Madhav Gadgil Report

{]km[Ipdnv
]n-a-L-- hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _--s ]T-\-dn-tmv s{]m^.-am-[hv KmUvKn

In, tI{- h\w ]cn-nXn a{m-e-b-n\v kan-nv Ctm cv hjw
]nn-n-cn-p-p. Fn-cp-mepw I-n-bpsS ip]mi-Isf A[n-I-cnv kPo-h-amb
N-I hnhn-[X
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-
- f
- n Ctmgpw \S-p-p-v. apJy-ambpw Bdv Imcy-sfbmWv
dntmv ]cm-ain-p--Xv. (1) ]n-a-Lw kw_-n hnh-c--fpsS t{ImUo-I-cWw (2) ]cn-n-Xn-hn-teme {]tZ-i--sf X-cw-Xn-cn--dn-b (3) -Xn-cn--dn {]tZi-fpsS XcwXn-cn-p ]cn-c-Ww (4) ]n-a-L--\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xkp-c
(5) ]n-a-L hnI-k\w ]m-fn ssien-bn B (6) tat\m Npa-Xe
\nh-ln-m ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bpsS cq]o-IcWw, Fn-h-bmWv Ah. AXncp-hn hn`-h-hn-\n-tbmKw\Sn t\apmp Hcp-\yq-\-]w KmUvKn In
aptm-p-h-bvp ]e- ip-]mi-Ifpw Xn--f-b-W-sa-mWv Bh-iy-s-Sp--Xv.
Fm ]cn-c
- W
-
- n-eqsS ZoL-Ime hnI-k\w km[y-am-pI F dntmns
auenIkao-]\w apgp-h P\-hn-`m-K-pw KpW-I-c-am-Wp-Xm-\pw. Bb-Xn-\m
ip]mi-I-fpsS A:k tNmn--f-bmsX Ah -P-\-t-a-]-c-am-bpw, eIme {]k-n-tbm-sSbpw, hnI-k-t\m-p-J-ambpw Fs\ {]tbmKnemmw
F-Xn-\mWv {]k-n. ]n-a-L--nse {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-sf ZoL-Im-em-Snm-\-n ]cn-c-n-p-I-bpw, imkv{Xo-b-am-bn- A-hsb hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw
sNp--Xn-\p {]mtbm-KnI\S-]-Sn-I-fmWv KmUvKn In ip]miIfn
\nv Dcp- n- c n- s - S p- t - - X v . Ccw {ia- v ]n_- e - t a- I m ]n- a L ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dntmns ae-bm-f-]cn`mj Gsd {]tbm-P-\
-s-Spsa-mWv imkv{X-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-jv hniz-kn-p--Xv.
aebmfn {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Xn\v {]tNm-Z\w \Inb s{]m^. am[hv
KmUvKn, tUm. ]n.-F-kv. hnP-b Fn-h-tcmSpw ]cn-`mj \n-ln {io. lcnZm-k Dn-m, {io. APnv shn-bq, tUm.- kn.-F-kv. tKm]-Ip-am Fn-htcmSpw ]cn-j-ns \n tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
tIc-f- im-kv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jv
aebmfw
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn
hnZKv[kanXn dntmv
Hmw ]Xnv :
sk]vXw-_ 2013
{]km-[-\w, hnX-cWw :
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-v
Xrq 680004
C-sa-bn :
publicationkssp@gmail.com
en]n hn\ymkw :
sF amIv
Xrq
ASn :
sXtc Hm^vskv {]ntgvkv
A-amen
malayalam
Report of the Western Ghats
Ecology Expert Panel
First edition :
September 2013
Published & Distributed by :
Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishath
Thrissur - 680004
e-mail :
publicationkssp@gmail.com
Type setting :
Imac
Thrissur
printing :
Theressa offset printers
Angamaly
{]knoIcWkanXn
s{]m^.sI.{io[c (sNbam)
tUm.Imhpmbn _meIrjvW (Iho\)
AwK
tUm.Fw.]n.]ctaizc, s{]m^.kn.sP.-inhic, ]n.apcfo[c, kn.Fw.apcfo[c,
sI.sI.IrjvWIpam, s{]m^.Fw.inhic, s{]m^.efnX se\n, Cu.Un.tUhokv,
s{]m^.]n.sI.cho{,sI.Sn.cm[mIrjvW, P\p, s{]m^.Fw.sI.{]kmZv, tUm._meIrjvW sNdq,
s{]m^.sI.]mqn, ]n.F.X, ]n.Fw.Ko-X, sI.cm[, tUm.F.-sI.iin[c]n,
hn.hn.{io\nhmk, ]n.sI.\mcmbW
` 700.00
KSSP
1977
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SEP 2013
Dy 1/4
0.5K
70000
FT 912/13
]n-aL- ]-cn-nXn hnZKv[ kanXn

dntmv
tI{ -]-cn-nXn h\w -a-{m-ebn\p

kan-p-Xv
BKv 31, 2011
]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ih Unssk :
tIcf kwm\ ssPh sshhn[y t_mUv
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
iv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]m\ AwK
s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn
sNbam
{io. _n.-sP. IrjvW
sa
tUm. sI.-F. KtW-i
sa
tUm. hn.-F-kv. hnP-b
sa
s{]m^. ({io-a-Xn) dn\n t_mPkv
sa
s{]m^. B. {ioIp-am
sa
tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW
sa
{ioa-Xn. hnZy Fkv. \mbIv
sa
tUm. Un.-sI. kp{_-Wyw
sa
tUm. B.-hn. h
sa (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)
sN-bam, tIcf kwm\ ssPh-ssh-hn[y t_mUv
sNbam, tZiob ssPh-ssh-hn[y AtXm-dnn (NBA)
s{]m^. Fkv.-]n. KuXw
sNbam, tI{ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{W t_mUv (CPCB)
tUm. B. B. \hKpv
Ub-d-IvS, kvt]kv Bn-t-j sk (SAC)
tUm. Pn.-hn. kp{_-Wyw
sa-s
- k-{I-dn (F-Ivkv. Hô-tjym)
AssUz-k (RE), tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
DSw

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
BapJw
h[n-p-h-cp- ]cn-nXn \mi-ns Xo{hX Ipd-bvpI F ey-tmsS tI{-kw-m-\--{]m-tZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-X-e-nepw P\-Io-b-X-e-nepw ImgvN-sh-p ]cn-nXn
kulrZ {]Xn-I-c-W-sImv \psS cmPyw {it-b-am-bn-sm-n-cn-p- Hcp Ime-L-am-Wn-Xv. \memw ]-hk-c-]--Xn-bpsS XpSw (1970-I-fn) apXp-Xs {]mhn-Iam-n-sm-n-cn-p- kpnc hnI-k-\-X-{-n-eq-nb Ia-]--Xn-I, ]cn-nXn ]cn-KW-\-bn-eq-nb hnI-k\ ImgvN-mSv F Bibw hfsc apt-Xs kzmwio-I-cn Hcp cmPysa JymXnbpw \apv t\Sn--n-p-v. CuZri {]h-\-, cmPyw F{X-am{Xw BmYambpw Kuc-h-X-c-hp-am-bnpw BWv ImWp-Xv F-Xns aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]n-a-L
]cn-nXn hnZKv[ ]m\-en\v cq]w-sIm-Sp-p-sImv tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw ]pdn-d-nb D-c-hv.
ZoL-Ime hnI-k\w km-I-am-m-\p GsXmcp \o-n\p ]nnepw ]n-aLwt]mep Hcp `q{]-tZ-i-n\v tI{-m\w Dv F Imcy-n X-an-. tKmZm-h-cn,
IrjvW, t\{Xm-h-Xn, Imth-cn, Ipn, sshssK, Fo alm-\-Zn-Ip ]pdta H-t\Iw sNdp
\Zn-Ipw ]pg-Ipw Poh-Pew \In kwc-n-p {]IrXn amXm-hns m\-amWv
Cy D]-`q-J--ns ss]Xr-I-amb ]n-a-L--n\v I]n-n-p--Xv. Imfn-Zm-k
CXns\ Hcp I\y-I-tbm-SmWv D]-an-n-p--Xv. AK-y-ae inc-mbpw AXn\p Xmsg Am
-a-e-bpw, \oe-Kn-cnbpw Db amdn-S-fm-bpw, ]c-p-cp Im\-d, tKmh ae-I at\m-l-c-amb
\nXw-_--fm-bpw, Dc klym-{Zn-a-e-Isf \on ]nfn-sh Imep-I-fmbpw Imfn-Zm-k
hn-n-p-v. \n`m-Ky-h-im lcnX taem-ns In-bmb ]-v ]pXv {]uV-bmbn hncmNn-n-cp Ah-fnv AXns Iodn--dn Ah-in-jvS- Npn \mWw ad-bvm-\m-hmsX
tIgp nXn-bn-em-Wv. AXns\ Cs\ ]nn-o-n-b-Xn\v ]nn Zcn-{Z-cpsS ]in-b-Sm-\p ]cm-{I-a-t-m-fp-]cn AXn-k---cpsS ASn \ndp-m-\m-hm Bn-bpsS
Iq \J--fmWv FXv Ncn-{XkXyw am{X-am-Wv. Zn-tW-y-bpsS ]cn-nXn kpc-bpsS B[m-chpw km-nIkpc--bpsS ASn--d-bp-amb ]n-a-Lw Gp-hm-nb Hcp Zpc
Ah--bm-WnXv F Imcy-n X-an-.
]cn-nXn Zpc--ns Icn-\n-g-en Ign-bp-tmgpw kmam\y P\-X-bpsS Db kmc-Xbpw ]cn-nXn Ah-t_m-[hpw Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]p\x-cp-m-c-W-n\v {]Xym-i-bpsS {]Imiw
]c-p-p. A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{o-IrX {ia-fn-eqsS P\m-[n-]Xy kwhn-[m\w in-{]m-]n-p-IbmWv FXv asmcp km[y-X-bm-Wv. {]tXy-Inpw tIcfwt]mep kwm-\ ]mbo cmPv m]-\--fpsS imo-I-c-W-n\pw tijn-h[-\-hn\pw thn \S-p {ia Cy-bn Xs amXr-I-bm-Wv. tKmh kwm\w \S-n-em-nb doPn-b-W m 2021
F ]Xn, `qhn-\n-tbmK \b-n {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS ]m-fnw Dtp--Xns \
DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Cu coXn-bn hne-bn-cp-p-tm ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-]-chpw P\-tI-{o-IrX-hp-amb Hcp hnI-k\ coXn {]mhn-I-am-p--Xn\v ]n-a-Lw Fp-sImpw tbmPn
Hcp {]tZ-i-amWv Fv Xo-s-Sp-mw.
C{]-Imcw At Aw {]Xo-m-\n`-c-amb Hcp kml-Ncyw apn Ip-sIm-mWv
]n-a-L hnZKv[ ]m\ NpaXe Gs-Sp--Xv. Hcp _lp-Xe {]h\ X{-amWv ]m\
Bhn-jvI-cn-Xv. AXns apJy LS-I- Cs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-mw. (i) ]n-a-L--hp-ambn
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vii

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_-s e`y-amb apgp-h hnh-c-fpw tiJ-cn-p-I, (ii) ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn hnteme

taJe Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\v B[m-c-am-m-hp _lp-apJ am\-Z---f-S-nb ka-{K-amb Hcp
Pntbm-kvt]-jy hnhc ASn-d Dm-p-I, (iii) ]n-a-L {]tZ-i--fp-ambn t\cnv kwthZn-p-\\ hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K-, _-s Pnsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p Fw.-]n. am, Fw.F.-F.-am, XrXe ]m-bo cmPv kwhn-[m-\-fn-tep sXc-s-Sp--s P\-{]-Xn-\n[n-I-fpw, {]kn-U-p-amcpw DssS hn]p-e-amb Hcp P\-k--bs t\cn Iv N \Sn
hnhcw tiJ-cn-p-I.
Ccw N-I Hs-s ]c-ky-ambpw XnI kpXm-cyX Dd-m-n-smpw \Sm kan-Xnp Ignp FXv Nmcn-Xmy-P-\-I-am-Wv. s]mXp hnh-c-ti-J-c-n-sbpw
]T-\-fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-n Xm-dm-nb Pntbm-kvt]-jy Umm t_kv Fm-hpw
e`y-am-I---hn-[-n Hcp {]tXyI sh_v sskmbn \ne-\n-dp-n-bn-p-v.
Ign Hc hj Ime-b-f-hn ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kanXn 14 XhW
]m\ tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw ]n-a-L--hp-ambn _-s hnhn[ {]iv\- Iqmbn ]cn-tim[n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tbmK \S-]-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw apw an\nSvkv tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-bns sh_v sskn e`y-am-Wv. ki\ ]T-\--fpw, hnZ-Kv[-cp-am-bn-p A`n-ap-J-hpw,
hne-bn-cp- tbmK-fpw CXns `mK-ambn \S-p. Ch-bn-semw Aeo-\-am-bn-cp s]mXpeyw ]T-\v IrXy-amb Hcp imkv{Xob coXn-imkv{Xw hnI-kn-n-p--Xn\pw ]mfn {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AXns\ IqSp-X sa-s-Sp-p--Xn\pw thn Bbn-cp-p.
apJy-ambpw aqvv Imcy-sf A[n-I-cn-mWv dntmv Xm-dm-n-bn-p--Xv. Ah C{]-Imc-am-Wv. (i) kanXn XnI Ah-[m-\-X-tbmsS \S-nb ]cn-tim-[\-I-fp-sSbpw hne-bn-cp--ensbpw ASn-m-\-n ]n-a-L-s aqv taJ-e-bn hcp ]cn-nXn hnteme {]tZ-i-fmbn Xcw Xncn-p. (ii) A{]-Imcw Xcw Xncn Hmtcm taJ-e-bp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-I Xncn-dn-bm-\pw ]cn-c
- n-m-\p-ap- am\-Z
- fpw Xm-dm-n, (iii) ]n-aL

- ]cn-nXn AtYmdnn
cq]o-I-cnv {]h-\--a-am-p--Xn-\p Hcp N-qSpw Xm-dm-n-bn-p-v.
AXn-_r-l-mb Cu {]h\w ka-b-_-n-X-ambn ]qn-bm-m Ign-Xv kanXn-bp-ambn kl-I-cnv {]hn \nc-h[n hnZ-Kv[-cp-sSbpw kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw m]-\--fpsSbpw k-\-p-sImp am{X-am-Wv. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-ns \n[n-Ipw-`-sapw ss]Xr-I-sapw
temI-amsI JymXn-bp ]n-a-L ]cn-n-Xn-bp-ambn _-sv C-c-samcp {]h\w
\S-m Akp-e` k`w Hcp-n- tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-n\pw ap-hpw ]m\-en-\p IrXmX tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
(H-v)
s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn
sNbam
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kanXn
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viii

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\n
]n-a-L taJ-e-bn\n-p temI-k-`m-Kw-K-, _-s kwm-\--fnse a{nam, Fw.-F.-F.am, _lp-am-\s
- tI{-]c
- n-nXn h\w a{n Fo al-Xvhy-n-I \Inb
klmb kl-I-c-W-v ]n-a-L hnZKv[ kanXn \n tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
]n-a-L kwm-\-fnse ]m-bo cmPv m]-\-, {Kma-hn-I-k\ hIp-v, ]cnnXn h\w-h-Ip-v, tIcf Cn-yqv Hm^v tem AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j, tIcf h\ KthjW tI{w XpS-nb apgp-h m]-\-pw Ah \Inb tkh-\--fpsS t]cn \n
tcJ-s-Sp-p-p. hnZKv[ ]m\-ep-ambn kl-I-cnpw kwth-Znpw {]hn H-\-h[n ]uckw-L-S-\-I-fpw, ]cn-nXn kwL-S-\-Ifpw Dv. \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-n hyX hcp-nbpw ]cnnXn ]cn-c--W-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb am\-Z-- Dcp-n-cnpw {]tXy-Inv ]cn-nXn
hnteme taJe Xcw-Xn-cn-p Imcy-nepw Hs \nWm-b-I-amb kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv Chcn\npw kan-Xnp e`n--Xv. dntmns A\p-_ `mKv Ch-cpsS t]cp-I tNn-pv. Fm-hpw D \n ChnsS tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
ki-\-th-f-I-fn hnK--k-an-Xnsb Dujva-f-ambn hc-thp-I-bpw, Bh-iy-amb hnhc- a\-n-em-m kuI-cy-sam-cp-p-Ibpw sNbvX ]n-a-L \nhm-kn-I-fpsS ]v hfsc
hep-Xm-bn-cpp FmWv kanXn hne-bn-cp-p--Xv.
kp{]ow tImSXn A`n-`m-j-I-\pw, ELDF amt\-Pnv ]mSvW-dp-amb {io. kbv D]m-[ymb
\Inb hnZKv[ D]-tZ-iw, ]n-a-L AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _-s am\-Z---fpm-p Imcy-n hfsctbsd klm-b-I-c-ambn F Imcyw \n-]qhw kvacn-p-p.
Pntbm-kvt]-jy Umm-t_-kp-ambn _--s {]h-\-pw, ]cn-kvXnXn hnteme
taJ-e-bpsS Xncn--dn-b-en-\p am\-Z-- Dm-p Imcy-nepw tUm. Fkv.-F. {]kmZv
\Inb tkh\w hne-a-Xn-m-\m-Im--Xm-bn-cp-p. At-l-n-\p \nbpw ChnsS Ipdn-pp. Hw Xs ta]-d {]h-\--fn klm-bn Xmsg ]d-bp--h-cpsS tkh-\p \nbpw tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
1.
{io. Inc, {io. hn. {io\n-hm-k, tUm. PK-Zoiv IrjvW-kzm-an, {ioaXn Acp-Xn Zmkv
2.
FERAL
3.
sIb Fnse tUm. RJR Um\n-bkv
4.
ZSI
5.
s{]m^. B. kpIp-am
6.
tUm. sI.-F. KtW-i
7.
tUm. ]n.-F-kv. tdmbn
8.
tUm. _dq-, tUm. jmanX (BVIEER), tUm. sPbv ka-v, At-l-ns kl-{]-hI
(DEVRAAI)
9.
tUm. sI.-F-kv. cmP (Pn-tbm-kvt]-jy ût-j)
se {io. cho{ `, CEPF se {io. `mkvI BNmcy
se tUm. sI.-F. kp{_--Wy
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
ix

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
10.
tUm. ]n.hn.-sI. \mb (tI-cf h\ Kth-jW tI{w)
11.
{io. ktmjv tKvhmZv, {io. inh-Ir-jvW, {io chn-Ip-am,

{io. A-em-Nm-cn, {io. kmbv {]kmZv
12.
{ioaXn AarX tPmIvte
Cy Cn-yqv Hm^v kbkv _wK-fq-cp-hn hv \S-nb kan-Xn-bpsS Nm-tbmK-v Fm kuI-cy-fpw Hcp-nb {ioaXn KoX KmUvIm--dn-\p {]tXyI \n ChnsS
Ipdn-p-p. Uln-bnse DuP hn`-h-tI-{-nse (TERI) {ioaXn ktcmPv \mb, {ioaXn
ssjen tIUnb Fn-hpw, dntmv X-m-dm-m-\pw, Kth-j-W-k-lm-b-pw thn
\Inb ]np-W-bpsS t]cn \n tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-nse apgp-h DtZym-K-pw {]tXy-Inv U]yqn
Ub-d-IvS Bb tUm. AaoXv temhn\pw Bm-amb \n tcJ-s-Sp-pp.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
D-Sw
BapJw
vii
\n
ix
]nII
xv
Nn{X
xvi
t_mIvkpI
xvii
List of Abbreviations
xix
`mKw 1
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dntmv - `mKw 1 ......................... 1
1.
kw{Klw ......................................................................................................... 1
BapJw .......................................................................................................... 3
3.
kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-Xe-I............................................................................ 3
4.
dntmns LS\ ...................................................................................... 4
5.
Gs-Sp {]h-\- ........................................................................ 4
6.
]n-a-L--ns AXn-cp-I ................................................................. 5
`q{]-IrXn ....................................................................................................... 8
kpn-c-ambn hnI-kn-n-pI {im-]qw ]cn-c-n-pI ....... 12
9.
]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I ................................................................ 16

9.1.
]n-a-L Umm t_kv ........................................................................................... 17
10.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZi AXnn \nbw ............................... 20
11.
\ne-hn-ep ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I A\p-`-h-]m-T- ...... 27
12.
kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fpsS Icp-X IhNw ........................................ 38

12.1 òam-i- h\y-k-tXw ............................................................................................ 40
12.2 AXnn-\n-b-n\v P\m-[n-jvTnX kwhn-[m\w ..................................... 42
13.
taJemXe -{]-h-\-p am-tcJ .................................... 43

13.1
14.
taJem m\p-Ifpw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw ...................................... 53
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn ......................................................... 56
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xi

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
14.1. \nb-a]
- c
- a
- mb N-qSvv ................................................................................................. 58
15.
BXn-c-nn, Kpnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I............................. 64

15.1. BXn-c-nn ]Xn ................................................................................................... 64
15.2 Kpnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn ................................................................................ 71
16.
cXv\-Kncn, knp-Zp Pn-I ............................................................ 75

16.1. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-X-bpsS \ne-hmcw .................................................................. 76
16.2. ]cn-nXn `cW \n-l-W-nse t]mcmbva ............................................... 76
16.3 ip]mi-I ................................................................................................................... 79
17.
tKmh-bnse J\\w ..................................................................................... 81

17.1
Ah-bpw amhpw .................................................................................................... 81
17.2. J\-\
- ns Imev]m-Sp-I ...................................................................................... 81
17.3 `c-W-]-c-amb {]iv\- ............................................................................................. 84
17.4 ip]mi-I ..................................................................................................................... 88
A\p-_w .......................................................................................................... 90
A\p-_w 1 : ]T-\-coXn ................................................................................................................ 90
A\p-_w 2 : ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe Hv, taJecv,
taJeaqv Fn-h hnhn[ ]n-a-L--Xm-eq-p-I
Ds-Sp-p-Xp kw_-n \ntiw. ................................................................................ 95
A\p-_w 3 : 50 iX-am-\-n Xmsg-bp {]tZiw ]n-a-L--n
Ds-n-p NphsS ]d-bp Xmeq-p-Isf taJ-e--H-n-epw,
taJ-e--c-nepw Ds-Sp-m \ntZ-in-p .......................................................................... 98
A\p-_w 4 : Id v kbkv t].................................................................................... 100
klm-bI tcJ-I ........................................................................................... 123

]cn-injvS tcJ-I ............................................................................................112
]cn-injvS tcJ a : ]n-a-L hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-bpsS \nb-a\w ..................................... 112
]cn-injvS tcJ b: ]cn-tim-[n ]T\ tcJ-I ................................................................. 117
`mKw 2
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dntmv - `mKw 2 ...................... 129
1.
]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h XnXn ........................................ 129

ùa--ssPh `qhn-`m-K- .............................................................................................................. 130
a\p-jys CS-s]-S-epIfpw ]mcn-n-XnI {]Xym-Lm-X-fpw ...................................... 136
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS XnXn hne-bn-cp- ..................................... 142

