Electromagnetic Waves Physics Folio

2010

Name: Khairul Akmal Bin Salim Class: 5 Sigma Year: 2010 I/C number: 930217-14-6053 Teachers Name: Puan Marizan
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Contents
Objectives 4

Electromagnetic spectrum

Properties of electromagnetic waves

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Applications of electromagnetic waves

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Detrimental effects of electromagnetic waves

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References

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On the completion of this folio, I wish to great fully acknowledge, by taking this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Puan Marizan, the most beautiful and generous physics teacher. Also thank to Tuan Haji Yusoff bin Hassan for giving me kind support and cooperation and the oppurtinity to accomplish this folio

I also wish to thank my friends especially Izarin Lee , Amirul Syah , Zulhelmi , Eliza , Farah , Nazihah and others for their guidance and useful suggestions that proved very useful in this folio. Once again thank all the people who have directly or indirectly help in this seminar.

Lastly, I sincerely thank all my parents who have always given their encouraging support and been a great help all the time at various stage of development of this folio.

Thanking you, Khairul Akmal Bin Salim

Form 5 sigma 10 student

Objectives
1. 2. 3. 4. To study the properties of electromagnetic waves To study the application of electromagnetic waves in daily lie To analyse the detrimental effect of electromagnetic waves To study the components of the electromagnetic spectrum

5. To study the detrimental effects of excessive exsposure to certain compounds of the electromagnetic spectrum 6. Describe the effects of absorbing electromagnetic waves , e.g ionization and damage to living cells and tissue 7. State examples of the use of the following components: i. Radio Waves (e.g. radio and television communication) ii. Microwaves (e.g. microwave oven and satellite television) iii. Infra-red (e.g. infra-red remote controllers and intruder alarms) iv. Light (e.g. optical fibres for medical uses and telecommunications) v. Ultra-Violet (e.g. Sunbeds and sterilisation) X-Rays (e.g. radiological and engineering applications)

What is
Electromagnetic spectrum?

What is electromagnetic waves? y Electromagnetic wave is the radiation consisting of waves o of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields o resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge We should know that : o station of radiation use electromagnetic waves where electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that travel at the speed of light, c.

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including : 1) Radio waves 2) Microwaves 3) Infrared 4) Visible light 5) Ultraviolet 6) X-rays and 7) Gamma rays.

The spectrum with long wavelength is radio waves (more than 106nm) and Gamma rays is the shortest wavelength (less than 0.01nm).

Energy radiated in the form of a wave, resulting from the motion of electric charges and the magnetic fields they produce. o All radiation travels in waves at 300,000 kilometers per second (speed of light) o The length of the wave determines the characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation

Diagram of Electromagnetic Spectrum

When material or an object is heated, incandescent light (electromagnetic radiation) is emitted. Specific materials give off specific light characteristic of the atomic makeup.

Continuous Spectrum

Emission Spectrum

Absorption Spectrum

What is Electromagnetic Spectrum? The electromagnetic radiation includes a wide range of frequencies and wavelengths. The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

Another diagram of Electromagnetic Spectrum

Low Energy Large Wavelength Low Frequency

High Energy Small Wavelength High Frequency

You should know the order of electromagnetic radiation from low frequency to high frequency: Lowest frequency Radio waves Microwaves Infrared radiation Visible light (red, orange, yellow, green blue, violet) Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays.

Highest Frequency 9

Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

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Properties of Electromagnetic Waves The energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the frequency. Electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency than visible light has higher energy. This is why ultraviolet light can burn your skin and X-rays and gamma rays can damage tissues. Electromagnetic radiation with a lower frequency than visible light has less energy Wavelength Higher frequency electromagnetic waves have shorter wavelengths Wavelengths vary greatly from long wavelengths (many meters) to very short wavelengths (the size of atomic nuclei).

Rays that hit the earth!

y y y

Energy radiated in the form of a wave, resulting from the motion of electric charges and the magnetic fields they produce. All radiation travels in waves at 300,000 kilometers per second (speed of light) The length of the wave determines the characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation

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Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electric wave (E) traveling and a magnetic wave (M)oriented at right angles to the electrical wave, both traveling at the speed of light (C)

Electromagnetic radiation travels in space with no medium or may travel through a transparent (see-through) medium Think visible light traveling through a window

Electromagnetic radiation is a transverse wave. Electromagnetic waves have an electric part and a magnetic part that are perpendicular to each other

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Types of electromagnetic waves

Radio waves Microwaves Infrared radiation Visible light (red, orange, yellow, green blue, violet) Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays.

