Azaleas
from Cuttings.
(see Azalea) Camellia) (see Chrysanthemums (see Chrysanthemum) Geraniums, Zonal (see Geranium, Zonal) also from buds Roses, (seeRoses) Violets, also divisions and runners (see Violets)
Camellias Plants
propagated by Division. (seeBulbs) Dielytraspectabilis Spiraea Japonica (see Spiraea)
Christmas Deutzia
(seeBulbs) Deutzia) (see gracilis
Roses
The Auriculas, Primroses, Polyanthuses, Alpine plants, Arum in mild Lilies, various spells early bulbs, and Violets will bloom will in The of bulk the bulbs the or winter, 'earlyspring. during
in flower Camellias. will and
spring, followed
The bloom
or
accompanied
by
the
Azaleas
and
Spiraea, Sweet
Roses winter.
Carnations, various annuals, Deutzia, Dielytra, and Peas, Cannas, Gladioli, Liliums, Geraniums,
in
summer.
The Roses
"
Chrysanthemums,
bloom
in autumn
Zonal and
niums, Gera-
Christmas
will
"
early
greenhouses. A temperature ranges from

Cool
"
cool
45"
to
former
be
figureeven
in it:
"
in very
cold
in which the greenhouse is one below the in not winter, 50" falling The following weather. plantsmay
grown
Plants Abutilon Acroclinium Alonsoa Balsam
from Seeds. (seeAbutilon)
Calceolaria, herbaceous
ceolaria) (seeCal-
(see Annuals) Alonsoa) (see (seeAnnuals)
Begonia (see Begonia)
Campanula pyramidalis Biennials) Carnations (see Carnation) Celosias (see Annuals)
(see
continued. from Seeds Cineraria) (see Coleuses (seeColeus) Cyclamen (see Bulbs)
"
173
Plants
Sweet Zinnias
Peas
Cinerarias
Verbenas
Annuals) (see Annuals) (see

raised
Diascia Francoas
Gerberas Gloxinias Grevillea
(seeAnnuals) (seeFrancoa) (seeGerbera) (seeGloxinia)

robusta
Plants Acacias
from Cuttings.
Acacia) (see themum) Chrysanthemums (see ChrysanColeus) (see (seeCytisus) Cytisus racemosus Fuchsias (seeFuchsia) Geraniums, Zonal (see Geranium) Hydrangeas (seeHydrangea) Oleanders Nerium) (see Pelargoniums (seePelargonium) Plumbagos (seePlumbago) Salvias (seeSalvia) Solanums (see Solanum) Offsets (seeBulbs).
Gladioli Coleuses
(see Grevillea) Humea elegans (see Humea) Mignonette (see Annuals) Musk (see Mimulus) Petunias (seeAnnuals) Primulas (seePrimula) Rhodanthe (see Annuals) Schizanthuses (see Annuals) Streptocarpuses (see Streptocarpus)
Plants
Arum
from
Bulbs
or
Lilies
Clivias Daffodils Freesias Plants Lilac
Hyacinths
Liliums
Tulips
propagated by Budding
! Rose
or
Graftinp.
for in the forced
(see Lilac)
be
seen
(seeRoses)
It will
the latter
that
are
uiiheated
house
of the kinds recommended good many for the cool structure; also available flower the
earlier.
they may be expected to of Warm greenhouse. Some

"
preceding
will
kinds In
can
be for
earlier bloom, and for the flower seedlings into

a
the
structure
also be
useful
a
raising
the each
and
kitchen
gardens.
60" where
own can
house
in which
minimum
winter
followingplants may plant is dealt with separatelyunder

Achimenes Allamandas
be
temperature of ; except grown

its
be otherwise
obtained
stated
name:
"
Bulbs) (see
Gardenias Gesneras
Amaryllises
Anthuriums
Hoyas Impatiens
Ixoras
Begonias Bougainvilleas
Bouvardias Caladiums Carnations Clerodendrons Cockscombs
Crotons
Jacobinias
Jasmines Justicias
Lapagerias
Lily of the Nepenthes
Poinsettias
Valley (see Bulbs)
Dipladenias
Eucharises Exacum
Stephanotis Thunbergias
Torenias
174
GREENHOUSE
" "
continued. houses should
run
Aspect. Span-roof
houses
In
north
as
and
south.
Lean-to
should
"
Heating.
should may
is the
This
face south, or as near is a subject that it is
it
must
possible.
have
careful
consideration.
of oil and
more
large houses
be
only
The
question of which
structures
a
particularfire-boiler
gas difficult
be used, but considered. of

9
with
smaller smaller
the claims
fire-boiler is the
task be
stokingit
or
alightfor
may
and
chosen
can
and dampering it in such a way to keep it as hours. consecutive oil On this heaters account 10 The for very small houses. types in which a lamp outside
A fumes
run a
boiler
to
be fixed
are
the
house,
are
"
and
connected
with
set jurious in-
of how be
pipes within,
ready
a
safest. thick
"
slightsmell
up wide
of
petroleum
is not
plants, but
flame
a
is to
deadly, and every one knows an spontaneously. Whenever

should clean daily, The lightshould be of
oil stove
is set inside
house,
wick, rubbed
kept
up wall
used, together with the best qualityof oil. low when till the danger-point first lit, and watched
is
running
in the
past.
two
For
small-medium
and
houses with
a
an
upright
flow
and
boiler
set
return 4~in. pipe pipesmay be jointed with india-rubber rings and end in an expansion cistern. They of houses should rise slightly For large ranges from the boiler. a be used. The flat boiler should of the pipes setting and fitting be a matter in buying the heating apparatus. should of contract
of the
house,
connected
along
sides and
one
end, may
be used.
The
Anthracite
and
coal,
house
or
refuse the
be used as coke, may cinders, for upright ones. The

be
fuel, with
little breeze
by
and
and practice
bars
observation. small should The be
fire should In the be
Stoking can be learned have a bright bottom,

The fiat-boiler
and
should
clear, last thing at night.
topped with some glowing embers

thrown
once
a
damp
drawn
fuel.
to
fire may furnace fresh
be
the
front,
cleared
the
fuel
well month.
"
back. The
most
ashes
should
daily and
the flues
Staging.
is
one
of consisting
and
durable flat stage, and the best for the plants, work framelarge slates restingon a strong wooden white shell
or
surfaced
weather.
with
shingle.
plants
many
This
can
be
kept
under
moist
in hot
"
is essential to Shading. Shade glass,notably Ferns, Cucumbers,

be
some
when
grown
and
and
Orchids;
while
said to be of
beneficial the
for all in hot
weather,
on
it may it lessens labour
by reducing
form drawn
necessityfor watering.
or
Movable
in dull
shading
or
in the
can
tiffany
under
scrim
cover
blinds
mounted of the and
rollers which
wet
be
is the and sold

as
up ideal.
at the
top
house
weather
The
the
largerseedsmen
makes
scrim;
latter
admirable
one
nurserymen A blinds. of the
supply tiffany cheap form of

as
shading
by
in
is to
paint
seedsmen.
the This
glass with
specialpreparations
well
bright weather.
Manure.
"
in dull remain on must, of course, in autumn. It should be removed
Green
See Manure.
"
after Mr. C. F. Greville. Ord. Proteaceae). (Grevill-ea, for the is a graceful plant, grown sake of its robusta Grevillea It is for useful slender and cut branches elegantly foliage. very Grevillea
mixing
for
room rooms.
175
with
other With may should
plant
also be used plants in a greenhouse, and may a in watering (see care Watering) and ventilating It is not quite be kept healthy for a long time. be
a
hardy, and
and
sown
withdrawn newspaper.
or
from
window may be
in cold raised
weather seed
protected with
in soil in
a
singly,and
spring,pricked off, potted good size for the final pot. repotted. a with a Loam and peat in equal parts, good deal of sand, make Botanical in the suitable compost. G. robusta is illustrated Magazine,
frame Six-inch is
a
Plants greenhouse in
from
t.
3184.
Ground
Ivy, Nepeta Glechoma.
Groundsel, Senecio
Guano.
"
vulgaris.
nitrogenous fertiliser. In addition to the coarse imported product, called Peruvian, there are refined forms, be used with It may such as Canary. specialadvantage to green rate of 2 the at oz. Onions yard. A thin per square vegetablesand in and watered the soil of well-rooted coat pot plants spread over be made is good. A useful liquidmanure by mixing half an may in a gallonof water. ounce
An
excellent
Guelder
Rose.
"
See
Viburnum.
"
Guernsey Lily (Nerinesarniensis).See Bulbs Gum,

Gum Blue.
"
and
Nerine.
See
"
Eucalyptus.
ladaniferus.
as
Cistus.
"
See Cistus Stone
Gumming.
are
fruits,such
gum, Summer
to
Plums,
Peaches, and
Cherriesv
while
the
liable to
are
exude
trees
leafless.
be
after hard pruning particularly pruning is preferable. The

across
branches Over-
should
not
allowed
be
luxuriance
should
grow checked
each
other
and See
rub.
by
root
pruning.
also Fruit.
Gunnera Gunnera
(gun-nera, after
scabra
is
a
J.
E.
Gunner.
Ord.
hardy
herbaceous
with perennial,
Halorageae). ing, spreadlarge,

"
A healthy plantmakes side. watera fine object by the hairy leaves. with leaf mould, a It likes plenty of peat and covering of litter in winter. Propagation is by division in spring.
Gymnogramme,
gymnos,
Gold and
fern, Silver
naked,
"
gramma,
(gymnogram-me, writing,alluding to the spore
fern
from
cases.
ferns beautiful for pots the most Filices).These are among culture of the basket and baskets; charming permits hanging in about colours being clearly seen. Loam, peat, and leaf mould in is heat (seeby spores equal parts, with sand, suit. Propagation Ferns). They need a good deal of water, with shade from hot sun in summer. Calomelanos chrysophylla,yellow; and schizophylla, forms several beautiful There kinds. the are are silvery, principal and the of of both. crested the pulchella, variety Elegantissima,
Ord.
latter
called Wettenhalliana
are
also very
good.
female, and! gyne, Ord. Gramineae).
"
Gynerium,
erion, wool,
Pampas
in allusion
Grass
to the
(gyne-rium, from woolly stigmas.

noblest
Gynerium argenteum silkywhite plumes in
is the
late summer,
of grasses, which remain
throwing
up long beautiful many
176
weeks
;
before The if the
frost touches them makes
a a
few
ma
y be
cut bed
for house
on
tion. decoraoutskirts
It
splendid positionis sheltered, and the soil well be planted in autumn is a hardy perennial,and may under glass in spring. Propagation is by seed, sown
Pampas
Grass of
a
the
lawn
drained.
or
spring.
to love a phileo, of Caryophylleae) plants,one species that spreads into a broad is a hardy perennial bush which, paniculata, of lace-like bloom and bears numerous ; it is good for mixing sprays be propagated by division, or raised from It may with cut flowers.
"
from Gypsophila (gypsoph-ila, lover.
gypsos, chalk,
" .
and
chalk
Ord.
Graceful
seed G. is
a
in
and spring,
thrives
as an
in most
soils.
There
is
double
.
variety.
G. repens
elegans is Gypsum
good
annual
(forculture, see Annuals)

for the
A
creeping white-flowered
For
suitable perennial,
"
rockery.
for
(Sulphateof lime).
this
reason
useful be
valuable fertiliser,
used
fixing
over a
ammonia.
manure
heap, spread
Ord.
in
it may thin coat.
with
advantage
Habenaria spur.
from (habena-ria, Orchidaceae). A

"
habena,
rein, in allusion
to
the
speciesof
garden.
in
the
which
are
hardy,
may
a
of Orchids, the most genus and thrive in sandy peat in

be
popular
the rock
Among
these
mentioned
bifolia, the
Butterfly
Orchis, which
grows
about
foot
high
and
and fimbriata, lilac. early summer; piecesbeing potted and started in a frame.
produces white flowers Propagation is by division,

Ord.
which
Haberlea
"
Herbaceous
after Professor Haberle. (haber-lea, the most popular of perennials,
is
Gesneraceae) rhodopensis,
.
for the rockery, where it thrives in peaty soil if a plant esteemed It may be propagated by seeds given a little protectionin winter. in spring on division in spring. It bears its lilac flowers stems or a t. few inches high. See the Botanical 6651. Magazine,
Habrothamnus.
"
See
Cestrum.
Haemanthus (haeman-thus, from haima, blood, and anthos, flower, Ord. referring to the colour. bulbs, Amaryllideae). Warm-house in third with loam of a thriving sandy peat, propagated by offsets, and and easilymanaged if given plenty of water in summer kept A little of the top soil should be removed dry in winter. every
"
spring and are following

scarlet, late
florus
fresh
a
substituted.
of the best:
The
flowers
.
are
brilliant.
The
few
Cinnabarinus, red, spring; coccineus,

t. tt. and multi1075);. 961 and 1995).
(see Botanical Magazine, scarlet, spring (Bot.Mag., (Kalbreyeri),

summer
"
Ha-ha.
sunk
fence.
after Dr. Hales. Ord. StryaHalesia, Snowdrop Tree (hale-sia, is H. beautiful small deciduous a tree, which ceae). tetraptera white flowers in bears charming Snowdrop-like July. It likes a in the sheltered shrubbery and a light, position loamy, well-drained soil. Propagation is by root cuttings in a frame in spring,or by but the bush be kept should seeds. Very little pruning is required,
"
shapely.
Hamamelis,
at
177
on
Witch
Hazel
to
(hamame-lis,from
the
hame,
together, and
the tree deciduous Hamamelideae) trees are valuable because they flower early in the year and will thrive in town gation gardens. They enjoy a good loamy soil. Propais by cuttingsand layers in autumn. Mollis is the best; it bare of leaves, is covered with yellow flowers at mid-winter, when This and Arborea is pleasantlyscented. also has yellow flowers.
mela, fruit,in allusion

the
same
flowers
and
time.
Ord.
"
fruit These
being
small
is the
Japonica of
the
Botanical
"
Magazine,
t.
6659.
with with
made Hand-glass or Hand-light. A small glasscase, sometimes useful for movable a protectinghalf-hardy light, top, very plants,or for keeping cuttingsclose until rooted; generallymade
a
cast-iron
frame.
"
Hardening-off.
term
used have The
to
the distinguish raised is
treatment
of
set of young plantswhich inured air. to the open
been
in heat, and
have
to be
process
generally performed by
putting them
Harebell
or
in
cold frame. rotundifolia.
Hairbell, Campanula
Fern,
Grass Davallia
Hare's-foot Hare's-tail Haricot. in Great

"
canariensis.
"
The
(Lagurus ovatus). See Annuals. ripeseeds of Kidney Beans. They rarely mature
Britain.
Harpalium (harpa-lium,after Harpalyce. Ord. Compositae)." with showy yellow flowers, propagated Hardy herbaceous perennials is now by division in spring. Rigidum, the only speciesgrown, botanists. called Heliantlms by rigidus Hart's-tongue Fern, Scolopendrium vulgare. A small Strawberry. See Fruit. Hautbois.
"
Hawkweed,
Hawthorn.
"
Hieracium.
Hazel, Nut
Heart' Heath.
s-ease.
"
Crataegus. (CorylusAvellana).
" "
See
See Fruit.
Hazel, Witch.
"
See Hamamelis. See
Pansy.
and Erica.
See Daboecia See Calluna.

"
Heather."
Heating.
stems.
"
See
Greenhouse.
from hedda to the cord, referring Hedera, Ivy (hed-era, (Celtic), would not Ord. Araliaceae). Many people recognise the under the but of well to keep Hedera it is name helix, Ivy green
"
"
the
botanical forms
name
in
mind, because
Hederas.
as
nurserymen
common
often green
exhibit
proved im-
of
Ivy
as
The
the
Ivy
are
is
more
rarely
tractive. ating cover-
planted
a
on
houses But the

or
bank,
variegatedsorts is useful for making a common Ivy That plantingagainst an outhouse.

nowadays,
two
screen,
and
who
the
Irish
a
screen
(Canariensis) growers. should as quickly as possible buy strong plants on pots. Each plant will have several shoots, which may
are
of the
fastest
Those
want
stakes be
in
spread
M
178
out
tied in
is
a
and
there
position.
have
a
One
of the
and
handsome
form
of this called
Ivies largest-leaved the variegata, Another white rhombea

autumn handsome
is dentata,
dull
green
is
leaves
of which
yellow edge.
with
a
form
Maderensis
aurea,
marmorata,
The
on
forms.
variegata,green Raegneriana, and be planted in Ivies may

kinds of soil,though
broad
edge.
are
or
Marginata
handsome
also
spring,and
on
will
poor chalky in making slow start. are soil they are a They propagated by and in the nurseries by grafting. cuttingsin a cold frame in autumn, growth starts in spring. Clipping should be done just before new thrive
most
if
planted late
The
in
tree
Ivy, arborescens,
and need
no
"
has
many
forms, which
double
are
may of
be
grown
shady spots Hedges.

A
support.
the who
a
good hedge serves a shelter; consequently, many garden turn their thpughts to
purpose
fence
and
a
enclosing ground
however,
are
for
living dividing line.

remembered,
several
make
a
It must
be that time
and
a
years with With fair
required to
the
good hedge,
the
varying
climate. moist
soil
rich it is
soil and
in
climate
a
possibleto
6
get
with
10 HO\T
reason
hedge
a
poor
are a
soil and
dry
years; climate this

is
required.
hedge
as an
For
enclosure immediate and
i,
2.
Level
of
ground.
made into
a
of
side and
ridge. is needed
no
service
guard againstsheep
in addition
cattle,
It
and is
a
wooden
which
or
or
wire
fence
(seeFences).
good plan
to
shelter
it
fence,
one
it could
plant a hedge within a fence, for the sake of the close to the provides. It should not be made If the fence is an open not be pruned properly.
be
of wire be be
4 ft. must
left,or
cattle will eat lower the in

a
it down.
to out
At
that It
distance, and
it will
with
wire
netting apart
at the
part
safe.
Whitethorn ins.
(Quick) is
all ways
best double
keep hedge plant.

row,
lambs,
"
should
planted 9
thus
each
three
plants forming
and the
triangle.
be
The
base.
soil should
to
be
manured
beforehand,
in order
Quick
make
should
shortened
to make
it break and
freelyat the
an
If
about 9 ins. high, pruned annually it to
will grow
will
bushy
impenetrable barrier
stock, which
be
keep
as
Privet
way been
When in bloom in May clear of it. be treated is another good hedge plant,and may if the that suffices row a Quick, except single shortened
or
it will
attractive.
in the
same
well
in the
nursery; sometimes
but
it must
be
well
plants have protected

nominally
A
while
It
young, be
to
sheep will
a
eat it down.
The in
of
oval-leaved
leaves
is
evergreen,
should drawback
but
good pruned
Privet
many,
all,the
fall in winter.
twice
the
annually,
estimation
June
many
and
September.
odour
in
is the
of the
flowers, which
they
makes
a
find
Jpalan Plum
disagreeable, and even good, inexpensive hedge.
injurious. MyroFor
inner
hedges
Yew
179
beam, HornYew,
(which is poisonous to animals)

,
Sweet may
Brier be
Brier) (see
mentioned.
may be
Beech,
into
Laurel, Box, desired,
and
Holly
formal grow
hedges are shape

Helenium
very
as
appropriatefor but they
gardens,and
slowly. Troy.
Ord.
clipped
"
after Helen (hele-nium,
of
Compositae).
Hardy
is the In the
most
florum
which Garden
Pumilum with perennials, showy flowers in late summer. has foot it about stems flowers a on ; high. popular yellow with red. Grandistriatum flowers the are variety striped All these has large flowers. for varieties of autumnale, are the Botanical Flower For t. see see culture, Magazine, 2994. Herbaceous plants.
"
Helianthemum,
and rock
Sun
anthemon,
flower. where
a or
garden, spots, and make

from
raised
seed
(helian-themum, from helios, the sun, Cistineae). Brilliant plants for the will thrive in light, they sandy soil in sunny bright display in early summer. They may be in The common frame. a propagated by cuttings
Rose Ord.
"
flower lovers speciesis vulgare,a yellow-flowered trailer,but many forms for their rockeries, such as prefer to select a few good named Primrose Fireball, Golden Innocence, Dame, Queen, Jubilee, colours to choose Garibaldi, and Pink Beauty. There are many
from.
Helianthus,Sunflower
a sun
from (helian-thus,
the
"
helios,sun,
believed
to
and
anthos,
the
flower;
round.
so
called Ord. and of
because
flowers The among
are
follow
annual
most and
Compositae). are perennial,

hardy
herbaceous
flowers, Sunthe
popular
should
plants,
always be planted in largeborders to give a displaywhen most of the summer flowers The are over. speciesvary a great deal in height, than 3 or some being no more others 8 while rise ft. to or 10 ft., 4 They
make soil.
their
finest from seed Of

the
growth
autumn
in
moist, fertile
The
perennialsare
by
division
easilypropagated to spring, and the

Garden
and
annuals New Stella
by Annuals).
are
(see Flower
Munstead
Miniature,
annuals, cucumerifolius, Primrose, and
maximus is a good. Multiflorus fine single perennialform, and flore pleno a double. All the splendid foregoing grow about ft. high. Rigidus Miss Mellish is 4 also a good plant.
Helichrysum
from One
(Everlasting). See
"
Annuals.
PROPAGATING HELIOTROPE
BY
Heliotrope, Heliotropium
helios,sun,
of and
(heliotro-pmm,
allu.
CUTTINGS.
2.
trope, twining,in
Ord.
Growing tip.
severance.
sion to the
"
twining shoots.
the
most
Boragineae). richly perfumed of all

brilliant
3.
4.
Point Leaves
of
ta
removed. insertion.
be
Depth
of
flowers,
and
and
if It
not
yet
in for
pleasing. may kept fairly compact and
be
grown suitable
pretty pots, and

a
if
pinched
On
can
be other
small
house.
the
i8o
hand, if there
out
is under
it may be plenty of room againsta wall or pillar and allowed to when will it ramble, soon glass and considerable bloom cover a area tropes Helioprofusely. Standard be formed can by pinching out the side shoots to a height of then These shoots start. a foot, and be stopped at a few can letting ins. about to induce and head is formed. so a laterals, Loam, 4 long
planted
with
fourth is
of
decayed
seeds
a warm sown
manure,
and
some
sand,
is suitable.
Propagation
in late but
summer
by
in
under house.
they may good: Adele,

the very old lilac
planted out of Nightingale,Rose Clair, and White Lady. peruvianum, should not be overlooked, as species,
Miss
and sweet.
be
glassin spring or by cuttings Heliotropes are tender plants, doors in June. The followingare
But it is
floriferous
Helleborus,Christmas
to
and kill,
"
bora, food,
Bulbs
"
Roses from Lenten (helleb-orus, Ord. its poisonous nature. indicating

and
helcim,
Ranun-
culaceae).:See
Christmas
and
Lenten
Roses.
Hemerocallis, Day
from Lily (hemerocal-lis,
hemero,
day,
and Ord.
hallos, beauty, alludingto the brief duration
of the
flowers.
Liliaceae). See
"
Bulbs.
"
Hen-and-chickens.
See
Bellis
(Daisy).
The
name
is sometimes
applied to
Saxifragaumbrosa.
"
liver, in allusion to the lobed hepaticos, leaves. Ord. These Ranunculaceae) charming little plants are but they are classed with the Anemones now botanists, generally by little beautiful in plants, gardens. They are separately grown to soil,but as blooming freelyin winter. They are not particular shade. There several must have are Propagation is by seeds. from Hepatica (hepat-ica,
.
varieties
with
different Borders
colours. and Plants.

"
Herbaceous Herb Herbs.
See
Flower
Garden.
Robert, Geranium
"
Robertianum. Garden. which contain both male and female
See
Kitchen
"
Hermaphrodite.
organs.
Flowers
Herniaria, Rupture
Ord.
Wort small
Illecebraceae)
"
The
from hernia, (hernia-ria, is in demand species glabra lines and

to
rupture. by carpet
It is
a
bedders,
division Heron
who
use
it for
making
as
cushions
of green.
hardy plant, not

in autumn.
fastidious
soil, and
easilypropagated by
's-bill.
"
See
Erodium.
from Hesperis, Rocket hesperos,evening star, alluding (hes-peris, to the strong perfume at night. Ord. Cruciferae). Hardy biennials and thrivingin ordinary soil,and easily propagated by perennials,
"
seed with forms almost
or
division. of this in
t.
The
Sweet
the
Rocket,
purplishflowers, but
handsome
and
and thrives
H. matronalis, is There colour is variable. fragrant old plant, which

in
perennial
several grow will
are
anywhere, 730).
chalk.
at
Tristis
is
biennial, also
the Botanical
variable
colour, and
sweetest
night (see
Magazine,
Heuchera
18
Ord.
Saxi-
(heu-chera,
Heuchera close tufts
of
after roundish
Professor is
a
Heucher. esteemed
and
hardy plant, long graceful sprays colours have been Other of brilliant rosy-carmine flowers. got by is herbaceous selection and crossing. The a hardy perennial, plant frageae).
"
sanguinea
highly
producing
leaves
and
may
be
Both
raised
from
seed
does
or
by
on
division
in
spring.
It Heuchera
It is not
a
about particular shade.

as
soil,and
a
well
limestone. the
enjoys
little
border
are
and
rockery plant
for
is desirable.
The
flowers
t.
charming
Magazine, growing.
Hibbertia
6929).
Micrantha,
with
cutting (see the Botanical flowers, is also worth yellowish

Ord. the and
after Mr. (hibber-tia, Evergreen greenhouse trailers. which is

contrast
G. Hibbert.
Dilleniaceae)."
flowers
of
Dentata,
leaves third in
of
yellow
well
with
the with
dark
a
in winter.
Sandy
loam
by cuttingsin a propagating case the Hibiscus classical (hibis-cus,

genus
ruddy stems, blooms peat suits. Propagation spring.

for the Marsh and The Mallow. herbaceous
name
Ord. Mai vaceae) ."This and plants, annuals

are
includes
both
popular: Manihot flowers (seethe Botanical

sinensis borne in is
a
perennials. All are showy. is a greenhouse rambler with

Magazine,
with
are
shrubby following yellow spotted

3152).
which this Rosaare
tt.
1702
and
stove
rambler There
rosy-crimson
varieties Bot.
towns
flowers of
winter.
several
brilliant is
a
which species,
is shown shrub
in the with
near
Mag.,
t.
158.
Bot.
Syriacus
are
hardy
deciduous of is
purple flowers,
and
there
many
varieties
it; it thrives
(see the
those of the indoor by cuttings, in cold frames. those of the hardy ones Sandy loam, with leaf a good compost. soil,makes Hieracium, Hawkweed (hiera-cium,from Pliny's name, given because of the supposed virtues of the juice. Ord. Compositae). herbaceous with perennials, of which Hardy gymnocephalum, downy leaves and yellow flowers in July, is one of the best for the rockery. Ordinary soil. Propagation by division. Hippeastrum (Amaryllis). See Bulbs. from hippos,a horse, and Hippophae, Sea Buckthorn (hippoph-ae, kill. Ord. H. to thorn, rhamnoides, the Sea BuckElaeagnaceae) phao,
Propagation
Mag., t. 83). species in heat,
"
"
"
is close
to
dwarf
sea.
hardy
deciduous
a
shrub of
which
thrives
on
sand
It
hills
be
the
It bears
crop
and
yellowish fruits.
tools. The
may
propagated by seeds, suckers,

Hoe. is
"
layers.
of
One
for
of the The
is
most
useful
the
garden
the
Dutch and is
a
hoe proved im-
good
running through
draw
soil to loosen with
the surface swan-neck

when
uproot
an
small action
weeds.
hoe, of which
dealing good chopping required. The Sproughton may be used either as a push draw or hoe, and is a valuable although somewhat heavy tool. The made is for with 2 or teeth, good Canterbury, drawing largedrills 3 for earthing Potatoes. and is Regular hoeing good for crops, particularly it prevents the soil cracking and in dry wreather, because
form,
for
largerweeds
is
drying.
ash
The
various
forms
of
hoe
should
be
of steel, mounted
on
handles.
82
Ilex, the Virgil's
leaves.
name
"
from Holly, Ilex (i-lex,

to
being given owing
the
resemblance evergreens,
a
of the
the
Ord.
does
beautiful shines the
Holly
Ilicinae). One of our most good service in the garden and

in
our rooms
with
bright and
in most
cheerful
glow
a
at in its
Christmas.
It will thrive
on
but it is soils,
on
best of land, and inches of fresh growth a moist but drained fertile, is
early stages grower show only a few poor chalky soil may A deep, year until it is well established.
soil is desirable. with
a mass
slow
The
best time
April, when,
shifted
of fibrous
roots,
in, they generally thrive. immediately, and watered in the nurseries the choice varieties are increased is by seeds, but will in summer. stocks. strike common on Cuttings by grafting The are For good varieties: following pruning, see Evergreens. Milkmaid), aurea argentea marginata, argentea medio-picta (Silver
planting planted Propagation
for
medio-picta (Gold Milkmaid),
regina (Golden Queen), ferox argentea (SilverHedgehog), Hodginsii, and All Watereriana. except Hodginsii have variegatedleaves.
aurea
Hollyhock (Althaea
"
rosea.
Ord.
Malvaceae).
has
grand
in
old
favourite, the
years leaves
Hollyhock
which its way
suffered of the
An
a
recent
through the
and works
attack gins beup
fungus, Puccinia
on
malvacearum,
the
lower
stems,
the completely disfiguring
plants.
Mixture early application of Bordeaux that is consider a see) remedy. (which Many
the
HOLLYHOCK
DISEASE
disease
was
induced in
propagation
named
by excessive bygone years,

in
tative vegewhen
conse-
varieties
now
were
demand;
as
SSSfe l'
on
quently, they Saves,
them raising
out
grow of doors
as
Hollyhocks
in
lings, seed-
earlysummer
In
and
the planting out in autumn, exposed places the plants ought to also
same
Wallflowers.
in frames.
cold,
be
wintered
gation Propa-
may heat, and
be
effected
A
by grafting.
"
by cuttings in spring,in sandy soil in well -drained soil is desirable. deep, fertile,
Holly, Sea.
Holm Oak.
See
"
Eryngium.
Quercus.
biennis Ord.
See
Honesty,
to
name
Lunaria vessels.
the
the
seed
from
flat white
from luna, moon, (luna-ria, Cruciferae). The Honesty transparent seed pods which
"
in
allusion
its the
derives follow
flowers. decoration
These
in
a
pods
winter.
may The
be
cut
plant
and for room used sprays is easily raised from seed in late in most
in
hardy perennial, and will thrive is shady, but prefersa moist, heavy soil. and bloom, for the flowers are borne freely, is a white There variety.
spring,is
soils if the when
site
in
It is attractive
are
brightrose
in colour.
Honey
Plant.
"
See
Hoya.
after Dr. Lonicer. (Ionic-era, Ord. for
and
Honeysuckle,
"
Lonicera
foliaceae). Beautiful
fragrant twiners,
and
suitable
walls, pillars, pergolas,trelliswork,
fences.
They
Capricovering are hardy
deciduous
183
soils. perennials, thriving in most Planting should be done between and November mid-April inclusive. Propagation red The is effected by layers in autumn. fruits of some of the Flexuosa and attractive. are (syns. brachypoda species Japonica of the t. 712) is one best of chinensis) (seethe Botanical Register,
Honeysuckles, and its variety aureo-reticulata, which has small, gold-netted leaves, is a pretty plant. Caprifolium, with pale yellow flowers, and Periclymenum, yellow and red, are fragrant
the
British
and
species with
flowers
attractive
fruits. Botanical
yellow
(see the
are
Sempervirens has Magazine, t. 761).

and bear white
scarlet
Frag-
rantissima
and
Standishi
winter
bloomers
flowers.
Hop.
"
See Humulus.
Hordeum
jubatum (hor-deum,
"
the
Latin
For
name
of
barley.
see
Ord.
"
Gramineae). Hardy.
Horehound. Hornbeam. Horseradish. Hotbeds.
in
"
hardy annual
See
See
Grass.
culture,
Annuals
"
Kitchen
Garden and
"
Herbs.
"
Carpinus
Kitchen is very
Hedge.
"
See hotbed
Garden. useful turned

trodden in
a
garden.
material
on
spring with up straight from the

drive about frame raised
boxes
manure
alone. and
The then
It may should
be made be
taken to
stables gases; be
well be
as
successive built work up
days
a
off the
a can
rank
it should
into
bed A
yard high, being well

then
the
proceeds.
Cucumbers,
in and in
a
placed Vegetable Marrows,

on.
manure-heated
frame
manure. can
Half-hardy annuals, Tomatoes, be Celery, and other crops can in spring,being sown in pots or
Dahlias
and other
stood it.
A
on
the
plants
be
can
be
to
started
and
hotbed
In
also
manure
be
used and
for
growing
can
Cucumbers mixed
Mushrooms.
a
autumn
leaves
force
frame
"
of Violets. See
"
Hoteia.
Astilbe. See Greenhouse.

"
Hothouse. Hottonia Houseleek. Houstonia caerulea
(Water Violet).
"
See
Flower
Garden
"
Water
plants.
See
Sempervivum.
"
after Dr. Houston. Ord. (housto-nia, Rubiaceae). a charming little plant for the rockery, clinging closely to the stones, and bearing blue flowers in spring. It likes a loamy soil, but does not object to lime. Propagation is by division or is a white seeds in spring. There variety. H. is
Hoya, Wax-Flower
There waxy
are
several
Ord. Asclepiadeae). (hoy-a, after Mr. Hoy. of all Hoya, species by flowers of distinguished
"
popular is carnosa, pink, blooming in summer (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 778). There is a variety with variegatedleaves. Bella, with purple and white flowers (Bot. t. also is 4402), They are rambling plants suitable Mag., grown. for the roof of a warm greenhouse, or a pillar. They like peat, with third of loam and a sand. Propagation is by cuttingsin heat in
texture. most
The
184
spring or
become
summer.
The
shoots
should
be
be
thinned
summer
out
when
they
down
crowded.
Vigorous
little water years
syringing in
should
in
a
will winter.
keep
We
mealy bug.
of
a
Very
plant thrivingfor
one
given in sitting-room.
Ord. of
know
Humea
(hu-mea, after Lady

of the most
Hume.
elegansis
distinctive
Compositae). plants,not only oh

"
Humea
account
of its appearance, although that is uncommon, and agreeable perfume. It grows piquant and season, produces long plumes of red
three
but several is
because feet
of its in
from
a or
high
Two
inflorescence.
plants
will be
scent
sown
large
a warm
house.
It
or
easily raised
seed, which
the
may
in
frame
greenhouse in
summer,
in and repotted till they are seedlings pricked off,potted singly, bloom. 6-in. or Loam, with a third of /-in.,in which they may The makes suitable and some manure a sand, compost. decayed
plants may
biennial. Humulus
be
discarded
after
flowering.
the
It
is thus
treated
as
This genus mercial comgives us The beer. flavouring Hop, Japanese hop, H. Japonicus, is worth planting in the garden for the pillarof a be increased by pergola. It will thrive in ordinary soil,and may is a golden-leavedvariety called aureus. division in spring. There
"
(hu-mulus, from humus, Ord. Urticaceae) creeping habit.

.
ground,
in reference the
to the
which
is used
for
Humus.
"
See Manure
and
Lime. after is
Herr Hunnemann.
Hunnemannia
" .
(hunneman-nia,
H. fumariaefolia
Ord. with
a Poppywort, Papaveraceae) not entirely It is a herbaceous perennial, yellow flowers in summer. in winter. frame and sheltered or a protection place needing hardy, in summer, and likes outdoors be propagated by seeds It may sown soil. See the Botanical well-drained Magazine, t. 3061. light, Ord. after Miss Hutchins. Hutchinsia Cruciferae). (hutchin-sia, this small is of "The most alpina,a pretty popular species genus and coverto the stones ing little plant for the rockery, clinging closely white flowers in spring. It likes a sandy compost, itself with and thrives in limestone. Propagation is by seed in spring.
brilliant
Hyacinth.
"
See Bulbs.
"
Hyacinthus (see also Bulbs). H. amethystinus is the Spanish Hyacinth (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 2425); H. orientalis is the common Hyacinth (Bot. Mag., t. 937). The variety of orientalis is also Roman is the white albulus called Hyacinth. H. candicans herbaceous It is a good plant for the candicans. called Galtonia
border.
In
Hybrid, Hybridisation. A hybrid cases rare amongst a few (e.g.,

"
is
cross
kinds
been
crossed,
are
and
the
are offspring
called
hybrids
varieties.
crossed When In
between varieties
cases
themselves crossed
are
species. Orchids) g;enera have hybrids. When bigeneric the offspringare called
two
between
of
species are
both
the
work it is
is
described of
as cross-
as
hybridisation;when
fertilisation. anthers of
one
crossed in
it consists
flower
and
placingit on
the
spoken taking pollen from stigma of another.
the
This
process either had the
the who
185
,
would
be inocuous
the
if the
same
by pollenfrom
transferred
must be
flower
or
stigma had been already fertilised^ -fertilisation or selfing) or (self

from the another flower
to
been
by
wind
bee
flower; therefore
be
crossed
anthers
removed
from
before
pollenis ripeand the blossom enclosed with a muslin bag. Those laws. wish to hybridisesystematically should study Mendel's a vessel, Hydrangea (hydran-gea,from hydor, water, and aggeion, in allusion Saxifrato the cupped shape of the seed vessel. Ord. geae) The Hydrangeas are
"
hardy
some
deciduous
shrubs,
are
and
clusively ex-
species
in the
grown
hortensis
a
is much
air; but open esteemed as

of the
blooms
pot plant,on account of pink large heads

which
it
raised
produces. It is easily cuttings. Shoots in spring, and be taken may inserted singly in small pots in sandy compost containing
from leaf mould
or
in with
warm
frame,
may When be
the
shoots
buds
struck
in autumn.
are
plants
may
in be
well
rooted
or
they
6-in.,
flower.
shifted with
or
to 5 -in.
which
they
a
Loam,
manure some
may little
decayed
PROPAGATING HYDRANGEAS
BY
leaf will
in
sand,
the colour
and mould, When suit,
CUTTINGS,
planted out
iron
soil
containing
to blue. For
changes
pot plants use

be in
are
oz.
gallon of
frames.
of
Young pot plants may commonly species most grown which is not (hortensis), quite hardy. There
water.
wintered
alum in in unheated
The
pots
is Hortensia varieties
several
in
it,notably Mariesii
a
and
Thomas
Hogg.
Paniculata
flowers
granciflora
late
summer.
on an seen
is
splendid hardy variety with white flowers has white in spring, and Petiolaris
outside wall
in mild
is sometimes
districts,but
it is not
quite hardy.
See
the
Magazine, t. 6788. Bulbs. under Hymenocallis. See Pancratium (hymenophyl-lum, from hymen, a membrane, Hymenophyllum and phyllon,leaf. Ord. Filices).Filmy ferns. They thrive in peat sand. and with broken sandstone, moss, They must Sphagnum have saturated and a (see Ferns). Tunbridgense atmosphere unilaterale the best-known are species. Wort St. count Hypericum, (hyper-icum, from yperikon,on acJohn's Ord. Hypericineae) of, and ereike, heath, from the habitat. Useful some herbaceous, others shrubby, with hardy perennials, dense flowers. The and best species is calyfoliage yellow green
" " . "
Botanical
cinum, .under
the trees.
Rose
of
Sharon,
be
for it will thrive
on
dry
banks
as
well
a
as
It should
planted a
foot
apart
in autumn
if
close
86
is wanted.
See
mass
Botanical
Magazine,
the
t.
propagated by cuttings in a frame, is a good sub-shrub. Androsaemum

and
.and have
"
herbs
146. The shrubs are by division in spring.

is worth named
are
Hookerianum All those
ing, grow-
Moserianum
is
fine in
hybrid.
"
shrubs,
yellow flowers
See Kitchen
summer.
Hyssop.
Garden
Herbs.
"
from Iberia. ful (ibe-ris, Ord; Cruciferae). Useand perennials. For the former, see Candytuft in the rock The Annuals. and garden, and perennialsare grown about considerable not fastidious area. are cover a soil, soon They The and are easily increased by cuttingsor seeds. followingare a of the best: not quite few corifolia,evergreen, 4 ins.; gibraltarica, ft. Botanical t. green, i (see Magazine, 124); sempervirens, everhardy, and has its i ft., variety Garrexiana, which larger flowers. in early summer. Gibraltarica is pink. They have white blossoms
Iberis,Candytuft hardy annuals
Ice
Plant. See
"
See
Mesembryanthemum.
See Clivia
flower and to
Ilex."
Holly.
"
Imantophyllum.
Imbricated.
"
Bulbs. be imbricated when

the
is said
petals
lap
over
each
other.
from to the Impatiens, Balsam impatiens, referring (impa-tiens, the seeds. of of the Ord. One most Geraniaceae) "quickdischarge
"
popular
carmine
so
speciesof Impatiens is Sultani, a dwarf flowers, easily raised from cuttings in

that
plant with
a warm
brilliant
It
house, and
bloom. See Botanical
floriferous
in
it is with
hardly
a
rooted
before
and
it
begins to
sand.
thrives
loam,
little leaf mould
is Magazine, t. 6643. Episcopi is a good variety of it. Hawkeri with most scarlet flowers. The also a good hothouse species popular Balsam. of the Impatiens is, however, the half-hardy annual See
Balsam and
Annuals.
"
Impregnation.
Incarvillea
"
See
Hybridisation.
Ord.
Bignonia"ceae). popular species have are Delavayi and grandiflora. Both large,deeply cut leaves in carmine-rose flowers and summer. They are hardy bell-shaped in and from seed under most raised soils, growing easily perennials, The height is about glass in spring, or propagated by division. Grandiflora is considered to be merely a variety 1 8 ins. by many "of Delavayi. Olgae is a purple-flowered speciesgrowing somewhat
Beautiful taller. Indian Indian Indian Indian Indian Corn. Cress.
"
after P. Incarville. (incarvill-ea, of the which most hardy plants,
See Maize.
"
See
Nasturtium.
"
Fig (Opuntia). See Cactus.

Pink. Shot.
" "
See Dianthus See Canna. Plant.

"
and
Biennials.
India-rubber
See
Ficus.
Insects. their
own
"
187
to under
The
names
insect pests of plants are principal in this work, or in connection remedies given.
a
referred
with
the crops
which
they affect,and
Inula
"
(in-ula,perhaps
I.
corruption of
fine
Helenium.
Ord.
Com-
a hardy perennial, ing growhigh,and with large deep yellow flowers in summer. the front of the border. It thrives It is well worthy of a place near in most likes clay if friable. fertile soils,and Propagation is by the Elecampane, is a taller plant. division in spring. I. Helenium, Hookeri is a fine pale yellow speciesblooming in late summer (see the Botanical t. 6411). Magazine,
positae).
about
glandulosais
herbaceous
8 ins.
lonopsidium,
I. acaule
about
Violet
Cress
(ionopsid-ium.
Ord.
Cruciferae).
"
is
2
dainty
where
little violet-flowered
hardy
annual
only
ing grow-
ins.
sown
high.
from
seed
in almost It will grow any soil,and is raised in spring (syn. Cochlearia it is to bloom
acaulis).
Ipomaea,
homoios,
allied
to that
Convolvulus Ord. of
are
similar.
(ipomae-a, from Convolvulaceae)

" .
ips, bindweed,
This genus is
and
closely
Convolvulus,
Convolvuluses
reallyI.
Ipomaea
purpurea. may
be
plants commonly called C. really Ipomaeas. major, for instance, is the Of under the name plants usually grown
some
and
mentioned
in
Bona-nox,
summer
white
hothouse Botanical
evergreen
climber, blooming
Magazine, t. 752) ; hederacea a blue half-hardyperennial(Bot.Mag., (syn.Nil), and its varieties grandiflora Huberi t. 1 88), and variegata; Horshothouse Leari falliae, a rose winter-flowering (syn. evergreen; Pharbitis blue hothouse a Learii), autumn-blooming evergreen (Bot. Mag., t. 3928); and versicolor (syn. Mina lobata),a hardy
annual,
various
colours.
late
(see the
The and
annuals
are
raised suitable
from
seed,
with
the
from perennials
cuttingsin
manure,
sandy peat
sand, makes
in heat.
a
Loam,
some
leaf soil, decayed hothouse climbers Iresine Ord.

the old
compost.
The
should
be thinned
after
flowering.
to the
from (iresi-ne, Amarantaceae)

" .
eiros, wool, in allusion

The Iresines
than
were more
they are now. highly coloured leaves, which made them useful for formal designs. They thrive in most soils. Propagation is by cuttingsin gentle heat towards of summer. the end and need very little water They should not be potted off till spring, in winter. Herbstii (seeBotanical Magazine, t. 5499),Wallisii,and
perennials,dwarf,
with
narrow,
carpet-beddingdays
woolly shoots. important plants in They are tender
Lindcni Iris
all have from (i-ris, beautiful
dark
leaves. eye.
and
iris, the
Ord.
hardy
flower,
it is not
But people like to grow a collection. such as the put together. The larger, be the borders; and the smaller on planted in herbaceous may The have roots and rhizome the rockery. Flags foliage;evergreen roots and bulbous have lose and their leaves English Spanish every
ingly Iridae). The Iris is a strikthat surprising many the speciesneed all be not Flag, English,and Spanish,
"
88
The
may be
year.
and
followingare beautiful Flag Irises,which : planted in ordinary soil in autumn

"
bought
Bridesmaid Pallida Gracchus Dalmatica
Hannibal Madame Sibirica Chereau
Any
The in
two
one
who
is fond
not
of
collection
of named
sorts, may
Spanish Irises,and likes to plant the bulbs among

with
form his
little
Roses.
plants do
they
or
"
interfere
about
each
ins.
extent, and
October
look
well in association.
2
November,
to any injurious be planted Irises may deep. The following are
other
The
pretty varieties:
Blanche Superbe Chrysolora King of the Blues

La
Leander Louise Snowball
Tendresse real Iris lover is not He

or
j
she
Thunderbolt short
to
The
likelyto stop
will want all
with
a
the
Flags,
of
Spanish. and the followingare beautiful species,

alata Bakeriana biflora cristata florentina Gatesii histrio iberica
English, and
have
"
number
lovely: (nothardy)
Pavonia Persica
pumila
reticulata
Sindjarensis Sisyrinchium
stylosa
Susiana
laevigata
Lortetti
Tubergeniana
the
These, with
an
hybrids now
The
sold Most
make by hardy plant specialists, of
selection. interesting other
varieties of the
laevigata(Kaempferi) are
bulbous
splendid waterside
the
plants.
Daboecia.
small sunny
varieties,on
the
hand, do best in
"
warm,
dry,
spots
on
rockery.
Irish Heath. Irish
See
Ivy.
"
See
Ivy.
Woad from isazo, to equal, alludingto its (isa-tis, Ord. Cruciferae). A small only one genus, glauca, a yellow hardy biennial, blooming in to any extent. Propagation is by seed, and
"
Dyer's Isatis,
smoothing power. species of which,

summer,
ordinary industry
is grown soil suits. is

now
Woad
is
obtained
from
I.
tinctoria.
The
of small
proportions.
isos,
equal, and lepis, a scale. Ord. is a pretty grassy gracilis plant,well adapted for Cyperaceae). growing in small pots to stand at the edge of greenhouse stages, and making a foreground to floweringplants, where, drooping over
"
from Isolepis (i-so-le-pis, I.
it
or
serves
useful
purpose.
when
greenhouse, and
in
in heat
spring. Loam,
be raised from It may seed be increased established may with and of leaf mould a third
in
by
some
frame a division
sand,
suits it.
Ivy.
"
189
See
Hedera.
"
Ivy-leaved Geranium. Ivy-leaved Toadflax

Ixia
See
Geranium
and
Pelargonium.
thick
(LinariaCymbalaria).
because of the
from ixia, birdlime, (ix-ia, Bulbs. See Iridae)." Ixiolirion
juice.
Ord.
Lily.
not
Ord.
from ixia, and (ixiolir-ion, Charming Amaryllideae).

"
hardy
is
leirion, lily the Ixia-like bulbs, flowering in

"
June, suitable
and
for the to
rockery
soil.
or
the
front in
of the
particularas
Ixora
Propagation
blue flowers
Pallasi, i ft. high,with
by June,
border. offsets.
are
They
are
two
Montanum of the best.

"
Ord. Rubiaceae). Brilliant after the god Iswara. (ixor-a, somewhat resembling Bouvardias, but with larger plants, heads of bloom. They like a compost of 2 parts loam, i each leaf sand. and mould and some Propagation is by decayed manure, the shoots half The heat in matured. when are cuttings young bushy. Regular syringingin plants may be pinched to make them will do a good deal towards summer keeping insects under, but if necessary should insecticide. the leaves be syringed with an best The with are cones. coccinea, scarlet, summer Vaporise Duffii (syn.macrothyrsa) scarlet, summer. and Grandibloomer; flora,Fraseri, and superba are. good varieties of coccinea.
hothouse
,
Jacobaea.
"
See
"
Senecio. under Bulbs.
formossima Jacobaea Lily. See Amaryllis (Sprekelia)

"
Hothouse shrubs Acanthaceae) Jacobinia (jacobm-ia. Ord. in winter, when brilliant flowers. J. chryostephana blooms of beautiful it produces large clusters yellow flowers (see the Botanical (syn. Justiciacarnea) has Magazine, t. 5887). Carnea in flowers summer (see Botanical Register,t. 1397). pale rose All has in scarlet flowers winter. about 2 ft. Ghiesbreghtiana grow and little decayed manure peat, with a high. Equal parts of loam and some sand, suit. Propagation is by cuttingsin a propagating
.
with
case.
Jacob's Ladder, Polemonium Japan Cedar, Cryptomeria. Japanese Dwarf

quaint examples
British
the
caeruleum.
Trees. of Eastern
"
Considerable
interest
are
is taken grown
roots and
2
in
these
art, and
old
are
collections
in various
and
American
trees
gardens.
years
By cramping
kept
at
the
a
twisting
or
shoots,
are
many
height of
Genuine
3 ft.
They
are
generallygrown in somewhat expensive. Jasminum
ornamental
bowls.
specimens
Ord.
Jasmine,
"
(jasmi-num,
from
ysmyn
(Arabic).
are Oleaceae). These great favourites, and in most one nudiflorum, is common hardy species, gardens, large and small, bearing its yellow flowers during mild spellsin winter leaves when devoid of (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 4649). The pretty white Jasmine, gracillimum, is also a great favourite Grandiflorum house. (Bot. Mag., t. 6559). It requires a warm
sweet-scented
ramblers
190
will thrive
in
a
(seeBotanical
Jasmine
greenhouse, and t. 91). Register,

t.
bears The
white
flowers
common
in late
white
summer
(Bot. Mag.,
any
some
31).
fertile
hardy hardy Jasmines will thrive in soil; equal parts of peat and loam, with
suit
the others.
Officinale
is the
sand,
be
The heel
a
outdoor
the
kinds indoor
and
may
increased in
by layers or
off with
a
suckers,
of
the will
by cuttings taken
inserted
the
old
wood should
sandy
when
peat
side
under
to
bell-glass.When tip
when be
young
plants begin
should young
"
grow thinned
cut
pinched out,
The branches and
shoots
break
freely.
they get
be wood
crowded,
to spars.
Jasmine, Jerusalem
Rock.
See
"
Androsace.
See
Artichoke.
"
Kitchen
Garden.
Jessamine. Job's
"
See
"
Jasmine.
Coix.
Tears.
"
See
-6*
Jonquil.
Judas
See
"
Bulbs. See Cercis. from (ju-glans,

a
"
Tree.
PRUNING
JASMINE.
Juglans, Walnut god' and glans"

Ord.
^t
"
hardy
encased
autumn.
or
deciduous
in
a
tree,
Juglandeae). thriving in
case,
The any
the
JupiterJovis,the literally,Jupiter's nut. is a Walnut, Juglans regia,

fertile soil. The
nut is
thick
green
which
will There
decay
are
after
storing in
varieties.
Propagation is by seeds for varieties. graftingfor the special

"
common
kind, by budding
several and
"
Julus (Millipede).The species complanatus short, many-legged, quick-moving guttatus are

found
to
pulchellus
insects," often
get
the about rid of them
roots
; or
of
plants.
may be
Soot
water
and with
they
trapped
be used may of pieces Mangold.
brine
Ord.
from Juniperus, Juniper (junip-erus, juniperus (Celtic), rough. others some quiring reConiferae). Handsome hardy, evergreens,
"
the
shelter
lawn
growing as thriving best in in August in a frame or cuttings and C. albo-variegata are good
varieties
greenhouse. Good varieties are well worth for stiff, damp soil, plants. They do not care friable ground. light, Propagation is by seeds or
a
of
under
bell-glass. Chinensis
There
are
aurea
lawn
trees.
several
good
and of communis, the common Juniper,notably fastigiata and there is varieties the Red are Cedar, glauca. Virginiana many of it,such as argentea, aureo-variegata, and pendula. Bermudiana, the
Bermuda
Cedar,
must
be Mr.
grown
in
greenhouse.
Ord.
" .
Acanthaceae) in fact is incorporated related to This genus is closely it by modern in with botanists, but certain species are grown under the of name Justicia. Carnea, coccinea, ghiesbreghgardens in point. For culture, see Jacobinia. tiana, and magnifica are cases
Kaffir
after Justicia (justl-cia,
J. Justice. Jacobinia, and
Lily (Schizostylis coccinea).