]n-a-L---fnse BhmktaJ-esb Imem-hmhyXn-bm\w
`mhn-bn F{]-Imcw _m[nmw? ............................................................................................. 161
2.
taJ-em-X-e-n-ep ip]mi-I........................................................ 164
2.1
Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw ...........................................................................................................164
DXvI-WvTm-P-\-I-amb {]iv\- ................................................................................................ 166
nXn sa--s-Sp-m-\p \S-]-Sn-I ................................................................................... 168
2.2
Irjn ............................................................................................................................... 172

nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p \S-]-Sn-I ................................................................................... 173
2.3. arK-]-cn-]m-e\w ...........................................................................................................176

nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 178
2.4. ay-k-v ..............................................................................................................180

nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 181
2.5
h\-fpw ssPh-ssh-hn-yhpw ...........................................................................183

nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 201
2.6
kwL-SnX hyh-kmbw ............................................................................................ 202

nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 205
2.7
J\\w............................................................................................................................ 205
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 206
2.8. sshZyp-Xnbpw Duhpw ........................................................................................ 211

DWvT Dbp {]iv\- ........................................................................................... 214
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 215
2.9
hnt\mZ kmcw....................................................................................................... 217

DWvT Dbp {]iv\- ........................................................................................... 217
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 217
2.10. KXm-KXw .......................................................................................................................219

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xiii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
DWvT Dbp {]iv\- ........................................................................................... 219

nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 220
2.11. a\pjy A[n-hm-k- DS-a--X-bnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw amw ...... 221

DWvT Dbp {]iv\- ........................................................................................... 219
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 223
2.12. imkv{Xhpw kmt-XnI imkv{Xhpw ............................................................... 224

DWvT Dbp {]iv\- ........................................................................................... 224
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I ................................................................................... 225
2.13. t]mj-Im-lm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw ......................................................................... 226

3.
]n-a-L--nse _lp-Xe `cWw .....................................................228

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-nse t]mcm-bva-I .................................................................................... 228
nXn sa-sSpm-\p `cW \S-]-Sn-I ...................................................................... 236
`mh-\m-]q-amb ]cn-c--Whpw hnI-k-\hpw hnZym-`ymk-n-eqsS ...................... 242
ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc--W-ntes-Sp I-\n-Ipw
s]mXp-P-\-pw t\cnv {]Xn-êw.................................................................................... 247
temI-ss]-XrI Ishj ..................................................................................................... 253
A\p-_-w .........................................................................................................254
A\p-_w 1 : tIc-f kwm\ ssPh-Irjn \bhpw
I-]--Xnbpw, 2010............................................................................................................ 254
A\p-_w 2 : ]n-a-L--nse [mXp--fpw, [mXp-D]m-Z-\hpw ........................... 270
a ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse/Pn-I-fnse [mXp- ................................... 270
b 200708 -se [mXp Dev]m-Z\w ...................................................................................... 272
A\p-_w 3 : sFIy-cmjv{S ncw t^md-n

Cy kan BZn-hmknIfpsS {]iv\- kw_-n
\nt-i--fnt Db FXnp-I ................................................................... 280
klm-bI tcJ-I ...........................................................................................282

]cn-injvS tcJ-I ...........................................................................................284
]cn-injvS tcJ 1 : ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kan-XntbmKns an\pSvkv ..................................................................................................................... 284
]cn-injvS tcJ 2: ]n-a-L hnZKv[ {Kqv I-]-Xn.............................................. 290
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xiv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]n-II
`mKw 1
]nI 1
: ]n-a-L--ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \nW-b- .................. 7
]nI 2
: ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-m

]pXp-Xmbn e`n \nt-i-..............................................................19
]nI 3
: taJ-e-I-fn-tev \nt-in-n-p {]tZiw

50% n A[n-I-ap ]n-a-L--Pn--I .................................... 25
]nI 4
: taJe Hn-tepw cn-tepw \nt-in--s-n-p

{]tZiw 50% n Xmsg D ]n-a-L- Pn-I ................ 25
]nI 5
: knp-ZnK Pn-bnse ]cn-nXn Zp_e

{]tZ-i--fmbn \nt-in--s-h ........................................................ 26
]nI 6
: taJ-em-X-e-n-ep \nnjvS am-tc-J-I ............................... 43
]nI 7
: Kpnb ]-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I ............................................ 72
]nI 8
: J\-\-tm-Sp ks {]Xn-I-cWw ................................................ 87
`mKw 2
]nI 1
: ]n-a-L--nse hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn

taJ-e-Ifpw Ah-bn ImW-s-Sp
\nXy-l-cnX kky-hK-fpw ...............................................................132
]nI 2
: ]n-a-L--ns Ncn{Xw
Hcp s]mXp Ah-tem-I\w .......................................................................137
]nI 3
: hS- ]n-a-L--nse Umap-I ................................................139
]nI 4
: kcnkvI ISph dnknse ISp-h-I-fpsS Fw ........................183
]nI 5
: {]tXyI km-nI taJe (skv) bpsS

kwm-\m-Sn-m-\-n-ep IWv ............................................. 203
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nn{X-
`mKw 1
Nn{Xw 1 : ]n-a-L {]tZiw .................................................................................. 7
Nn{Xw 27: taJe 1 Dw 2 Dw 3 Dw, kwc-nX {]tZ-i-fpw
Xmeq--Sn-m-\-n ........................................................................... 22
Nn{Xw 8 : tKmh-bnse Ccp--bncv Dev]m-Z\w (19922009) ........................... 82
Nn{Xw 9 : tKmh-bnse J\-\m-\p-aXn \Inb
{]tZ-i- (tKmh ût-j 2010) ......................................... 83
`mKw 2
Nn{Xw 1 : ]n-a-L--nse aqv {][m\ taJ-e-Ifpw
Ah-bnse HXv `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-fpw ................................. 131
Nn{Xw 2 : KpP-dm-nse ]n-a-L taJe
Nn{Xw 3 : alm-cmjv{S-bnse ]n-a-L- -ta-Je ............................................ 156
Nn{Xw 4 : tKmh-bnse ]n-a-L taJe ....................................................... 157
Nn{Xw 5 : IWm-S-I-bnse ]n-a-L taJe .............................................. 158
Nn{Xw 6 : tIc-f-nse ]n-a-L--ta-Je ...................................................... 159
Nn{Xw 7 : tIc-f-nepw Xan-gv\m-p-ap ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-I ............. 160
Nn{Xw 8 : IqSp-X-ep kky-Pm-e-162
Nn{Xw 9 : Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-tm-Sp hnt[-bXz km[yX....... 163
Nn{Xw 10 : hnhn[ kwm-\--fnse ]mNI/Du
Bh-iy-p KmlnI C\
D]-tbmKw (TDDEY 2010) ........................................................................... 212
Nn{Xw 11 : ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w ........... 213
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xvi

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
t_mIvkp-I
`mKw 1
t_mIvkv 1 : tems MIDC cmk-hy-h-km-b-irw-J-ebpw
Zmt_m IS-en-Sp-ns aen-\o-I-c-Whpw ............................... 13
t_mIvk 2 : _n.B.Sn. ae-bnse tkmfnKm Kncn-P-\- ....................... 14
t_mIvkv 3 : {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn amt\-Pvsa v ........................................... 15
t_mIvkv 4 : ]n-a-L--ns amn-n\v Ah-ew-_n
{]h-\-coXn ................................................................................... 17
t_mIvkv 5 : Xmsg Xn-ep Hcp kwcw`w ........................................................ 26
t_mIvkv 6 : {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS {]ta-b-ns {]k--`mKw......................... 26
t_mIvkv 7: Zlm\p Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwc-W AtXm-dnn ............. 27
t_mIvkv 8 : alm-_-te-iz ]-K\n ]cn-nXn Zpe taJe ........ 28
t_mIvkv 9 : alm-_-te-iz ]-K\n taJ-e-bnse
]uc-P-\--fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw ....................................................... 36
t_mIvkv 10 : kwc-n-X-h-\-n-t\mSv _-s ]cn-nXn
Zp_-e-{]-tZi-n-\p-thn sImlm-]q sshUv
sse^v Unhn-js \nn-jvS-am-t\-Pvsa v N-............ 39
t_mIvkv 11 : taJem m\p-Ifpw ]n-a-L
]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-nbpw .............................................................. 53
t_mIvkv 12 : tKmh-bnse J\\w: s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-lPn-I ................... 86
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xvii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
t_mIvkp-I
`mKw 2
t_mIvkv 1 : ]n-a-L--\n-cIfpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-I .................... 134

t_mIvkv 2 : Imep AW-sv ................................................................................ 170
t_mIvkv 3 : sshX-cW ay-k-tXw (alm-cm-jv{S) ................................. 183
t_mIvkv 4 : tjme-h\ \io-I-c-Ws kw_-nAt\z-jWw ....... 186
t_mIvkv 5 : kwbp--h\w amt\-Pvsa v; ]n-a-L--n
\np Hc-\p-`hw ........................................................................... 191
t_mIvkv 6 : h\-A-h-Imi \nb-ahpw hmg-m-ense ImScpw .................... 193
t_mIvkv 7 : `c-Xv]q-cnse ZmcpW hnVnw ................................................. 196
t_mIvkv 8 : _nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-I ....................................... 197
t_mIvkv 9 : cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse hmbp-hns KpW-ta......................... 204
t_mIvkv 10 : \nb-{nX J\\ amXrI .............................................................. 209
t_mIvkv 11 : Dc ]n-a-L--n-eq-sS-bp tdmUp-I-fpsS ]nI..... 221
t_mIvkv 12 : h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-m-p--Xp-kw-_-nv
F.-kn.-k-Ivtk\ Inn dntmv 2010 .............................. 233
t_mIvkv 13 : ]cn-nXn {]-IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsan
\ne-hn-ep \nb-{-W-nse t]mcmbva ............................ 235
t_mIvk 14 : mn-a-S-bnse A\p-`hw ................................................................ 238
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xviii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Npcp-s-gppI
List of Abbreviations
`mKw 1
ATREE
BMC
BVIEER
Research
CCF
CEA
CEC
CEIA
CES
CETP
CFR
CPSS
CRDS
CPCB
CZMA
DCR
DEC
DEVRAAI
DP
DEC
DPC(s)
DPDC
DPR
DRP
DTEPA
DTP
EAC
EPA
EPR
ESA
ESL
ESZ
EVI
FGD
FRA
FSI
GAP
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment

Biodiversity Management Committee
Bharati Vidyapeeth Institute of Environmental Education and
Chief Conservator of Forests
Central Electricity Authority
Central Empowered Committee
Comprehensive Environment Impact Assessment
Centre for Ecological Sciences
Common effluent treatment plant
Community Forest Resources
Chalakudy Puzha Samrakshana Samithi
Chalakudy River Diversion Scheme
Central Pollution Control Board
Coastal Zone Management Authority
Development Control Regulations
District Ecology Committees
Development Research, Awareness & Action Institute
Development Plan
District Ecological Committee
District Planning Committee (s)
District Planning and Development Council
Detailed Project Report
District Regional Plans
Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection Authority
Director of Town Planning
Environment Appraisal Committee
Environment Protection Act
Environment (Protection) Rules
Ecologically Sensitive Area
Ecologically Sensitive Locality
Ecologically Sensitive Zone
Enhanced Vegetation Index
Flue gas desulfurizer
Forest Rights Act
Floor Space Index
Good Agricultural Practice
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xix

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
GGGJDC
GHEP
GMO
GMOEA
GOK
GoM
GRIHA
GRP
HEP
HLMC
HT
IBWL
JNNURM
KFRI
KMDA
KPCL
KSBB
KSEB
KSSP
LSG
MAHASESA
MMDR
MCD
MCM
MCR
MFD
MGNREGA
MIDC
MMDR
MODIS
MoEF
MoTA
MPC
MPESZ
MPT
MTDC
NCAER
NCF
NDVI
NEERI
NIO
OGC
PA(s)
PCCF
PESA
PIL
PPP
PRI
Goa Governments Golden Jubilee Development Council

Gundia Hydro-Electric Project
Genetically modified organisms
Goa Mineral Exporters Association
Government of Karnataka
Government of Maharashtra
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment
Goa Regional Plan
Hydro Electric Project
High Level Monitoring Committee
high tension
Indian Board of Wild Life
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Kerala Forest Research institute
Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited
Kerala State Biodiversity Board
Kerala State Electricity Board
Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishath
Local Self Governments
Maharashtra Sahyadri Ecologically Sensitive Area
Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act.
Municipal Corporation Districts
Million cubic metres
Mineral Concession Rules.
Maharashtra Forest Department
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
Minerals and Metals (Development and Regulation)
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
Ministry of Environment and Forests
Ministry of Tribal Affairs
Metropolitan Planning Committee
Mahabaleshwar Panchgani Ecological Sensitive Zone
Mormugao Port Trust
Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
National Council of Applied Economic Research
Nature Conservation Foundation
Normalized Differential Vegetation Index
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
National Institute of Oceanography
Open Geospatial Standards
Protected Area(s)
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (India)
Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas Act
Public Interest Litigation
Public Private Partnership
Panchayat Raj Institution
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xx

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
PWD
RRC
RTI
SAM
SEZ
SPCB
SRTM
SRUDPA
STPs
TBGRI
TERI
TIFF
ULB
UNESCO
VP(s)
WAPCOS
WG
WGEA
WGEEP
WGMCMP
WLS
ZASI
ZMP
ZP
Public Works Department

River Research Centre
Right To Information
Spatial analyses in Macro Ecology
Special Economic Zones
State Pollution Control Board
Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission
State Regional and Urban Development Planning Acts
Sewage Treatment Plants
Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute
The Energy and Resources Institute
Tagged Image File Format
Urban Local Body
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
Village Panchayat(s)
Water and Power Consultancy Services
Western Ghats
Western Ghats Ecology Authority
Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel
Western Ghats Master Conservation and Management Plan
Wild Life Sanctuary
Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries
Zonal Master Plan
Zilla Parishad
`mKw 2
ACF
Assistant Conservator of Forests
ADC
Autonomous District Council
AOFFPS
Area Oriented Fuel wood and Fodder Projects Scheme
APEDA
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
AQ
Air Quality
ARC
Autonomous Regional Council
ASCAS
Australian Soil Carbon Accreditation Scheme
ASTRP
Association of Scheduled Tribes and Rural Poor in Regeneration of

Degraded Forests
ATREE
Ashoka Trust for Research In Ecology and the Environment
BDA
Biological Diversity Act
BEE
Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BMC
Biodiversity Management Committee
BOD
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xxi

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
CAA
Constitutional Amendment Act
CAMPA
Compensatory Afforestation and Management and Planning Authority
CCA
Community Conservation Areas
CCF
Chief Conservator of Forests
CDM
Clean Development Mechanism
CES
Centre for Ecological Sciences
CFM
Community Forest Management
CFRe
Community Forest Resources
CFRt
Community Forest Rights
CPCB
Central Pollution Control Board
CPFFZ
Chemical Pesticide and Fertilizer-Free Zones.
CRPF
Central Reserve Police Force
CRZ
Coastal Regulation Zone
CSD
Council for Social Development
CSR
Corporate Social Responsibility
DBT
Department of Biotechnology
DC
District Collectorate
DCF
Deputy Conservator of Forests
DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DFO
District Forest Officer
DLC
Divisional Level Committee
DPC(s)
District Planning Committee (s)
DSAs
Defined Sequestration Areas
DTEPA
Dahanu Taluka Environment Protection Authority
EAC
Environment Appraisal Committee
EC
Environmental Clearances
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
ENRM
Environmental and Natural Resource Management
EPA
Environment Protection Act
ESAs
Ecologically Sensitive Areas
ESLs
Ecologically Sensitive Localities
ESZ
Ecologically Sensitive Zone
FAA
Food Adulteration Act
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
FC
Forest Clearance
FD
Forest Departments
FDC
Forest Development Corporations
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xxii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
FEVORD
Federation of Voluntary Organizations for Rural Development
FGD
Flue Gas Desulphurisation
FGEC
Forest Grievance Enquiry Committee
FRA
Forest Rights Act
FRC
Forest Rights Committee
FRI
Forest Research Institute
GA
Gram Sabhas
GALASA
Group Approach for Locally Adapted and Sustainable Agriculture
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GIM
Green India Mission
GIS
Geographic Information System
GM
Genetically Modified
GN
Goa-Nilgiris
GoI
Government of India
GSPCB
Goa State Pollution Control Board
HEP
Hydro Electric Project
IAEPS
Integrated Afforestation and Eco-Development Projects Scheme
ICAR
Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICDS
Integrated Child Development Services
ICF
International Crane Foundation
ICT
Information and Communication Technologies
IFA
Indian Forest Act
IFRs
Individual Forest Rights
IGNFA
Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy
IISc
Indian Institute of Science
IMD
Indian Meteorological Department
IUCN
International Union For Conservation Of Nature
JFM
Joint Forest Management
JFMCs
Joint Forest Management Committees
KAU
Kerala Agricultural University
KFD
Karnataka Forest Departments
KILA
Kerala Institute of Local Administration
KSBB
Kerala State Biodiversity Board
KSSP
Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishath
KVK
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
LAMPS
Large Area Multi Purpose Societies
LEISA
Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xxiii

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LSG
Local Self Government
MEA
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
MFPs
Minor Forest Products
MGNREGS
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MIDC
Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
MILMA
Kerala Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation
MMSC
Mining Monitoring Sub Committee
MoEF
Ministry of Environment and Forests
MoRD
Ministry of Rural Development
MoTA
Ministry of Tribal Affairs
MPCB
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
MP
Member of Parliament
NAEB
National Afforestation and Ecodevelopment Board
NAP
The National Afforestation Programme
NAPCC
National Action Plan on Climate Change
NCA
National Commission on Agriculture
NCC
National Cadet Corps
NCERT
The National Council of Educational Research and Training
NCR
National Curriculum Review
NEERI
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NFP
National Forest Policy
NFRC
National Forest Rights Council
NGOs
Non Governmental Organizations
NP
National Park
NPOP
National Programme for Organic Production
NRC
National Research Council
NREGA
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
NRSC
National Remote Sensing Agency
NSS
National Service Scheme
NTCA
National Tiger Conservation Authority
NTFP
Non-Timber Forest Produce
NTFP
Non-Timber Forest Produce
NTPC
National Thermal Power Corporation
NWGs
Northern Western Ghats
OFPC
Organic Farmer Producer Companies
OFRI
Organic Farming Research Institute
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xxiv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
OGC
Open Geospatial Standards
OKM
Organic Kerala Mission
OTFD
Other Traditional Forest Dweller
PAs
Protected Area(s)
PCCF
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
PCS
Production Consumption Systems
PDR
Peoples Biodiversity Registers
PESA
Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas Act
PGS
Participatory Guarantee System
PGSC
Participatory Guarantee System of Certification
PPP
Public Private Partnerships
PPVRFA
Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Rights Act
PRIs
Panchayat Raj Institutions
PTG
Primitive Tribal Group
R&D
Research and Development
REDD
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
REDD+
Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD),

Forest Conservation, and Enhancement of Carbon Stocks and Sustainable
Management of Forest
RES
Renewable Energy Sources
RF
Reserve Forests
RFD
Regional Forest Department.
RFL
Reserve Forest Land
RTI
Right to Information
S&T
Science and Technology
SAC
Space Application Centre
SCIPs
Soil Carbon Incentive Payments
SDA
State Department of Agriculture
SDLC
Sub-Divisional Level Committee
SEMCE
Socio-Ecological Multi Criteria Evaluation
SEZs
Approved Special Economic Zones
SFRS
State Forest Resources Survey
SLMC
State Level Monitoring Committee
SPCB
State Pollution Control Boards
SPCS
Sustainable Production Consumption Systems
SPGI
Space Department of Government of India
ST
Scheduled Tribe
STPs
Sewage Treatment Plants
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
xxv

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
T&D
Transmission and Distribution
TCS
Technical Support Consortium
TD
Tribal Department
TEDDY
The Energy Data Directory & Yearbook
TERI
The Energy and Resources Institute
TFR
Tribal Forest Right Act
TOR
Terms of Reference
TSP
Tribal Sub Plan Area
TTF
Tiger Task Force
UGC
University Grants Commission
UNDG
United Nations Development Groups
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFCCC
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
VEC
Village Electricity Committee
VFCS
Village Forest Cooperative Societies
VFPCK
Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council of Kerala
VP(s)
Village Panchayat(s)
VPF
Van Panchayat Forests
WCC
World Conservation Congress
WG
Western Ghats
WGA
Western Ghats Authority
WGEA
Western Ghats Ecology Authority
WGEAC
Western Ghats Expert Appraisal Committee
WGEEP
Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel
WGNG
Western Ghats North of Goa
WGPP
Western Ghats Parisara Prakashana
WGR
Western Ghats Region
WGSoPG
Western Ghats South of the Palghat Gap
WHC
World Heritage Committee
WLPA
Wild Life (Protection) Act
WLS
Wild Life Sanctuary
WTO
World Trade Organisation
ZAS
Zonal Atlas of the States
ZASI
Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries
ZP
Zilla Parishad
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xxiv

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]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn dntmv - Hmw `mKw