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Radio waves
Radio Waves Low Energy Lowest Frequency Includes Radar and television signals Dangers: None

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FM Frequency Modulation
Measured in Megahertz (MHz)

AM Amplitude Modulation
Measured in Kilohertz (KHz) Can bounce off the ionosphere and be heard further than FM

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Microwaves
Low Energy Second low frequency Common Uses: Telecommunications, Microwaves, Radar Dangers: Can kill healthy cells, can affect people with pacemakers

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Infared Waves
Low Energy Common Uses: Heat Lamps, Night Visions Goggles Dangers: Overexposure can cause burns

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Ultraviolet Waves (UV light)

High energy, Short wavelength, High Frequency Common Uses: Sterilize medical equipment, helps skin produce vitamin D Dangers: Can burn, cause skin cancer

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X-rays
High energy, Short wavelength, High Frequency Blocked by high density substances Common uses: Medical, kill cancer cells, inspect baggage Dangers: Kills healthy cells

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Gamma rays
Gamma Rays High energy, Short wavelength, High Frequency Blocked by lead or concrete Uses: Astronomy research Dangers: Can damage healthy tissue

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Applications of Electromagnetic Waves

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Inside our house:

Hair dryers Electric jugs Water heaters TV Radios Desktop computers Laptop computers Vacuum cleaners Microwave ovens

Outside our house:

Communication dishes Industrial machines TV transmitters high tension power lines and transformers Broadcast frequencies from radio and TV Hand phone towers Electromagnetic fields generated by cars

Some of the application I studied : 1) Station Emitter 2) Television 3) Microwaves

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How does emitter station works?

y For example, when emitter station emit electromagnetic waves radiation at radio waves spectrum, the wavelength, is more than 106nm which is the largest wavelength and gives the lower energy produced by the radiation. It is proved by the Planck-Einstein equation: E=hf, where f=c/. So, when the wavelength of the radiation is higher, the frequency is lower, so it will emit at the lower energy. Lower frequency means it is safe when radiation used in radio waves but if the emitter station placed nearer to the living house it will affect human health. Therefore, the distance and height of emitter station between living houses is very important to be considered to make people feel safety.

How does television works?

y Images and sound on the television involving the transmission of radiofrequency radiation (105 1011Hz) from the transmitter to the television set. Then television will transform the wave into images and sounds so that we can enjoy our television program. A television has a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and two or more anodes. This cathode C is enclosed inside a glass tube. The cathode emits rays of electrons into the empty space inside the tube. The interaction between the electrons and the screen can potentially create low-level x-rays.

y y

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How does microwaves works?

y In microwaves, these polarity changes happen millions of times every second. Food molecules, especially the molecules of water, have a positive and negative end in the same way a magnet has a north and a south polarity. As the microwaves generated from the magnetron bombard the food, they cause the polar molecules to rotate at the same frequency, millions of times a second. It creates molecular friction, which heats up the food. The friction also causes substantial damage to the surrounding molecules, often tearing them apart or forcefully deforming them. The scientific name for this deformation is structural isomerism.

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Detrimental Effects of Electromagnetic Waves

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Electromagnetic Waves threats: y We have all heard of the threats we face from pesticides in our food and water, from acid rain, from holes in the ozone, from toxic waste that can't be safely disposed of. But what about electromagnetic energy fields? Yes, electromagnetic fields of all kinds are becoming a growing threat to our health and wellbeing. And unlike some forms of pollution, electromagnetic pollution exists virtually everywhere. Twenty-four hours a day we are exposed to an alarming array of harmful electromagnetic fields.

Unless you live in some remote corner of the planet, there is no escape. Simply put, our growing exposure to electromagnetic energy fields is a serious threat to our health, and the health of our children

Electromagnetic Waves Effects On Health Issues Hand Phones Microwaves Oven Television

Handphones o o Disclosure to antenna continuously will get emit radiation to our body, normally involved head. The signals sent out while users are communicating through their hand phones can attract lightning bolts. If a people who talking hand phone for a long period, this person has higher possible feels headache. Electromagnetic caused brain cancer.

Microwaves Oven o Microwave food contains both molecules and energies not present in food cooked in the way humans have been cooking food since the discovery of fire. o Microwaves are produced from alternating current and force a billion or more polarity reversals per second in every food molecule they hit.