"
See
name.
Bulbs. Ord.
Kalanchoe
the (kalancho-e,
Chinese
Crassulaceae)
.
"
Succulent brilliant
flowers
191
is
a
plants,with
warm
flowers
on
terminal
heads. for
K.
flammea
sand. Kale. Kalmia
greenhouse plant, grown spring. It likes loam with a third Propagation is by cuttingsin sandy soil.
in See Kitchen Garden. Peter Kalm. K. Ord.
its beautiful of leaf mould
orange and
"
(kalm-ia,after
hardy evergreen
shrubs.
latifolia is worth
shrub alone. foliage They like peat, and are in spring,layers in autumn, or cuttingsof side shoots The three speciesangustifolia, glauca, and latifolia are
some Ericaceae). Handgrowing as a propagated by seeds

"
in
summer.
There lime.
are
several
varieties
of the
first and
last.
They
all grown. all dislike
Kalosanthes. Kentia
"
-See Crassula
and
Rochea. Ord.
after (kent-ia, or palms, giving us one
Lt.-Col.
Kent.
Palmae).
"
buryana, and greenhouses.

and last to Kerria
two such as Belmoreana, species, well as for are as Forsteriana, which good for rooms For culture, see Palms. Botanists refer the first now the genus Howea, and Canterburyana to Hedyscepe.
of genus Canter-
Rosaceae). A useful dwarf deciduous shrub, thrivingin almost yellow-flowered blooming profusely in late spring (seethe Botanical any soil,and tt. Magazine, 1873 and 1296). Corchorus Japonicus is a synonym; the double, flore pleno, is a still better plant,givinga richer and more in the be grown lastingeffect with its larger flowers. They may better but walls fences. are on or shrubbery, Propagation is by shoots of under consist of a hand-light. Pruning may cuttings young crowded The shoots. cutting out plants may be forced in pots if
"
after Mr. Japonica (ker-ria,
M.
Kerr.
Ord.
desired.
Kidney
Kitchen
Bean.
"
See
"
Kitchen
A
Garden. kitchen
of garden is a source much benefit to the household, as a constant supply of delicious and wholesome be provided. It will contain not vegetables can of the table which most an are only adequate supply vegetables of appreciated,but also plenty of fresh salads and a sufficiency herbs. In large kitchen ciated gardens fruit (seeFruit) is generallyassowith vegetables, trees being grown alongsidethe paths, and the walls. also on The fruit and houses are plant generallyput in
Garden.
well-managed
the
kitchen
the
garden.
coarser
In
very
in
area
small and
establishments, where
is
near
the
for
is limited vegetables
the
house, it may
as
space be well
room
to omit
winter better
Greens, partly because

to
they take up
and
which
could
be
devoted
choice
things,such
wet
Asparagus,
salads;
and
Seakale, Celery, Cauliflowers, spring Cabbages,
partly because
there
be
their from kind
odour
is
disagreeable in
available flower
A the
weather.
Where may
is
fair amount the
of
ground
by
kitchen
garden
separated
some
house
vShelter of
not
is desirable. of
gardens and shrubberies. high, strong wall is the best,
only because
it is
of the
because
capable
houses, vineries, and
complete shelter which it provides,but alsosupporting lean-to and hip-roofed greenother glassstructures, and fruit trees. More-
92
KITCHEN wide
and wall
or
"
GARDEN borders
west there
a
"
continued. be
"over,
south the
made the inner side, and those with on will favourable be for early crops. aspects Failing be a hedge of Quick, Privet, Hornbeam, must or
can
Beech;
Paths. with with 6
2
fence.
Substantial
paths
well
are
desirable, and
in with
ins. of rubble ins. of

The
rammed should
the best clinkers and

centre
are
made
to
surfaced sides
gravel. They
be
slope from
to
carry Soil. An
off water.
"
soil should
cultivated
one
deeplyand
a
manured and
liberally.
excellent
plan
is to take
stripat
it to
"
time
that
is,take
bastard-trench off the top soil
^j^^"^
m?^
"t?^~ 3K3s
GROUND TRENCHING.
AFTER
the full depth of a spade, to break up the soil underneath the depth of a spade or fork,
on manure
put
In
and of
any
refuse, and
the
case
replacethe
garden top soil.

this
light land
may land
the
be done in autumn if convenient; in the case of heavy in winter after frost. If soil is stiff and the site low
to
the level is raised). 5. Top soil (note how 6. Subsoil broken up and manured. 7. Third spit broken up.
it
ought
Drainage).
be The
drained
(see
top
It
can
be
left
lumpy,
down
"
and
the
late
frost will crumble in

or
it.
soil may then be barrow-
raked loads
fine for
Manure.
sowing Decayed stable
spring. yard manure

acre,
at the rate
of
rod, or 30 per square per -shallow, dry soil is improved by green

Mustard
vacant at the in rate
loads
of and
Ib. per
rate
square
in
summer,
digging it
of
a
good. Light, that is, sowing manuring rod on ground that becomes winter or during autumn;
"
will be
Tares
in in
may
for
be
sown
at the
spring.
be
quarter preference on
in with
"
of i4- Ib. per rod in autumn and dug of basic each slag phate (superphospound and soil) kainit per square
rod
limestone
turned the dung. Cropping. Many gardeners arrange for a rotation of the annual one on piece of ground in successive "crops, using different crops It if the have is feasible rotation to a perfect four-course years. class different classes are grown in the same but not if one quantities, may is grown
another. Given equal larger proportions than each in follow other successive proportions following might Beetroot, Peas, Beans, Celery,and Leeks; (3) (i)Potatoes; (2) years: in much the A
and Carrots, Parsnips,Salsify,
tap-rooted
may
and
crop
be
is
good
manured
not
Scorzonera; succession
for
(4)Greens
to
a
and
Onions.
one.
fibrous-rooted
"Ground
heavily
Tomatoes.
"Greens,
Onions,
of
but
for
Peas, Beans, Celery, Leeks, Potatoes, Beetroot, Carrots,

be culture provides for quick in connection considered
Parsnips, and
"successions with French
Intensive may
.
vegetables,and
on are
Gardening (which see)

the culture
Special remarks
salads, and
Artichoke.
herbs
"
of
all the kinds
principalvegetables,
grown
in
appended.
are
There
two
distinct
gardens,
namely, the Globe, and occasionally.The its popular name from
seen
193
Chinese which
"
the
Jerusalem;
Artichoke
third
"
the
is
Globe the
(Cynara Scolymus) gets

are
cooked
and
eaten
with
summer.
throughout the perennial, and

The
large,globularflower-heads, sauce. They are produced The plant is a hardy

root in the autumn.
gation good variety. Propain the first place plants, seed in spring,heat is sown being given if it is desired to push the plantson rapidly, but not being otherwise The be thinned, can seedlings necessary.
:
large Green
To
dies to the Globe is a

a
get
stock
of
and
year
later
put
out
in rich
soil 4
ft.
apart.
Subsequently the stock can be increased by taking off suckers in April, and it is well to do this every out. old Soil : 2 or as 3 years, plantssoon get worn in deep, well-manured Plant soil, as the plant is
feeder. plants in autumn.
a
THE
ClJINESE
gross
Ashes
that in
push
straw
as
result of
a
July, after
with
not
when
the young growths (stachys tuberifera). the Artichokes down cutting has been taken; they are blanched crop of heads The 2 ft. high. Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus
are
may Chards
be
heaped
round
the
ARTICHOKE
tuberosus) produces tubers,

contain
and
is
which form the edible part. They do what their close starch, texture, not less than their someThe plant earthy flavour, renders them unpalatableto many. strong grower, and should be planted at the end of the garden,
a
it will also crops, and where in weight, about tubers i oz. Propagation: By 6 planted ins. deep, and 1 8 ins. apart, in rows 3 ft. asunder, in spring. Soil : A light, well-drained, poorishsoil is best if the crcp is grown for home consumption; deep, rich, moist soil may yielda heavier
where form
it will not wind-break.
interfere
with
other
be lifted in The tubers may crop, but the produce will be coarse. November and covered and soil similarly to Potatoes. with straw The Chinese Artichoke has small, corkscrew(Stachys tuberifera) like tubers of be
a
They They
which
sand
may like
agreeable flavour, by means rows planted 9 ins. apart/in

warm
of which
18 ins. not
a
it is increased.
asunder, in spring.
well-drained,
coarseness.
soil,but
crop
great deal
causes
The
may
be
of manure, in stored lifted and is of the

most
in the
autumn.
"
Asparagus (Culinary). Asparagus

delicious
of all
omcinalis
as
one
more
garden vegetables,and
than
it is much it in
and easily
no reason
inexpensively grown
many
people suppose,
why
grown
there
is should
not
be
nearly all gardens. raised beds Special

in pagation: Pro-
AN
ASPARAGUS
KNIFE.
fe onljnecessary soil.
heavy, damp
in drills
in Aprilin well-pulverised soil, By seeds, which may be sown If the foot come a they may be plants apart. very thickly thinned, and then, by the end of the season, they will be sturdy little
of fibrous roots. specimens a foot or 18 ins. high,and with a nice mass in that be a is, transplanted spring They may year from sowing In another the and foot ft. asunder. into rows 2 plants a apart,
" "
94
KITCHEN
GARDEN
may be
"
continued.
Soil : Asparagus likes transplantedto the beds. warm, loamy soil. It will thrive in clay well drained when and pulverised. Mortar rubbish and road sweepings will improve it. The ground should be deeply cultivated, and with decayed yard manure. liberallydressed Only moderate be thin soil on success expected overlying chalk, unless the may and the chalk be broken ground deepened by manuring, and up, wood ashes, and leaf mould. mulching with manure, Forming beds : In the olden days very elaborate beds were prepared for Asparagus. The soil was thus and in the formed excavated, pit faggots were
year
a
they
friable, well-drained,
covered with were laid, which heavily manured, was put on drained
there
roots
and
garden
even
refuse. If the
case
The
soil,
this
foundation.
with
pipes this
of the
is unnecessary,
soil
in the
ground is of clay, as
tion accumulaa
is little fear
becoming
undrained
sour
through
would
a
the
of
stagnant water. to adopt some

After
In such
clay it
To
make
be
wise
caution pre-
plan.
pair of beds
proceed
out two preparing the soil mark strips 4 ft. wide the soil from the 2-ft. between them. Throw each, with a 2-ft. strip of foot to thus the left. The and formed a alley strip depth right will serve thrown will the and the soil out soil of as a path, deepen the beds. Planting : Asparagus may be planted any time in April. if growth has started, so long as the roots not It does matter are
as
follows:
not back
allowed
done
to
get dry;
the latter
to
is very
bad,
bed
more
and
throws
the
crop
can
seriously. If it is desired
from
get
quickly than
a a
be
A
seeds, roots
These
seedsman. bed 4-ft. The
purchased three-year-old plantswill be

2 rows
should
be
from
of
or nurseryman suitable strength.
will accommodate
of
plants,which
each the
crown
instead triangularly
rows. 1 8 ins.
of
may
exactly opposite to
be
a
may other
be inserted in
parallel
bed,
of
and
clumps apart. They
foot
a
from
edge
and
of the
a mass
consist
of
central
large
iibres, which
Summer
be spread out and covered with may the culture : The bed should not be cut from
ins. of soil.
growth encouraged by
purpose
treatment
frequent hoeing,which
soil and will
will
serve
first year, but the double

Autumn the end at
of
:
aerating the
The
growth
or
keeping down ripen off in October,

and the
weeds. and
of
that
decayed
top-dressed of damp soil)with the sea, seaweed the beds. refuse. Near burnt be heaped on may of A of oz. : Spring dressing phate superphosspringdressingconsisting 3 and of nitrate of soda per square i oz. yard will do good ; or be applied at the rate of 4 oz. salt may common yard. per square will in in and often be cut May Cutting : Heads cutting April, may
manure,
month
it may
be removed,
bed
with
short
(and preferably in
the
case
be
general.
will be
a
It should found
when
cease
at for
the
end
of
June.
It
An
Asparagus
of
blade
are as a
knife
useful
round thrust
the
purpose.
a
consists
short
handle,
severs
long pieceof
a
steel,and
into the
short, toothed
The ins.
head
are 2
which
the stem
when
ground.
about soil. the
heads
ready
thick be not
brownish-green knob as a finger, protrudes through the inches left till it is several long and
to cut
long, and
should
The scales
bursting. Large
large blanched earthing it
as
Asparagus : Asparagus by growing
blanched
French
a
growers
secure
very
giantvarietyin rich
soil,and
it
195
exported
to
pushes through
Britain. in the
the
soil.
a
Immense small
Great
only very part is soft ordinary way, as before the blanched end It should be cooked until on the tender green tip is scattered. the white part is soft, and only laid on its side to finish off the green be secured by tip. Forcing : An early crop of Asparagus may of laths over the forcing. One plan is to place a lightframework
if cooked
It has
quantitiesare green tip,and is
wasteful
bed
and
cover
cover
it with
inches
hot
manure.
Another
it with
a
friable soil about light, of soil

over
in with Where
a
few
heated
as
them,
the
roots
on
is to make bed, up a hotins. the roots deep, pack 4 and then place on a light. need in
a
pit is available
and required,
brought forcingis practisedit is advisable to have a constant of roots succession coming on, so that the forced roots, which are be thrown can Asparagus beetle : The greatly weakened, away. beetle (Crioceris Asparagi) do greenish larvae of the Asparagus shoots and harm much foliage;but the by feeding on the young also If an attack is in. feeds. is about bluish beetle, which J long, in soft of stir in " Ib. each Ib. of boil a gallon water, noticed, -Jsoap of soot and flowers of sulphur, dip the shoots in, and afterwards This disease sometimes blackens Rust the : fungoid syringe. attack far Before the has with deaux Borin got foliage summer. spray Colossal Mixture is (which see). Varieties : Connover's is also Giant reliable. Early Argenteuil good. very which In its different species, Bean. greatly,the Bean is vary of hardy vegetables. The esteemed Broad Bean of the most one the Bean is but Kidney (Phaseolusvulgaris) vulgaris) hardy, (Faba is not, and the Scarlet Runner (Phaseolusmultinorus) still less so. than the Broad valuable Both of the latter are perhaps more Bean, delicate flavour it is, as in addition to more certainlythe Runner if well into the autumn frost much longer,lasting permits. crops
soil,watered
Where
merely be packed in temperature of about
65".
"
All
the be
Beans
sown
like
in
deep,
well-manured
or
soil. the seeds
The
Broad
Bean
being set singly may into flower When black 8 ins. apart. come they aphides will attack which must of be broken with the off the tips shoots, fingerand and below the point of attack thumb destroyed. The plants will is in an not require sticks, but if the row exposed place it may be
well
to
November
March,
drive and
in stakes
as a
every white
few There and
feet and
are
run
two
tiers of
strong
and
string along
Windsor,
support.
are
two
classes, Longpod
green-seeded sections of each. the is most Exhibition useful of all. The Longpod (white seed) should dwarf before mid- April, not be sown French or Kidney Bean dropped singly 6 ins. apart; if very strong This Bean likes moist, growth plants may be thinned. It be must fertile soil in a sheltered place. picked regularlywhile it will be over the pods are Wonder or quickly. Canadian young of the best varieties. is now There two and Superlative ing are a climband the seeds may follows the be
there
section, of which
all the will prey
Tender
and Scarlet
True
and
Princess is the
of most
Wales useful
are
good representatives.The
Beans,
on
Runner
of
keep
to
in rich, moist bearing for months.

and
soil,and with regularpicking,it In hot, dry soil it often falls a

may be had
red
spider. Early
crops
by sowing
seed
in
96
KITCHEN
GARDEN
"
continued.
and under glass in March plantingin June; or by wintering It is rarely safe to sow seed of doors out planting old roots. before mid-May. The seeds may be set 9 ins. apart and given a and a 7-in. pole each. Soakings of liquid manure mulching of short will help the plants. Scarlet manure Emperor and Best of boxes
and
All
not
are
fine varieties.
much
The
White
and
used
Painted
Lady
Runners
are
to be. so now as they grown Beetroot the revival of Beetroot culture (Beta vulgaris). With for sugar-making fresh interest has centred in a garden vegetable that had will previously held only a modest position. Beetroot
"
grow in almost Little manure for which

or
but does best in rather any soil, heavy, moist ground. is required in such land, and if the crop follows one the previous year, such as Peas the soil was well manured
Celery,none
a
is best
sow
to defer round
the labour
and must
of
can
roots, and it Early sowing results in coarse If roots wanted before are May. September reduces seed and variety at mid- April. It economises thinningto drop three seeds in a cluster at every 9 ins.,
at it until be
all.
these be
rows
reduced with 15 ins.
to
one
later fish
In
on.
Cover
ins.
deep.
or
Birds
scares.
kept
The and
removed
away be may without

with
tanned
to the
black netting, October

and and the the
thread,
leaves
apart.
with
should
a
be
injury
sand
or
crowns,
roots
laid in
heap
covered
straw
soil.
Good Short. Globe
varieties:
Long.
Dell's Crimson Cheltenham Borecole hardiest
or
Green-top
(Brassica
oleracea
and In
Kale
acephala).
"
The
that
Kales
are are
the
of all winter winter
Greens,
severe. a
it is not
the
often
seasons
they
the
injured by frost, however

is done
a
few
when
hard
follows
mild
autumn,
grown
which
kept
same
injury plants
as way those
soft too long. The Kales are green and Broccoli and Brussels and the Sprouts,
heads throw and
in the
made
remarks to
sow.
under curled the
apply. Early April is

out
good
in
time
The
Kales winter
as
small
side these
shoots
are
mild
spellsall through
part.
under
spring,and
as
the
edible
Some
are
ornamental
well the
useful, having
of the
the
same
coloured
foliage. The
Good
plants are
subject to
attack in
enemies
way.
described
Broccoli, and are tected provarieties: Arctic, Asparagus,

"
Dwarf
the
Green winter
Broccoli
Curled, Hearting. (Brassicaoleracea botrytisasparagoides) Broccoli It and spring representativeof the Cauliflower.
.
is is
nominally
but hardier.
somewhat
coarser
Broccolis
by making
periods;
Broccoli. be
suitable a districts Cauliflowers but in mild are After would Christmas Broccolis To
of
the than white less pure latter, from to inclusive October be had June may of varieties and choice sowing at different
and
preferredto autumn take precedence

to
of
Cauliflowers.
sown
get
autumn at
and
early winter
of
Broccoli, seed should
out
doors
the
end
March;
be
get
late
winter
and of may
early spring Broccoli, sowing may April; and to get late spring and early summer
practisedat
the
middle
produce, seed
:
1 varieties
97
for
be
sown
at
the
end
:
of
April.
The
followingare
Model
good
the various
seasons
Early.
First of All
L. Late
Self-Protecting Queen June

useful. In Midseason. Methven's
Leamington Many
all
find the
the
purple and
seed foot The
if
white be
"
cases
should
sown
generallypractisedwith
sow
in
rows
greens apart and should inch
weeds
be
down.
seed half
sowing is of all kinds, but it is preferable to hoe between the seedlingsto keep be sprinkledin very thinly, and the
sprouting thinly.
"
Broccoli Broadcast
thinned seedlings covered fish with tanned the
they begin to crowd

an
July should be out 30 ins. apart. Firm, moderately rich Broccoli soil is desirable. and other winter Greens (e.g., and well Brussels as as are Cauliflowers, Kales), Sprouts, Savoys, with that often planted between the result strong-haulm Potatoes,
or
netting or black plants. Showery young taken advantage of to plant
The seed may each other. of soil, and the bed protected with birds will carry off thread, otherwise weather in
June
the and
Greens
taken:
become
drawn
and
flabby, in which
of the
state
they
are
weak
easilyinjuredby frost.
One
be
the
(2) to set the

between which
are
(i)to plant between of largePotatoes not less than rows express object of accommodating the Greens;
alternate
not When
precautions should following early,small-topped Potatoes only;

a
yard apart with
(3)to plant only

on
Potato
the
rows,
and
draw
the
the
tops of the Potatoes

the other side be rammed their hearts
cut.
intercroppedaway
Potatoes When
over are
from
Greens
have
of them.
lifted the Broocolis

and
soil should formed

are
the Broccoli. hard round be broken a leaf should root
them
left till they
Clubsuland Club-
; gall-weevil (Plasmodiophora brassicae) (Ceutorhynchus of the Large White, Small White, the caterpillars ; and cicollis)
Green-banded
root
causes
butterflies
attack
Broccolis
on a
and of
other
Greens.
growth.
the
Where
ugly excrescences large, prevalent fallow

lay
on
on a
the stem
and
roots,
inch
piece
lime
then
ground
an
checking speciallyfor
thick. Leave Let the
Greens, and
another
stems
coat
of gas
and
half
this lie six weeks
the the
surface
turn
it in.
ground
up the
month
when
before
planting the
are
Greens.
Further, earth
to encourage new grown Gall-weevil which causes roots. small, marble-like swellings, may when be sliced off into a vessel containinga little paraffin ing, transplantand the roots drawn through a puddle of soot, lime, and water. The is also efficacious. treatment best remedy The for gas-lime
plants
half
is to hand-pick caterpillars in with water plantsforcibly cold

east
and the first comers, which a little salt has to
then
syringe the
stirred.
rows
been
in
In soil that
districts
and the
it is
and
common
grow and
the
Broccoli the
running
take
to
west,
north
when of the
severe row
weather
approaches prevents the prevents severe
to
from
the
side
are
force This
plants over
sun
quarter until they

on
nearly flat.
are
heads
while
they
frozen, and
striking injury.
198
KITCHEN
Brussels autumn
GARDEN winter Brussels
"
continued.
Sprouts
and
(Brassica
few
oleracea
coarser
bullata
gemmif era)
.
"
In
of the weeks.
vegetables
well
an
are a
more
than
Sprouts,and
in
when When but
grown
few
rows
appreciated will
give
seed seed
supply
sown
for several
sown
is sometimes is
out
August,
in the of the
for the
of doors treated
a
first half of Broccoli should leaves
early crop is wanted principal supply the The seed and April.
and be the
the
same
be seedlings may In autumn apply.
to similarly
remarks
few
not
stumps sprouts ;
in order but
to
check
it must
growth and encourage extend to all the leaves

the stems and
back on deal of sap will be thrown The will be loose. top or crown Each
stem
cropped back to production of at once, or a good shoots the resulting

be left intact.
growth
clothed
as
should
ought
these
to
can
become be
autumn,
moist
and
picked
favours soil,which gross Aigburth and Exhibition, should Dwarf Gem and Northaw had better
with sprouts by midrequired. In the case of rich, growth, the largervarieties,such as well
be avoided, and smaller kinds like Prize selected instead ; but for poor ground be chosen. is Exhibition is
one
strong
A
varieties
of the
best.
a now highly Cabbage -Brussels Sprout promising vegetable,as in addition to the sprouts on the stem the plant produces a nice Cabbage at the top in place of the loose cluster the ordinary Brussels Sprout. Brussels of leaves which distinguishes members of the other enemies as Sprouts are attacked by the same
procurable,and
it is
Brassica
tribe.
See remarks
under
Broccoli.
"
capitata). One of the most useful of in spring, when valuable and particularly all the Green vegetables, and the and of Brussels hearts take Savoys Sprouts place good in A should be formed Broccoli. bed Cabbage every supplement kitchen early in August, garden in spring. Seed should be sown two but it is a good plan to make sowings, one a fortnightearlier. bed in be of fine soil, and seed The sown reserve a thinly may
Cabbage
oleracea (Brassica covered
seed
crowded netting. Thin the plants if they become the that Towards end of or month, by the during September. 18 ins. of October, plant the young out middle apart. A Cabbages vegetablehas piece of ground must be chosen from which a summer the ground is both bed is good, because been cleared, and an Onion fertile and firm. Directlythe ground is dry enough to be trodden winter late the in hoe between the plants, and run on sprinkle them at rate of the nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia among If it off the leaves. to oz. i care yard, taking keep per square fish
the
about bed with
half
an
inch.
If birds
are
troublesome
protect
the
soil is loose
flower there
sown.
up
but
are
any plants throw stems they should be pulled up and thrown away at once ; if suitable varieties trouble on this score will not be much The
are following
it should
be rammed
firm.
Should
reliable
"
Early
Ell am'
Offenham
s
Emperor
Flower
in
summer
Early
be had and and
of
Spring by sowing in March, 4 ins. high. The
Cabbages
may
autumn
April,and
May,
following are
good
about transplantingwhen varieties for this purpose:

"
Defiance No.
i
199
Improved Nonpareil
When
Imperial
stem
cuttingCabbages
if left small of
out
the
should
not
be
heart, because
For
secondary Cabbages
are
removed will form
with
on
the The
it.
enemies principal should be

sown
Cabbages
see
and club-root, gall-weevil, Broccoli.

and
pillar. cater-
Cabbages pickling transplantedin autumn ; close, firm hearts in July of the followingyear. they will then make Red is a good variety. Chou de Burghley is a hybrid Early Dwarf of flavour be which in spring and planted transsown Cabbage good may ft. apart. Couve 2 or Tronchuda, Braganza Cabbage, is of the largeleaves, which for the thick midribs make a good grown substitute for Seakale. Sow in spring and ft. transplant2 apart. Coleworts in late spring. The be sown Rosette is good. may Capsicum and Chili. These are mostly grown in gardens for their ornamental fruit. The Cayenne, which has long,narrow, red fruit; and the Mammoth Red which has Chili, large fruit, are the best
of doors
in
remedies,
under
for
August
"
known.
There fruits. The
are
varieties
with
yellow, scarlet, crimson,

is used in The
use
and best
coral
method
Long
is to
Red
sow
Capsicum
in heat
of culture
pickles. spring,prick off, and Spanish

the
in
The
quently subse-
pot singly.
Cardoon
esteemed
(Cynara Cardunculus)
.
"
by
Continental
cooks, who
like
or
Cardoon is much midribs of the leaf and soil the be

warm
the stem be
sown
April. of planted 18 ins. apart and given abundance water. In August the stems be drawn may together,tied, and earthed to exclude so as light and air, and left for two months, when they will be blanched and ready for use. Carrot Carrots Carota) (Daucus in best thrive sandy, friable soil, and should only be put on heavy, wet land
a
grown in heat should
in soups and in trenches in March
stews.
Except in damp Celery. They may

out
plantsshould
from in
seed
raised border
of doors
in
They
be
"
when such
a
there
case
is
no
other
a
alternative.
In
it is
them should
can
on
ridgesa
not
foot
be manured
good plan to grow high. The ground heavily,and if it

to follow crop the ground was
be
or
Peas well It is
arranged for the for which Celery,

no manure
done,
a
will
draw
be
needed,
good plan apart and to half fill them ashes oyster shell and wood
to
drills 15 ins. with crushed in mixture.

LARGE
A
AND
SMALL
CARROTS.
The March
sow,
seed
covered
may with
then
an
be
sown
thinly and
From mid-
point in soil management.

soil.
inch
of soil.
to mid-April is a good time to the soil is choosing a period when dry enough to crumble early,and press up readily. Thin the the to round left exclude Carrot fly, whose firmly plants A destructive. further are preventive is to moisten very
Small in root shallow Subsoil broken up; follow. roots

2.
larger
the soil
grubs
some
2oo KITCHEN
sand
GARDEN
"
continued. the plants. Lift in among varieties Good

"
with
October
and
paraffinoil and sprinkle it to Beetroot. store similarly

Short.
Long.
St.
Early
For
Gem
Guerande
James's Intermediate Valery

See
the
are
be selected. may forcingor frame culture the Parisian Gardening. One of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis cauliflora). Cauliflowers of all Green delicious and esteemed most vegetables, French
"
in
season
from
June
may
to November
inclusive, but
crops
a
can
be
got
in
early summer
Autumn of doors
tanned
by sowing
the
crops
in
be secured
previous autumn, or by sowing thinlyin

half
an
in heat
reserve
in winter.
bed
out
April,covering with
inch
netting to keep off birds, and during June or July. It is important

fish should bed
not
of soil,screeningwith transplantingafter rain young Cauliflowers

too in if
that
be
crowded
in the
seed
bed,
them
and out
they get
thick
reserve
in
a apart varieties ready. Small permanent quarters are ones should be planted 2 ft. apart ultimately,and 2% ft. large and manured should be The asunder. dug deeply liberally. ground is good, and ous lightdressingsof nitrogenDecayed farmyard manure in the plants are be given when fertilisers (see Cabbage) may Cauliflowers convenient to plant autumn It is often full growth. between by the latter. Potatoes, but they should not be overgrown With sowing, it is best done in a frame at the end respect to autumn of absence of glass a sowing out of September, although in the
spiteof thinning it is wise

until their
to set
9 ins.
doors should
early
be
in
that
out
month
may
be
tried.
Frame-raised
in
an
put
pricking out
frame
in
the
April. By sowing seed in heat in boxes, and seedlings hardening in

in Cauliflowers
of
plants January,
unheated
March,
classes
April. All soil. They good :"
may Cauliflowers
be do
got ready
for
planting
dry,
in
badly
The
in
poor,
shallow
are
like moist, fertile
ground.
followingvarieties
Early. Early Early

For Erfurt London
Late.
Autumn
Giant
Pearl
Purity
Broccoli. enemies, see under Celery (Apium graveolens). Delicious as a relish,excellent when the with sufferers, cooked, and property of relievingrheumatic
"
Celery is
as are as
the
garden indirectly, entailed in its culture thorough tillage deep trench The system is convenient, good for succeeding crops.
a
valuable
crop. and cultivation

of
It benefits
the
whole
it allows
Nice For
rows
watering and liquidmanuring, and provides plenty of earth for blanching, but it is not indispensable. be had Potatoes. of Celery may by planting between crops in in heat be the seed should sown February, for later early crops in a cool house in March. The plant grows very slowly in its
abundant
early stages, and
however,
reserve
201
does
not
therefore
to crowd
demand it is
a
much
room.
When,
to make
a
the
begin seedlings
a
good plan
3
or
bed
with mild.
little manure
it until the If
covered weather is be very made is
with
4 ins. of soil,and
fix
glasssash
the
over
becomes
ground
need such be cut
not
as
limited
till
an
trenches
finished. dressed surfaced soil. after

hot
early crop, They may

with
Peas,
8 ins. the
a
deep,
and
decayed
manure,
little of a done is best Planting with

in
fine
foot
top apart
rain
June
or
sunshine
until the and Should
July. Shade in plants are growing.

varied
of
Soakings liquid manure will do good.
of water,
with
dustings
soot,
make
maggots
with
lines in the grey affected parts and oil and draw earth soft soap
leaves, pinch the

spray
paraffin
in solution. (seeParaffin) the plants are a foot high When the stems together, tie them, and
-""
in October. finishing up partially, litter over In hard weather spread some Standard varieties: the Good tops.
Bearer,
rooted useful raised
in
red
Sulham
Wright's Giant,
white.
a
Celery is
pink ; Turnipgood vegetable and

Prize,
The It may be spring and planted
stews.
a
BLANCHINBR^wNLpApERE
WI"
for soups and seed in from
foot
apart
on
level
ground
early summer. Chicory (Cichorium Intybus). Grown mainly for salads in this in spring in rows outdoors late the seed being sown a foot country, Roots are formed, apart and the plants thinned to 9 ins. asunder.
"
which dark The
push Chicory is extensivelyforced on the Continent, particularly Seakale-like in Belgium, for yielding cooked stems, which are and form a delicious vegetable. Lamb's Lettuce Corn Salad or olitoria).A useful (Valerianella in in winter in friable be had salad which by sowing September may at be made intervals soil on a sheltered south border. Sowings may if earlier suppliesare wanted. in spring and summer Cress (Lepidium sativum). The plain and curled forms of Cress with Mustard salads and flavouring in association used as are largely The for is also used garnishing. "eed may be sown ; the curled for its slower to allow Mustard growth. The 4 days earlier than the surface of fine, level soil in seed be sprinkledthicklyon should flannel stretched the open in boxes under or ; or on glass tightlyon The and end dripping in water. American wire frame with one a Cress is neglectedin Great Land Britain, but it is very useful, as it be grown from seed in spring,and will yieldcontinuously for may in summer. The flavour is brisk and pungent. Watera long time
Witloof
" "
lifted in autumn, place. The blanched

are
pricked in
leaves which
soil in boxes
and
kept
the
in
constitute
salad.
2O2
KITCHEN
cress
GARDEN
"
continued.
when
is not generallycultivated, and attention other without than grows from seed. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Few
"
established It may
in
stream raised
picking.
relishes
be
than
a
and the Cucumber, of tender long supply
and but will in

in
spring.
of
a a
humid
plant that
go out be placed in a small

soon a
are more appreciated contrive to have generally fruits by sowing successionally in winter is that the ance maintenhealthy plant kept growing by atmosphere will bear a prodigiousquantity of fruit, to struggle is allowed along in a hot, dry atmosphere firm seed may of bearing and lose its colour. One
those
who
like it
pot and stood on a hotbed or in a January, February, or March, or successionally.If

house, make
up mounds the of
that
warm
house
to
lumpy loam on slates on the glass,and train the plants are near stage so growths on wires strained about a foot below the glass. Allow the glass, but not more, breaking enough laterals to extend to cover shoots to where out roots show prevent crowding, When necessary
at
be grown the greenhouse
the
top
and
of
the
mounds down twice
add week
fresh,
while
warm
soil.
Give
water
as
needed,
weak Cut
manure one
damp manure liquid

fruits and each
frequently to
a
maintain
the
humidity. plantsare in full bearing.

make up
a
Give
the under
young.
For
frame
it well
culture
hotbed
of
leaves, trample
down,
and
put
in mounds
of soil,
light. Spread the shoots over the bed as they grow maintain moist water to to a prevent crowding. Syringe and of Good Cucumbers be outdoors by atmosphere. crops grown may between other in Pea in vacant rows or some June planting early and Water the soil is rich. should be liquid manure spot where the plants will be attacked given in dry weather, otherwise by red
spider,which
attacks if
the stems
is the worst enemy of plants under
of Cucumbers.
Canker
sometimes
close, wet
once an
soil. attack
Always
is may
seen.
use
is common cause ; the most glass coarse, lumpy soil. Rub in sulphur at If the plants collapsefrom external no Remove has been
cause,
eel-worm
a
be
suspected.
which
plants and
well scorched. Stockwood
soil and Good
make
varieties:
fresh start, Lockie's
using soil
Perfection, Matchless,
"
Ridge (for
is,of
worth method
outdoors).
The (Taraxacum officinale). selected by a weed ; but the forms course, growing in order to provide a component Dandelion of culture is to
when in
sow common
Dandelion
are
seedsmen for salads.
well The
the
seed clear
are
in drills of each lifted and
foot
apart
and
in
April,thin
the
plants till they

autumn,
at
manner
stand
the
a
other,
roots dark
stored. the
intervals
as
place throughout
until grow forced be They may winter in the same
let them
Seakale.
"
(Aubergine)(Solanum esculentum). These interesting in the larger are gardens more, perhaps, grown for ornament than use, although in France the fruits are cooked. be grown out of They are tender plants, and although they can warmest the of doors the best under are part during glass. year they
Egg
Plant
relatives
of the Potato
The
or
seed
should
be the
sown
on
hotbed
or
in
warm
house
in
earlyMarch,
seedlings pricked off
into boxes, then
February put singly
in small
to
203;
pots, and
manure
shifted finally
when
liquid watering,warmth, and white-fruited varieties arerequirements. Purple, scarlet, and procurable. Endive (Cichorium endivia). One of the most useful of salads,, it is as hardy, and of nice flavour, the touch of easy to grow, fairly bitterness which it from Lettuce distinguishes being agreeable rather than otherwise. A great thing in favour of Endive is that it can in autumn, be had in use and and where salads are winter, spring, it in request should in spring and much be sown successionally It requiressubstantially treatment the same summer. as Lettuce, thin in fertile planting a a friable, soil, namely, seeding spare plot, transins. and to when 2 or rows high quite sturdy 15 ins. 3 besowing may apart, and finallyblanching. The first outdoor made seed of in April,and thereafter be sown at pinches may The intervals until the end of September. from the earlierplants in summer into use and autumn, thethose from sowings will come in winter late ones and spring. The latter should be made, and thesheltered border. plants put out, on a warm, They pass most winters liable in safety, but as their numbers to be reduced in are
"
the
fruit is
6-in. pots. They will appreciate tion swelling. For the rest, attenoccasional the are syringing principal,
to
severe
lifted in autumn
come
be
accommodation be found for should as can bemany unheated in and frame. These will an planted in during late winter or early spring,and those left out will The and summer ready, if they survive, early in summer.
one,
as
autumn
plants may namely, by tying the and spring plants may

most
be
blanched leaves Broad

is the
in
the
same
way
as
Lettucesr
The winter The
twoand
outer
up, be lifted and put in

are
more
but
not
a
tightly. dark place.

leaved
useful Curled. be used The
varieties The
(Round)
Batavian
Green it
can
blanch.
useful, because if abundantfor as a vegetable cooking. It is,moreover, easy ta" Curled Green makes a more gracefulsalad, and needs^
"
former
less space. Garlic (Allium sativum).
white-bulbed
in
member way
as
of
the
Onion.
i.e.
tribe, which
bulbs
are
is generallytreated planted in late winter

summer.
"
the
a
same
Shallots,
about
foot
apart, and
lifted and
ripened in
Gourd
Gourds and (Cucurbita). The Pumpkins are closely^ related to Vegetable Marrows, and the culinary varieties may be the in But same some just (seeVegetable Marrow). grown way varieties, gardenerspreferto limit their attentions to the ornamental and these to grow arches. over They vary greatly in shape, and the house Herbs kitchen
or
colours
in
are
brilliant. the and
The
seed out
may
in
feesown
in
frame
or
spring and
(Sweet
plants put Pot). The good

"
June.
housewife
for soups, herbs, whether -gar den The useful are most medicinal purposes.
ready use or flavouring,garnishing^, the following:

"
makes
Angelica (s) Balm (p)

Basil, Sweet
and Bush
Chervil Chives
(s)
Borage (s)
Chamomile
(s) (p) Dill (s) Fennel (p)

Horehound
(p)
(p)
204
KITCHEN
GARDEN
"
continued.
Hyssop (p) Lavender (p) Marigold, pot (s) Marjoram, pot (p} Marjoram, Sweet (s) Mint (p) Pennyroyal (p) Rampion (5) Rosemary (p) Rue (p)
The and seeds
Sage (p) Savory, Winter Sorrel (p)

Southernwood
(p) (p)
Tansy (p) Tarragon (p) Thyme, common

Lemon Wormwood
(p) (p) (p)
simplestplan plant them in

of several Mint
are
of
growing
all those
manured
marked soil be
sown
well
dug and
at
procurable and
the
may
buy roots early in April, but in spring if preferred.

to
(p) is
spreads rapidly
root, and
Those marked (s) are 3 or 4 years. every seed in spring,sowing in drills a foot apart on for drying should herbs a spot. The sunny
be divided raised from generally should friable soil in light, be gathered when
mature,
stored
and
laid in
dry, shady place. When

The
uses
dry they may

herbs may
be
be
indicated
in paper bags. follows: as

"
of the
various
briefly
ing, candyAngelica. Cooking and seeds for flavouring

"
Marj oram.
Mint.
"
Balm. Basils.
"
Tea
"
and
wine also
Borage.
"
Flavouring Flavouring drinks,

"
Flavouring Flavouring Pennyroyal. Tea salads Winter Rampion. oil Tea, Rosemary.
" " " "
for bees Chamomile. Chervil. Chives. Dill.

" " "
Rue. Medicinal
"
Medicinal
"
Salads, garnishing Salads, flavouring
Sage. Flavouring Savory. Flavouring

"
Sorrel.
"
Salads
"
Fennel.
Flavouring Garnishing,sauces
" "
Southernwood.
"
Perfume
Horehound.
Medicinal
Hyssop.
Lavender.
"
Pot
"
herb, medicinal Perfume
Tansy. Garnishing Tarragon. Salads, flavouring Fl a vour ing Thyme

" " .
Wormwood.
"
Medicinal
Marigold. Flavouring
"
Horseradish
Armoracia) (Cochlearia
which
A
are
" .
Well
known
as
relish and
component
The
in One
plant
a
of sauces, is a rank
when
enlivened
become
nuisance.
unless and grower, few thongs should
by pungent flavour. under control kept may be planted in a small bed
its
and spring,
the
very good plan, as plant diagonallyin the of

manure.
plantbegins to spread it should be replanted. tending to keep the crop well in hand, is to sides of a small ridge of soil made a up over
"
to tends popularity of the Leek with favourite as a great becoming spread southward, English as with Scotch gardeners. Its advantages are threefold: it is suitable for followingearly crops, it is hardy. it is easily grown, fine specimens are well to Celery culture, and It answers got by
rich coat Leek
(Allium porrum).
and
The
it is
sowing under
is secured
205
in trenches ; but useful table produce and planting glass ing by sowing out of doors on a spare plot in springand plant-
with
must
are
dibble The
in
June.
may
It
be
earthed
if white crop
stems
wanted. Good The
be
left in the winter.
ground unprotected in
varieties: MusselThe
burgh,
most the
Lettuce
number
Lyon, (Lactuca sativa).

"
Prizetaker.
popular of all salads. With of good varieties now

there is
no
available
in difficulty
PLANTING
x"
LEEKS. plant in hole
getting a
nutty part of
would
or one on
long supply
over
of
crisp,
grow
Drill
2"
Lettuce
the year.
the
greater
in almost often be any soil that from is reasonably
that
The nice be
plantwill
hearts
"
and fertile, otherwise the
may
got
ground
wasted with
ridgesof soil that

trouble
for example, Pea rows, space between The result from making Celery trenches. is what
"
bolting," gardenersterm that is, running to seed prematurely. This spoilsthe plant for with the It is more edible purposes. common upright (" Cos "} the dwarf varieties than with (" Cabbage ") section, and a reliable, or such as Favourite Continuity,should always non-boltingvariety,
serious
Lettuces be
as grown trouble from a
stand-by. put
out
However,
the
there
is not,
are
as
rule,
much
boltingwith
Cos
sorts
if
they
A
grown
unchecked
from
or
and the first,
in moist
soil.
superphosphate, say 4 oz. per square hearts. to form before planting,will help them of be dug deeply, and should a dressing decayed manure Sowing : The first sowing of during the process.
in
lightcoat of bone flour yard, spread on and forked

The
ground
turned in
made
in
cool
house is
or
a
frame frame
and
in
or
winter.
If Lettuce
seed be may is in great
demand,
and When
and
there
sprinkledover
apart.
it broadcast,
be pit available, the seed may the plants thinned to a few inches
be drawn little some una may grown to mature. the left while others Otherwise, are hearted used, the seed may be sown thinly in boxes, and the plants put out in border be outdoors warm on a sown early in April. Seed may month will the be the of in end but early March, exposed places enough for safety. The soil should be dug, crumbled, raked fine,
they
have
and seed
drills drawn
foot
apart
and
about
half
an
inch
deep.
The
ground is moist, but not sodden, at germinates If the come seedlings quickly they should be thinned, sowing time. each other the plants begin to crowd and when again they should
quickly if the
be the
the
planted
out
foot
apart
the
after
hearts
showery
be should
weather;
more room.
very
large
When
varieties, like Giant
White
Cos, may
above the
given
be with
plants are
outer
fully grown
up
tied
"
leaves
just
They
may from
should
rot.
"
be
firmly, but
Bolting
the centre
which need
is known instead of remaining firm. this
by tying, stripof raphia. the hearts drawn not or tightly, the by plants throwing up a shoot
centre
a
blanched
It is useless those who
to preserve
plants
Lettuces
betray
not waste
weakness,
even
but
like have
cooked
no
them,
though they
may
pets,.
206
KITCHEN
such "demand
as
GARDEN
to it is well to
"
continued.
rabbits,
young
give the plants to.

sow
Where
so as
Lettuces
to maintain
are a
in
little and
often,
great regular
"supplyof
To make
of which will always be hearting in. plants,some largesowings with the object of maintaining a the plants come in together in as regularsupply is a bad principle, and will not be A final made large quantities keep. sowing may mid- August. "outdoors about The plantsthus raised will be set out a
one or
two
foot years 'Giant White
apart
if
a
in autumn
to
stand
the
winter, which
Varieties
in
":
they will
Paris
do
most
hardy
are
White
variety is chosen. reliable Cos two

Bath
to
sow
varieties, with
and White Hicks' Hardy and who
and
Black-seeded
are
August.
Favourite
Continuity
Lettuces
(seealso French
Cos,
Noire Great
Romaine
splendid Cabbage sorts : Gardening) should note the following Acquisition Cabbage, and Improved Chavigny
varieties. Those force Parisienne
"
Cabbage.
Maize
extent
is also
or
good.
Corn climate
one
(Zea Ma}^).
in
Maize is
Indian the
is not does
in
grown
not
to
any
of
Britain,
crop should
because
an
permit
in
a warm 2
ripening it. The An earlysugar corn

fiouse
or
important
the
and
United
States.
out
frame
in
the seed be grown, spring,the plants hardened
being sown
put
ft.
special spring. is (Agaricus campestris). Although the Mushroom but not it is included in kitchena a vegetable, fungus, generally that for part of the year, frames garden crops, and often occupies, utilised for other are things at earlier or later periods. In large Mushroom "establishments house is not an uncommon a adjunct to other horticultural consists of a thick-walled, and this buildings, dark are place, with pipes running through it. But Mushrooms
value. It may Mushroom be
sown
.apart in June. Mercury (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus) which is grown a good deal in Lincolnshire, but
" .
hardy
vegetable
is not
of any
out
of doors
in
"
"
"
'often grown in sheds, and and the two darkness are of fresh stable manure sufficient warmth -getting turned
"sweeten
still
more
largely in
the
open is
no
air. with be
Heat
dance abun-
principal requirements,and
at command
there The
manure
in difficulty well in order
outdoors.
on
must
and it.
shaken
When
are
gases emitted and "subdued should

be 6
the
to days and the violently, foul, but after repeated turnings the heat becomes material pleasant to the nostrils. At this stage it out
or
fresh from
the
4 stable
successive
it heats
built into
the
firm
bed
30
ins. wide
must bed
at the
"up to order to "should

drawn
ins. at
get
it
top. The manure the When quite firm.

in tested here for and heat there and the
be
sloping in brisklytrodden
a
bottom,
be out At
thrust
and the
is finished left for a few
thick
stick then
a
hours,
hot
with
hand.
If very
wait
"day.
'case
second
wait
another the
"
borne
should
or
be still hotter, in which testing the stick may be day. Not until the heat of the stick can in Seedsmen be bed supply spawn spawned. which
flat cakes the
bricks,"
and then
should
be
broken
up
into
to
an a
piecesabout
be
The
size of eggs bed should
thrust
be
"with moist,
loamy
soil,and
far enough into the bed plastered completely over with about covered finally
hidden.
inch
deep
thick-
foot
ness
207
of straw. and
White
threads broken
less
will
run
from become and be
pierce the
should under be
cover
soil, growing above

as
form Mushthe spawn, rooms, in thick clusters, from
which When
the
they
they
can
largeenough
straw
for
use.
grown darkness heat and necessary of the materials. "quantity Mustard associated Cress. Onion
manure
will be needed, as secured with smaller a
(Sinapisalba).
"
popular
be grown
salad in
or
relish, generally
same
with
Cress.
It may
"
the
way.
See
(Allium cepa). As a component of soups and stews the and indispensable, cottagers at all admittedly almost not to it wider events use, hesitating promote it to the rank of give a with bread and cheese and to eat it raw nor even a major vegetable, which favour. For salads a white, mild the particular beverage they chosen in should and be sown August; another variety sowing in spring. It is customary to sow be made a larger, strongermay in summer, at the sort time and flavoured same transplant in bulbs before the autumn to or spring-sown crop spring yieldlarge is ready. Varieties classed Autumn Onions." treated as are so the For the main suffices it to when becomes sow dry ground crop in is A of soil crumble March to or April. piece enough dug deeply and with manured liberally.The surface is crumbled up, dusted then trodden soot, and quite firm. A little soil for covering is with and the seed is sown scratched the rake, thinly in lines a up foot apart. After sowing the seed is covered, the bed well trodden, the The and surface plants are subsequently lightlyraked over. till just clear of each thinned other; severe thinning is avoided It is well to for bulbs. the prize plantswith soft soap except spray in and oil solution Paraffin oil) when they are 2 or 3 ins. paraffin (see will lay high, in order to keep off the Onion fly,which otherwise in the leaves work and will on therefrom, May, grubs,hatching eggs the plants their way to the bulbs and destroy the plants. Thereafter will grow until mid- June or July, when they are subjectto steadily
Onion is
"
the
trace in
attack
of
mould
or
mildew. liver of be
This
must
oz.
be checked
to
at the
first
by spraying August the tops
with may bulbs
sulphur, %
over
broken
per check
gallon of water,
growth,
and
a
be pulled up and left in the sun to fortnightlater the may and When be dry. hung up in fullyripethey may strung together A cool varieties shed. a dry, : Useful i, Ailsa Craig,Bedfordshire ground underor Champion, James's Keeping, White Spanish. Potato Onions
same
way
of
as
are useful, and very Shallots (seep. 212).
are
grown housewife
to
from
bulbs
to she in
in the have
wants
Parsley (Carum
row
Petroselinum)
" .
The
in
room
likes
what
Parsleyin
in the
her
garden
is
from
no
which frame
for garnishgather sprigs ing

can
her dishes, and
there
trouble in
giving her
be
day every otherwise she

know well
year go
provided
short
found Our
winter;
may
of spells
hard
frost.
seedsmen
greatly the feminine eye is pleased by beauty of and have form, consequently given us varieties of Parsley they that be sown in the The seed of these may curled. are beautifully covered in March. The should be with soil manure decayed open and then well in. Four of ounces dug deeply,turning the manure
how
208
KITCHEN
GARDEN per
"
continued.
superphosphate
should The grow, be with
sown
square
yard may
covered
also
be
dug in.
The
then
and thinly,
seedlings may
the
Parsley. popular of the most and nourishing, is worthy of culture in all kitchen gardens. The seed is lightand therefore be sown loses its vitality soon as ; it should earlyin spring will the soil the that of state as was permit. Ground cropped with Peas the previous year, or that has been cleared of Celery, will further manuring, generallygive a good crop of Parsnips without but it is a good plan to dress the ground with soot and lime, which at the rate of % Ib. each be spread on yard and may per square the ground is dry enough When dug in towards the close of winter. in March draw drills 18 ins. apart and to crumble or an earlyApril, the seed in thinly, inch deep, sprinkle and cover. The plants may be thinned to 9 ins. apart. They ought to be ready for pullingin wears October, but they improve in flavour as the autumn so on, in them be no from that there should the hurry removing ground needs. quantitiesas are required for immediate except in such Parsnips are often attacked by a fungoid disease on the root, called Liberal dressingsof soot and lime, and the avoidance of rust." A leaf-miningmaggot will keep it in check. fresh manure, times somethe be met attacks leaves, and it should by crushing the affected leaves immediately and spraying with a solution of soft of in which a wineglassful paraffinoil has been stirred. The soap Hollow Maltese, Crown, Student, good varieties: following are
soon a row
to a be thinned result that there will
with about half an few inches apart, and be
inch of
seed of soil. left to
splendid
of the
Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum). If one vegetablesthe Parsnip is certainly

"
not
one
most
"
fourth The of these is the best flavoured. and True. of the oldest The Green Pea is one Green sativum). Pea, (Pisum in Great but it did not come into general cultivation of vegetables,
Tender
"
Britain made
in
until the the
seventeenth
century,
and
very
little progress
was
nineteenth,
with abundant that a choice
improvement of varieties until the beginning of the marrowfat when Knight raised the first wrinkled-seed
number of is
as
variety. The
is
sorts
now
which
almost that
combine
and
delicious
the
podding
so
considerable,
so
Pea
flavour lover has

ties variea
wide
some
to be the
embarrassing.
be had
Some
over
pod period.
June,
best and
early and
In
in late
are
late,
the
early districts
ones
crops first outdoor last may be in

in
may crop will be in November. use
long
in
ready
The
July and August. Those who crops and have sheltered want no a an glass should choose early crop the south south-west soon or as as aspect, and sow place with a ground becomes crumbly after the end of February. It is a mistake and the when soil is sodden to sow sowings pasty. Thereafter until border be made or 10 June. A warm 14 days every may in Peas wall will sometimes south under a early 13 weeks, yield
generallysecured
but
warmer,
often
15
are can
required.
be secured
Later
in
in the
year,
when
the
soil is
crops should be dug deeply or Rotation and (see Manures liberally be covered heavy soil the seed may Peas
soil for The less. or 3 months and manured trenched (see Soil),
2
cropping). In the case ins. deep, and in light3
of ins.
hoe or wide drill with a draw a well over it, making a pint go at To avoid moisten destruction by birds or vermin oil before the and when paraffin sowing, plants come
i
209
tool and
20
wise
to
make
other least the

soot
sprinkle the
seed
yards.
with
In for
seed
through place
about. The sticks
short
case
twigs among
them, and
a
fresh sprinkle
lime
the
or
of bird trouble at Peas should supporting the

and
later
stage
set
up
scares.
be
18 ins.
longerthan
nominal
height of
well down after having the base sharpened, so Peas, that they grip securely. Six should be allowed per yard, three on each side of the row, not be set and of sticks should the ranks be and cord than a foot of each other. stakes nearer String may used Wire for
forced
supporting Peas nettingattached to
up to 30 ins. high, but sticks iron rods or strong polesmakes
are a
better. very fair
for sticks. When Peas are nicelythrough they young be thinned if with crowded and earthed a couple of inches may up of crumbly mould. the same WThere several rows are sown on piece of ground it is customary to sow distance apart that the same them the with
substitute
Peas mildew
plants grow high, and Spinach, Turnips, or they should be dusted

should
in
the
ground
Lettuces. with soot

at
once
between If weevil
be
water
checked at the
and lime with fresh of
be cropped may the should attack in equal parts; and liver per different
dissolved
pods
in a dish. not be mixed large pods for exhibition, the plants should wanted be stopped a foot short the their full height and liquid manure applied. When crop
over,
should be varieties should
strength gathered young, and
-J pods
oz.
sulphur, gallon. The

ages
and
are
of
of
If very
of is
a prey ground the ground level and should be cut off just above cleared away. The roots may be left in the ground, as they supply the soil with nitrates. The following are good selections of varieties : on
the
plants should
but
not
be left
the
to become
to
mildew,
Dwarf Early.
Little Marvel
Marrowfat
Duke of
Varieties
of fine
Flavour.
Dwarf Daisy
Dwarf Three
to
Medium.
Albany, 5-6 ft.

