Kabel 1 Emily Kabel Mrs. Dunbar Senior Project Paper 10/31/13 Cigarette Cessation obacco is t!

!e lea"ing cause o# pre$entable "eat! an" "isease in t!e %nite" States.& 'n estimate" ()* o# cigarette smo+ers ,ant to -uit smo+ing .Morbi"ity/ 10. Many people are a,are o# t!e !arm#ul e##ects o# cigarette smo+ing/ yet t!ey continue to smo+e. !ere are se$eral met!o"s to assist people to !elp o$ercome t!eir a""ictions.

1o,e$er t!e psyc!ological e##ects #rom cigarettes commonly pre$ent people #rom -uitting success#ully. Cancer stic+s/ blac+ lungs/ an" co##in nails are all "i##erent terms t!at people use to re#er cigarettes. Smo+ers usually +no, ,!at t!ey are putting into t!eir lungs/ an" are a,are o# t!e potentially let!al outcomes. Cigarette smo+ing is t!e main cause o# cancer in t!e esop!agus/ laryn2/ lip/ mout!/ p!aryn2/ tongue/ +i"ney/ pancreas/ urinary bla""er/ an" uterine cer$i2 .3u+uc!+o/ 300. 'll types o# cancer are cause" by a mista+e in !uman genetic co"e +no,n as D4'/ t!e mutations in D4' can be triggere" by en$ironmental agents li+e cigarette smo+e. 5esearc!ers #oun" an estimate" 63/000 mutations t!at s!o,e" signs o# t!e e2pecte" "amage cause" by c!emicals in tobacco smo+e. !ese

mutations ,ere not #oun" to be t!e main cause o# cancer but instea" ,ere i"enti#ie" as 7passengers8 ,!ic! only in#luence t!e "e$elopment o# cancer .Smo+ing/ 10. 3ung cancer is t!e number one type o# cancer t!at is cause" by cigarette smo+ing. ' cigarette is a

Kabel 6 to2ic mi2 o# appro2imately 9/000 "i##erent types o# c!emicals. 90 o# t!ese c!emicals are carcinogens/ ,!ic! are +no,n to cause cancer. Smo+ing is t!e cause o# )0* o# lung cancer in people ,!o li$e in t!e %nite" States. ' smo+er8s ris+ o# lung cancer increases ,it! t!e amount a person smo+es .3ung/ 10. Cancer may be one o# t!e more "ea"ly ris+s o# cigarettes/ !o,e$er c!ronic lung "isease/ anot!er possible result o# smo+ing cigarettes/ is not a pleasant illness to "eal ,it!. C!ronic obstructi$e pulmonary "isease/ also +no,n as C:PD/ is a con"ition t!at "escribes lung "amage an" results in restriction o# air#lo, .C!ronic/ 10. Smo+ing is t!e main cause o# c!ronic lung "isease .Morbi"ity/ 10. C:PD is a non;curable "isease< !o,e$er t!ere are many treatments to !elp impro$e t!e con"itions. Steroi"s an" t!eop!ylline are some oral treatments use" to !elp brea+ up t!e substance calle" sputum t!at constricts an" clogs air ,ays. =ot! c!ronic bronc!itis an" emp!ysema are consi"ere" to be a >C:PD> .c!ronic obstructi$e pulmonary "isease0/ ,!ic! is use" to "escribe lung "amage t!at is causing air,ay restriction. C!ronic bronc!itis !as symptoms suc! as coug!ing an" breat!lessness/ bot! o# ,!ic! continue to get ,orse an" ,orse t!roug!out continue" smo+ing. Smo+ing is t!e main cause o# c!ronic bronc!itis< ? out o# 10 people ,!o su##er #rom t!is "isease contracte" it #rom smo+ing. 'llergies an" air pollution commonly ma+e t!e "isease symptoms ,orse. 1o, serious t!e "isease is "epen"s on !o, muc! an" !o, long t!e person !as been smo+ing #or .C!ronic/ 10. Su##erers o# t!is "isease are $ery prone to getting upper respiratory in#ections on top o# t!eir pre;e2isting con"itions. People su##ering t!is "isease usually !a$e to be treate" ,it! antibiotics an" t!ey e2perience se$ere e2acerbations .C!ronic/ 10. Smo+ers !a$e been #oun" to more commonly su##er #rom respiratory "iseases suc! as in#luen@a/ pneumonia/