1. kw{Klw
hfsc {im-]qw \S-nb hym]-Iamb hnh-c-k-am-l-c-W-n-sbpw hn]p-e-amb e]-cn-tim-[-\-bp-sSbpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw A]-{K-Y-\-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n ]na-L-s apgp-h ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-ambn (Ecologically Sensitive Area - ESA) kanXn \ntin-p-Ibpw hnhn[ taJ-e-Isf aqv Xe--fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]cn-nXn Zp_e-ta-JeHv (Ecologically Sensitive Zone-1- ESZ-1), taJe cv, taJe aqv Fn-s\ Ahsb
\ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. ]n-a-L--ns hnhn[ `mK--fn-ep {Kma]m-b-p-I-fn \npw
km-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-I-fn \npw kan-Xnv e`n \nth-Z-\--fp-sS ASn-m-\-n Nne
{]tZ-i-sf ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmbn (Ecologically Sensitive Localities - ESL) \n-bn-npv.
9 In.ao. x 9 In.ao. hnkvXo-ap ka-b-Zqc bqWn-p-I-fmbn Xncn-mWv (5 an\nv x 5
an\nv) nXn hnhc ASn--dbvv cq]w \In-bn-p-Xv. Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fpsS AXnh-c-pI t]mse-bp {]Ir-Xn-Z LS-I--fp-sStbm, hnt-Pv, Xmeq-v XpS-nb `cW bqWn-p-Ifp-sStbm ASn-m-\-n-e CXv. hnhn[ ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS ]cn[n \n-bn-p-Xn\pw {]mtZ-inI `c-W-\n-lW ]-Xnv cq]w \Ip-Xn\pw Hcp taJem kwhn-[m-\n\v cq]w \Ip--Xn\pw Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fp-sSbpw hnt-Pn-sbpw AXn-cp-Isf ka-\z-bn-np-Xv A`n-Im-ay-amWv. ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn (Western Ghats Ecology Authority) \nehn hcp-tm hn]p-e-am-sbmcp ]m-fn {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AtXm-dnn \n-ln-t--Xm-bnp Hcp Npa-X-e-bm-WnXv. Fn-cp-mepw kan-Xn-bpsS A]-{K-Y-\-ns ASn-m-\-n
]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe Hv, cv, aqv Fn-h-bpsS {]mcw` ]cn[n kw_-nv XmmenI hnm-]\w ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-tmSv R ip]mi
sNpp. CXv Xmeqv/tmv Xe-n sNp--Xm-bn-cnpw Gsd A\p-tbmPyw. Cu Hcp
ImgvN-m-Sns ASn-m-\-n ]n-a-L--ns AXn-cp-I-fn-ep 142 Xmeq-p-I-fn-sebpw
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS hnhn[ Xe- R \n-bn-p-I-gnp. Hmtcm Xmeqn-sbpw `qcn-`m-Khpw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bpsS GXv Xe-ns]-Spp F-Xns
ASn-m-\-n-emWv Cu Xcw-Xn-cnhv \S-n-bn-p-Xv. tKmh-bpsS Imcy-n Hcp an\nv x
Hcp an\nv F bqWn-mWv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv. bqWn-ns ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Isf
ASn-m-\-s-Sp-n-bmWv Xmeq-p-I-fnse taJ-e-Isf \n-bn-Xv.
taJe Hv, cv, aqv Fn-h-bpsS hnime N-q-Sn-\p-n {]mtZ-inI ]cn-nXn
kmaq-ly-Np-p-]m-Sp-I-\p-kr-X-am-bn-p, t{]mm-l-\-]-chpw Fm \nb-{-W-hn-t[-bhpw
Bb, Lw-L--am-bp Hcp kao-]-\-amWv kanXn ip]mi-sN-p-Xv. {Kma-k-`-I hsc \ofp
Hcp ]m-fn {]{In-b-bmWv R hn`m-h\ sNp--sX-nepw Hcp XpS--sa \ne-bn
hn]p-e-am-sbmcp am-tc-Jbvv cq]w \Ip-Xv Cm-cy-n DNn-X-am-bn-cnpw. DtZym-K, hnZ-Kv[, kmaq-ly-kw-L-,]uc-P-\- Fn-h-cp-am-bp hnim-e-Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-\-IfpsS ASn-m-\-n hnhn-[-ta-J-e-Imbn C-c-samcp am-tcJ Xm-dm-m kanXn
{ian-n-pv.
Hmw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bn (ESZ-1) hnime Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fp AW-s-pI \nn-m A\p-aXn \Icp-sXv kanXn ip]mi sNbvXn-pv. AXn-c-nn, Kqnb
Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn {]tZ-i- taJe Hn Ds-Sp--Xn-\m Chbvv ]cn-nXn
nbdkv \IcpXv.
tKmh-bn taJe Hnepw cnepw s]Sp {]tZ-i--fn J\\w \S-p--Xn\v ]cnnXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn samd-tm-dnbw Gs-Sp--W-sapw 2016HmsS Hmw taJ-ebn J\\w Lw-L--ambn Ah-km-\n-n--W-sapw kanXn ip]mi sNpp. taJe cn
Ctm \S-p-h-cp J\-\-n\v Ii\\nb-{-Whpw ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy BUnpw
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Gs-Sp-Ww. taJe cn nXn-K-Xn-I sa-s-Sp-p--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv J\\w aqew

]cn-n-Xn-bnepw a\p-jy-cpsS Btcm-Ky-n-Xn-bnepw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-nepw Dm-Ip
BLmX- Hcp hnZKv [ kanXn hne- b n- c p- p- - X ns ASn- m- \ - n ]cn- nXn
nb-dkn-\p samd-tm-dnbw ]p\-cm-tem-N-\bvv hnt[-b-am-m-hp--XmWv.
alm-cm-jv{S-bnse cXv\-Kncn, knp ZpK-Pn--I-fnse J\\w, Du Dm-Z\w, aen-\oI-cW hyh-km-b- Fn-h-bpsS XpSp hnI-k-\-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-sbmcp amXrIbvv cq]w \I-W-sav kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s-n-cpp. Cu Pn-I-fpsS Nne-`m-K-
am{Xta ]n-a-L--n s]Sp-pq. kanXn Ahsb ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I-fmbn XcwXn-c-p-Ibpw am-tc-J-Iv cq]w \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. Cu Pn-I-fn ]n-a-L-n s]Sp `mK--fn taJe Hpw cp-ambn \n-bn-n-p {]tZ-i--fn J\-\n\v ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\v samd-tm-dnbw Gs-Sp--W-sa-mWv kanXn
ip]mi. taJe Hn 2016HmsS Lw-L--ambn J\\w Ah-km-\n-n-Ww. taJe cn
\ne-hn-ep J\\w Ii-\-\n-b-{-W--fp-sSbpw ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy BUn-n-sbpw ASnm-\-n am{Xta XpS-cmhq. taJe Hnepw cnepw Ievcn A[n-jvTnX Du-DmZ\ ime-I Ds-sS-bp Hcp ]pXnb hyh-km-b-pw (Nphv,Hmdv hn`m-K-n
s]-Sp-h) A\p-aXn \Im ]mSn. Nphv, Hmdv hn`m-K-n s]Sp \ne-hn-ep hyhkm-b- 2016 HmsS ]qPyw aen-\o-I-cW \ne-hm-c-n-se-m \nt-in-Ww. CXn-\mbn
ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy BUn-nv kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw thW-sav kanXn ip]misN-pp.
cXv\-Kncn, knp Zp Pn-I-fn ]n-a-L--n s]Sm `mK--fpsS hy-amb
hnh-c- tiJ-cn-mt\m Ah-bpsS ]cn-nXn Zp_e Ah \n-bn-mt\m kanXn
{ian-n. Fm kanXn Chn-Ss ka-X-e--fnepw Xoc-tZ-ipw \S-nb ]cn-an-X-amb
]T-\-n Cu {]tZ-i- ISp ]mcn-n-Xn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]iv\- t\cn-Sp-Xmbn a\-n-em-m Ignp. Cu {]tZ-i--fnepw alm-cm-jv{S-bnse dbn-KVv Pn-bnepw
tKmh kwm-\pw ChnsS \S-p hnhn[ hnI-k\ {]h-\--fpsS sam-n-ep
BLm-X-s-n tKmh-bnse \mj-W Cn-yqv Hm^v Hmjymt\m{Km^n-bpsS t\Xr-Xzn hn]p-e-am-sbmcp A]-{K-Y\w \S-p-Xv \m-bn-cn-p-sav kanXn ip]mi sNpp.
cXv\-Kncn, knp ZpK Pn-I-fnse ka-X-e--fnepw Xoc-tZ-i--fnepw J\-\-n\pw Nphv,
Hmdv hn`mKw hyh-km-b-pw ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\v \ne-hn-ep samdtm-dnbw Cu A]-{K-Y\ ]T\w ]qn-bm-Ip--Xp-hsc XpS-c-W-sapw kanXn ip]mi
sNpp. ]T-\-nse Is--ep-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n samd-tm-dnbw ]p\:]cn-tim-[nm-hp--XmWv.
]n-a-L--n-ep-S-\ofw Ip-h-cp ]cn-nXn kwc--W-nse hogvN ]cn-l-cn-m
ASn-b-n-c-\-S-]Sn Bh-iy-am-sWv kanXn hniz-kn-pp. ]cn-nXn kwc--Ws kw_nv P\--fpsS Ah-t_m-[s kanXn AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw Cm-cy-n-ep Ah-cpsS ]cnanXn-Isf a\-n-em-p-Ibpw sNpp. ]cn-nXn kwc-W {]h-\--fn ]c-am-h[n P\]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-m \S-]Sn kzoI-cn--W-sav ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-tmSv kanXn
Bh-iy-s-Spp.
h\w Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse kmaq-ly- h\h-cW ]cn-]mSn \S-n-empI. Fm Xti
`c-W-m-]-\--fnepw ]q-A-[n-Imcw \In-bp ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-kw-c-W kan-Xn-I
cq]o-I-cn-pI, tIc-f kwm\ ssPh-ssh-hn-y-t_mUv DSp--tme Xmeq-n \S-n-emnb amXr-I-bn ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-kw-c-W {]h-\- t{]mm-ln-n-pI, ]cnnXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y-\-fpw nb-dkv \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jv-cn-pI,
]cn-nXn kwc-Ww kw_-nv P\-sf ]c-am-h[n t_m[-h-cn-pI, ]cym-h-c
hmln\n ]cn-]mSn (Paryavaran Vahini Programme) ]p\-cm-cw-`n-pI, B{-{]-tZ-inse alm-m-Kmn
tZiob {Kma sXmgn-ep-dv N-ns amXr-I-bn Fm ]cn-nXn kwc-W ]cn-]m-Sn-Ipw
tkmjy BUnv Gs-Sp-pI Fn-h-bmWv CXp-sIm-p-t-in-p-Xv.
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2. BapJw
]n-a-L--nse GXp Npcw Ibdn apI-fn-se-n-bmepw AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb {]Ir-Xn`w-Kn-bmWv ImWm Ign-bpI. 3000 apX 4000 ASn-hsc Db-c-n \nc-\n-c-bmbn ImWp aeI hr-\n-_n-U-amWv. CS-bvnsS Idp òam-Im-c-amb ]md-I ImWmw. Ahbvv apIfnepw Ipn-Im-Sp-I-fpv. ]n-a-L--n ]q\bvv sXtm-p {]tZ-is ]n-e-m-Sp-I
mbn-bmWv. hj-m-ev ae-\n-c-I-fn-eqsS Pe-sam-gp-Ip-tm Cu ImSp-I-fpsS ]pw
hfbpw D-m-bn-bn-sepw - Grant Duft (1826) History of Marathas Vol.1
cmLp-cm-Pmhv Cy-bpsS \me-Xn-cp-I Iog-S-n-b-Xns\ ]n hnh-cn-p--n-Sv ImfnZmk ]ivNn-a-L--a-e-\n-c-Isf Hcp \thm-V-tbm-SmWv D]-an-p-Xv. Ah-fpsS incv I\ymIpam-cn--Sp-m-sWpw B\-a-ebpw \oe-Kn-cnbpw Ah-fpsS kvX\--fm-sWpw tKmh- Np-pI-fm-sWpw ]mZ- Xm]n-\-Zn--Sp-m-sWpw AXn hnh-cn-pp. Db ]cn-nXn
sshhn-[y-ap Ccw ae-\n-c-I temI-m-I-am\w {]IrXn sshhn-[y-ns A-b-I-\n-Ifm-bmWv Icp-X-s-Sp-Xv. ]n-a-L--n e`n-p ag-bpsS Af-hnepw henb G-p-d-nepv. \oe-Kncn Ipns sXp-]-Sn-m-d aqe-bn 8000 an.ao. ag e`n-p-tm Ahn-Sv
shdpw 30 In.ao. Ing-p tambm ae-bn-Sp-n e`n-p-Xv 500 an.ao. ag-am{Xw. Um ]oT`q-an-bn \qdp-I-W-n\v Intem-ao--dnse hmjnI ag e`yX 1000 an.ao. Xmsg-bmWv. ae-\n-cI-fn hfsc hfsc AI-e-n Nne Bhm-k-tI-{-fpw cq]-s-Sp-pv. ChnsS hyXykvX
C\-ns] kky-Po-h-Pm-e--fp-mIpw. hfsc AI-e-n nXn-sN-p ]n-a-L-n-sbpw lnam-e-b-n-sbpw Db-c--fn Rhododendron t]mse-bp ]qs-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw
Xm ae-bm-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw hyXykvX C\--fp-mhpw. ae-\n-c-I a\p-jy-hm-k-n\v A{X A\ptbm-Py-a-m--Xn-\m ChnsS {]Ir-Xn-Z-tam A-{]-IrXn Ztam Bb kky-Po-h-Pm-e A`bw Is-pp. Cm-c-W-m-emWv ]n-a-L-hpw lnam-e-b-ns Ing-p`m-Khpw Cy ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-ns {][m\ tI{--fmbn Cpw \ne-sIm-p-Xv. Cybn am{Xw ImWp \nc-h[n C\w kky-Po-h-Pm-e--fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-amWv ]n-a-Lw.
Ing- lnam-e-bhpw kky-Po-h-Pm-e--fpsS A-b-J\n am{X-a \nc--c-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp
temIs cv {][m\ ssPh-ssh-hn[y k taJ-e-IIq-Sn-bmWv.
3. kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-I
]n-a-L--ns ]mcn-n-XnI {]m[m-\yhpw hnhn[ kwm-\--fn-embn hym]n-p-In-Sp AXns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ko-X-Ifpw AXv Cu taJ-e-bnse Imem-h-m-hy-Xnbm-\-n sNepp kzm[o-\hpw IW-n-se-Spv 2010 amv 4\v Cd-nb Hcp D-c-hneqsS tI{-]-cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kan-Xnv (Western Ghats
Ecology Expert Panel -WGEEP -A\p-_w A) cq]w \In.
NphsS ]d-bp Npa-X-e-I \n-ln-m-\mWv kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s-Xv.
i.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep Ah hne-bn-cppI
ii.
]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i- Isn 1986se ]cn-nXn
(kwc-W) \nb-a-{]-Imcw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Ah hnm-]\w sNm
ip]mi-sN-pI. C{]-Imcw sNp-tm taml dmw Inn dntmv, _lp. kp{]nw
tImS-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am-\-, tZiob h\y-Pohn t_mUns ip]mi Fnh ]cn-K-Wnp-Ibpw _-s kwm-\-km-cp-I-fp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-p-Ibpw thWw.
iii.
_-s kwm-\-fpw P\--fp-ambn hn]p-e-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I \Sn ]naL--ta-Je kwc--W-n\pw ]p\-cp-o-h-\-n\pw Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I ip]misN-pI.
iv.
]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nba{]Imcw 1986 tI{ ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw ]cn-nXn
Zp_e taJ-e-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-p {]tZ-i--fn hnm-]-\-nse hyh--I
ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-m-m-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I \nt-in-pI.
v.
_-s kwm-\--fpsS ]np-W-tbmsS ]n-a-L--ns ]cn-nXn kwc--Whpw
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............................................................................................................................................................................................................
vi.
vii.
kpnc hnI-k-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-m 1986 se ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse

hyh--I {]Imcw ]n-a-L--]-cn-nXn AtXm-dnn (Western Ghats Ecology Authority)
cq]o-I-cn-m-\p ip]mi kan-pI.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bp-ambn _-sv ]cn-nXn kwc-W {]iv\--fn tI{ ]cnnXnh\w a{m-ebw Bh-iy-s-Sp av hnj-b-.
Xoc-tZ-i-apssS cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I ]q-ambn ]noSv kan-Xn-bpsS ]T\-]-cn-[n-bn Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw Kpnb, BXn-c-nn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]XnI {]tXyI
]cn-tim-[-\bvv hnt[-b-am-m\pw tKmh-bn ]pXnb J\\ ssekkn-\p samd-tmdn-bs ]n Bh-iy-amb ip]mi \Im\pw kan-Xn-tbmSv \nt-inp.
4. dntmns LS\
dntmn\v cv `mK--fm-Wp-Xv. `mKw Hpw `mKw cpw. `mKw HmWv kan-Xn-bpsS
{][m\ dntmv. kan-Xn-tbmSv ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-m Bh-iy-s Fm hnh-c-fpw AXn-emWp-Xv. ]n-a-L ]cn-k-Yn-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep Ah-sb kw_-n hni-Z-amb NI, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{-, Pe-hn-`h t{kmX-p-I, Irjn(ê-h, tXmw
hnf-I DsS) h\-h-c-Whpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw, hyh-km-b- kwL-SnXw, J\\w,
sshZyp-Xnbpw Duhpw, Sqdnkw, KXm-K-Xhpw hmm-hn-\n-a-bhpw, hnZym-`ymkw, imkv{Xhpw
kmt-XnI hnm-\hpw, hnm-\-hym-]\w Fn-s\ {][m\ dntmnse ip]mi-Im[m-c-am-nb hnj-b-sf kw_-n hni-Z-amb Ipdn-p-I Fn-h-bmWv cmw `mK-n-epXv.
Hmw `mK-nse Hmw A[ym-b-n Hmw `mK-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p hnj-b-fpsS cXv\-Np-cp-hpw cmw A[ym-b-n Bap-Jhpw aqmw Aym-b-n kan-Xn-bpsS
Npa-X-e-I-fpw \memw Aym-b-n dntmns LS-\bpw Amw Aym-b-n GsSp {]h-\-fpw Bdmw Aym-b-n Aym-b-n ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bpsS AXn-cpIfpw Ggmw Aym-b-n ]n-a-L--ns sam-n-ep Ah-bpw Aymbw Fn
]na L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn \ne-hn hcp-tm IqSp-X hnI-k-\-n\v DX-Ip-sav
Inn Icp-Xp kwc-W/hnI-k-\-k-ao-]-\hpw H]Xpw ]pw Aym-b--fn ]cn-nXn
Zp_e {]tZ-i-sa Bi-bs kw_-n Nbpw ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nba (1986)
{]Imcw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I Hvcvaqv Fv hn`-Pn-m-\m-h-iy-amb nXn
hnhc ASn-m\ hnI-k-\hpw Aymbw 11 ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fpsS \ne-hn-ep
`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\s A\p-`-h--fpsS ASn-m-\-n ]p\: ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw Aymbw
12 ]n-a-L--nse kwc-nX {]tZ-i-p Npp-ap ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-sf
kw_-n A]-{K-Y-\hpw Aymbw 13 ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-fpsS XpSp hnI-k-\-n\v klm-b-I-hp-am-Ip-sav kanXn Icp-Xp kao-]-\-co-Xnbpw
]cn-n-Xnsb {]Xp-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p {]h-\- \nb-{n-m\pw A\p-Iq-e-amb
{]h-\- t{]mm-ln-n-m\pw Bh-iy-amb am-\nt-i-fpw Aymbw 14 tI{nepw kwm-\--fnepw ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-Ifpw Pn-I-fn ]cn-nXn kanXn-Ifpw cq]o-I-cn-m-\m-h-iy-amb \nt-i-fpw Aymbw 15 AXn-c-nn, KpUnbm Pessh-ZypX ]-Xn-Isf kw_-n ]p\:]cn-tim-[\ ip]mi-Ifpw Aymbw 16 cXv\-Kncn,
knp ZpK Pn-Isf kw_-n ]T-\-ip-]mi-Ifpw Aymbw 17 tKmh-bnse J\-\-ssekkp-Isf kw_-n ip]mi-Ifpw Ds-Spp. A\p-_-- kqNn-I-I Fn-hbpw
dntmns Hmw `mK-n-epv.
5. Gs-Sp {]h-\-
2010 amv 30 \v _wK-fp-cp-hn tN BZy tbmK-tm-sS-bmWv kanXn {]h-\-am-cw`n-Xv. kanXn BsI 14 XhW tbmKw tNp. Ah-km-\-tbmKw 2011 BKv 1617 Xn-Xn-Ifn _wK-fq-cp-hn-em-bn-cpp. 42 HutZym-KnI Ipdn-p-I, AXn-hn-]p-e-amb 7 Bi-b-hn-\n-ab
Nm-tbm-K- Hcp hnZKv[ IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-tbmKw, km GPkn-I-fp-am-bp 8 IqSnbm-tem-N\ tbmK-, kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-am-bp 40 IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-tbm-K-, 14 e............................................................................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
k-i-\- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv kanXn Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-n-bXv. CXn-\p]p-dta tKmh km-cns kph-Pq-_nen hnI-k\ Iukn AwK-f
- mb am[hv KmUvKn,
enPnb s\mtdmW Fn-hsc kanXn AwK--fm-pI hgn tKmh-bnse km, km
CXc GPkn-I-fn \npw Htsd hnh-c- kam-l-cn-m Ignp. s]mXp-P-\--fn
\nv ]c-am-h[n hnh-c- kam-l-cn-m-\mbn Hcp sh_vsskpw kanXn Xpdp. {]h-\-fpsS IqSp-X hnh-c- A\p-_w _nF^n tNn-pv.
kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-I Htsd imkv{Xo-b-amb shp-hn-fn-I \nd--Xm-bn-cpp. a\pjys A\-h[n CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-v {]tXyI Du \In, 129, 037NXp-c{iIn.ao. hnkvXo-ap ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep Ah-bpw
kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p am-fpw kw_-nv hni-Z-am-sbmcp [mcW Bh-iy-am-bn-cpp.
CXp kw_-nv [mcmfw hnh-c- e`y-am-bn-cp-p. Fm Cu hnh-c- KpW-]-c-ambpw
hnizm-k-X-bnepw A{X t]mcm-bn-cpp Fp-am-{X-a kpkw-L-Sn-Xhpw Bbn-cp-n. DZm-l-cW-n\v \ne-hn \S-p-h-cp tKmh doPn-b-W m 2021 F kwcw`w hnhn[ kwm\
km GPkn-I-fn-embn NnXdn InS-n-cp nXn hnh-cW IW-p-I kam-l-cnv Hcp
KqKn Fv CtaPv m-t^m-an AWn-\n-c-p tPmen Gs-Spp. ]n-a-L taJ-ebvm-I-am\w C-c-samcp kwcw`w Cv km[y-amWv. kan-Xn-bpsS BZy-{iaw CXm-bn-cpp.
am{X-hp-a cmPy-n\v sam-ambn C-c-samcp kwcw-`-n\v cq]w\I-W-sav 2000 Xs
{]Wm_v sk Inn i-ambn ip]mi sNbvXn-cpp. HcpZi-I-n\v tij-am-sW-nepw
kanXn Cm-cy-n DNn-X-am-sbmcp XpSw Ipdnp.
kan-Xn-bpsS Hcp {][m\ Npa-Xe ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-Isf
Isn 1986 se ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-{]-Imcw hnm-]\w sNm \S-]Sn kzoIcn-pI F-Xm-bn-cpp. ASn-m\ nXn hnh-c-W-I-W-p-I-fpsS klm-b-tmsS hkvXp\n-jvT-ambn CXv \n-ln-m-\m-bn-cpp kan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am\w. CXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp
imkv{Xob \n-l-W-co-Xnv cq]w \Ip-Ibpw s]mXp-P\ {]Xn-I-cWw Bcm-p-sImv
AXv "Id v kbkv' B\p-Im-en-I-ns 2011 P\p-hcn 25 e-n {]kn-o-I-cn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. (A-\p-_w 4)
6. ]n-a-L--ns AXn-cp-I
]cn-nXn kw_-n-bmb Imgv-m-Sn-eqsS ]n-a-L-s \nNn-m-\mWv kanXn
{ian-Xv. Atd-_y kap-{Z-Xo-c-n\v kam--c-ambn ]me-mSv Npcw HgnsI CS-X-S-hn-msX
1500 In.ao. \of-n sXp-h-Sv Zni-bn nXn sNp Xm]n-\Zn apX (Dc Amwiw
210 16') Cy D]-`q-J-WvU-ns sXt ap\-mb I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bv-Sp-p-hsc (Z-nW
Amwiw 80 19') hym]n-p-In-S-p ae-\n-c-I-fmWv ]n-a-Lw F ]Zw kqNn-n-p-Xv.
Fm ]n-a-Lw AYhm klym{Zn F ]Zw sImv Xm]n \Zn apX s]\nkp-em
]oU-`q-an-bpsS ]Sn-m-d {]tZ-ihpw sXtmv IpSIv hsc-bp `mKhpw am{X-am-sWpw
hnh--bpv. (Dc Amwiw 12Un{Kn) XpSv sXtmv Db ae-\n-c-I-fmb \oe-Kncn,
B\-ae, Ge-a-e-I, AK-kvXy-ae Fnh Ds `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hyXy-kvX-ta-Je
ZnW tmv (aWn 1974) Fpw Adn-b-s-Spp. Fm ]n-a-L-s Xm]n apX
I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-bp {]tZiw F hnime A-n-emWv kanXn ]cn-K-Wn-p-Xv.
]n-a-L--ns AXn-cp-I \n-bn-p--Xn ]cn-l-cn--s-tS Hcp {]iv\w `qanim-kv{X-]-c-ambn ]q-Lw (Eastern Ghats) Fv Icp-X-s-Sp {]tZ-i-ns Ingt AXnn
\n-b-amWv. Cu L--fpsS AXnn IrXy-ambn \n-bn-m ]e {ia- \S-n-ps-nepw Cm-cy-n Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw C\nbpw Bh-iy-amWv. ]n-a-L--n {]tXyInpw alm-cm-jv{S-bnepw Xan-gv\m-nepw \nc-h[n ]na, ]q ]-X-in-J-c- nXn
sNp-pv. hy-amb AXnn \n-b-n\v CXpw XS--amWv. tZio-bhpw (\mj-W
dntamv skknwKv GPkn) AtZ-io-bhpw (t_Uvsse^v C\m-j-W, Ikthj C\m-j-W )Bb ]e m]-\-fpw Ah-bpsS ssPh sshhny ks-bp-sSbpw
kwc--W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw ]m--e-n AXnn \n-b-n\v {ian-s-nepw A{XIv ê-h-m-bn. Cm-cy-n hy-am-sbmcp ka-hm-b-n-se-m Ign-bm-Xn-cp--Xn\v
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ImcWw AXnn \n-b-n\v D]-tbm-Kn am\-Z-- icn-bmw-hw \n-ln-msXbpw ]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-m-sXbpw t]mb-XmWv.
]n-a-L--ns AXnn \n-bn-m kanXn Ah-ew-_n-Xv kap-{Z-\n-c-n
\np Db-chpw h\--fpsS hym]vXn-bp-amWv. AXp-sImv "L' (Ghat)n\p R-fpsS
\n-N\w \nnX Db-c-n-ep h\-{]-tZiw FmWv. Xqew 500 ao-dn\v apI-fn-ep h\{]-tZ-is Ingt AXnn-bmbn \n-bnp. sUm ]oV-`q-an-bn \nv ]n-a-Lw
Dbp \np-\n-evp-Xv s]mXp-hn500 ao Db-c-n \nm-sW IW-mWv CXn-\m[mcw. ]Sn-m-dp-h-iv ]-X-\n-c-I kap-{Z-Xo-c-tv Ncnv nXn-sN-p--Xn-\m 150
ao-dn-e-[nIw Db-c-n-ep h\-{]-tZ-is ]na AXnn-bmbpw \n-bnp 150 ao-dn-e[nIw Db-c-n-ep h\-{]-tZ-i- kap{Zw hsctbm kap-{Z-Xo-c-n\v Hcp Intem-ao- Zqcw
hsctbm Fp {]tZ-i--fn Xocw \n-bn-pI _pn-ap-mWv. A-s\-bp e-fn (alm-cm-jv{Sbnse-t]mse) L-ns ]na AXnn Xoc-tZiw Xs-sbv \nbnp. h\-ta-Je \n-bn-p--Xn\v t^mdv ks Hm^v Cy hnI-kn-n-s-Sp `qhn-\ntbm-K-`q-]-Shpw (Land-use map) 1x1 In.ao. F A]-{K-Y-\-n Dbcw \n-bn-m GTOPO 30 Dw
(Global 30 Arc -Second Elevation Data Set) BWv D]-tbm-Kn-Xv. taev]-d am\-Z-hpw cv Ummsk-p-Ifpw Ah-ew-_n-mWv AXnn-I \n-bn-Xv. kky-Pmew AYhm h\-ta-J-e-bpsS
\n-b-n-\mbn Hcp ]Icw kwhn-[m-\-sa \ne-bn hmjnI h[\ ImWn-p NDVI
(Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) aqey-fpw R D]-tbm-Knp. Fm t^mdv ks
Hm^v Cy-bpsS `q]Sw Xs CXn\v aXn-bm-Ip-sav ]noSv Isn.
]q-L--ns sXt- A-hpw ]Sn-mtd Ahpw _nen-Kncn cwKkv (Biligiri rangance)
F-dn-b-s-Sp Im-S-I-bn-sebpw Xan-gv\m-n-sebpw ae-\n-c-I-fm-sW-Xv imkv{X-Ir-Xn-Ifn s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn--s-n-pv (aWn 1974). cv ae-\n-c-In-S-bn Ipd Db-cn (250 ao) knq (Singur) ]oT-`q-anpw Xe-asse (Talamalai) ]oT-`q-an-p-an-S-bn tambm
(Moyar) \Zn-bpsS Xmgv-h-c-bmWv. ]n-a-L--n-sbpw (\oe-Kncn) ]q-L--n-sbpw (_nenKn-cn-cw-Kkv) kwK-a-ew. `qX-ehpw h\-fpw CS-X-S-hn-msX XpS-cp--Xn-\m \oe-Kncn
_nen-Kncn cwKkv ae-\n-c-I Xn `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hy-am-sbmcp AXncv \nbn-pI hnj-a-I-c-amWv. At\Iw kky-Pm-e--fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-amWv Cu ae-\n-c-In-Sbvp {]tZ-i-sa--Xn-\m _nen-Kn-cn-cw-K ae-\n-c-Isf L-ns ]cn-nXn kwc--Wn-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-p ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn Ds-Sp-t--Xpv.
BI-bm Im-S-I-nepw Xan-gv\m-n-ep-ambn sXp-h-Sv 150 In.ao-tdmfw \of-n
nXn-sN-p _nen-Kn-cn-cw-Ka-e-\n-c-Isf ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bpsS ]cn-[n-bns]-Sp-m\mbn ]n-a-L--ns AXnn-bn-eps-Sp-m R ip]mi sNpp. _nen-Kn-cncw-K ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Ingt AXnn \n-bn-m-\mbn `qXe AXnnv Bt]-n-Iambn kphy--amb `c-W-]-c-amb AXnn kanXn \nt-in-pp. Im-S-I-bn _nen-Kncn-cw-K ae-\n-c-I-fpsS hS-p-`m-Ks AXnn sIm-K kXy-aw-Kew sslth-bpsS s]mXpA-Xnn-bmb Nma-cm-P-\-K t^mdv Unhn-js AXnn Xs-bm-bn-cn-Ww. Xan-gv
\m-n _nen-Kn-cn-cw-K ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Zn-W-`m-Ks kw_-n-n-S-tmfw kXy-aw-Kew
t^mdv Unhn-js Hcp `mKw Ds-Sp \oe-Kncn _tbm-kv^n-b dnkpw Ingv sImK
kXy-aw-Kew sslth-bpsS s]mXp- A-Xnn-bp-amWv R \nt-in-p-Xv.
taev]-d AXnn-I {]Imcw hSv Xm]n Xmgv-h-c-ap-X sXv I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc
1490 In.ao-dmWv ]n-a-L--ns ssZLyw. (Nn{Xw 1) GI-tZi hnkvXow 129037 NXp-c{i
Intem-ao--dmWv. hoXn Xan-gv\m-n 210 In. ao-dm-sW-n alm-cm-jv{S-bn 48 In.ao am{X-amWv.
(]me-mSv Npcw HgnsI) ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn \ne-hn hcp-tm R
\nt-in-n-p AXnn-I Ahv hopw ]cn-tim-[n-t--Xmbn hcpw. ImcWw AXnkq-va-ambn CXv \n-bn-m-\p ka-btam kmh-Im-itam Rv e`n-n-. DZm-l-c-Wn\v cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse Umt]mfn (Dapoli) Kpl-K (Guhagar) Fo {][m\ {]tZ-i-fpw
]n-a-L--ns D]-a-e-\n-c-I-fmb Xms\, sdbvKUv Pn-I-fns] XpwtK-tc-iz (Tungareswar),
{]_m (Prabal), Smk (Tansa), am\ (Manor), sshXma (Vaithama) XpS-n-bh Ds-Sp-m
hnp-t]m-bn-cpp.
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Xncp-m Ign-bm--hn[w sshIn-bmWv CXv R-fpsS {i-bns]-Xv. ]n-a-Ln