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o Naturally occurring amino acids have been observed to undergo isomeric changes (changes in shape morphing) as well as transformation into toxic forms, under the impact of microwaves produced in ovens. o One short-term study found significant and disturbing changes in the blood of individuals consuming microwaved milk and vegetables. o Eight volunteers ate various combinations of the same foods cooked different ways. All foods that were processed through the microwave ovens caused changes in the blood of the volunteers. Hemoglobin levels decreased and over all white cell levels and cholesterol levels increased. o Luminescent (light-emitting) bacteria were employed to detect energetic changes in the blood. Significant increases were found in the luminescence of these bacteria when exposed to blood serum obtained after the consumption of microwaved food. Television o o o o What we might not know is, we may be getting exposed to low levels of x-ray radiation. This unintentional emission of x-rays can pose a potential hazard The uncertain light from television will stimulate an uncertain activity of retina. Over prolonged periods of time television may cause eye, testis and bone marrow cells damages.

Precautions to avoid electromagnetic radiation : Limit the time spent around the TV; Increase the distance between you and the television set. FDA advises sitting a distance of at least two to three feet from the screen to limit exposure. Avoid standing too close to microwave ovens when they are in use move about 3 meters away. Sit at least 3 meters away from televisions Don't sleep under electric blankets or on a waterbed. y y

y y y

Conclusion: y None of the recent reviews have concluded that exposure to the Radiofrequency fields from hand phones, microwaves oven, television or their emitter stations causes any adverse health consequence. However, there are gaps in knowledge that have been identified for further research to better assess health risks. It will take some years for the required radiofrequency research to be completed, evaluated and to publish the final results of any health risks.

y y

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References

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Url links/Internet:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/14138656/Electromagnet] http://www.scribd.com/doc/16661383/Electromagnetic-Waves http://www.scribd.com/doc/17093323/Electromagnetic-Wave http://www.scribd.com/doc/20562348/Electromagnetic-Wave http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/waves2.html http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/emWave/emWave.html

Books:

1. Form 5 Physics Text Book

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RESEARCH AND REPORT Learning Area : 1.7 Analyzing Electromagnetic Wave Evaluated Construct : Construct III and IV Aim To study the electromagnetic wave Procedure : In a group of two, carry out a research on : a) Electromagnetic spectrum b) Properties of electromagnetic waves c) Applications of electromagnetic waves d) Detrimental effects of electromagnetic waves Prepare a folio which includes the following aspects: a) cover b) contents c) objectives d) electromagnetic spectrum e) properties of electromagnetic waves f) applications of electromagnetic waves g) detrimental effects of electromagnetic waves h) references ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(for marking) Construct III PI 1 - Exhibit information related to the assignment PI 2 - Exhibit various information sufficiently PI 3 - Classify information in meaningful sequence PI 4 - Present brief descriptions ; each applications must have a brief descriptions Construct IV PP 1 - Varieties, plenty and relevant, like to ask for extra information more than the scope taught in class ; at least one application presented is not mentioned in the textbook PP 2 - Neat and in proper order ; the folio has a nice cover and is arranged in proper order as above

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PP 3 - Always willing to help. Able to accept others suggestions as such ; the group members have to help each other and are not selfish to share their knowledge and they actively take part in discussion to produce the folio PP 4 - To practice safety measure and cleanliness, carry out task in te allocated time a) the folio is neat b) folio is sent within two weeks.

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5058 PHYSICS (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) 5057 PHYSICS (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM A Introduction The energy from the Sun and other

objects in the universe travels to the Earth in waves that we call electromagnetic waves. All of these waves travel at the speed of light. Although all the waves travel at the same speed, they may go up and down quickly, while others go up and down slowly. Long wavelength waves, have low energy, while those with short wavelengths have high energy. We call this entire range of waves of different lengths the electromagnetic spectrum. In this spectrum wavelengths vary from several kilometres long to smaller than an atom.
Source: http://www.ska.ac.za/pdfs/electromag_spectrum.jpg Produced by Martha Joubert Southern Science and Dr Mike Gaylard HartRAO; Illustrations: Dr Jack; Design & Print production: Loretta Steyn Graphic Design Studio Pretoria; Loretta@icon.co.za

B Properties of Electromagnetic Waves - They are all transverse waves (refer to right) - They all show wave properties such as reflection and refraction - They all travel at 3 x 108 ms-1 in a vacuum - The equation v=f applies to all of them

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:)

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