Kabel 3 col"s/ an" bronc!itis. !e reco$eries #rom t!ese common illnesses ten" to last longer #or

smo+ers .3u+ac!+o/ 10. A!ile cancer an" c!ronic lung "isease are bot! possible let!al outcomes o# smo+ing/ t!ere is an a""itional ris+ #actor calle" !eart "isease. 'n estimate" 60* o# "eat!s #rom !eart "isease in t!e %nite" States are lin+e" to cigarette smo+ing. !ese "eat!s occur because o# t!e #act t!at smo+ing is t!e cause o#

coronary artery "isease. 4icotine constricts your bloo" $essels/ an" carbon mono2i"e can "amage t!e $essels inner lining. ' smo+er continues to increase t!eir ris+ o# !eart attac+ t!e longer t!ey smo+e. Aomen smo+ers ,!o ta+e birt! control increase t!eir ris+ se$eral times #or !a$ing a !eart attac+/ perip!eral $ascular "isease/ an" stro+e .Smo+ing an" 1eart/ 10. ' person su##ering #rom !eart "isease !as t!e ris+ o# e2periencing some "angerous complications. 1eart #ailure is a common complication patients ,it! !eart "isease e2perience. 1eart #ailure results #rom multiple "i##erent !eart "isease suc! as car"io$ascular "isease/ $al$ular !eart "isease/ !eart in#ections or car"iomyopat!y. Smo+ers !a$e a !ig!er ris+ o# !a$ing a !eart attac+/ t!is occurs ,!en a bloo" clot enters a bloo" $essel an" stops a person8s bloo" #rom pumping. Car"io$ascular "isease can commonly cause a stro+e/ ,!ic! !appens ,!en arteries in your brain are narro,e" or bloc+e" .Complications/ 10. !ere are a lot o# li#e t!reatening ris+s t!at come #rom

smo+ing cigarettes/ t!e reason #or t!ese ris+s is ma"e clear ,!en analy@ing t!e ingre"ients o# a cigarette. ' cigarette consists o# o$er B/000 "i##erent c!emicals/ at least C0 o# ,!ic! are +no,n to be poisonous an" or cause cancer. !e poisonous c!emicals #oun" in cigarettes

are calle" carcinogens/ anot!er ,or" #or a cancer causing c!emical. Many o# t!ese c!emical are #oun" in !ouse!ol" items t!at t!e a$erage person uses e$ery"ay suc! as

Kabel B arsenic/ ,!ic! is #oun" in rat poison/ tar/ ammonia/ acetone/ an" butane .A!at8s/ 10. Most people ,!o smo+e parta+e in t!is cancer causing !abit regularly because t!ey are a""icte" to nicotine .5o,ley/ 10. '""iction is c!aracteri@e" by compulsi$e "rug;see+ing an" use/ e$en in t!e #ace o# "angerous !ealt! conse-uences .5o,ley/ 10. Cigarette a""iction is a negati$e psyc!ological e##ect t!at smo+ers e2perience #rom t!e use a nicotine. 4icotine is !ig!ly a""icti$e an" !as e##ects on t!e brain t!at are similar to !eroin an" cocaine. A!en -uitting smo+ing t!e smo+er e2periences ,it!"ra,al symptoms. !ese symptoms are an

in"ication o# all t!e a""icti$e properties o# nicotine .5o,ley/ 10. Dn 1)?) t!e Surgeon Eeneral issue" a report t!at state" t!at cigarettes as ,ell as ot!er #orms o# tobacco are a""icti$e. !is report also state" t!at smo+ing ,as a lea"ing cause o# stro+e as ,ell as