3
4
, ,
Dwarf
Late.
Kaiser, Peerless, Record,
,,
5-6
,,
Mammoth
four feetEarly.
Large Exhibition
Alderman,
Duke of
Varieties.
Gradus
May
Three
Queen
to
Albany,
Marrowfat,
5-6 ft. 5-6

,,
four feetLate.
Matchless
5-6
3
,,
Gladstone Michaelmas Potato of all

"
Prizewinner,
,,
Quite Content,
5-6
,,
dry
in
a
the most important the Potato is also often of the most one vegetables, ing, disappointto disease. Given owing to its tenderness and liability warm, weather from April to August there is no cause for anxiety,but cold spring there is the fear of frost, and in a wet summer of If there is
a
(Solanum tuberosum). Admittedly
blight.
choice
of site it is well to
plant the
first crop 0
on
2 1 o KITCHEN
a
GARDEN
south in
or
"
continued. border in In
to February, then it is possible it not is cold, exposed places
sheltered
in
west
dig May prudent to plant
mild
districts.
before
April.
Potatoes
will thrive and
light heavy soils if friable,but damp sites
in both
be should avoided. The ground should be
dug deeply
a
fair
given cayed dressing of demanure, mented suppleby

4
and
Ib. Ib.
of of per
kainit
FORCING
i.
and
POTATOES
IN
BOXES.
superphosphate
square
Soil.
2.
for water. 4. Hole for water
Space
3.
to
Drainage material.
escape.
rod,
applied in
the
February,
early varieties
be drawn
whole
turned
those
well in. for late
soil
over
apart.
to the
2 ft. and may ridgeof 3 ft. apart, all 4 ins. deep, then with a light all they will be covered 6 ins. The or sets be a foot 5 may the plantsare 8 or 9 ins. high, soil should When be drawn up ones
The
drills for
tips. About
Mixture Woburn
the
end
of
June
the
plants should
should
a
be
sprayed with
well under
An
Bordeaux
the
(seeBordeaux),
Bordeaux
used
which
be
got
leaves.
Paste,
instead and
proprietary compound
more
sold Abol
by seedsmen,
sprayer cultures.
be may will be found a For is
if
convenient.
good
inexpensiveappliancesuitable
a
for small
If the weather
a
second
spraying should
knapsack sprayer is preferable. damp and the temperature low at mid-July be given. The crop will be ready for lift-
largecultures
GROWING
i.
EARLY
POTATOES
2.
IN
POTS.
THE
POTATO
DISEASE
Space
for water.
Soil.
i.
,
(Phytophthora infestans). Spots

3.
on
3.
Drainage.
the upper
Diseased
patches on under Healthy leaf.
surface. side.
the leaves, being free from disease, turn yellow; the period and district. the sort with Early sorts are frequently vary it is but lifted while the tops are generallyat the sacrifice of green, for future use stored Tubers to be be and should flavour quantity.
ing when
will
allowed but
not
to lie in the
sun
until the skins

In such
a
are
set, but
no are a
they
will turn
for food.
Seed
green. Potatoes
state
they
in
may
be stored
wise longer, otherseed for good lightplace, but
good
straw
211 with
tubers and
are
should soil. All
be
put in
be
heap
be
when
dry,
in
and
covered
If very
must
kept
safe
from
frost.
early
Potatoes in
a warm
wanted,
tubers
or
tubers
or
may
own
put
in
a
large pots
Those should
and who
placed
grow
seed
greenhouse,
from
planted
their
frame. different
Potatoes
of
saving
a
get fresh
soil and Good
so, preferably 3 years every otherwise it will be found that the crop
from
district,
"
deteriorates.
varieties Late.
Midlothian
Early. Early
Medium. British
Queen
Factor
Sharpe's Express
Radish hard for
Snowdrop sativus).
"
Up-to-date
Radish the Lettuce presses All classes appreciate
(Raphanus popularityas
"
The
"
salad
"
and
relish."
it, and
it is
stock
line
those
with
who
as
market
hardy vegetable,and in autumn long supply sow

of the be made
think well
as
gardeners. It is a fairly good deal about having a
spring. The first sowing the end of place towards year may in the well and manured seed cast broadsoil, sown dug February, being the bed covered with tanned inch deep and an nettingor black in order Thereafter thread to keep off birds. sowings may be made who Those force vegetablesin frames at intervals until September. also French (see Gardening) frequently sprinkle a few Carrot and in mixture in rows, seeds Radish before the drawing the Radishes
in in
a
sheltered
Carrots The All. Rhubarb very may

or
want
much
room;
are
or
they
sow
between young: For
frame
Potatoes.
followingvarieties
French
good
Wood's
if drawn Frane.
A the
white),
Breakfast,
Turnip (red and Earliest of forcing,

of Rhubarb is
(Rheum
several round
and
rhaponticum)
those force
or a
"
good
stool
serviceable, and
grow
who
a
have
necessary box
accommodation
either portion, bottomless the
by placing some
barrel
a few by lifting
litter
the
in soil in
warm
garden, or stools,packing them together place and watering them.

roots will
in
Thus
succession
be
come
secured,
on
as
the In used
unforced
and
plants
in
will
later. may be
starting with
sown
Rhubarb,
seed
spring,the plants being shifted be the following spring; but sticks cannot Roots however, FQ;CING pulled under 3 years. may, RooT A STRQNG if planted in be bought, and good soil in RHUBARB. Op spring will yield the following year; it is not wise to pull from freshlyestablished plants. A cool, moist site
should be
chosen
for
this
crop,
and
the
soil should
be
manured
house slops, and liberally. Soakings of water, liquid manure, varieties: it. Good will (early) Champagne soapsuds strengthen and Victoria (late). minor Two and Scorzonera. roots, but quite distinct from Salsify the big crops, such as Carrots, Beetroot, and Parsnip, and of agreeable has creama flavour. porrifolium) Salsify (Tragopogon coloured root, and good specimens are 9 ins. long by 2 ins. thick at
"
2 1 2
KITCHEN the
GARDEN
"
continued.
the is slender, almost Scorzonera foliage grassy. (Scorhispanica)has a purple root rather largerand thinner than is broader. and the foliage be grown Both in the same Salsify, may other that is,sown in deep, well-tilled, outdoors as tap roots way but not inch deep, in April. soil,and covered an freshlymanured The rows be a foot apart and the seedlings thinned to 6 ins. or may rather be will for in more. and be use autumn, They ready may
top;
zonera
"
stored like Beetroot, but Scorzonera at all events is hardy enough to be left in the ground most of the winter if desired. Savoy (Brassica oleracea bullata). A hearting form of winter Green, with crinkled leaves, very hardy and useful. Savoys are in from mid-autumn to the end of winter, when season they give way lifted and
"
to
summer-sown
plants
that
treated smaller
Cabbages. similarlyto
varieties the
as
be sown the in April,and may Broccoli and Brussels Sprouts, except
Seed
the
firm, fertile ground.
be may should They

will
planted a
not
quite firm,
the
are same
or
flavour
the
be
little closer. be cut until the inferior. Savoys are
They
hearts
like
are
enemies
other
Greens
(see Broccoli).
The
subject to following
Ulm, Perfection, Drumhead good varieties: Early Dwarf A is the market. now on (large). Savoy-BrusselsSprout Seakale (Crambe maritima). One of the most delicious of vegetables forced. The plant forms a tap root, which, if protected, when will push up thick white stem. There various methods of a are in forcingit,one being to heap soil or house cinders over the crowns
"
winter, another
third
to
a cover
to
pack
crowns
the
to
in soil under with deep

a
the
stage
and
room.
of
warm manure
house,
over
pots
warm
heap
hot
them,
fourth
place in
box
in
Friable
soil and
of forcingabove plenty of moisture should be provided in all cases The seed and are be resorted raised, ground. to, plants easily may in but before the crowns are sowing spring; elapse 3 years may If,however, piecesof side root are taken, strong enough to force. friable soil in spring, and planted up to the tip 2 ft. apart in fertile, from the growths which the thinned to crown spring one, strong will be formed of the same forcingcrowns by autumn Lily year. White is an improvement on the common Seakale. Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) This useful member of the Onion in tribe is worth kitchen a place into use garden, for it comes every in early summer, and may be utilised in soups, stews, and pickles, well as for plaincooking. It is usual to plant bulbs, as seed does as not, as a rule, give a crop until the second times year, although it somedoes so the first. The bulbs should be planted as early in the new into suitable condition for working, year as the soil comes
" .
be half buried and may 9 ins. soil is deep and well manured
a foot asunder. apart in rows will they speedilythrow up
of
narrow
leaves into
a
develop
they
may
presently begin to form large,closely packed cluster by midsummer,

and dried
"
and
If the a cluster will offsets, which when

and
be taken
Spinach healthful vegetablesthan

well marked.
as a
in the up (Spinacia oleracea). There
sun. are
Spinach, and
should Peas
few more its medicinal

as
wholesome main and
are properties a
All classes crop between
catch
grow Beans. and
it, either
It is
crop
or
hardy
easily
grown,
213
to and
to it is its liability to run serious drawback and the one look partly to varieties must it. The grower seed, which spoils " partlyto culture as a remedy for this. The ordinary round " " the character of from come prickly varieties (these names in both addicted to the leaf) are it, especially seed, not from
"
and
the
hot,
dry
weather
are
and
in
poor
soil.
The
varieties
different
from
The New less prone. the rest, is also a non-bolter. should

be to In
Long-standing and Zealand Spinach, which
Victoria is
quite
The and
be
soil for fertile.

bone in
Spinach
flour the
or
addition
rate
the
deep, moist, ordinary

may per square in be made border
manure,
superphosphate
of 4
oz.
dug
at
yard. The first sowing may is a sheltered there February where

available, and
may
inch
one
thereafter until If several
be
made
regular sowings September, covering an

rows
are 2 sown
deep.
bed
in and
they ought
should The
to be
be
ft.
apart,
to
or a
the
plants
thinned
foot
apart.
leaves. Tomato No
Beet, is useful,
Spinach Perpetual Spinach, it produces very as large

"
fruit
is
(Lycopersicum esculentum). or vegetable (botanicallythe

a
REDUCING
fruit) developed during the last few years way astonishing

Tomato of
From
an
in
such
FOLIAGE THE TOMATOES.

2.
OF
i.
Top removed.
leaves
Side
the
gth
century
more
as
the
a
Tomato. items
shortened.
it progressed until curiosity in the of the great industryof it became one 'houses devoted of glass of acres are market gardening. Hundreds in the majority of privategardens. A it is grown to its culture, and is a tender the Tomato America, plant in Northern native of South it is and climes, unfortunately liable to in cool, worst are fungoid diseases, which renders outdoor This summers. damp culture to Much be done can precarious. Tomatoes indoor healthy by growing keep
being
little
than
botanical
most
considerable
them
in
sterilised
"
from
eel-worm,
is
the
where soil, and sleepy disease,"
trouble and other to
pests
to
it is worth persistent, expense

of
while with
sterilisation,which
steam steamed the to
go is
or
effected
in
RAISING TOMATOES
FROM
by heating, either
If be heated
a
furnace.
soil be with
it of
CUTTINGS.
A
should
fruiters.
from and
m
temperature
good plan for winter

Young
the shoots branches
are or
160", and
kept
attack
covered
taken stems y
ing the
likelyto
process.
cloth dura that is disease only plants in sterilised soil is The
autumn'0
few 50
yellow spot (Cladosporium fulvum), and be kept under this can by spraying every
of
"
days with by
solution
or
bluestone
"
of copper),i (sulphate Paste

"
oz.
in vised ad-
of water; gallons
the makers.
with Woburn When attacked
Bordeaux
at
the
rate
by
the
dreaded
sleepydisease"
214
KITCHEN the soil should
a
GARDEN
"
continued.
be dusted
immediately before watering with

sold
"
Veltha,"
compound proprietary
Tomatoes
and
by
florists.
a
It is
great aid to
keeping
indoor
healthy to
maintain
brisk,fresh,buoyant temperature;
"
the boiler fire sometimes even lighting and is chilly Plain loamy in summer muggy." of potash (i Ib. of soil, with nothing beyond a slightadmixture If grown suits Tomatoes. in sulphate of potash per barrow-load),
this may necessitate the weather when
pots, let
them
lo-in. be the smaller
from
rooting freely,then propagated by seed, but cuttingsare Tomatoes. winter want by those who
or
the plants are shifted to largestsize,and when fill until do wait not at once; they are pots up Tomatoes are give a top dressing. generally
used occasionally The

the seed
in
autumn
is is
sown
in winter
spring,according to
the
season
when
be sown very early crops the seed should first in The March. for summer crops heated or warm house, the latter in a cool frame, propagating pit, few inches apart when off should be The house. a pricked plants
required. For in January or February, in a sowings may be made

crop
they begin
touch
in shoots that in each
to
crowd
each
other, and
Care
need
potted separatelywhen
be
taken not As be to
they
other Each
spring.
show the
again. plant will kept

the
should
a
over-water
as
in the
are on
axils of the
to
one
strong stake. leaves they should

stem.
fast
the side
nipped
plants
shoots the
Flower When
3
manure a
clusters bunches may

week:
short
main
stem.
out, so will appear of fruit are
formed
mixture following
and the soil,
i
of chemical watered
sprinkled
\ part
over
in twice
part sulphate of ammonia,

Plants for outdoor either
be prepared, \\ part superphosphate, \ part sulphate of potash, may

be in
Veltha.
cultivation
into
raised
larly simi-
to
the
others, and
boxes.
put
be
5 -in.
out
pots
deep fairly
of
They
or
June,
1
little earlier in the
the about planted may later according to the district. south

or
April or into beginning

They
may
be set
8 ins.
apart againsta
open.
them at
case
west
case
wall,
strong
be
stakes
to
In
either
convenient
stop
about
of
4 ft.
it will high. The

If
supported with probably be found

or
side shoots
may
sprayed with Woburn the end of June, and again at Paste in solution towards Bordeaux is damp, disease can be kept at of July if the weather the middle and should be a avoided, lightdressingof superphosphate bay. Rich soil to and i sulphate of potash, 2 oz. of the former than much will be better of the latter per square farmyard yard, firm round the plants. Reduce be made The soil should manure. the spot is best kept under ripening. Black foliage to hasten with fresh liver of sulphur,\ oz. per gallon of water. but the followingwill varieties of Tomatoes are The numerous, For Lister's reliable: be found Prolific,Open- Air, Sunrise. Ideal, suppressed as
in the
pot plants.
exhibition grown
culture
sown
purposes
Perfection
A
may useful
be
chosen,
but
it should
be for
under
"
glass.
"
Turnip
as
(BrassicaRapa).
a
vegetable,well adapted
but
use
catch in
are
"
broadcast
crop beds.
between
Peas,
into
also suitable
in 6
or
for
being
from
Coming
for
weeks
sowing, Turnips
crops.
handy
coming
sown
between
in late
two
summer
long-season
en
They
may,
for instance, be
ground
from autumn.
2 1
the
same
which
fine
The and in
crop has soil need

the
been
not
sown
cleared,
be half in
an
and
give produce
but Outdoor
heavily manured,
deep. February if the
The inch
it should
be
raked may
seed
sowings
is
begin
and
sheltered
spots
ground
dry
enough, crops may if they are attacked by the flea beetle dry weather, especially A good remedy is (Halticanemorum), which riddles the leaves. to roll or tread the bed as soon the young as through, plants come and this may be supplemented by dusting early in the morning
varieties according to choose It is advisable for the of best to the soil and of sowing. Thus one season early or sowings is Early Milan, and this should be followed by Snowball with
soot
or
continue
until
September.
fail in hot,
wood
ashes.
PART
OF
GALL
WITH
FROM
TURNIP
INSIDE.
OR
GREEN,
THE
TURNIP
GALL-WEEVIL.
GRUB
Model, which
in
summer
may
be in
are
sown
again in August,
districts.
and
but
should Round.
not
be best
sown
except
varieties
cool, moist
Red Globe is Chirk
Two
of the
A
hot-
weather sort
Green
suitable Gall-
for
sowing
sometimes
in autumn attacks
Castle, as it is very
See remarks
on
hardy.
weevil
Turnips.
gas-limeunder
of
Broccoli. Marrow Vegetable enjoy Vegetable

summer,
as
(Cucurbita ovifera). The

"
majority
Peas and
people
in
Marrows
as
variant
on
Beans
of
It
in getting a good supply, difficulty the plant is easily The serious is the falling trouble one grown. in the that first stage, and is due to faultypollination. the fruit flowers in conbe remedied can tact by placingthe non-fruit-bearing when with the fruit-bearers the pollenis ripe. Where an early
and
there
is rarelymuch
is a locality the place sheltered; but mid-May is early enough in mild one and then something should be kept at hand exposed places,and even them for putting over 6 ft. cold nights. With bush Marrows on if will used varieties but not be too the are close; running apart the ft. had be bush better 12 plants given Speaking generally, Marrows
the earlier than but are runners, crop make which small Some pits, croppers. growers garden offal and manure, planting the Marrows in wet is not to be as seasons recommended, plan not
in February in a be sown seed should crop is wanted heated or frame, and the plants subsequently hardened frame. be planted out early in May if the They may
warm
house
in
a
cold
such
fill up
heavy
with The
they
on
the there
top.
is
great
fruit-dropping. A barrowful of soil placed in a heap of will generallyinsure manure vigorous growth and a heavy crop. With in well-done a ground good kitchen garden Vegetable Marrows requirenothing beyond plainsoil. The plants may be put between early Peas, and can be allowed to spread over the ground when the
trouble from
21 Peas
6
are
cleared. The varieties: True
followingare good Tender and (running), Pen-y-Byd (running),
Long
White
(bush).
Flower, Red-hot Poker, Torch Lily (knipho-fia, Kniphofia,Flame of our noblest Professor Kniphof. Ord. Liliaceae). One for The bold herbaceous making plants,splendid hardy groups. leaves are long and arching,and the flowers are borne in the form The of a cone a on long, stiff stem. prevailingcolours are yellow, form thickened red. and rootstocks, and need careful They orange, be raised division in spring if propagation is required. Plants may in spring. In rich, loamy soil magnificent plants are from seed on clay, and even produced, but they will thrive on well-drained in until established. chalk if well watered dry spells Special sites
after
"
should leaves The

common
are
be
chosen be
may
tied
for them, in order the crowns over the
to in
get
fine colour
to
effects. throw
The
autumn
off rain.
following are
Flame several
principalsorts:
(seethe
varieties
or
Flower named
Botanical
good
and
(syn. uvaria),the Magazine, t. 758); there hybrids,such as Franz Buchner,

and
aloides
nobilis, Obelisque, Pfitzeri,Saundersii,

Corallina
red
Star
of
Baden-Baden.
Leichtlini variety superba are dwarf growers. flowers Bot. t. 6716). Longicollis (see Mag., yellow (syn.primulina) is a greenhouse specieswith pale yellow flowers. Macowani is a dwarf Rooperi, orange specieswith coral flowers. red and and and are Tuckii, good. Kniphofia is yellow, yellow, its has
and
synonymous Kochia
with
Tritoma. Herr
uncommon
after (ko-chia, is an (scoparia) tricopilia bush red in autumn.

as particular
Koch.
of soft green fern-like in flower-beds This is used

to
Chenopodiaceae). K. hardy annual, forming a symmetrical in summer, turns which foliage

Ord.
"
and
borders.
chalk.
It is not
soil,but
See
does
not
care
for
dry
Grow
as
half-hardy
well
worth
annual.
"
Annuals.
a
Kohl-rabi.
Generally regarded as growing in gardens, and
farm
crop,
the
same
the
Kohl-rabi
treatment
is
as
needs
Kitchen Cabbages (see varieties. are good Labels. touched

"
Garden)
a
Earliest
.
Purple and
gardens,
and
Earliest
White
These
as
are
inconspicuous
with
and in
evil in necessary possible. Plain wooden
should upper
be
as
labels, the
part
cheap
soaked
paint to take the impress of the pencil,are handy. They do not last long unless the lower part is other creosote, Stockholm tar, or some preservative. Zinc
white indelible
labels be
labels,
raised
with
ink,
metal
are
largepermanent
letters
suitable tallies with Celluloid

should
for
the
many
name are
purposes.
For
stamped
good
to
in bold
should
on
used.
trees the the
labels be
and
see
cheap.
that the
Labels
shoot
wired is not
to young growing round
examined
wire. Latin
name.
Laburnum Useful
abundance
(labur-num,
of
deciduous
The
do
Scotch,
not
trees, generallygrown of long, drooping racemes alpinum, is liked better than

as
Leguminosae). standards, and bearing yellow flowers in spring.

"
Ord.
the
common.
The
Laburnums
thrive
in almost banks.
any
object to
They
from of soil, in towns. will do

kind
chalk
to
clay,and
should be
They
planted in
is autumn
2 1
late winter, and staked or tion securely. Propagaand are but which are grafting budding poisonous; by seeds, with included The once nurseries. was genus practised in the as Cytisus Laburnum. Laburnum the common being known Cytisus, It is the There
now
Laburnum several
vulgare.
varieties
There and
are
yellow-leaved,aureum;
are
the
several varieties, such as Oak-leaved, quercifolium.
of the Scotch, Watereri being good. One is Adami of the Laburnums of the most (syn. Cytisus interesting from which resulted with graftingCytisus flowers, purple Adami), shoots from several the common Laburnum; on grew purpureus gave graft,and the most vigorous one, propagated separately, Adami. Some C. a known as give now specimens plants will tree the for bud on a of one reversion, give peculiarexample to the the revert tree while others same on yellow Laburnum, purple parent. Both species are fertile,but the hybrid itself is fixed. In other trees the hybrid remains sterile. Ord. Liliaceae). after M. de la Chenal. Lachenalia (lachena-lia,
the
all the
"
See
Bulbs.
" "
Caterpillar. See Fruit Apples. Lackey Moth from lac,milk, in allusion (lactu-ca, Lactuca, Lettuce
Ord.
to
the
juice.
Compositae). Lady Fern, Asplenium

"
See
Kitchen
Garden.
filix-foemina.
Lady's Smock,
Laelia
"
Cardamine
after (lae-lia, hothouse
Beautiful which
pratensis. Ord. Orchidaceae) the vestal virginLaelia. Orchids, resembling Cattleyas, epiphytal
.
with under
sorts:
they have Cattleya apply

winter
been
to
crossed. The
The
cultural
remarks
the
made
them.
following are
principal
bloomer, and its varieties, such as alba, Ashanceps, and Percivalina, different colours worthiana, (see the Botanical various winter, colours, sweet Register,t. 1751). Autumnalis,
(BotanicalMagazine,
varieties.
t.
3817);
alba
and
atro-rubens
are
good
Cinnabarina, cinnabar, spring. Perrinii,winter, red and various colours. white. Pumila, autumn, Purpurata, late spring, purple, etc. ; several varieties, such as alba, atropurpurea, and and Schroderae. Tenebrosa, late spring,brown purple; the Tring
Park
and
Walton
Grange
varieties
are
good.
There
are
many
the above hybrids between Laelias and Cattleyas; and
also species,
these
are a
bigenerichybrids between Laelias, trigenerichybrids between

modern
work
on
Cattleyas, and
should
be
are descriptions
Brassias.
as
For
Orchids
and the
consulted,
they
counted
by
scores,
highly technical.
"
Laelio-Cattleya. See above. Lagurus ovatus, Hare's-tail

and
oitra,
a
tail.
Ord.
from (lagu-rus, lagos,a hair, Gramineae). For culture, see Annuals Grass
" "
Grasses. Lamb's Lettuce.

"
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Corn
Salad.
Ord. Labiateae). (la-mium,Pliny'sname. to extent. It thrives is the only species L. maculatum grown any or cuttings. in ordinary soil,and is propagated by division in spring, is a yellow-leavedvariety. Aureum
Lamium/Dead
Nettle
"
2 I
(lanta-na, the
is the
in
Lantana Lantana
"
old Tree
name
for
Viburnum. Ord.
Viburnum
Wayfaring
dwarf The
of the suitable
ceae). Pretty
summer.
shrubs,
Verbeniahedgerows. for the greenhouse and for

that of thrive in
and Heliotrope, ordinary soil, wood under glass in the The not much of are summer. majority people species grown, La such as d'Or, yellow; Drap Neige, garden varieties, preferring has and white; Magenta King, purplish-red. Salvifolia, which flowers and a purple-tinted leaf, is a good plant for summer mauve for winter also be used blooming in a warm bedding, and may greenhouse (syn.violacea). after Josephine Lapageria (lapage-ria,
de
foliageresembles bedding in Verbena-like heads. the flowers are They and are propagated by cuttings of young
la
Pagerie, afterwards
Ord. of
all
Josephine
"
Beauharnais
in
and
rosea
wife is
one
of
Napoleon Buonaparte.
of
the most
Liliaceae). Lapageria
indoor
beautiful
climbers,
of
or on a
as
the
advantage
of
vigour of growth it has producing large quantitiesof drooping tubular

addition
colour to marked in
flowers albiflora
brightrose
the
early summer.
The
The
white
variety,
for out
alba, is also beautiful.

roof of
a
rambling
in
well -drained
peat,
and
in They are not at home old flowered out by cutting house should
Nash
large kept pots.
cool safe
Lapagerias are suitable glasshouse, and if planted

from
and
frost, they
is weak
will
thrive.
Propagation
shoots
be
vaporised frequentlyto
Court is
a
by layers. Prune growths. The any the plants free from keep
in the
insects. Botanical Larch

when
fine
variety.
and
Magazine,
t. 4447;
is illustrated Rosea albiflora in t. 4892.

"
(Larix europaea. planted of hardy

new
Ord.
in
Coniferae). spring.
the
One
of the It is at
most its
tensively ex-
deciduous
Conifers. No
best
particularcompost is be needed. by seeds; seedlingsmust Propagation trans; Larch will fibrous. the be roots not are or poles early, planted Flower and for arches, (see Garden). making pillars, pergolas good several varieties of the common as Larch, such There are glauca, pendula, and sibirica. Larix pendula is the Black Larch.
the
leaves
break
is
Larkspur.
Larva.
"
"
See
Delphinium
and
Annuals.
A
"
grub, or maggot. caterpillar,

This
the
Lastraea.
genus
botanists,
aristatum. many
with
allied to Nephrodium by exception of aristata, which is called Aspidium

now
of ferns
is
Filix-mas
It is
a
is the
famous
Male
as
Fern, of which
Latanier,
of
our
there
are
varieties.
hardy species,
"
also is dilatata.
the
See Ferns.
Latania, Bourbon
of and
the
Palm
Bourbons. Botanists
Ord.
from (lata-nia, Palmae). One

is
family
has
name room
handsomest
conservatory palms
now
Latania
borbonica,
which
broad
fronds.
see
call
it Livistona
chinensis.
For
culture,
Palms.
Laterals.
"
term
appliedto
the
side shoots
of Vines, abut
equally
applicableto
reference to
the
side shoots
of other
plants.
thouros, irritant, in
Ord.
Lathyrus (lath-yrus,from
the seeds
la, addition, and

excitement.
causing
Leguminosae)
" .
The members tie principal prii of this genus
the
are
2 1
(seeSweet
Peas),and
the Sweet Pea, L. odoratus latifolius C. or Pea, sylvestris Everlasting
platyphyllus(seeEverlasting Pea). L. sativus is the dwarf annual ChicklingVetch, the blue form of which is often erroneously called Lord Anson's Pea. L. magellanicus (syn. nervosus) is the true Lord Anson's like the EverlastingPea. is and a deciduous Pea, perennial, annual with (Botanical Register,. Tingitanus, an purple flowers t. 1383); Drummondii, a rose a red perennial; grandiflorus, nial perenand t. a rose rotundifolius, (Botanical Magazine, 1938); nial peren(Bot.Mag., t. 6522),are sometimes They are all hardy, grown. and increased by seeds or root division in spring. Any good soil
suits. Lattice-leaf Laurel.
"
Plant, Ouvirandra
fenestralis.
is the Prunus lauroceraeus of popular evergreen it and almost on soil, rapid grower, succeeding any is very and useful for forming screens shelters quickly. Young and November plants should be planted between April, and they the be 6 ft. to of the soil; to put apart according fertility may 9 have. the richer it is the more should For room they pruning, see old plants are shifted they sometimes lose their Evergreens. When and are soon leaves, but they usuallybreak again from the old wood The leaves* Portugal Laurel, P. lusitanicus, has narrow green. The be Laurels propagated by cuttingsand layersif desired, may it is hardly worth but they are so cheap that while to raise stock The Laurel at home. is also P. laurocerasus. The Sheep Cherry Laurel is Kalmia The sometimes Aucuba is called the angustifolia. Variegated Laurel. botanists.
A
This
Laurestinus Tinus
or
Laurustinus.
the
"
This Of with
useful
evergreen
is the
not
num Vibur-
of
an
botanists.
compact
handsome
habit,
leaves
growing
pretty
and
quickly
to
unwieldy size,
and
November flowers, cheap, easily transplanted between in and inclusive, thriving most soils,it is a very useful should
April
shrub, and
are
always
"
be
chosen
where
inexpensive evergreens
laur
,
wanted.
Ord. (Celtic) green. tree is well worth Laurineae). This handsome growing, and it thrives in fertile, loamy soil. Propagation is by cuttingsin a greenhouse in September, or by seeds when sown ripe. The leaves are are aromatic, and the flowers, which yellow and borne in spring, followed are by purple berries. Angustifoliais a narrow-leaved variety. In cold districts plant in a sheltered place.
Laurus
Sweet nobilis,
from Bay (lau-rus,
Lavatera,
"
Rose
most
Mallow
The
in
valuable
rosea-splendensand
bush
summer
after Lavater. Ord. ceae). Malva(lavate-ra, of the Rose Mallows the hardy annual are its white a variety; the former makes large
from spring-sown seed, and bears last well. Arborea pink flowers, which Tree is biennial. handsome a Mallow, variegated beautiful
profusion of variegata,the
a
Lavender,
Labiatae).
"
Lavandula The common leaves

a
(lavan-dula,from
Lavender,
and
lavo,
is
a
to
wash. thrive
is
Ord.
L.
vera,
popular shrub,
on"
with
most
its
greyish
soils and
has
It will perfumed flowers. for chalk. partiality Propagation
by
cut-
22O
of side
or
tings
autumn the
shoots
in The
late
summer are
in dried
cold
frame. for
Plant
use
in
end
of
spring. June, when
flowers
generallyready
or
about
they
can
be
distilled.
Lavender Law.
to
"
Cotton, Santolina.
The
following are (i) A gardener
few
a
points of
domestic
law
as
culturists: hortiaffecting
is
servant.
He
tenant
is entitled for wilful hold hiringfreeof

the
month's
misconduct.
which
be notice, but may (2) Trees and shrubs may should

not be removed
on
summarily planted by
without
dismissed
a
property
owner,
the
the
consent
taking up tenancy. establishments. in trade (3) Greenhouses necessary bricks may not be taken to mortared nailed to walls and attached used trade unless for without if,however, consent, purposes; away
consent is not
be
obtained
Such
"erected may
be
in
sections be cut
on
loose
bricks, and
attached
over
by
a
screws,
they
Fallen
removed. may
(4) Trees
if the
owner
hanging
refuses
from with
the
neighbour's
has
ground
access
to
deal
them.
fruit may
to and the
not, however,
be
animals
owner
pick it up if it is another on trespassing

is liable for any
owner right of appropriated; delivered not voluntarily. (5) Poultry
property
which
may may
not do.
be
killed,but
damage
allow
they
Lawns. flower
"
No
lovers
the
must
neglect of
grass, and
accustoms
very
the
well-kept grass, and perfect without their passion for plants to cause It is common turf. nowadays to plant bulbs in charming the flowers are in spring (seeBulbs). This of rough grass; but eye to seeing a certain amount garden
looks not
it is turf should .grow
no
reason
why
borders,
house
the the
tennis
narrower
lawn,
the
broad
grass
the the
"
paths
and
round
herbaceous
near
stripsalong drives,
neglected.
the
piecesof begins to
and and
the
should rolled
be from
On
that
contrary, they
be
in
mown
and For method for
time
spring.
"
details,see
of
Flower
Garden
grass Grass.
Layering.
Paradise with of the themselves
propagation practisedwith
trees and
Quince
shrubs,
stocks
to
Carnations. branch down
fruit trees, with many Shrubby plants with low, The process
summer.
layering.
to
consists
In
so a
spreadingbranches lend in drawing a portion

heaping
of
on
the
ground, pegging it, and

the with
case
soil.
a
late in It is generallydone in the stem, but "slitis made

root
Carnations
this is not best left weeks. and
most
shrubs, which
from
the
are
bark.
They
a
are
year
before
has
no
being severed.
tap root,
and
Carnations this is Leaf

of rotten
an
ready in advantage with

"
few trees
layer
shrubs.
Mould.
valuable As
a
ingredientof potting compost,

a
formed suitable
leaves. be
rule, from
the
third
to
fourth
A
is
proportion, the
may
bulk used
of for
compost
being
loam.
larger proportion
with is to
propagation, as leaf mould, effect of leaf mould root production. The "encourages to stiff land. and it is a good addition "soil,
Leather may
be
sand,
lighten
jacket.
"
reduced Baits
as
spring.
It Tipula oleracea. fly, the ground with Vaporite or Apteritein by dressing valuable of Potato or Mangold should be put near The
grub
of the
Crane
such plants,
choice
Carnations.
Leek.
"
221
See
or
Kitchen
Garden.
Legumes
under
Leguminous
Garden.
"
Crops.
"
Pod-bearers.
See
Peas,
etc.,
Kitchen
"
Lent
Lily. See Bulbs

"
Daffodils. and Flower Flower Garden

"
Leontopodium. Leopard's Bane.

Ord. Modern
See
"
Edelweiss
Rockery.
See Doronicum
and
Garden.
from Leptosiphon (leptosi-phon,

"
slender, and leptos,
siphon,tube.
its white
Polemoniaceae). Charming hardy good. variety are particularly

botanists refer the genus
to
and Densiflorus annuals. For culture, see Annuals.

in
Gilia, but it is kept separate
gardens.
Lettuce.
"
See
Kitchen
Garden.
(leuco-jum,from leukos, white, and ion,. Leucojum, Snowflake to the purity and the white violet Violet, in reference literally, perfume. Ord. Amaryllideae) See Bulbs. Ord. after Lewisia Portulaceae) Captain Lewis. (lewis-ia, and suitable for the thrivingin dry, sunny rockery, Hardy plants, They are spots if given a compost of loam, leaf mould, and sand. in is rediviva L. a division seeds or spring. by very propagated with flowers ins. and rose about high, interestingplant,growing 4 in summer. Tweedyi has pink flowers in August.
" " . "
W. after Mr. Leysser. Ord. CapriLeycesteria (leycester-ia, is Formosa the shrubs. only species grown. foliaceae).Hardy is not particular It produces its purple and white flowers in summer, in be propagated by cuttings of ripe wood to soil, and as may in spring, under wood autumn or a (see the bell-glass young There is form. t. Botanical a 3699). variegated Magazine,
"
Ord. Compositae). Hardy herbaceous (lia-tris. plants,thrivingin lightsoil,and propagated by division in Pycnostachya is the spring,or by seeds in a greenhouse or frame. it about ft. most high, and bears purple popular species; grows 4 in late summer. flowers on long spikes Spicata, purple, is also
"
Liatris, Blazing Star
grown. Libertia
like
after (liber-tia,
the
Madame
Libert.
Ord.
border or rockery, floweringlate plants for friable soil, and a covering of litter or ashes in winter. light, seeds division in spring. Formosa, is or \\ ft.; Propagation by in and all with white flowers late ixioides, ft., 3 ft.; 3 grandiflora, also with are ft., good. Paniculata, i-Jspring or early summer, white
Iridae). Useful in spring. They

"
flowers, is pretty, but

t.
more
tender
(see the
and
Botanical
Magazine,
6263).
from (liboce-drus, incense-scented
Libocedrus the literally,
libanos, incense,
Cedar. Ord.
cedrus, cedar
"
"
Coniferae).
small
conifers, the most popular speciesof which is genus It likes a well-drained, decurrens, a tall, slender, and beautiful tree. soil. is when loamy Propagation by seeds, sown ripe in a greenhouse and or frame; by cuttings in summer. Aureo-variegata,. yellow leaves; and compacta glauca are varieties.
of evergreen
222
Libonia
hothouse
after M. Libon. (libo-nia, genus, floweringin winter.
and
a
third
beneath the
of leaf mould
in bell-glass popular species.

"
A useful Acanthaceae) in loam with a They thrive sand. some Propagation is by cuttings spring. Floribunda, 2 ft. high, yellow, is
Ord.
"
Lichens.
are
When
present, with
are
mosses,
common
on on
fruit trees
trees
the
lichens in wellare
out
of
place. They
on
less in
growing
orchard
drained often
trees
soil than
those
damp
can
ground.
be tubs
be
worn.
Old
and
trees
infested. with in winter
badly
each
The
i
bark
of
cleaned
by spraying
i
the
Ib.
caustic
in
soda
Ib. commercial 5
potash,
water,
mixed
separately
Gloves
containing
gallons of
then
mixing.
used
should
Ligustrum, Privet
being
sometimes
"evergreen The genus
from to tie, the shoots (ligus-trum, ligulare, for tying. Ord. Oleaceae). The popular hedge plant is Ligustrum ovalifolium (see Hedges). is a large one, but of little importance save for the Privet.
"
Lilac, Syringa (syrm-ga,from

"
the
Persian best
Syrinx.
should
are
The
common
Lilac of this
to
is
his
one
of the
of small
Ord. Oleaceae) floweringtrees, and

.
"every
selected
lover
fragrant old
common
favourite There
try
several
to
add
few
have
varieties than
"
shrubbery.
which
finer flowers "Of such "Charles "Madame Marie These

are
the
Lilac, while
Rubra de
retainingits fragrance. Marly,

de red
X., lilac Lemoine,

be
double
white
Souvenir
lilac
Louis
Spath, deep
Legraye, white
may
planted
they
are
in
autumn
or
spring,preferably in deep,
so
long as the soil is not are downright poor. pots for forcing into grown X. is much the variety Charles -early bloom, and for this purpose used. Small plants may be potted up into 7-in.or 8-in. in autumn, In a compost of loam and leaf mould. Propagation is by cuttings loamy
soil, but
not
fastidious
Lilacs
also
in
.and
grafting.
Persica
is the
Persian li
and
the vulgaris
common
Lilac.
"
from Lilium, Lily (Hl-ium, Bulbs.
white. (Celtic),
Ord.
Liliaceae). See
Lily of the Valley. See

"
Bulbs
and
Convallaria.
a
Lime.
is
"
Very useful
means
in
gardens, although
which
carbonates kiln
a
shallow
chosen
limestone
soil jected sub-
by
no
the
best
are
might
be
for
gardening.
are
Limestone
to and 'off,
and
chalk heat
what in
it is easy a state of 28 Ib. per square for several rod to land that has been heavily manured years, and which will do acid has accumulated, good by neutralising the humic It should checks and which decomposition and nitrification. Milk of lime is used in of humus. not be applied to ground devoid it
of In such rate ture). Mixwith sulphate as a fungicide(seeBordeaux -conjunction copper the ground Fresh powdered quicklime may be dusted over the be rate of 14 Ib. at used "at night to kill slugs. Gas-lime may
quicklime. crumbles to a powder, giving off heat. application. It may be applied at the
we
great get
great
of lime; when deal of carbonic

If this
they
acid
is driven in water
is called
is
placed
per square rod if land is
223
badly
infested
on
with surface which
club-root
weevil, provided it is allowed To in. make being turned
to lie
the
and gallfor 6 weeks before is also
lime-water,
good
and let
for
it
reducing slugs,put 3 Ib. of lime in a gallon of water and use. stand a few hours, then strain off the clear liquid
Lime Tree It in
or
Linden."
a
This
attract
is the
the
Tilia
Virgil.
flowers
the is best.
avenues
is
handsome
tree, with
bees. A
Ord. Tiliaceae) of (til-ia, scented yellowish,highly It does under

is
a
which spring,
in Berlin
are or
well in towns, side of the
and
famous. Silver
deep, well-drained, loamy

the
soil
The
is
White T.
Lime,
leaf of
which is the
is silvery,
argentea;
and
orbicularis
common
species are ; platyphyllos

Limnanthes in allusion
sun.
Lime, Americana,
there
are
it has a the American
variety. Vulgaris Other variegated form. good Bass and Wood, petiolaris,
of the latter. and
many
varieties
from (limnan-thes, to
limne, marsh,
but places,
anthos, flower,
their love
of moist
"
Ord. white
Geraniaceae)
.
and
species.
For
flowers, beloved culture, see Annuals.
Pretty dwarf of bees. Douglasi
they will thrive in the hardy annuals, with yellow

is the
most
popular
from linon, flax, in allusion to the (lina-ria, form of the leaf. Ord. Scrophularineae) Pretty dwarf hardy The former raised from others are some annual, perennial. plants, in spring (seeAnnuals), the latter from seed seed and division. by to soil. as They are not particular Alpina,which grows about 6 ins. is high, and has charming violet and yellow flowers in summer, excellent for the the Kenilworth or rockery. Cymbalaria, Ivy Pennywort, is a pretty lilac trailer for walls and banks; there is a white variety, alba; and a variegated, variegata. Reticulata, 2 ft. with and yellow flowers, is a hardy annual; and high, purple There is are numerous bipartita splendida a good purple annual. other of less importance. species
Linaria,Toadflax
"
Ling.
"
See Calluna. borealis after (linnae-a, often Linnaeus. Ord.
Linnaea
"
Caprif oliaceae)
.
hardy trailing evergreen, garden. It likes a shady position,and

division .in
planted in
may
peaty
be
soil in the rock
propagated by spring. The pale pink flowers are sweet. Linum, Flaz (H-num, from linon, flax. Ord. Lineae). Hardy annuals and some perennials, being very desirable plants,notably the scarlet annual, grandiflorum rubrum hardy (coccineum); and the perennials, flavum, yellow,15 ins. high; narbonense, blue, 2 ft.; and ft. Alpinum is a charming rockery plant i blue, perenne, about ins. All these growing high, with blue flowers in summer. 4 in division are plants, propagated by hardy herbaceous spring,or in spring; grandiflorum rubrum shoots cuttings of the young by is seeds. to it not stiff as so not as soil, are They particular long and damp. after M. Verbena Lippia, Lemon-scented (lip-pia, Lippi. Ord. to any extent, and is grown that is Verbenaceae) Only one species of which is strongly and citriodora, the foliage scented. agreeably It is a white-flowered greenhouse shrub, likingloam with a little
" "
224
leaf mould
a
and house
a
good
or
deal
of sand. in
warm
frame
Propagation is by cuttingsin spring. See the Botanical Magazine,

is
one
t.
367, as Aloysia citriodora, which

another.
"
of the synonyms;
Verbena
is triphylla
Liquid Manure.
Liriodendron
See Manure.
from lirion, tulipifera, Tulip Tree (lirioden-dron, Ord. A tree. dendron, handsome, hardy, Magnoliaceae) of large, Tulip-like, produces abundance spreading tree, which when It is a some years old. green and yellow flowers in summer extensive A fine tree for a large lawn or loamy pleasuregrounds. soil,lightenedwith peat, suits it best. Propagation is by seeds in spring. Lithospermum, Gromwell (lithosper-mum, from lithos, a stone, seed. and Ord. Boragineae). The speciesprostratum is a sperma, creeping shrub, suitable for the rock garden, and good dwarf It is not particular as yieldinga profusion of bright blue flowers. will thrive limestone. is to soil, and on seeds, Propagation by cuttings,and division in spring. Graminifolium, blue flowers in is a good Alpine. Heavenly Blue is very pretty. spring,
Lily,and
"
"
Livistona
"
Handsome in
is australis. grown
name a
after Mr. Murray of Liviston. Ord. Palmae). (livisto-na, fan-leaved palms, the most popular speciesof which be It likes a warm greenhouse, but with care may the Chinensis is the palm often grown under room. borbonica. For
of Latania Loam.
"
culture,
of this The of
as
see
Palms.
The
frequent mention
lead result the left for
to the
the
"
in
composts plants. Such
would
suppositionthat
case.
principal ingredient it is important to

loam The stacked
turf
"
is indeed
the of the
fibrous
be
of
the
the
gardener
pasture
downwards
used.
is the better
and
decay
The
when
turves.
better
the
loam.
a
turf should it should
grass side up
a
year,
be
chopped
of
and
The
is
meadow the
and
layer of also good
grey
soil from
Loam
the immediately beneath for potting loam, if yellow or limestone the dark soil from or
soil
good
but
lightbrown,
clay
is not
when
good
tilled
enough.
Lobelia
manured
is the best body soil for a garden, as it suits nearly all plants. See also Soil.
after M. Lobel. Ord. Campanulaceae). A (lobe-lia, useful genus, giving, it does, dwarf most ceous as bedding and tall herbadense, tender, blue-flowered plants. L. erinus is the little, be grown used it may halffor margins, and as a plant so much in in house frame or warm a hardy annual, being raised from seed taken in winter. Afterwards it may be perpetuated by cuttings, in wintered stock winter from and lifted autumn, potted, plants house. Barnard's the shelf of a warm on Perpetual and Emperor Gem William and White are good singleblue forms; and White
"
"
"
is reddish. Ramosa Donna and its Prima Lady good whites. in and often and are are taller, varieties, blue, white, rose, grown perennial, growing about pots. L. cardinalis is a hardy herbaceous
scarlet flowers in 3 ft. high, with scarlet perennial, blooming somewhat of it, differing in colour.
summer.
Fulgens
are
is also many Lord
fine
earlier ; there
ties varieArdi-
Queen Victoria, scarlet;
225
laun, crimson; and Heavenly Blue, blue, are good. Syphilitica, and is a hardy perenblue, is a fine,tall,summer-flowering species, nial. The like friable and are rich, soil, perennials propagated by
cuttingsin spring; frames. They make

2
it is best beautiful well
to
winter and
cardinalis border
the
and
fulgens in
if
beds
ft.
apart
in
May
and
watered.
See
groups Botanical 391.
planted
for coloured is illustrated
platesof cardinalis,t. 320; and erinus, t. in the Botanical t. 165. Register,

"
Magazine Fulgens
Loganberry.
Lomaria
of the
See Fruit.
from (loma-ria, Ord.

some
spores. has
Blechnums,
which
cata and
loma, an edge,in allusion to the position Filices).A largegenus of ferns, resembling Fern, hardy, notably Spicant, the British Hard
"
broad, green,
ramo-cristata
'
hard, leathery fronds;

are a
cristata, multifur-
few
of the
many
varieties.
They
are
Gibba propagated by division. greenhouse ; requires a warm Bellii is a pretty variety of it. Ciliata,which resembles gibba,is a it. is of These room should be a fern; grandis good good variety in loam and grown peat, equal parts, with sand. Propagation is by spores (see Ferns) and offsets.
(Saxifraga umbrosa). A pretty edging plant, hardy, perennial, throwing up sprays of rosy flowers in summer. It is not particular to soil,and be increased as by division in may spring. Lonicer. Ord. Lonicera, Honeysuckle (Ionic-era,after Herr and See Climbers. Caprif oliaceae) Honeysuckle
" " .
London
Pride
Lophospermum.
Lord Love Anson's Grass
"
See Maurandia.
Pea, Lathyrus magellanicus(nervosus).

"
(Eragrostis).See Annuals. (Nigella).A pretty hardy annual (seeAnnuals). The largest has fine blue flowers, and which varietyis Miss Jekyll, of the best late-blooming is one limestone. on annuals, especially Love-in-idleness. See Pansy. Amaranthus caudatus. Love-lies-bleeding,
Love-in-a-mist
" "
Ord.
from luculi swa, native gratissima (lucu-lia, a name. This shrub bears Rubiaceae). fragrantgreenhouse pale pink flowers in autumn, and is good for plantingout in a largehouse. It thrives in equal parts of peat and loam, with sand. Propagation in heat in earlysummer. is by cuttings Prune back to the old wood
"
Luculia
in winter Lunaria.
the (see
"
Botanical
Magazine,
t.
3946).
See
"
Honesty.
Pulmonaria.
Lungwort
See
from Lupinus, Lupin (lupi-nus, lupus, wolf; a fanciful name, Ord. indicatingits destructive power in overrunning land. Leguand both annuals minosae). Popular plants, including hardy the For the culture of of the former, see Annuals; perennials.
"
latter, Flower
by cuttings;
of the
Garden. almost any
The
shrubby species should

The
be
propagated
are
soil suits them.
following
the
best
with Lupins: arboreus, the tree Lupin, a hardy evergreen and in the purple yellow flowers, summer growing 5 to 6 ft. high (see
P
226
Botanical
Magazine, t. 682). Snow Queen is a good white variety. is a hardy annual (Botanical Register, Hartwegi, blue and white, 2 ft., is a splendid annual, scarlet with atrococcineus t. 31). Hybridus is a half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial, white 4 to tips. Mutabilis blue and white flowers. and with blue ft. i ft., Nanus, white, high, 5 Bot. is t. fine blue is a hardy annual Reg., 1705). Polyphyllus a (see perennial, 3 to 4 ft. high (Bot,Reg.,t. 1096) ; alba hardy herbaceous is a white a yellow. variety,Purple King a purple, and Somerset and ft. is t. blue white, i Subcarnosus, (Bot.Mag., 3467), a perennial. the herbaceous be raised from seed in spring, The annuals nials perenmay not soil. to from seed and by division. are as They particular after Lycaste,daughter of Priam. Ord. OrchidLycaste (lycas-te, of A small Orchids, requiring a warm house, with aceae). genus in the growing season, little during the of water and abundance thrive in fibrous rest. of peat. Propagation is by They period 60" will to be winter temperadivision after flowering a suitable ; 50" ture, Skinneri, with red and white flowers 70" to 80" in summer. in winter, 1 5 ins. high,is the most ; there are popular species many such varieties of it,as well as some as Balliae, hybrida, and hybrids, and Costata, cream, gigantea,purple and orange, Mary Gratrix.
"
are
from lychnos,a lamp, in allusion Campion (lych-nis, colour. Ord. hardy Caryophylleae) Beautiful bright both annuals and perennials. The most popular comprising plants,
to
also grown. Lychnis,Rose the
"
of the broken is not
lightscarlet
from
latter is chalcedonica, which 2 to 3 ft. high, and grows The flowers at the top of the stems. latter are
the
bears
easily
rootstock,
carefully. It
L. annual
be may soil. There fastidious about Viscaria the oculata coeli-rosa, with
rose
plant should therefore be handled propagated by seed or division in spring. It

and the
are
white Coronaria
and
is
double
a
varieties.
of
gardens,
pretty hardy
and
white
flowers.
(syn.Agrostemma
coronaria)is a perennial 3 ft. high, with red flowers and silvery Flos-cuculi, red, i ft. foliage;there are white and double varieties. is the British Cuckoo Flower or Ragged Robin, high,earlysummer, and its a pretty wilding. Fulgens, vermilion, i ft.,early summer,
variety Haageana, scarlet,are perennials; as is Viscaria, the German double rose variety, Catchfly, whose splendens plena, is a beautiful
Vespertina (syn.alba) is spring perennialwith rose flowers. the white Most of Lychnises thrive in Campion. perennial raised from seed in spring. ordinary garden soil,and are easily (Tomato). See Kitchen Garden. Lycopersicum esculentum Lycopodium, Club Moss (lycopo-dium,from lykos,wolf, and pous, of the roots. Ord. form to the foot, referring Lycopodiaceae). L. clavatum of verdure. is The Lycopodiums form dense masses the British Club Moss, and selago the Fir Club Moss. Peat, with and moss a sand, suits. Tips of the quarter each of Sphagnum make plants if put in a warm, shady place. growing shoots soon in wooden best baskets. The have are They must plants grown
late the
" "
shade
and
abundance
of water
in summer,
but
little water
in winter.
Lygodium, Climbing Fern (lygo-dium,from lygodes, flexible,on Ord. account of the twining habit. Filices).L. Japonicum (syn.
"
scandens
227
gardens),the Climbing Fern, is suitable for growing up of warm conservatories, greenhouses and leaf mould in out. and Peat, loam, planted suitable a Propagation is compost. equal parts, with sand, make They will by spores (see Ferns) or division in spring or summer. hot is Palmatum a on greenhouse good days. enjoy syringing needs a stove. species. Dichotomum from lysis, ending, and (lysima-chia, Lysimachia, Loosestrife the influences, in reference to mache, strife, reputed tranquillising
of
pillarsand walls be if it can especially

the
Ord.
3
Primulaceae)
one
"
Clethroides, white
best.
flowers
in
late
"
summer,
ft.,is
"
of
the
Nummularia
cottage folk love to pots. It thrives in any soil,and is easily propagated by division; the variety has golden leaves. 2 to 3 ft., aurea Vulgaris, yellow,is the common
Jenny
which
is the popular in suspended grow
creeping
Loosestrife.
(ly-thrum,from lythwn, black blood, in reference to the Ord. strife, Lythrarieae) Salicaria is the purple Loose6 ft. high that luxuriates side. at the watera hardy perennial 4 to Rosea and superba are varieties of it. Propagation is by division in spring.
Lythrum
dark
colour.
"
Macartney Rose, Rosa

Macrotomia the
and most
bracteata.
(macroto-mia. prominent member

called
Ord. of
Boragineae).
"
which
Flower, also
has
Arnebia
echioides.
yellow flowers spotted with 2 ft. (Botanical Magazine, t. 7003),is alsopurple,summer, of the thrive in a They rockery in loamy sou\ part sunny grown. in division and are propagated by spring. after Professor Ord. Magnol. Magnolia (magno-lia, Magnoliasome deciduous, others ceae). Beautiful shrubs, some evergreen, hardy, others half-hardy. All like a good loamy soil. The common sorts are ding by budpropagated by layers in autumn, the choicer ones and the beautiful white has Yulan, grafting. Conspicua, in spring; it is deciduous flowers (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1621). Grandiflora, large, white, is evergreen (Bot. Mag., t. 1952). is deciduous. Lennei, rosy purple, spring, Soulangeana, purple and white, spring,is deciduous t. 1164). Stel(Botanical Register, in advance of its leaves in spring (Bot. lata, dwarf, white, blooms The Mag., t. 6370) (syn. Halliana),deciduous. foregoing are the best of the and but there varieties. are hybrids, species many wall. Stellata is a suitable Grandiflora is a fine plant for a warm for culture. pot subject
Benthami,
"
-
A small genus,, is echioides, the Prophet It grows foot high, about a brown in early summer.
Magpie Moth
Mahonia Maidenhair
Caterpillar. See Fruit

"
"
Gooseberries.
Berberis aquifolia,
aquifolium.
cuneatum. Fern, Adiantum Maidenhair Tree, Ginkgo biloba. deltoides. Maiden Pink, Dianthus from zeo, to live,in reference Maize, Zea (ze-a,
to its
use
as
food
plant.
in the
Ord. United
Gramineae).
"
Maize,
or
Indian
as
States.
It is less grown
Corn, is much food crop a
esteemed
in Great..
228
Britain,
selected
the not
being so
are sown
well suited used

in in
a
forms seed
by the damper climate, but several for flower-garden decoration. They are
warm
from raised^
house
or
frame
in late
winter, and
who
plantshardened striped Maize, and

to
use
cold
frame.
Zea
Japanese Mays variegata,

are
Four-coloured for
Maize,
rows cooking should plant 18 cobs before the hard. they get gather Malcomia maritima Ord. (malco-mia, after Mr. W. Malcolm. and is is that one maritima, Cruciferae). Only species important, the VirginianStock, a hardy annual. See Annuals. Male Fern, Nephrodium or Lastrea Filix-mas. Malope, Mallow (malo-pe, from malos, soft, in allusion to the
wish
Maize
and
good. Those ins. apart in
5 ft. asunder
"
leaves. See
Ord.
Malvaceae).
dark
rose
grandiflora has
Annuals.
"
Trifida Tall, strong hardy annuals. flowers; there is a white form called alba.
"
Malus.
See
Malva, Mallow
"
Pyrus. (mal-va, from

herbaceous
Hardy
ceae). MalvaOrd. malacho, to soften. the and annuals, biennials, perennials,

the Musk there
or
is moschata, popular of which flowers in summer; perennial with rose Any good soil. Propagation by seed
most
Mallow,
is
a
hardy
division
in
variety. spring.
white
Mamillaria. Manetti. Manna

"
"
See
Cactus.
See Rose.
Ornus. Ash, Fraxinus Manures and Without Manuring. carried cannot be manures gardening
"
a on
proper
choice
and
a
use
of
and successfully,
study
of
manures
should
as
be
one
of the in
new
first tasks
of the
will where
learner.
Virgin
been
.ground, such
for several grown be
over a
is found
without
countries,
but
produce good crops

crops
becomes have
years
manuring; long period frequent manuring

manures
Dealing
useful
with
:
"
natural
first of all,the (
12
followingtables
potash
necessary. will
lb.
,,
ton
manure
of
good decayed
contains
stable
8
,,
jn
phosphoric acid nitrogen

lime
I16
47
,,
(
)
i
8 lb.
3
9
,
potash
phosphoric acid nitrogen
lime
ton
of
cow
manure
contains
S
'
10
,,
30
"
( )
-
4 lb. 4 l6
,,
potash phosphoric acid

nitrogen
lime
ton
of
pig
manure
contains
(35
59
,,
The The
the plan plan of calculating
229
by the proportions ingredientsquoted is a good one, because they are the principal requirements of crops; at the same time, it should be pointed out that the proportionsvary with the of cows fed on Turnips is not so The excrement food of the animals. allowed We rich as that of animals which cake. that pig see are the largest is nominally the richest, but that much manure tion propormanure
value
of
which
it contains
of
the
four
of stables double
its
constituents fertilising of the

but other
cow
as any is the best; use
three.
manure
that is lime, and the On whole,
is not
manure
so
portant imfrom
A
a
is
preferableon
of fresh
dry
manure
soil. in
yieldheat, and this the garden. in and taken from the stables, it is turned if,when down into a hotbed days, and then trodden
is to
should be The first use
got
from
every
cartload
manure
will do
on
out
cessive suc-
(seeHotbeds, and other crops). Mushrooms Violets, Annuals, (Kitchen Garden), it will After it has served its purpose be thoroughly decayed as a hotbed condition for manuring. in excellent When and manure
has to
be
laid
up
for
time
on
the
a
heap
should A
of
be
made
the
at
spot
remote
from
and dwellings,
bed
which
will retain
ammonia-
enriched barrow
liquidthat
ammonia.
drains
A
out
of the
heap.
lightcoat
manure
will fix the
good quantity
to
of gypsum is use
In
ground, or 30 tons per acre. worked the best purpose under soils it serves when the bastard towards the of winter Kitchen end (see trenching
In
-loads per square
rod of
heavy
top spit in
Garden).
autumn
soils over sand or chalk it is best laid on the top after light bastard trenching,and dug into the top spit in spring.
excrement
Human into Fowl bulk
is best which is very ashes or acid
laid
up
in
heap
with
ashes,
Green with is
a a
and
turned
ground
manure
is to be
cropped strong, and is

before
use.
with best
coarse
vegetables.
considerable
mixed blood When for
of earth soil humic
Dried Onions. and manured

use
good fertiliser, ally especimanure
for Green
vegetablesand
accumulates,
has
it sometimes
decays in the happens that after a

consecutive has years become of is to-
piece of ground crops do badly on

"
been To
several
it. To with It has
the with chalk The
gardener'sphrase, it
greater exactitude,
best plan in such lime. or that
an
manure
-sick." acid
the has
speak
broken been
excess
case
humic dress
accumulated.
ground
"
Sterilisation. it increases
noticed
The is reason fertility. of bacteria which the on large quantities burning destroys prey those which that genous nitrothe are on is, bacteria, nitrifying working on into nitrates. in the soil,and converting them elements of beneficent Nitro-bacterine. The existence organisms in the soil is unquestioned,and one microbe, Pseudomonas radicicola, has the from the of fixing free nitrogen atmosphere in the rootpower of leguminous crops, such nodules The as Peas, Beans, and Tares. has cultures tried of of this been microbe, plan applying laboratory under of nitro-bacterine, to the soil, not altogether the name without in some success cases, although without apparent result in others. its
"
soil by burning sterilising supposed to be that the
Artificialmanures.
value has
to
"
The
fact
that
natural contain called
manures
owe
their
the
proportionswhich development
they
of certain artificial
ingredients
or
led to the
of what
are
chemical
230
manures.
It
was
slow. was bring the bones into that of treating with sulphuric state, amongst them quicker-acting This proved to be successful, and acid. the product was put on the of under of the market name lime. Bone flour, superphosphate bone meal, and mineral superphosphate are other forms of prepared The followingare the percentages of phosphoric acid in four bone. different fertilisers which yield that ingredient: action
a
"
nourished that bones known Various tried to plans were
crops,
but
that
their
basic bone bone
slag
flour meal
.
38 58
45 37 28
phosphate of potash superphosphate

Basic form of
(also yieldsammonia) (also yieldspotash)
slag,a by-product of the ironworks, is the most economical phosphoric-acid fertiliser for soils which lack lime, while Mineral superphosphate is the best for soils containinglime. phosphate superof 7 Ib. per square rod is a valuable fertiliser for It be in pod-bearing crops. applied February, may not but should be dusted Potash is over growing crops. young also important. This is yieldedby five different chemical manures
at the rate and
fruit trees
as
follows:-
"
sulphate of potash
nitrate muriate of
90
per
,,
cent.
,,
potash
83
80
(alsocontains (alsocontains
nitrogen) phosphoric acid)
potash phosphate of potash.