s `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AXnn ]nI Hn sImSp-n-pv.
Nn{Xw: 1 ]n-a-L {]tZiw
]nI 1 : ]n-a-L--ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \nW-b-

]n-a-L--ns {]tXy-I-X-I
Dc AXnn
80 19' 8''- -210 16'24'' D-cmwiw
]q AXnn
720 56' 24''-780 19' 40'' ]qmwiw
samw hnkvXow
129037 NXp-c{i In.ao.
samw \ofw
1490 In.-ao.
Ipd hoXn
48 In ao.
]c-am-h[n hoXn
210 Inao
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Xmeqv, Pn Fn-h-t]mse ]n-a-L-s {]tXyI `cW bqWn-p-I-fmbn \n-bnpI km[y-a. sImSIv, \oe-Kncn, hb-\mSv, CSpn Fnh Hgn-m s]mXp-hn Pnm AXncp-I ]n-a-L--ns AXnn-bp-ambn Hp-h-cp-n. `qcn-`mKw Pn-I-fnepw ]n-a-L
{]tZ-i-smw ]n-a-Xo-c-n-stbm ]Sn-m-d ]oT-`q-an-bp-sStbm `mK-qSn DsSp-pv.
Uln-bnse Su B v I{Sn m\nwKv HmK-ss\-tk-j (Town and country Planning
Organisation) 1960Ifn Xm-dm-nb dntmn-emWv taJem Bkq-{XnX {]{In-b-bvp-thn
]n-a-L-s BZyw `c-W-bq-Wn-p-I-fmbn hn`m-h\ sNbvXXv. Cu dntmn ]n-a-Ls Xmeqv Xe-n-emWv IW-n-se-Sp-n-p-Xv. CXns ASn-m-\-n-emWv Bkq{XW Io-js ]n-L hnI-k-\-]-Xn (Western Ghat's Development Programme WGDP) 1974--75
132(3) Xmeq-p-I-fn Bcw-`n-Xv. tI{ km klmbw e`n-m XpS-n-b-Xn-\-Sn-m\w
Cu ]-Xn-bmWv. Fm `c-W-]-c-amb Cu \nhN\-n\v ]cn-nXn \nb-{Whp-ambn
bmsXmcp _-hp-an. ]s ]n-a-L-s \n-bn-p--Xn\v Xmeq-p-I Hcp bYm
`c-W-bq-Wn-m-I-bm XpSp N-Iv Xmeqv ASn-m-\-am-m-sav kanXn \nbnp.
7. `q{]-IrXn
Cy D]-`q-J
- ns Pe-tKm-]p-chpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns \n[n-Ipw-`hp-amb ]na-L--nse ae-\n-c-I hSv Xm]n \Zn-ap-X sXv I\ym-Ip-am-cn-hsc Cy-bpsS ]n-a-Xoc-n\v kam--c-ambn \ne-sIm-pp. ]Sn-mdv Xoc-tZ-i-tbvv Ncn-n-d-p ae-\n-cI Um ]oT-`q-an-bn Ipn\n-c-I-fp-ambn XmZmyw {]m]n-pp. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn
]n-aL
- - s cv hn`m-Ka
- mbn Xcnmw. Xmc-Xt- ay\ _ew Ipd ]md-q-
- f
- pw, apI`mKw
]c ae-Ifpw \nd Imfo-\-Znv hS-p sUm {Smv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ae-Iv 1500
ao-dn-e-[nIw Db-c-an. Imfn-\-Znv sXp `mKw ISp--ta-dnb ]md-I \nd {]o Im{nb (Precambrian) {]tZiw. Dcp BIr-Xn-bn-ep ae-I \nd Cu taJ-ebvv 2000aotdm
AXn-e-[n-Itam Db-c-apv.
Atd-_y kap-{Z-n \np-h-cp \ocmhn \nd Imns\ XS-p-\nn hjn 2000 an.aotdm AXn-e-[n-Itam ag s]n-p-Xv ]n-a-L--a-e-\n-c-I-fmWv. Cu ae-I-fpsS
ASn-hmcw ag-m-Sp-I-fmWv. Ing-p-`m-Ks ae-t-cn-hp-I ]Sn-m-dp-`m-Ks At]-nv
hc {]tZ-i-am-Wv. sXtmv hj-n Fv,H]-Xp-amkw I\ ag e`npw. hS-p-`mKv 4 amkw \op-\n-p sXp-]-Sn-m-d akq-Wn-eqsS Ipd-p-a-gtb e`n-p-pq.
ag-bpsS Cu G-p-d-n ImcWw ]n-sa-L--ns ]Sn-mtd ae-s-cn-hp-I Xnn\n-d ]n-e-m-Sp-Ifpw Ingt ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn-tev hcpw-tXmdpw {ItaW Cuw Ipdv
hc {]tZ-i-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNpp. kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS sshhnyw Ghpw Db \nebn-se-p-Xv sXt Av tIc-f-nse k--amb ag-m-Sp-I-fnseptm-gm-Wv. hmWnPy-]-c-ambn Ghpw {][m-\ -hr--amb tXv kpe-`-ambn hf-cp-Xv anX-ambn ag-e-`n-p
Cu-ap {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb h\--fn-emWv.
Cy-bn ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns \n[n-Ipw`w F \ne-bn Ing- lnam-ebw Ignm sXm-Sp m\w ]n-a-L--n\v Ah-Im-i-s--XmWv. BtKm-f-X-e-n ssPhssh-hn-y-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp Hmbn AwKo-I-cn--s-n-p ]n-a-L-s {ioe--bpsS ]v
taJe (Wet zone) hsc \ofp `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AXns nXnbpw IW-n-se-Spv ISp
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp temIs Fv {]tZ-i--fn Hmbn ]n-a-L-s
hne-bn-cp-pp (Myers et al 2000). 18mw \qm-ns ayw apX `q{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-m-bn-p
henb amhpw Db P\-km-{-Xbpw IW-n-se-Spv ]n-a-L--kw-c--Whpw Ahn-Ss
hn`-h--fpsS kpn-c-hn-\n-tbm-Khpw ASn-b-nc {]m[m-\y-aln-pp. Im-SIw, tIcfw,
Xan-gv\mSv kwm-\- Ds-Sp Zn-W-ta-J-e-bn \S-nb Hcp ]T-\-{]-Imcw 19201990
Ime-L--n Ahn-Ss X\Xv kky-Pm-e--fpsS 40 iX-am\w \jvS-s-Sp-Itbm B ew
CX-c-B-h-iy-mbn cq]-amw hcp-p-Itbm sNbvXn-p-smWv. (Menon & Bawa 1997) hfsc
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hen-sbmcp {]tZ-iv h\-n-sbpw hr--fp-sSbpw Bh-c-W-ap-s-nepw ]n-a-L--ns

7 iX-am-\-n-e-[nIw ev Ctm {]mY-anI kky-Pm-e-B-h-c-W-an. L-ns 15 iXam-\-tmfw kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fn-eps-Spp.
henb `qXe sshhn-[yhpw (Ghpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb B\-ap-Sn-bpsS Dbcw
kap-{Z-\n-c-n \nv 2695 ao-dmWv.) hyXykvX Af-hn-ep ag e`y-Xbpw (Ingt ae-s-cphn 50 sk.ao. apX ]Sn-mtd ae-t-cp-hn 700 sk.ao. hsc) tNv Chn-Ss kkyPohPme sshhnyw ko-am-pp. \nXy-l-cnX DjvW-ta-Jem h\-, tNme-a-c-m-Sp-I,
]pta-Sp-I, sN ]oT-`q-an-I,. hc hr-m-Sp-I, hc apsSn h\-, XpS-nb-h-sbmw ]n-a-L--n btY-jvS-ap-v. Ch-bn ]eXpw kky--fp-sSbpw Pp--fp-sSbpw
Bhm-k-tI-{-sa \ne-bn hfsc {]m[m-\y-aln-pp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v alm-cm-jv{S-bnse
sN ]oT-`qan A]q kky Poh-Pm-e--fpsS hnf-\n-ehpw Imp-t]mv t]mse-bp
henb kkvX-\n-I-fpsS tan]p-d--fp-amWv. ]n-a-L--ns sXp-`m-K-p tNme-h-\fpw ]pta-Sp-Ifpw A\p-]-ahpw `mhn Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-n \nm-b-I-]-p--h-bpamWv. ]n-a-L--n \nv Ing-tmpw ]Sn-m-tdmpw Hgp-Ip \nc-h[n \Zn-Ipw Acphn-Ipw Hmc-p \n_n-V-h-\- Db Xe-n-ep kky--fp-sSbpw Pp--fpsSbpw sshhn-[y-am Bhm-k-tI-{-fpw CS-\m-gn-I-fp-amWv. Xmgv {]tZ-i--fn-ep Cu
h\-fpw NXp-p-{]-tZ-i-fpw Cv ISp òjWn t\cn-Spp.
\mw Adn-bp kky--fp-sSbpw Pp--fp-sSbpw ssh]p-ey-n \nv ssPh sshhn[y-ns Imcy-n ]n-a-L--n-\p {]m[m-\yhpw A]q-Xbpw a\-n-em-m-hp--XmWv.
(Gunavardene et al 2007)
GXmv 4000 C\w ]pjv]-s-Sn-I AYhm cmPys samw ]pjv]n-p sNSn-h-fpsS 27 iX-am\w ChnsS ImWmw. 645 \nXy-l-cn-X-hr C\--fpsS 56 iX-am\w ]n-a-L-n am{Xw ImWp--h-bmWv. sNdp kky-hn-`m-K-n 8501000 C\- Ds-Spp. ChbpsS sshhn[yw AXym-Ij-I-amWv. Ch-bn 28 iX-am\w A]q C\- DsS 682C\w
]mb-ep-Ifpw 43 iX-am\w A]q -C-\- DsS 280 C\w h-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw Ds-Spp.
\s-n-m hn`m-K-ns]-Sp Pohn-I-fn 350 C\w Ddp-p-Ifpw (20 iX-am\w AhnsS
am{Xw ImWp-h), 330 C\w (11 iX-am\w AhnsS am{Xw ImWpp) Nn{X-i-e-`-fpw, 174 C\w
(40% AhnsS am{Xw ImWp-h) Xpn-Ifpw, 269 C\w (76% AhnsS am{Xw ImWp-h) HpIfpw ChnsS Is-nbnp-v. 288 C\w ay-sf Isn-bn-p--Xn 41 iX-am\w Cu
taJ-e-bn am{Xw ImWp--h-bmWv. 220 C\w D`-b-Po-hn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-amWv ]n-aLw. Ch-bn 78 iX-am-\hpw ChnsS am{Xw ImWp--h-bmWv. CubnsS ]n-a-L--ns
sXp-`m-Kv Is-nb Ctm-sa-U-Km-kvI _-ap ]pXnb h-ns] Xhf
(Nasikabactrachus sahyadrensis ) {]mNo\ tKmvhm-\ Xmgv-h-gnsb kwc-n-p--Xn Cu taJe-bvp {]m[m\yw hy-am-pp. tIbvkn-enb sshcpy (caecilian diversity)ns Imcyn Cu taJ-e-bvp m\w A\p-]-a-amWv. ImcWw cmPys 20 C\--fn 16Dw ChnsS
am{Xw ImWp--h-bmWv. 225 C\w Dc-K--fn 62 iX-am\w ChnsS am{Xta Dq. ]n-a-L-ns sXa-e-\n-c-I-fn am{X-ap Uropeltidae hn`m-K-ns] ]mp-I {]tXyI ]cmaiw Aln-pp. 500 tesd C\w ]n-I-sfbpw 120 C\w kkvX-\n-I-sfbpw ChnsS Isn-bn-pv. Gjy B\-I-fpsS F-n Hmw-m\w ]n-a-L--n-\mWv. ISph, Impt]mv, Ipdp- Fnh D-sS-bp hnhn[ kkvX-\n-Ifpw ChnsS [mcm-f-apv. Ipcp-ap-fIv,
Gew, amhv, mhv, hmg XpS-n-b-h-bpsS Imn-\- ChnsS kar--ambn ImWmw. Cu ssPhk-v hj--fmbn \apv ht\--amWv \In-sm-n-cn-p-Xv. Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew, N\w,
B\-smv XpS-nb h\-D-ev]--pw ]n-a-Lw {]i-kvX-amWv.
Ign \qm-p-ap-X {]tXy-Inpw C-gn Zi-I--fn Cu sshhn[yw XpSbmbn XI t\cn-Spp. Cu Ime-b-f-hn \nc-h[n kky-Po-h-Pme kaq-l- GXmv
]q-am-bn-s A{]-Xy--ambn. ]mh-\Xzw Iev]n--s-n-pp Imhp-I, Ipf-, \ZnI Fn-h-bpsS kwc--W-n-\mbn XpSp-h-cp {]mNo\ coXn-bp-sSbpw ]mh-\-ambn
Icp-X-s-p kkvX-\-h-n-ep-sS-bp \nc-h[n Pp-h--fpsS kwc--tWm-]m-[n............................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Ifpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns hnhn[ LS-I-sf Cpw ê-{]-Z-ambn kwc-n--s-Spp.