t!e t!ir" lea"ing cause o# "eat! in t!e %.S.'. Most cigarettes sol" in t!e %nite" States contain aroun" 10 or more milligrams o# nicotine. 4icotine is t!e primary component t!at acts on t!e brain< stu"ies s!o, it to !a$e a number o# comple2 an" sometimes unpre"ictable e##ects on t!e brain an" bo"y .4icotine/ 10. 4icotine acti$ates t!e circuitry in t!e brain t!at regulates t!e #eelings o# pleasure/ t!e so calle" re,ar" pat!,ays. 5esearc! !as s!o,n t!at nicotine increases t!e le$els o# t!e "opamine in t!e !uman brain. Dopamine is t!e part o# a person8s brain t!at encourages "rug use. Smo+ing cause a rapi" amount o# nicotine to sprea" t!roug!out t!e bo"y an" t!is causes t!e e##ects t!at ,ere pre$iously e2plaine". !e !uman bo"y gets

use" to !a$ing a !ig! le$el o# "opamine in t!e brain< t!ese le$els are t!e reason a smo+er !as suc! "i##iculty -uitting. :nce your bo"y is accustome" to somet!ing/ your brain ,ill continue to tell your bo"y t!at you nee" it. !ese messages #rom a smo+ers brain is t!e

Kabel C reason it is a c!allenge to o$ercome t!e ,it!"ra,als t!at a smo+er e2periences #rom -uitting. Smo+ing pro"uces $ery #ast "istribution o# nicotine to t!e !uman brain< "rug le$els began to rise a#ter only 10 pu##s. !ese small e##ects o# nicotine begin to lo,er

a#ter only a #e, secon"s. Ait!"ra,al symptoms #rom nicotine usage begin only a #e, !ours a#ter a person8s last cigarette< t!ese symptoms can inclu"e irritability/ an2iety/ !ea"ac!es/ insomnia/ cra$ing/ "ro,siness/ or e$en an increase appetite .4icotine/ 10. 4icotine creates a c!emical "epen"ency so t!at t!e bo"y "e$elops a nee" #or a certain le$el o# nicotine at all times. !is c!emical "epen"ency is an a""iction< ,!en

o$ercoming an a""iction t!e ,it!"ra,al symptoms are t!e !ar"est obstacle t!at an a""ict !as to o$ercome. !e symptoms t!at a nicotine a""ict must "eal ,it! can be unpleasant

an" stress#ul< !o,e$er t!ey are $ery temporary. Common symptoms generally pea+ ,it!in t!e #irst #e, "ays an" coul" last #or o$er a mont! "epen"ing upon t!e person an" t!eir ability to !an"le t!e stress. ' smo+er8s most "i##icult symptom to o$ercome ten"s to be t!e cra$ing to smo+e. !is cra$ing #or nicotine coul" possibly last #or ( mont!s< a !ings

$ery common trigger #or t!is cra$ing is being in t!e same $icinity as a smo+er.

suc! as using a lig!ter/ smelling t!e o"or o# cigarettes/ or e$en seeing a pac+ associate ,it! t!e pleasurable e##ects o# smo+ing an" can increase ,it!"ra,al symptoms psyc!ologically. ' smo+er8s instant p!ysical cra$e #or a cigarette last a total o# t,enty minutes/ a#ter t!at #irst t,enty minutes all cra$ings are psyc!ological .4icotine/ 10. '""iction is "e#ine" as a mental an" emotional "epen"ence o# a substance. Dn!aling smo+e/ e2!aling smo+e/ t!e #eeling o# a cigarette bet,een in a smo+er8s !an"/ t!ese are all actions t!at can !aunt a nicotine a""ict ,!ile going t!roug! cessation. =ut t!ese #eelings o# ,it!"ra,al are all a psyc!ological e##ect t!at nicotine !as on t!e !uman