.
of
,,
"
48
20
,,
"
kainit Nitrate
as
,,
,,
also
cost
well
and phosphate of potash potash as also yieldingnitrogen, valuable, but their yieldingphosphoric acid, are particularly is very high, Kainit is good as a winter applicationturned at the rate of 14 Ib. per square under rod. Sulphate of potash
of
is excellent, and may be used at the rate of 4 Ib. per square rod ; or be used with 4 Ib. of superphosphate, the two being mixed 3 Ib. may
and
applied
about
midwinter.
The
nitrogenous
"
fertilisers
are
valuable according to the quantity of ammonia The following is a table of kinds and quantities :
which
they yield.
sulphate of
nitrate nitrate nitrolim The last is
a
ammonia
.
24
per
,,
cent.
of soda of
18
potash
,
I5f
"
"
contains (also
potash)
.18,,,,
of which modern the chemical is calcium name fertiliser, of free lime, and It contains to 30 per cent, is a 20 valuable It could be used as a top dressfor limeless soils. ing manure for weakly crops in the same and as sulphate of ammonia way
cyanamide.
nitrate winter.
and
of soda.
It is wasteful
waste
to the
dig
these
into
vacant
ground
in
Shoddy, a is used by Hop

"
from
wool
factories,yieldsammonia,
Road
and
scrapingsare Liquid manure.

trees
Hoof parings growers. stiff soil. good for Plants

are
yield phosphoric
acid.
into
fruit
benefited
coining into flower, vegetablesinto pod, whether in the by liquidmanure,
of colour
231
to
liquid from
tea
stables
with
and
cow-houses,
house
broken
down
the and
water; slops; each per gallonof water, superphosphate at the rate of half an ounce is an excellent Soot-water in water. or sheep droppings soaked soot into a and be made some this piece of by putting liquid, may few hours. for of water in it tub a a Dry soot sacking and hanging the ground half an for most is a safe stimulant crops if spread on
of weak inch thick
"
nitrate
of soda
and
hoed
in.
Maple.
Handsome Arrow-root
"
trees, referred
herbaceous
to under
Acer.
Maranta,
(maran-ta,
after
Scitamineae). foliage, thrivingin loam, with sand and a third of leaf mould, and growth starts in spring,putting the propagated by division when in bottom heat. divisions Chantrieri, major, Massangeana, and zebrina are popular, the latter (now Calathea zebrina)particularly
so.
Hothouse
Ord. Signor Maranti. handsome with perennials
Marguerite.
"
See See
Chrysanthemum
"
frutescens The
and
Greenhouse.
Marigold.
"
Annuals and
Half-hardy.
French
African
lemon There
and
are
orange both dwarf

"
flowers, the
Bulbs
smaller
large striped flowers.
have
tall strains.
"
Mariposa Lily. Marjoram.

"
See
Calochortus.
"
See
Kitchen
"
Garden Kitchen
Herbs.
Marrow, Vegetable. See Marsh Mallow, Althaea.

Marsh
Garden.
Marigold,
Caltha. Dr.
after Martynia (rriartyn-ia, of popular member crimson with perfumed spring.

most
Martyn.
Ord.
Pedalineae).
"
The
this genus is fragrans, a greenhouse annual in summer, flowers in height 2 ft., sown
Marvel
of Peru.
"
See Mirabilis
Jalapa.
Senor Masdevall. Ord. Orchida-
Masdevallia
"
after (masdevall-ia,
ceae). Brilliant Orchids, with flat flowers, thriving in a warm over greenhouse in a compost of fibrous peat and Sphagnum moss the of crocks. in abundance season summer During growing they liberal supplies of water, but little will be wanted must have in winter when they are resting. They thrive in a cool house, and are fresh growth starts. propagated by division at midwinter, when 8 ins. Coccinea, red, spring, high; ignea, orange, spring,several varieties; Tovarensis, white, winter, 6 ins.,free flowering(Botanical Magazine, t. 5505); and Veitchiana, vermilion, spring,i ft.,are a interest in the modern few of the best species; but there is much of which work for Orchids should a on good particulars hybrids,
be consulted. Matricaria feminine
are
disorders.
from matrix, female, owing to its use in (matrica-ria, Ord. Compositae). The most useful of these
"
hardy double plenissima,

For
the
annual
varieties
offered eximia
by seedsmen,
Golden Ball
such
and
as
inodora Ball.
white;
and
Silver
culture,
see
Annuals.
232
Matthiola The
after Signer (matthio-la, under the Matthioli.
name
Ord.
Cruciferae).
"
generic only species grown Annuals), which has Night-scentedStock (see in the scented evening. Incana deliciously the Ten-week of Stocks. i. and annua Brompton
Biennials. Maurandia
or
is bicornis, the lilac flowers that are is the parent of the See Annuals
and
(mauran-dya, after Professor Maurandy. Ord. Scrophularineae) Climbing plants for the cool greenhouse, or in summer. wall outside for the pergola or a warm Barclayana, in and flowers scandens violet with summer; (syn.Lophospermum The the best known. are scandens),purple flowers in summer, 108 and former t . is illustrated in the Botanical the 1 latter, ; Register, L. scandens, in the Botanical as Magazine, t. 3650. They may be and further increased raised from seed in heat in spring, by cuttings Friable loamy soil suits them. under a hand-lightin summer.
Maurandya
" .
from maxillose, insects' jaws, in allusion (maxilla-ria, Ord. Orchidaceae) Terrestrial Orchids with fleshy shape. flowers, suitable for a cool house, thrivingin pots in equal parts of and propagated by division in peat and chopped Sphagnum moss, moisture are lovers, and like a shady place. spring. They great Grandiflora, white and red; Lindeniae, white and pink; Sanderiana, white and red ; and tenuifolia,dark red and yellow,are a few of the most popular species.
to
Maxillaria the
"
May. May May
"
See
Crataegus.
See Cockchafers. repens.
Bug.
"
Flower, Epigaea
"
Mays.
Meadow Meadow Meadow Meadow
See Maize. Rue.

"
See
"
Thalictrum. See Colchicum.
Saffron.
Saxifrage, Saxifragagranulata.
Sweet, Spiraea Ulmaria. Bug
"
Mealy
plants.
It attacks
One of the enemies worst of (Coccus adonidum). discrimin hothouse, greenhouse, and vinery occupants inThe white is merely a seen cottony substance
covering,the red insect lies beneath, sucks out the sap, and renders the Regular syringing in foliage offensive with its excrement. with an occasional summer, vaporisingby cone, goes far in keeping under. emulsion mealy bug Syringing with a paraffin (seeParaffin) the is good where On leaves be must practicable. emergency
sponged. If together with Meconopsis
Ord. vineries
the
become
in winter.
infested
they
must
be
cleansed,
rods
and opsis, like. (meconop-sis,from mekon, poppy, herbaceous annuals, biennials, and Papaveraceae) Hardy the most perennials, popular of which is cambrica, the Welsh Poppy, with a hardy perennial Wali ft. high. yellow flowers in summer, is also to There is a a ft., lichii, blue, summer, good perennial. 4 3 of cambrica double form called plena. Integrifolia is a splendid
" .
modern
233
are
yellow species.
Punicea rock
sown
has
brownish-red
or
flowers.
raised
like warm, spots sunny is best from seed, which
in the
garden when ripein

See Fruit.
border, and
the open.
They easily
Friable
loamy soil is best.

Medlar
(MespilusGermanica).
"
"
Megasea.
Melissa
See
Saxifraga.
"
(Balm).
"
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Herbs.
Melocactus. Melon. Mentha

"
See Cactus. Fruit. Kitchen

"
See
(Mini)." See
Garden"
Herbs. Garden
"
Menyanthes
Menziesia
(Bog Bean).
"
See Flower
Water
plants.
polifolia. See Daboecia

"
polifolia.
Mercury.
Mertensia
"
See
Kitchen
Garden.
Mertens. Ord. Boragi(merten-sia,after Professor front suited for of the the herbaceous perennials, neae). Hardy but border soil, the rockery, thriving in almost or preferring any peat, and easilypropagated by division in spring. Pulmonarioides 18 ins. high the Virginian Cowslip, blue, May, (syn. virginica), is the principal species. Sibirica, with (BotanicalMagazine, t. 160), blue and white flowers in May, is also good.
(mesembryanFig Marigold, Ice Plant from mesembria, midday, and anthemon, flower, in allusion* themum, Ord. Ficoideae). A largegenus of fleshy to the love of sun. plants, M. whose leavesof flowers crystallinum, great beauty. producing for lines it is used in the is Ice and Plant; carpet glisten sparkle, The in the and for garnishing dishes. beds majority are grown greenhouse. They thrive in sandy loam with a third of leaf mould and taken with a heel, are a little lime, and propagated by cuttings, Mesembryanthemum,
"
dried
in the
sun,
and
inserted
in
sandy
soil.
Coccineum,
a
scarlet,
useful few for of
variegatum, a variegated trailer July, i ft.; cordifolium pink, May, 6 ins., are (syn.tricolor), bedding; pyropeum
the
best. from half, and mesos, (mes-pilus, the See Fruit. of fruit). shape
"
Mespilus, Medlar
allusion
to the
"
pilos,ball, in
Mezereon. Michaelmas
See
Daphne.
"
Daisy.
See
Aster
and
Flower
Garden
"
Herbaceous
plants.
Ord. (michau-xia, after M. Michaux. Campanulais fine with a hardy plant, largewhite or campanuloides ceae). It is not to soil, as particular pale pink Campanula-like flowers. in seed division It be or and spring. by propagated grows may and best in treated is biennial blooms ft. as a about July, high, 4 (seeBiennials). See the Botanical Magazine, t. 219. Michauxia
"
M.
Microlepia.
"
See
Davallia.
"
Mignonette
as an
(Reseda odorata).
annual,
because
it
comes
almost clusively experennial grown flowers and so readily
234
so
It
quickly from seed. perfume. Mignonette

soils;
where
thrives of
to speak of its delicious is unnecessary well on limestone well as on most as
other
lime may not bloom be added with freely Mignonette may be had by sowing about dozen seeds in a 5 or 6-in. pot in spring and till a successionally half to dozen. a They should be September, thinningthe seedlings The followingare good varieties: Giant Red, given short stakes. Giant White, Giant Yellow, Golden Queen (dwarf),Miles's Spiral;
it does
advantage.
Nice
pots
the
last is
"
good
A
for
pots.
attacks Roses other and doors, fungus which plants outunder with flowers of plants glass. Dusting many be bellows, should sulphur, preferably through a pair of Malbec be sprayed with tried, or the affected plants may perfectlyfresh liver of sulphur (sulphideof potassium),at the strength of "" oz. for outdoor plants, and i oz. per 3 gallons per gallon of water for indoor plants. The liquidis green and foul-smelling, but harmless to vegetation. Mildew. and
Milfoil." See Achillea.

Milk Milla Vetch.
"
See
Astragalus.
Senor Milla. Ord.
"
Liliaceae). Pretty bulbs, flowers in spring,is the most it 18 ins. is and popular species; grows good for a cool high, is now t. 1555). Uniflora greenhouse (seethe Botanical Register, called Brodiaea uniflora. It has white in early spring, flowers the Botanical height 9 ins. (see Magazine, t. 3327); violacea is a lilac variety. They like sandy loam, and are propagated by offsets.
allied
to
after (mil-la, Brodiaeas.
Biflora, with
white
Millipedes. Small, quick-moving, many-legged

"
creatures
as a
ing belong-
to
the
they are pieces of plants as
present in
rule, but if Julus. They plants at root is and the largenumbers, injury suspected, Carrot the be impaled on sticks and inserted near may to be examined traps, daily.
genus
do not hurt
Miltonia
"
after (milto-nia, Orchids. The
Earl
Fitzwilliam. Its
Ord.
Orchidaceae)
.
Beautiful
as are
popular
a warm
species vexillaria
used
to
be
grown flowers should
greenhouse. The Miltonias pagation Propeat and Sphagnum moss. growth starts, which is the best will be needed stage for repotting. Liberal supplies of water winter. but little in The the through growing season, principal Miltonias and yellow,summer, 18 ins.; grandiare Candida, brown flora is a largevariety; Clowesii, yellow, white, and purple (Botanical and t. white, Roezlii, Magazine, 4109) ; purple, yellow, autumn, ft. and late i i ft. ; ; Schroderiana, purple,brown, summer, yellow, and vexillaria, white to rose, spring, 15 ins. (Bot.Mag., t. 6037);
be grown in sandy, fibrous is by division when new
are
Odontoglossum borne freely in
vexillarium.
flat, roundish-oval
there
many
fine varieties.
Plant sion (mimo-sa, from mimos, a mimic, in alluOrd. of the leaves. M. irritability Leguminosae) has the to the of extent, pudica, only species peculiarity grown any and is therefore its leaves of when an touched, drooping object
Mimosa,
to
Sensitive
the
"
ITI+OT-OO + interest.
235
from third with
a
T It is best a some warm
managed
house
or
as
tender in
annual, being raised

Loam,
in seed sown of peat and but

t.
frame
spring.
they 941).
are
not
flowers in summer, suits it. It bears rose Botanical attractive the Register, (see particularly
sand,
be
It
should
not
noted
the
that
the
"
mimosa
"
of
the
spring
markets
does
belong to
the
genus
Mimosa
; it is Acacia
dealbata.
Mimulus, Monkey
in
reference
to
spotted Mimulus,
much
grown
out
as
(mim-ulus, from mimo, an ape, Ord. Scrophularineae). The have as we Annuals), is (see already seen tigrinus, bedding plant,being raised from seed in winter,
Flower, Musk
wide mouth.
"
It is a discarded after blooming. and in of has the and cheerful, showy plant, thriving shady advantage the places. Cardinalis is a good scarlet Mimulus, height 18 ins. (see Botanical I ft., is good. Magazine, t. 3560); cupreus, orange,
planted
in
summer,
Glutinosus
t. 354,
as
has
buff
flowers
and
aurantiacus).
moschatus.
It needs This scented.
sticky leaves (seethe greenhouse culture.

much It
can
Bot. The
Mag.,
Musk
the
is Mimulus whole
has
smaller be
flowers, but
from seed
plant
a
is
agreeably
house
as
raised
in
spring in
warm
and repotted singly, and with a flowering, well displayed. When It may be further
or frame, the seedlings pricked off, potted A needed. 5 -in. pot is large enough for
small
frame
of slender it may
laths in
the
a
plant can
room
be
in bloom
be stood
window.
Harrison's is a by pieces of root. Mimuluses the are spotted larger-floweredvariety. Although annuals. M. as are glutinosus perennialsthey commonly grown should be grown as a perennialand propagated by cuttings. increased Mina Mint.
"
lobata, Ipomaea
See Kitchen
versicolor.
"
Garden of Peru M.
Herbs.
from mirabilis, wonderful. (mirab-ilis, the of Marvel Peru, is a showy plant Jalapa, that was favourite. It is easily as once a great flower-garden grown in and under a half-hardy annual, being raised planted glass spring in June; but it is a perennial. It is not particular out as to soil. it gives several distinct colours, and the As bought from seedsmen flowers are fragrant(see the Botanical Magazine, t. 371). Ord. Marvel Mirabilis, Nyctagineae)
.
"
Mistletoe,Viscum
miselta. native hundreds of Ord. British
from the Saxon word comes (Mistletoe This Loranthaceae) interesting parasiteis a very
"
album
woods.
It It is and
was
used
in
Druidical birds bills the the
celebrations have
of years by feeding on the Those trees. who
ago. berries wish

to
supposed that scraping their

it may
a
spread
bark of
it of
a
on
the
establish
press
contents
ripeberry
Lime,
and
on
the
under
side of
branch
towards
end
of winter.
In cool, moist
placesit takes readilyto the Oak, Apple, Hawthorn, Poplar. It is very slow in spreading.
Cactus.
"
Mistletoe Mitchella repens

summer
See
Cactus
(Rhipsalis).
Dr. Mitchell. Ord. white creeper, with in winter.
after (mitchell-a,
a
is
hardy
small may
herbaceous
red
Rubiaceae). M. in early flowers

"
and stems
berries
running
be
layered for
Sandy peat propagation.
suits.
The
236
Mock Mole. beds
"
Orange.
The steel
"
See is
Philadelphia and
a
Flower
as
Garden.
it burrows
mole
nuisance up
in
gardens,
under
and
a
lawns, and
throws
mounds
of soil.
The and
run
found,
to exclude
mole-trap light.
"
set in it with
gloved hands,
should be well covered
Moly (Allium Moly). Monarda,

Ord. and
t. Horse
"
See
Bulbs.
Mint, Bergamot
The
or
Labiatae). Bergamot, Bee Balm,

has
best-known
(monar-da, after Dr. species is didyma,

It grows about (see the Botanical is in grown
Monardez. the
18
Sweet
Oswego
in
summer
Tea.
scarlet
flowers
546). Fistulosa, the wild Bergamot, Ordinary soil. Propagation is by division

Moneywort. Monkey Monkey
"
high Magazine, occasionally.
ins.
spring.
See
"
Lysimachia
See Mimulus.
Nummularia.
Flower.
Puzzle, Araucaria
Aconitum.
imbricata.
Monkshood,
Montbretia Bulbs.
after (montbre-tia,
M.
Montbret.
Ord.
Irideae)
.
"
See
Monterey Pine, Pinus Monthly Rose, Rosa

Moon Moraea
insignis.
indica. Leucanthemum.
"
Daisy, Chrysanthemum
Ord. (morae-a, after Mr. R. Moore. Irideae). Pretty frame small suited for culture cool Irises, or a plants resembling greenhouse. They thrive in sandy loam, and are propagated by and yellow, summer, Iris bicolor) division. 2 ft. (syn. Bicolor, brown
(Botanical Register,t. 1404); Magazine, t. 613),are (Botanical

Morisia after (moris-ia,
is
a
and two
edulis, violet, spring,

of the Moris.
most
ft.
popular. Cruciferae). M. rockery, bearing

"
Professor
Ord. for the
hypogaea pretty hardy plant It likes sandy loam, and is propagated by yellow flowers in May. offsets or seeds. Growing only 3 or 4 ins. high, and with dense, it is a good carpeter. bright green, much-cut foliage, Morning
Moss.
"
suitable
Glory.
"
See
Ipoma.
See of
Lichen.
Mother Moth Mould.
Thousands, Saxifraga sarmentosa.

"
Orchid.
"
See
Phalaenopsis.
Mildew.
See Soil and
Mountain Mountain Mouse-ear
Ash, Pyrus Aucuparia. Avens, Dryas octopetala. Chickweed, Cerastium. Mowing

Machine.
"
Mowing,
See
Flower
Garden
"
Grass.
Mulberry." See Fruit.
Mulching.
"
237
with
the
a
To
"
mulch
"
soil is to
cover
the
surface
coating
of
manure
of
manure,
cocoa-nut
fibre refuse, or
conserving
Mullein. Muscari. Mushroom. Musk Mustard
"
moisure
the
by
crop
near
checking
which
grass, with evaporation. A
light object
of
mulch
also feeds See

"
it is
placed.
Verbascum. Bulbs. See
See
"
Kitchen Muscari
"
Garden.
moschatus.
Hyacinth,
and
Cress.
See
Kitchen
Garden.
Zealand Myosotidium, New myosotis, and eidos, like, in
Forget-me-not (myosotid-ium, from

allusion to the
resemblance
"
to
the
ceous Myosotis or Forget-me-not. Ord. Boragineae). A pretty herbafor the where it likes suitable a cool, rockery, perennial, shady Propagation is by division in spring. spot and a peaty compost. white M. has "blue and flowers in spring, nobilis, the only species, 8 ins. the t. Botanical 1 5137). (see height Magazine, from Myosotis (myoso-tis,
to the
mus, mouse,
and
otis,an
"
ear, in allusion
form
of the
leaves.
"
Ord.
Boragineae).
See
Forget-me-not.
Ord.
Myrobalan
Handsome for
Plum.
See
Hedge. Myrtaceae). mainly foliage. They are in spacious and stand on largeverandahs
for their
from Myrtus, Myrtle (myr-tus,

"
miron, perfume.
shrubs, grown
in tubs to
good
growing
conservatories.
outdoors
some
The
common
Myrtle, communis,
with
a
in sheltered
places. Loam,
is
are
third of the
be grown may of leaf mould and

a
sand, suit.
which
early summer.
of
mentioned.
Botanical Narcissus Ord.
in bell-glass Myrtle, be Belgica, flore pleno (double), and variegata may the is same as Eugenia Ugni (see the Ugni, pink, Magazine, t. 4626).
Propagation
many
by cuttings
under
There
varieties
common
(narciss-us, after
"
Narcissus,
mythological youth.
and
"
Amaryllideae).
to the
See
Bulbs.
nasus,
Nasturtium
in allusion
from (nastur-tium,
strong
smell.
Ord.
tortus, tortured, The Nasturtium Cruciferae).

nose,
of
gardens is a hardy annual, with large, brilliant flowers (see however, for it is a TropaeAnnuals). It has no rightto the name, its it olum. called Indian to was Cress, and as the Owing pungency
Water attached
"
common
Cress
is Nasturtium
oincinale, the
name
Nasturtium
became
to it. See
Navelwort.
Cotyledon
"
umbilicus.
Venus's
Navelwort
is
Omphalodes
Nectarine.
linifolia. See Violet.
Neapolitan Violet.
"
See
Fruit. Acer
Negundo.
Nelumbium
"
See
Negundo.
from
Bean t. Sacred
(nelum-bium,
" .
Nymphaeaceae)
(see the
The
Ord. nelumbo, the- Indian name. N. or Lotos, Egyptian speciosum
Botanical
Magazine,
903),
is
beautiful
aquatic, with
238
white
in
summer.
white, red-tipped,fragrant flowers varieties of it, such as large white
There
are
,
(album grandiflorum)
many double
plenum), striped white (album striatum), double and It has edible red. N. nuts. Osiris, plenum), (roseum is the also sweet and Bot. has luteum flowers, yellow (see Mag., Nelumbiums not perfectly are t. 3753). The hardy, and should be be packed The roots may in a shallow tank in a cool house. grown in be done with moss. and round should bound in loam Planting which when at crowded late spring, stage clumps growth starts, division. be by propagated may
(album
rose
Nemesia This genus

is much species
Dioscorides' (neme-sia, includes grown beautiful for in both annuals
name.
and
Scrophularineae) perennials,but the only

" .
Ord.
Suttoni It is
gardens is strumosa, the form of which called dwarf half-hardy annual, of several colours.
and
beds.
nemos,
good
both
pots
See
Annuals. grove,
and
"
from Nemophila (nemoph-ila, allusion

to the
philo,to love,
See
in
habitat.
Ord.
Hydrophyllaceae).
" .
Annuals.
from nepenthes, to alleviate (nepen-thes, These remarkable sorrow. Nepenthaceae) plants have long, in hollow, urn-like vessels terminate slender, drooping stems, which and lid water. with quently or a containing They are conseprovided cap in Plants. well termed and Pitcher The size pitchersvary in best colour. suspended They are hothouse evergreens, grown A comto advantage. teak post baskets, as then the pitchersare seen with of loam, peat, and sand, crocks, and Sphagnum moss,
Nepenthes,
Ord.
Pitcher
Plant
charcoal, suits
end
them.
Rebasketing
should
be
done
towards winter
the less
of winter.
and
of water
water
are
they will enjoy Throughout the summer and should be syringed daily. In autumn
needed. Minimum
abundance
will be
temperature
white green,
good
sorts:
albomarginata, green,
Rafflesiana, spotted crimson; and sanguinea,red. purple;
following ring; Curtisi, green, Rajah, spotted brown;
60".
The
after the Tuscan town Ivy (nepe-ta, portance, imof little are a Labiateae). Nepetas Nepet. genus the form of but the variegated Ground Ivy, Glechoma, is worth growing. It is a pretty dwarf plant, with small Ivy-like dark blue flowers, good for basket culture. leaves and Mussini, a will violet flowers, is also grown. thrive in taller plant with They almost soil,and are increased by division in spring. any
Nepeta,
Cat
Mint, Ground
"
Ord.
The
Nephrodium
the
(nephro-dium, from
Ord. spores. of species, some
been
a
shape
of the
has need
nephros, kidney, Filices). An immense

"
in
allusion
genus,
to
taining con-
hundreds genus while Those

in Lastrea others
of considerable Some and of the others
importance.
species
are
The
added
to it.
hardy,
greenhouse,
again
hothouse,
with creepingrhizomes may be propagated by division species Ferns for propagation and the others by spores (see soil) spring, few of the The following are a principal species:aemulum, the Hay.
scented
Buckler Shield
Fern;
Fern,
var.
var.
ramosum
is
good.
Cristatum,
and
a
the
Crested
many
varieties,enjoys peat
is
boggy
a
site.
Decompositum,
glabellum
good.
Erythrosum,
good
room a
239
fern.
Filix-mas, the
Male
gracefulfern, suitable
for table
frequently to get fern; var. corymbiferum

Mountain Barnesii
var. Fern; Howardiae,
young is nicely crested. may be grown

are
of varieties. Fern, scores Lepidum^ decoration, but should be propagated plants. Molle, a popular market
Montanum,
on
the
hardy
vars.
Buckler and
Fern,
the the
rockery;
Prickly Shield Spinulosum, has such dilatatum as forms, good crispum, many Stansfieldii. Female Buckler the and Thelypteris,
cristatum
good.
Fern.
There
are
scores
of others.
from Nephrolepis (nephrolep-is,

in
nephros, kidney, and

the of spore
cases.
lepis,scale,,
allusion
Graceful suitable
covering of ferns, mostly evergreens

to the
Ord.
and
pendent habit, and

Davallioides
Filices). consequently"
for
culture
in
baskets. and
its
varieties for
furcans, furcans
plumosa
multiceps, are
particularly good
be propagated this purpose; house, and may they like a warm cordifolia also popular, and Bausei rhizomes. and are may they produce; the former propagated by the tubers which
by
be is-
deciduous.
third
a
Exaltata
is be
good speciesfor
by
that
hothouse.
means.
Those
that
produce spores
a. may The must be of leaf mould, and sand, suit. given evergreens both in winter, and they will take largequantities, little water at
increased
Loam,
with
the
root
and
overhead,
Bulbs.
or
in
summer.
Nerine
after Nerine, daughter of Nerius. (neri-ne,
Ord.
Amaryl-
5^ lideae)."
Neriurn, Oleander
The
the
Rose
Bay
(ner-ium.
in
Ord.
Oleander sake but
is
well-known
shrub, grown
Apocynaceae) largepots or tubs for

" . "
It is not difficult todouble of its beautiful pink flowers. what term it is a dirty plant that is, much gardeners grow, Aphides). It must be kept clean subjectto the attack of insects (see fall into bad by regular fumigation or sponging, or it will soon in under is soil health. bella by cuttings sandy Propagation in of with water in bottles fourth, warm a spring. Loam, glass,or in be done of peat and some sand, suits, and repotting should and less water spring. After flowering the shoots may be trimmed given to afford a rest, after which they may be started again. There in hue, but few specialise the several named varieties, differing are plant. It is poisonous. from nerteros, lowly. Ord. depressa,Bead Plant (ner-tera, A the little of which is the plant, pretty great charm Rubiaceae). Nertera
"
abundance for the

to tree
of red
berries, which
not
nestle' in the
leaves
just above
the
ground (seethe
make
use
rockery, but is
ferns.
"
Magazine, t. 5799). It is a nice creeper wont quite hardy. Carpet bedders were the of establish it trunks of it. Some on gardeners is division seeds. soil. or by Sandy Propagation
Botanical
fish netting should always be kept Netting. A supply of tanned fruit from in gardens, as it is useful for protectingseedlingsand
birds, and
New New
in
protectingfruit
Flax, Phormium
blossom
tenax.
on
wall
trees
from
frost.
Zealand Zealand
Spinach.
"
See
Kitchen
Garden.
240
"
after M. Nicot. Ord. Solana(nicotia-na, Nicotiana is important economically because ceae). The genus Tabacum of the species is prepared tobacco. from the leaves It is the of from it mot because contains view, garden point unimportant "several useful garden plants, notably alba, generallycalled affinis, in abundance; which white flowers Sanderae, a produces sweet
Nicotiana, Tobacco
plant of
rose or
somewhat
similar
habit
to
the
latter, but
are
taller and ft.
with
magenta
white
flowers;
flowers.
and
bears
iialf-hardy annuals .hardy perennial.

^handsome
4 high, grows best treated as be treated as a (seeAnnuals). Sylvestris may Tomentosa is sometimes for its (colossea) grown
and
which sylvestris,
and
Alba
Sanderae
foliage.
"
Solanaceae).
(nierember-gia,after Sefior Nieremberg. Ord. is generally grown halfas a species gracilis with (see Annuals) ; it has white flowers, streaked .hardy annual in about and ins. the Botanical summer, purple, grows 9 high (see
The
Nierembergia
Magazine,
Rivularis "moist
t.
3108).
a
It likes
sandy loam
creeper,
and
abundance
for t.
of water.
or
is
white-flowered
suitable
pot culture
parts
of the rock
garden (seethe Bot. Mag.,

"
5608).
Nigella,Love-in-a-mist, Devil-in-the-bush Ord. Ranunculaceae) "colour of the seeds.

See
black, the (from niger, Pretty hardy annuals.
Annuals
and
"
Love-in-a-mist. See Solanum.

excrement
Nightshade.
"
Nightsoil. Human
lime
and
mixed is
a
with
See
dry soil
or
ashes
and
laid
up
for
few
weeks
and good fertiliser,
may
be
to soil for Green .applied
vegetables.
not
Manures. for
Nitrates. benefit Nitrate
"
Free
is
nitrogen is
combined
a
available
a
plants, and
to
cannot
them
until
of soda
popular
and
with form.
of
mineral Nitrolim
form
nitrate.
(calciumcyanamide),
of ammonia, rsulphate Manures. Nitrification.

"matters roots
are
"
nitrate
potash also yieldnitrogen. See
The
converted
non-available by which process be taken into compounds that can process

is
warm,
nitrogenous
up
by
the
of
plants. The
most
performed by bacteria,
therefore be
to
which
the
multiply the The object

imechanical
freelyin moist,
gardener should
of his soil.
A
well-drained, friable soil.
of
the
improve
condition
"
Nitro-bacterine.
monas
laboratory
takes of nitrates
culture
of
the
microbe
the of
Pseudo-
radicicola, which
stores
free
nitrogen from
root-nodules
conducted
on
atmosphere
-and
it in the
as
form
in the
leguminous
crops,
such
Peas.
Experiments
grave
doubts
by
value
the
cultural Royal Horti-
Society throw
.See Manures. Norfolk Island
the
of the
preparation.
Pine, Araucaria
excelsa.
Norway Norway
Maple, Acer Spruce, Picea
platanoides.
excelsa.
Silver
Nothoclaena, Gold
mothus, spurious,and
and
Maidenhairs
some
chlaina, cloak, from
from (nothoclae-na, appearing to have
in
241
useful ferns
involucre.
.
Ord.
Filices). There
"
are
few
very
house ; sinuata ; and trichomanoides, white, basket powdery fronds, a good plant. They may be propagated by of in springin the case spores (seeFerns),or division of the crowns those with tufty habit. and charcoal, Peat, with piecesof sandstone suits. They must have plenty of water in the soil during the A light, is desirable. growing season, but not overhead. airyposition Nuphar, Yellow Water Lily,Brandy Bottle (nu-phar, from the Arabic Ord. name Nuphar luteum is a neufar. Ny mphaeaceae) British with in flowers be hardy June. It may plant, yellow in a pond by binding loam round established the roots, and moss and weighting with a stone to sink the mass. Propagation is by division in spring. Advena also bears yellow flowers in summer.
"
included in this genus, which also likes a warm
a notably affinis,
hothouse
; Marantae, species
Nut.
"
See
Corylus and
a
Fruit.
Ord. Nycterinia (nycterin-ia. white the
Nycteriniaselaginoides, perfumed flowers in

name.
dwarf
summer,
Scrophularineae) half-hardyannual
"
Seedsmen with do
not
offer and up
blue
but
"
botanists
keep
For
culture, see
Annuals
Half-hardy.
Ord.
Nymphaea, Water Lily(nymphae-a, after nymphe, a water-nymph. Beautiful Ny mphaeaceae) aquatics, the modern hybrid forms well worth of which are growing, either in shallow ponds, See Flower Garden. pools,or tubs.
"
gardens, the Oak, Quercus of interest to garden lovers, because of its Robur, is nevertheless fine effect in park and forest. It is,of course, important as a timber tree. The Holm Oak, Q. Ilex; the Turkey Oak, Q. cerris; and the Cork extensive Oak, Q. suber, are not too largefor fairly gardens. See also Quercus.
"
Oak.
Too
large
tree
for
most
Oak-leaved Ocimum
Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium.

Basilicum
(Basil). See
"
Kitchen
Garden
"
Herbs.
Odontoglossum (odontoglos-sum,from odons, tooth, and glossa, tongue, owing to the tooth-like growths on the lip. Ord. OrchidaSome of the best ceae). A large and beautiful genus of Orchids. kinds will thrive in cool houses, and are inexpensive. Crispum (Alexandrae)is the most popular of all. Many forms of this are as dear. At least 100 are cheap as Fuchsias, although the rarer ones forms of this species alone could be named, all of which would be acknowledged by experts as good. Like most of the Odontoglosit is a moisture-loving sums be kept dry at never Orchid, and must
"
the root,
of root in
a
even
in the
winter.
In
summer
there
must
and
atmospheric
of peat and fills the pot.
moisture.
The
set
plants are
be abundance in pots, grown
base of crocks that on a two-thirds The the pseudo-bulbs should be above brim of the pot. When roots show towards new the end of summer is a good period for repotting, it may be done at the end of winter. or
compost
Sphagnum
minimum
maintained Greenhouse
winter without
"
temperature
hard
of
45"
will
and suffice,
this
can
be
if firing
the
house
is
adequatelypiped (see
steps must
be taken
Heating).
In hot
summer
weather
242
to
the
prevent
from plantssuffering
sun
heat
and
an
arid
by
providing abundant
The
ventilation, by shading,and
should not be plants themselves of particular work detailed treatment on speciessee a good modern few of the best The Orchids. are a citrosmum, following species: white, and yellow, sweet, several varieties. Crispum, white, rose, of forms are known, for which but variable in colour ; scores spotted, consult Edwardi, a purple and yellow, sweet. special work. and and brown, brilliant, several Grande, large yellow very forms varieties. Hallii, yellow and chocolate, many (Botanical and several t. brown, white, anum, Harry yellow, 6237). Magazine, and varieties. varieties. brown, many Luteo-purpureum, yellow Nobilis chocolate, yellow,and white, several varieties. Maculatum, forms. white, spotted red, many Pulchellum, (syn. Pescatorei), and white, sweet (Bot.Mag., t. 4104). Rossii,white, purple,yellow, majus is a popular variety,and there are several spotted brown; Uroothers. Triumphans, yellow and brown, several varieties. Vexillarium is now known Miltonia skinneri, yellow and brown. as vexillaria (see Miltonia)
surfaces.
.
atmosphere by damping all syringed. For
(Oeno-thera,from oinos, wine, and thera, imbibing, owing being supposed to stimulate drinking. Ord. Onagrarieae) Popular and brilliant flowers, not all exclusively night bloomers. They are useful border plants,as in most will thrive are soils, they hardy, and bloom freely. They are propagated by seed, the perennialsalso by division, preferably in summer in spring. All bloom and have yellow flowers except The otherwise stated. few of the best: where are a following biennis, a biennial, 3 ft. high; grandiflora (syn.Lamarckiana) is a of it. ft. i white, Caespitosa, largevariety (syns.eximia and marft. a ginata), perennial. Fruticosa, 3 (Botanical Magazine, t. 332); Youngii is a splendidvariety of it; these are perennials. Glauca, 3 ft. (Bot.Mag., t. 1606), a perennial; Fraseri is a good variety. Missouriensis (Bot. Mag., t. 1592), is a yellow perennial trailer. is beautiful, but not hardy (syn. Taraxacifolia, white, also a trailer, acaulis) Cactus Old Man (Pilocereussenilis) See Cactus.
Oenothera, Evening
to
Primrose
the
.
roots
"
"
Old Man's Oleander. Olearia

"
Beard,
See
Clematis
Vitalba.
Nerium.
from (olea-ria,
shrubs. evergreen white has attractive and It grows It is not 4 to
olea, olive tree. is Haastii, which

flowers It may
to in be
Ord.
a
dense
summer,
ful Compositae). Useis hardy, grower, is particularly good.

"
5 ft.
also with but

not
very white
high. as particular
planted 4
not
ft.
apart
wet.
in autumn.
soil,if
stiff and Macrodonta
Ilicifolia,
is handsome
flowers, is Musk-scented.
quite hardy. Stellulata (syn. Eurybia Gunniana) has beautiful flowers. Propagation is by seeds in a frame in spring, under wood in summer, of mature and a hand-light cuttings by layers
in autumn.
Omphalodes,
and
Navelwort
(omphalo-des, from
to the
omphales,
the
"
navel,
small
eidos,like,in allusion
seed.
Ord.
Boragineae).
genus,
243
plants.
s
comprising one or two Linifolia,a hardy annual, with

it grows about
9 ins. dwarf
very pretty hardy herbaceous white flowers, is the Venus' The

same
Navel-
is often popular name with blue to a verna, applied spring-blooming perennial blue in flowers March. Luciliae is a charming summer-blooming Alpine for rockeries (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 6047). They also by division; be raised from seeds in spring,the perennials can soil. not to as they are particular
wort;
high.
(oncid-ium,from ogkos, a tumour, in allusion to the growths on lip. Ord. Orchidaceae) A large and attractive with a largenumber of Orchids, comprising some 300 species, genus of varieties and hybrids. They are allied to the Odontoglossums, under that the cultural remarks and made subject apply to Onciless water when diums, but the specieswith leathery leaves need the growth is complete, and only enough should be given to keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling.They differ a good deal in heat requirements,and any one who desires to grow a respect to work Orchids. The collection should consult on a specialmodern few of the are Concolor, a yellow, following principalspecies: Magazine, t. 3752). Crispum, May bloomer, cool house (Botanical and winter, cool house brown, summer (Bot.Mag., t. 3499). Forcool house besii, brown, margined yellow, autumn, (Bot. Mag., and brown t- 37"5)Kramerianum, yellow, spring, hothouse. Macranthum, spring,brown, purple,white, and yellow, cool house. cool house. Marshallianum, Papilio, yellow and brown, summer, red and t. hothouse (Botanical Register, 910). yellow, spring, Sarcodes, Phalaenopsis, white, purple, and violet, cool house. brown house. and Tigrinum, yellow, yellow,spring,intermediate
Oncidium
the
"
barred Onion.
brown,
"
cool
house.
See
Kitchen
Garden. Greek
name.
Onoclea genus Ostrich noble of
(onocle-a,the
hardy
ferns, the
known
a
Ord. of which
Filices).A
"
small the is
a
finest member
as
Fern, also
is Germanica, Germanica. This Struthiopteris

near
plant for
sheltered
roots
can
place
ramble
ft.
the
margin
soil.
of is
stream,
can
where gated propasmaller
its stoloniferous
in moist
It
a
be
by divisions of these species, growing only about 2
roots.
Sensibilis
much
high.
from an onemi, to Ononis, Rest Harrow (ono-nis, ass, and onos, Ord. delight,in reference to the ass's enjoyment of it as food. Two of this largegenus are worth three members or Leguminosae) growing in the rock garden, notably arvensis, the Rest Harrow, which few stems on a produces rose and white flowers in summer inches high ; rotundif olia,a dwarf shrub with rose flowers in summer (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 335), and the fine variety of the not particular latter called splendens. They are to soil,and as are seed in spring, when the perennials may be easily raised from
" .
divided. Golden small, in reference A small genus of
Onosma,
Drop
(onos-ma, from
for the rock
onos,
ass.
an
ass,
and
osrna*
"
to its attraction
Ord.
charming hardy
plants,the
Boragineae). most gracefulof
244
which
is Tauricum,
a
high, and
Botanical soils if Onosmas
produces Magazine, t. 889). It thrives where put in positions damp cannot

It may
are
its
variety of charming
stellulatum
citron-coloured
in
it grows about a in flowers May limestone

and
foot
in winter.
be
propagated by
seeds
in
the lodge round Other pretty spring.
(see sandy plants

from
should be raised alba-rosea, which cuttings; Bourgaei, and echioides; the first has flowers, the latter pale yellow ones.
annually
rose
and
white
Onychium
of the lobes. in in
(onych-ium, from
Ord. is
to the a claw, in allusion onyx, A of the small ferns, Filices). genus

"
shape
most
popular
fronds thrives be may winter.
of which
winter, but
a
Japonicum, a is very graceful when

of
specieswhich
in and
loses full
most
of its
It and in house. hot-
growth.
is needed
compost propagated by division.

Auratum,
an
peat, loam,
sand, with
little water
met
charcoal,
it likes
a
Very
is also
evergreen,
with;
(6-phrys,from ophrys, an eyebrow, in allusion to the sepal fringe. Ord. Orchidaceae) Interesting Orchids, mostly the the is Bee Orchis, aranifera hardy. Apifera Spider Orchis,
Ophrys
" .
bombilifera All may be may
the
Humble in
Bee
or
Orchis, and
limestone
muscifera soil in the
be grown
sandy
Fly Orchis. rock garden, and

the
propagated by
division.
Opium
Poppy, Papaver somniferum.

"
Opuntia (Indian Fig, Prickly Pear). See Cactus. Orange (Citrus Aurantium).
Orchard.
" "
See Fruit.
See
Fruit.
"
Orchard-house. Orchids.
"
See very
awe
Fruit.
remote
regarded with period Orchids were of flower lovers, and were by something majority considered be to the monopoly of wealthy people who could afford to construct and for expensive houses employ skilled specialists their plants. The that of felt amateurs could never they majority indulge a homely love for Orchids as they could for Roses, Sweet ferns. in fact, aliens. The That Peas, and plants were, feeling has and become modified now to find we considerably, begin of small amateurs Orchids. It must be admitted means growing that the plants need specialstudy, and that the majority require heat and than other moisture more plants grown under glass. The of this is that they come from reason the countries, where tropical and heated. is There saturated atmosphere however, highly are,
no
At
akin
to
the
certain far from
Orchids
these
which
may
be
grown
no
under
cool
conditions,
include
and
so
being importance they Cyprithe pedium insigneand its varieties and hybrids, which are among most is an Orchid popular with the cognoscenti. Disa grandiflora
that will thrive in
a
speciesof
cool house,
and
a
another
is the
beautiful
honeyquisite ex-
scented
The
Zygopetalum Mackayi, graceful plant blooming there are lovely Odontoglossum crispum, of which
forms, also thrives
under cool conditions. this flowers of stout
in winter.
many Orchids are

that
all
by distinguished
texture, and
means
they
last well WP! last when
245
ing want-
cut. other
The flowers.
majority have
The
in the
refined
kinds to
appearance
are
in most
different fibrous
or on baskets, and pans, terrestrial kinds are grown
blocks, according
in grown their habit.
pots^
The
moss,
peat
or
and
Sphagnum
with with
or
little charcoal, and

the
pots
grown
and
a
crocks;
with
epiphytes are
on a
drained are liberally pans in baskets with a little moss,

a
bound
wire
blocks
The
majority have they require very

what and
are
resting and
hung in growing
the
warm,
season;
a
moist in the
house. former Most the

in
little water,
In
a
in
latter
great deal.
store
form collar the

are
called leaf.
pseudo-bulbs, fleshy swellingsbetween

state of nature these
the
moisture
in the dry period. The for use rainy season principalOrchids Cattleyas,Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, Odontoglossums, and
Oncidiums.
names
These this work.
and
others
are
dealt
with
under
their
own.
in
Orchid
flowers
differ from
and important particulars. The stamens the column; there is only one anther, except in have which two ; and the pollenis in masses, not
others in several combined in are pistil

the
in dust-like
or
The
the
third
most
inner
segment,
known in
as
the
labellum
and
the
two
prominent feature; Cypripediums lowrer sepalsare merged into one.

" .
it
Cypripediums, grains. is generally lip, forms a pouch;
Orchis (6r-chis. Ord. Orchidaceae) The hardy Orchids are an natives of Great Britain. are The interestingclass, and some majority do well on a limestone soil,and on stiff land chalk should be added. They enjoy cool, shady spots. Transplanting and in autumn, best done division are as they flower in spring. The following are a few of the best: foliosa, 2 to 3 ft. high, purple the (Botanical Magazine, t. 5074) ; latifolia,i ft., purplish-red, Orchis ; the Glasnevin of is Marsh this handsome a variety spotted form; there is also a white called alba; maculata, I ft.,purple and of it called superba; militaris, \\ ft., white; there is a fine form purple,the Soldier Orchis; morio, 9 ins., purple, the green-winged Meadow Orchis; papilionacea, purple, the Butterfly Orchis; and See also Ophrys. to 2 i ft., purple. purpurea, Oreocome Candollei with is best some (oreoco-me. Ord. Umbellif erae) A handused sometimes for summer foliage, kept in pots in winter in plain soil,to check its A good deal of water is required. Propagation
" .
plant bedding. It
fern-like
natural grossness. is by cuttings or seed.
It is synonymous
"
with Garden
Selinum
"
tenuifolium.
Origanum
bird,
and
(Marjoram).
of Ord.
"
See
Kitchen
Herbs.
Ornithogalum, Star
gala, milk.
Ornus
Bethlehem
(ornithog-alum, from Liliaceae). See Bulbs.

"
ornis,.
(Flowering Ash).
Bitter Vetch to
See
Fraxinus.
(6r-obus, from oro, to excite, and boits,arc Ord. supposed stimulating virtues as food. of these herbaceous two One or hardy perennials Leguminosae) are a good enough for the garden, notably vernus, purplish-blue, foot high, and suitable for the a growing about spring bloomer in colour rockery; there are several varieties of it,differing (seetheOrobus,
ox,
in reference
.
its
"
246
Botanical flowers in
Magazine,
May,
are I
loamy soil,and
Osmanthus Ord.
"
521). Pannonicus, with purple and white They thrive in light high, is also useful. division in spring. seeds or propagated by
t.
ft.
(osman-thus,from osme, perfume, and anthos, flower. a variety of Oleaceae). Evergreen shrubs, of which ilicifolius, there several in the are forms, differing Aquifolium, is the best; of with the colour one and leaves, including variegated shape foliage. Fragrans (syn.Olea fragrans)has white perfumed flowers, in pots. They like not being quite hardy is sometimes and grown be propagated by cuttingsinserted in sandy sandy loam, and may
peat.
deity. Ord. Filices). are statelyof ferns, and some among of the of the fronds The clusters have sporangia near tips hardy. the name for them earned Flowering Fern. Regalis is the finest of for the Ostrich Fern in a cool, a noble all,and this makes companion
Osmunda,
Royal
are
Fern
(osmun-da, a
the
most
Celtic
"
The
Osmundas
sheltered, humid
spot
8 ft. several
height of
and but
there
or are
it may the waterside, where It is the handsomest of all the

at
be found British
at
ferns,
forms and
of
palustris. Bipinnata they are not hardy.

Ostrich Fern.
"
cinnamomea
and it, notably cristata, gracilis, handsome are Osmundas,
See Onoclea.
"
(ostrow-skia. Ord. Campanulaceae) Campanula-like hardy herbaceous perennial,growing to It ft. 5 high, and bearing largepale blue flowers in summer. 3 likes a sheltered but sunny spot, and a friable loamy soil, with water in dry weather. Propagation is by seeds in spring. It seeds itself it makes at home. where freely
magnifica
.
Ostrowskia beautiful
Otaheite Ourisia
Orange.
"
See
Greenhouse
"
Orange.
"
(ouris-ia.Ord. Scrophularineae) A small genus one perennials, speciesof which, coccinea, hardy herbaceous in abundance little plant, bearing its scarlet beautiful flowers
.
of is
a
in
a
summer
on
stems
about
foot
high.
seed
It loves and
moist, peaty soil in

in
shady place. Propagation is by

Botanical
division
spring.
See the
Magazine,
t. 5335.
the Plant native Ouvirandra, Lattice-leaf (ouviran-dra,from Ord. Naiadaceae). A singular for water-yam, ouvirandrano. name leaves of great are lace-like, transparent green aquatic, whose little beauty. It should and interest and be planted in loam no
"
submerged in water shady positionin a

modern
that
warm
is
kept lukewarm, and should be given a The house. speciesis fenestralis,and

fenestralis. the In which tains conpistil, it is plants where a superior ovary;
to have
botanists
"
call it of
a
Aponogeton
Ovary.
the
The
part
or
flower, lying below

ovules.
the
unfertilised
seeds, called
formed
within
above
petals it
is called
The behind or where below, inferior. ovary from a leaf. developed, like the petals,
is considered
Oxalis, Wood
Sorrel leaves.
acidityof
the
Ord.
from acid, in allusion to the (6x-alis, oxys, Geraniaceae). A large genus, variable
"
"in in Hnra duration,
are some
247
The
be
being
growers for or
annuals ramble
and
others The
perennials.
that
majority
used the
low
the
and
freely,so
has
are
they may
character
for rockwork
foliageof
the
hanging pans. species Acetosella

are
three-fold
to its
of
as
led
the
being
in
sold
Shamrock;
flowers
in
a
white, and
are
produced
spring;
the
plant will
the
most
thrive
cool, shady part of

cernua, ; corniculata
popular species
Beyond this spring,greenhouse, yellow, rockery.

and
purple foliage, spring,greenhouse; florihardy; Deppei, red flowers bunda, rose, greenhouse,spring,perhaps the most generallyuseful of all (see the Botanical t. yellow, greenRegister, 1123); Ortgiesii, house, summer; purpurata (syn. Bowieana), purple, greenhouse, and autumn; rosea, Magazine, rose, greenhouse, spring (Botanical tt. 2145 and 2830). The hardy kinds will thrive in ordinary soil. in pots or Those have loam, lightened with leaf mould pans may and tuberous sand. Several form and offsets,by which are they be propagated ; the herbaceous sorts may be divided. may Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum.
in
good for hanging pans
rubra, yellow flowers
Oxlip,Primula
elatior.
"
Oxyura (oxyu-ra. Ord. Compositae). with yellow hardy annual, synonymous

culture,
see
O.
chrysanthemoides is a Layia Calliglossa. For

Ord. Ranuncula-
Annuals.
after (paeo-nia,
Paeonia, Paeony ceae). See Flower

"
Dr.
Paeon.
Garden.
Palm, Date, Phoenix

Palma Palms.
"
dactylifera.
communis.
Ricinus Christi, These noble
several useful purposes. As plants serve for in tories conservalargespecimens they are good forming bold groups and halls and on platforms; while as small plants they are good for rooms. by broad, generallydeep They are distinguished and In often cut leaves. most cases they are easy elegantly green but to grow, all are not equally suitable for growing into large specimens for rooms. or They are raised from seed, which are put in heat. The majority will thrive in a pots and plunged in bottom of loam leaf mould or (3 parts), compost decayed manure (i part), and Nice plants can sand. be grown in 6-in. pots. They do not and need frequent repotting, it should the pots only be done when crowded in this in with roots act The case get ; pots should spring. will be be well drained of water deal (see Drainage), as a good in Very little need be given in winter. required the growing season. It is an aid to keeping room outside palms healthy to stand them when soft shower is falling in summer. Otherwise the foliage a should rooted.
be
sponged
once
week
with
soft, lukewarm
when of
water.
Weak
be given once week a may Soot -water, with half an ounce is The excellent. gallon, following are
liquidmanure
well the plants are superphosphate per useful palms: Areca (or lutescens Chrysalidocarpus) (r), Chamaerops humilis, Cocos Weddeiiana, Geonoma (or Howea) Belmoreana gracilis (r),Kentia (r), K. Forsteriana, Latania borbonica Livi(Livistonachinensis)(r),
248
stona
australis, Phoenix
canariensis excelsa
and
Trachycarpus
(r).
Those Cocos
P. reclinata, P. rupicola, (r), marked (r) are good for Weddeliana

is
a
rooms.
good
table
palm, and Chamaerops humilis is suitable for planting out in summer. See Gynerium. Pampas Grass. Pancratium (pancra-tium,from pan, all, and kratys, potent supposed medicinal value. Ord. Amaryllideae). See Bulbs. Pine (panda-nus,from Pandanus, Screw
"
"
"
the with
Malay
"
name
pandang.
Ord.
Pan-
foliage evergreens, daneae). pointed, strap-shaped leaves, some for introducing useful variegated. They are to conservatory groups on special
Handsome
PROPAGATING
BY i.
PANDANUSES OFFSETS.
2.
occasions,
Loam, sand,
shade with
and
a
for
table of
decoration.
and
some
fourth
Drainage.
Soil.
peat
may
suits in
a
them.
hothouse.
sun.
They
be like
gated propaa
by
be
suckers
in bottom need
heat
They
The The
light
only to keep vaporised occasionally of the best: a few Baptistii, green banded and Veitchii, green, yellow;
and position,
from
strong
down
house
should and
insects. white.
of
followingare
green
and with
yellow; Sanderi,
which Ord.
are
Panicle.
"
An
inflorescence, the
branches
divided
irregularly. Panicum (pan-icum,from

"
paniculum,
panicle.
Gramineae).
Graceful
Grasses, suitable for pot culture,
and with and
They thrive in loam, easy to grow. of leaf mould and some sand, a third division. are easily propagated by
most
The
a
popular speciesis variegatum, graceful green and white trailer suitable

pot
now
for
culture
in the
greenhouse;
with
ists botan-
call it
not be
Oplismenus
Burmannii. P.
It must
which
confused
virgatum,
is
hardy
perennial with
"
silvery
of the in
leaves.
Pansy (Viola tricolor). greatest garden favourites,

most
One
growing
by
in
soils that
and
are
not
very
dry,
seeds
or
easily propagated
by cuttings in
sown
poor seeds
and
in
spring,and
are
autumn.
The
in
best and
in
boxes
February
a
March,
or
frame other
plants started greenhouse, then pricked out

and out in
the
into
PROPAGATING
PANSIES
BY
ing May. A dressput of COW the and manure soil, improves i. of will liquid manure supplies help the plants to continue growing and flowering. Suckers from in
a
boxes
CUTTINGS.
Large leaves
2.
to
to
be be
Leaflets
,o b
removed. removed. 4. Base of
the base frame make will
apart
under
cold
may in
be inserted
they
early good flowers
3 ins. and autumn, the
aphis is kept following spring. Seed can

if brown
be and
249
tufted from These
bought
or are
Pansies,
beautiful
separate colours, to come hybrid Violas, are not, as propagated by suckers like the
lines arid beds and
if
in
true.
a
The
named
rule, available
Pansies.
seed,
make
other
planted in April in fertile soil and given liquid mulching. They continue to flower best if the blossoms of are picked frequently. Archie Grant, plum; Countess Picotee Hopetoun, white; Lark, cream, edge; Ithuriel, azure; Primrose Dame, Royal Sovereign,yellow; lightyellow; True Blue, and Wm. B. fewa blue; J. Neil, lavender, are Riding, mauve; The good varieties. Pansy is an exhibition flower of some ance importin Scotland, where and two are classes, Show Fancy, grown. The the largest latter have and most flowers. Alice richlymarked Lister, Constance Abercromby, James McNab, Mrs. Ferguson, Mrs. Sinclair, Neil M'Kay, and Robert J. Sellars, Mrs. Wm. M'Caughie
manure are
beautiful
.
varieties.
from papa, thick milk or juice. Ord. Papaver, Poppy (papa-ver, familiar than the more Papaveraceae) Few garden flowers are brilliant if fleeting annual and the both the kinds Poppies, perennial The ing being esteemed. ShirleyPoppies, with their pretty shimmerthe most flowers, are among charming of annuals; they originated the from The Corn double Poppy, P. Rhoeas. Paeonyflowered from P. somniferum, the opium Poppy, a Poppies came tall annual. These doubles are splendid plants,growing 2 to 3 ft. the brilliant flowers which last better than high, and bearing large, able singles. The Iceland Poppy is P. nudicaule, a dwarf grower suitfor grouping in the rock garden ; there are orange, yellow,and white forms; this plant is best treated as a biennial (seeBiennials). See the Botanical bracMagazine, t. 1633. Orientale, of which teatum is a good form, is the grand oriental Poppy, a perennial with
" .
brilliant flowers; many (seethe Bot. Mag., t. is a handsome Poppy;

a
named
varieties
are
now
offered with
as an
by
florists
57). Umbrosum,
scarlet
black
spots,
or
biennial. is
root
The
it may be wrill thrive Poppies in the

case
either grown in almost any

the
annual
by seeds,
and
of
tion Propagaperennialsalso by division
soil.
and
cuttings.
"
Paradisea. Paraffin.
an an
"
See
Anthericum.
Paraffin oil,or petroleum, is useful to the gardener as when combined with soft soap to form insecticide, especially emulsion
churned
and
well
in
diluted
with while of water
water. the
The
boiled, the
whole
paraffinstirred
a
in
solution
means
should soap is hot, and

of
a
be the
pound
of
up of soft soap
Paraffin
a
tub half
a
by
on
and
pint
of
paraffinsuffice for
to
syringe. A 6 gallons
American not be
water.
blight in
allowed Paris Paris growers
to
crude
run on
oil may be dabbed small with state a the bark.
patches
but
of
brush,
frutescens
it should
Daisy.
"
See
"
Chrysanthemum
arsenical
on
(Marguerite).
much used
Green.
for
An
spraying but now caterpillars,

If
to trees
compound, once in spring for

be at
by
of
fruit
the
purpose
ing poisoni
discarded
not
paste.
used, it should
in favour by many a greater strength
of
arsenate
than
Ib. to
250
200
well
be kept gallons of water, and it must enemies. Fruit See the foliage. destroy
mixed,
Ord. in
or
it will
Parnassia
"
after Mount (parnass-ia, bog plant,with pretty British Garden.
Parnassus. white flowers
Saxifrageae)
.
summer.
See
Flower
Parrot-beak
Plant, Clianthus.
Kitchen Garden.
Parsley.
"
See
Parsley Fern, Cryptogramme Parsnip.