Chbvv ]pdta kao-]Z- i
- I
-
- f
- n-embn cq]w \In-bn-p h\y-ar-Kk
- t- -X
- , tZiob ]mpI, ISph dnkp-I Fnh hgn AXn-thKw A{]-Xy--am-bn-sm-n-cn-p kky-Po-hPme sshhn-[y-s kwc-n-m Ign-bpp. \nc-h[n h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS Fw hn-m
Cu \S-]-Sn-I klm-bn-n-pv. Fm Zp:JI-c-sap ]d-b-s Cu \S-]-Sn-I aqew a\pjy\pw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw Xn-ep Gp-aphn-nt Dq.
]n-a-L--nse ]c--cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-b-\p-k-cnv Xmgv-h-c-I-fn s\pw ae-s-cn-hpI-fn [m\y--fp-amWv Irjn sNbvXn-cp-Xv. ]c--cm-KX ê-k-ky-hn-f-I-fn ae-I-fn ASbvbpw Xoc-tZ-iv sXpw amhpw mhp-sams hym]-I-ambn Irjn- sN-bvXn-cpp. {]Ir-XnZ--amb ]ps-Sn-I \nd {]tZ-i--fn BSp-am-Sp-I-tfbpw Fcp-a-I-tf-bp-sams [mcm-fambn hfn-bn-cpp. Fm \nXy-l-cnX h\-ta-J-e-bn CXv In-cp-n.
Ing-p-h-fpw [mcmfw ê-hr--fpw Cu taJ-e-bn-tev IS-p-h-Xv bqtdm]y kzm[o-\-m-emWv. tXbne, Imn, d, Iip-hn, ac-o\n, Dcp-f-n-gv, Fn-h-bmWv
CXn {][m\w. ]n-a-L--nse \nXy-l-cnX h\- kztZ-i-am-bp Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv
Fnh Cv tXmw hnf-I F \ne-bn hfsc hym]-I-ambn Irjn sNbvXp hcp-pv.
{]apJ Kncn-h Bhm-k-tI-{--fm-bn-cp {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\- shn-\n-cn-bmWv \mw Cp ImWp ]e ]pXnb tXm-fpw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-n-p-Xv.
]n-a-L--nse BZy-Im-es {][m-\- h\ Dev]-- Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv, B\-smv
Fn-h-bm-bn-cpp. ay-Im-e-L--n ]na Xoc-Xp-d-ap-J--fn \nv [mcm-f-ambn tXp-XSn-I Ib-p-aXn sNbvXn-cpp. 17mw \qm-n O{X-]Xn inh-Pn-bpsS adm t\h No^pI (Angres) hfn-sb-Sp tXnIm-Sp-I-fmWv BZy-Im-e-tXm---sfv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bnpv. {_no-jp-Im-cpsS hc-thm-sS-bmWv hr- htXm-Xn NqjWw sNm XpS-nbXv. sdbnsh o-dp-Ipw apw thn \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\-fpw tXp-tXm-- hp-]n-Snn-m thn av \n_n-V-h-\-fpw shn-amn. C-c-n-ep Bh-iy- hn--tXmsS
AXp-hsc {Kma-k-aq-l- ]cn-]m-en-n-cp h\- hn`-Pnv {Kma-`q-an-sbpw km DS-a-X-bn-ep dnkv h\--sfpw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. As\ ]n-a-L--nse AXn-hnim-e-amb tan]p-d-fpw h\-fpw kaqlw I-Sn Iptd h\-`qan kzIm-cy-hy-n-I-fn-epsan. ]nm-ev Ch AanX NqjWw aqew \inp.
t], sshpUv, t]mfn-ss^-_, Xosn XpSn h\w A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-pthn dnkhv h\--fpsS NqjWw AXns Dm-h--bn-se-n-bXv 19501980 Ime-L--nemWv. shn-am-p--hbvp ]Icw hr- hp-]n-Sn-nv XpS-bmb h\-h-cWw \Sm-sa-mWv \n-bn-n-cp--sX-nepw AXv \S-n.h\--fpsS Aan-X-Nq-jWw XpSp-sImt-bn-cpp. AXm-bXv h\-kw-c-Ww h\ B{I-a-W-n\v hgn-amdn. {]Ir-Xn-Z--h-\-
htXm-Xn shn-amn, bqm-en-]vkv, Atjy tXm- ]Sp-p-bn. tcmK- ]nSns]v bqm-en-]vkv tXm- \inp. X^-e-ambn 1980Iv tijw dnkv h\--fn
\np hnf-sh-Spv Ipdp. {ItaW h\-A-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b- ]v, ]v hpUv, XSn
Fnh hntZ-i--fn \nv Cd-p-aXn sNm XpSn. CXn\p ]pdta Irjnpw \Zo-XS
]-Xn-Ip-th-nbpw htXm-Xn dnkv h\- Itdn.
hfsc Imew ]n-a-L--n \nv Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew, B\-smv, tX, sagpIv XpSnb h\-D-ev]-- tiJ-cn-n-cpp. Ip, hn -s\-bvn\pw ap-ambn ChnsS \np-ap
Cu XpS-n-bh D]-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. ae-I-fnse XSn-I D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp I\nm-W-ime-I ]n-a-Xo-cv {]hn-n-cpp. XSn-sImv, Ifn-m-- \nn-p Ic-Iu-i-e-hn-ZKv[-cp-ap-m-bn-cpp. h\-hn-`-h--fpsS e`yX KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw B\-sm-ns hn\ntbmKw ]q-ambn \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS Cu {]h-\- Gsd-psd Ah-km\np.
]n-a-L--n\n-p h\-D-ev]--sf ASn-m-\-am-n-bp ]e hyh-km-b-fpw
Bcw-`n-Xv kzmX-{y-n\v ap]p Zi-I--fn-em-bn-cpp. XSn-an-p-I, HmSv, I-I--\n-I,
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10

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t], t]mfn-ss^-_, Xosn, sshpUv, Sm\nv I-\n-I Fnh Ch-bn-epsSpw.

`{Zm-hXn omp-t]mse ae-I-fnse [m\y-hn-`-h- ASn-m-\-am-n-bp ]pXnb hyhkm-b-fpw Dbp-h-p. ]n-a-L h\-hn-`-hv Xmm Ign-bm--hn[w Cu hyh-kmb- hfp hep-Xm-b-tm Chbvp Cd-p-a-Xnsb B{i-bn-t--Xmbpw Irjn-`q-an-bn
hr- hfn-sb-Sp-t--Xmbpw hp.
Cy D]-`q-J--n ]Xn-p ag-bpsS knwl-`m-Khpw ]n-a-L--n-emWv e`n-pXv. ZnW D]-`q-J--nse {]ap-J-\-Zn-I-fmb IrjvW, tKmZm-hcn, Imthcn Fnh Dhn-p-Xpw Chn-sS-\n-mWv. Ch-bvp-]p-dta ]n-a-Xo-cv ]Sn-m-tdmv Hgp-Ip At\Iw
sNdn-b-\-Zn-I ChnsS \nm-cw-`n-pp. ]c--cm-K-X-ambn Ch-bnse Pew sNdn-b-Ip-f-fpw
Nmep-Ifpw \nnv AXn-eqsS Xmgv-hm-c--fnse s\Ir-jnpw AS--Ir-jnpw Pe-tk-N-\n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cpp. Fm {_no-jp-Im-cpsS hc-thmsS hc {]tZ-i- \\bvm\pw Cu Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fpsS Ipsm-gp-n \nv sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-n-m-\p-ambn
]e hInS \Zo-XS ]-Xn-I-fpw \S-mn. kzmX-{ym-\-cw Ccw ]-Xn-I-fpsS Fw
KWy-ambn hnp. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse apwss_ apX sImlm-q hsc-bp \Zo-X-S-fn ImWp--Xp-t]mse Cv Hsm \Zo-X-S--fnepw Ccw ]-Xn-I Dbp Ignp.
Bw_n-hmen (Amby Valley), ehmk (Lavasa) XpS-n-bb-t]mse Ccw Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-{]-tZ-i kpJ-hm-k-tI-{--fmbpw dntkmp-I-fmbpw hnI-kn-n-p-h-cpp. ASp Ime-mbn
Ip-h-cp asmcp hnI-k\ kwcw`w ]n-a-L--a-e-\n-c-I-fpsS s\dp-I-bn-tev tdmUp-shn
AhnsS Imm-Sn-b-{- (Windmills) m]n-p--XmWv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ]cn-n-Xnpw Pet{km-X-n\pw {]Xn-Iq-e- B-LmXw krjvSn-p--XmWv Cu \S-]Sn.
]n-a-L ae-\n-c-I Ccp--bncv, amwK-\okv, t_mIvsskv Fn-h-bm k--amWv.
ChnsS \nv {]tXy-Inv tKmh-bn \nv Ch htXm-Xn J\\w \Sn Abn-cmbn Xs
Ib-p-aXn \S-pp. Ccp--bn-cns hne {Iam-Xo-X-ambn IpXn-p-b-cp-Ibpw Xmc-X-tay\ KpW\n-e-hmcw Ipd Abn-cn-\p-t]mepw Bhiyw hn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xns ê-ambn Fm
\nb-a--tfbpw Imn ]dn J\\w hym]-I-am-bn-cn-pp. CXv ISp ]cn-nXn \min\pw kmaq-ly-kw-Lj-n\pw Imc-W-amIpw.
Chn-Ss Xom-S-\-tI-{- ]p-ap-X Xs ]n-a-L--n-tev P\-e--sf
BIjn-p-h-cpp. tIc-f-nse i_-cn-ae, Im-S-I-nse am[-th-iz-c-ae, alm-cm-jv{S-bnse
alm-_-te-iz Fn-h-bmWv Ch-bn apJyw. ]nevm-ev \nc-h[n hnt\m-Z-k-m-c-tI-{fpw ChnsS Dbp-h-n-pv. \oe-Kn-cn-bnse Dun, tIc-f-nse tXSn h\y-Pohn ktXw
Fnh DZm-l-cWw. ae-I-fnse kpJ-hm-k-tI-{--fnepw tXm--fnepw Hgn-hp-Ime hk-XnIfpw Sqdnv dntkmp-Ifpw \nn-p-Xv Ctm ]Xn-hm-bn-pv.
]n-a-L-nse ]md-s-p-Ifpw i-amb agbpw sh-ns Ipsm-gp-n Hen-pt]m-Ip tdmUp-Ifpw \n_n-U-h-\-fpw ChnsS KXm-KX hmm-hn-\n-abw _pn-ap-n-empp. Cu A{]m-]y-X-bpsS X{-]-c-amb B\p-Iqeyw apX-se-Sp-mWv O{X-]Xn inhPn
i-amb adm kmaymPyw ]Sp-p-bn-bXv. KXm-KXhmm-hn-\n-ab kuI-cy- ]na-L--ns D{]-tZ-i--fn-tev IS-p-sN-Xv {_nojv `c-W-Im-e-mWv. kzmX-{ym-\cw hInS \Zo-X-S-]--Xn-Ifpw J\-\-]--Xn-Ifpw Bcw-`n--tXmsS KXm-KX hmm-hn-\nab kuI-cy-fpw htXm-Xn hnp. {]Ir-Xn-Z Bhm-k-tI-{- Xn-ep _w
XS--s-Sp-n-sImv ae-Iv IpdpsI tdmUp-Ifpw sdbn]m-X-Ifpw \nn-n-pv.
sXmv InS-p ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm ]n-a-L--n P\hmkw Xosc Ipd-hmWv. kpJ-I-c-a-m `qX-ehpw ae--\n-bpsS IS-m-{I-a-W-hp-amWv CXn\p {][m-\-Im-cWw. s\Ir-jnbpw tIc-Ir-jnbpw \nd ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i- P\-hmk
tI{--fm-sW-nepw Ing-p sUm ]oT-`q-an-bn P\-km-{X Ipd-hm-Wv. ]n-a-L-nse P\-hm-k-tI-{- hep--n sNdpXpw NnX-dn-n-S-p--h-bp-amWv.henb ]-W Ing-p-hiw {][m-\-\-Zn-I-fpsS Ic-bntem ]n-a-Xo-cv Xpd-ap-J--fmbn {]hn-p
\Zo-ap-J--fntem BWp-Xv. KXm-KX hmm-hn-X-cW cwK-p-m-bn-sm-n-cn-p {ZpXK-Xn-bn-ep am-fpw k--cmb hen-sbmcp ay-hn-`m-K-ns DZ-bhpw ae-I CSn-p-\n-c............................................................................................................................................................................................................
11

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m\pw DgpXp adn-m\pw ]cym-]vX-amb Fv aqhnv sajy-\-dn-I-fpsS e`y-Xbpw ]n-a-Ls Hgn-hp-Ime hk-Xn-Ifpw dntkmp-Ifpw \nd \K-c--fmbn amn-sm-n-cn-pp.
X^-e-ambn {]Ir-Xn-Z kky-Po-h-Pme kaq-l-ns Dq-e-\hpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS
\njvm-k-\hpw kw`-hn-pp.
]n-a-L--nse Bfp-I ]p-ap-X Ah-cpsS ]mnSw, Imen-o, C\w(hndIv)
Fn-hbvv ]q-ambpw B{i-bn-n-cp-Xv {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb h\-sf Bbn-cpp. Ahv
Bh-iy-amb t]mjIw e`n-n-cp-Xv th-bmSn Inp amwkm-lm-c-n \nm-bn-cpp. h\hpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw \in--tXmsS Cu P\-k-aq-l-ns Btcm-Kyhpw òj-Wn-emWv. ChcpsS Pohn-X-n-ep-m-bn-p saw tcmK--fn \nv {]tXy-Inv ae--\n-bn \np
tamN-\hpw KXm-KX hmm-hn-\n-ab cwK-p-mb hnI-k-\-hp-amWv. tIc-f-n-sem-gnv asmcn-Spw B[p-\nI Btcm-Ky-kw-c-WhnZym-`ymk kuI-cy- Imcy-ambn Ch-cn-te-sn-bn-n. tIc-f-n Cm-cy-n-ep-m-bn-p ]ptcm-KXn hfsc sas-bmWv. ChnsS P\kwJym h-\-hnepw KWy-amb Ipd-hpv.
apwss_bvv hS-p UmwKvkv, Xms\ Pn-I-fnse Nne CS--fnepw hb-\mSv, \oe-Kncn
taJ-e-bnepw am{X-amWv ]n-a-L--n Kncn-h-m IqSp-X-em-bp-Xv. inem-bpK \mbm-SnI-fmb bYm tNme \mbv-msc \oen-Kn-cn-bn am{X-amWv ImWm Ign-bpI. ]n-a-L-]-cn-nXn \io-I-c-W-ns Xn-^-e- Gsd A\p-`-hn-p-Ibpw hnI-k-\-ns B\pIqeyw hfsc ]cn-an-X-ambn am{Xw e`n-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu Kncn-h-mmWv. Cu Aic-W-hn-`m-K--v sa-s ]cn-K-W\ e`n-m-\mbn cq]w \Inb PESA, FRA \nb-a- \Sm-p-Xv m]nX Xmev]-cy-m XS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
a\p-jy-\nnX aqe-[-\-ns Ipsm-gp-nsv ]n-a-L--nse {]Ir-Xn-Z aqe[\w Hen-p-t]mbn. CXv ]cn-n-Xnv ISp BLm-X-tanp-Ibpw kmaq-ly-aqe[\-ns
A[x]X-\-n\v Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm CXn-s\mcp A\p-Iq-e-h-i-hp-apv. taev]d am--fpsS ê-ambn cmPys Ghpw Db km-c-Xbpw hfsc Db ]cnnXn Ah-t_m-[hpw ]n-a-L \nhm-kn-Iv knnp. ChnsS P\m-[n-]-Xy-m-]-\-
hfsc i-amWv. a\p-jy-tijn Dbp--Xnepw ]m-bv cmPv m]-\- in-s-Spp-X
- nepw tIcfw Cy-bn Hmw m\-mWv. {Kma-k`
- I
- f
- n \np ]mTw DsmpsImv `qhn-\n-tbm-K- \bcq]o-I-c-W-n-\mbn tKmh CubnsS doPn-b-W m 2021 \v cq]w
\In-bXv hfsc {it-b-amWv. hfsc {i-tbmsS ]cn-nXn kulr-]-c-amb Hcp hnI-k-\]-m-hn-tev {]th-in-p--Xn\v cmPys hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp taJ-e-bmWv ]n-aLw.
8. kpn-c-ambn hnI-kn-n-pI {im-]qw ]cn-c-npI

]n-aL
- -
- nse mkvIo-ap-Iv tI{-km-
- nI klmbw e`y-am-p-X
- n\p ]pdta
Cu taJ-e-bnse {]h-\- \nb-{n-p--Xn\v ê-{]-Z-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m\w IqSn GsSp--W-sav Cu taJ-e-bp-ambn _-s Htsd t] \nt-inp. AXm-bXv ]n-a-L-ns AXn-cp-Ip-n Nne {]h-\- ]q-ambn \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw AXn-cp-Iv
]pdv Ch ]q-ambn A\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw sNpI F-Xm-bn-cpp Dtiw. Fm hnI-k\
{]{In-bsb XS--s-Sp-p \nt-i--tfmSv kan-Xnv tbmPn-n-m-bn-cpp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v
alm-cmjv{S kwm-\v Hcp ^mwlukv \nn-W
- s
- a-n Irjn-bn-S
- n\v Ipd-Xv 2G
hnkvXo-ap-m-bn-cn--W-sa--XmWv \n_-\. Fm ]n-a-L--n \ne-hn-ep ESA
Ifn Hmb alm-_-te-iz-dn 80 iX-am\w Ij-Ipw 2 G-dn Xmsg am{Xta Irjn-`qan-bpq. X^-e-ambn Ign 60 hj-ambn Imcy-amb hnI-k\w Dm-bn-n-m P\-km-{X-tb-dnb tKmXknse (Gaothance) IpSn-ep-I-fn sR-cp-n--gn-bm Ch \n_-n-X-cmbn.
Cu \n_--\-bn Imtem-Nn-X-amb amw thW-sa Ah-cpsS apd-hnfn ]cn-l-cn--s-Sm-Xn-cnp-tm Xs kp-th-n-bp _wm-hp-Ifpw tlm-ep-Ifpw \n_m[w ]Wn-Xpbp-Xv Ahsc hmsX Akz--cm-pp.
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12

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t_mIvkv1 : tems MIDC cmk-hy-h-km-b-irw-J-ebpw

Zmt_m IS-en-Sp-ns aen-\o-I-c-Whpw
]cn-nXn kwc-W {]m-\-sf temI-sa-mSpw \bn-n-p-Xv km-cp-Itfm
hyh-km-b-tfm A P\--fm-sW--XmWv A\p-`-h-kmyw. BI-bm ]cn-nXn kwc-W-A-h-tem-I\ `c-W-\n-lW {]h-\--fn ]c-am-h[n P\-]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cpp-I-bmWv Bhiyw. CXn-\mbn tI{ ]cn-nXnh\whIpv a{m-ebw Gs-Sp-nb
Pnm-Xe ]-Xn-bmWv ]cym-h-chm-ln\n (Paryavaran Vahini). Cu ]-Xn-{]-Imcw aen-\o-IcWw, h\-\-io-I-cWw XpS-nb ]cn-n-Xn-{]-iv\- hne-bn-cpn Pnm-I-e-IvSv
dntmpsNm-\p A[n-Imcw B {]tZ-is Hmtcm ]uc\pw \In-bn-pv. Cu
dntmn Pnm-I-e-IvS hni-Z-amb At\z-jWw \Spw. 1990 Ifn Cu ]Xn ZnW
I-S-t]m-se-bp Pn-I-fn hfsc ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-m-n-bn-cpp. CXns ASn-m-\n 11mw ]-h-c ]-Xn-bpsS ]cn-nXnh\w nb-dnwKv Inn "]cym-h-chmln\n' 11mw ]-Xn-bn Ds-Sp--W-sav i-ambn ip]mi sNbvXp. alm-cmjv{S
km DtZym-K--cp-ambn 2010 sk]vXw-_ 30 \v apwss_-bn \S-nb N-bn P\]-m-fn--tmsS ]cn-nXn kwc-W A]-{K-Y\ {]h-\- \S-p Fsnepw ]-Xn-I cXv\-Kncn, knp ZpK Pn-I-fn \S-p-ptm F {io. am[hv
KmUvKn-ens tNmZy-n\v cXv\-Kncn Pnm If-IvS-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-n Pnm ]cn-nXn
kanXn Ccw {]h-\- Gs-Spv \S-p-p-s-mWv adp-]Sn e`n-Xv. {ItaW
CXpw Cm-Xmbn. Lote MIDC F Hcp cmk-hy-h-kmb irwJ-e-bp-ambn _-sv tems
A`ymkv Kmv F t]cn ]cn-nXn kwc-W {]h\w \S-p--Xmbpw Adn-bnp.
alm-cmjv{S kwm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{W-t_mUns klm-b-tmsS {io. am[h-Km-UvKn Atms cXv\-Kncn Pnm If-IvS-dp-ambpw tems A`ymkv Kmp-ambpw
_-sp. 2010 HIvtSm-_ 5 \v {io. KmUvKn tems A`ymkv Kmp-ambn N \Sn.
XpSp \S-nb e-k-i-\-n Hcp s]mXp-am-en\y kwkvI-c-W-im-ebpw kao-]-{]tZ-i-fpw [mt_m IS-en-Sppw Atlw kin-p-Ibpw ]e-cp-ambpw N-\-S-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. apwss_-bn \S tbmK-n DtZym-K- \Inb hnh-c-v hncp--ambn
A`ym-kv Kmv {]h-\-c-ln-X-am-sWpw 2 hj-ambn tbmKw tNcp-I-t]mepw Dm-bn-nspw Isn. aen-\o-I-cWw sImv s]mdp-Xn-ap-nb tImm-hmse hnt-Pns Hcp {]Xn\n-[nsb A`ymkv Kmn Ds-Sp--W-sa Ah-cpsS apd-hn-fn-t]mepw A[n-Ir-X sNhnsm-n. amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW ime-bn-se-p amen-\y- th-hn[w kwkvI-cn-m\p Ignhv AXn-\n-m-bn-cpp. Akw-kvIr-X-am-en\yw Ihn-sm-gpIn tImm-hmse {Kman-te-sm-gp-Ip Acp-hn-I-fn sNp-tN-cp--Xmbn {io. KmUvKn-en\v ImWm Ignp.
Cu nXn-bn a\w-s\mv B {Kma-nse km]mv Acp-hn-bnse aen-\-Pew IpSnv
B-l-Xyv {ianp. At-ls DS apwss_-bnse Bip-]-{Xn-bn-se-n--Xp-sImv
Poh cn-m Ignp. CXp-sImpw tImm-hme {Kma-ns {]iv\-n\v ]cn-lm-c-apm-bn. am{X-hp-a cmk-hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn \np In-bmb Ah-in-jvS- apambn Ien ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn Xp--Xmbpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I ]dp. ]e hyhkm-b-im-e-Ifpw cmk-am-en-\y- IpgIn-W-dp-I-fn-tev ]vsN-p--Xp-hgn `qK`-P-ehpw
aen-\-s-Sp--Xmbn a\-n-em-m Ignp. Ccw hy-amb aqv kw`-h- ]pd-psIm-p-h-npw Hcp \S-]-Sn-bp-ap-m-bn. "tJZv' ]-W-n\v ip-Pew \Ip "s_mdmPv'
AW-s-n cmk-am-en-\y- Sm-dn sImphv Xnb kw`-hhpw ASp-nsS Dmbn.
CXp-aqew ]-W-n-te-p Pe-hn-X-cWw BgvN-I-tfmfw apS-n-bnpw CXn\v ]nn
{]hn--hsc Is-m Ign-n. "tems' bn \np cmk-a-en-\o-I-cWw aqew
"Zmt_m' IS-en-Sp-nse ay-k-pw KWy-am-bn Ipdp. ay-sm-gn-em-fn-I CXpaqew Zpcn-X-n-emWv. {]iv\- C{X-tbsd cq-am-bnpw ]cn-l-cn-m {ian-msX aen\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{-W-t_mUv Ah-cpsS Bôkv "tems' bn \nv Nn]ve\ntev amn
cwKw hnSp-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.
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13