Kabel ( brain. Many smo+ers start smo+ing to !elp to cope ,it! stress or e$en to lose ,eig!t. !e "opamine rus! t!at nicotine releases to a smo+ers brain superiorly increases t!e psyc!ological a""iction to an a""ict loo+ing to reli$e stress. 'n increase in stress le$els "uring cessation is one o# t!e main causes #or an a$erage smo+er to relapse. Smo+er8s use t!e e##ects o# nicotine to !elp manage t!eir emotional problems suc! as stress/ an2iety/ an" ner$ousness. ' cigarette can !elp a smo+er8s stress le$els lo,er ,it! just one pu##. !is #eeling o# relie# is t!e main reason ,!y out o# 90* o# cigarette a""icts

t!at try to -uite e$ery year t!ere are only 30* t!at remain success#ully -uit #or o$er a year .Ds/ 10. Since cessation o# smo+ing !as become more popular an" e2tremely "i##icult/ "i##erent met!o"s to !elp smo+ers -uit !a$e been ,ell impro$e" an" !a$e become $ery common/ :nly about C percent o# people ,!o try to -uit tobacco succee" ,it!out a -uit; smo+ing pro"uct. =ut more t!an 30 percent can succee" ,!en using a -uit;smo+ing pro"uct& .Mayo/ 10. !e electronic cigarette ,as in$ente" in t!e 1)(0s/ but it "i"n>t

really ta+e o## until a "eca"e ago. !ere are currently o$er 6C0 "i##erent bran"s o# Fe; cigarettesF a$ailable in #la$ors suc! as ,atermelon/ pin+ bubble gum an" Ga$a/ an" are o##ere" in many "i##erent colors. Electronic cigarettes are e##ecti$e in getting people to -uit cigarettes. 1o,e$er stu"ies s!o, t!at t!e majority o# people ,!o use t!is met!o" ten" to become a""icte" to t!e electronic cigarette. 'bout B million 'merican no, use battery po,ere" cigarettes. !e e;cigs to contain trace elements o# !a@ar"ous

compoun"s/ inclu"ing a c!emical t!at is a main element #oun" in anti;#ree@e. 1o,e$er t!e HD' report #oun" nine contaminants in t!e a$erage electronic cigarette/ $ersus t!e 11/000 #oun" in an a$erage cigarette. 1o,e$er t!e le$el o# t!e !a@ar"ous traces in

Kabel 9 electronic cigarettes is un+no,n. t!e electronic cigarettes to minors. !ere is no #e"eral age restriction to pro!ibit t!e sale o# !is is lea"ing many people to #eel t!at t!ese "e$ices

are becoming popular among t!e yout!. Some people are starting to call t!e e;cigs a gate,ay "e$ice to normal cigarettes .4eporent/ 10. Electronic cigarettes ,ere "esigne" to be a met!o" to assist a smo+er ,it! cra$ings "uring cessation. !ere is !ea$y researc!

being "one on t!is ne, met!o" to see ,eat!er or not t!ey are any sa#er t!an t!e a$erage tobacco cigarette . !e rut!/ 10. !is met!o" may be use#ul< !o,e$er ,!en it comes to

cessation replacing one a""iction ,it! t!e ot!er is not i"eal. !ere are plenty o# "i##erent tools t!at can be use" to !elp a smo+er t!roug! -uitting t!is cancer causing a""iction. Some o# t!ese met!o"s inclu"e p!armaceutical prescriptions/ nicotine patc!es/ gum/ or e$en just somet!ing to +eep an a""icts min" an" !an"s busy. 4icotine patc!es are small an" loo+ li+e ban" ai"s an" are meant to be put on your s+in to soot!e a nicotine cra$e. !e patc!es come in "i##erent le$els o# nicotine !ey can !a$e some negati$e si"e

to !elp slo,ly put a nicotine a""iction to a stop.

