CHAPTER 1 The Dawn of the Quantum Theory PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 4-1. Radiation in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum 1s usually described in terms of wavelength, 2, and is given in nanometers (10 m). Calculate the values of v, 3, and E for ultraviolet radiation with A = 200 nm and compare your results with those in Figure 1.11 vi Hz 108 tot 10 10! 10! 10" 0! 10%” 10? 10% Microwaves Radio shortwave rauio & X rays yay tw = ee ee 10” 10°10” 1 107 10* 10" 10°? 10° 10°'* Alm FIGURE 1.11 “The regions of electromagnetic radiation. 2.998 x m-s_ spins 1.50 x 10 Hz 200 x 10 m 1 ————— = 5.00 x 10° cm" 200 x 107 em eee 626 % 10-** F5)(2.998 > 108 m-s" - a — 93 x 10° 3 200 x 10 m ey “These results correspond to those expected when considering Figure 1.11 Radiation in the infrared region is often expressed in terms of wave numbers, # = 1/2. A ypi value of # in this region is 10° em~!. Calculate the values of », 2, and E for radiation with = 10° cm“ and compare your results with those in Figure 1.11. 3x 10" Hz = (2,998 x 108 m-s~")(1 x 10° m I 1x 10° m E = hv = (6.626 x 10™ J-s)(3 x 10" Hz) = 2 x 107° 1x 10m Again, we can predict these results from Figure 1.11.d d (8mhe 1 aeOl= 5 (Sam) -5 ltd 0 = 8xhe | = - + =“. oe [wn D Bie - | xe! =5(¢—1) To solve, we iterate and find x = hc/hgukyT = 4.965, oF 4,,,.7 = 2.90 x 107 m-K. maak 1-6. At what wavelength does the maximum in the radiant energy density distribution function fo blackbody occur if (a) T = 300 K? (b) T = 3000 K? (c) T = 10000 K? From Equation 1.4, 2.90 x 107 m-K a. Raggy = POO K = 9.67 x 10-0 oo 300K * 2.90 x 107 m-K b. = = 7 dou = SK 9.67 x 107 m 2.90 x 1079 m-K ms 10000 K Eee ee eee enna ee eee enna ee eee aces ee Eee en Eaz ee EaweDE owen es HoDee ents ones ones eseatenestaneaes 1-7. Sirius. one of the hottest known ctars, has approximately a hlackhody spect 4 260 nm. Estimate the surface temperature of Sirius. = 2.90 x 107 m From Equation 1.4, K oO ei i x STF [ogy Never eee 1-8. The fireball in a thermonuclear explosion can reach temperatures of approximately 10” K. Wh value of A... does this correspond to? In what region of the spectrum is this wavelength found ( Figure 1.11)? From Equation 1.4, 2.90 x 107 m-K Saag ma a iaeIOSReeee ceases A, This corresponds to the X-ray region in the electromagnetic spectrum. eS 1-9. Calculate the energy of a photon for a wavelength of 100 pm (about one atomic diameter),Chapter 1 1-3. Past the infrared region, in the direction of lower energies, is the microwave region. In this region, radiation is usually characterized by its frequency, v, expressed in units of megahertz (MHz), where the unit, hertz (Fz), is a cycle per second. A typival microwave frequency is 2.0 x 10* MIIz. Calculate the values of v, A, and E for this radiation and compare your results with those in Figure 1.11. Lx 10 He 2.0 x 108 Me (+ Yate! ( 1 MHz ¢ _ 2.998 x 10" ms"! b> 20% 10% 5" hy = (6.626 x 10~* J-s)(2.0 x 10" ) 2.0 x 10" s* 1.5 x 107 m 3x10?) ‘This is illustrated in Figure 1.11 1-4. Planck’s principal assumption was that the energies of the electronic oscillators can have only the values £ = nhy and that AE = hv. As v —> 0,then AE — and E isessentially continuous, Thus, ‘we should expect the nonclassical Planck distribution to go over to the classical Rayleigh-Jeans distribution at low frequencies, where A —> 0. Show that Equation 1.2 reduces to Equation 1.1 as v > . (Recall that e* = 1 +x -+ (27/2!) +--+, oF, in other words, that e* © I +x when x is small.) 8h vidv (1.2) 8rv"k,Tdv which is the classical Rayleigh-Jeans distribution (Equation 1.1). 1-5. Before Planck’s theoretical work on blackbody radiation, Wien showed empirically that (Equation 1.4) 2.90 x 10° mK Yaa T where A, is the wavelength at which the blackbody spectrum has its maximum value at a temperature T. This expression is called the Wien displacement law; derive it from Planck's theoretical expression for the blackbody distribution by differentiating Equation 1.3 with respect 102. Hint: Sct hc/AgackyT = x and derive the intermediate result e~* + (x/5) = 1. This problem cannot be solved for x analytically but must be solved numerically. Solve it by iteration on a hand calculator, and show that x = 4.965 is the solution. The Planck distribution law for blackbody radiation is Sthe da 3)