"
crispa.
See
Kitchen
"
Garden.
Partridge Berry.
Passion Passiflora,
See Gaultheria. Flower from and suffering, passio, (passiflo-ra, PassiOrd. suggesting the Crucifixion. which best of the climbers, interesting Passion
flos,flower, the flowers and floreae).Beautiful

"
known
is
caerulea,
the
Flower;
it
bears
its
familiar
(seethe Botanical Magazine, purple,blue, and white flowers in summer Constance is white t. 28). The Elliott, nearly as variety, Passifloras These are so nearly hardy that popular as the blue. outdoors be risked except in cold, exposed places,and they may and arches used be on pergolas. They may be propagated by may of under shoots as a hand-light or by seeds sown cuttings young
soon as
ripe
in
frame and likes
or
greenhouse.
flowers
Of
the
tender and
Passifloras,
edible fruits and
edulis, with
called
purple
white
a
in summer,
Granadillas,
an
hothouse;
incarnata, purple, green,
perennialthat will thrive in the greenhouse; t. 14), violet,red, and white quadrangularis(Botanical Register, in autumn, flowers fruits if the flowers followed edible by greenish are impregnated by hand, likes a hothouse, are the best known. They are better planted out than in pots, so long as the border is made is not so luxuriance, which large and rich as to encourage inimical to flowering. Equal parts of loam and peat, with sand, suit. Thin if kept close. Young shoots may be struck in heat in summer the growths after floweringto prevent crowding. Avoid tying the
white,
herbaceous
and
shoots
in
stiffly.
See
Paths." Paulownia
Walks.
Ord.
of the Russian after a member dynasty. (paulo-wnia, is tree deciduous handsome a Scrophularineae) Imperialis from which Japan, growing 3 to 4 ft. high, and with large leaves, it suitable for bedding out. make It likes a loamy soil. tion Propagais by cuttingsof young in sandy in summer, shoots inserted soil under a hand-light, in In frame. districts sheltered cold or a a place should be provided. Pea (Green). See Kitchen Garden.
"
"
Pea,
Sweet.
"
"
See
Sweet
Pea.
Peach. Peacock Pear. Peat. lowland

"
See
Fruit. Pavonia.
Iris Iris, See Fruit.
"
and
There are Compressed and decomposed vegetablematter. upland peats; the former are used for fuel, the latter,
which is and
lor Orchids.
251
sandy,
other
potting composts and peat-loving plants. Brown The different kinds of peat can
in horticultural
for
for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, fibrous peat is preferred be
bought
at nurseries
and
from
dealers
sundries.
a (pelargo-nium,from pelargos, stork, Ord. Geraniaceae) A large and portant imwhich includes the Zonal Geranium popular genus, (see Geranium, Zonal). The plants generally under the name Pelargonium have grown somewhat leaves, plain green cupped and not but zoned or fringed, variegated. They free blooming, and the colours are liant, brilare well worth Like so are they growing. the Zonal more they were important in past
Pelargonium,
allusion
to
Stork's-bill seed
in
the
pod.
"
years grew
than them
they
for
as
are
now,
and
when
florists various
exhibition
classes, such
are
Show,
they made Regal, and

The
Fancy,
according to the
are
type
of flower.
plants
They
some-
PRUNING
SHOW
GONIUMS. PELAR-
kept exclusivelyfor pot culture. in warm greenhouses, and grown when in times windows put in room
bloom, sunny
After
flowering they
are
stood is
a
in
stems ripen the plants are shown. cut back as Fresh
water place outdoors, and thus bringing growth to
withheld,
standstill.
g?"th
will start
from
the
pruned back to short stumps, syringed, replaced in the greenhouse, started into fresh growth. Plants and in 6-in. or /-in. pots may nearly a yard through. Loam, with a fourth of decayed grow and manure some sand, suits them. They may be propagated by the of inserted in Loam, cuttings pruiiings, sandy soil in a frame. with a third of dried cow and some manure sand, suits. Very little in winter, when is needed water theyshould have a lightplace in a and greenhouse. Staking tying will be needed, as each branch must be clear of its neighbour. The following are good varieties :
a
After the
brief
rest
the
branches
are
plants
are
'watered,
"
Show. Achievement
Blue
Decorative. Eucharis
Beard
Triomphe
Volonte
,,
de St. Mande album
Marguerite Royal Ascot

Fancy.
Bridesmaid Delicatum Roi Sims
The des
Nationale
,,
Bush
Madame
Regal. Hill Beauty

Thibaut Beatrice Some
are
Fantaisies
Persimmon Princess
are
Reeves
an
Cape Pelargoniums
others foliage,
have
class. interesting scented leaves. They with

a
have
some handnow
less grown
than
they
used
majority are a greenhouse. Capitatum.
meets be, but one but shrubs, evergreen to

rose
them
are
occasionally. The
herbaceous;
has
few
all need
flowers
in
June,
Rose-scented
252
leaves.
is Citron-scented. white, summer, Citriodorum, Fragrans, smell of has a Radula, purple, nutmeg. white, veined red, summer,
June,
is Balsam-scented.
Tomentosum,
white,
summer,
smells
of
peppermint. Quercifolium is interesting as as leaves, and Inquinans and Zonale parents

Geranium. herbaceous. of leaf mould,
or
having Oak-shaped
of the
popular
in
Zonal
Endlicherianum
All may be
differs
a
conservatory, and
and
need
in grown little water
majority being cool, airy greenhouse or large,

from the
in winter.
Loam,
is
with
in
third
sand, suits.
culture.
cuttings in autumn. for garden and pot

also suitable
at "the side
by Propagation Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums are
seeds
spring
both
are
popular,
beds, and
balconies
They
and
make
beautiful
vases on
for of
hanging
baskets
pillar
and
for as steps. Propagation and soil are the same Geraniums Zonal Achievement, Beauty of Castle (seeGeranium). Crousse, Queen of Roses, Ryecroft Hill, Jeanne d'Arc, Madame de Charles Turner are Surprise,and Souvenir good double varieties.
La
one
France
and
Masterpiece are
Aristolochia
Kitchen
good singles. Madame gigas.
Crousse
is
of the Pelican
best bedders.
Flower,
"
Pennyroyal.
Pentas
stamens. Ord.
See
Garden
"
Herbs.
the
(pen-tas, from
pente, five,
"
number
of
that
petals
and
Rubiaceae). which is grown only one species 18 sub-shrub about growing

t.
small
to any
genus with
of hothouse
shrubs, of
a
extent, and
winter
ins.
high,
and
autumn
pale (Botanical Magazine,

and
is carnea, pink flowers
in
4086) ;
kermesina of it. Loam
Quartiniana
with
sand and
are a
varieties third is
of leaf mould
suits. young
Propagation
shoots in
a
cuttings of propagating case.

Pentstemon
by
(pentste-mon,
from
pente,
"
five,and
the
A
in allusion to stemon, stamen, stamens. Ord. Scrophularineae). of
hardy herbaceous ' perennials, sometimes sub-shrubby, as hold their stems they may through the winter. The dwarf speciesare charming for the rockery, while the taller,larger, florists' varieties are magnificent bed or
border which
amount
PROPAGATING
BY
splendid genus
plants. they will

of
seed
There
not
are
few
soils in
a
thrive, given
while
seed in
a or warm
failare
moisture;
is
sown
they
easilypropagated by
PENTSTEMONS
cuttings.
house
If in
the
CUTTINGS.
In autumn. cutting prepared' i. Depth to insert.

the
a
winter. the
in
frame
summer
Cuttingsof
sandy
form soil in
in a cold plants hardened and in early out spring, planted flower well the same they year. in autumn, too stems and
best
varieties
may
be taken
the
put
in to
cold
frame;
should
plants be
full of bloom may be removed
suitable
growths for cuttings, the flower
in late from
summer
253
and
the
plantstop-dressedto
beds
the
base.
Beautiful
2
of
setting the
borders. stems.
plants
They
ft.
"
long, arching followingspeciesare good for the rockery: azureus, barbatus Botanical i ft.,blue; barbatus Register, (syn. Chelone blue i t. 1 1 6), 3 ft., scarlet, Torreyi is a ft., variety; glaber, t. 2 (Botanical Magazine, 1672); Hartwegii, ft.,scarlet; gentianoides, 3 ft.,violet; Menziesii, 6 ins., purple and red, Scouleri is a mauve gentianoides are not variety. Azureus, Hartwegii, and Menziesii. and so as barbatus, quite hardy glaber,
bear
on
apart; or large, bell-shaped flowers

"
fresh shoots encourage be had Pentstemons by may the in formed be groups may
The
than two years perennialis a plant that lives more and Annual flower gardeners speak of peren(cf. Biennial). When nials have in herbaceous mind, but, strictly ing, speakperennials they shrubs trees and also perennials. are Perennial.
"
Pereskia.
"
See Cactus. See Flower Garden.
Pergola.
"
Perilla nankinensis
Ord. (perill-a.
see
culture,
is grown Annuals.
in
Labiatae). Half-hardy annuals, of which flower gardens for its purple foliage. For
"
from Periploca (perip-loca,
periploke,intertwining. Ord.
is grown
to
Asclethat is
piadeae).
"
One
speciesonly
any
extent,
and
with Graeca, a quick-growing climber flowers, suitable for pergolasand arbours.

in
peculiar greenish-purple
It is
hardy, and blooms

is
particular under a hand-light, or by layers,in Magazine, t. 2289).

summer. as
It is not
to soil.
Propagation the autumn (see
by
tings cut-
Botanical
from owing to the (periste-ria, peristera, A small genus of Orchids, Orchidaceae) hothouse. a light Elata, the Dove Orchid, with its interesting liking and is the best fragrant white, purple-spottedflowers in summer, known the Botanical It t. forms (see Magazine, largepseudo31 16). form of the column. Ord.
" .
Dove Peristeria,
Orchid
bulbs. division.
but
It should
in A
be grown
in
mixture
of fibrous be
loam, peat, and
leaf mould
equal parts, with
good deal of water little when they are at rest.

to
and may while is needed
sand,
they
propagated by in growth, are
from Peristrophe (peris-trophe, allusion the reversed
corolla.
(syn. Justiciaspeciosa) is a worth growing by all who have
peristrophe, turning round, in Ord. Acanthaceae). Speciosa pretty winter-blooming plant, well
"
warm 2
the Botanical greenhouse (see ft. high,and

and
a
Magazine,
red flowers and
in
a
t.
2722). freely.
manure,
It grows about Loam, with sand suits.
bears
each
its
purplish-
third is
of leaf mould
decayed
warm case
"
Propagation
by cuttings inserted
in
spring.
Vinca.
"
Periwinkle.
See
after Don Pernettya (pernet-tya, Pernetty. Ord. Ericaceae). in but cold, exposed places, Pretty evergreens, hardy except very of slow growth and quitesuitable for pot culture. The most popular the charm of which lies in the pretty berries speciesis mucronata,
254
which follow
in
the
varieties, and the colours flowers; there are many of the berries differ,being white, flesh,pink, red, or purple. They
thrive
Propagation is by seeds in pruning is required as the habit spring or close Arbutus is naturally mucronata). See the Botanical (syn. Botanical t. 1675, and Magazine, t. 3093. Register, equal parts
of
peat
and
loam.
layers in autumn.
Little
Petasites
"
from (petasi-tes,
petasos, umbrella.
most
Ord. ins.
Hardy
winter
in
herbaceous
late
the plants,
the
Heliotrope, a
winter;
in
popular plant growing about 6

omcinalis, the
The be attain may
to
of which
Compositae). are fragrans, high,with white

Bur,
3 to
4 ft., for the
flowers
and
Butter
a
with
white
flowers
where
spring.
latter makes
waterside,
grow Petunia
"
its leaves any
plant large proportions. They (Brazilian). Ord.
fine
will
in almost
soil,and
propagated by division.
Solana-
from (petu-nia,
petun, tobacco
with a profusionof large flowers. They are ceae) Brilliant plants, the for bedding, and double are fringed forms great favourites will for The varieties thrive in almost pots. charming garden any soil,and heavy manuring is to be deprecated, as tending to overluxuriance. in a warm Propagation is by seeds, which may be sown
.
frame in in The
a
or
and greenhouse in spring,
cold
frame.
house.
Those
for may
bushy.
a warm
varieties Special For
plants to go outside hardened be pinched to make them pots be propagated by cuttingsin autumn
should
the
suit them.
old
Loam, with sand and a third of leaf mould, will beds, plant 2 ft. apart, and peg the shoots down.
speciesare
rarely grown
and
now,
colours, unnamed;
Peucedanum
the
also mixtures, both
(peuced-anum. Ord. Parsnip. See Kitchen Garden. Phacelia from Ord. (phace-lia, phakelos, a bundle. HydrophylAn the for save one laceae). unimportant genus, speciescampanuis a charming blue hardy Californian laria, which annual, growing about 9 ins. high,and of compact habit. (See the Botanical Magazine, t- 6735.) For P. viscida is synonymous culture, see Annuals. with Eutoca viscida (Bot.Mag., t. 3572),and blue flowers. has Phaenocoma (phaeno-coma, from home, phainos, bloody, and hair. Ord. Compositae). The only species, is handsome a prolifera, be grown into specimens 3 or can greenhouse plant which 4 ft.
" . " "
offeringseparate singleand double. is Umbelliferae) Sativum
seedsmen
through, and
synonymous
these
when
in
full bloom
are
very
effective.
It
is
proliferum (Botanical Magazine, t. 2365). The is generally preferred to the type the habit is better; the flowers are as deep crimson. Sandy peat is the best soil. Propagation is by cuttings of firm side shoots serted inin a propagating case in summer. Repotting should be done when growth starts in spring. They like cool, airy conditions. The
flowers last for many
"
with
Helichrysum variety Barnesii
weeks. These Orchids

two
are
Phaio-calanthe.
obtained may
are
bigeneric, having
and
been
by crossingthe
grown
and
genera
as
Phaius Phaius and
Calanthe.
rose
They
white,
be
in the
same
way
(seebelow). Arnoldiae,
and
yellow
pink; Berryana, interesting hybrids.
rose;
Sedeniana,
Phaius
small
255
" .
differ The terrestrial moist hothouse. The former need deciduous. a in in and loam fibrous equal parts, peat speciesshould be grown Humblotii manure sand and a quarter of dried cow being added. to which moss a and its white varietyalba will thrive in Sphagnum little fibrous division after The and and that
summer,
(phai-us,from phaios, shining. Ord. Orchidaceae) A of tropical Orchids, with large,pleated leaves. They genus and others in deal some character, a being evergreen good
peat
once
has
been
added. should
They
not
flowering. They
called classed
now
Orchids
are
deciduous,
are
Thunias by with Phaius. like

a
off in winter. which botanists, and are These have largeflowers,
be may dried be
propagated by
very
a
showy.
They
hothouse.
high in
a
compost of fibrous peat and manure. quarter of decayed cow

may deal
They should be potted loam, equal parts, with sand They may be repotted when
be increased by division at of water will be required in
they
growing in winter, and period if required. A good

start
plants are at rest. Alba (Bot. Mag., t. 5694),and the most Thunia but there are Marshalliae are species, popular of the of which are several hybrids, superba and Veitchiana good. Grandiand t. tuberculosus, folius,Humblotii, maculatus 3960), (Bot.Mag., Phaius the such of most the but Wallichii are species, popular Owenianus and Cooksoniae, Norman, hybrids as Ashworthianus, Orchids. modern work For a see on are details, interesting.
but
none
the in winter, when Bensonae t. 3991), (BotanicalMagazine,
from phalaina, a moth, (phalaenop-sis, Beautiful Orchids, with Orchidaceae). opsis, in teak flowers in long,graceful spikes. They requireto be grown baskets the roof of a warm house. but and crocks on Nothing sufficient former of the first are required, Sphagnum being placed in of the plants above to raise the crown the baskets the top; they with in be should be done when ; packed Sphagnum basketing may at the close of winter. starts From till then growth early autumn 80" to of should be maintained. a 70" temperature During winter The atmosphere should be kept in a saturated 60" to 70" will suffice. and like. Ord.
"
Phalaenopsis, Moth
Orchid
state.
great deal of
fresh. The Shade
water
will be
needed
more
winter,
summer.
when
it will suffice to
give
hot
no
than
in summer, will
but
not
moss
in
keep
the
alive and
from
sun
following are a summer, purple,white, and yellow; Lueddemanniana, purple and and and white; Sanderiana, pink white, winter; Schilleriana, the best (Botanical rose, white, and yellow,spring, purple, Magazine, varieties and t. 5530). There are for of hybrids, many particulars
which,
see a
will be necessary in springand few of the best species: Lowii,
modern
work
on
Orchids.
Phaseolus, Kidney Bean

Ord.
from (phase-olus, Kitchen

"
phasehis, a
small
boat-
Leguminosae)
Eye.
"
"
See
Garden. Narcissus.
Pheasant's
See Bulbs
the Greek name. Philadelphia, Mock Orange (philadel-phus, Beautiful deciduous Saxifrageae) hardy shrubs, with large white flowers, fragrant in many species. They are not particular to soil. as Propagation is by layersin autumn, by suckers, or by Ord.
" .
256
cuttings of subjectsfor
and
new
wood young shrubberies. retained in for
a
frame wood
in
spring. They
be
are
excellent
Old
should
removed
after flowering,
Of the flowering the following year. (Botanical Magazine, t. 391), Gordonianus species, coronarius t. (BotanicalRegister, 32), and grandiflorus(syns.latifolius,floriseveral the best. There varieties of are are bundus, and speciosus) with two and coronarius, including a double variegated leaves. is a tall form of this is a fine garden hybrid; there Lemoinei d' Avalanche and other Boule two erectus. are called Argent good hybrids. Ord. a Liliaceae). A Philageria (philage-ria, compound name. the member the result of a small hybrid genus, only being Veitchii, between cross Lapageria rosea (seeLapageria) and Philesia buxifolia (seebelow). It is an interesting bigenerichybrid, with rosy in soil is liked. flowers June. Peaty Propagation is by cuttingsin frame. "a greenhouse or
"
Philesia
one
from (phile-sia,
philesios, lovely.
handsome
and be
Ord.
red
Liliaceae). The
"
buxifolia, is a species, not summer, quite hardy, likes peaty soil,and may
Botanical
shrub, with
flowers
in
early
It
requiringshelter
increased
in cold in
districts.
by
suckers
spring (seethe
a
Magazine,
Handsome
t.
4738).
phyllon,
leaf.
to
Phillyrea,Box
from Jasmine (phillyr-ea, evergreen
Ord.
Oleaceae).
"
shrubs,
a
not
and
easilypropagated by cuttingsunder
best
The
t.
species are
and of the
decora angustifolia,
soil, particularas hand-lightin sandy soil. (Botanical Magazine,

in
6800),
Phlox
all with latifolia, last.
white
flowers
May;
there
are
several
varieties
Ord. Polemoniaceae) (phlox,from phlox, flame. ficent MagniThe former annual, others garden plants,some perennial. half be are but of out doors sown nominally only hardy, they may after mid -April as ; they are generally half-hardyannuals (see grown Annuals). The perennials are hardy, and will thrive in any fertile soil; they enjoy moisture, but not stiff, heavy, wet soil. Propagation is by division when growth starts, by cuttings in summer, shaded from and hot sun, The taller by seeds in early summer.
" .
kinds, varieties
"and
of maculata The few
and
suffruticosa, make
beautiful
beds
creeping kinds are good for the rockery. good Phloxes : amoena, pink, early summer, " ins.; divaricata (syn. Canadensis),blue, spring, i ft. (Botanical t. Magazine, 163), Laphami is a fine lavender variety; Drummondii, annual (Bot. Mag., t. 3441),many varieties, good mixtures sold "are maculata of the by seedsmen; (syn. decussata), one of our Phloxes parents garden (see selections), purple, early 2 ft.; ovata, red, spring, 18 ins. (Bot. Mag., t. 528); summer, paniculata (syns.acuminata (Bot.Mag., t. 1880) and corymbosa),
groups. The
are following a
border
another 4
parent
"
of
our
modern
t.
Phloxes, purple,late
and
summer,
3 to
ft.; reptans, purple, spring, creeping

Bot.
stolonifera
Mag.,
563);
subulata
(syns. crassifolia and (syn.setacea), purple,
spring, 6
summer,
varieties ins., many (see selections).Glaberrima, red, and its 2 ft., variety suffruticosa, i to 2 ft.,rose, early
summer,
257
have
also
probably been
the
Phloxes, which earlysummer section. maculata-paniculata

Good
of used as parents, in this case dwarf er than the later flowering are
Early
Summer
Phloxes.
G.
A.
Strohlein, orange,
white
carmine
Attraction, white, red eye James Hunter, rose
centre
Tapis Blanc, Dwmf
Lady Napier, white

Good Late Phloxes.
Coquelicot, orange white, Crepuscule,
spHng Bloomers_ Frondosa, deep rose white, rose Newry Seedling,

Bride, white Vivid, rose
The
eye
dark
eye
Etna, scarlet Danzanvilliers, Eugene

white eye Date Palm
lilac, (These are

Greek
varieties
of
subulata)
Phoenix,
"
the (phoe-nix,
name.
Ord.
Canariensis, dactylifera (Date Palm), reclinata, and the principal For culture, see Palms. species.
New Phormium, basket, owing to
"
Palmae). rupicolaare
(phor-mium, from phormos, a being used in basket-making. Ord. Handsome plants, with long,slender green leaves, and Liliaceae). beautiful panicles of bloom. They are not hardy everywhere, and wellshould have sheltered placesin cold districts. Loamy, friable, in division seed drained soil is desirable. is or by Propagation and tenax and Cookianum yellow; spring. (syn.Colensoi), green There Magazine, t. 3199), are the two speciesgrown. (Botanical with several varieties of the latter; atropurpureum, are purple be named. leaves, and variegatum, variegated, may
Zealand Flax
the
fibre
Phosphatic
Manure.
"
"
See
Manure.
Phyllocactus. See Cactus. from Phyllostachys (phyllostach-ys,

a
phyllon,a leaf, and
stachys,
of the of three Gramineae). One great genera and Bambusa Bamboos, the other being Arundinaria Bamboo). (see the most are Aurea, Henonis, mitis, nigra, and viridi-glaucescens important species.
spike.
Ord.
"
Winter from physa, a bladder. Ord. Physalis, Cherry (phy-salis, This is the useful to Solanaceae) showy species mainly owing genus In the bladder-like both coloured Alkekengi and Franchettii. its calyx (" fruit ") givesthe plant beauty. The latter is much the better of the two, and the old Winter Cherry is dropping out in its and in the border. favour. be are hardy, They They may grown not a bout from and be raised seed or division are soil, particular may in spring. Edulis the greenishfruit of Peruviana (correctly edulis), which is edible, is the Cape Gooseberry; it is not quitehardy. Phyteuma, Horned Rampion (phyteu-ma. Ord. Campanulaceae)
"
the smaller Hardy perennials, rockery and the largerfor the

"
speciesof
which
are
suitable
for the
to
soil.
blue dwarf
Propagation is by (BotanicalMagazine, species.
seed
t.
border. as They are not particular division in spring. Comosum, or
6478), and
Halleri, white,
are
good
R
258
known
as
"
Phytophthora.
Potato
"
Infestans
is the disease.
fungus
See
which
causes
what
is
blightor
A
Kitchen
Garden.
causes ribis),
Phytoptus.
the
"
big bud
"
genus of mites, Ribis (syn. Eriophyes See Fruit. Currants. of Black allusion
to to the the several
Picea Ord.
in from pixt pitch, (pi-cea, also See Abies, Coniferae).

"
resinous Piceas in the
character.
are
which
closely
timber These
related,
and
Spruce. Norway
are
The
Piceas
in
include
important
P. pungens.
trees, but their varieties of the

are
gardens lies principalvalue Spruce, P. excelsa, and

of neat borders. excelsa
horticultural
that
tinted, prettily good for garden are garden purposes

are
habit,
and
grow
the
slowly,
best of
so
they
for
Amongst
the
Piceas
which has silver- tipped argenteo-spica, with e. dwarf; leaves; diffusa, e. leaves; aurea, gold-tipped very Morinda of the e. (Smithiana),one pyramidal, dwarf; pygmaea, hardiest of the Spruces, and, like excelsa, good to plant as a sheltering of form tree ; pungens tree ; polita, a good lawn argentea, a silvery the of the Blue Rocky Mountains; Spruce p. glauca, a graceful of the little glaucous plant; and p. pendula, a weeping form ceding. pre-
These
can
prices.
The
The
are
forest not
bought from sold in Spruces are

all
be
nurserymen
at
moderate
Piceas
fastidious
seed
sown
as
to
but soil,
Propagation is by
nurserymen. Picotee. Pieris
" "
in
spring,but
quantity very cheaply. deep, sandy loam is best. it is perhaps best left to
See
Carnation. of the Muses. Ord. Ericaceae). Pieria, the home shrubs, suitable for shrubbery borders evergreen lawns.
and white
from (pi-eris, Handsome
and
specialpositionson
They
like
They
are
naturally of compact
propagated by layers in
in
habit.
autumn.
sandy peat,
with
Floribunda,
may flowers
be
spring, is
the t.
most
Andromeda floribunda popular (syns. and Leucothoe floribunda)

.
(BotanicalMagazine,
a pilos,
1566)
Plant Pilea,Artillery
"
from (pi-lea,
and
Muscosa the
is
an
plant. interesting
are
The
cap. leaves
If
Ord.
are
Urticaceae).
water
finely divided,
a
and
flowers
small
reddish.
house.
sprinkled with
effect of with
when
in full
bloom,
explosions follow, giving the

It likes suits.
in
a warm a warm
ture miniaand
bombardment.
a
Loam,
is
sand
third
or
heat,
of leaf mould, by seeds sown
Propagation
house
or
by
cuttingsin bottom
frame.
Pilewort,Ranunculus
Pilocereus. Pimelea
"
Ficaria.
See
Cactus
(Cereus).
" .
from A pimele, fat. Ord. Thymelaeaceae) (pime-lea, but in importance, occasionallygrown genus largegardens. With handsome exhibition they make training plants, and are seen in collections and of stove of the larger greenhouse plants at some exhibitions. like and of loam, with a great They equal parts peat deal of sand. is of shoots, taken Propagation by cuttings young in spring and with inserted in sandy peat under a heel a bell-glass in a warm house. After floweringcut back to the hard wood, and when fresh starts. Rosea repot growth (syn. Hendersoni), pink
of minor
259
white or pale pink Magazine, t. 3721); and spectabilis, (Botanical in late Both bloom best the two t. are species. 3950), (Bot. Mag., in will thrive warm a greenhouse. They spring or early summer.
Pimpernel. Pinching.
"
"
See The
Anagallis. stopping
of shoots
the to
of side branches leaf buds. Pine.

"
and
favour
the production encourage plumping up of flower buds into to
See
Pinus.
Pinguicula, Bog
fat.
and
Violet, Butterwort
" .
Ord.
the
Lentibularieae)
Insectivorous
from (pinguic-ula, pinguis, plants, flourishingin
boggy places; the

fluid which be should
given
are
conditions Butterwort
cool
fleshy leaves are furnished with glandular hairs, The exudes hardy species traps small insects. site near of the rockery, where the bottom the The and humid. common hardy Bog Violet or
bears violet flowers
in
is
which vulgaris,
early summer.
it bears
t.
Grandiflora carmine It is not of

A
is also in and
hardy.
autumn should
moss.
But
be
caudata
in
is the
best, and
in
its
flowers
(seethe
grown
Botanical
a
Magazine,
a or
6624).
hardy,
greenhouse
is
compost
division.
peat and Sphagnum is great deal of water

Pinnate.
"
Propagation
is
one
by
seed
needed. leaf
in
pinnate
one
which
several
leaflets
grow
from
the
sides of Pine
footstalk.
"
Greek. Ord. the (pi-nus,from Coniferae). The Pines are important both as timber and as garden trees. Among for those ornamental Austriaca are (Austrian planted purposes Lambertiana, monticolor, Pinaster, Pine), Cembra, excelsa, insignis, Strobus Pinea, ponderosa, and Pine). Laricio, the (Weymouth the Fir Corsican Scotch almost or Pine, and Pine, are sylvestris, forest There trees. varieties of of are some good garden entirely and C. pumila; Laricio aureo-variegata, aurea these, notably Cembra L. and variea bushy form; Pinaster yellow; pygmaea, green Strobus fastigiata, gata, ponderosa pendula, weeping; pyramidal; S. nana, dwarf bush; sylvestrisaurea, yellow in winter; and s. pyramidal. The Scotch Fir is a good tree for planting fastigiata, in peaty districts. Ponderosa is good for a very dry soil, and for a bleak Lambertiana position. The Austrian Pine looks well in but must not be planted too freely, it is rather sombre. as a group, seed and but is is almost by Propagation grafting, wholly done in
Pinus,
the nurseries.
Pipes.
" "
See
Greenhouse
shoots
"
Heating
used
and
Drainage.
Pipings. Young
Pinks.
"
for
propagating.
See
under
Carnations.
from Piptanthus (piptan-thus, the short the to life of alluding

small
genus
is and
as
of handsome bears
its not
pipto,to fall, and anthos, flower, A Ord. Leguminosae) shrubs, the most important of evergreen
blossoms.
"
which
the Nepalensis,
high,
wall,
8 ft. Laburnum. It grows about evergreen in flowers It is best yellow spring. against a
it is
perfectlyhardy.
Light, friable, well-drained
260
loamy
shoots under
soil is desirable.
a
Propagation is by seeds, cuttingsof ripe in a frame, or layers. bell-glass

muscosa.
Pistol
Plant, Pilea
is the
"
Pisum, Pea
Pisum sativum Pitcher Pits.
"
(pi-sum, from
Green See
the Pea.
Celtic See
pis.
Kitchen
Ord.
Leguminosae)
"
Garden.
Plant.
Nepenthes.
platys, broad.
Ord. Platana-
See Greenhouse. from (plat-anus, useful of trees, owing to the fact that it of the most it has been of towns. On this account well in the smoke What cities. other in tree than more large extensively any the London Plane is P.
Plane, Platanus
ceae).
"
One
so
thrives
planted
is called Plane
acerifolia,i.e.,the
cut
Maple-leaved
is a ; Suttneri dentalis is the Western

are
varietyof it with
variegatedforms to soil, and is of naturally good habit, needing as particular be planted from little pruning to keep it in shape. Trees may
It is not November Flower
to
P. occileaves. deeply There Plane. orientalis Eastern P. the and in winter. of each. The Plane sheds its bark
March
inclusive, and
should
be
well
staked.
See
Garden.
" .
some Plantain, Plantago (planta-go. Ord. Plantagineae) A troubleIt has it lawn. when established on a weed, especially gets
roots, and breaking off the leaves is not much long,fleshy a little vitriol or sulphuricacid is dropped into the heart
It is well to
on a
use
unless
afterwards.
spud
"
them
out
as
fast
as
they appear,
and
then
sprinkle
little fresh grass
and
clover
seed.
Plantain
"
Lily. See Funkia.
Planting. See Fruit, etc. club-root Plasmodiophora. The fungus that causes Green in and vegetables, finger-and-toes Turnips.
"
(anbury)
See Kitchen
in
"
"
Garden.
Platanus.
and
"
See
Plane.
from Platycerium,Stag's-hornFern (platyce-rium, Ord. Handsome and keras, a horn. Filices).

"
platys,broad,
distinct
warm
pended greenhouse ferns, with bold fronds, well suited to culture in susThe receptacle should be half filled with crocks, and pans. the roots packed in with a mixture of fibrous peat and Sphagnum
moss,
lightened with
sand,
charcoal, and
crocks
"
treatment
that
reminds
of Orchids. water. one gation PropaThey like abundance is by spores or buds P. alcicorne, with twice or the roots. on thrice-forked Hillii and Elk's Fern; fronds, is the common majus varieties of it. Grande are is a fine species.
of
from platys, broad, (platyco-don, and kodon, a bell. The only species, Ord. Campanulaceae) grandiflorum t. (syn. Campanula grandiflora Botanical 252), Magazine, is a fine Campanula-like plant, growing about a foot high,with large blue flowers in summer. It is a hardy herbaceous able suitperennial, for the front of the border, and a friable soil. liking tion Propagais by seed or division in spring. There several varieties,of are Bellflower
"
Platycodon,Chinese
"
which
Mariesii
is
one
of the
best ; there
is
white
form
of it.
Platystemon
stamen.
261
californicus Ord.
i
stemon, a like annual, about culture, see Annuals. Pleione
ft.
(platyste-mon,from platys, broad, and Papaveraceae) A pretty, hardy, PoppyFor high, with yellow flowers in summer.
"
Orchidaceae) Pretty dwarf They form pseudo-bulbs and therefore herbaceous are annually, plants. They do well in roots filled with the of crocks, partly packed in a mixture pans fibrous peat and with sand. ing, Sphagnum moss, Repot after flowerbe practised. A good deal of water at which time division may is requiredwhen the plantsare in full growth, but the supply should be reduced when the plantsbegin to wither, and withheld altogether in winter. in should be intermediate The house. an They grown is various in whiter. colours, flowering principal species lagenaria, Maculata, purple and white, autumn bloomer, is also grown.
(Indian
"
Crocus.
on
Ord.
Orchids, with
flowers
short
stems.
from pleroma, fullness. Ord. Melastomaceae) (plero-ma, in an intermediate thrive house in a Evergreen shrubs, which with and of of sand. a loam, equal parts peat quarter part compost Pleroma
"
Propagation
blue flowers
is
by cuttings in
summer,
a now
propagating
called
in
is
Tibouchina
botanists. Macranthum violet flowers, is also Plum.

"
(syn. Tibouchina the Botanical good (see
Elegans, with elegans by semidecandra) with Magazine, t. 5721).

case.
,
See
Fruit. Leadwort
Plumbago,
troubles. others
sand
(plumba-go,from plumbum, lead ; used in eye Plumbagineae) Pretty plants, some evergreen, others house. some herbaceous, hardy, needing a greenhouse or hotOrd.
" .
The
and
a
herbaceous
shrubs
planted in pots and greenhouse roof, in other cases grown balloon-shapedwire trellis. After floweringit should be pruned back annually to the old wood; there is a white variety, alba. Rosea (Bot. Mag., t. 230) and its variety superba, which have rosy flowers in winter and springin a warm greenhouse, can be if raised bushes from made into neat cuttings,pinched and repinched. Larpentae, blue; and micrantha, white, are both hardy herbaceous speciesand flower in summer.
out to ramble
or up a pillar trained on a on a
by (Botanical Magazine, t. 2110), with blue is a great favourite; it is sometimes autumn,
to soil. as Loam, with of leaf mould, will suit the tender kinds. The division in be speciesmay propagated by spring,the in in a cuttings propagating case spring. Capensis
hardy
sorts
are
not
fastidious
third
flowers
in
summer
and
(podophy" Hum, from anapodophyllum, leaf like a are Berberideae) Two speciesof Duck's-foot The is former viz. Emodi remarkable and for peltatum. grown, which in late its large, borne are summer. reddish, egg-shaped fruits, suitable for the rock garden, They are hardy herbaceous perennials, and are propagated by division in spring.
Podophyllum
foot. duck's Ord.
"
Poet's
Narcissus.
"
See
Bulbs.
M.
Poinsettia
"
brilliant
after (poinsett-ia, carmine the plant,
Poinsette. of which
Ord. do
bracts
Euphorbiaceae) duty for flowers,

.
262
and
clo it in form
a
a
way
that
the
most head
showy
of the
flowers
most and
could is
not
excel. The
to old
They
for the
large, flattish
a
vivid
colour.
Poinsettia
likes
"
warm,
"
moist
temperature,
hardly
suitable the
small batch
mixed in
a
grow stem,
in
greenhouse of the hothouse, raisingthem

be cut
amateur.
It is best
from old
pieces of
soil in bottom
which
should
up
and taken
put
in
sandy
heat into
and
spring; or from side shoots growth late in spring,also in

a
off when
plants break
with
sand
bottom
heat.
manure,
Loam,
suits.
to
third
each
of leaf mould
and
decayed
be
They
may
be from and
inserted those
to
singly in
8 -in.
small
pots, shifted
when
rooted
The
plants may
kept
in
frame
and 5 -in., in summer,
PROPAGATING
OF OLD a
POINSETTIAS STEM young

IN
BY
PIECES
PROPAGATING
OF
POINSETTIAS STEM
2. IN
BY
PIECES
SPRING.
i.
OLD
SPRING.
3
Note
growth starting.
Drainage.
a
Soil.
heat
with
bud.
Bottom
should
Cuttings,each be given.
is the ot
in late summer house put in a warm there but several are only species, the best.
to
bloom. of
Pulcherrima
varieties
it,major being one
See the
Botanical
Magazine,
t. 3493.
Poison
Oak,
Rhus
toxicodendron.
Polemonium, Jacob's Ladder, Greek Valerian (polemo-nium, from led to warfare. polemos, war, following a disputeconcerning it which and Ord. Polemoniaceae) Useful plants for the border rockery, of is caeruleum, the most which 2 ft. a blue popular species perennial, of in several varieties There are it, including high, blooming July. and Confertum is a nice rockery plant,with a white a variegated. in summer, 6 ins. high. Richardsoni blue flowers (syn. humile), bears rock or blue, i ft.,is a good border satiny Reptans plant. is in ins. loam blue flowers May; Sandy bell-shaped height 9 suitable. Propagation is by seeds or division in spring.
"
Polianthes,Tuberose
a
from (polian-thes,
"
a city,and polis,
anthos,
flower. Pollen.
"
Ord. The
cases
Amaryllideae)
.
See
Bulbs.
on
grains fertilising
the
borne
the
stamens
of
flowers.
it is in
In
most
pollen
is in
separate
grains,in
the
Orchids
masses.
See
"
Hybridisation.
The of pollen to application
Pollination. See
stigma
of
flower.
Hybridisation.
"
Polyanthus.
See
Primula.
from Polygala,Milkwort (polyg-ala, Ord. Polygaleae). Showy plants, one

"
poly, much,
of the most
and
gala, milk.
which
popular of
is flowers
263;
myrtifolia grandiflora (syn.Dalmaisiana),which produces purple the in spring (seeBotanical Magazine, t. 3616). It is an and needs culture. tings greenhouse Propagation is by cutevergreen
of the
sand
and
shoots young third of loam,
in
spring under
bell-glass.Peat,
with
suits. Seal
to
Polygonatum,
and
Solomon's
gonu, Bulbs.
joint,in reference
(polygona-tum, from poly, many, the stem. Ord. Liliaceae). See

"
Knotweed and gonu, (polyg-onum, from poly, many, Polygonaceae) A large genus which comprises some useful P. affine plants, differing widely in habit. (syn. very is for dwarf a Brunonis), example, hardy perennial,with rosy flowers in autumn; while Baldschuanicum is a hardy perennial trellises and climber, growing rapidly on arbours, and bearing a
a
"
Polygonum, joint. Ord.
cloud
of white
flowers
in autumn
; these
are
two
of the
best. white
Other flowers
good hardy species are alpinum, a in summer; cuspidatum, a tall border

in summer; and in
summer.
low
rock
plant with
sachalinense,
tall
perennialwith white flowers perennialwith greenish-white

any
flowers
They
seeds
or
will
propagated by Polypodium
allusion deciduous the
to the the
division
in almost grow in spring.
soil, and
are
divisions fern
(polypo-dium, from poly, many, of the creeping stems.

Loam,
and
pous, foot, in
Ord.
largest of
kinds.
mostly genera, with sand

is
majority. Propagation Ferns). The following may

needs
a warm
by
be
but evergreen, and of leaf mould, suits a third division in spring (see or spores selected from
or
Filices).The including a few

"
the
hundreds
the
name
of
species: Aureum,
comes
greenhouse
hothouse;
yellow scales on the rootstock; several varieties, is Fern, and Mayi being good. Dryopteris is the British Oak it is a prettilycut is a deciduous; hardy species; Robertianum scented Fern, and variety of it. Phegopteris is the British Beech is partially,though not broad Picotii, with wholly, evergreen. is Schneideri is handsome a a fronds, good greenhouse species. is one fronds, greenhouse. Subauriculatum hybrid, with triangular
of the
from
the
"
best, and
makes
or
splendid
Fern
basket
are
fern.
numerous
Vulgare
varieties
is the
of it.
row,
common
Polypody
to
Wall
; there
from Polystichum (polys-tichum,

in allusion is
now
poly, many,
"
and
stichus, a
the
spore
cases.
Ord.
leatum
merged in Aspidium. The and angulare. For culture,
Filices).This genus of most popular speciesare

see
ferns
acu-
Ferns.
Pondweed,
the Romans.
Cape, Aponogeton distachyon.
Poplar, Populus (pop-ulus,the

Ord. The
throw
"
arbor-populi or
public
tree
of
rapidly.
high they
a screen
Lombardy
out
trees, growing Salicineae).Useful deciduous Poplar, nigra pyramidalis,is a good town

If young trees of small
are
tree, of columnar
if
habit. thick
headed
at and
about
soon
ft.
clusters
branches
make
ties, varieplanted 6 ft. apart. Alba, of which there are many is is the white Balsamifera the Balsam Abele. or Poplar Poplar, the necklace deltoidea Poplar, and tremula the Aspen (seeAspen). They like well-drained loamy soil, but are not very particular.
264
The
thrives
on
Aspen
clay.
The
white
Propagation is by
to
seeds, la^-ers, and
Poplar likes a moist soil. but is generally left grafting,
nurserymen.
Poppy.
"
See
Papaver.
californicus.
Platystemon Poppy, Californian, Poppy, Horned, Portugal

Portulaca Laurel.
"
Glaucium
luteum. and
See Laurel
Prunus.
Ord. from porto, to carry, and lac, milk. (portulac-a, and with double single Portulaceae) Charming half-hardy annuals, of brilliant and varied colours, thrivingin sunny flowers spots. For
" .
culture,
kitchen
see
Annuals
"
Half-hardy.
tuberosum.
P.
oleracea
is the
Purslane,
See Kitchen
herb.
Potato Garden. Potato
(Solanum
Onion. See
Ord.
Solanaceae).
"
"
Kitchen
Garden.
from Potentilla, Cinquefoil(potentil-la,

to the
potens, powerful, in
" .
sion allu-
Rosaceae) supposed medicinal and several being hardy and suitable hybrids species good plants, and rock garden. They have for the border Strawberry-like foliage flowers. double brilliant single or and They will thrive in any good garden soil; for the alpinesit should be gritty. Propagation in spring. Ambigua, yellow, 6 ins. high, is by seeds or division (Botanical Magazine, t. 4613) ; fruticosa, a shrub 3 to early summer nepalensis(syn.formosa),18 4 ft. high, yellow flowers in summer; and flowers in nitida, 4 to 6 ins.,rose ins.,pink flowers in summer; of the few best are a summer, species.
Pots.
"
properties. Ord.
ing Charm-
See
"
Flower-pots.
A
Potting.
rule, the
should not
gardening operation
pot
in
well
worthy
from
other
of
study.
or
As
first
of
young
across
plant, whether
seed
cutting,
pots). Flowerbe if
exceed
3 ins. to
(forthis and
the from
that
sizes, see
a
Unless
to
a
specialcircumstances
a
shift from
to
this may
lo-in.
5 -in.,from
that
and 7-in.,
Q-in.or
further
repottingis necessary. Economy in time and material may from -in. 8 -in. if watering is carefully to an a by shifting 5 done until the plants are wise rootingfreelyagain (seeWatering),otherthe soil might become It is desirable that the pots should sour. be clean inside as well as out ; if dirty the roots bind on the bottom and in repotting. Generally speaking, plants need torn are potting rewhen roots show freelyat the drainage hole. The fresh soil should be pressedfirmlyround See also Drainage and the roots.
be effected Soil.
Pricking-out.
"
term
applied to
or
the
operation of transplanting
the
from seedlings
the
pans
boxes
in which
seeds
were
sown.
It
should
be
done
before
the
"
plants
See
spoileach
other
by crowding.
PricklyPear
Primula
A
(Opuntia).
Cactus. Ord.
(Primrose, Polyanthus, Auricula.

very
Primulaceae).
"
largeand
important
genus,
as including,
it does,
one
of
our
most
265
rose, winter-blooming indoor plants in the Chinese Primsinensis; the popular greenhouse species obconica, and host of hardy species, a beginning with the common yellow Primrose of the woodland. The Primulas to the give material the rock gardener, and the spring bedder. There greenhouse owner, Primula
are
now
valuable
many
forms
and
colours
of the want
a
who
have
plenty of glass,and
the Fern-leaved well as the as grow various distinct colours, perhaps also Primulas should do
well to in not
Primrose, and those of sorts, may and likewise section, ordinary
Chinese
good
selection
some
doubles.
with
The
one
Star house
ings sow-
be
a
overlooked.
might
in
a
order it
sion succes-
packet
of mixed
person seed.
By making
at intervals
spring
is
greenhouse possible to get a

of bloom.
in
The
a
plants
house,
the be
thrive
or even
cool
in
frame
and
summer,
should moist
kept
dry
cool
and
singlyfirst of
Placed weather. all in 3 -in. be transferred pots, they may -in", 6-in. to 5 and with Loam, leaf mould,
a a
in
fourth
and
of A
little dried
cow
manure,
a
sand,
DIVIDING PRIMROSES
AFTER
make The
suitable
compost.
FLOWERING.
be set plants may be separated into two or four This plant may fairly deeply, without, divisions at will. however, burying the leaf stems. They have a tendency to get bare at the collar and rock about ; this must be prevented. They will flower in winter and spring. It while to keep old plantsafter blooming, as they tend is rarely worth better. Unlike to get loose and Young stock is much scraggy. thick not form tuft does of offthe border this sets. a Primroses, species be propagated Primula does so, and white The double may obconica division. Primula (Botanical poculiformis) (syn. by for beautiful is t. a a species, 6582) good greenhouse in Magazine, with Primrose the merit of doing the Chinese and sharing summer,
good
handled
hands
service with of
some
in
room
window
as
caution, however,
in when it causes
bloom.
a
It
should
on
be the
painful rash
It may people,while having no illeffect on others. be raised from seed in spring. Hardy species. The rock gardener has a splendid lot of material which in the hardy species, to his hand produce charming flowers and in the The the stones. followingare beautiful species, among be in which frame sown of most a seed is procurable, or case may in of those habit it is or as spring; tufty ripe, greenhouse as soon established ; the best time for this is in spring, be divided when may after flowering: capitata,violet, 9 ins., spring; cortusoides, rose, 6 to 9 ins.; denticulata, lilac,spring, i ft. (Bot.Mag., summer, there are several varieties, t. 3959), cashmeriana; japonica, including
"
266
marginata, violet,
pale rose, 2 ins., 581); rosea, rose, 6 ins.,spring (Bet. Sikkimensis, yellow, 2 ft., summer (Bot. Mag.,
crimson, 18 ins.,late spring (Bot.Mag., t. 5916); 3 ins., late spring (Bot. Mag., t. 191); minima,
summer
t. Register, (Botanical
Mag., t. 6437); colours, 9 ins., spring; viscosa (syn. t. 4597); Sieboldii, various The t. are summer following ins., Mag., 14). (Bot. villosa), rose, 3 ft. i Cockburniana, : ; species Bulleyana, orange, interestingnewer scarlet,a biennial, best raised from seed annually; Forresti, orange, I ft., fragrant; Listen, lilac,6 ins.,and white variety ; Littoniana,
violet, purple, i ft. ; malacoides, lilac, 6 ins. ; pulverulenta, like and Winteri, cortusoides; resembles Japonica; Veitchii, rose, Lissadell lavender, Hybrid are Unique and powdered leaves. Cockburniana and between beautiful crosses pulverulenta. The followingare pretty greenhouse species: floribuncla, yellow, 6 ins., spring (Bot. Mag., t. 6712); Forbesii, lilac, yellow eye, 6 ins.,
lilac to
summer;
yellow, i Mag., t.
verticillata and floribunda, kewensis, a hybrid between 18 ins., spring (Bot. ft., spring; verticillata, yellow, border double Primroses, Polyanthuses, 2842). The
are Oxlips, and Auriculas be in autumn planted may
easilyraised
to make
from
seed
in
may
be
divided
t.
is Primula
spring flowering (seepreceding page). The Primrose is P. Auricula the Auricula (Bot. vulgaris(syn. acaulis),
after
beautiful
beds.
spring,and They
and Primrose 6837), the Polyanthus is a hybrid between the Cowslip is P. officinalis (syn. veris). Cowslip,the Oxlip is P. elatior,
Mag.,
Privet
(Ligustrum).
"
See
Hedge
and
Ligustrum.
Breaune,
the
best
summer,
Die the German from Prunella, Self-heal (prune-lla, of which medicinal. Ord. Labiatae). Hardy perennials, in is grandiflora, with known purplish-mauve flowers
"
height propagated by
Pruning.
Prunus
and
"
ins.
easilygrown division in spring.

Fruit.
It
is
in the
rock
garden,
and
may
be
See
A large Ord. Rosaceae). from prune, a Plum. (prii-nus, highly important genus, includingas it does such fruits as the
"
Apricot, Cherry, Peach,

Almond; Almond,
sica the munis of the may triloba
and P.
and
as
Plum;
the
such Laurel.
handsome
trees
as
the
such
shrubs
the
P.
Amygdalus
the
is the
Percom-
Armeniaca
Apricot, P.
is included
are
Cerasus
the
Peach the Plum. Prunuses

and
(with
are
which
Cherry, P. Nectarine), and P.

under
The
the double
fruits
as
dealt
with
Fruit. among Clara
Several
these
grown
ornamental
plants, and
called
variety Meyer; is a beautiful little tree for variety, which small a forcing in pots; cerasifera atropurpurea (syn. Pissardii), tree with for the shrubbery and purple leaves, good as a standard white Cherry; pseudolawn; Cerasus Rhexii flore pleno, the double cerasus (syn. Watered) and its fine dark variety James H. Veitch. All these may be grown in pots and in gently forced into bloom winter with sand and third of or a early spring. Loam, decayed will suit them. manure, They are also good for the shrubbery.
its double Pseudo-bulb.
"
be named
red
of Persica
The
swollen, bulb-like
stem
of
an
Orchid.
Ord.
267
from pseudo, false, and Pseudostuga (pseudostu-ga, Tsuga, a genus. This is Coniferae). important through containing the genus called Abies but now called Pseudostuga Douglas Fir, once Douglasii, There several some varieties of this handare Douglas! by botanists. be Conifer, and brevifolia, pendula, glauca, and Stairii may mentioned as good.
"
Psila
rosae
(Carrotfly).
"
See
Kitchen
Garden. called
the
Psylla.
"
small
insect, sometimes
Apple
sucker.
See
Fruit
enemies.
from pteron, a wing, in (pte-ris, Ord. Filices).A largeand very useful of of ferns, comprising several most our popular genus and table kinds. greenhouse, room, They vary greatly in appearance, and also in requirements, some being hardy while others house. The indoor require a warm speciesthrive in equal parts of loam and leaf mould, with sand. Propagation is by spores (see Those which be divided Ferns). produce creeping rhizomes may in spring. Small plants are for charming dropping into ornamental bowls for side tables. The following of the best : aquilina are a few allusion
to the
Pteris,Brake
Fern, Ribbon
the
shape of
Fern fronds.
"
is the
crested
common
Brake
Fern
or
Bracken,
and
and
is
hardy;
form
a
cristata
in
is
variety of it.
Cretica
its varieties
popular set;
a warm
type has pale green leathery fronds, and succeeds greenhouse or fernery; albo-lineata, with central band
the
of silver;
are
Mayi, crested;
varieties
of
and
Wimsetii,
cretica.
a
Ensiformis
has
Quadriaurita is
while
handsome
rubricaulis likes is very

a warm
good prettilyvariegated. gated, is variespecies; its variety argyraea is a graceful red stipes. Serrulata
and
tips forked
Victoriae
crested,
is
species which
fronds,
Tremula
and and is
one
house;
in the ferns
we
its have
variety cristata
and for
a
has
crested
popular
best
markets
for table
decoration.
or
of the several
greenhouse
room,
there
are
nice
varieties
and
and
Smithiana.
for the
Umbrosa
a
of it, notably elegans, flaccida, also worth its variety cristata are
a
growing.
grown
is Longifolia, greenhouse species, markets.