e##ects li+e insomnia an" $i$i" "reams. 'not!er con is t!e #act t!at a nicotine patc! ,ill not relie$e a su""en cra$e. 4icotine gum is gum t!at contains a small amount o# nicotine ,!ic! enters a bo"y ,!en c!e,e". Dt controls a cra$ing #or a $ery s!ort perio" o# time. 'not!er bene#it o# t!is met!o" comes #rom it being a non;prescription "rug/ an" sol" in t!e majority o# stores. !ere are multiple negati$e si"e e##ects t!at can arise suc! as

nausea/ !ea"ac!e/ an" e2cessi$e sali$a. ' nicotine in!aler is a "e$ice t!at s!oots nicotine into you #rom a cartri"ge on t!e insi"e/ t!e nicotine is absorbe" into your bloo"stream #rom t!e insi"e o# your mout!. Dt is a great met!o" #or relie$ing su""en cra$es/ but is usually use" ,it! anot!er -uitting ai". !e in!aler is a prescription

Kabel ? me"icine t!at is o#ten not recommen"e" #or people ,!o su##er #rom ast!ma. =upropion is a prescription me"ication classi#ie" as a type o# anti"epressant. ' sustaine";release #orm o# bupropion is appro$e" #or smo+ing cessation. %nli+e most o# t!e ot!er #orms o# nicotine replacement t!erapy/ bupropion "oesn>t contain nicotine. Dt>s t!oug!t to "ecrease tobacco cra$ings an" ,it!"ra,al symptoms by increasing t!e le$els o# certain brain c!emicals. C!anti2 is a prescription me"ication t!at ,as create" to !elp relie$e t!e ,it!"ra,als an" cra$es t!at come #rom -uitting. !e "rug also bloc+s nicotine receptors

in your brain ,!ic! ma+e smo+ing a cigarette less enjoyable/ so "octors actually recommen" t!at you continue to smo+e ,!en you begin ta+ing t!e me"icine. :ne o# t!e less common met!o"s is a nicotine replacement t!at is actually in t!e #orm o# a nasal spray. 4icotine nasal spray is a prescription spray t!at is use" to stop a nicotine cra$e. Dt is a solution meant to be spraye" up your nose/ "octors recommen" using it up to 3 times in eac! nostril per !our. !e nasal spray is +no,n to be almost as a""icting as a cigarette .Mayo/ 10. !e replacement o# nicotine seems to be t!e most common met!o" smo+er8s !e #act is t!at t!ese replacement tec!ni-ues are !uge !ere is no "oubt

use ,!en attempting to -uit.

#actors t!at contribute to t!e remission o# a struggling cigarette a""ict.

t!at nicotine replacement t!erapy can !elp a struggling smo+er o$ercome su""en cra$ings an" ,it!"ra,al symptoms. 1o,e$er an a""ict ,ill not success#ully -uit t!eir a""iction until t!ey are psyc!ologically prepare" to -uit .4icotine 5eplacement/ 10. 5esearc! !as s!o,n t!at t!e a$erage smo+er ,ill try to -uit aroun" ( times be#ore t!ey are completely success#ul. ' success#ul cigarette cessation can be ac!ie$e" by a nicotine a""ict easier ,!en t!e a""ict +no,s t!e e2treme !arm#ul e##ects t!at t!eir bo"y is being put t!roug! "ue to smo+ing. !e psyc!ological e##ects #rom cigarettes o#ten ,ill

Kabel ) stan" in t!e ,ay o# t!e smo+er ,or+ing to stop. 1o,e$er t!ere are many #orms o# nicotine replacement t!erapy a$ailable to assist a struggling smo+er. E$en ,it! t!e "i##erent met!o"s to !elp cessation be easier on t!e a""ict t!e psyc!ological struggle seems to be t!e ,orst. !is is ,!y support #rom ot!er a""icts ,!o are e2periencing t!e

same #eelings s!oul" join toget!er to !elp eac! ot!er ac!ie$e a success#ul cessation. 4icotine support groups s!oul" be more commonly ac+no,le"ge"/ t!e groups !a$e t!e potential to c!ange t!e ,ay a smo+er loo+s at t!e struggle to -uit.

Kabel 10