.

. .

1) :
1

( C)
1
2
3
4
5
6

C: C: C: C: C: C: ...

(
C)
: -1 : -1 : -2 : -...

( )
- COOH :
- CN :
- CH=O :
- CO - :
- OH :

-
-
-
-
-
: -

C3 C = C2 :

C3 C2 C2 C3 :

CH C :

C3 C2 C2 C2 COOH :

CH C CH=O :

C3 C2 OH :

C3 C C3 :

C3 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C3 :

C4 :

CH=O :

CO :

C3 OH :

C2 = C = C2 :

. .

2) ( )
.

C3 C C C3 : 2 -
C2 C C2 C3 : 1 -
2

C3 C2 C2 C C : 1 -
2

2 -

C3 C2 C CC3 :

3) , :
: ,

: , 3

C3 C C2 C3 : 2 -

C3 C2 C 2 C C3 : 2 -

C2 = C C2 C2 : 3 - -1-
O

C C C 2 C C3 : 4 - -2-

!!! COOH (- ) , CH=O (-) CN (-) 1.

:
4

C3 C2 C2 C=O :

CH C C2 C2 COOH : 4 -

. .

4) , .
:
) ,
.
) :
C3 :
C25 C3 C2 :
C3 C2 C2 :

C37

C3 C

C3
)
(-, -, -,..) .

C3 C C2 COOH : 3-

C3
C3
5
4
3
2
1
CH C C C2 CO : 3,3- -4-

C3

C3
C3

1
2
3
4
5
6
C3 C C2 C C C3 : 4--2,2,5-

C3
C25
5) (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-) .

C3 C C = CH2 : 3--1-

Cl
Br
5
4
3
2
1
C2 C C C C2 : 3,3--2-

-2,4--1-
C3
r

. .

1)
:
. 0> >>

CH C C2 C : 3 -

Cl
4
3
2
1
C3 CH C = CH2 : 3--1-

C3 C C2 CH CH3 : 2--4-

Cl
C3

C3

1
2
3
4
5
6
C3 C C2 C C2 C3 : 2,2,4-

C3
C3
2) .

C3 4C2 3C2 2C2

1
C3

C3 4C2 3C2 2C21C3 :

C2 5C3

3
C3 C 2C2 1C2

C3 4C2 3C 2C2 1C2 : 3--1-

C3
4

. .

3) , :
. , (-, -, -,..) .

HOOC C2 C2 COOH :

5C2 = 4C 3C 2C 1C3 : 4--2,3-

. ,
,
.
.

- COOH
- CN
- CH=O
- CO - OH
- 2

-
-
-
-
-
-

: .

C3 3C 2C2 1C= : 3

O
5
4
3
2
1
C C C C C: 3--2--4-

Cl

. .

-
,
. C2+1 R-.
O
. :
=1

C3 :

=2

C25 C3 C2 :

=3

C37

C3 C2 C2 :
C3 C

: C3CC3

C3

C3C2C2C2 :
C3C2C :() C3C2CC3

=4 C49

C3
C3CC2 :

C3
C3

C3 C : ()

C3

. .

(R-X) :
..

[ + + ]

C3 C2 Cl

C3CC3

Br

(R-O-R) :
..

[ + + ]

C3C C3

C3

C3C2 O C2C3

C3CC2 O CC2C3 : (.)

C3
C3

( RCOO-R)
..

[ + + ]

C3C2COOC3

C3COOC2C3

COOCCC3

C3

1 ( R-NH2 )

. .

[ + ]

2 ( R-NH-R) [ + + ]
3 (R-N-R)

[ + + + ]

R
..

C3C22

C3CC3

C3NH CC3

C3

C3C3

C3C3

C3

C3C2C3

C3

C3C2 C2C2C3

C3