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hnI-k-\-{]-{In-b-bn P\-sf -]-m-fn-I-fm-p-n-sp am{X-a ISp aen-\o-I-cWw

t]mse-bp Imcy--fn {]Xn-tj-[n-m-\p Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-is X{-]qw ASn-ap-I-bmWv A[n-Ir-X sNp-Xv."PbvXm-]q' t{]mP-IvSn-s\-Xn-sc-bp ka-c-n 2011
BZyw Hcp t]m-eokv tIm-_n HmSn \yqn-b ]h tIm-td-js Pon-Snv Hcp
{]tm-`-Imcn sIm-s-Sp--Xp-hsc cXv\-Kncn Pn-bn aen-\o-I-c-W-n-s\-Xnsc A{I-amk-amb ka-c--sfmpw Dm-bn-n. "tems' cmk-^m-IvS-dn-I-fn \np Ak-l-\o-bamb aen-\o-I-c-W-n-s\-Xnsc Db i-amb {]Xn-tj-[s ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-m-\mbn
28/08/2007\pw 21/10/2009\pw CSbvv 191 Znhkw B {]tZ-iv 5 t]cn IqSp-X Iqw
IqSp-Xv XS-p-sImv Pnm-I-f-IvS \ntcm-[-\m ]pd-s-Sp-hnp.
Cu hyh-kmbirwJe 11000 t]v sXmgn \Ip-tm Chn-Ss ay-sm-gnem-fn-I-fn 20000 t]cmWv CXp-aqew sXmgnc-ln-X-cm-bXv. AXn-cq--amb Ccw {]iv\ ]cn-l-cn--s-SmsX InS-p-tmgpw hyh-km-b-irw-J-e-bnse Hcp DtZym-K- Rtfm-Sp-]-d-Xv kao-]-p 550 slIvS-dn Hcp ]pXnb s]t{Sm-sI-an- hyh-kmb irwJe
m]n-m ]Xn Xm-dmbn hcpp FmWv.
]n-a-L--n\v Nppw am{X-a cmPy-p-S-\ofw \mw ImWp-Xv kaq-ls Hgn-hm-nbp hnI-k-\hpw ]cn-nXn kwc--Whpw ssItImv \op--XmWv. hnI-k-\s kw_n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-m-\p A[n-Imcw ]m-bv cmPv m]-\-pw \K-c-]m-eIpw
\In-sm-p73, 74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-I-fpsS A:kbvv hncp--ambn hnI-k-\-Xocp-am-\- Cv P\--fn ASn-t-evn-p-I-bmWv sNp-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v cXv\-Kncn
Pn-bnse ]e-{Km-a-]-m-b-p-Ifpw ]m-bv kan-Xn-Ifpw cXv\-Kn-cn-Xm-eqv ]m-bv
Ds-sS-bp m]-\-fpw ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fp-ambn _-sv ]mm-nb {]ta-b-
t_mIvk 2 : _n.B.Sn. ae-bnse tkmfnKm Kncn-P-\-

\oe-Kn-cnv Ingv Im-S-I-n-ep h\-\n-_n-U-amb {]tZ-i-amWv BRT ae-I. "tkmfnK'
Kncn-P-\--fpsS ]c--cm-KX hmk--e-am-WnXv. \mbmpw Irjn-bp-sam-s-bm-bn-cpp AhcpsS D]-Po-h-\-amw. NI ac-qw \nd B h\-{]-tZiw ]cn-ipn Iev]n-mWv Ah
kwc-n-p-t]m-Xv. Fm B {]tZiw h\y-ar-K-k-t-X-ambn {]Jym-]n--tXmsS Kncn-P-\v \mbmv \S-mt\m Irjn-sN-mt\m Ign-bmsX t]mbn. As\ D]-Po-h-\-n\mbn tX, Huj-[-k-ky- XpS-n-bh Ah tiJ-cn-m XpS-n. Cu kabw cwKp-h ' hnth-Im-\--Kn-cn-P\ Ieym-W-tI{w' F k kwL-S\ Chsc kwL-Snnv h\-hn-`-h- \nb-{n-X-ambn kam-l-cnv kwkvI-cnv hn]-W\w sNp--Xn\v kwhn[m-\-ap-mn. Kncn-h-m h\-hn-`-h- tiJ-cn-p coXn-tbbpw AXv krjvSn-p
BLm-X-sbpw ]n ]Tn ATREE F imkv{X-m-]\w Is-n-bXv CXv kpn-c-amsW-mWv. h\ hn`-h- kwkvI-cnv hn]-W\w sNp--Xn-\m Cu Imp-a--fpsS hcpam-\-nepw h-\-hp-mbn. IjvS-sap ]d-bs hnev]-\-mbn h\hn`-h- tiJ-cnp-Xv h\w-h-Ipp \ntcm-[n--tXmsS "tkmfn-Kmkn"s PohnXw {Xni-p-hn-embn.
kwm-\-km ]q-ambn Ah-K-Wn-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv. Cu Pn-bn Xs Hcp

cmk-hy-h-kmb hnI-k-\-ns Imcy-n _-s--hsc Hgn-hm-n-bp hnI-k\{]{In-bbpsS {]Xy DZm-l-cWw t_mIvkv 1 hnh-cn-pp.
{]IrXn kwc-Ww Cy kaq-l-ns k--amb ]mc--cy-amWv. ]n-a-L--nse
X\Xv hr-e-Xm-Zn-Iv hnip-n-I-ev]n-mWv Ah kwc-n-p-t]m-Xv. ssPh-ssh-hn-yns \mi-n\v Imc-W-m Xt-i-hm-kn-I-fm-sWpw AXn-\m Ahsc ]c-am-h[n Hgnhmn thWw kwc-W ]-Xn-I \S-t- -X
- p-sa [mc-Wb
- mWv "kwc-n-Xt- a-Je"Ifmbn
{]Jym-]n-p-sIm-p HutZym-KnI \S-]-Sn-I. DZm-l-c-W-n\v t_mIvkv 2 ImWpI. h\w
hIp-p-am-{X-amWv ]m-bv cmPv m]-\--fp-ambn kl-I-cn-m GI km hIpv.
kmaq-ly-h-\-h-cW hn`mKw Cq--ns]-Sp-n.
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14

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hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I Ab-hn-m N-q-n HXpn \n-cp-sXv Cv ]cs AwKoI-cn--s-n-p Imcy-amWv. {]mtZ-inI nXn-K-Xn-I IW-n-se-Spv ka-b-_-n-X-amb
\n_--\-I-tfmsS {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ns ]q-]-m-fn--tmsS Bbn-cn-Ww ]-XnI cq]-I-ev]-\-sN-m. CXmWv {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn amt\-Pvsa v (Adaptive co-management).
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ns B{K-l--\p-kr-X-ambn ]mcn-n-Xn-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw kmn-I-hp-amb kml-N-cy- IW-n-se-Spv hnI-k-\-]--Xn-I-fnse Hmtcm C\hpw thWtam
thtbm Fv \n-bn-Ww. Acw Hcp amt\-Pvsa v coXn hnI-k-\hpw kwc--Whpw
ssItImp-t]m-Im klm-bnpw. Cu kao-]-\s kw_-n N-bvmbn t_mIvkv3
ImWpI.
t_mIvkv 3 : {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn amt\-Pvsa v

kmaqly]cn-nXn LS-I--fpsS `c-W-\-S-n-n-\mbn kzoI-cn-n-p Hcp \qX\
kao-]-\-amWv {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn amt\-Pvsa v (Adaptive co-management). ]m-fn amt\Pvsans A\p-`-h-km-[y-X-Ifpw Iqm-bva-bpsS A\--km-[y-X-Ifpw Dsm-p-sImv
Ah-Im-i-fpw D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-fpw Iqmbn ]n-Sp--XmWv CXns khn-ti-jX. ]c-kv]c-]q-c-I-amb Cu kao-]\w Imcy-\n-l-W-nse \qem-am-e-I Hgn-hmn A\p-`-h-]-T\w
Du-kz-e-am-pp. ko-kw-hn-[m-\s eLq-I-cn-m {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn amt\Pvsan\v Ignbpw. Gsd i-amb kmaqly]cn-nXn kwhn-[m-\s ]cn-t]m-jn-n-m
tijnbpw Db Xe-n N--fp-tSbpw t{]mm-l-\--fp-tSbpw ]n_-ehpw D
kzbw kwL-Sn-X-amb `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-am-bmWv CXns\ ImWp-Xv. CXns apJy-k-hn-tij-X-I NphsS ]d-bpp.
sNp {]hr-n-I-fn \nv ]mTw Dsm-m t{]cn-n-pp.
hyXykvX hnm-\-im-J-Isf kwtbm-Pn-n-pp.
taJ-em-Sn-m-\-nepw tZio-b-X-e-nepw hnhn[ hn`m-K- Xn tbmPn-v
{]hn-m\pw A[n-Imcw ]n-Sm\pw klm-bn-pp.
arZp amt\-Pvsa v kao-]\w.
Imem-Im-e--fn e`n-p kmaq-lyhpw ]mcn-n-Xn-I-hp-amb Adn-hp-I-tfmSv {]Xn-Icn-p hnI-k\w kpn-c-am-p `c-W-k-ao-]-\s Cu khn-ti-j-X-I t{]mm-lnn-pp. {]mtZ-in-I-ambpw tZio-b-X-e-nepw Xev]-c-{Kq-p-Ifpw hyn-I-fp-am-bp Bib-hn-\n-abw ]e Xe--fn-ep m]-\--fpsS hnI-k\w am-fn-eqsS ]mT- Dsmm\pw ]co--W-v DX-Ip X{-fpw m]-\-fpw cq]-I-ev]-\-sNbvXv hnI-knn-pI Fn-h-sbmw CXn-eps-Spp. hnI-k\ {]{In-b-sbbpw Ah-bpsS ê-sbpw
hne-bn-cp-pI, Du-n\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \IpI, kmaq-ly-aq-e-[-\-ns ]v,
kmaq-ly-]-cn-nXn `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-n\v Du \In-bp A-]q-amb kwhmZ- Fnh {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn--am-t\-Pvsans {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv.
]s Fnpw Cpw \ ]cn-nXn kwc--Ws hnI-k-\-n \nv thdnv

ImWp Ah--bn AI-s-n-cn--bmWv. CXns ]cn-WnX êw \psS \b- Hcp
hiv Nne taJ-e-I-fn A\n-b-{nX hnI-k-\s t{]mm-ln-n-p-tm av Nne taJe-I-fn XXz-Zo--bn-m ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\v ]npW \Ipp. Cu {]{In-b-bn
"kwc-n-X-ta-J-e-I' F t]cn \mw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns Xpcp-p-I m]n-pXv Chbvp ]pds ]cn-nXn \io-I-c-W-ns B alm-k-ap-{Z-n-emWv. "kwc-n-X-taJe'Ifn Hcp ]ps-Sn-bpsS Ce-t]mepw \o-cp-sXv hmin-]n-Sn-p \mw AXn-\p-]p-dv
aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-\n-b-a- t]mepw ]men-m Xm-dm-Im-Xv XnIpw A\p-Nn-XamWv. Cs"A\n-b-{nX hnI-k-\hpw XXz-Zo--bn-m ]cn-n-kw-c--Whpw' F
kao]-\n-\p-]-Icw "kpn-c-hn-I-k-\hpw {im-]q-ap ]cn-nXn kwc--Whpw' F
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15

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\ne-bn-tev \psS hnI-k\ kwc-W {]h-\- hn`m-h\ sN-s-S-W-sa-mWv

kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. {]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy--\p-k-cn-p hnI-k\ kwc-W
{]h-\-- cq]-I-ev]\ sNp--Xn\v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l--fpsS ]q-]-m-fnw A\nhm-cy-amWv. Xpw-Xp--ambn hn`-Pn--s-Sm XpS-bmb AXn-cp-I-fp Hn\pw Aan-X{]m-[m\yw Iev]n-m ]m-fn kao-]-\-amWv kanXn Cm-cy-n ip]mi sNp-Xv.
]n-a-L--ns AXnn-Isf ]n\mw kwkm-cn-p-tmgpw Cu AXp-cp-Iv ]pd-p
{]tZ-i--fnepw {]mtZ-inI ]m-fn amt\-Pvsa v coXn kzoI-cn-t--Xm-sW-mWv kan-XnbpsS A`n-{]mbw.
9. ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I

]cn-nXnaen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{n-m\pw XS-bm\pw ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS KpW-ta sa-sSpn kwc-n-m\pw Bh-iy-sav tXmp Fv \S-]-Sn-kzo-I-cn-m\pw 1986se ]cn-nXn
(kwc-W) \nb-a-nse 3mw hIpv tI{-]-cn-nXn h\w-h-Ip-n\v A[n-Imcw \Ipp.
Cu eyw t\Sp--Xn-\mbn GsX-nepw taJ-e-bn hyh-km-btam kwkvI-c-Wtam ]mSnspw AYhm Nne apI-cp-X-ep-Ip hnt[-b-ambn am{Xta ]mSp-q-shpw tI{ kmcn\v \n-bnmw. (sk 3(2) (v) Hcp {]tZ-i-ns ssPh-ssh-hnyw (hIpv V) B {]tZi-ns ]c-am-h[n A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb amen-\y-\n-t]w (hIpv ii) ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-]-c-amb
`qhn-\n-tbmKw (hIpv VI) kwc-n-X-ta-J-e-bp-am-bp AIew (hIpv Viii) Fn-h-bpsS ASnm-\-n hyh-km-b-fpw kwkvI-c-Whpw \ntcm-[n-m\pw Ah-bpsS m\w \nb-{nm\pw ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse (1986) sk 5(1) tI{-km-cn\v A[nImcw \Ipp.
alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Hcp Xoc-tZ-i-{Km-a-amb apdpZvPmPn-d-bn-emWv 1989 Cu\n-b-a-nse
hyh--I BZy-am-bn {]tbm-Kn-Xv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Xoc-{]-tZ-i-amb Zlm\p Xmeq-n-emWv
"]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZiw' F ]Zw 1991 BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-Xv. XpSv alm-cmjv{S
]n-a-L--nse alm-_-te-iz]-K\n, amtX-c ae-I t]mse-bp ]e {]tZ-i-
tfbpw Cu KW-n-eps-Spn hnm-]\w sNbvXp.
]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambn Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-is kwc-n-pI F Dt-i-tmsS Nne
kmaq-ly-kw-LS- \
- I
- apssI FSp-Xp aqetam h\y-Pohn kt-X
- pw \mj-W ]mpIpw 10 In.ao. Np-f-hn-ep {]tZ-i- IqSn kwc-n--W-sa Cy t_mUv t^m
sshUv sse^ns 2002se {]ta-b-ns ASn-m-\-ntem BWv ]e {]tZ-i--tfbpw
]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I-fmbn {]Jym-]n-n-p-Xv.
]mcn-n-XnI {]m[m-\y-ap taJ-e-/{]-tZiw, ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZiw/taJe Fns\ ]e ]Z-{]-tbm-K- Ign Iptd hj--fmbn Cu cwKv IS-p-h-n-pv.
tI{-]-cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw 2000 \ntbm-Kn {]Wm_v sk Inn Cy-bn
]cn-nXn {]m[m-\y-ap {]tZ-i- \n-bn-m Ppkky-C-\-, ssPh Bhm-k-hyh, `qX-e-kz-`mhw Fn-h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n Nne am\-Z--v cq]w \In-bnpv. Hcp {]tZ-i-ns ]cn-nXn {]m[m\yw \n-bn-p--Xn\v IW-n-se-Sp-t apJyL-S-IIw AhnsS hwi-\miw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p C\- Dtm F-XmWv. Dsn Ahsb ]q-ambn kwc-n-Ww FmWv skI-n-n-bpsS ip]mi. ]pjv]-sN-SnI, ay-, Xh-f-I, ]n-I, kkvX-\n-I XpS-n hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp
2000ntesd C\- ]n-a-L--n Ds--mWv IWv. th{X ]T\w \S-n-bn-nm {]mWn-h-ns 1000ntesd C\- thsd DmIpw. hwi-\miw kw`-hn-psIm-n-cn-p Ch \nXy-i-ey-{]-tZ-i--fm-b tdmUvsskUv DssS ]n-a-L--n-ep-S-\ofw
hym]n-p-In-S-pp. sk Inn \nt-in-n-p am\-Z--{]-Imcw ]cn-nXn {]m[m-\yap taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-m th Fm KpW-K-W-fpw ]n-a-L--n-\pv. skInn \n-bn am\-Z-s Cu Inn ]q-ambn ]np-W-bvp-Ibpw ]n-a-Lw apgph ]cn-nXn {]m[m-\y-ap taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n--W-sav ip]mi sNp-Ibpw sNpp.
]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-nse hyh--I {]Imcw ]n-a-L--n\v sam-n
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16

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GIo-Ir-X-kz-`m-h-ap \nb-{-W- {]Jym-]n-m-\m-hn, BI-bm ]n-a-L-s samw

]e-ta-J-e-I-fmbn Xcw Xncn-m-\mWv kanXn Dt-in-p-Xv. AXm-bXv ]c-n-Xn-]-c-ambn
Ghpw henb {]m[m-\y-ap tkm1, Db {]m[m-\y-ap tkm2, _mn-h-cp
kmam\yw {]m[m-\y-ap tkm3. kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fmbn {]Jym-]n-n-p--hbvv A\ptcm-[-am-bmWv Cu Xcw-Xn-cnhv. Ah XpSpw h\y-Po-hn-kw-c--W-\n-b-a-nse \nb-{-Wv hnt[-b-amWv. Bb-Xn-\m ]na-L--nse kwc-nX {]tZ-i- tkm-1,
tkm-2, tkm-3 Fnh thdnv ImWn-m-\mbn 4 \nd--fn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p `q]-SamWv kanXn Xm-dm-n-bn-p--Xv.
9.1. ]n-a-L Umm t_kv

taev-d 3 tkmWp-Ip Umm t_kv cv coXn-bn Xm-dmmw. \ne-hn-ep
kwc-n-X-ta-Je irwJ-esb ASn-m-\-s-Sp-nbpw skI-nn ip]mi sNbvX ASnm-\-tcJ nXn-hn-h-c--fpsS Nn-bmb amnwKpw sdtm-UnwKpw ASn-m-\-s-Sp-nbpw.
cmPy-n-\v sam-ambn ASn-m-\-tcJ nXn-hn-h-c--fpsS Nn-bmb amnwKpw sdtm-Unpw
\S--W-sapw km GPkn-Ip ]pdta CX-c-m-]-\-, k-I-em-im-e-I,
k--kw-L-S-\-I, hyn-I Fn-h-scsbmw ]s-Sp-nv hn]p-e-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I-\]-cn-]m-Snbpw s\v-hpw cq]-I-ev]-\-sNbvXv \S-m--W-sapw 2000Xs skI-nn
ip]mi sNbvXn-cpp. Cu kanXn CsXmcp shp-hn-fn-bmbn Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw `qX-e-kz-`mhw,
ssPh-ssh-hn-y -L-S-I- Fnh kw_-n e`y-amb hnh-c- tImn-Wn 2200
tesd {KnUp-Iv 5 an\nv x 5 an\nv As-n 9 In.ao x 9 In.ao. F IW-n e-]-c-amb
Umm-t_kv hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xn hfsc apt-dp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\mbn Ah-ew-_n
hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb {]h-\-coXn (Methodology) hym]-I-amb imkv{Xob ]cn-tim-[-\bvIv hnt[b-am-m thn Cy-bnse {]apJ imkv{X B\p-Im-en-I-amb"Id v kbkn's 2011 P\phcn e-n {]kn-o-I-cn-n-cpp.( Gadgil M. et al. 2011). CXns Hcp kwn-]vX-cq]w
t_mIvkv4 sImSp-n-pv. Cu Umm-t_kv hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-m kzoI-cn {]h-\-coXn-bpsS hni-Zmw-i- A[ymbw 20 ImWmw. ]qs\-bnse BVIEER Dw sImlm-q-cn-se
DEVRAAI bpw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp hni-Z-amb hnm\ ASn--dbvv kam-\-amWv kanXn cq]w
\Inb Umm-t_kpw.
t_mIvkv 4 : ]n-a-L--ns amn-n\v Ah-ew-_n {]h-\-coXn

(kw{Klw, KmUvKn apX t], 2011 : Id v kbkv)
tI{ ]cn--nXnh\w a{m-ebw \ntbm-Kn ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-an-XnbpsS Hcp {][m\ Npa-Xe ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-, Is-pIbpw Ahsb kwc-n-m Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I ip]mi-sN-p-Ibpw sNpI FXmWv ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sf \n-Nn-m-\p am\-Z-s kw_-n-tm
Ahsb Xncn--dn-bp-hm-\p ams kw_-ntm BtKm-f-X-e-n Hcp ka-hmbw
Dm-bn-n-sv kanXn ]noSv a\-kn-emn. Bb-Xn-\m ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-fpsS amn-n\v ap]v CXn-\mbn Hcp {]h-\-coXn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t-Xv AXy-mt]-n-X-ambn. ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fpsS amn-n\pw Ahsb \n-Nn-m-\p-ambn
Hcp ka-hm-b-n-se-m Cu kanXn \S-nb N-I-fp-tSbpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fp-tSbpw
hnhcw CXn-epv. CXv {]kn-o-I-cn-p--Xns Dtiw cmWv.Hv Bi-b-]-c-ambpw
{]h-\-coXn kw_-npw kanXn Fn-tn-p \nK-a-\-sf kw_-nv hnZKv[-cn \nv \nt-i-fpw A`n-{]m-b-fpw kzcq-]n-pI, cvcmPy-n-\-Ipw ]pdp-ap ssPhk taJ-e-I-fnse ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i--fpsS amn-n\v Hcp
s]mXp-\S- ]
- Sn {Iaw F \ne-bn Cu {]h-\c
- o-Xnsb t{]mm-ln-n-pI. Cu {]h\-co-Xnv am\-Z--am-t LS-I-fpw Cu am\-Z---fpsS kwbp hn\n-tbm-K-neqsS ]n-a-Lw t]mse AXn-hn-]p-e-am-sbmcp taJ-e-bn ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i thXn-cn-p-Xpw kw_-n \nt-i- NphsS tNpp.
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17

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
1. Poh-im-kv{X-L-S-I- : ]cn-Xn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i- thXn-cn-p--Xn\v Poh-imkv{X-]-cambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw D kmZr-iyhpw k--Xbpw IW-n-se-Sp--W-sav