"
popular fern, much
injurious fungi, attackingplants, notably (" rust "), Chrysanthemums many and ("rust"), plants Hollyhocks ("disease"). See the various (puc-cm-ea)
.
Puccinia
A genus Carnations
of
named
for remedies.
pulmonarius owing Ord. Boragineae). Useful supposed value in lung diseases. the reddishOfficinalis, hardy perennials,suitable for the border. Pulmonaria, Lungwort
its
(pulmona-ria, from
to
"
violet
Bethlehem
and
high,
are
blooms
Sage, is the in spring;

white.
best there
in
known;
is
a
it grows
soil will
about
the
foot
white
variety;
leaves
spotted with
is effected
Any
division
t.
good garden
by
with
Mertensia the Botanical (see
sibirica, and
Magazine,
Portulaca.
spring. Sibirica Virginica with M. 160).
gation propais synonymous
do, and
pulmonarioides
Purslane.
"
See
268
Puschkinia
"
Liliaceae).
t.
scilloides (puschkln-ia,after M. the Scilla-like bulb (see little pretty about

in 6 ins.
Puschkin. Botanical
Ord.
zine, Magaflowers
2244),growing stripedwith pale blue pacta)is a variety,and

thrive
in
high, and
in
bearing white
if desired.
They are (pyre-thrum, from pyr, fire,in allusion to Pyrethrum, Feverfew Ord. Compositae). A largeand important of the root. the acridity line that a by so narrow separated from Chrysanthemum genus, it The two. aside and the have brushed botanists modern merged the double the flower gardener are most singleand important to florists have which varieties of roseum, developed; these are early
"
(syn. libanotica comThey will may and are well-drained soil, propagated by offsets. garden the for bulbs rockery. charming little
spring; compacta
be grown
pots
growers
second
and time
bloomers,
if cut
have after
beautiful
the
flowers, and
or
will
bloom
are
back
first
flowering. They
more
plants
for herbaceous
borders, growing 3 ft. high
in
grand good
soil, and bearing large quantitiesof flowers. They will thrive in and most are soils, easilypropagated by splitting up the clumps
when
they
aureum
start
growing, which
is the Golden
folium
may Feather
be at
midwinter.
PartheniPar-
(seeGolden
Feather).
few. Feveris the common thenium, with white flowers in earlysummer, dwarf with white in flowers a Tchihatchewii, summer, plant is a good plant for dry banks. Uliginosum is a tall,late-blooming See white flowers. also Chrysanthemum. perennial with varieties of Pyrethrums: followingare good
"
The
Single.
Decoy,
Oliver scarlet
cream
Double. Carl
Vogt, white
scarlet
rose
Twist, Roland, lilac
King Oscar,
Ovid,
from Pyrola, Wintergreen (pyr-ola,

to the form
Pyrus,
Pear
"
tree, in reference
herbaceous
of
the
leaf.
Ord.
Ericaceae). Hardy
Rotundifolia has is the
useful perennials,
for the
rockery.
6 ins. of the
best-known
species; it
in summer;
fragrantwhite flowers arenaria, a native seaside, is a varietyof it. Ord. Pyrus (py-rus,from pirus, Pliny's name. Rosaceae). A it does, those as largeand most important genus, including, popular fruits the Apple and Pear The is P. the Malus, (seeFruit). Apple Pear P. communis. Several of the Pyruses are as mental ornagrown
grows
"
about
high, and
trees
for lawns
and
shrubberies;
flowers in
among
these
Aria, with
several admired with varieties ; for its red
white
spring,the
white
be mentioned may Beam Tree,
pendulous free-blooming tree with Cydonia japonica),good
Ash Mountain or Rowan, so much fruits in autumn, several varieties,includingone and branches with yellow fruit; floribunda, one
Aucuparia, the
rosy for walls,
flowers
in
spring; Japonica (syn.

flowers
in
large scarlet
spring;
flowers Maulei, scarlet flowers and yellow fruits; sorbus, creamy and red fruits, the Service Tree ; and red flowers in spectabilis, light
is the Siberian spring (BotanicalMagazine, t. 267). P. baccata and P. Cydonia the Quince. All the Pyruses thrive in welldrained loamy soil ; as a class they do not care for stiff, damp soil.
Crab,
Quaking
"
269
Grass.
"
See Briza.
Quassia. Quassia chips, the useful insecticide;if a handful

a
product
are
of
Picraena
in
a
excelsa, form
cold water
or
soaked
gallonof
10
for
few
they may
Ord.
hours bitter " which a they make be boiled with soft soap, 4-Ib. of each
"
destroys aphides;
to
gallonsof water.
Quercus, Oak
timber. The
from (quer-cus, Cupuliferae). The noblest

"
quer
of
our
fine, and cuez, tree. (Celtic), forest trees, growing splendid
is Q. Robur, and there are two forms, one with stalked and the other with stalkless acorn cups ; the former, called pedunculata, is classed as a separate speciesby some botanists, and there are several good garden varieties of it,notably much-divided leaves; and pencolumnar; fastigiata, heterophylla, varieties of the stalkless also several dula, drooping. There are form, sessiliflora. Q. cerris,the Turkey Oak, is a popular tree, and has several forms, such which cut ; Lucombeana, as laciniata,much holds its leaves very is Ilex the Holly, late; and variegata. Q. Holm, or Evergreen Oak, and it also has several varieties. Q. Mircommon
British
Oak
beckii
is
handsome
one
Oak
with
Knap richlyand
(
Hill Scarlet is
is the
of the best of
leaves. large toothed Q. coccinea colour its leaves garden Oaks, as

autumn.
hang right through the

cork
commerce.
Q. suber
is the
Cork
);ik ; its bark
Quick.
when
"
grown
Young plants of Crataegus Oxyacantha for hedges. See Hedge.

or
"
are
called
Quick
Quince (Pyrus Cydonia

Raceme.
"
Cydonia vulgaris). See

in which each
Fruit.
on
A
on
cluster
a
of flowers stalk.
flower,
its
own
stalk, grows
central
Radish, Raphanus phainomai, to appear,
sativus in
ra, (raph-anus, from quick, and reference to the rapid germination. Ord.
Cruciferae). See
"
Kitchen
Garden.
Ragged
Rake. soil to
i
"
Robin, Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Iron
rakes
of various suitable Rakes -ft.head for
sizes
are
useful and
a a
fine state useful size. with

a 2
sowing,
reducing lumpy A* removing stones.
in
o-in. is
wooden
rake
should be mounted Ash handles. A on is useful for raking up leaves in autumn.

"
Ord. Gesneraceae). (ramond-ia, after M. Ramond. suitable for the rockery or selected Pretty hardy perennialalpines, in the nooks border. 6 ins. high about Pyrenaica, which grows violet flowers and bears in summer, is the best known (seethe Botanical is t. there white also a and a Magazine, 236); variety dark is
a one
Ramondia
called
purpurea.
Serbica
Nathaliae, with
in
or
violet
flowers,
pretty variety. They like peat and loam grit. Propagation is by seed in a greenhouse
division of old, well-established
"
frame
equal parts, with in spring, or
by
plants.
Rampion.
their
See
Kitchen
Garden.
from rana, because of a frog, Ranunculus, Crowfoot (ranun-culus, love of moist A large genus, places. Ord. Ranunculaceae)
"
varying greatlyin habit
and
duration.
Acris
is the
common
Butter-
270
cup. Bulbosus
is the
garden weed with the soil great tenacity of life,best extirpatedby uprooting it while The Celandine. Ficaria is the Lesser followingare good is moist. of aconitifolius varieties: and plenus (Fair Maids garden species 18 about in ins.; late spring,height France), double white flowers ins. (BotanicalMagazine, t. 266); white, 9 spring, amplexicaulis, has given us the florists' Asiaticus ft. to 2 white, spring, 3 Lyalli,
Crowfoot,
a
troublesome
Ranunculus.
See
Bulbs.
"
Rape
substitute
(BrassicaNapus).
refuse
worm.
"
Often may
sown
to
dust,
with
the wire
for Mustard, of the
and
be be
treated dressed
accompany like the into
Cress latter.
as
Rape
seed, may
and
ground
infested
Raphanus.
Raffia sold
or
See Radish
"
Kitchen
Garden.
and
Raphia.
cheap, strong,
from
flexible hothouse
by florists; it is prepared
the
tying material, palm, Raphia

Fruit. fruits named.
pedunculata. Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus. Raspberry-Blackberry. A

"
Ord.
cross
Rosaceae).
"
See
two
between Fruit.
the
Culture
as
for
Blackberry.
See
flagelliformis. Red Cedar, Juniperus Virginiana. Red Gum, Eucalyptus resinifera. troublesome of the most Red Spider. Tetranychus telarius is one It is indoor and outdoor of plant enemies, attacking both crops. although it spins a web on really a sucking mite, not a true spider, of Grape Vines, leaves When the side of the leaves. the under other Scarlet and Peaches, Cucumbers, Runners, plants many turn which bronzy or yellow before the natural might be named be suspected. A dry atmosphere period of decay, red spider may moist is inimical to it. one it, a Frequent syringingis encourages in of emergency, a preventive. In case syringe with hot water soft soap of which at the rate lb. per gallon and i sulphur i with flowers been of handful stirred; or dust per gallon have sulphur. Rehmannia Ord. Scrophulari(rehman-nia,after Dr. Rehmann. Handsome herbaceous nearly hardy, but best neae). perennials, in cool house. to soil,and are not a as They are particular grown propagated by cuttingsin spring.
Rat's-tail
Cactus, Cereus
"
"
Renanthera
(renanthe-ra, from
to the form
ren,
kidney, and
Ord.
anther
a,
an
"
anther,
A small
in allusion
of the
anther.
Orchidaceae).
genus
and
a
of Orchids.
looks well
Coccinea
flowers,
also in
trained
4 to 5 ft. high, has red grows against a fern stump in a hothouse,
(seethe Botanical Magazine, tt. 2997, 2998). Imhas red schootiana and yellow flowers, and is also a good basket thrive in and with sand plant. They moss, peat and Sphagnum be increased charcoal, and may by cuttings in a propagating case. of Reseda, Mignonette (rese-da,from resedo, to calm, on account to it. Ord. See soothing qualities being ascribed Resedaceae).
"
basket
Mignonette
and
Annuals.
Rest Harrow.
"
27
See
Ononis.
Retinospora
sporos, seed. culture,
in
or
from Retinispora (retinos-pora, Handsome Coniferae)." amenable

are
Ord. fact
small the
vetine,resin, and bling Conifers, resem-
Cupressus,and
they
to
the with
same
classed
botanists. Erecta, Cypresses by modern ericoides, filifera, leptoclada,lycopodioides, alba spica,pisio. obtusa, o. densa aurea, fera, p. aurea, plumosa, p. aurea, p. argentea,
are
squarrosa, offered
and
other
species and
under
varieties
the
name
by
nurserymen
of
Retinospora. Propagate by cuttings.

Rhamnus,
Buckthorn Ord.
rham.
Celtic
of which genus, be considered. need
(rham-nus, from the A Rhamneae). large ties only a few speciesand varie"
Alaternus,
green
which flowers
15 to 20 ft. high, and has grows in spring,is the best known;

a.
angustifolius,
p PORAS BY
variegatus
6
and to
aureus
are
of it. varieties, green fruit. flowers in
RETIKOS-
Catharticus,
summer,
has ft.,
CUTTINGS
Side 3.
IN
followed fruit.
by
black Black all
the (syn. latifolius), has
Frangula Dogwood, also

colours well and is in
not
AUTUMN.
i.
black
Libanoticus
are
autumn.
They
as
hardy,
Base. removed. insertion.
2.
-shoots
of
Depth
particular
formis
to
soil.
Propagation
by
seed
and
layers.
"
from Rhapis (rha-pis, is is

a a
there
Ord. Palmae). Flabellirhapis,a needle. useful fan-leaved and corridors ; palm, suitable for rooms Palms. For see culture, variegated-leaved variety.
Rhubarb
Rheum,
was
(rhe-um,
Ord.
from
Rha,
" .
the
river
near
which
the
are
of the Rheums Polygonaceae) Some plant in the wild garden, as the leaves useful for prominent positions and and massive. Palmatum its variety purpureum broad particularly good. They are hardy, and thrive in ordinary Propagation is by division in spring. Rhaponticum is the common Rhubarb. See Kitchen Garden. Cactus from (rhip-salis, rhips, a Ord. Cacteae). See flexibility.
"
found.
are
are
soil.
Rhipsalis,
branch,
Ord.
on
Mistletoe
Willow Cactus.
a
account
of the
Rhodanthe
from rhodon, a rose, (rhodan-the, Compositae). Pretty half-hardy annual

"
and
anthos,
flower.
glesi,with
Botanists Annuals
"
rosy
now
flowers
in
summer,
grows
everlastings. Manfoot about a high.

For
call
it
Helipterum Manglesii.
culture,
see
Half-hardy.
volubile
to in allusion the
Rhodochiton
a
cloak,
from rhodo, red, and chiton, (rhodochi-ton, Ord. some calyx. Scrophularineae) A hand"
greenhouse
.
and sand third of leaf soil, suits a Lophospermum) it. Propagation is by seeds in a greenhouse in spring, or by cuttings in in sandy soil under the Botanical a bell-glass August (see Magazine, t- 3367).
climber, with with Loam,
red
flowers
in
early
summer
(syn.
272
Rhododendron
a
Ord.
"
tree.
(rhododen-dron,from Ericaceae). See Flower

"
rhodon,
Garden Garden.
"
rose,
and and
dendron,
shrubs.
Trees
Rhubarb.
See
Rheum
and
Kitchen
(rhus,from rhudd, red, in allusion to the fruit. Rhus, Sumach A and useful Cotinus, a Ord. singular genus. Anacardiaceae) hardy shrub 6 to 7 ft. high, with light purple flowers in early is the popular Snake Plant; the variety atropurpurea has summer,
" .
is Toxicodendron drooping habit. with the Poison greenish-yellowflowers in Ivy, a hardy climber whose with leaves contact causes painfulsores on the early summer, the t. Botanical skin (see 1806). Typhina, a hardy tree Magazine, in early summer, is the flowers with Stag's-horn greenish-yellow will in almost and Sumach. are soil, propagated They grow any and layers. by cuttings dark
leaves, and
pendula
is of
Ribbon
Fern.
"
See
Pteris
serrulata. the
the
from Ribes, Currant, Gooseberry (ri-bes,
Arabic.
the
Ord. fruit
Saxi-
frageae).
"
useful is the Red
genus,
both
for the
flower White
and
gardens.
Grossularia rubrum of the and

the the
Gooseberry, nigrum
album,
the
Currant;
Currant, and Currant, is a variety

Black
yellow flowers
with aureum, (seeFruit). Of the ornamental species, t. followed fruit 125); by yellow (BotanicalRegister, sanguineum, with rosy flowers in spring (Bot.Reg,, t. 349),are most They important. There are several varieties of both. latter
in almost
will grow
grow. is by
Sanguineum in summer. cuttings
any soil,and has a very
to the earliest of shrubs among Currant smell. Propagation strong

are
Ord. Richard. after M. Lily (richar-dia, t. Botanical 832) (syn.aethiopica Magazine, is the familiar Arum Lily (seeBulbs). There are several varieties, of which Godfrey's,although small, is one of the best, as it is such free bloomer. Elliottiana Pentlandii and have a yellow flowers. beautiful the for They are plants greenhouse.
Richardia, Arum Aroideae). Africana

"
"
Plant (rlc-inus, from ricinus, a tick,in reference Euphorbiaceae) Handsome foliage plants,used in sub-tropical for their handsome leaves. They gardening large, all varieties of communis are the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 2209). crimson with Gibsoni, with purplish leaves; and G. atrosanguineus,
to the seed.
Ricinus,Castor-oil
Ord.
"
leaves, are
the
two
of the
best.
Castor
oil is obtained
as
from
the
seed
of
species. They are best treated Annuals),and like a deep, fertile soil. Ridging. The process of throwing
"
half-hardy
soil in
on
annuals
(see
up
parallel ridges in
a
autumn
or
winter
"
in order
to let frost act
it.
Ringing.
of bark from
the
An
a
old
in removing garden practice,consisting It is done into

the to check
ring just
"
branch.
with
the
plants to be
also and
layered before
fruit trees fruitfulness.
.
pegging
before Rivina
branches
soil, and
sap Rivinus. evergreen,
with
the blossom
opens
promote
after (rivi-na,
Herr
Ord.
Humilis
is
handsome
hothouse
Phy tolaccaceae) growing about 2 ft. high,
with white
a
273
structure.
hang
Loam,
is
flowers in earlysummer, long time if the plants are sand

in t.
followed
by
a
red
berries, which
kept
in
cool, airy
the
with
and
by seeds Magazine, noseae).

"
heat
little leaf mould, suits them. in spring,and by cuttings. See

a
Propagation
Botanical
1781.
Tree after (robin-ia,
trees
Robinia, Locust
Handsome
M.
hardy
and
shrubs,
Robin. with
Legumipretty pinnate
Ord.
leaves and Pea-like flowers in bunches. Hispida,the Rose Acacia, the is a beautiful tree 5 to 6 ft. high,with rosy flowers in spring(see which is and a Botanical t. inermis" spineless 311); Magazine, makes tree Neo-mexicana a handsome varietyof it,is still better. Pseudacacia, the 15 to 30 ft. high, with rosy flowers in autumn. False
in
or
Bastard is
Acacia, is the
a
common
Locust;
The
it has
white thrive and
flowers
and spring,
good
street
tree ;
aurea, angustifolia,
Bessoniana,
in most
and but
robusta
Vignei are
varieties
of it.
Robinias
soils,if
not stiff and damp. Propagation is in the nurseries. is best done
by
seeds
grafting,
"
Rochea Handsome
the
same
(ro-chea,after
evergreen
M.
La
Roche.
Ord.
Crassulaceae).
falcata
flowers
in succulents, allied to Crassulas, and grown in with scarlet flowers ft. i Coccinea, summer; high, way. (syn. Crassula falcata);and jasminea, 9 ins., with white in
are spring,
"
the
species. principal
Garden.
Rock
Broom.
"
See
Genista.
Rockery.
Rocket. Rocket Rock Rock
"
See See
Flower
Hesperis.
coronaria. See Androsace.
Iberis Candytuft,
Jasmine.
Rose.
"
"
See Cistus.
"
after Admiral Rodgersia (rodger-sia, small of herbaceous hardy genus

in summer, stems. in
"
Rodgers.
Ord.
Saxifrageae)
.
which podophylla,
flowers
2 grows is grown a
to
3 ft.
plants,only high, and has small

one
of which,
yellowish
is
to any
extent.
It forms
t.
ground fleshy under-
It likes
moist, peaty spot.

Botanical
Propagation
6691.
where
use
by
division Roller.
are
spring.
A roller and
See the
is almost turf.
Magazine,
a
in indispensable
Both
garden
but
are
there after
gravel paths
Water-ballast
benefit
greatly by
its
not
rain.
An
rollers have come i8-in. roller will suffice for small
into use,
superior, Romney
summer.
gardens.
after small flowers Dr. in Calif ornian
where
Romneya
Robinson. It likes
will not in
a
Coulteri,Tree
Ord.
tree, growing 3 to
Poppy (rom-neya, Papaveraceae). A beautiful 6 ft. high,and with largewhite

"
well -drained a be worried by

or
loamy strong winds.

frame
soil and in
sheltered
spot
it
greenhouse
heated
Propagation is by seeds sown is very spring. R. trichocalyx

Rondelet. Ord. Rubiaceae). of which, odorata
"
similar
to Coulteri.
Rondeletia A small genus
e-tia, after (rondel

of hothouse
M.
evergreens,
only
one
274
grows 3 to
in late summer, 4 is much
which (syn. speciosa),
ft.
scarlet flowers of peat and loam, with sand, and may in summer. under house a bell-glass warm a
fragrant equal parts grown. be propagated by cuttingsin high,

It likes hard Cut back after
and
bears
flowering.
lating watering (seeWatering), and ventito provide fresh air without a cutting draught, as in such a way in be rooms distra, successfully (seeAralia, Aspigrown plants may many and Ficus foliage Ferns, Plant), (India-rubber palms among Francoa Cinerarias, Clivias, and Cytisus, Chrysanthemums, plants; Room Plants.
"
With
care
in
ramosa,
Fuchsias,
Zonal
in
Geraniums,
sick-rooms
should of
Primulas,
The
be
and
various
bulbs
among
floweringplants).
is not
fear of
injury from
plants
for the
well
apartments
flowers
are
always
be
based, but such well ventilated, both

burners
burners
benefit
for
patientand
avoided.
where
ing plant. Strong-smellNaked gas incandescent Sheets
should
bad used
are
plants,but the injury is

be
very
small.
the the
of
paper news-
may
spread
An
over
plantson
cold
nights.
Rosa, Rose Rosaceae).

"
from (rose, immense of
Ord. Celtic rhod, red. does it genus, giving as

the
the and
beautiful
other
use
Hardy Perpetual,Tea, Hybrid Tea,

our
Roses
flo\yer beds,
climbers
and for walls, arbours, pillars, and we pergolas, considerable of beautiful number a species. It of the be of interest refer few to to a species may
which
A PILLAR
MOOTS
ROSE
WITH
in is the gardens. Banksiae grown white Banksian Rose Magazine, (seethe Botanical is a yellow form, lutea; these t. 1954); there are
are
Pretty wall SSHOR?SENDG

extent of of
Roses, which
years old
must
some or
only
of
more.
be
pruned
to the
as
thinning out
two
the
oldest
wood,
they flower on Mag., t. 1377)

flowers. Canina
shoots is the
Bracteata
(Bot.
Cabbage
the
"scena our moss
Rose, of
Rose Damask
Macartney Rose, a dwarf specieswith white is the Dog Rose Centifolia is the of the hedges. there are which varieties,includingmuscosa, many
are
; there
several
is the
Rose, which
garden forms of is certainly one

has red
the
latter.
Dama-
of the and
parents
of
and
modern H.P.s; the varietyversicolor is called Gloria Mundi.
white
flowers,
Gallica
Provence the and
provincialis is
Rose.
or
the
is
Indica is
China
its
Monthly
of
our
Rose,
one
varietyodorata
parents
Sinica
of the
modern
Tea
the
Roses.
(syn.laevit.
gata) (Bot. Mag.,

White
a
2847)
is
RoSE
Cherokee
Rose.
CUTTINGS
INSERTED.
Lutea,
is the
Rose. modern
yellow species, is the Musk Brier Austrian (Bot. Mag., 363). Moschata of of our is the Multiflora parent many (syn. polyantha) Repens (syn.arvensis) capreolata is the climbing Roses.
dwarf
Ayrshire Japanese
Rose. Rose. is
275
is the Wichuraiana
Rubiginosa
Semper
one
virens the
is the is the
Sweet-brier.
Rugosa
Evergreen
Rose.
modern beautiful parents of many climbers, such as Dorothy Perkins, Lady Gay, and Alberic Barbier. flower have Rose gardens. The Roses, unless it is garden must Owners that the Queen of Flowers refuses to thrive. so near a town of largeplaces may beds. It is select a site,and form a set of Rose idea to plant a Yew formal round the to a nice a site,clipped hedge for Roses, and has a quaint, a splendidbackground shape, as it makes
(syn. Luciae)
of
"
old-world may chosen. be
appearance. planted with The
opening set an arch. sorts separate variety and special followingare good bedding Roses:
each
a
"
At
Each should
bed be
Baby Dorothy Betty

Caroline Corallina Edu Frau Testout
Griiss
an
Teplitz
Hugh
La
Dickson Abel Chatenay John Laing Brunner
France
Madame
Mrs.
Meyer
Karl Druschki Set the
Ulrich
plants 2
on
ft.
apart.
The
following will
Barbier Rambler Pillar Perkins
succeed
arches
and
pillars:
"
Alberic Blush Carmine
Lady
Mrs.
Godiva F. W.
Leuchtstern
Flight
Coquina Dorothy
All
White bloom
out
a
PhiladelphiaRambler Dorothy
every
but such
grow
who
vigorouslyand
is able
to
lover
can
lay
profusely. It is not complete Rose garden;

bed
or
Rose
plenty
cases
plant a selection of Roses in a they may prefer a largerselection

can
border.
In the
of varieties, and
"
following
be recommended
with
confidence:
Hybrid Perpetuals.
Chas. Earl Frau
Lefebvre
Hybrid
Tea.
of Dufferin Karl Druschki Dickson
Betty
Caroline Testout
Hugh
Mrs. Ulrich
i Dean
Earl
Edu
Hole of Warwick
John Laing
Brunner Tea-scented.
Ecarlate
Meyer
Mac
General Grace
Arthur
Catherine Comtesse Corallina G.
Mermet
de Saxe
Darling
Ash town
Lady
La
France
Nabonnand Roberts
Le La Cross Pierre
Progres
Tosca Abel Hector d'Or Melanie
Lady
Mrs. Peace White
Dudley
de
Madame Madame
Chatenay Soupert
Leuillot
Souvenir
Notting
Madame
Maman
Cochet
iRayon
276
who the
"
Planting Roses.
their
Most
rosarians
plant
plant
in
November,
follow
the
can ground ready get however, experts. They may,
then
should
those example of
and
The
finds
most
substantial
soil of
the
of March. up to the end garden should be given to the
Roses,
for
that
they
the
love
annual
ground growth
with
plenty
is much
body about stronger in heavy
of
it. than
One in
annual abundant growth it is impossibleto light soil,and without the flowers. Manure of the best lightsoil, and so does helps get Kitchen under Bastard Garden) ; still, trenching deep working (see The roots should not be friable clay is desirable. or a heavy loam
them. deeply,but the soil should be trodden firmlyround It the rule all varieties hard to is Roses. a good Pruning prune wards in spring after planting,as it gives them a good start, but afterthe annual be of the amount should regulated by pruning growth. A variety that is so naturally vigorous and well suited
buried
"
by
the
the soil
end of of
as
to make at the
shoots
or
4 ft.
long
be
in
season
need
for to
not
be is 3
or
shortened
much
annual
pruning, the
may rambler when
best Roses
time
which
March.
the base.
"
Weak
Most
4 buds
growers of the
"
pruned
many
are
within best of old
are
pruned
canes
late in
as can
summer
say
September
be cut few
as
of the
be
spared
should
out. the
If there
be
plenty
strong
canes springingup young basal canes but where are
from
base, all the old wood

more
it may
on
desirable
to
remove
go; may to shorten

them
old
to in
canes
to
the
young
the
wood
them
than be
gether. altowood arches
The
point is that
there
should
the
get good bloom September and

well. Roses.
"
followingyear.
to
sun,
a nice lot of young If this is tied up the
exposed
it
gets
well
ripened
are
and
flowers Wall
for
See page 274. best of the The

the
walls, but
Stella
and pillar are good following
arch
:
"
Roses
not
able suit-
Alister Bardou Cheshunt
Gray
Gloire Madame Wm.
de
Dijon
Alfred Carriere Richardson
Job
Hybrid
Allen
They
and be pruned by thinning out old wood may to take its place. This may be done in late summer.
nailingin
on
new
Standard
from the such
same
Roses.
"
A
in
standard
summer,
Rose
is
one
that
is budded
to taken
straightBrier
But the
makes
stem
hedgerows
standards
as
the
dwarfs
may, and
the Briers being bought or and planted at once. previous November the nurseries, be bought from of course, climbers.
for
Standards
are
not
in
general
favour, but
a
they
are
useful
beautiful it makes
in
standard,
a
specialpositions. Dorothy Perkins it has plenty and when planted where

with
stem.
are
of
room
shoots drawback
drooping
to the
lovely specimen, the profusion around

and where
its
long,
The
flower-laden
stem
bare
is
standards,
with
"
many
take
planted
bareness.
it is well
to
carpet
ground
Roses.
the
Violas, to
amateur way of
off the
Budding
with
An best
cannot
bud
to
Roses ask to
properly
assist
show
a
without rosarian
how the the
practice,and
learning is
The
his budding in the summer. bud is sliced out in the shape of a is cropped in to a stump, hew the
expert picked
will
long,narrow
pith
is
shield, how
out
leaf
without
tearing
277
it is how the Brier is slit to receive it,how the growing germ, away It is an it is tied. slid in, and how interestinglittle art, well worth struck in be September; see page 275. learning. Cuttings may
Mildew leaved
on
Roses.
"
Both
dwarf
be
and
it does
climbing Roses
not
are
apt
the
to
be
shinydirectlythe white patches show the leaves on by dusting on flowers of sulphur through a small pair of bellows, or by syringing with fresh liver of sulphur at the rate of half an (sulphideof potassium) dissolved in water ounce per gallon.
by mildew, disfigured
varieties.
although
often
attack
It should
checked
Rose Rose Rose
Acacia.
"
See Robinia
hispida.
Bay.
"
See
"
Epilobium angustifolium.
See
Campion.
leaves of
Lychnis.
officinalis contain
Labiatae). is used by an Rosemary It is a shrub hair washes. makers of perfumes and growing 3 to soil. in friable ft. and is by loamy Propagation thriving high, 4 seeds in spring, also by cuttingsin spring and layersin summer.
"
Rosemary,
Rosmarinus
(rosmari-nus.
essential
Ord.
The
oil,which
Rose Rose
of
Heaven, Lychnis coeli-Rosa. World, Camellia Crops.

"
of the of
Japonica.
Garden.
Rotation
See
Kitchen
Rowan,
Pyrus Aucuparia (Mountain Ash).

Laurus
Royal Bay,
nobilis.
Royal Fern, Osmunda Rubus, Bramble

Ord.
cases
regalis.
rub, red,
in
(ru-bus, from
Deciduous
shrubs
allusion
to
the
fruit.
Rosaceae).
"
well which
summer,
of coarse, rampant habit, as worth growing in the flower
and herbaceous plants,in some in the Blackberry. Several are
garden.
and
has
Arcticus, herbaceous,
in
only grows is worth

t.
few
inches
high
tall
132); there specieswith

stems. in
summer,
growing on the form is a fruiting

white flowers
pink flowers rockery (seethe Botanical

of it called secundus.
early
zine, MagaBiflorus,
in
May
(Bot.Mag.,
6
to 9
t.
white flowers
is
Chamaemorus,
is the
herbaceous,
ins.
4678), has high, white
Cloudberry.
in
shrub, with
Laciniatus
largewhite
is the
flowers
May.
Idaeus
the spineless;
fruit is edible.
is a beautiful It grows to 6 ft. high,and 5 is the Raspberry (see Fruit).
Deliciosus
Parsley-leaved Blackberry (seeFruit). Phoeniflowers followed a nice by red fruit,which makes is the Rosaefolius coronarius Wineberry. (single form) is preserve, the The like Rubuses a Strawberry-Raspberry (seeFruit). deep, be propagated by layering the rich, moist soil. The shrubs may by division. species tipsof the canes, the herbaceous
colasius, with
pink
Rudbeckia,
"
Cone The
Flower
most
with
Compositae). plants composite flowers, the centres of which are raised and the ray florets drooping. Grandiflora, yellow and purple,late summer, 3 to 6 to 1. Golden ft.; summer, 4 ft.; laciniata, yellow and green, 4
useful
after O. (rudbeck-ia, are hardy species
Rudbeck. herbaceous
Ord.
278
Glow,
double
or
yellow; and speciosa(syn.Neumannii the best. 3 ft., are yellow and purple, summer, in spring. Propagation by division or seed
Rue,
Garden
"
Newmannii),
soil.
Ordinary
See
Ruta
graveolens (ru-ta.
Broom,
the Box
Ord.
Rutaceae).
"
Kitchen
Herbs. Butcher's
from
Ruscus,
which
"
Holly
(rus-cus,from
and
as
bruscus,
Ord. among
derives Liliaceae).Useful
and
sexes
Celtic
that
beus, box,
will thrive, have
kelem, holly.
shrubs
trees.
are on
undergrowth
branches
to have
larger shrubs
flowers.
They
kinds. is the
flattened
The
to about
different
plants,and
green berries it is
and
necessary grows
plant
2
both
Aculeatus
best.
ft.
high,
which (syn. flexuosus), Racemosus (syn. Danaea soil.
Laurus) is by seeds
is the
or
Alexandrian division. Butomus
Laurel.
Ordinary
Propagation
Rush, Flowering, Sabal, Fan

Palm which
umbellatus.
"
(sa-bal. Ord. Palmae).

which
Large palms, the

20
most
popular
and Fan
or
of
produce
Thatch
is Blackburniana, leaves 3 ft. across, much Palm. It thrives
grow may at the divided the
high margins, the

treatment
ft.
with
ordinary bag,
Ord.
and
of
this class. Saccolabium

in
See Palms. from (saccola-bium,

to the
saccus,
a
reference
form small
need
of
the
labellum.
where
lip, Orchidaceae)
labium,
a
" .
Pretty Orchids, with

long
of 60"
racemes.
fragrantflowers, borne
a
in abundance
on a
They
a
hothouse,
of
they
A
should
have
lightpositionand
70"
to to 80"
great
deal
moisture.
night temperature
October
in to March teak ture mix-
will suit them
while
growing;
be
from
65"
will
suffice.
They
should
grown
suspended
A
be dealt with when baskets, and may they start growing. with of crocks, charcoal, and fibrous peat, surfaced Sphagnum, should will in not be suits. but need much not water winter, They dried off. Bellinum, various colours, spring; giganteum, purple and t. 5635); and violaceum, white, winter Magazine, (Botanical
white
and
mauve,
winter
are
(Botanical Register,t. 30), are

varieties.
the
best
species.
Sacred Saddle
There
several
Bean,
Nelumbium
speciosum. tulipifera.
Tree, Liriodendron
sativus. Colchicum.
" .
Crocus Saffron,
Saffron, Meadow,
See Sage (Salvia officinalis)
Kitchen
Garden Garden
"
"
Herbs.
Sagittaria(Arrowhead).
"
See Flower
"
Aquatics.
Sainfoin
(Onobrychis sativa).
Lily,Anthericum Lily,Anthericum
Heath.
" "
fodder
plant.
St. Bernard's St. Bruno's St. Dabeoc's
Liliago.
Liliastrum. (Paradisea)
See Daboecia
polifolia.
St. John's Wort.
See
Hypericum.
Saintpauliaionantha
"
279
after Herr Saintpaul. Ord. (saintpaul-ia, Gesneraceae). A pretty little warm-house plant, growing only about Loam and producing violet flowers late in summer. 4 ins. high, and Leaf in equal parts, with sand, make leaf mould a good compost. fibre cuttings root readilyif inserted in moist sand and cocoa-nut be and rooted refuse case they may ; when potted put into a warm Leaf cuttings may to 5 -in. singly and subsequently transferred be taken to insure successional at different seasons flowering. There
are
several
in tint. varieties,differing
Salads."
See
"
Kitchen See
Garden.
Salisburia.
Ginkgo.
from sal (Celtic), and Us, water. Ord. near, (sa-lix, deciduous of trees, Salicineae). Hardy rapid growth in moist places, and therefore suitable for planting at the waterside. Propagation is by cuttingsand To get good drooping plants the penduseeds. lous
Salix,Willow
"
forms has of several
may
be
grafted on
Sallow
the
tall stems. vitellina

or
Alba,
and
v.
the
White
Willow,
varieties, of which
common
Caprea
is the
Goat
Willow Willow.
this, pendula, is
Sallow." See Salix.
Kilmarnock
pendula are good. the drooping variety Elegantissima has
drooping branches.
in
from salpinx,a tube, and glossa, a tongue, (salpigloss-is, Salpiglossis allusion to the style. Ord. Solanaceae). Beautiful plants,the which is of valuable from most which sinuata, have been species the splendidannuals offered by seedsmen. derived The flowers are
"
large and the They are best

be for
colours
treated
planted in
beds
or
pots; with sand. Linearis, decayed manure, Petunia media), interft. i (syn. August, purple,
and is
a or
in this case,
rich. The habit is loose and graceful. and half-hardy annuals (see Annuals), may in May borders or June. They are also good in 5 -in., flower them using a compost of loam
are as
half-hardyperennial.
Salsify (Tragopogon
Salsafy
folium.
porri-
Ord.
Compositae).
"
See
Kitchen
Garden. Salvia allusion

most
from (sal-via,
to
salvo,
are
to
save,
in Ord.
the
medicinal Salvias
qualities.
among
are
Labiatae)."The
brilliant of useful for
in
flowers, and
cularly parti-
bloom this several such and
winter. is purpose fine
Register, t.
as
of giving bright masses for best The species splendens (Botanical PROPAGATING of which 687), herbaceous, DENS BY varieties
are now
SALVIA CUTTINGS
SPLEN
IN LATE
available,
SUMMER.
r.
Bruantii, compacta,
grandiflora,
most
Drainage.
2.
Soil,
Silver
Spot. They
patens,
bloomer.
bloom
an
fusely. pro-
Salvia is
evergreen, It
rich, shining Gentian-blue

a
summer
gives us a lovely shade of (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3808). This be is so nearly hardy that it may
280
beds
as a
for outside used it is best kept

best autumn
in
mild
districts. While
not be
In
these
cold, exposed
two
places
are
pot plant.
others must
species
azurea,
the
of the and
Salvias,
winter
overlooked;
blue,
bloomer,
requiresgreenhouse culture; 5 to 7 ft.,
and involuHeeri, scarlet,winter, greenhouse,3 ft.,an evergreen; also are crataBethelli, crimson, summer, greenhouse, 4 ft., evergreen,
all
good. Officinalis Herbs). Horminum,
is the
common
Sage (see Kitchen

summer,
Garden
"
purple, early
is a good variety of it. annual; Blue Beard greenhouse,herbaceous, is good. There are 3 ft., species. Loam, with sand and a little decayed
ins., is a hardy Rutilans, red, winter,

hundreds
manure,
of other suits
in the heat
Salvias. towards
They
the end be
may of winter.
be
to
propagated by
Those grown
even a
seed in
or
cuttings
should
be
pots
repotted
by
stages till they Sambucus,

Elder
get
6-in.,8-in.,or
largerpots.
compact
habit.
Splendens
should
to pinched occasionally
insure
(sambu-cus,from sambuke, a musical instrument Ord. Caprif of Elder- wood. made oliaceae) Several garden forms the common is a much to of Sambucus are Elder, which superior in for few weeks a early coarse, stragglyplant, only interesting
" .
summer,
except
with
to
those
who
like the
wine
made
from
the
flowers
and
mosa,
fruit.
Nigra
white
foliis aureis, the Golden Elder, is good. in branched flowers followed racemes,
several
Race-
by
of
red
There are fruit,is very ornamental. laciniata, notably plumosa, p. aurea, the thrive in ordinary soil, and old
pretty
tenuifolia. should in late
varieties The
it,
and
wood shoots
Elders
out.
be
pruned
Propagation is by cuttingsof
Sand. action. seeds
sea more or
"
mature
summer.
lightening composts and stimulating root is good for surfacingthe soil when Silver sand sowing fine river or such washed but coarser as sand, striking cuttings,
for
Valuable
for
sand, is better
open.
composts,
as
it is
coarser
and
keeps
the
soil
from Sanguinaria canadensis, Bloodroot, Puccoon (sanguina-ria, in red allusion Ord. to the blood, sanguis, juice. Papaveraceae) A useful herbaceous perennial,6 ins. high, with white flowers in before the leaves expand (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 162). spring, i s form. a larger-flowered Major (syn. grandiflora) They look well in clumps at the front of the border, or in the rock garden. Sandy peat should be provided. Propagation is by seeds in spring,or by
" .
division
in autumn.
Santolina, Lavender
linum,
flowers. grown like a
autumn. flax.
Ord.
most
The
from sanctus, holy, and (santoli-na, sub-shrubs, with yellow Compositae). Scented popular is Chamaecyparissus incana, often
"
Cotton
simply as incana, which dry soil,and are light,
pretty white carpet. They propagated by cuttingsin spring or

makes
a
Sanvitalia
Compositae).
"
yellow
is
?
and
double
after Sefior Sanvitali. procumbens (sanvita-lia, A annual of habit, pretty half-hardy trailing flowers the Botanical t. 707); purple (see Register, variety. For culture, see Annuals.
Ord. with
there
Saponaria, Soapwort,
leaves
28
from (sapona-ria, sapo, soap; Ord. Caryophylleae). A large genus of annuals and mostly hardy. A few perennials, are good garden plants,notably calabrica, a dwarf hardy annual with pink flowers, and its white variety alba; ocymoides, a hardy flowers, the Rock perennialtrailer with purplish-rose Soapwort (see Botanical Magazine, t. 154); and officinalis,a hardy perennial growing about 3 ft. high,pink; the double varietyflore pleno is good. in summer. in Calabrica be sown outdoors They all bloom may in spring. Vaccaria, red, 18 ins., is a good September to bloom annual t. 2290). Ordinary soil. Propagation is by seed (Bot.Mag., division. and (seeAnnuals) Fuller's Herb the
"
of officinalis lather
when
rubbed.
Saprophyte.
"
vegetable, like
plant that grows on decaying matter, a plant that fungi (cf. parasite, grows many
animal
on
or
living
matter)
.
after Dr. Sarrasin. Flower Sarracenia,Side-saddle (sarrace-nia, Sarraceniaceae) Singular plants,forming clusters of small from North America, half hardy. pitchers. They are perennials, is to complete the nearest Purpurea (BotanicalMagazine, t. 849) the rockery, with on a hardiness, and is sometimes covering grown Ord.
" .
of Bracken
a
in winter. genus
It likes
cool, moist
devote
other
for the liking
sometimes
in
with preference to mixing them Fibrous with atmosphere. peat,
spot. Those who a greenhouse to as they like a plants,

small and
a
have
them moist
chopped early spring Propagation by in a close, moist, warm The of case. plants must have abundance A of water the will to season. 45" 55" temperature during growing suffice in winter. The following are a few of the best species: Drummondi rubra flava are (alba and good varieties), (atromaxima and are Catesbaei, sanguinea, good varieties), purpurea, and rubra. Good hybrids are Chelsoni, Courtii, Stevensii, and Sphagnum
moss,
charcoal is
fourth
of
suits.
division
in
Williamsii.
Sarsaparilla.The
"
root
of Smilax
used species,
medicinally.
Ord. Labia-
Satin
Flower, Sisyrinchium.
Satureia Kitchen See from (sature-ia, Garden
"
Savory,
the
Arabic
sattar.
tae).
"
See
"
Herbs.
Savoy.
Kitchen
Garden.
from but commonly saxifra-ga, (saxif-raga, in bladder troubles. to break stone, andfrango, supposed use saxum, Ord. Saxifrageae) A large and important genus of hardy alpine would of which require a volume plants,the adequate description in itself. The varies some speciesbeing moss-like in greatly, genus growth, others large,loose, and spreading. They are charming for be used for edgings. S. Umbrosa, the rock garden, and some may in point. No general hint London the well-known Pride, is a case in their requirements. be given, as the speciesvary to soil may as will thrive in ordinary garden soil provided it The mossy Saxifrages encrusted is not dry. The specieslike a limestone soil. The largemoist soil. Propagation is by seed, section love leaved a Megasea
Saxifraga, Rockfoil
" .
"
282
sown
in
a
greenhouse or frame in spring,or, if home-saved, as soon as by cuttings. Sarmentosa, the well-known ; by division, and ripe of Thousands Mother (see Botanical Magazine, t. 92),is propagated The following are : Of the large, a few good Saxifrages by runners. with its varieties Megasea section, cordifolia, pink, fleshy-leaved
purpurea and Of
alba;
mossy
Stracheyi, pink (Bot.Mag.,
ligulata, purple (Bot. Mag., be grown. t. 5967),may

section
a
t.
3406);
All bloom
and in
caespitosa, Camposi (Wallacei),white, spring (Bot. Mag., t. 6640); decipiens, white, spring; hypnoides, white, spring; muscoides, yellowish, spring, the varieties of this called atropurand Rhei are good; and trifurcata, white, spring, variety purea is ceratophylla good (Bot. Mag., t. 1651). Among the beautiful
are
spring.
the
few
of
the
best
white,
summer;
encrusted
class will be found
Aizoon,
cochlearis, white, early
summer;
red dots, early summer; cream, Cotyledon, white, spring,and its
red, early splendid variety pyramidalis; crustata, white, dotted Hostii, white, spring; and longifolia, white, dotted red, summer; early summer (Bot. Mag., t. 5889). Pretty tufted Saxifrages are yellow, spring; Boydi, yellow,spring; Burseriana, white, apiculata, and its largervariety major; Rocheliana, white, summer; winter, sancta, yellow, late spring; and Valdensis, white, spring. Granulata, the white meadow Saxifrage,and its double variety flore pleno, must not be overlooked; the pretty little oppositifolia, must nor with of its which varieties, purple,spring, major is one of the most In addition to these species and varieties there are a good popular. that the material lover of has abundant so hybrids, Saxifrages many
for
study.
in
Scabiosa, Scabious
to its value
from (scabio-sa, soothingthat trouble.
scabies, the
Ord.
itch,
"
in
allusion
fragrant flowers, best represented in dark flowers with crimson atropurpurea, an annual growing 2 to 3 ft. high (seethe Botanical Magazine,
double
seed
sown
Dipsaceae). Pretty and gardens by the varieties of

in
t.
summer,
247).
The and
forms may
out
of doors
this in
in
popular plant
separate
are or
very
handsome,
be
of
bought
colours
mixture.
spring (see Annuals). Caucasica foot high, with large pale perennial growing about a
good
for the
It may be is a hardy blue
flowers,
it
rockery
or
border;
or
raised from seed may will thrive in Scabiouses Scale. The

the
"
be
there increased
is
white division
variety, alba;
in
by
spring.
The
ordinary soil.
There
are
females
attach
various species of scales infesting plants. many themselves to the bark, suck lose out the juices, which scales
are
of movement, and power lay eggs, horn-like substance. Two of the worst Pears. See Pear enemies under Fruit.
attack
protected by a Apples and

Garden.
Scarlet Runner
(Phaseolus multifl orus)

.
"
See
Kitchen
from schizo, to cut, (schizan-thus, anthos, flower, in allusion to the fringedpetals. Ord. Solanaannuals, well adapted for pot culture, suitable ceae). Beautiful
and
"
Schizanthus,ButterflyFlower
for
to
sowing
bloom
in late the
spring to bloom in summer, following spring. They flower
and
in late
summer
profusely,and
the
colours
are so
28 3
very
that
bright.
The
is foliage in
much
in colour,
it is ornamental
itself.
hardy,
1
but
and pinnatus,purplish-lilac
bright green majority are half yellow,summer blooming,

The
if desired.
cut, and
ins.,high, is hardy, and

several
may
be
sown
outdoors
There
are
varieties of it.
Grahami,
and
lilac,18
with
the
are
ins.
purple spotted, is popular. Papilionaceus, (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3044); retusus, rose

;
orange,
most
its
variety albus, white

of the In small
and
Wisetonensis, variouslast is dwarfest
colours,
and
best
compact.
half-hardyspecies; the growing for spring bloom

pots
in
get
the them
plants
on a
established
singly in
shelf.
autumn,
and
winter
greenhouse
Schizocodon
(schizoco-don,from schizo, to cut, and kodon, a bell. Ord. Diapensiaceae) A pretty hardy perennial, only growing 3 or 4 ins. high, with rosy, fringed flowers in early sandy peat in a shady spot,, spring. It is a nice rockery plant,liking and propagated by seed or division. from schizo, to cut, and Schizopetalon Walker! (schizopet-alon, A Ord. Cruciferae). pretty hardy annual, growpetalon,a petal. ing For about white, fringed,fragrant flowers. 9 ins. high, with
soldanelloides
"
"
culture,
see
Annuals.
Kaffir Schizostylis,
Lily, Winter
Gladiolus Ord. Pine
from (schizos-tylis,
"
schizo, to cut, and
from skias, a (sciadop-itis, An and Coniferae). interesting pitys, of if whorl tree with ornamental a spreading foliage, hardy planted in a sheltered place. A loamy soil, lightenedwith leaf mould, is desirable. Propagation is by seed. from Wild the Scilla, skyllo,to injure, Squill, Hyacinth (scill-a, bulb being reputed poisonous. Ord. Liliaceae). See Bulbs. from scoloScolopendrium, Hart's-tongue Fern (scolopen-drium, the in to reference Ord. cases. a pendra, centipede, Filices). spore when A large genus considered ties, varieas embracing the numerous the common of species is few, and only vulgare, but the number of forms of this Hart's-tongue, is of real importance. The number fern runs to hundreds, and constitute variable teresting they quite an infor fern lovers. Acrocladon, crispum, cristatum, study and fimbriatum, grandiceps, Kelwayi, marginatum, ramosum, few there varieties sub-varieties. are are a ; good variegatum many with third of loam and Leaf some mould, a pieces of sandstone, suits. Propagation is by spores (seeFerns), except in the case of
a column. stylos, Umbrella Sciadopitysverticillata, a
Irideae).
"
See
Bulbs.
parasol, and
Fir.
Ord.
"
"
some
of
the
varieties
of
of
tufty habit,
and
which
are
may
be
divided but many
when
are
growth
well
starts.
worthy Scorzonera,
"
Vulgare pot culture.

Scorzonera Kitchen
its varieties
hardy,
hispanica (scorzone-ra. Ord.

scotica.
Com-
positae).
Scotch Screw Scrub Sea
See
Garden.
Primrose,
Pine.
"
Primula
See
Pandanus.
Oak, Quercus Catesbaei. Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides.

after (seafor-thia, Lord Seaforth. Ord.
Seaforthia
Palmae).
"
284
Handsome
ot Gardening Encyclopaedia
palms. S. elegans (syn. Archontophoenix species. For culture, see Palms. hamii) is a graceful Sea Holly, Eryngium maritimum. Garden. Seakale (Crambe maritima). See Kitchen
"
Cunning-
Sea
Lavender,
"
Statice
Limonium.
is
Seaweed.
This
substance for
good
as
manure,
and
may
It
be
used
with advantage fresh. be used while Secateur.

and
"
Asparagus, Potatoes,
and
Turnips.
if
should
Small
sharpened, are
hand-pruning shears, which, to a pruning knife preferable

from
kept
well
cases.
oiled
in many
Sedum, Stonecrop (se-dum,

habit of growth. Ord. plants,useful because
sedere, to sit,in allusion

"
to their
Crassulaceae).
they
on
A in
will
thrive
large genus dry places
of succulent and
in
poor
soil; they
dry rockeries and on walls; they like may tion), is limestone. by seeds, cuttings (dried before inserPropagation of best: the few The Acre, division. and following are a several as varieties, such 2 or 3 ins. high, has yellow, summer, ins. 6 about white, and Album, summer, aureum; grows elegans pale pink or blue, summer, 4 to 6 ins.; Lydium, high; Caeruleum, about about white, summer, 3 ins. high; Sieboldi, pink, summer,
be
put
foot; Spectabile, pink, late

and
and
summer,
about
18
ins.
Others
are
acre
virens
its varieties, Rhodiola.
glaucum, kamschaticum,
Turkestanicum,
from
of Selago, which el-la, a diminutive Selaginella (selagin beneficial and sel (Celtic), literally, good sight, jack,
"
comes
for
some
the
of elegant plants, large genus in but of trailinghabit. are summer, They love moisture The be should not not overhead, so that practised. syringing in pans or creeping sorts should be grown in pans, the upright ones deal of in equal parts, with leaf mould and a good pots. Loam sand, suit. Propagation is by cuttings of the main stems in spring and or summer, by layering. The followingare a few of the best: Braunii, erect, i ft. to 18 ins.; Galeottei, i ft.,good for a hanging Kraussiana have close case; a basket; grandis,branching, should and denticulata (syns. Lycopodium denticulatum) creeping; Martensii,branching; and uncinata, trailing. Selenipedium. A section of Cypripedium, only recognised by
eyes. which
Ord.
Selagineae).
"
of
"
botanists. Self.
"
flower
with
only
"
one
colour.
See
Carnations, etc..
from of The
Sempervivum,
living.
grow
the
on
Ord.
Houseleek (sempervi-vum, Crassulaceae). A large genus

will thrive and in in poor,
sempervivo,
succulents
ever-
which,
kinds
few
like the Sedums, is the

are
dry
soil.
hardy
will of
walls, roofs,
dry
rockeries. offsets. Botanical

and
by
seeds
spring,or
(see the
Arenarium,
The
They like lime. followingare

summer,
gation Propaa
kinds: principal Cobweb many

summer,
arachnoideum,
red, early
4 ins. t.
high,
there
Houseleek varieties.
9 ins. used
Magazine, variegatum
Tectorum,
several
68);
grown
yellow, summer,
6 ins.
are
Glaucum,
for
summer,
red,
their
I
Tabulaeformae in
foliageand
the
common
carpet bedding.
there
are
red,
ft.,is
Houseleek;
varieties.
Senecio, Groundsel
to the bare
285
in allusion with
are
from an senex, (sene-cio, Ord. Compositae). receptacle.

"
old man,
A
large genus,
variable
which
not
modern duration.
botanists Doronicum
have
now
united
Cineraria, although they
speciesare very yellow hardy perennial,i ft. high. of which Elegans (syn. Jacobaea elegans) is a half-hardy annual the available. colours several are Cape Ivy, is a Macroglossus, flowers in summer climber, with pale yellow greenhouse evergreen (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 6149). Pulcher is a hardy perennial, ft. high, with i (Bot. Mag., t. 5959)purple flowers in autumn Macrophyllus is a hardy perennial with yellow flowers and large to soil. as leaves, best in a sheltered place. They are not particular seed in spring, the perennials from raised from The annuals are supported by gardeners.
The
a
in habit
and
is
seed
pudica. Ord. Coniferae) name. a native Sequoia, Wellingtonia(sequoi-a, tell botanists the is ficent us, of the magniSequoia gigantea proper name, Californian tree known as Wellingtonia gigantea,which has It attained i oo a height of over yards and a girthof i o in America.
" .
by division. Fern, Onoclea Sensitive Plant, Mimosa

and
Sensitive
sensibilis.
does
not
attain
to these
extraordinary dimensions
uncrowded,
as
in Great
a
Britain,
There
but in
are
and good loamy soil, varieties
becomes
fine tree.
several
and
pendula,
of it, such drooping. The which
argentea, silvery; aurea,
other is of
species is
yellow; sempervirens, the
are pyramidal habit; there The several varieties of this also. speciesare propagated by seed,, the varieties by cuttingsor grafting. Sericographis. See Jacobinia.
Californian
Redwood,
"
Service Service Service
Berry, Amelanchier. Tree, Pyrus Sorbus.

" "
Tree, Wild, Pyrus torminalis. set fruits, such as Setting. To

"
Melons, is
to
transfer
pollen"
from
male
to female
flowers. decumana.
Shaddock,
Citrus See
Shading.
Shallot Garden. Shamrock. for them also used,
"
Greenhouse. Shallon. ascalonicum. Ord.
Shallon, Gaultheria
(Allium
"
Liliaceae). See
"
Kitchen
The
yellow Suckling,Trifolium
repens,
the
minus, and
in the
the
white
made is
Clover, Trifolium
as
both
have
supporters
Shamrock.
claims
being
less See
"
true
Irish
Oxalis
Acetosella
but
Shanking.
Shears. for
for
"
Fruit
commonly. Grapes.
"
pair of
short-handled and
a
shears of
should be
be
kept
in
gardens
blades, and
clippinghedges, trimming grass

"
verges.
pair They
long-handled,with
should
short
kept sharpened
oiled. troublesome a Shepherd's Purse. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, be kept under in must subjection gardens.
weed,,
which
286
"
is often
Shifting. Repotting
spoken
of
"
as
shifting
"
by
gardeners.
Shield
See
"
Fern.
Potting. See Aspidium.

"
ShirleyPoppy.
Shortia
of
See
Papaver.
Dr.
Diapensiaceae). A small growing but a few inches high, pretty hardy perennials, genus in and are good for shady parts of the blooming spring. They in sets, they thrive sandy peat. Propagation is by offrockery, where removed which in from be Galacistrong spring. plants may iolia has white and uniflora pale pink flowers.
"
after (short-ia,
Short.
Ord.
See Flower Shrubbery, Shrubs. Siberian Crab, Pyrus baccata. after Sibthorpia (sibthorp-ia,
"
Garden.
Dr.
Sibthorp.
one
Ord.
Scrophulariin
neae).
"
small
genus,
comprising
which grows
pretty plant
8 ins.
europaea,
has
the
Cornish
in
Moneywort,
summer.
6 to
high, and
pink
flowers best
in grown basket. Loam is by cuttings in
is prettier is the form variegata, which looks and well in a hanging a greenhouse or room, and leaf soil in equal parts,with sand, suit. gation Propaa
Still
frame
in
springor
summer.
Side-saddle
Flower.
"
See
Sarracenia.
from Silene,Catchfly (sile-ne,
secretion.
for
sialon, saliva, from the glutinous Ord. Caryophylleae) Pretty annual, biennial, or perennial
"
herbaceous
-or
the majority hardy plants,
and
good
annual
for the
rockery
and
beds.
The
most
popular
which
is the
hardy
pendula
variety compacta, pink flowers, and do well when in August for springblooming. Acaulis, pink, early summer, Pink Moss or 3 ins. high, the Cushion Campion, is good, and has several varieties. Maritima flore pleno, double white, is a good trailer. 6 ins., is also a good Schafta, deep red, summer, hardy xock plant. Ordinary soil. Propagation is by seed, or by division
have
sown
its
in the
case
Silk
perennials. Vine, Periplocagraeca.

