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Hypertonic
Membrane
Generally animal cells are adapted to an isotonic environment. If placed in pure water, the water will move into the cell and the cell will expand until in bursts (cytolysis). The cell membrane is very elastic (like a balloon). Special adaptations allow some animal cells to live in hyper and hypotonic solutions. Plants generally depend on a hypotonic environment for water uptake. When placed in water, the water will move into the plant cell, but the cell wall surrounding the cell membrane is not very expandable. Pressure builds up within the cell from the influx of water. The pressure or force directed against the cell wall is called turgor pressure. If you put limp celery or a wilted flower into water, the cells will take up water and become turgid.
Water molecules, in the process of osmosis never stop moving. Even when the concentration of solute is equal on both sides (isotonic), the water molecules move in and out of a cell at an equal rate. The same number of water molecules move in and out, so the system remains in equilibrium.
Terms to Know: Solute material or particles that are dissolved in a liquid (i.e. salt). Solvent the liquid that the above material is dissolved in (i.e. water). Solution the combination of the solute and the solvent (i.e. salt water). Hypotonic an area of lesser solute concentration. Hypertonic an area of higher solute concentration. Isotonic an area of equal solute concentration.
Safety: Do not come in contact with the iodine. Iodine toxic if swallowed, hazardous to eyes and will stain clothing.
Iodine, a yellow-brown liquid, turns bluish black when mixed with starch.
Also, closed toed shoes are required because we will be working with glass. Pre Lab Questions: 1. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? 2. How is dialysis tubing like a cell membrane? (Use the term selectively permeable in your answer.) 3. The diagrams above show hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. Draw an isotonic solution below. Solute Solution
Solvent Isotonic Isotonic Membrane 4. What does it mean that the isotonic solution is at equilibrium?
6. What happens to plant cells when they are in a hypertonic solution and loose water?
Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Tie a knot in one end of the dialysis tubing. Pour starch solution into the dialysis tube, leaving enough room to tie a knot in the other end. Fill the 250 ml beaker halfway with water and add ten drops of iodine, stir. Place the dialysis tubing in the beaker with the iodine water mixture. Record your initial observations of the starch solution and the iodine solution in the data table. Wait twenty minutes and record your final observations in the data table While you are waiting, set up Part II of the lab.
Procedure:
1. Label each beaker with your group names. Label one beaker Salt Water and the other Fresh Water. 2. Put 100 mL of tap water in each beaker. Put one teaspoon of salt into the Salt Water beaker and stir until dissolved. 3. Record the mass, length, and width (at the widest point) of one celery stick, then place it in the Salt Water beaker. 4. Repeat step 3 for the Fresh Water celery stick. 5. Cover each beaker with foil and leave overnight. 6. Record the mass, length, width (at the widest point) and qualitative observations of each celery stick.
Fresh Water Celery Stick Before Experiment Mass (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Qualitative observations After Experiment Difference
Solution A (5%)
Solution B (20%)
2. Draw an arrow on your diagram to show which way the water (solvent) will move. Be sure to label the arrow with the word water. 3. If we assume that the solute was able to pass through the membrane, draw a second arrow on your diagram to show direction the solute would move. Be sure to label the arrow with the word solute.
4. Supermarket workers spray fruits and vegetables with water to make them more desirable to
consumers. Why does spraying vegetables with water prevent them from drying out?