R \nt-in-pp.
(a) ssPh-ssh-hn-y-k--X : Poh-Pm-e--fpsS h-{Kq-p-I-fnepw hyXykvX t{iWn-Ifnepw D sshhnyk-X
(b) hwi-]-c-amb A]qX : F-ns hen--nepw hnX-c-W-nepw h-]-c-amb
{]mXn-\n-[ynepw D A]qX
(c) hmk--e-k--X : `qX-e-L-S-I--fpsS e-]-c-amb sshhnyw
(d) Dev]m-Z-\--aX : sam-n-ep PohIW (biomass) Dev]m-Z-\--aX.
(e) Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambpw ]q-nXn {]m]n-m-\p Ign-hns IWs-Spv : A]q kky-Pme {]mXn-\n[yw
(f) kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m\yw : {]tZ-i-ns ]cn-Wma Ncn-{X-aq-eyhpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn{X aqeyhpw.
2.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Imem-h-m-]-c-hp-amb LS-I- : Hcp {]tZ-i-ns {]Ir-Xn-Z-amb a-m-\-sf hne-bn-cp-m-\p LS-I- CXn-eps-Spp. {]tZ-ins Ncnhv, Dbcw, kz`mhw XpS-n-bh Xmsg ]d-bp aqv LS-I--fn D]
-tbm-Knmw.
(a)
`qX-e-k-hn-ti-j-X-I : {]tZ-i-ns Ncnhv, Dbcw, kz`mhw XpS-n-bh
(b)
Imem-h-m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I : Imem-h--bpsS kz`mhw, ag-e-`yX XpS-n-bh
(c)
Zpc--km-[yX : Dcps]m-, ImpXo XpS-nb {]IrXn Zpc--
3. _-s--h-cpsS hne-bn-cp- :
s]mXp-P-\-, Xt-i-m-]-\- {]tXy-Inv Pnm ]m-b-p-I-fpsS, {Kma-Xe
cmjv{Sob kwL-S-\-I Fnh ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sav Icp-Xp--h-bpsS ]nI
Xm-dm-t-Xpw Ah {][m-\-L-S-I--fmbn IW-n-se-Sp-t--Xp-apv.
(sk 20 hnh-cn-n-p {]h-\-coXn kqNn-n-p-Xv taev]-d nXn-hnh-c- ]q-ambn kam-l-cn-mt\m sk Inn \nt-in am\-Zw ]q-ambn
Dsm-mt\m ka-b-]-cn-anXn aqew Ign-n-n.
Fnpw Kuc-h-X-c-amb ]e t]mcm-bva-Ifpw Ctmgpw _mn-bmWv. B\-I-fpsS kmc-]-Y-sam-gnv Pohn-I-fpsS hmk-hy-h--bpsS XpS kw_-n hnh-c- tUm-t_-kn
Ds-Sp-t--Xm-bpv. Acp-hn-I, \Zn-I av NXp-p-{]-tZ-i-, `qK`-Pew XpS-n-bhsb kw_-n nXn hnh-c-fpw ]q-a. Pe-Po-hn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h, Pe-t{km-Xp-I Fnh Isn kwc-nv, kpn-cX \ne-\nm {im-]q-ap {]h\w
Bh-iy-amWv. R-fpsS {i tI{o-I-cn--s-Xv ae-{-tZ-i--fn-em-b-Xn-\m ]n-a-Xo-cn-sbpw Xoc-k-a-X-e--fp-sSbpw {]iv\-v th{X ]cn-K-W\ \Im Ign-n-n.
Fn-cp-mepw cmPy-m-Zy-ambn s]mXp-P\
-
- v e`y-am-bn-p kpXm-cy-hpw hn]p-ehpw em[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb kp{]-[m\ ]cn-nXn am\-Z-- Dsm-p Hcp Umm-t_kv Cv
\ap-pv. Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-i
- ns ]cn-nXn {]m[m-\y-ns hyXykvX Xe- imkv{Xob-ambn thXn-cn-m-\p ASn-m-\-ambn CXv D]-tbm-Knmw.
]cn-nXn ktN-X-\Xzw Hcp imkv{Xo-b-]Zw am{X-a AXv am\-h-cm-in-bpsS hen-sbmcp
DXvI-WvT-bm-sWv kanXn Xncn--dn-bpp. {]tXy-Inpw Hcp {]tZ-iv Fv kw`-hn-pp
AXn-te-XmWm A`n-Imayw F-Xns\ kw_-n hy-amb [mcW Dm-hpI FXv Hcp
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18

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
imkv{Xob Umm-t_-kns `mKw FXp am{X-a AXv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n-\p-m-tI

Adn-hmWv. AXp sImmWv kanXn ]n-a-L--nse GsXmw {]tZ-i- "]cn-nXn
Zp_-e-ta-Je"Ifmbn IW-m--W-sa-Xp kw_-nv _-s hyn-I-fp-sSbpw m]\--fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bhpw \nt-i-fpw Wn-Xv.Fp-sImv Ah C{]-Imcw Icp-Xpp
Fpw Cu taJ-e-I ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ambn HutZym-Kn-I-ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sa-n {]mtZinI Bh-iy--f-\p-k-cnv Fsms \nb-{-W- Gs-Sp--W-sapw kan-XnXn AhtcmSv Bcm-n-cpp.
CXn\v {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn ]n-a-L--ns hnhn[ `mK--fn-ep {Kma-]-m-b-p-Ifn \npw k--kw-L-S-\-I-fn \npw kan-Xnv \nc-h[n \nt-i- e`n-n-cpp. Chbn 2 \nt-i- {]tXyI {i Aln-pp. (1) knp-Zp Pn-bnse "kmh-v-hmSn'
tZmUm-amv Xmeq-p-I-fnse 25 {Kma-fnse {Kma-k-`-I Ah-cpsS {]tZiw "]cn-nXn
Zp_e {]tZi' ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sav {]ta-b-n-eqsS Bh-iy-sp. (2) inhmPn k-Iem-ime \S-nb Hcp Kth-j-W-]-T-\-ns ASn-m-\-n "alm-cmjv{S klym{Zn ]cnnXn Zp_-et- a-Je' cq]o-Ic
- n-W
- s
- av sImlm-]q-cnse Hcp k-k
- w-LS- \
- b
- mb DEVRAAI
\nt-inp. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-n\v \ne-hn-ep \n-N-\-a-\p-k-cnv Ah Cu
\ntiw aptm-p-h-Xv. Fm hyXykvX Xe-n-ep ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn
]n-a-L-s apgp-h IW-m-m kanXn Xocp-am-\n-p-I-gn-n-cpp. ]pXp-Xmbn ]cn-nXn
Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sav Bh-iy-sv e`n \nt-i- ]nI2epv.
taJe1, taJe2, taJe3 Fv thXn-cn-n-p {]tZ-i--fn kanXn ASn-b-n-c-\S-]Sn Bh-iy-s-Sp-tm ]nI2 Ds-Sp-n-bn-p {]tZ-i--fpsS Imcy-n kanXn
Hcp {]tXy-I-\-S-]-Snbpw \nt-in-p-n. {][m-\-ambpw aqv Imc-W--fm-em-WnXv.Hm-a-Xmbn
Ch-bpsS AXn-cp-I \n-bn-pI A{X Ffp--a. cm-a-Xmbn Ch-bvp-thn Hcp `cW
kwhn-[m\w cq]-I-ev]\ sNpI FXpw Ffp--a. aqm-a-Xmbn {]Jym-]n--W-sav \ntin--s-n-p {]tZ-i--tf-m ]cn-K-W\ Aln-p sskp-I ]n-a-L--n thsd
DmImw. ka-b-]-cn-anXn aqew Ch-sbmw Is-m kan-Xnv Bhn.
]nI 2 : ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-m ]pXp-Xmbn e`n \nt-i-
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-ialm-cmjv{S
temWm-hmeJme
alm-cmjv{S klym{Zn
kmh-v-hmSn, tZmUm-amKv Xmeq-nse 25 {Kma
tKmh
klym{Zn
kwc-nX taJ-ebvv Npp-ap {]tZ-i-
Im-SI
klym{Zn
IpS-Pm{Zn
IpSIv
kwc-n-X-ta-J-ebvv Npp-ap {]tZ-i-
Xan-gv\mSv
hmmd
kwc-n-X-ta-J-ebvv Npp-ap {]tZ-i-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
19

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-isImssS--\m
\oe-Kn-cn-Pn
tIcfw
a-tIm
]\-Sn
ss]Xae
{_-KncnXncp-s\n
hb-\mSv
_mWm-kpcIpymSn
\ne-q-ta-m-Snsske vhmen-\yq Aa-c-ew
incp-hmWn
s\n-bm-Xn
]on hmgm\n
AXn-c-nn hmg-m
]qbw-Ipn aqm
ImUaw lnkv
s]cn-bm
Ipfq-]pg
AK-kvXy-ae
kwc-n-X-ta-J-ebvv Npn-ep-ap {]tZiw
10. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZi AXnn \nbw

]n-a-L--nse 2200Hmfw hyXy-kvX-{]-tZ-i--fn h\y-ar-K-k-t-X-, \mjW]mp-I, Fnh Ds--hsb kwc-n-X-{]-tZ-i--sfpw, kanXn cq]w \Inb
Umm-t_-kns ASn-m-\-n ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw IW-n-se-Spv taJe1,
taJe2 taJe3Fpw thXn-cn-m-sa-mWv kanXn \nt-in-p-Xv. kmaq-lyhpw ]cnn-Xn-]-c-hp-ambn aqey-ta-sd-bp "kwc-n-X-{]-tZ-i-' Is-m Gsd -{i-ahpw kabhpw thn-h-Xn\m kwc-nX {]tZ-i-v kam-\tam AXn-ep-]-cntbm khn-ti-j-XI-fp Htc kwm-\s {]tZ-i-sf ]cn-nXn Zpe taJe Hn Ds-Sp-m
kanXn \nt-in-p. Ch-bpsS hnkvXow 60% n Ihn-b-cp-sXpw _mn kwm-\ns hnI-k-\-{]-h-\-v \on shbv-W-sapw kanXn ip]mi sNbvXp. tdnn Ghpw Xmsg hcp 25 % taJe 3 epw _mn taJe 2epw Ds-Sp--W-sapw
kanXn \nt-inp. AXm-bXv kwc-nX {]tZiw, taJe1, taJe2, Fn-h-bn-embn 75% {]tZi-sf Ds-Sp--W-sa-mWv R \nt-in-Xv. ae-{-tZ-i--fpsS 66% h\-ambn \ne\n-W-sa--Xm-bn-cpp R-fpsS tZiob eyw. ]n-a-Lw {]tXyI khn-ti-j-X-I
\nd ae-tbm-c-am-b-Xn-\m 75% {]tZiw C-c-n ]cn-c-n--s-tS--Xm-sWv R
ip]mi sNbvXp. ]n-a-L--ns sXpw hSpw Xn ]cn-nXn khn-ti-j-X-bpsS
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
20

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Imcy-n henb A-c-ap--Xn-\m KpP-dmv Umpw tIcf Ajm-p-a-e-Ifpw Htc-X-cn ImWm Ign-bn BI-bm Hmtcm kwm-\-sbpw {]tXy-I-ambn IW-n-se-SpmWv ip]mi-Iv cq]w \In-bXv. ]n-a-L--ns AXnn Xoc-{]-tZ-i-hp-ambn
tNp-h-cp kwm-\--fn AXnn \n-b-{]-{In-b-bn Xoc-{]-tZ-i-]-cn-nXn aqeyfpw Zu_-ey-fpw {]Xn-^-en-m-Xn-cn-m-\mbn Xoc-p-\nv 1.5 In.ao. hoXn-bn hnmWv
kanXn AXnn \nbw \S-n-bXv.
Npcp--n
1.
]n-a-L taJe \n-bn-Xv Hmtcm kwm-\-n\pw {]tXy-I-am-bmWv.
2.
\ne-hn-ep kwc-nX {]tZ-i- \mem-as {]tXyI hn`m-K-am-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-pXv.
3.
kwc-nX {]tZ-i-v ]pd-p--h-bvmWv taJe1, taJe 2, taJe3 ]Zhn

\In-bXv.
4.
\ne-hn-ep kwc-n-X {]tZ-i--fn DsSp-h-bn Ghpw Ipd tdn-n\v

kam-\tam AXn-ep-]-cntbm tdn-n-\p--hsb am{X-amWv taJe Hn Ds-Sp-nbXv.
5.
\Zn-I-fpsS D-h-m-\-, ]oT`q-an-I ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n AXn-bmb Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-n-p kaqlw A[n-h-kn-p {]tZ-i- Fnh ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]tZ-i--fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t--XmWv.
6.
\ne-hn-ep kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fp-sSbpw taJe Hn-sbpw sam hnkvXow

BsI-bp {]tZ-i-ns 60% IqSm ]mSn.
7.
\ne-hn-ep kwc-n-X-{]-tZ-i-n-sbpw taJe1, taJe2 Fn-h-bp-sSbpw BsI

hnkvXow GI-tZiw 75% Bbn-cn-Ww.
8.
taJe 3s hnkvXow BsI hnkvXo-ns 25%tmfw Bbn-cn-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse kwc-nX {]tZ-i- taJe1, taJe2,taJe3 Fn-h-bpsS

Ifam-p I kwm-\m-Sn-m-\-n Nn{X- 2 apX 7 hsc-bn \In-bn-pv.
5
an\nv X 5 an\nv As-n 9 In.ao. x 9 In.ao. F ka-N-Xp-c-s-bmWv Umm-t_kv

ASn-m-\-am-n-bn-p-Xv. CXn\v {]Ir-Xn-Z Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fpsStbm, hntPv, Xmeqv
t]mse-bp `c-W-bq-Wn-p-I-fp-sStbm AXnn-bp-ambn bmsXm-cp-_--hp-an.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Je Hv, cv, aqv Fn-h-bpsS AXnn hy-ambn \n-bnp--Xn\pw Hcp {]tZ-im-[n-jvTnX amt\-Pvsa v ]-Xnv cq]w \Ip--Xn\pw kqva-P-et{km-X-p-I-fp-sSbpw {Kma--fp-sSbpw AXnn IW-n-se-Sp-p-ap Hcp taJ-em-kw-hn-[m\-n\v cq]w \Ip-I-bmWv A`n-Imayw. ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn \ne-hn hcptm hnim-em-Sn-m-\-n-ep ]m-fn {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AtXm-dnn \n-ln-t NpXe-bm-WXv. Fm BZy-Np-h-Sp-hbvv F \ne-bn R \S-nb A]-{K-Y-\-ns
ASn-m-\-n taJe Hn-sbpw cn-sbpw aqn-sbpw {]mcw-`]-cn[n XmIm-en-Iambn hnm-]\w sN-W-sav R ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-tmSv ip]mi sNpp.
Cu AXnn \nbw Xmeqv/ tmv Xe-n \S-p--XmWv DNnXw. Cu ImgvN-mSns ASn-m-\
- n ]n-aL
- -
- nse 134 Xmeq-p-It- fbpw R taJe Hntem cntem
aqntem Bbn Ds-Spn Xmeq-ns Gdn-b-]pw DNn-X-amb taJ-e-bn Ds-Sp-nbmWv CXn\v cq]w \In-bXv.
tKmh Hgn-sI-bp kwm-\--fnse Cu taJe cq]o-I-c-W-ns Npcp-w, -]-nI
3epw 4epw Pn-I-fp-sSbpw Xmeq-p-I-fp-sSbpw hni-Zmw-i- A\p-_w cnepw aqnepw
e`npw
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21

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nn{Xw 2
Nn{Xw 3
taJe 1 Dw 2 Dw 3 Dw, kwc-nX {]tZ-i-fpw Xmeq--Sn-m-\-n

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
22

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nn{Xw 4
Nn{Xw 5
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
23

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
24

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]nI 3 : taJ-e-I-fn-tev \nt-in-n-p {]tZiw 50% n A[n-I-ap ]n-a-L--Pn--I

kwm\w
Pn-I
taJe Hnse
Xmeq-p-I
taJe cnse
Xmeq-p-I
taJe aqnse
Xmeq-p-I
KpP-dmv
alm-cmjv{S
10
32
14
tKmh
_m[-I-a
_m[-I-a
_m[-I-a
Im-SI
11
26
tIcfw
12
15
Xan-gv\mSv
samw
44
83
14
37
12
50 iX-am-\tam AXn-e-[n-Itam {]tZiw ]n-a-L AXnn-p-n Ds-Sp-n-bnp Xmeq-p-I am{Xta ]nI 3 tNn-pq. taJe Hn-stbm, cn-stbm \nehmcw Iev]n--s-Sp {]tZ-i- Ds Xmeq-p-I- ]nI 3 Ds-Sp-m-h ]nI
\men-emWv Ds-Sp-n-bn-p-Xv. tKmh-bpsS Imcy-n 1 an\nv X 1 an\nv ka-N-Xp-c-am-Wv
D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-Xv. tKmh-bpsS hen--p-dhv ]cnKWnv taJ-em-h-Xv-c-W-n\v ]cn-nXn
khn-ti-j-X-bmWv AmsX Xmeq- B[m-c-am-n-bn-p-Xv. (A\p-_w Hv ImWpI)
Cu taJ-e-I tKmh-bn-en-tm \S-p-h-cp taJem m 2021se ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Jem-h-c-W-hp-ambn ka-RvP-k-s-SWw.
]nI 4 : taJe Hn-tepw cn-tepw \nt-in--s-n-p {]tZiw 50% n Xmsg
D ]n-a-L- Pn-I
kwm\w
]n-a-L--nse
Pn-I
taJe Hn
s]Sp-h
taJe cn
s]Sp-h
KpP-dmv
alm-cmjv{S
11
23
tKmh
Im-SI
15
22
tIcf
16
Xan-gv\mSv
* A\p-_w 2, 3 ImWpI
CXp-t]mse Ds-Sp-t {Kma-]-m-b-p-Isf Isn hn]p-e-amb Hcp ]m-fn
{]{In-b-bn-eqsS taJe Hn-sbpw cn-sbpw AXn-cp-I \n-bn-p-Ibpw {]tZ-im-[n-jvTnX
amt\-Pvsa v m\n\v cq]w \Ip-Ibpw sNt-Xv ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bmWv.
A-c-n Ghpw Xmsg Xn-ep Hcp kwcw-`-amWv t_mIvkv 5 sImSp-n-p-Xv. ]nI
5 sImSp-n-p knp-ZpKv Zn-bnse 25 {Kma--fnse {Kma-k-`-I Ah-cpsS ]m-bv
{]tZiw ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sa-m-h-iy-sv {]tabw ]mmn
kanp. C-c-samcp {]ta-b-ns kwn]vX cq]w t_mIvkv 6 ImWmw.
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25

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
t_mIvkv 5 : Xmsg Xn-ep Hcp kwcw`w

knp ZpK Pn-bnse 25 {Kma-k-`-I Ah-cpsS ]m-bp {]tZiw ]cn-nXn
Zp_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sa-m-h-iy-sv {]tabw ]mkmn. Cu {Kma-k-`m-tbmK--fn bYm-n Fp N-bmWv \S--sXtm icn-bmb \S-]-Sn-{Iaw ]men-mtWm
Cu tbmK- tN-sXtm kan-Xnv Adn-bn. Fm Cu {Kma--fnse ki\w
hy-am-p-Xv Cu {]ta-b-v Dd P\-]n-pW Ds-mWv X-fpsS ]m-b-ns\
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n--cp-sX-m-h-iy-sv {]tabw ]mm-nb \nch[n ]m-b-p-I Ahn-sS-X-s-bpv. XpSp \S-nb N-bn \nv a\-n-em-nbXv cv Xocp-am-\- Xn Xpe\w sNm P\- {ian-pp FmWv. ]cn-nXn
Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n--s-m X-fpsS ]m-bv J\\ òj-Wn-bn \nv
c-s-S-W-sav Biz-kn-p--tXm-sSmw ]m-bv {]tZiw h\w-h-Ip-ns Icm-f-lkvX-n-e-a-cp-sa `bhpw Ahpv. P\-]-m-fn--an-m hnI-k-\-n\pw P\s
Hgn-p-\nn-bp kwc--W-n\pw CXv Da DZm-l-c-W-amWv. P\-]-m-fn--tm-sSbpw
kl-I-c-W-tm-sSbpw D hnI-k-\-n\v kwc--W-kw-`w-`--fn-eqsS am{Xta ]cn-nXn
kpn-c-Xbpw P\-ku-lr-Z-hn-I-k-\hpw ssIh-cn-m Ignbq. Cu coXn-bmWv A`n-Imayw
FmWv kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw X-fpsS ]m-bv ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sav
hnm-]\w sN-Ws
- av {]tabw ]mm-nb 25 {Kma-]
- m-b
- p-Ifpw Umm-t_kv {]Imcw
taJe Hn Ds {]tZ-i--fpsS Hcp irwJ-e-bmWv.
]nI 5 : knp-ZnK Pn-bnse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmbn \nt-in--s-h

Xmeqv
hnt-Pp-I
tZmUm-amKv
^ptIcn, tIm-km, Ip{m, kmtkmfn, Is\ DKm-UPv,

skmems, XXv _n.sI. tIm\m, []n
kmhv hmSn
tIkcn, U_n, Ak-\nsb. ]mvshaPvtKm, DtUen,

sUKvsh, _em-h, kam-se, Hm-h-s\, ^km-hmsU,
Xtmfn, tImjn,\Smkv, s\then, ]Svsh
t_mIvkv 6 : {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS {]ta-b-ns {]k--`mKw

h\w kwc--W-n\pw {Kma-ns hnI-k-\-n\pw NphsS ]d-bp LS-I-
]cn-K-Wn-t--Xpv.
Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fpsS hnI-k\w. {Kma--fn hm Acp-hn-I \apv thp-thm-f-aps-nepw Ch Imcy--a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v ]-Xn-bp-m-hWw.
Bkq-{X-W-an-mbva aqew th\m-ev Irjn-bn-S-v B-h-iy-n\v shw e`np-n. sNdnb AW-Ifpw _p-Ifpw \nnv shw sIn-\nm-hp--tX-bpq.
km DtZym-K- CXp-kw-_-nv {Kma--fn {]mY-anI \nco--W-fpw ]m-e
At\z-jW
-
- fpw \S-n-bn-pv. Am-cW
-
- m Pe-t{km-X
- p-If
- psS hnI-k\
-
- n\v apKW\ \n-bn-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-amWv {Kma-nse Hmtcm hmUn\pw CXp-m-IWw.
]n-a-L--nse {Kma--fn hm \ocp-d-hp-I thp-thm-f-apv. Cu Acp-hn-Ifn sNdnb Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-XnI \nnv sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-n-p-Ibpw sNmw. CXns
km[y-Xsb ]n ]T\w \S-t--Xpv. Iip-amhv, AS tXm--fpsS Ctm-gs Ah
sa-s-Sp-Ww. ê-h--^-e-`q-bn-jvT-Xbvv th Petam h\tam Cm CS--fn
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
26