"
of the
from silphion, Silphium,Compass Plant (sil-phium, a Greek name. Compositae). Hardy perennials of little importance, but has yellow flowers in laciniatum, which 5 to 6 ft. high, and grows is interesting its supposed peculiarityof turning its from summer, leaves north and south. Ordinary soil suits. Propagation is by Ord.
seed
or
division.
Silver
Fir, Abies
"
pectinata.
enemies
under
Silver Leaf. See Kitchen
See Plum
Fruit.
Mustard Sinapis, Garden.
from (sina-pis, Flower
nap (Celtic).Ord.
Cruciferae).
"
Satin Sisyrinchium,
vyncos,
a
snout, in reference
"
to cool
from (sisyrin-chium, sys, a pig, and their being uprooted by wild pigs.
Ord.
or
Irideae). Pretty hardy perennials, suitable

in
for culture
pots
in
greenhouse.
for the rockery, Grandiflorum, which

a
flowers in spring,and about grows important (seethe Botanical Magazine, white variety. Loam, with sand and third a is -Propagation by seeds in springor offsets.
has
purple
most
t. of
high, is the 3509). There is a

leaf mould, sir'ts.
foot
Skimmia
"
287
^skim-mia,
from
the
Hardy
(seethe
Magazine, t. spring,followed by berries if both the male planted, and grows 3 to 4 ft. high; there are the fragrant gratissima. Fortunei,
flowers;
Peat
and
evergreen Botanical
shrubs, of which
Ord. Rutaceae). Japanese Skimmi. is japonica the principal species in flowers it white 4719); produces
and
female
forms
are
several
with
are
cluding varieties, in-
greenish-white
also
and loam
Laureola,
suit.
a warm
yellow, Citron-scented, Propagation is by seeds, sown

house under
a
grown.
when
ripe,and
by cuttings in
"
hand-light.
Slipperwort. Sloe, Prunus
See
Calceolaria.
spinosa.
have not in the
Slugs.
"
Gardeners
the
yet
satisfied
themselves classed it
of the
useful it
as
part played by
a
slug
economy
of Nature.
Knowing
as a an
voracious
must
feeder be
that
on plants they young rigorously repressed. But
have
the
slug
takes
good
enemy deal
of
and
more
subduing. covering
abundant
in habits, clever at findinghiding-places its tracks, it often ends triumphant. Slugs are up on damp than on dry sites. They love moisture.
in
one
Nocturnal
But
make
moisture
and
form
"
lime-water
who
"
takes
them
at
tage, disadvan-
if any
gardener
is much
harassed
by slugs would
in
and he
of putting a lump a practice as big as a cocoa-nut pail of water, strainingoff the liquida few hours afterwards, watering with it at night, 2 or 3 evenings in succession,
soon
of fresh lime
would
the
reduce and to in
them;
dust
or
he
could at
slack
little fresh
lime,
of dark.
take
powder, trapping slugs is the near plants

Growers of
it about
small and
night.
examine
good
them
method after
put
the
down
look
heaps
over-
of fresh
brewers'
grains
evening,
rockeries
alpinesshould hanging plants on their

as
under
______"__
cally, periodi-
slugs
are
make
in cool, moist, choice raids on

or
selves apt to establish themshady crevices, and
plants.
are
If
plants in
a
greenhouses
few often
as
frames in and
found examined.
nibbled,
of
the be
pots
lifted
the
the
should
neighbourhood Slugs
of
a
choose
a
drainage hole hiding-place.
pot flowerHow
TRAIN 2.
smile, a scraper, (smi-lax,from the to Ord. in allusion prickly stems. of The Smilax" Liliaceae). gardens is (seeAsparagus), the Asparagus medeoloides
Smilax
"
"
TO
SMILAX.
i.
Box.
Strings.
rods.
3,4.
Bamboo
Smilax is
genus
of botanists
are
climbing Wood,
"
shrubs.
The
out
common
Smilax border
or
generallytrained
in boxes.
up
and strings, Smoke Snails. Snake Snake Snake's
is
planted
in
grown
Clematis
Vitalba.
See
Slugs.
"
Millipede. Plant, Rhus Head,
See
Millipede. Meleagrisand
Iris tuberosa.
Cotinus.
Fritillaria
288
Snapdragon.
Snowball
"
See Antirrhinum. Ptarmica.
Sneezewort, Achillea Snowdrop.

See Bulbs
Tree, Viburnum
"
opulus sterile.
and Galanthus.
Snowdrop Tree, Halesia Snowdrop Windflower,

Snowflake. Snow
"
tetraptera. Anemone sylvestris.

and
"
See Bulbs
Leucojum.
See Bulbs.
Glory (Chionodoxa)
.
"
Snow-in-summer.
See Cerastium.
"
Snow-on-the-mountain.
"
See
Arabis.
Soapwort. See Saponaria. Ord. Sobralia (sobra-lia,after Sefior Sobral. Orchidaceae). of tall growth, easy to manage Orchids in a hothouse. Terrestrial but and fibrous no pseudo-bulbs. Loam They have thick roots, and suitable compost. sand, form a peat in equal parts, with charcoal division is when starts. by They will growth Propagation
"
requirewater
Macrantha,
is the
all the year
round,
but
more
in
summer
than
in winter.
summer,
best
Schroder's several Soil.

"
in purple,white, and yellow, 4 to 6 ft., flowering species;there are several varieties of it,of which There variety,and splendens may be named. soil
albida,
are
also
hybrids.
The
we
gardens is the detritus of rocks of decayed vegetation,such It leaves. as particles mingled varies districts being heavy and tenacious, in greatly, in some others have dark soils which call clay, We we stiff, lightand loose. tenacious sand and soil called under stones mixed the marl, yellow of fibrous soil called loam, and name gravel,reddish or brownish
our
deal with
in
with
hardly be within our scope tegrated' length geographical changes which have disinrocks is to and accumulated business our gritty particles; deal with soil as we find it. The of the soil,' management proper both with in and respect to tillage manuring, is vital to success
to
white, soft
describe
rock at
called
chalk.
It would
the
gardening.
first above to
It is
important
that
on
to
raise with
soaks
the
heat and
of
the
soil, and
In the
the
secure step sea-level, and

comes
end
is
and
drainage
a
aeration.
fall for
gardens
water
ground
natural
soil,there is natural if the soil be loam, gravel,chalk, or sand. drainage,especially If, however, the ground is so situated that there is no outlet, and is it is advisable This is effected to drain it artificially. stiff, by laying
2-in. earthenware
which
from
the
clouds
into the
pipes in
according
converge Aeration lie
near
trenches
as on
closer The
or
wider
the
a
3 ft. deep and soil is very or main drain with
apart, moderately heavy.

1 20 an
5 to
ft.
pipes should
spot.
cannot
outlet
as
at
some
selected
moisture
is facilitated the
surface
by
drainage,
soil.
stagnant
of drained
It is carried
further by is effected
.
crumbling
the
the
by removing
same
the
ground to the level of the drains, and this top spit and breaking up the under spit,
time
mortar
at incorporating
rubbish,
road
coal scrapings, soil

more
ashes, and
which
any
vegetable refuse available.

in this way
soon
Heavy, cold, damp

warmer,
is treated
becomes
drier, and
fertile. the Such
289
for its
in
ground
state
in its natural
the
untilled of
state
is unsuitable
are
principalfruits, and
it will
crops
vegetables
late;
ameliorated of amount drained bacteria

than in and
good (given a reasonable grow shelter) early vegetables. Trees, shrubs, Roses, and
the
fruit and
thrive flowering plantsgenerally

aerated. convert The
manure reason
better
is that who
in
heavy
of
can
more
which
the
into
plant food
are
it is the nitrifying live in the tilled
soil when
untilled
soil.
Those
culture establishinggardens for market to the attention careful selection give of ground. is particularly This necessary should
where
fruit is to be
are
planted.
soil is loam.
The
best
fruit
lands
the
generallyfound
where the
within
is ideal.
a warm
sea,
nor
50 miles of Neither very For table vegeare
stiff
very culture
lightsoil
shelter
and
aspect
who not
important,
which
means
because
they good prices.

for
favour Those
earliness,
are
gardens particular.
to
making
pleasure need
be
so
Solanum, Nightshade (sola-num, from solor,

comfort, in allusion
Ord.
to
"
BERRY
SOLANUM
the
narcotic
ences. influand
as
one
of
Solaiiaceae) A largegenus, outstanding importance, inasmuch

.
Making fresh growth afler being cut back. it includes

the
Potato,
S. tuberosum
give the crossingwith

to
Garden). Hybridistshave endeavoured Potato byimproved disease-resisting garden powers such other S. Commersoni, S. Maglia and as species,
without
success.
(seeKitchen
but
hitherto
"
The includes
latter is the is of several One
so-called
no
"
Potato;
crop.
for
"
it will thrive
in moist
but places,
value
as
swamp a food ing growis the
The
genus Solanum their ornamental
plants well
case
worth
appearance. winter.
sow
in
a
point
Winter
Cherry," S. Capsicastrum, which

thrcugh
If the the then the
carries
red
the
berries
This
a
may
or
be raised
them
crop of bright seed from or

in
cuttings.
former,
old
take
in
frame
greenhouse
shoots
spring; if
water and
latter,rest
plantsin spring, prune

some
back,
which
syringethem,
insert them The

summer
push and young in sandy soil under a bell-glass. be put outdoors in the plants may
and little is
a
of the
potted decayed
with
up
a
mid-September, using
with There Other
a
5 -in. about compost of loam

manure
into
and
sort
ornamental
wall in
Solanums
variegated are crispum, a
sand. leaves.
hardy
How
TO PRUNE BACK A
flowers with
there
BKRÊS^
Cut
at
the bars
shrub with blue evergreen followed by yellowish jasminoides,a greenhouse climber blue and in white flowers summer, is a variegated variety; Melongena,
summer,
the
Egg
Plant with
(see
in
Kitchen
species
handsome
summer
Garden) ; robustum, a greenhouse for planting in a subsuitable tropical foliage,

;
garden
and
Wendlandii,
warm-house
290
See the Botanical climbing shrub, with lilac flowers in summer. t. Magazine, 6914. of solidus, a piece of money, Soldanella a diminutive (soldanel-la, Ord. form leaves. of the the to Primulaceae) Pretty referring the worth on well rockery. The leaves are heartgrowing alpines, Clusii Botanical are alpina(syn. shaped. The most popular species about both of which 3 ins. high grow Magazine, t. 2163) and pusilla, is in flowers blue have and April. Pyrolaefolia a variety drooping is the two. a hybrid between of the former They ; hybrida species should be top-dressedwith and peat, and like a compost of loam and leaf mould Propagation is by seeds in a grit every autumn. after and by division in spring, frame flowering. They should have a cool, moist place in the rock garden. It is well to put a square of to throw off the winter rains. over alpinain autumn glass
"
"
Solidago, Golden to the healing

Solomon's Soot.
the be
"
from solidare, to unite, (solida-go, Ord. Compositae). See Golden virtues.

Rod
"
in
sion allu-
Rod.
Seal. useful
"
See
Polygonatum
in
a
and
Bulbs.
fertiliser for most

or
applied to garden
soil
or
lawn rain
If crops, yieldingammonia. well blacken sufficient to quantity it does
grass
over
when
threatens when
in
good,
from
or
but
it should
or
not
dusted
in
young of water,
plants
is
a
fresh
the
may
injurethem.
a
If soot
hung
"
tub
a bag put good liquidmanure
piece of
is formed. Ord.
chimney, sacking
it
and
from Sophora (soph-ora, The

most
the
Arabic
sophero.
genus is
Tree
and
of China bears The

and
popular and Japan,

flowers
member in
of this which
summer.
Leguminosae) japonica,the Pagoda

20
is
hardy,
white
grows Pendula
to
30
ft.
high,
and
variegata are
likes
a
drooping
loam.
variegated varieties respectively. It species are raised from seed, and the
friable
are
varieties
graftedon
"
to it.
Orchidfrom Ord. Sophronitis (sophroni-tis, sophrona, modest. aceae). A small genus of Orchids, the most important of which is which in winter; there scarlet flowers produces bright grandiflora,
are
several
and
varieties
of
it.
peat
on a
block. The
Sphagnum with a Propagation is by

in winter genera
than
It may in a shallow be grown pan, few piecesof charcoal, over crocks; division.
the
in
or
Although
less water
not been
will dried
be
needed
off.
in summer, Sophronitis and
plants must
have
be
Cattleya
crossed,
giving the bigenericSophro-cattleyas. Sophronitis has also been with crossed Laelia, giving the bigenericSophro-Laelia. Further, Sophronitis grandiflorahas been crossed with a Laelio-cattleya, For hybrids, or Sophro-Laelio-cattleyas. giving trigeneric culars, partisee a
modern See
book
on
Orchids.
"
Sorbus.
Sorrel.
"
"
Pyrus.
Kitchen See Garden
"
See
"
Herbs.
Sowbread.
Cyclamen.
tools
are
Spade.
"
These
made
in
on
various
sizes, but
Ash D
they
should No. 3
alwaj'sbe
of steel,and
mounted
strong
handles.
is
a
291
in use,
useful cleaned
medium and
size.
and
oiled before
They should be kept scraped when being put away.
Scilla hispanica. Spanish Bluebell,
Spanish Iris.
"
See Iris.
from Sparaxis (sparax-is,
sparasso,
See Bulbs.
to tear, in reference
to the
cut
spathes.
"
Ord.
Irideae).
"
Ord. Sparmannia africana (sparmann-ia, after A. Sparmann. 6 handsome A from to ft. 20 greenhouse shrub, growing Tilieae). in high, with white flowers showing a prominent brush of stamens the Botanical spring (see Magazine, t. 516). It thrives in loam with fourth sand. of peat and some a Propagation is by cuttings in in It is very easily house. under a bell-glass a warm spring grown.
Spawn.
Veneris.
"
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Mushrooms.
from Specularia,Venus' s Looking-glass (specula-ria, Speculum The much Ord. Campanulaceae) is only speciesgrown annual about foot and a a growing Speculum, purple hardy high Botanical floweringin summer (syn.Campanula Speculum zine, Magat. 102). See Annuals.
"
"
Speedwell.
" "
See
Veronica.
A much used moss by Orchid Sphagnum. principally growers, of absorbing water; in it grows owing to its sponge-likepower from florists It be and seedsmen. places. bought swampy may
Spider Orchis. Spiderwort.

"
"
See
Ophrys.
See
Tradescantia.
Grass after A. Spigelius. Ord. Logani(spige-lia, fairly large genus, only one speciesof which, marilanThis is a dica, is much hardy perennialwith reddish-yellow grown. in about flowers It is a good rockery a foot high. summer, growing plant, thriving in peat and loam, with sand, and propagated by seed or cuttings. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 80.
Worm Spigelia,
"
aceae).
Spinach, Spinacia oleracea

allusion to the
seed.
"
Ord.
from (spina-cia, Chenopodiaceae).

"
spina,
See
in prickle,
Kitchen
Garden.
Spindle Tree.
reference genus
to
See
Euonymus.
Sweet in from (spirae-a,
Spiraea, Meadow
its former
of shrubs
speira, wreathed,
"
in
useful use garlands. Ord. Rosaceae). beries. giving material for greenhouses as well as for shrubthe of Astilbe under name japonica is generally grown sold in the form dormant is of and roots bulb by Spiraea japonica, dealers in autumn (seeBulbs). The Spiraea japonica of botanists is a different plant; it is a hardy evergreen, with rose flowers, and with is synonymous the Spiraea callosa of Thunberg; Anthony and Bumalda varieties of it (see the Botanical Waterer are Magazine, t. 5164). Of the hardy deciduous species for the shrubbery, Aitchiflore pleno,Lindleyana, soni, arguta, Aruncus, Douglasi, Filipendula and are particularlygood. They thrive in Thunbergi palmata, moist and give long wreaths nost deep, fertile, of bloom soils, fairly
A
292
in the
summer.
The
used
common
Meadow
forms
Sweet
of it.
is Ulmaria
there
are
variegated-leavedand
Hiardy, is
bunda
in their old and much
as are
double
a
pot plant,and
forms of it. The
and
thrives
Astilboides, although in bulb soil; florisomewhat

on
Lemoinei
of
Spiraeasdiffer
Thunbergi
consist young
should in
manner
previous season's
the wood the
flowering. Arguta wood, and the pruning
bloom
the
removing
to
on
after
flowering, leaving the

and
unshortened
the
Douglasi following year. Japonica and These be thinned year's wood. may of the like Roses. Propagation non-climbing spring,
bloom
same
bloom
cut
well back
is
in
shrubs
a
by
of
cuttings
suckers
of the
are
young thrown up
"
wood
in
frame,
or
division
if
number
from
the roots.
Spleenwort. :Spore. See

"
See
Ferns.
Asplenium.
break from of
the
Sport.
"
A A
natural
recognisedcharacter
and
of other
plant. plants.
Spot.
"
fungoid disease
Garden,
Fruit.
"
.See Fruit, Kitchen
Apples, Carnations, Carnations, etc.

Bulbs. of
"
Spraying.
Sprekelia.
" "
See
See
Amaryllis under
is
an
name Spruce. The Spruces are Conifers
abbreviation
to the
Spruce
"
Fir.
"
The
White
belonging
Spruce
and valuable
"
of the
common
foresters is Picea
or
alba,
the
Picea. The genus Black Spruce P. excel

and
sa.
P.
nigra,
is
a
the
Norway
Spruce,
The America
much
first
tree
but .ally;
as an
in Canada, it is short-lived
tree
Newfoundland,
in Great
and
North
gener-
Britain,
is not The is soft
planted
used in
ornamental
nowadays,
Conifers
tree.
although
are
it is sometimes Black
plantationswhere
is also demand
a
cheap
wanted.
Spruce
in
North for
American
As
the
wood
it is much
an making paper important industry of pulp, now from Newfoundland. this tree, and is an exudation Spruce gum is of the Black beer branches the obtained Spruce by boiling young
"
and
Red with The
Spruces.
The
essence
is boiled
with
other
ingredients,
mixed
tree
ones.
It is a good molasses, allowed to ferment, and bottled. for moist, alluvial soils in Great Britain, but useless for dry
common
Spruce of
arid has
British grown is
foresters
in
is P. excelsa. Britain
for
It is several
European tree,
hundreds of
been wood
Great
and tree.
-durable, hence
are
"
years. it is demand
The
an
light
trees.
important
for Christmas
timber
easily worked, but Young specimens
much
in
It is
largelygrown
in
Germany.
See
also Picea.
Spurge, Caper, Euphorbia Lathyris.

Spurge Flax, Daphne Mezereum. Spurge Laurel, Daphne Laureola.
Spurgewort, Euphorbia. Spurring.

"
See
Pruning.
Gourd. Bulbs.
Squash.
" "
See
-Squill.See
Scilla and
Squi Striped,Puschkinia Squill,
from Stachys (stach-ys,
293
to
scilloides. the
species of and as one a vegetable. plants, grown with is Betonica a Grandiflora hardy perennial grandiflora) (syn. Lanata about foot in flowers a violet high. (Lamb's growing spring, Ear) has white, woolly foliage. Tuberifera is the Crosnes or Chinese sion Artichoke Garden). Propagation is by seed and divi(seeKitchen in spring. Ordinary soil suits.
Ord.
"
stachys, a spike, in reference Labiateae). A large genus, a few

ornamental
florescence. in-
which
are
as
Staking.
"
See Fruit, Carnation,

"
Dahlia,
stems
etc. to
are
Standards.
Trees
with with 3
clean
to etc.
ft.
high
are
called See
standards; Fruit, Thorn, Laburnum,
those
4-ft. stems
Earl flowers
teak
half-standards.
Stanhopea
(stanho-pea, after
Orchids in with
Stanhope.
in
Ord.
Orchidaable suit-
ceae).
"
Hothouse culture
pendulous
in
a
racemes,
for
suspended
peat, Sphagnum, and charcoal. while like a good deal of water

with
tt. t.
compost of fibrous is division. by They Propagation in less winter. Insignis, growing,

baskets flowers
and
yellow
and and
2948, 2949);
two
purple fragrant tigrina, orange

best;
there
are
(Botanical Magazine, purple,sweet (Bot. Mag.,.

varieties of the latter.
4197),are
of the
several
after Flower J. B. Stapel. Ord. (stape-lia, Stapelia,Carrion foetid flowers, Hothouse with livid, large, plants Asclepiadeae). sand with in loam deal of and a pounded brick. good thriving in Cactuses They resemble Propagation .is by cuttings in sand. and drought. Gigantea, purple and yellow; and their love of sun as purple,grey branches, are as much grown grandiflora, any.
"
from Staphylea (staphyle-a,

inflorescence. most
staphyle,a bunch,
"
in allusion
in
to
the
Ord.
Sapindaceae). Hardy
colchica, has
white
deciduous flowers
in
shrubs,
summer
the
popular
in the
of which,
when
pots and forced into grown grown It fibrous with likes bloom. loam, a quarter of decayed early is in spring, sand. seed and some manure by cuttings Propagation and in summer, layers in autumn.
Star of Bethlehem. Starwort.
"
"
shrubbery, but is often
See
Ornithogalum
and
Bulbs.
See
Aster.
from Sea to stop, in reference Lavender statizo, (sta-tice, Statice, Ord. Graceful the Plumbagineae). plants,some astringency. for and of which for tion. esteemed some are greenhouse garden cultivais a Gmelini hardy perennial,with dark blue flowers in is also fairly about 18 ins. high. Incana nana hardy, and summer, has pink flowers, height 9 ins. Latifolia,hardy, blue, early summer, in the greenhouse, and has is very popular. Profusa is grown i ft., in summer, ft. blue flowers i ft., Sinuata, purple,summer, height 2 is not quite hardy (see Botanical Magazine, t. 71). Suworowi, lilacLimonium is the Sea 18 ins., is a hardy annual. pink, summer,
to
"
Lavender,
duelli has
and
has
yellow
flowers
height 18 ins. purplishflowers in summer, in early summer, height i ft. They
Bonlike
a
94
annuals are propagated by loamy soil. The the and division. by perennials cuttings, by
"
friable shrubs
seeds, the
Erigeron. Stenactis speciosa is plant. Erigeron speciosum, a good hardy herbaceous

Stenactis.
See from Stephanos, a Stephanotis (stephano-tis, to the ear-like protuberances on "ear, in reference
crown,
the
same
as
and stamens.
otos,
an
the
as
Ord.
is
Asclepiadeae)
"
small
genus,
hothouse
important only
climber
containing the
so
.beautiful
white, fragrant
as a
floribunda, which
the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 4058). Elvaston variety is perhaps superior to the common type. Stephanotis is not difficult to grow, and is best planted out in a
popular
cut
flower
The The bed
and turfy loam, with sand, and a third each of decayed manure site The should be from which moisture one can superfluous peat. drain It loves the in and both at root water, overhead, freely. and summer, vigorous syringingwill go a long way towards keeping flowers after gathering any mealy bug under; it should be done of that in the "wood the may be wanted
a
for wreaths,
etc.
Less to
water will
will
be
needed Go
over
winter,
may
when
temperature
and
of
55"
weak
65"
cone
suffice.
be
plant in
house
winter
thin
A
out
and
crowded should
growths;
burned
old
in vaporising in bottom heat, occasionally. Propagation is by cuttings "choosingpieces of side shoot, and insertingin pots plunged in bottom heat and kept close.
be
shortened.
Stereum
Leaf). (Silver
"
See
Fruit
"
Plum.
after Sternbergia(sternber-gia, See Bulbs. lideae).

"
Count
Sternberg.
Ord.
AmarylGramiwhich is
and in
Grass from Stipa,Feather (stl-pa, stipe,feathery. neae). Hardy perennial Grasses, the most popular
"
Ord.
of
pennata,
flowers
in
the
Feather
Grass, which
summer. Elegantissima ordinary soil,and are easilyraised from late spring, or in a greenhouse or warm hardened before being planted out.
about grows is good. They
ft.
high
will thrive
out
seed
sown
of doors
to
in be
frame
in
winter,
Stock,Virginian.
"
See Malcomia
and
Annuals.
etc.
"
Stocks,
among
see
Brompton,
most
Intermediate, Ten-week,
of
These
are
the
popular
The
garden
and
Brompton
Stock, Matthiola
Biennials.
hardy annuals; for these be subdivided may into hoary-leaved (ordinary type) and smooth (Wallflowergreen and East leaved). The Intermediate Lothian Stocks are splendid for pots, and if sown in summer, pricked off, potted, and repotted into 5 or 6-in., will bloom well in spring in the greenhouse. Crimson, scarlet,purple,and white are procurable in separate colours. They to 1 8 ins. high. The 12 grow Emperor Stock may be grown in the same in spring for autumn They may be sown way. bloom. Stocks,Fruit.
"
incana, is a Stocks, M. culture, see Annuals;

Ten-week
The greenhouse flowers. hardy biennial ; for culture, incana

annua,
are
half-
See
Fruit.
Stoki Stokesia
cvanea
"
295
after Dr. Stokes. Ord. Compositae). (stoke-sia, in summer, handsome with blue flowers hardy perennial, ing growabout ins. high (see the Botanical 1 8 Magazine, t. 4966). It likes a friable loamy soil,and is propagated by division in spring. It is suitable for the border or rockery.
A
Stoking.
" "
See Greenhouse See

Sedum.
"
Heating.
Stonecrop.
Stone
Pine, Pinus
"
Pinea.
Stork's-bill. Stove.
"
See
Pelargonium.
See Greenhouse Soldier See Flower
See Greenhouse.
" "
Stoves,Heating.
Stratiotes Ord.
Heating.
stratos,an
army. Garden
"
Water aloides,
"
from (stratio-tes,
Hydrocharideae)
"
Aquatics.
Strawberry.
Bird Strelitzia, Handsome flowers
tt. 119,
See Fruit.
Strawberry Tree, Arbutus.

of Paradise
for form the
Flower
to
warm
Queen Mecklenburg-Strelitz,
evergreens
of remarkable
a
after Charlotte of (strelitz-ia, III. Ord. George Scitamineae)

" .
greenhouse
known
the (see
or
conservatory, with
Botanical
and
brilliant colour.
of Paradise
Flower, is
best
It bears large orange grows 3 to 4 ft. high ; there are two is a largerspecieswith purple and
120).
Reginae, the Bird Magazine, and blue flowers in spring, and three varieties of it. Augusta or
white best flowers.
and
Kewensis
is
hybrid
loam is
raised
at
Kew
between
Reginae
are
and
shattered
brick,
and
Augusta. They planted out. Propagation
like
by
seeds.
from stveptos, twisted, and carpos,a Streptocarpus (streptocar-pus, Ord. herbaceous perennials for Gesneraceae). Beautiful the warm greenhouse, much improved in recent years by crossin size, and resemble fertilisation; the flowers approach Gloxinias in form; not The the leaves are much them speciesare rough. seeds of modern cultivators preferringto buy mixed hybrids grown, in a warm from a good firm. These should be sown greenhouse or in spring, frame pricked off,and potted as required till in 5 or 6-in. pots. They may also be propagated by leaf cuttings. Loam, with The plants will be at their sand and a quarter of leaf mould, suits. will best the second a They require good deal of water while year. active in growth. fruit.
"
solen,
from Streptosolen Jamesoni (streptoso-len, streptos,twisted, and tube. Ord. Solanaceae). A free-growing shrub, a evergreen suitable with brilliant heads of orange flowers in spring and summer, wall of a warm for the back greenhouse or a conservatory pillar. and leaf soil in a compost of loam It thrives best when out planted under a bellin equal parts, with sand. is cuttings by Propagation the and A the root at over deal of foliage, water, both good glass. the will be appreciated in summer. Jamesoni (see Syn. Browallia Botanical Magazine, t. 4605).
"
296
Styrax,
small
is
"
Struthiopteris. See
Storax
Onoclea.
(sty-rax,an
one
Arabic
name.
genus
of shrubs,
speciesof which,
pretty
ft. white
10
popular on account spring. It may grow

with
of its 8 to sand. in
Styraceae). A japonica,is hardy and in flowers and pink buds

Ord.
"
leaf mould should
and
Benzoin
be grown
high in good, loamy soil,lightened Propagation is by layers in autumn. and propagated by cuthouse a warm
A The
DESIGN
FOR
RECTANGULAR
A central
two
SUBURBAN grass flower
BACK
a
GARDEN. path
with
design provides:
at
plot;
side
arches
each
end;
fences; an end section rockery, and shrubs.
with
flower
the borders; creepers on bed, gravel, summer-house,
tings. Officinale, which

should be grown
in
a warm
resin called storax, yields the balsamic greenhouse except in mild, sheltered
places.
Suburban suburban Gardens. Both
"
There
has
been
an
enormous
development
in
is likelyto gardening in recent years, and the movement from pleasure and benefit accrue cultivating plants, and the Small suburban practice is worthy of encouragement. gardens are generally rectangular, and there is a tendency for them
spread.
:ome
297
a
stiff and
It is
formal;
the other
this
can
be
corrected
the
by
There
thought. little foretwo
generally helpfulto divide

from with
a
plot
A
into
parts,
be
an
separating
arched made
one
rustic-work.
may
tree
opening, and
if interesting small
a
possibly
seat
rustic
is set in
gate. transversely
a
small under
a
plot may
in
be
one
angle,a
third. centre.
summer-house
The central area may The division between Both for the
a
another, and be turfed, and

suburban
of shrubs in a group sun-dial set in thea is often

a
gardens
low
er wallbeor
fence.
sake
of
privacy and
on
ornament
this should
2,
heightened,and 4 ft. high, as the

Winter
simple plan
case
is to set wooden
the
trellis-work,
may
a
3,
may
be,
top.
other
Ivy, Virginian Creeper,

ramblers fix that then
Jasmine
to
cover
(nudiflorum),and
it.
If cats
are on
be
planted
fish
troublesome
stripof
afford
tanned
no-
netting above
"
the
trellis close
near
light
rods
pussy
support.
Flowers.
and other
are
In
are
gardens
factories
to
large towns
are
Roses
sure
rarely thrive,
to fail.
if there
they
almost
On
the Peas
of
none
Chrysanthemums The members quiteso good, but they are better than Roses. the Pansies and Primula Violas are family are not suitable. do fairly too satisfactory. Dahlias well, but they are rather
hand,
and not
Carnations
do
well.
Sweet
too and to
bulky
with November
a
for
some
suburban
Michaelmas
gardens.
flower
that
should
be
is specialised
the
wise
selection
of The may
inclusive. Geranium
Daisy, for it is remarkably vigorous, from sorts will give bloom September thrive majority (seeAnnuals). The
be made
use
homely
of
Zonal
of, but
not
to the
sion exclu-
all kinds of bulbs succeed hardy plants. Almost (seeBulbs). in where Wallflowers reliable districts not the air are Unfortunately is impure close to largetowns, but they can be grown a little farther out. Hardy ferns may be grown (seeFerns).
Trees and shrubs. the
"
Three
of the
best and
a
deciduous
the
trees
for suburban
gardens are Poplar is very
Plane, the Linden, useful for making
Poplar.
screen,
as a
The
quick
throw
more
if the
Lombardy tops are

may be
cut off a year after planting the side shoots from top to bottom. named the
trees
out
large quantity of
trees the
Of
ornamental
Almond,
the
False
Acacia
and (Robinia),
Laburnum;
best and
the double
evergreens is a yellow-leaved form Fruit. Cordon Pears Morello

an
"
crimson and white Thorns standards. as is the Aucuba, but the Euonymus is also which sometimes
the
The
of all there
good,
to wall
is very
are
cheerful
in winter.
date accommoor
Suburban
gardens
rarely large enough

there
most
much
fruit,but
both be may
is
room
"is a space
suitable
are
on
fence.
trees
(see Fruit) are

chosen. be
form.
too wall
may
Plums
as a
rather
on a
Apples and vigorous. A

or
Cherry
aspect.
if there
grown for them. than
fan bed
fence
with
east
Currants, Gooseberries,
A
and
Raspberries may
may
are
be
be
planted planted.
be
of Strawberries
For
of particulars
troublesome
in suburban
all these, see Fruit. Birds in country gardens, and
not
less
must
crops
protected from them. of space its influence kitchen has the on Vegetables. Want It would if it were even department. desirable, rarely be possible,
"
to
grow
the
large winter
vegetables,
such
as
Brussels
Sprouts
and)
298
best
can
.Kale; in any case they are "odour is offensive,and they

occupy they would "earlyPotatoes may
can
omitted,
be
as so
in
damp
weather
their
bought
to
be
utilised
better
cheaply that the space advantage. A few
and likewise one or is room, if there grown, these, particularly of green Peas, as it is desirable to have two rows and French both fresh. Runner, Beans, the latter, Kidney perfectly of sake for the where getting also worth "are space permits, growing is salading,as class worth Another fresh. 'them thinking about be the
flavour
their
such as Cacti, Aloes, fleshy foliage, Crassulas, Sedums, Sempervivums, and MesemAgaves, Cotyledons,
"
upon Succulents.
of Lettuces, Radishes, Endive, and other salads depends Garden. For details,see Kitchen being quite fresh.
Plants with
.bryanthemums.
Suckers.
"
For
details,see
of shoots
Branches
named. genera the from springing

the
base
of
plants.
-Sulphur." A
:Suinach. Sundew,
" "
good fungicide.
Rhus.
See Mildew.
See
See Drosera.
"
'Sunflower, ^Sun Plant. Sun JRose,

"
See
See
Helianthus. Portulaca. Helianthemum.

"
"
See
Superphosphate.
Swainsona
or
"
See
Manure.
after Mr. Isaac Swainson. (swainso-na, Ord, Leguminosae) Evergreen greenhouse shrubs, the best known with is perhaps galegaefolia, a of which variety of coronillifolia, 6 Colutea ft. to galegae(syn. height 4 purplish flowers in summer, third with like loam a t. tfolia Botanical They 792). Magazine, in is of peat, and sand. summer, Propagation by cuttings Swamp Lily,Peruvian, Zephyranthes Candida, Swan-neck Orchid,Cycnoches, River Daisy,Brachycome iberidifolia. Swan Sweet Alyssum, Alyssum maritimum (syn.Koniga maritima). Sweet Amber, Kypericum Androsaemum. Swainsonia
. "
Sweet Sweet
Basil.
"
See
Kitchen nobilis.
Garden
"
Herbs,
Bay,
Laurus
Rosa Sweetbrier, rubiginosa. Sweet Castanea sativa. Chestnut, Sweet Myrrhis odorata. Cicely, Sweet Sweet Sweet
"
Lime,
Pea.
Citrus
"
medica See
Limetta. Garden
"
Marjoram.
"
Kitchen
Herbs. which So
so
It is
flower garden singular Peas

in these
does
not
are
contain
these
collection
of Sweet
flowers in the
garden, so
that
days. fragrantare they,

be
a
beautiful
admirably
not to
are
they
them,
grow instead of being difficult to manage At the least there should of giant be a mixed row .cheapand easy. " "" beautiful flowers varieties,which have larger and more Spencer than if possible there should the old type; and made be a row up
even
adapted
if
for vases,
it would
and
mistake
they were
expensive
of small
quantitiesof
various
good
named
sorts,
or
set of
clumps
along
ring
in
a a
299
apart in a they are the plants
border.
across
Clumps
look
yard
if
or
by settingplants a charming. They can be sown

made
foot
where raise
to bloom
desired, but
under
a
pots
boxes with
to
good growers the glasstowards

most
preferto
end about
them
out
good
be
ball of soil and
roots
ground ought
under
to them
well
Kitchen
Garden,
When
prepared for them and in advance. Soil)

have
and plant April. The trenching (seeBastard of winter, mid-
Sticks
the
should
and
be
put
be
will
they got up early. may floweringin earnest, soakings of water and liquidmanure given in dry weather; this, with regularpicking of the flowers,
insure
sticks
started
blossom
the
for
spread along
any kind
many surface
weeks. will do
coat
of short
decayed
thrive but
manure
good.
soil.
Sweet is
Peas
in almost do not
of soil when
the
cultivation
thorough,
they
"
give of
The
Etta
their best
in shallow,
are
dry
following Dyke
Curtis Hemus and
and
splendid varieties
of Sweet
Peas:
Nora and
Clara
Primrose
Evelyn
Paradise Marie
Unwin, white. Paradise, cream. C. W. Mrs. Breadmore,
Picotee
euge,
cream
ground.
Ivory,ivory.
ground. Sykes, pale pink. Countess Constance and Oliver, deep pink. Spencer Mrs. and Mrs. Henry Bell, cream-pink. Hugh Dickson Earl Spencer and Stirling Stent, salmon. Zarina, salmon-pink.
Princess Victoria
and Mrs.
Corelli,magenta-rose. Elsie Herbert, Picotee edge, white
Hardcastle
Mrs.
A.
Ireland
and
Arthur
Unwin,
bicolor.
Cherry Ripe and Chrissie Unwin, cerise. Eric Harvey, pink and white. Tennant mauve. Spencer and Helio-paradise,
Asta Mrs.
Ohn
W.
and
Flora
Norton Aurora
J. Unwin
and
flake.
Spencer, blue. Spencer, red
flake.
blue Suffragette, Doris Scarlet Helen Monarch Lewis and Crimson
Burt, cerise-scarlet.
and
George Stark,
scarlet.
Unwin, orange. an*d Maud Holmes, crimson. Nubian and Maroon Paradise, maroon. Mrs. Townsend, white, blue edge.
Edna
Sunproof
The
the
show descriptions
what
Sweet Pea, but the will find who visit Sweet
number Pea
of colours we range of tints is not exhausted,
great
or
have
as
in
those
shows
largetrial
Annuals. Biennials.
grounds.
Sweet
Sweet Sweet
Scabious. Sultan. William.

" "
"
See Scabious. See Centaurea and and
"
See Dianthus
Sycamore.
to
See Acer.
Symphoricarpus, Snowberry (symphoricar-pus,from sumphoreo, bear free-growing Caprifoliaceae).Hardy, together. Ord.

"
shrubs,
the
most
populargf which
is racemosus;
it has
rose
flowers
300
in
"
eaten followed are by white fruits,which by game; early summer, Botanical ft. about 6 racemosa Magazine, (syn. Symphoria height is also grown. Occidentalis t. 2211). They are not fastidious as to soil. Propagation is by suckers or cuttings in autumn. Lilac
Syringa, See ceae)

"
(syrin-ga,from
the
Persian
syrinx.
in
Ord.
Olea-
Lilac.
A
Syringe.
"
garden implement
of
of
much
value
"
hot
weather,
when indeed
that
the
occupants
vineries, Peach
houses,
Orchid
generally,benefit greatly by This walls, and paths, about glass, 3 p.m. In humid all but not creates a atmosphere. refreshing many benefited the plants themselves are cases by syringing. In buying a syringe it is worth while to consider getting one with a spraying
plant houses
houses, and damping down,"
is, syringing the
as
well
as
plainnozzle;
it
can
then
be used
for
applying fungicides
T. Tabernaemonbest of which, useful, owing
and
insecticides. Tabernaemontana
(tabernaemonta-na,
" .
after
J.
tanus.
Ord. and
coronaria
to the
Hothouse shrubs, Apocynaceae) its double variety flore pleno, are

of
the
very
they give in summer. is ft. high. Crispa a fringedvariety of coronaria. They grow 3 to 4 in equal parts, with Fibrous sand, make a good peat and loam in in is inserted heat by cuttings spring or Propagation compost.
autumn under
a
abundance
fragrant white
flowers
that
The bell-glass.
a
be
pinched to
Tacsonia
" .
after
compact flowering,cutting out old

Brilliant
induce
young habit.
plants thus raised should The plants may be trimmed

wood.
flowered
from the Peruvian Ord. PassiTacso. name (tacso-nia, related to the Passigreenhouse climbers, closely floreae) floras. and trained, not too stiftly They look best when tightly, under roof. Van Volxemi or a greenhouse conservatory (syn. is perhaps the most flowers granclis) popular; it has large crimson in summer, and thrives in a cool house (seethe Botanical Magazine, also t. 5571). rather heat likes more crimson, Insignis, (syn. Passiflora insignis Bot. Mag., t. 6069); Manicata (syn. ignea),scarlet with sand and (Bot. Mag., t. 6129), is good. They thrive in loam fourth each of decayed manure leaf mould, and and be should a in out in to A bed should planted preference being kept deep pots. not be made, or the growth will be too luxuriant; in an y case ning thin"
will be needed
now
and
the
then. old wood
The
in
shoots
which
and
have
flowered
should
in
be
cut
back
to
winter,
a
fresh
flowering
shoots
growths
will tend should
will then
a
push.
warm,
Propagation is by cuttings of
close
case or
young
the the
spring,in
to be
under
bell-glass. Syringing
house
keep mealy bug and vaporised with a cone
spiderin check, but fortnightthrough every

Ord.
red
ing grow-
season.
Tagetes, Marigold (tage-tes.
Compositae).
"
The
African
Marigold is T. erecta, and

t.
150); see Marigold and pumila is popular; it grows small yellow flowers in summer
of doors
in and spring,
the French, T. Annuals. The about

a
patula (BotanicalMagazine, variety of T. signata called
foot
high,and
covers
itself with
sown
be grown ; it may will thrive in almost any
from soil.
seed
out
Tamarix,
of
301
Tamaris, the old (tam-arix, tam-arisk, from shrubs for seaValuable side name a Tamariscineae). Chinensis (syn. japonica plumosa branching, of dense habit. is and bears or hardy, pink flowers freely in simply plumosa) quite of gardens) and Gallica summer. africana, parviflora (syns.anglica, has pale the former also and hardy; hispida (syn. kashgarica)are flowers. The variety of hispida pink and the latter carmine-rose is very fine if pruned hard called aestivalis, mauve, spring. every umbellatum and It makes with mixed Liliums a good bed tigrinum. like be The Tamarisks a propagated by sandy soil, and may
Tamarisk
river.
Orel.
"
cuttingsin
is used
for
warm
frame
or
house.
Tanacetum,
Tansy (tanace-tum. garnishing. See Herbs.

in
as a
Ord.
Compositae).
"
The
Tansy
Tangier Pea, Lathyrus tingitanus.

Tar.
"
Useful
tar
gardens,
coal
tar wounds
as
a on
Stockholm
or
dressingfor
preservative of wood, in pruning trees made

See Kitchen Garden
"
excisingcanker.
Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculoides).
"
Herbs. Taxodium
(taxo-dium,
"
Coniferae).
is
a
Deciduous
deciduous,
and taxus, Yew, aides, like. Ord. of most the which, distichum, trees, popular Cypress-like plant, with a thick trunk and swollen
the
from
base, often
and
called
deciduous
and other
nanum
or
pendulum, fastigiatum,
mucronatum
are
are
Cypress; denudatum, swamp varieties. Heterophyllum
to some extent. They speciesgrown like a moist situation, rarely thrivingin hot, dry sites. Propagation is by seeds, cuttings,and layers.
Taxus,
of the
Yew
(tax-us, from
Ord. is T. be
taxon,
"
bow,
in allusion
to the
old
use
wood.
Coniferae). Hardy
sombre, appearance. baccata; there are
if somewhat
interesttrees, of ing, evergreen The Yew of the common varieties

of
churchyard
which may
striped; aurea, yellow; its sub-varieties Dovastoni, drooping, and aureo-pendula and variegata; erecta, upright; fastigiata, pyramidal, the Irish Yew, and and its variegated forms; fructu-luteo, with yellow fruit. T. Canadensis is the Canadian Yew. The Yew has been planted a good deal of late years as an inner hedge plant, and clipped into formal shapes,as in topiary. The drawback to its use as a boundary Small hedge is that it is poisonous to cattle and horses. plants of the variegated Yews look well in the border and in window-boxes. The Yews not particular as to soil. are Propagation is by seed in or spring, cuttings in a frame in summer, layersin autumn. Special varieties are increased by grafting.
argentea,
Tecorna
name.
mentioned
many silver
it, among
tubular flowers
summer,
Tecomaxochili, the Mexican Bignoniaceae) Twining shrubs, with large showy flowers. Grancliflora scarlet,is (syn.Bignonia grandiflora),
a
(teco-ma,
contraction
" .
of
Ord.
nearly hardy,
in should
and
may
be
grown
outside
except
white
in cold red
places; it
flowers
summer.
be grown
Jasminoides, in a greenhouse.
with
and
in
Radicans
(syn. Bignonia
302
Magazine,
of
or
summer,
radicans), scarlet,
t.
is is
an
hardy
on
wall
(see the
a
Botanical
485); praecox
like
early and
and
it.
root
The
Tecomas
sandy loam,
are
variety Thunbergi propagated by seeds
late
cuttings.
its
Haemodoraafter Tecophila. Ord. Tecophilaea (tecophilae-a, bulb, T. Cyanocrocus produces ceae). A pretty Crocus-like
"
blue, white-throated
Leichtlinii and
flowers
are
in
spring on
of it. seed
stems in
about like
a
ins.
high.
while
loamy
dormant.
soil, and
Good
"
Regelii are propagated by

for
varieties
They spring or
light,friable
offsets
rockery
same
or
frame
culture.
Telekia.
t.
See
Buphthalmum.
the
as
3466)
is
zine, speciosa(BotanicalMagaBuphthalmum speciosum, a hardy

"
Telekia
herbaceous Tellima
perennial.
an (tell-ima,
of Miiella. Ord. Saxifrageae) of which, a hardy species grandiflora, unimportant genus, in flowers about ft. with 2 greenish April,growing high, is perennial worth growing. It likes sandy peat. Propagation is by seed or t. 1178. division in spring. See the Botanical Register, anogram
one
.
An
Terraces. necessary, available laid out

as
"
When
house
is built
to
a
on
is sloping ground levelling

a
and
it is not than
unusual
form
or
terrace
in
front
a
of the
be
rooms, principal
more
supported by
one
wall
bank. made. with
With The suitable
large area
may
1;erracemay
the
be
levels
gardens,and
tortoise. flowers
in
wralls
planted
climbers.
Testudinaria
elephantipes, Elephant's
Ord.
in
Foot
" .
testudo, a
a
Dioscoreaceae)
the
A it is
from (testudina-ria, singular plant, with

a
largewoody with yellow

Loam
and
covering to
rootstock;
deciduous
climber
summer, greenhouse. requiring a warm equal parts, with sand, suit. Propagation is by in spring. Syn. Tamus elephantipes cuttings under a bell-glass t. 1347). (Botanical Magazine,
peat
Thalictrum,
green. admired Ord.
as
(thalic-trum, from thallo, to become Ranunculaceae). Hardy herbaceous perennials, for their much for their elegant fern-like foliageas
"
Meadow
Rue
flowers, which,
resembles
summer
however,
is minus
about
are
also
; the
attractive.
The the
,
most
popular
in
perhaps, species,
on
(syn. adiantif
Fern
a
olium)
there
"
foliageof which
are
the Maidenhair stems
yellow
flowers
are
borne
early
foot in
high;
several
varieties.
Anemonoides
t.
Magazine, yellow early spring; and aquilegifolium, purple flowers in early summer (Bot.Mag., t. 1818), grow about a yard high; atropurpureum is a good dark variety of the latter. for the where herbaceous are They border, good they thrive in friable loamy soil. Propagation is by division of the rootstock in 866),
with flowers
(syn. Anemone
thalictroides
Botanical
spring.
Thermometer.
"
An
instrument
for
the registering
There
are
three water
point
of
the Fahrenheit, scales in use; is 32" and the boilingpoint
in which
temperature. the freezing

Reaumur,
or
212";
the
the
freezingpoint
o"
and
boilingpoint 80";
and
Centigrade
scales may
Celsius,freezing point o", boilingpoint
100".
These
be
converted divide into each
other
as
303
follows:
(i)if the temperature be above 1 8" C., by 5, and add 32; (2) if below o" C., bia-t above and subtract divide the result from multiply by 9, by 5, (3)if 32; below 18" C., multiply by 9, divide by 5, and subtract the32 from into Centigrade: (i) if above result, tract (b) Fahrenheit 32" F., sub(2) if below 32" F., but 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9; o" F., add the temperature to 32, multiply by 5, and above dividein the same scale is converted by 9. (c) Reaumur's 4 being way,
" "
heit: (a) Centigrade into Fahrenfreezing(o"C.) multiply by 9^.
used
instead
a
of
5.
a
Thermometers and shaded
should from
the
be
sun.
fixed A
in
"
central'
""
position in
thermometer,
heat
of beds.
"
house,
with
long perforatedtube,
is made
for
plunging testingthe-
the more thepracticewhich becomes necessary thicker the plants come Crowded plants are rarely good (see up. much labour Annuals, Vegetables,Fruit, etc.). Thin sowing saves when the soil is moist. in thinning. Thinning is best done
Thinning.
Thistle.
"
See Carduus
"
and
Cnicus.
Thistle,Globe. Thistle,Melon.
Thomas's Thorn. Thorn
"
See
"
Echinops.
Cactus
"
See
Melocactus.
"
Phosphate Powder.
See
See
Manures
"
Basic
slag.
Crataegus. Stramonium. Apple, Datura

maritima. A
Thrift,Armeria
(HeliothripsAdonidum) whichi and flowers of many indoors and out. foliage plants, and with at intervalscones Vigorous syringing vaporising fortnightly from will to October under it in April subjection. Out glass keep of doors is good (see Paraffin). syringing with a paraffinemulsion Peas sometimes to thripswhen succumb languishingin poor or drysoil. With and manure better fight.. a liquid mulching they make Thuja (Thujopsis). See Thuya.
"
Thrips.
small, lively insect
infests both
the
"
Thunbergia
after (thunber-gia, evergreen

which t.
C. P.
Thunberg.
Ord.
ceae).
"
Beautiful
is
warm-house
climbers.
AcanthaThe most
popular
bears yellow flowers in summer (see the2591); alba, white; and aurantiaca, orange,, varieties of it. Although they are are perennialsthey are best treated as annuals; coccinea, scarlet; erecta (syn.Meyenia erecta. and Bot. Mag., t. 5013),orange blue; fragrans, white, sweet; andi other blue t. are grandiflora, good species. They (Bot.Mag., 2366), be grown against low pillars. Alata is good for hanging may in a cool house. be grown baskets, and may Propagation is by house seeds sown in a warm frame in spring,or by cuttingsin a or
alata,
Botanical
Magazine,
"
warm
case
in
summer. or
decayed
Thunia.
manure
"
with Loam, leaf mould, suits. with
third
of
peat, and
little*
Now Arbor
classed Vitae in
Phaius, which
Ord. Conifer
see. was-
Thuya,
used
as
(thu-ya,from
thyon, sacrifice; the resin
incense
sacrifice.
ae). Hardy
"
evergreen^
304
Conifers,
or one
of
which, occidentalis, is
sometimes
of
the
a
well-known
Arbor There
Vitae
White
Cedar,
grown
as
numerous
varieties
be
it, among
which
are garden hedge. dumosa (syn. pygmaea),
-ericoides, lutea,
nana,
variegata
the
Chinese
variegata,aureo
Dolabrata
these
are
varieties,notably argenteomany variegata, elegantissima, pendula, and pygmaea. is a handsome Thuya, and its variegated form is good; Gigantea is the largest quite good enough for lawn trees. Vitae,
also has
-
may Arbor
mentioned.
aureopendula, argenteo-variegata,and Orientalis Biota (syn. orientalis),
and species,
has
several
varieties. seed
Thuyas
in
a
like fertile, well-drained

in
loamy soil.
in
a
Propagation is by
in
summer.
frame
springand
Ord.
cuttings
frame
Thyme, Thymus
"
(thy-mus, from
used both
common
thuo, to
the
perfume.
and
Labiatae).
garden. garden Thyme, and T. citriodorus the Lemon Garden Thyme (seeKitchen Herbs). T. Serpyllum and its varieties albus, white; atropurpureus, purple; coccineus, red; ianuginosus,woolly; and variegatus, variegated leaves, are used as carpeters on the rockery. They are not particularas to soil. Propagation is by seed in spring,also by cuttingsand division. Thyrsacanthus rutilans (thyrsacan-thus, from thyrse, a thyrse,
T.
Aromatic
shrubs,
the
for
kitchen
flower
vulgarisis
"
and
Acanthus. in
warm
Ord.
Acanthaceae).
"
hothouse winter-flowering about

2
plant, with
loam in
a
scarlet
flowers
in winter,
height
ft. is
Peat
and
equal
case
parts, with
in summer.
sand,
suit.
Propagation
by cuttings
Tiarella
to the
Foam Flower cordifolia, shape of the seed pod.
from (tiarel-la,
Ord. white best
tiara, in reference
"
Saxifrageae).
flowers
ornaments in
beautiful
racemes or
hardy herbaceous
in
with perennial, it is
one
feathery
of the
spring,when Peaty
Botanical
of the
t.
border in
rockery.
See the
soil suits it.
Propagation
1589.
name.
is
by division
spring.
Magazine,
suitable
and
Tibouchina
"
(tibouchi-na,a native
shrubs,
for the
Ord. of
a warm
Melastomaceae).
greenhouse
or
Evergreen
roof
macranconservatory. Elegans is a the best; there are thum), both with purple flowers in summer, and Loam good variety of the latter called floribunda. peat in with suit. is in sand, equal parts, Propagation by cuttings a close case
semidecandra
(syn. Pleroma
in
summer.
"
Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum). See Bulbs. from tigris, and eidos,like. Tigridia, a tiger, Tiger Flower (tigrid-ia,
Ord.
Irideae). See
"
Bulbs.
name. (til-ia, Virgil's
Tilia,Lime,
Lime. Tillandsia Hothouse
and
'
Linden
Ord.
Tiliaceae). See
"
after (tilland-sia,
Dr.
Tillands.
Ord.
Bromeliaceae).
"
Peat richly coloured leaves equal parts, with sand and small crocks, suit. Propain spring. Corallina gation is by suckers (syn. Vriesia corallina) tessellata Lindeni, splendens, and of the few best species. are a evergreens,
and bracts.
with
loam
in
There
are
many
handsome
hybrids, such
as
Duchartrei,
Rex,
and
splendida.
See Daddy-longlegs. Tipula (Daddy-longlegs).
"
305
insects.
Toad. For this
"
A
reason
friend
of the gardener,as it feeds on slugsand it is sometimes put into plant houses. Linaria. Nicotiana. Herr
a
Toadflax.
Tobacco. Todea
"
"
See See
(to-dea, after
in
Tode.
case
requiringto be grown Ferns). Superba is

Tomato the Strictly, and Tools after use,
be
close
the
best.
Filices).Filmy ferns, atmosphere (seeHymenophylloides is also good.

Ord.
a
"
in
saturated
(Lycopersicum
Tomato is
a
esculentum).
"
fruit,but
such
"
it is
more
Kitchen See often used
Garden..
as a
able, vegetcleaned should
is and
accepted as
rubbed
at shows.
Appliances.
over
Garden with
are
tools
should rag.
to
always
The work.
be
and
An
dry.
hoe, draw hoe, Canterbury hoe, trowel, knives, secateurs, billhook, hedge shears, edging shears, and nails, hone wheelbarrow, roller,besom, reel and line, hammer water-cans in sizes, for sharpening, shovel, syringe,lawn-mower, thermometer. hose, dibber, water-barrow,
kinds Dutch
adequate are spade, fork, rake,
set
a greasy essential
tool-shed The
good
cipal prin-
Top-dressing.
"
substitute from the
for
top compost applied. Topiary.

"
soil is removed
contents
inches repotting. Two of a flower-pot, and
of
the-
fresh
shapes.
years, Torch Torch Torenia
"
It is
but
Box, and
pruning of trees and shrubs into fanciful or formal which has enjoyed a revival in recent old practice for general adoption. Yew, is not to be recommended subjects. Holly are the principal
The
an
"
Lily.
Thistle.
See
"
Kniphona.
See Cactus
"
Cereus. Rev. A. Toren. Ord.
Scrophularisuitable for pots perennials, neae). Pretty and i ft.; flava Asiatica, purple,summer, hanging baskets. (syn. ft. dark i throat, summer, y ellow, (Botanical Magazine, Bailloni), Fournieri, purple, blue, and yellow, summer, i ft., t. 6700); and there is of the latter called the most a variety are popular species; and peat in equal parts,with sand, suit. Loam gation Propacompacta. house or frame in spring, is by seeds in a warm or by cuttings.
hothouse herbaceous
after (tore-nia,
the
Gardening. The remarks made under Suburban Gardening gardening,with greater emphasis in the case of certain apply But much There plants, such as Roses. depends upon the town. are fairly large towns, free from factories,where the air is many includingRoses; pure enough to suit the great majority of plants, and small there are where the air is tooothers, numerous large, acid to grow tion. smoky or too charged with plants of delicate constituThe town conditions, gardener, battlingwith unfavourable is wise to concentrate kinds with which he has good prospects, on a few of succeeding. The is notable It will a case. Chrysanthemum
Town
"
to town
thrive
under
conditions
that would
be fatal to Roses, and
is
beautiU
306
ful
can see
plant. interesting
had for six months
and be
By
if
making a choice there is glass. For
of varieties other
town
bloom
plants,
trachelos,
Ord.
Suburban Trachelium
Gardening, p. 296.
caeruleum, Throatwort
to its virtue
" .
from (trache-lium,
of the
the
neck, in allusion
A
2
in diseases
trachea.
Campanulaceae)
about the with seeds ft.
high, with
and
a
greenhouse herbaceous light blue flowers in summer

Album is. a of leaf mould, suits. in spring, frame or by
to induce
a
perennial, growing and autumn (see

variety. Loam,
Botanical sand
in
a
t. 72). Register,
white
fourth
house
or
warm
Propagation is by cuttings in spring;

habit.
young
plants should
Ord.
be
stopped
compact
from trachys, rough, and karpos, (trachycar-pus, Palmae). Fan palms. T. excelsa (syn. Fortunei) is be grown the out of doors as same Chamaerops humilis, and may Martiana in mild, sheltered should be kept in a greenplacesonly. house. Loam, with sand and a third of peat, suits. Propagation
Trachycarpus
.fruit.
"
is
by seeds
in heat.
'Ord.
J. Tradescant. of Commelinaceae) Vigorous herbaceous perennials, one which, zebrina (syn.Zebrina pendula) is a great favourite for hanging
"
after Tradescantia, Spiderwort (tradescan-tia,

.
baskets;
Tooms;
it may
be
grown
in
pots
stood
foliageis prettilystriped,and water and it grows shoot forms a new luxuriantly, it at every broken therefore be tip; propagated readily by may cuttings. Reginae also has pretty leaves. Virginiana (syn. Viris the popular hardy Spiderwort; it grows about a foot high, ginica) -and has blue flowers in spring (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 105); there several and are white double. varietes, including a a They will thrive in ordinary soil,and are propagated by division in spring.
given sufficient Tragopogon,
Ord. with Pratensis is the
in
its
in ornamental in vases its habit pendulous; if
Goat's
"
Beard
Compositae).
yellow flowers
Porrifolium in late
common
(tragopo-gon,from tragos, a goat. is the Salsify(seeKitchen Garden). Both are biennials, Shepherd's Clock. spring. Ordinary soil. Propagation is
Vitalba.
"by seed
Tree Tree Trees.
spring. Joy, Clematis

Lavatera Ailantus Garden. arborea.
Traveller's
Mallow,
of
"
Heaven,
See
"
glandulosa.
Flower
Trefoil. Trellis.
useful "covered be
"
See
Trifolium.
for
The
Expanding wooden forming screens

climbers
as
trellis,which
and shelters
as
seedsmen
supply,
It should
is
with
speedily
be
secured
trellis should
or
quickly. ness. possible,to take off the stiffto strong uprights, and should
be
painted green
creosoted. Kitchen Garden.
Trenching.
"
See
Trichinium
(trichin-ium, from
trichinos, hairy.
little
Ord.
Amaran-
taceae).
"
T.
Manglesi
is
charming
greenhouse
perennial,
growing
root
a
307
in
bare
foot
It likes loam
and
a
cuttingsin
soft, in
one
high, and bearing fluffypink flowers peat in equal parts. Propagation is by in spring. frame house or warm
Fern to
June.
or
seeds
Trichomanes,
manos,
Bristle allusion
most
from (trichom-anes,
the stems.
thrix, a hair, and
Ord.
Filices). Beautiful
"
ferns, popular Fern, a wilding in Ireland; Andrewsii,

varieties Fibrous
of
of the
of which humid
it.
They
like
over
is radicans, the Killarney are crispum, and dilatatum shade. atmosphere, with
of
peat
the
a
suits them,
abundance
drainage. kyrtos,convex,
most
from Tricyrtis(tricyr-tis, to
treis, three, and
in allusion
sepals.
Ord.
Liliaceae).
"
The
popular speciesis
hirta,
flowers the
hardy
herbaceous
is
perennial,with
white, purple-spotted
in autumn, rockery, and
Botanical
height about 2 ft. It thrives in sandy soil on propagated by division in spring. See the Magazine, t. 5355.
"
low
one-third, in allusion to the Trientalis, Wintergreen (trienta-lis, A small of hardy herbaceous Ord. Primulaceae). height. genus in for of the s uitable a shady part rockery, loamy perennials,
Americana grow about
and
9
soil.
and under
europaea ins. high.
both
have
white
is
flowers
in summer,
or
Propagation
by
seed
division
glassin
spring.
three, and folium,a leaf treis,
" .
from Trifolium,Trefoil (trifo-lium,

three-leaved.
more
"
"
Ord.
as
important good enough for the cum, yellow and white,

the
farm
The Clovers of course, are, Leguminosae) than two but one or are as garden plants, and rockery, notably alpinum, pink; pannoniboth
early summer
bloomers.
Hybridum
is
Alsike, and repens the white Clover; the latter is often used as Shamrock, although the yellow suckling,minus, has perhaps better claims. They grow in ordinary soil,and are propagated by seed
in
spring. Trillium, Wood

three in from trilix, Lily (tnll-ium, triple, petals. Ord. Liliaceae). See Bulbs.
"
allusion
to
the
Triteleia (tritele-ia, from treis, three, and teleios, complete; parts of flower in threes. Ord. Liliaceae). These included bulbs are now the the with Brodiaeas most Uniflora, by botanists. popular
"
has species,
lilac flowers
in
spring; height 3
ins.
See Bulbs.
"
Triticum, Wheat,
genus includes a troublesome Tritoma. Tritonia different
"
Couch
a one
beneficent
in repens.
(trlt-icum. Ord. Gramineae). Plant; plant in vulgare,the Wheat

See Couch Grass.
This and
See
Kniphofia.
triton,a weathercock,
stamens.
from (trito-nia, directions

of the
in allusion
"
to
the
Ord.
Irideae).
trol, round.
See
Bulbs. Ranun-
Globe Trollius,
Flower
from (troll-ius,
Ord.
culaceae).
"
orange
has
or
Useful in flowers
dark
hardy herbaceous plants, with bright yellow or spring. Asiaticus (Botanical Magazine, t. 235) yellow and europaeus pale yellow flowers in late spring
are
early
summer,
of both;
18 ins. There height about aurantiacus is a deep-colouredform
several
varieties
of
asiaticus; albidus,
U2
308
Newry
grow
in is
Giant, and Flore pleno are but like a moist most soils,
forms
clayey
of europaeus. or boggy mould.
They will gation Propa-
by
division
in autumn.
Nasturtium Cress, Garden (tropae-olum, Tropaeolum, Indian We Ord. under saw Geraniaceae) tropaion, a trophy. that that generic name Nasturtium Cress, belongs to the Water are and that the garden Nasturtiums really Tropaeolums. The includes both and is a tender, hardy and large one, genus
from
" .
annual
"
and
718 syns. a nearly hardy

in
perennial species. Aduncum canariense and peregrinum)

annual raised
from seed Azureum
is
in
t. (Botanical Register, the Canary Creeper,

a
greenhouse
t.
or
frame
a 3985) (BotanicalMagazine, spring. house greenbloomer; grandiflorum is a large perennial,blue, autumn variety. Jarrattiiis also a greenhouse perennial, with orange Lobbianum flowers. (Bot. Mag., t. 4097) is a scarlet greenhouse the tall there varieties. are are annual; Majus and minus many and Nasturtiums annual dwarf hardy (seeAnnuals). Polyphyllum (Bot. Mag., t. 4042) is a prostrate hardy perennial with yellow flowers; it likes a sunny spot in the rockery. Speciosum (Bot. the beautiful Flame is t. Nasturtium, a hardy peren4323) Mag., nial,
is
which colorum is
a
thrives
in
Scotland be
and
other
moist
climates.
Tri-
hardy perennialwith
scarlet lifted
and and
tuberous-rooted
species should
flowers. The orange in autumn; stored

are
they
seed
The be propagated by division. may in spring. All thrive in friable loam. A useful
annuals
raised
from
Trowel." shifted
without
"
transplantingtool, shaking the soil from the

edible shade
with
roots.
which
plants can
surface with
the
be
Truffles.
An
fungus, growing
of Beech
beneath
the
of the aid of
soil,often
small
in the
trees, and
found
trained
dogs.
"
Trumpet
Truss.
common
"
Flower. An umbel
See
Bignonia.
flower
stem
of flowers, each
springingfrom
centre.
Tsuga
(tsu-ga,the
Japanese
name.
Ord.
Coniferae). Hardy
"
Canadensis (syns.Abies, Picea, and Pinus canadensis) evergreens. is the Hemlock garden varieties, of which Spruce; there are many few of the best are a drooping; albo-spica, white-tipped; gracilis, and
and
nana,
A.
Hookeriana, Mertensiana Mertensiana), and Pattoniana,

are
dwarf.
(syns.Abies
the
Albertiana Hemlock
as
Californian
is the
same
Spruce,
Pines. Tuber.
also
popular
kinds.
The
culture
for
See Pinus.
"
An
underground
stem
containingbuds,
"
e.g., the
Potato.
Tuberose
(Polianthes tuberosa).
See
Bulbs. turban. Ord.
from Tulip,Tulipa (tu-lipa,

"
thoulyban,a
"
Liliaceae).
See Bulbs.
Tulip, Butterfly.
"
See
Bulbs
Calochortus
lilacinus.
Tulip Tree, Liriodendron
tulipifera.
Tunica
"
309
from tunica, a coat, in allusion to the Saxifraga(tu-nica, calyx. Ord. Caryophylleae). A pretty hardy perennial for the in summer. It likes sandy loam* white flowers rockery, with in is seed Propagation spring. by Turf.
"
See
"
Flower
Garden
"
Grass.
Turnip.
Ord.
See
Kitchen
Garden.
from tussis, a cough. (tussila-go, in gardens, with weed broad, thick, round leaves and yellow flowers in spring; it should be kept under strict subjection. The Winter Heliotrope, Tussilagofragrans, is now called Petasites fragrans. See Petasites.
Tussilago Farfara, Coltsfoot
Compositae).
"
troublesome
Tutsan, Hypericum
name.
Androsaemum.
Mace (ty-pha,the Greek the British Typhaceae). Aquatics, of which latifolia, in Reed summer. Mace, has long, reddish Angustifoliais spikes cut winter smaller. Both for decoration. be They like early may marshy ground, and may be propagated by division in spring. Ord.
"
Typha, Bulrush, Cat-o' -nine-tail,Reed
Ulex, Furze, Gorse, Whin

" .
from (u-lex, with for
Leguminosae) Hardy evergreens, growing on sandy heaths, in bloom is the popular species;11ore plenois a
to
point. Ord. well suited spiny foliage, months. Europaeus many

form
the
Celtic ac,
double Nanus from
another
variety, is the
The
common are
Irish Furze. Furze

is raised
is
of it; and strictus, small species, also in
yellow. pleno and

See Elm.
seed
a
spring.
Flore
erectus
propagated by cuttingsin
the
frame
in autumn.
"
Ulmus, Elm
Umbilicus. Umbrella
(ul-mus,from
See
Celtic
ulm.
Ord.
Urticaceae).
"
Cotyledon.
Pine, Sciadopitysverticillata.
Clibrani
"
A (urceo-charis.Ord. Amaryllideae). and Eucharis Urceolina pendula, with grandiflora hybrid between white drooping flowers in spring and summer, height 18 ins. For
Urceocharis
culture,
to
see
Eucharis. from urceolus, a small cup, in allusion pendula (urceoli-na, nectary. Ord. Amaryllideae). A pretty greenhouse
"
Urceolina
the
small
bulb, with
drooping
Loam and offsets
umbels while
of
early summer. Propagation

Magazine,
t.
leaf soil in
flowers in yellow green with sand, suit. equal parts, and See
the
is by 5464.
dormant.
Botanical
Utricularia, Bladderwort
bottle, so called
" .
from (utricula-ria,
of the small
utriculus,
on
small
Ord.
on
account An
bodies
the
leaves.
Lentibularieae) interesting embracing aquatic species genus, provided with small pitchers,which capture and feed on small insects. Montana (BotanicalMagazine, t. 5923), with white and in flowers It may summer, height 6 ins.,is the best known. yellow in Sphagnum in be grown and fibrous moss a peat hanging basket house in a warm so long as it is provided with largequantitiesof water. Propagation is by division while dormant.
31Q
Blackberry, Huckleberry, Bilberry, Cranberry, Vaccinium, A large genus Whortleberry (vac-cm-ium. Ord. Vacciniaceae)." and small trees, producing edible berries. of hardy shrubs Corymand bluishflowers t. white black bbsurn (Botanical 3433), Magazine,
rose berries; Myrtillus, or
fruits, the
are
berry, Blackfruits,the Bilberry, and red Vitis-Idaea, pink flowers and Whortleberry; All Cowberry or Flowering Box, are the best known.
flowers and
blue
deciduous
except
the
last, which
seed
sandy peat.
Propagation is by
Polemonium Centranthus
is evergreen. in spring.
They
thrive
in
Valerian, Greek, Valerian,Red,
caeruleum. ruber.
Valeriana, Valerian
rose,
after Valerius, who cinally. used it medi(valeria-na, Ord. Valerianeae). allied to Centranthus. Dioica, Closely is the Marsh, and officinalis, heal; Allthe Common Valerian or pink, in flower soil. summer. they Ordinary Propagation by
"
seed
or
division.
after spiralis (vallisne-ria,
"
Vallisneria like leaves is unusual.

and
Hydrocharideae)
.
An
Signer Vallisneri. interesting half-hardy aquatic, with

in
summer. are
Ord.
white The which
flowers
The
at
system
of the
grassof fertilisation
male
when
flowers
the
base
plant, in
female
the
water,
come
from
to the
they
rise to
the
surface.
The
flowers
surface The
ready
bottom
they
-of the
are
lowered
to the
for fertilisation, after which process of the water contraction by the spiral
stems.
plant
of about
45".
in a tub in a winter be grown is seeds division. or by Propagation
may
ture temperaOrd.
after M. Vallota, Scarborough Lily (vallo-ta, Amaryllideae) A popular greenhouse bulb, with
"
P.
Vallot.
in
summer,
Vallota
or
nice
summer,
greenhouse
in
purpurea window
brightred flowers about ft. 2 a high, and makes grows in be potted plant. It should early
sand, but
equal parts of loam and leaf soil,with a good deal of repottingshould be avoided; it is better to topdress and give liquidmanure. Propagation is by offsets. Magnifica and A great deal of water will be major are large varieties. needed in summer. (Botanical Magazine, Syn. Amaryllis purpurea t. 1430).
annual Vanda
(van-da,
leaves,
the
Sanskrit
name.
Ord.
erect
Orchidaceae).
"
A
curved re-
largegenus
of hothouse
Orchids, mostly with
stems,
thick,
and in racemes. Caerulea is a beautiful flowers with blue in flowers species, autumn, large pale height 2 to 3 ft.; Fowleriana is a fine variety of it. Sanderiana, pink, yellow, and
crimson,
which
immense 3 ft., summer, albata is a good white
flowers, is
splendid plant, of
various
is very colours, 6 to 8 ft., autumn, jsine,t. 5174); Chatsworth, flava, Teres,white, rose, and magenta, 3 to is
ground variety. Suavis, fragrant (seethe Botanical

and 6 rubra
are
Maga-
three
varieties.
popular.
and
Other tricolor.
liana,
good species are They like a
ft., spring(Bot. Mag., t. 41 14), KimbalAmesiana, insignis,

mixture of
fibrous
peat
and
of crocks. abundance over Sphagnum their making growth, except teres, and
They
likewise
enjoy
shade
when of root
abundance
and
1 1
should be given when little water atmospheric moisture; growth is complete. Propagation is by basal growths, with roots several hybrid Vandas, for which a modern There see attached. are
work
on
Orchids.
"
Vegetable Marrow.
Vegetable Garden.
Veltheimia
"
See See
Kitchen Kitchen
Garden. Garden.
"
Veltheim. Ord. Liliaceae). after Herr (veltheim-ia, of which, viridifolia (syn.Aletris Greenhouse bulbs, only one species it has thick, t. is much Botanical Magazine, 501), grown; capensis in window. well and does leaves a room Sandy loam shininggreen suits. Propagation is by offsets.
"
Venidium
(venid-ium.
and
see
Ord. black
Compositae).
"
small
genus,
the
member best-known with annual yellow

1
of which
is calendulaceum flowers in
summer,
(syn.fugax),a hardy height about
8 ins.
For
culture,
"
Annuals.
Ventilation. Venus Venus Venus

's
See
Greenhouse.
Fly-trap,Dionaea
muscipula.
's 's
Looking-glass, SpeculariaSpeculum. Navelwort, Omphalodes

Hellebore
to the
verna.
Veratrum, False
black,
in
(vera-trum,from
colour of the
roots.
vere,
allusion
truly,and aterr Ord. Liliaceae).

"
perennials. Album, white flowers in summer, to Magazine, t. 963), dark purple; and 5 ft.; nigrum (Botanical 3 the most to are viride, green, summer, viride), 4 ft. (syn.album 3 White Hellebore The powder used for killing caterpillars grown. soil Good friable album. or is prepared from loamy clay is liked. division in spring. Propagation is by seed or
Hardy
herbaceous
(verbas-cum, from barbascum, bearded, in Ord. Scrophularineae) Hardy biennials and herbaceous or sub-shrubs, mostly with yellow flowers perennials in summer. Chaixii, 3 ft.; cupreum, 3 ft. (Botanical coppery, and t. a biennial; ft., phoeniceum 1226); olympicum, 5 Magazine, several varieties,are the best species. Mag., t. 885),violet, 3 ft., (Bot. Ordinary soil. Propagation by seeds, and in the case of the perennials also by division in spring.
Verbascum,
to
Mullein
allusion
the
stamens.
"
from the Celtic Ferfain. Ord. Ver(verbe-na, and by specialised fragrant flowers, once benaceae). Beautiful
Verbena, Vervain
"
florists and restricted

two
grown
to the
pots under varietal flower garden, and grown

in
names,
but
now
generally
seed.
from
mixed
Only
are:
of the
many
speciesare
a
foot high, hardy mauve, and varieties the in rosea are and flowering (see compacta summer; Botanical (Bot.Mag., t. 3127),rosyMagazine, t. 308); (2) venosa much used a half-hardy herbaceous perennial, lilac,i ft.,summer, account of its free blooming and distinct and borders on in beds tender best treated are as The colour. annuals, hybrid Verbenas
(i) Aubletia,
to any extent, and grown biennial growing about a
they
being
raised
and
from
seed
in
heat
in
winter, pricked off in boxes,
hardened,
planted out
18 ins.
apart in earlysummer;
they
will
3
are
1 2
in any
are
fertile soil.
the flower
thrive
these
There
; Ellen
are
several
named
varieties
which
good for
garden
and
"
and
Adonis, crimson
of Whites, Lemon-scented.
from true come seed; among Willmott, pink ; Princess of Wales,
violet; Queen
King. Verbena, Lippia citriodora. Veronica, Speedwell (veron-ica. Ord. Scrophularineae). A

See
"
Scarlet
large genus
poor
there soil.
of herbs
and the
2
shrubs, mostly hardy,

best of
the
and
very able to thrive on
Among
and
in
blue, gentianoides,
are
ft.,early summer
hardy herbaceous species are (BotanicalMagazine, t. 1002),
varieties ; incana, violet,forms variegated-leaved a silvery early summer; subsessilis, blue, summer, carpet longifolia there is a blue, i ft.,summer, 3 ft.; repens, creeper, blue; spicata, white forms is a dubia a variety; Teucrium, blue, summer, carpet, of and to ft. These it; white, Virginica, summer, variety 4 3 may all be propagated by seed or springdivision. The following are a few and sub-shrubs: of the best of the shrubs Andersoni, purple, late not is summer, ft., hardy, quite variegata a form of it; Bidwillii, 3 blue and white, summer, violet, summer, prostrate; cupressoides, much in the rock garden for its foliage i to 3 ft., and habit; grown half hardy, the leaves have a buff tint in white, summer, epacridea, has i to 2 Hectori, lilac, autumn; ft.,the foliage a summer, pretty buff tint in autumn; 2 w hite, ft., glaucous summer, pinguifolia, Bot. Mag., tt. 6147 and foliage (syn. carnosula 6587); saxatilis, 6 ins.,alba and the Rock ties varierosea are Speedwell,blue, summer, of it; speciosa,purplish-blue, spring, 2 to 3 ft., half hardy, (Bot.Mag., t. 4075) ; and Traversii, white, summer, evergreen 3 to 6 ft. (Bot.Mag., t. 6390). Chamaedrys is the Germander Speedwell. 6 ins., is a hardy annual; it has a Syriaca, blue, early summer, white The the of herbaceous variety,alba. propagation speciesis in by division or seed in spring; of the shrubs a by cuttings sandy mixture of peat and loam in under a hand-light ; spring or summer and of the annuals like limestone by seed in spring. The Veronicas
"
white
soil. Vervain. Vetch.

" "
See Verbena.
See
Vicia.
"
Vetch, Bitter.
See Orobus.
Vetch, Chickling, Lathyrus sativus. See Coronilla. Vetch, Crown. See Astragalus. Vetch, Milk.
" "
Viburnum,
to
a use
Guelder the
Rose
(vibur-num, from
Ord.
veio, to tie, referring

"
of
shoots.
Caprif oliaceae)
.
large genus
deciduous.
of
shrubs
and
small
trees, some
hardy
and
or
Opulus is the common a superiorgarden form form a variegated-leaved

are
Guelder in which
of
Rose
evergreen, Snowball
flowers also
a
others
all the
Opulus, and
Tinus
Tree, and sterile are sterile; there is these dwarf, nanum;

t.
hardy deciduous
shrubs.
(Botanical Magazine,
38)
is
the Laurustinus, a hardy evergreen, with white and flowers in rose from ft. high, and winter; it makes 8 autumn useful shrub a 4 to and is compact in habit ; there are several gated. forms, includinga varie-
Plicatum,
strictlytomentosum
plicatum,
is
splendid
deciduous shrub
foregoingare
in spring. The 4 to 6 ft. high, with sterile flowers the Waybut Lantana, the best of the Viburnums, faring
Tree of the species,with white hedges, is an interesting Lantanoides is the dark berries in autumn. flowers in spring and not The Viburnums are as American particular Wayfaring Tree. The Laurustinus will loam. Plicatum to soil. enjoys peat and thrive almost under
anywhere
be
a
; it forces
well in winter, in
a
as
does
the
Guelder
Rose;
they may
potted-up hand-lightin autumn

Tare
the
in autumn.
Propagation
shady border,
genus,
one or
is
by
to
tings cut-
by layers.
the of
Vicia,Vetch,
tendrils. Ord.
(vic-ia,from
" .
vincio, to bind,
A
in allusion
Leguminosae)
Broad
useful
member
which,
Faba,
soil.
Garden). Ordinary
Victoria
Cracca
in demand Bean, is much is the Cow Vetch, lathyroidesthe seed.
(see Kitchen Spring Vetch.
Propagation is by
" .
Ord. after the' late Queen Victoria. Regia (victor-ia, with A rimmed noble hothouse enormous aquatic, Nymphaeaceae) cases are leaves, which in some capable of supporting a fairlyheavy and white or rosy-whiteflowers a foot across (seethe Botanical man, the river Amazon. It is It from tt. came 4275, 4278). Magazine, only suitable for large places. Propagation is by seed put into a
pot of loamy
smaller species,
soil and
both in in
a
kept
in
warm
water.
Trickeri otherwise
is
newer
leaf and cooler
bloom,
but
resembling
regia; it will
the
thrive
house.
from vinculum, a band, in allusion to (vin-ca, Ord. Useful Apocynaceae) long, tough evergreens, of which, major, purple, summer, the hardy members 2 ft.; and for trees under and in i ft., are minor, blue, summer, good planting There other is of useful form a shady places. major. variegated They are not particularas to soil. Propagation is by division or cuttings in a shady place in spring.
Vinca, Periwinkle
shoots.
"
Vine.
"
See
Fruit
"
Grapes,
also Vitis.
Viola, Violet, Pansy

the
(vi-ola,
Ord.
more
Latin original
"
name.
Violaceae) flowers than delightful Viola, for it gives us

.
We
have
few
the the
little
sweet
Violet
of
the
hedgerows,
which
.
the
largevarieties
frames
"
we
force in
the
_.
for
. ,
winter
"
bloom,
which
we
tufted
PROPAGATING
use
VIOLETS
FLOWERING.
BY
DIVISION
AFTER
Pansies
and
for beds
borders, and
our
many
for charming species

in
rock
gardens.
"
All classes
should
be grown
gardens.
be planted a foot apart Violets (Violaodorata). These Sweet may and of manure leaves hotbed of in a foot good loamy soil spread on a if and in autumn, in September. kept They will begin to bloom oif liable to until are and will flower They on spring. go healthy
314
wrong
through
are an
attack
If
of red
show
they
kept
is fine.
supplied with
they
doses if
water
spider,but that rarely happens if the as required,and air when

weakness
weather
lifted and
signs of
varieties
a
they
In
may
be
lated stimumay be
with
weekly
divided,
in
of
liquidmanure.
cool into
and
spring they
they
and
in
are
of tufted
habit, the portions
being planted
establish
rich
soil in grow
themselves
not
they will soon place, where forcingplants by September.

soil in
a
They
Some
will sorts
thrive
out
hot, dry, poor

these
sun-scorched
spot.
the
throw
runners,
be Violets should rooted. and transplanted when in shady, cool parts of the established garden and left to flower are splendidvarieties of the Sweet Violet : naturally. The following
"
may Colonies of
be
pegged
to
soil
Comte Kaiser La
de
Brazza, double
white
Marie
Wilhelm,
singlepurple
Louise, double lavender of Wales, Princess large single

blue
violet France, single The
Pansies are Roses, good for carpetingbeds of standard tufted for mixing with or bedding plants; also for forming margins. If all the weekly, they will bloom put out in April,and picked over in be autumn by cuttings,like summer. They may propagated For and select varieties, see Pansy. other notes the largerPansies. A few species Viola tricolor is the Pansy or Heart' s-ease (see Pansy) of Viola are charming for the rockery, notably biflora,yellow,early summer, 3 ins. (Botanical Magazine, t. 2089); calcarata, blue, 6 cornuta, blue, late spring,6 ins. (Bot.Mag., t. 791); ins.; spring, cucullata, violet, spring, 6 ins. (Bot. Mag., t. 1795); gracilisr purple,6 ins., spring; and pedata, blue, spring,6 ins. (Bot. Mag., white varieties of several. t. 89). There are They will thrive in
.
most
soils,if
not
hot
and
dry,
but
fertile,friable
in
loam
is best.
winter warm a Propagation is by seed under and to off out; by planting hardening preparatory pricking in in in spring, and autumn. frame a by cuttings early ionantha. African, Saintpaulia Violet, Violet,Bog, Pinguicula. Violet,Dame's, Hesperis matronalis.
glass in
house,
division
Violet,Dog's, Viola canina. Violet,Dog's Tooth, Erythronium Dens Violet,Water, Hottonia palustris. Echium. Viper's Bugloss, Viper's Grass, Scorzonera hispanica.
Cam's.
VirginianCowslip,Mertensia VirginianCreeper. This is

"
the
virginica. Ampelopsis
hederacea
name as
"
or
Vitis in-
constans
of the
Virginian
Veitchii. less that
autumn exude
botanists; the latter is the modern was formerly known Creeper, which
a
of Veitch's
Ampelopsis
It is
much
better
plant than
means
rampant
a
; it
clingsclosely by
of resin and
than that
kind
give it a
less coarse, hederacea shoots of small, sucker-like The tighthold on masonry.

A.
is foliage
smaller
in
of hederacea,
are a
and
turns
bright red
thrive
in
before
falling. The
VirginianCreepers will good

while
soils,but
shallow, dry soils they
in most gettingestab-
lished unless
3
manure.
5
in
provided with
colour best
a on
capaciouspocket of
a
loam
and may
They
from
grow
and
south
aspect.
Plants
be
put
pots up to May. See Clematis. Virgin's Bower. Rock from viscus,birdlime, in allusion Viscaria, Lychnis (visca-ria, Ord. Caryophylleae) The to the sticky stems. Viscarias are now linked with the Lychnises by botanists, but seedsmen offer cardi" " .
nalis, caerulea, and culture, see Annuals
oculata, which
"
grow
about
foot
high. owing
" .
For
Hardy.
(vis-cum,
in
the
Viscum,
the
Mistletoe
from
viscus, birdlime,
Ord.
to
glutinous matter
berries.
Loranthaceae)
See
Mistletoe. from the Celtic swyd or vid. Ord. Ampelideae). (vi-tis, shrubs. Vinifera is the climbing Grape Vine (see genus Inconstans and Fruit). (syns.Veitchii, tricuspidata, japonica of gardens) is the small-leaved VirginianCreeper (which see). Coignetiae is a fine species, with large leaves that assume a rich colour in autumn. is sweet, and has purplishfruits. Labrusca Henryana, is red in autumn. lines, 5-lobed, green leaves with white They are good for trellises and pergolas. They will thrive in any fertile, well-drained loamy soil. Propagation is by cuttings.
"
Vine Vitis,
A
of
Vriesia.
"
See
Tillandsia.
Wahlenbergia
" .
Campanulaceae) being grown. species

include 6
(wahlenber-gia, after Dr. A large but unimportant

These ceous herba-
Wahlenberg. only genus,
Ord.
a
few
mer, Kitaibelii, blue, sum-
ins.,
hardy
(Botanical
6
perennial; saxicola t. Magazine,

summer,
A The
BADLY MADE
6613), lilac, early
WALK.
half hardy ," and ins., folia,violet, summer,

a
tenui6
ins.,
material is alike throughout; the path is flat, and there is no drainage.
soil. and
hardy perennial.Ordinary Propagation by seeds

division Herr
in
Waldsteinia after Ord. genus, grown

von
spring. (waldstei-nia,
Waldstein.
"
Rosaceae). A small being only two species

much;
these
are
fra-
zine, garioides(Botanical Magat. 1567),yellow, early Dalibarda i ft. (syn. summer, and trifolia, ; fragarioides) 6 ins.,a nice yellow,spring, rock plant. Ordinary soil. is by seed or Propagation division in spring.
Walks.
a
"
How
TO 2.
DRAIN
WALK.
3. Rubble.
Main
drain.
Small drain. 4. Gravel.

are
Good
walks
are
great advantage
preparing a
garden. bed, laying on g-in.-deep

in
the
They
best
made
by
chalk,
well-rammed
stone,
3
or
with
set
flint bound
on a
clinkers, and
to coat
surfaced the sides
with with
at
ins. of hot
tar
gravel.
to
If the
slope
and water
it is well down
to
same
take ft. to The in to
water,
the
trapped
take-away
level, and
which
or
drains laid
be
carry
3 -in.
tile drains pegs
in
10 every the bed.
edges should be on the get the proper level to

6-ft.
narrower.
should
be
driven
the
path,
walk the be be
and
half width
to
an
centre, inch more of
3 ins. higher in a may less for every foot wider or vary

more
The
has
must,
The
course,
with
care
the
traffic. be
If
the with
carry foundation.
watered
once
heavy gravel
or
vehicles
should after
taken Leaves
should
be
rolled Grass
rain, and
should
should should
twice
paths regularlyswept up flower beds provided wherever possible, especially among herbaceous borders. See Flower Garden. principal
Wall
"
year in autumn.
with
weed-killer.
be the
and
Cress,Arabis. Wallflower Ord. able (Cheiranthus Cheiri. Cruciferae). An invaluhardy plant, best treated as a biennial, floweringprofuselyin out of doors the previous June, rich in colour, springfrom seed sown
and
scented. deliciously
than
on
It will thrive
in most
in town
and soils,
on
never
does
and
better
limestone, which
it loves; it will grow
banks The
quite happy, however, gardens. thinly in late spring,the plants thinned, and put in summer; out 9 ins. apart during showery weather they can then be left without the until when autumn, anxiety places can be found for them in beds and A borders. the patch should be planted near be fully enjoyed; the soil should be house, so that the perfume can but will not the should too or manured, "dug, They plants get gross. be lifted with balls of soil about the roots. The single Wallflowers
should be
sown are
walls.
It is not
seed
hardier
than
the
doubles.
Blood-red, yellow, old gold, brown,

be
and purple,apricot,
ruby
blooms
can
bought
year
in
separate
if
sown
colours.
The
Annual Old
Wallflower
the
same
in
early spring.
Castle, yellow, is good for walls.
Wall Wall Wall Walls. best The
Pennywort, Cotyledon Umbilicus. acre. Pepper, Sedum Rue, Asplenium Ruta-muraria.

"
It has
been of
pointed
a
out
(seeFences)
that
wall
is the
most garden, but likewise expensive. will outweigh the drawback of extra cost where it is desired to have houses and for a or trees, support glass to form borders. sheltered In large places it is common to find the place protected with outside fence, and an inner wall built to an make enclosure for glass, an fruit,and vegetables. If the wall has to support largehouses it must be at least 10 ft. high and well buttressed, the full but it is not necessary to maintain height all round. the
enclosingline for
a
advantages
wall
A be
6-ft. wall
made
is very
the for
useful.
Borders
those
on
from
the
10
to
20
ft. wide
and west
should
will be useful
aspects A brick wall with a coping looks well. early crops. Finials over the gate pillars Builders are give a neat appearance. for erecting walls. Flat-trained always ready to give estimates trees the be planted to cover faces. Wall may gardening now
the
attention
along
wall,
and
south
êngages
of many
flower
lovers;
in
some
cases
such
plants as
317
Sedums, Pinks, Sempervivums, Wallflowers, Corydalises, Arabises, Aubrietias, Alyssum saxatile, Cerastiums, Valerian, and
encrusted seeds into
Saxifrages are
chinks;
in
established
merely by sprinklinga
are
few
to A
un-
others
spikes
driven
are
into
the
wall of
flattish stones, on which support made bank be beautiful by steep may mortared stones against its face, and small
Campanulas, pretty things,will thrive. with climbing plants. See

Walnut. Wardian it
can
"
above,
with
Hutchinsia Walls Fruit

are
plants making a rough wall here all the plants Alpina, and many
also adorned with
established.
named
other
fruit and
and
Climbers.
See Case.
"
Juglans.
This is useful for
kept close, so that delicate plants are not changes of temperature. We occasionally
be
a room
sending plants from abroad, injured by
for quent fre-
see
it in
window,
was a
but
less
frequentlythan
of
our
of yore.
to
a
It
favourite and
device
to
an a
fathers forewith of
block
case
the
approach
live in
window
largeplant
atmosphere
a
mustiness.
case
Given
abundance
of space
Wardian
planted with ferns has good claims to a Provision should be place in a shady window. for made drawing off surplus water. these When Wasps. present in large numbers
"
are
great
and to
trial to
do
a
houses
gardeners; they enter fruit It is a good deal of damage.
A One
TRAP
FOR
WASPS.
mistake
houses
put
the the
bottles
with from
in or near of syrup the object of drawing the wasps

the
handlight is fitted over another, with

a
away should Pieces with be
fruit, as
sugary
attracts
the to garden. wasps be killed when they appear

of
preparation Queen wasps in the spring.

the
lators. venti-
hole
in A beer the
the
saucer
or
lower of
one.
sour
draws
syrup in. wasps
fine Nests
canvas
may
or a
put may be sought for, marked,

over
be
and
attacked and
boilingtar,
pushed
in and
lightedsquib
hole
of
gunpowder
with from
at night sulphur may
the to
stopped
the
damp
earth
after
the
explosionin order
Water Water Water Water Water Water
prevent
fumes
escaping.
Aloe, Archer, Sagittaria sagittifolia. rivale. Avens, Geum Bean, Nelumbium.

Cress.
"
Stratiotes
aloides.
See
Kitchen
Garden
and
Nasturtium.
Flag, Iris Pseudacorus. umbellatus. Water Gladiole,Butomus The Watering. watering of plants has a great bearing on their if they are in pots, and should be studied health, particularly by cultivators. be assumed that every needs It may water when plant
"
it is amount
growing,
every
but
it must
A
not
be
assumed
that
it needs
the
same
moisture plant gets rid of more by leafevaporation on a hot, dry day than on a cool, wet one, consequently under the former is more than water under the likelyto be needed latter conditions. of of water flaccid growth, soil want are: Signs
day.
cracking from the side of the pot, hollow ringing of the pot when should be The last is a good test, and rapped with the knuckles. which lead the to two to in order others, used anticipate may each other it is If flagging and soil -crackingaccompany disaster. matters to to useless right by ordinary watering, as put attempt The will all run the water through. pr"tshould be stood in a pail ing the soil will swell again. Waterfor a few minutes, when of water in for almost one will be necessary summer, day plant or every where the in houses heated in winter, except plants other, but not should be done As little watering as possible in active growth. are be spilled should water in cool houses, and no in winter, especially
contrary, syringing is a valuable plants should not be kept in saucers auxiliary to watering. Room It does foliageplants of water, except perhaps in very hot weather.
about.
In
summer,
on
the
good
water
the leaves with soft to sponge to hard. is always preferable

an ounce
tepid water
Tea of soda is of and
no
once
week. to
Soft
but
half
each
of nitrate
gallon turns water into a valuable liquidmanure. the soil from below is to moisten by holding the watering seedlings in It is water. vessel of the brim to a good plan to a or pot pan up of the house in the of water use watering hothouse temperature
plants; superphosphate per A good plan of
benefit
plants.
Watering-pots garden. A small
with order have
to not
or one cans.
"
A
a
selection
of is
these
is useful for used young is

no use
in every
in
with
wide
stages.
The
long spout pots should

of water
the
one
handy
be
houses green-
carefully,in
avoid
a
sending a flood very tight hold of

into the
among
A
plants that
is useful
cask
or
soil. where
largercan
be
a
for
feeding water handy to dip

roses
small The
to
a
there
tank it is
use
from. both
in
case
it is desired
have
watering-pots should spread the water in

and
a
supplied with
;
shower the
and
for
advisable with in
to
coarse
fine rose,
latter
use.
seedlings. Water-cans See also Watering.

Lily.
"
should
be turned
upside down
Garden.
when
not
Water Water Water Water Water
See
"
Nymphaea
Flower Arundo.
and
Flower
"
Plants. Reed.
"
See See
Garden
Aquatics.
Stratiotes Soldier,
aloides.
Violet,Hottonia
palustris.
W. Watson. Ord.
Watsonia
Bulbs. Wattle. Wax
"
(watso-nia, after
See
"
Irideae).
"
See
Acacia.
See
Flower.
Hoya.
See
Wayfaring
Weeds.
"
Tree."
Viburnum
weeds such
Lantana. may
as
The
fightwith
begin when
the
ground
is
dug
in winter; then annual
Couch, Dandelion, Bindweed, Coltsfoot, and Horsetail Plantain, Purse, Thistle, Shepherd's Daisy,
be
perennial weeds picked

show
may
as
out,
in
thrown
into
heap
should
and be
burned. hoed
As
fast the
weeds
spring they
up
into
this should sun; of annual weeds,
manure.
3
in
as
be
continued
has
no
through
time
to
the
summer.
The be
last crop
green
which
seed, may
dug
See also Walks.
Excelsior Weeping* Ash, Fraxinus pendula. Weeping Willow, Salix Babylonica. Garden Weigela. See Diervilla and Flower See Wellingtonia. Sequoia. Welsh Poppy, Meconopsis cambrica.
" "
"
Shrubs.
Westeria. West
"
See
Wistaria.
"
See Zephyranthes. Wind, Flower of the. Weymouth Pine, Pinus strobus. See Ulex. Hellebore.
"
Whin." White White
See Veratrum.
Thorn, Crataegus oxyacantha.

after (whitla-via,
now
Whitlavia Botanists flowers in Whitlow
Mr.
Whitley.
with
Ord.
Solanaceae).
"
class
grandiflora (see the

summer.
genus Botanical Magazine, t. For
this
Phacelia.
Seedsmen it has
offer violet
I
4813);
culture, see
"
Annuals
"
Hardy.
"
Height
ft.
Grass
(Draba).
Vaccinium
See
Flower
Garden
Rockery.
Whortleberry, Myrtillus. after Bishop Wigand. Ord. HydrophyllaWigandia (wigan-dia, in Handsome herbaceous used ceae). perennials, bedding 'and
"
sub-tropical gardening for their fine foliage. Caracassana (syn. is is the in It best. illustrated the Botanical macrophylla) Register, t. 1966. They like well-manured loamy soil. Propagation is by
seeds in heat
in March.
Wild
Hyacinth, Scilla festalis.

"
Willow.
See
Salix.
Willow, Kilmarnock, Salix caprea See Salix. Willow, Weeping.

"
pendula.
Willow Wind Window because
Herb. Flower.
"
See
"
Epilobium.
Anemone
"
See
and is the
Bulbs.
Gardening. they
its but have
own
This
only phase
they
of
plant
bad
culture health
to many possible
or
people,either
no
because But
as
suffer from
garden.
home
for practising
sake, inasmuch
the and with outdoor
window gardening is worth it not only forms a delightful

It
pastime,
two
makes
attractive.
work.
might
be dealt with
window
in
sections: window conducted is often

are
Indoor of the
ing gardenspace
access
very
bad
the
where judgment, especially

window
there
packed
to
with
prize competitions,for a pyramidal erection

for the
whole
is
the
window
thus
purpose
in
a
of
prevents providing ventilation, and darkens

There should be never should Nor the window area A few well-grown plants on
that
no a
of
plants, which
the
mass
room,
rendering it unhealthy. large wire

window. frames.
of
plants packed
with
be
blocked
should be arranged so ledge in order that there be opened easily, may ventilation. Of
suffice.
These
the
window for
can
be in
excuse
neglecting
culture
flowering plants
suitable
for
window
320
their
season
may be mentioned
Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, sinensis,Pelargoniums, Zonal and Ivy Geraniums, Francoa Begonias, Wreath) Solanums, Campanula isophylla, (Bridal and Musk, Phyllocactus. Myrtles, Epiphyllums, Heliotrope, Cytisus, The most hardy and accommodating foliageplant is the Aspidistra, be grown but palms and ferns may (see those subjects). Watering owing to the necessityfor preventing surplus presents a difficulty, from water Perhaps the best plan is to grow the splashingabout.
Freesias, Primula
,
plants
catch
in the
ordinary pots
water that
stood
within
ornamental the
bowls, which
will be
passes
through
Outside
pots.
An
They
should
emptied
to
use
in frequently,especially
saucers.
winter. window
earthenware
plan is gardening generally

to fit the
alternative
finds
and
should
there
expressionin window-boxes, which may be provided with drainage holes

to escape.
be made
to
sill,
permit superfluous
moisture
but
These for the
boxes exercise
or
look
is scope their
very well painted dark green, in the form of handiwork of ornamental embellishments. whole Those
who
a
tiles, virgincork,
to have
other the
like
small bulbs
in tubs
boxes Conifers, Tree among which

them the
few year may procure Ivies, or Euonymuses for the winter, and put Conifers for spring bloom. The could be grown furnished
summer.
through
are
Failingthem,
could be
Wallflowers For
the
and
roses, Prim-
green
in winter,
used.
summer,
Ivy-leaved Geraniums, Marguerites,Fuchsias, Begonias, Heliotrope, Petunias, Mimuluses, Pansies, and Tropaeolums are these available. All of could be planted in June. For Wardian case a shady windows (which see) with ferns is be such or as chosen, foliage plants may good; palms (seePalms), Aralia Sieboldii, India-rubber plants, Aspidistra,and Araucaria The best plant for a window-basket excelsa. is perhaps Campanula isophylla. Wineberry, Vaccinium Myrtillus. Wineberry, Japanese, Rubus phoenicolasius. Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis). See Bulbs. Winter Cherry, PhysalisAlkekengi and Solanum Capsicastrum. Winter Daffodil,Sternbergialutea. Winter Green. See Pyrola. Moth. Winter See Fruit Apple enemies. Winter Sweet, Origanum.
and
" " " "
Zonal
It is grub of a click beetle, Agriotes or Elater. about It attacks inch long, yellowish, and hard. an very many in the plants, and is very destructive garden. In mild attacks choice plants can be guarded with baits of Potato, Carrot, or Mangold it is well to fallow impaled on sticks,but if the pest is abundant the ground for at least 3 months, spread on a coat of gas lime at the rate of " Ib. per square yard, let it lie 6 weeks, and then dig it in. or Apterite may be dug in during spring. Thorough Vaporite does cultivation good, both by strengtheningthe plants and worrying
"
Wireworm.
The
the
grubs.
(wista-ria,after
climber C. Wistar. Ord.
Wistaria
Leguminosae).
"
hardy
deciduous
which
produces large pendulous
racemes
of
mauve
321
and
most
flowers sinensis
"
in
early
summer.
Chinensis
t.
(syns.sinensis
is much the
2083) Glycine Magazine, variegata ; alba is a white, flore pleno a double, and popular species is a form of it. a grandiflora) (syn. Multijuga variegated-leaved like well-drained lilac handsome with a racemes. They long species Old shoots. loamy soil. Propagation is by layering the young plants may be spurred to the ripe wood like Grape Vines.
Botanical Witch Witch Witches'
Elm,
Ulmus
glabra and
montana.
Hazel,
seen on
Hamamelis.
Brooms
(Witch Knots).
"
These
are
bundles
other
of
twig-like
growths,
due to
Birches, Beeches,
should
"
Silver
out
fungi. They
or
be cut Kitchen
Firs, and and burned.

and
trees, and
Witloef
Witloof.
See
Garden
Chicory.
Woad,
Wolf
Dyer's,
Isatis
tinctoria. occidentalis.
Berry, Symphoricarpus
Aconitum.
"
Wolf's-bane,
Wood Ashes. from
Containing potash and phosphoric acid, the ash in the garden,particularly for Peas and Potatoes. It is good for spreading in the drills when sowing Carrots for the and fly. If spread dusting over young Turnips to keep down garden
fires is excellent
over
heaps
Woodbine. Wood Wood
of
"
manure
or
mixed
with
and
urine
it fixes ammonia.
See
Honeysuckle
Laureola.
Lonicera.
Laurel, Daphne
Trillium Lily,
grandiflorum.
Acetosella.
Woodruff, Asperula.
Wood Wood
Sorrel,Oxalis
Violet,Viola sylvatica.
Ord. Filices). (woodward-ia, after T. J. Woodward. Vigorous ferns, best grown in a cool house, but safe out of doors in mild districts. The most popular speciesis radicans, which does in well its long, arching fronds show to advantage. baskets, where Brownii is a crested (syn.cristata) variety of it. Japonica is a good with broad fronds. is also fine. Areolata species, (syn.angustifolia) Equal parts of peat and loam, with sand, suit. Propagation is by Ferns) and division. spores (see
"
Woodwardia
Woody
Nightshade,
"
Solanum
Dulcamara.
Woolly Aphis.
Worms. No
"
See American
has
Blight under
that
worms
Fruit.
are
Darwin
gardeners through
one,
are
the
out
taught us vast system

of
beneficial
to"
duct. con-
of soil-aeration
which
do
they
in harm
therefore, should
object
in
to
their
presence
the
garden. They by place be clogging the drainage. Compost should passed through the in potting so that small When be picked out. worms fingers may stood in in frames are the thick or pot plants garden, a layer of
and flower-pots,
cinders
should
intervene
between
the
bottom
of the
pots
and
the
322
ground.
water and
If
worms
get
into
pots, stir
are
pour
be
it in.
Worms
sufficient
water may
to cover quantities
the them
used
to
bring
in some little mustard in when in lawns nuisance also a Limecasts." their grass with Lime. See up.
a
"
Wych
flower
Elm, Ulmus
glabra and
montana.
Xeranthemum
xeros, (xeran-themum, from everlastings. Ord. Compositae). Now

"
dry,
and
anthos,
with
classed
Heli-
chrysum
2
by botanists.
various
"
Seedsmen Sow
ft.,and
colours. Iris.
outdoors
offer annuum, purple, summer, in spring.
Xiphion.
Yarrow. Yew.
"
"
See
See Achillea. Taxus. Needle Ord. Liliathe Peruvian name. (yuc-ca, best the of such of several which, plants, foliage and nlamentosa, as angustifolia, gloriosa, are hardy. Angustifolia (Botanical
See
Yucca, Adam's
ceae).
"
Handsome
Magazine,
and
r
t.
2236)
has
narrow
leaves stricta
bears
white
flowers
in
is
variety of it.
on
Filamentosa
July; cal (Botani-
t. 900), the Register, threads the
Silk Grass, has
margins of the leaves, and bears white flowers in June ; flaccida Gloriosa and variegata are varieties. with t. is stiff, 1260) Mag., longer, (Bot. white and or erect, glaucous leaves,
pale
with
red
flowers
in of
summer;
there
are
several
flowers
varieties
in
it.
Recurvifolia,
and
white
long recurving leaves

summer,
PROPAGATING
YUCCAS
BY
ROOT
good. The most popular of the greenhouse species is aloifolia (Bot. Mag., t. 1700), which
is also has
CUTTINGS,
leaves
about
18 the
ins.
long, with
it has
white
Drainage. 2. Soil. cutting. 3. Root heat. Strike in gentle bottom

i.
reddish
flowers
tip; spine at in are spring; there many which varieties, among variegata is
are
a as a
favourite. rule
the
In
addition
do
not
there flower
many
handsome
hybrids,
praecox.
filamentosa
such As
elegantissima, Guiglielmi, Imperator, magnifica,and

Yuccas while young, but
is
an
exception. They
rubbish loamy soil, lightened with mortar and enriched with decayed manure. is by suckers, or Propagation of the in a frame. in pots or outWhether roots inserted doors cuttings is needed in winter. wet soil. Little water they dislike stiff, Zauschneria californica, Calif orni an Fuchsia (zauschne-ria,after Herr Zauschner. A Ord. half-hardy Californian Onagrarieae)
" .
like
shrub,
high, with scarlet flowers in summer; grandiflora and latifolia (Botanical Magazine, t. 4493) are varieties. It may be grown in lightloamy soil on a sunny rockery or in pots in a frame. is seeds or Propagation cuttings. by
a
growing
about
foot
Zea, Maize,
"
323
Gramincac).
Indian
Corn
from (ze-a,
zeo,
to live.
Ord.
See
Maize.
"
Zebrina. Zenobia
See
Tradescantia.
Ord. speciosa (zeno-bia,after a Queen of Palmyra. in summer, Ericaceae). A hardy shrub, with white drooping flowers in seed is It likes ft. to by sandy Propagation peat. height 3 4 the cassinaefolia is See Andromeda a or layers. spring synonym. Botanical Magazine, t. 970.
"
(zephyran-thes,from zephyr, the Ord. wind, anthos, a Amaryllideae) A small of bulbs, the most popular of which are Atamasco, pale pink, genus half Botanical ins. 1 hardy (syn.Amaryllis Atamasco high, spring, 5 late and t. Candida, white, summer, hardy (syn. 239) ; Magazine, Amaryllis Candida),the Peruvian Swamp Lily (Bot.Mag., t. 2607). 6 to 9 ins.,is pretty; it needs Andersoni, yellow,spring, greenhouse culture. with sand and a third of leaf soil suit. Loam Propagation is by offsets, seed if procurable. or
Zephyranthes, Zephyr
and Flower
west
flower.
"
"
after Herr (zin-nia, and double, "elegans, single to i plant, growing from colours and may
and be
as
Zinnia
Zinn.
Ord.
Compositae).
"
The
annual brilliant
in various
2
colours, is ft. high. Seedsmen

doubles and
or are
most
offer
most
separate
effective,
well
are
as
mixtures. both seed

for
The
the
they
good
from-
greenhouse
warm
flower frame in
raised either
in
house
garden. They spring, pricked

in
a
off,and
planted in
Zygopetalum
or potted singlyas required, be Nice June. plants may
hardened flowered
a
cold
frame
in 5 -in. and
pot**.
"
(zygopet-alum, from
to the
zygos,
yoke,
Ord.
petalon, a
petal,in allusion
A
union
large genus of Orchids, Mackaii beautiful species or
sepals. Orchidaceae). and winter. The floweringin autumn Mackayi has greenishflowers lined with
of the
It yellow and stripedwith violet; it has a strong honey scent. likes fibrous peat and chopped Sphagnum with a little loam. It in pots in an intermediate succeeds See the house, and enjoys shade. Botanical Magazine, t. 2748. Other good speciesare Balli, various and white violet; Dayanurn, white, green, and colours; candidum, crimson; intermedium, various colours; Lindeniae, pink and white; red spots. There Wallisii,white and violet; and xanthinum, yellow,
are
also
several Batemannia
beautiful
and
between
hybrids, and likewise Zygopetalum and Colax
and
bigenerichybrids Zygopetalum.
THE
TEMPLE
PRESS,
PRINTERS,
LETCHWORTH

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An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gardening

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^ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA o/GARDENING """ WALTER

Unit library, UCSanteCraz2002

has been considered. activity The

the trend of modern recognise and agreeable as recreation,

marks a Gardening taste. as Gardening

pastime, pleasant many

the inclusion of hundreds

which plants Thousands

handful of virtuosi. To vii

number chosen. Flower which been

Poplar, Populus alba. Abel. Ord. Caprifoliaceae)

still appear the most named

catalogues of many Abies important species kept under by

nurserymen. botanists may cephalonica, concolor

handsome young Plant each. with the

If the with Abies of

soil is poor barrowload of loam

drooping They are

a (Greek Iteration] sown

(abu-tilon, mallow-like, from Greenhouse plants, sometimes

produce large evergreen

latter sown, thrive in

in sandy soil sandy loam, but

they are pots get filled with

roots, say from

light position. They

3 to 6 and from 6 to at the water, both

from (aca-cia, beautiful in the few

the florists' shops Wattle. Armata,

have flat is Acacia dealbata, otherwise

globes or foliage. The well-known

yellow, primrose, or with cones, feathery

soil, and covered loam, lightened with

and flowering, especiallyif they are

growth will break

temperature for all

spikes of bloom foliage. They spring or summer,

foliage. They may be in spring, and should

Maples, variegated Negundo,

from Achillea, Milfoil (achille-a,

Compositae). Pretty hardy

Sericea, ground. May, white, is pretty.

cheimaino, sensitiveness Ord. Gesneraceae) ."See

(See ako Bulbs-"

necessary. blue, helmet-shaped flowers Other handsome speciesare

yellow. Propagationis by poisonous nature of the roots

by some responsible the dangerous practice of carelessly

suits Dahlias, Sweet

perfection. They enjoy

(acroclln-ium). See Annuals

of largernumber the Capillus-Veneris,

species, cipal: prinalthough

generally hardy, grows variety of it; caudatum,

good for baskets,

pretty varieties of it,it likes

associated few hours

flowers, they be|ore being used, then

See Flower from (aerides,

principalspecies. The They may be planted in pans

about and grows spring, Aerides require a warm,

3 ft. high,is moist house.

range from Abundance less will suffice.

temperature, 85", but in autumn

sphagnum plants are