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
ag-sh-s B{i-bn-p kky-h\

- h
- -cWw hnI-kn-nmw. CXn\v km-cn \np
^pw ]cn-io-e-\hpw thWw.
Ctm \apv th{X kky-\-gvk-dn-I C. taev]-d kky-h-\-h-c-W-n\v
Xt-io-b-amb kky-\-gvkdn \apv hnI-kn-n-s-Spmw. Nne kzbw-k-lmb {Kqp-Iv
CXn \nv BZm-bhpw e`npw.
hntPv Sqdnkw: \psS {Kma-nse ]v, tXm-, {]mNo\ Xd-hmSv hoSp-I
Fn-h- hnt\m-Z-k-m-cn-Isf BIjn-p-p. apwss_bn Xma-k-am-n-bn "Xv'
kztZ-in-I ]-W-nse Ah-cpsS kplr-p--fp-ambn ChnsS Fm-dpv. Cu {Kmaw Hcp
hnt\mZ kmc tI{-ambn hnI-kn-n-m-\p Fm km[y-X-I-fp-apv.
a\p-jy\pw h\y-ar-K-fpw Xn-ep kwLjw: XIv {Kmaw h\-tmSv tNv
InS-p {]tZ-i-amWv. tXm- h\--fm Np-s-n-cn-pp. Awt_m-fnbvpw Xnmcnpw CS-bvp Cu h\-{]-tZiw h\y-arK k--amWv. At\-I-hj--fmbn Cu h\yar-K-n-S-bn-embn Pohn-p R Cu ASp Ime-mbn Ipcv, B\, ]pnpen Fn-h-bpsS ieys t\cn-tSn hcp-pv. Cu {]tZ-i-n\v Hcp hnI-k-\-]-Xn
Xm-dm-p-tm Cu {]iv\hpw IqSn IW-n-se-Sp-Ww. ImcWw XpSpw Cu h\y-Po-hnIsmw Ign-bm B{K-ln-p--h-cmWv R.
R-fpsS {]tZiw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e{- ]-tZ-ia
- m-bX
- n-\m Chn-Ss hnI-k\
- ]
-
- Xn
Xm-dm-t-Xv kmcpw {Kma-hm-kn-Ifpw Iqm-bn-mWv. ssa\nv s{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw apw Poh\v
lm\n-Ic
- a
- m-sWv am{X-a \psS hcp-am\ t{kmX-n-s\bpw AXv \in-n-pp. Ccw
t{]mP-IvSp-Ip-]I
- cw R B{K-ln-p-Xv R-fpsS {Kmaw Hcp ]cn-nXn Zp_-e{]-tZ-ia
- mbn {]Jym-]n-p-Im-Wm-\mWv.
11. \ne-hn-ep ]cn-nXn

Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I A\p-`-h-]m-T-
\nn-jvS-]-cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i--fn a\p-jys {]h\w \nb-{n-p--Xn-\p
bmsXmcp am-tc-Jbvpw {]Wm_v sk Inn cq]w \In-bn. Fm Cu tPmen
]noSv ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw kzbw Gs-Spp. ]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-nse
5mw hIp-p-{]-Imcw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-n-t a{m-ebw \nb-{Ww Gs-Spn. ]cn-nXn
Zp_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-m-\p Hcp \ntiw e`n-m km[m-c-W-bmbn a{m-ebw
hnm-]\w Xm-dmn s]mXp-P-\--fn \npw _-s kwm\ km-cn \npw
{]Xn-Ic
- Ww Bcmbpw. `qan Hcp kwm-\h
- n-jb
- a
- m-bX
- n-\m hnm-]\
-
- n hn`m-h\ sNbvXnp--Xp-t]mse `qhn-\n-tbmKw Nn-s-Spn Hcp taJ-e-hn-I-k\ ]Xn Xm-dm-m _s kwm\ km-cn-t\mSv Bh-iy-sSpw. P\-]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cpn kwm-\-km
taJ-em-hn-I-k-\-]--Xnv Ana cq]w \Ipw.
Cu ]Xn \n-l-W-ns tat\m--n-\mbn a{m-ebw cq]o-I-cn-p D-X-Xe
Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn-bn an-tmgpw {]mtZ-inI {]mXn-\n[yw Dm-bn-cn-n.
]cn-nXn Zpe {]tZ-i--fpsS cq]o-I-cWw KpW-I-c-amb ]cn-Wn-X-^-e- {]Zm\w
sNp--tXm-sSmw Cu kwhn-[m-\-n A]m-I-X-Ifpw [mcm-f-apv. CXn Ghpw Kuc-hap {]iv\w Cu kwhn-[m\w DtZym-K \nb-{n-X-sf {Iam-Xo-X-ambn B{i-bn-tn
hcpp Fp--XmWv. {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ns ]m-fn Ipdhpw kpXm-cy-a-m DtZymK {]h-\hpw D-c-hm-ZnXz Ipdhpw Agn-a-Xnsb ]cn-t]m-jn-n-pp. X^-e-ambn
kaq-l-nse Zp_e hn`mKw ISp ]oT-\-n\pw Nqj-W-n\pw hnt[-b-am-Ipp. AtX
kabw k-cpw icpw \nb-{-W- Imn ]d-pp. CXv {]mtZ-inI FXnn\pw
kwLj-n\pw Imc-W-am-Ipp.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
27

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
alm-cmjv{S kwm-\v 4 ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-eI

- f
- mWv cq]o-Ic
- n-Xv. apcpSvPmPnd,
Zl\p Xmeqv, amtX-c, alm-_-te-iz]-K\n Fn-h-bm-Wnh. XpS \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cnp--Xn tI{ kwm\ km A[n-Ir-X Hcp-t]mse hnap-J-cm-sW--XmWv A\p`hw. DZm-l-c-W-n\v 19121996 Zl\ Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwc-W AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cnXv Hcp hj-t-mWv. XpSv BZyw cv amk-tpw ]ns aqv amk-tpw
XpSv Bdp amk-tpw Imem-hp[n ZoLn-np. AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Ah-tem-I-\-tijn IWn-se-Spv CsXmcp ncw kwhn-[m-\-am--W-sav ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-tmSv
A`yn-s-nepw hopw 6 amk-tp IqSn Imem-h[n \omt\ a{m-ebw Xm-dm-bpq.
XpSv tImSXn CS-s]-S-en-eq-sS-bmWv ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse (1986) hyh-I {]Imcw \nt-i-fpw apw \Im-\p A[n-Imcw AtXm-dn-nv knn-Xv.
alm-_-te-iz ]-K\n D-X-Xe Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xnbpw XpSbvv t\cn XShpw A[n-Im-c-an-m-bvabpw aqew ISp {]Xn-k-n-bn-embn. alm-_-te-iz D-X-Xe kanXnbpambpw av {]h-I-cp-ambpw Cu kanXn \S-nb N-I-fnepw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-hpambn \S-nb N-I-fnepw ki-\--fnepw Hcp kn{i {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv e`n-Xv. \n`mKy-h-im 2002 apX 2005 hsc C-c-samcp kan-Xntb \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-n. ap]-Xn-hn
\nv hyXy-kvX-ambn \ne-hn-ep sNbam {io.tZhv Kp]vX-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n kanXn
AwK- P\--fn-te-s-m\pw Ah-cpsS {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m\pw Xm-dmbn. Ccw
kan-Xn-I-fpsS kao-]-\-n h ]mI-n-g-I aqew ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-I ]pdta
\nv Ah-cpsS ta ASn-t-ev]n--s--Xm-sWpw Xsf ]oUn-n-m\pw NqjWw sNm\p-ap Agn-a-Xn-m-cmb DtZym-K--cpsS Hcp-]m-[n-bm-Wn-sXpw P\- [cn-p-h-imbn.
kzw Irjn-bn-S-n IpgIn-W Ipgn-m A\p-aXn e`n-m DtZym-K-v 20,000 cq]
ssIIqen sImSp-t-n-h-Xv kw_-n ]cmXn Cu kan-Xnv e`n-n-cpp. alm-_-te-iz
]-K\n taJ-e-I-fn ]nI h-mcpw ]c--cm-KX h\-hm-kn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ap-m-bn-cpp.
BI-bm h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw Ap-hjw ap]v Chv \S-m-t--Xm-bn-cpp. Cm-cyn bmsXmcp {ia-hp-ap-m-bn-n. NqjWw XpS-cm thn Bbn-cpp CsXv A\p-am-\nWw. kzw {Kma-n-te-p ]gb hgn-I t]mepw h\w-h-Ipv {Sp-I Ipgnv XS-s-Sp-p--Xmbn ]cmXn Dbn-cpp. XpSv {io. am[hv KmUvKn t\cnv Cu hnjbw ]cntim-[np. ssIIqen hmn-sImv Atm-tgv Cu {Sp-I anv \nc-m-n-b-XmWv ImWm
Ign-Xv. apwss_ ]cn-nXn B {Kqv amtX-c-\n Ah Xs {]tamv sNp Hcp
]cn-nXn Zpe taJe kn-m t]meokv kwc-Ww tXSn-b-Xn \nv CXnse
P\-]-m-fn--ns A`mhw a\-n-em-m-hp--XmWv. (Kapoor, M: K Kohli and M Menon 2009)
7, 8, 9 t_mIvkp-I Cu A\p-`-h- ]p-sh-bvpp.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
28

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
t_mIvkv 7: Zlm\p Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwc-W AtXm-dnn

1994se 231mw \ dnv Xom-n-sIm-p kp{]ow tImSXn hn[n-bpsS Npcpw.
""]cn-nXn Zp-e-amb Zlm\p Xmeq-ns kwc--W-n\v kwm\ km-cntbpw av kzX{ myq-dn AtXm-dn-n-bp-tSbpw XpS-bmb Ah-tem-I\w Bh-iy-amWv.
tI{-km 1996 ]pd-s-Sp-hn hnm-]-\-nse hyh--Iv hnt[-b-ambn tI{km AwKo-I-cn-p Su/ doPn-b-W m \S-m-m kwm-\-km-cn\v _m[yX-bpv. Zlm\p taJ-e-bp-ambn _-sv tI{-km ]pd-s-Sp-hn cv hnm-]-\-fnse hyh--Iv hnt[-b-ambn \nnjvS m \S-m-m alm-cmjv{Sm km-cn-t\mSv
\nt-inp. Cu hn[n-\ym-b-n Ds-Sp-n-bn-p NEERI ip]mi-I kwm\ k
m ]cn-K-Wnv \S-m-t--XmWv.''
Ah-tem-I-\-n-\mbn apwss_ ssltm-S-Xn-bn-tev amnb B dnv s]o-j Ctmgpw
AhnsS IpSp-n-n-S-p-I-bmWv. dnns \ 981/1998.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-amb Zlm\p Xmeq-ns kwc--W-n\pw aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{W-n\pw Bh-iy-amb A[n-Im-c--fp Hcp AtXm-dnn (]cn-nXn kwc-W \nb-anse 3 (3) hyh {]Imcw) cq]o-I-cn-m\pw tI{-K-hsan-t\mSv kp{]ow tImSXn
\nt-inp. Hcp dn-tbUv ssltm-SXn PUvPn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n-ep Cu AtXm-dn-n-bn
Pe-]-T\w, kap{Z ]T\w, D]-cn-XePe-]-cn-nXn, ]cn-nXn Fn-\n-b-dnMv, hnI-k\w,
]cn-nXn Bkq-{XWw, hnhc kmt-XnI hnZy Fo taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-KvXsc AwK-fmbpw tI{-km \nb-an--W-sapw tImSXn \nt-inp. 1986se ]cn-nXn (kwcW) \nb-a-nse hnhn[ hIp-p-I {]Imcw \nt-i- \Im\pw \S-]Sn FSp-m\pw
D A[n-Imcw Cu AtXm-dn-nv \I-W-sapw \nt-in-n-cpp.
1996 Unkw-_ 20\Iw AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn--W-sa-m-bn-cpp \ntiw. apI-cp-X
XXzhpw aen-\o-I-cWw \S-p--h AXns hne \I-W-sa XXzhpw AtXm-dnn \S
-m-Ww. NEERI bpsS ip]mi-Ifpw Zlm\p Xmeq-ns taJem ]-Xnbpw Zlm\p]-Wns hnI-k\ ]-Xnbpw AtXm-dnn \S-m-Ww.
As\ 19/12/1996 se hnm-\-{]-Imcw Zlm\p Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwc-W
AtXm-dnn tI{ ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw cq]o-I-cnp.
XpS--n Hcp hj-am-bn-cpp AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Imem-h[n. XpSv BZyw 2 amkhpw
]noSv 3 amkhpw XpSv 6 amkhpw ZoLn-np. Ah-tem-I\ Npa-Xe Imcy--a-ambn
\nt-in-m thn AtXm-dnn Hcp ncw kwhn-[m-\-am--W-sav a{m-e-b-tmSv
A`yn-n-cpp. Fm-bmepw a{m-ebw 6 amk-t-p-IqSn Imem-h[n ZoLn-np. AXn\p-tijw kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bn a{m-ebw kan dnns ASn-m-\-n C\n Hcp
D-chv Dm-Ip--Xp-hsc AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Imem-h[n kp{]ow tImSXn ZoLn-np.
AtXm-dn-n-bn s]mXp-k-aq-ls {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv Hcp -k- kwL-S\m {]Xn\n-[n-bm-Wp-m-bn-cp-Xv. Fm Ign 16 hj-ambn CXv Hgnp InS-p-I-bmWv.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS khn-tj-X-I
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS tbmK- Xpd tbmK--fmWv. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I, {]h-I, _s km hIpv DtZym-K-, t{]mPIvSv GPkn-I Fn-h-cpsS kmn-yn-emWv {]iv\- N sNp-Xv. AtXm-dn-nv e`n-p Fm ]cm-Xn-Ifpw
Cu thZn-bn N sN-sSpw. A-cm-n CsXmcp s]mXp IqSn-bm-tem-N-\bmWv. Fm-h-cp-tSbpw kmn-y-n N sNbvsX-Sp-p Xocp-am-\- IrXyambn \S-mpw. CXp-hsc Fm Xocp-am-\-fpw ssIsIm-Xv sFIy-I-WvtT-\-bmWv.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS tbmK--fn 70 apX 100 hsc {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I kw_-n-p-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-pv.
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29

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AtXm-dnn apdp-sI-n-Sn-p A\p-]-a-amb Hcp am\-Zw ]-Xn-bpsS

kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-_--X-bmWv. ]-Xn-I _m[n-p {]tZ-i--fnse P\v kam-P-a-n-c-, kna v `WvTm-c-, _kv-m v sjUp-I,
Pnwt\-jy-, skan-tcn, IpgIn-W-dp-I, k-cn-p Bip-]{Xn
hm\p-I, t{Smam sk-dp-I, asm-env XS-bm kwhn-[m-\- XpSnb kmaq-ly-ku-I-cy- sNbvXp-sIm-Sp--W-sav _-s DtZym-Kv \ntiw \In-bn-pv. Cu kmaq-ly-ku-I-cy- hnI-kn-nm ]Xn DS-a-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-fpw kl-I-cnv aptmp t]mIpp
F-Xp-Xs ktm-j-I-c-amWv.
sa-s ]cn-n-Xn-p Ah-Imiw `c-W-L-S\m 21mw Bn-n ]cnK-Wn-p Ahn-`mPy LS-Ia
- mWv. AXmWv Pohn-m-\p Ah-Imiw. AXn\m CXn\v Npp-]mSpw Pohn-p Bfp-I-fpsS ta {]tXyI {i
]pepp. sX ]h mp-I-fn \npw av hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn
\npw han-p ]pIbpw apw ]cn-n-Xn-bn-ten-p BLmXw A]{K-Yn-m-\mbn imco-cnI BtcmKy ]cn-tim-[\ \S-p-pv. Cm-cy-n
]Xn DS-a-Ifpw kmaq-ly-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\-fpw AtXm-dn-nsb
klm-bn-p-pv. {]tZ-is kv{XoIpw Ipn-Ipw ^mIvSdn sXmgnem-fn-Ipw thn BtcmKy kwL-S-\-Ifpw saUn- Iymp-Ifpw
AtXm-dnn kwL-Sn-n-p-pv. Cy `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 51mw hIpv Ddp-\Ip sa-s ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn {]Zm\w sNpp.
Pohn-m-\p Ah-Imiw ap\nn apIq h\ hc-Whpw apIq
]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw F ]pXnb Bi-b-amWv AtXm-dnn kzoI-cn-n-p-Xv. CXn\p `qan apt-Xs Is-n-bn-p--Xm-sW-mWv km GPkn-I
]d-bp-Xv. BI-bm Cu Bi-b-n ASn-bp-dv apt-dp-I-bmWv A`n-Im-ayw.
-Im-cWw _Z h\-h-c-Whpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw A\pt]-Wo-b-amWv.
cmjv{S-]n-Xmhv aptmv h ]nIvv {Sv F kwhn-[m\w (Public Trust
Doctrine) Cy kp{]ow tImS-Xnbpw Ata-cn- kp{]ow tImS-Xnbpw Cv AwKoI-cn-n-pv. CX-\p-k-cnv kwm-\tam kmtcm {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h--fpsS DS-a-If, adnv {Snn-I am{X-amWv. AXp-sImv CXv s]mXp-\--bvp-thn D]tbm-Kn-t-Xv tns IS-a-bmWv. AXm-bXv kzIm-cy-hy-n-I-fp-sSbpw m]\--fp-sSbpw kzm Xmev]-cy-t-m s]mXp D]-tbm-K-n-\mbn Cu hn`-h ]p\hn-X-cWw \S-Ww.
kp{]ow tImSXn 1996 HIvtSm-_ 31se D-chpw {]Imcw dnv s]o-j
Xom-msX {]iv\w sam-n Ah-tem-I\w sNm \nt-in-p-sImv
apwss_ ssltm-S-Xnv ssIamdn. Zl\p Xmeq-n {]hn-p aen-\o-Ic-W-ap-m-p-Xpw Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-I-c-hp-amb hyh-km-b-sf \nb-am-\pkrXw ssIImcyw sN-W-sapw tImSXn \nt-inp. Cm-cy-n tI{km hnm-]-\-, Su/taJem m\p-I, NEERI dntmv Fnh IqSn
IW-n-se-Sp--W-sapw tImSXn Bh-iy-sp. AtXm-dn-nv {]iv\-
ssIImcyw sNm CXv hfsc klm-b-I-ambn. \n`m-Ky-h-im Ievcn D]tbm-Knv Dutm-ev]m-Z\w \S-p Chn-Sps m v bmYm-n IS-enemWv nXn sNp-Xv. Xqew ChnsS Hcp FGD (Flue Gas Desulfurizer) m v
m]n-t-Xv AXy-m-t]-n- -X-am-bn-cpp. A-co--a-en-\o-I-c-W-ap-mp ^vssf Bjm-bn-cpp Kuc-h-I-c-amb asmcp {]iv\w. Cu m v AtXm-dnn-bpsS kqva \nco--W-n-emWv. ^vssf Bjns 70% Ctm D]-tbm-K-sSp-p-pv. _mn 30% Fs\ D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-sa-Xp kw_-nv NI \S-p-h-cpp.
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30

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t_mIvkv 8 : alm-_-te-iz ]-K\n ]cn-nXn Zpe taJe

(HLMC - High Land Monitoring Committee - D-Xm[n-Imc tat\m
kanXn sNbam {io. Un. ta Ah-X-cn-n-Xv)

kwn]vX ]m-ew
ae-ap-I-fnse {]i-kvX-am-sbmcp hnt\m-Z-k-m-c-tI-{-amWv alm-_-te-iz ]-KWn.
D-c-]-na L-nse C-c-n-ep GI tI{w IqSn-bm-WnXv. Cu taJ-ebvv Hcp
k {]IrXn ss]Xr-I-apv IrjvW, sImbv\ \Zn-I Chn-sS-bmWv D-hn-p-Xv. hnt\mZ-k
- m-cn-If
- psS _mlp-eyhpw AXp-ambn _-s A\-[n-IrX IpSn-tb-hpw tlm \nmWhpw h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw Jc-am-en-\y-fpw KXm-K-X-Ip-cp-p-samw Cu {]tZ-i-n\v ISp
òj-Wn-bmWv.
Cu A\n-b-{nX hnI-k-\-ns Zqjy-^-e- IW-n-se-Spv Chn-Sps 123.96
NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao- {]tZiw ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-p-sImv 2001 P\ph-cn-bn tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw hnm-]\w ]pd-s-Sp-hnp. \nb-{n-X-amb
kpnc hnI-k-\hpw ]cn-nXn kwc--Whpw Dd-p-h-cp-m thn-bm-bn-cpp CXv.
IrjvW Pe X ss{S_yq-W-ens ASp--Im-e-p-mb hn[n alm-_-te-iz ]-KWn
]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw hn-n-pp. "Aamn' AW-s-n-t\bpw
AXns hrjvTn {]tZ-i--sfbpw kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap--h-bmWv IrjvW,
sImbv\ \Zn-I.
IrjvW \Zn-bnse "t[mw, _mm-hSn AW-s-p-Ifpw' , sImbv\ \Zn-bnse Pe-kw`-c-Wnbpw hfsc {im-]qw ]cn-c-n-m am{Xta Aamn AW-s-n\v ta`m-K-p
{]tZ-is ag-m-ev {]f-b-s-Sp-Xn-bn \nv cn-m Ignbq. AXp-sImv Xs
alm-_-te-iz ]-KWn ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-bpsS kwc-Ww hfsc {]m[m-\yaln-pp.
akq Imev alm-_-te-iz-dn e`n-p 8000 an.ao ag-shw Chn-Ss h\-{]tZ-i-fpw 9 ]oT-`q-an-Ifpw apw tNmWv hen-s-Sp-p-Xv. Chn-Sps Imem-h hyXnbm-\-ns ê-ambn ag e`y-X-bnepw Imem-h--bnepw Imhy-amb amw kw`-hn-n-pv.
Cu taJ-eb
- psS ]cn-nXn \Zo-XS {]m[m-\y-n\p ]pdta {]Xn-hjw ChnsS Fp
10 ew hnt\m-Z-k-m-cn-Iv Bh-iy-amb Db \ne-hm-c-ap Xmak`W kuIcy-fpw ChnsS Hcp-t--Xm-bn-pv.
CXn\p ]pd-ta-bmWv Xt-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xm-h-iy-.
tamWn--dnv I-n-bpsS {]h\w
D-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-bpsS BZy \nb-a\w 2002 apX 2005hscbpw cm-as

\nb-a\w 2008 apX 2012 hscbpw Bbn-cpp.
kan-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Xocp-am-\- NphsS
{]h\ hnI-k-\m-[n-jvTnX Xocp-am-\- :

1. taJ-em-m
D-X-Xe kanXn taJ-em-m hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw Nne Iqn-tt-epIfpw t`Z-K-Xn-Ifpw hcpn tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-n\v kanp. a{m-ebw
CXv ]q-ambn AwKo-I-cn tijw hnm-]\w sNm-\mbn alm-cmjv{S km-cn\v
\In.
Cu taJ-e-bnse sh-m---tfbpw Acp-hn-I-tfbpw kw_-nv Hcp ks \S-m\mbn 2010 amn {io. tUhoUv ImtUm-kns t\Xr-Xz-n D-X-Xe kanXn Hcp D]k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-Knp. D]-k-anXn ks sNbvX Acp-hn-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S--tfbpw 12 shm---tfbpw taJem am m\n Ds-Sp-n-bn-pv. ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-ebvv
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31

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Npp-ap Icp-X taJ-e-bpsS AXnn bpn klambn \n-bn-p--Xns\ ]n

s{]m.Pbv kmav, s{]m.hnPbv ]cvss] Fn-h ]T\w \Sn hcn-I-bmWv. ]T\w ]qnbm-bm DNn-X-amb ip]mi-I km-cn\v kanpw.
2. Sqdnkw am m
Sqdnkw am m\n Ds-Sp-t Imcy- D-X-Xe kanXn Xocp-am-\nv almcmjv{S Sqdnkw hnI-k\ tIm-td-j\v \In-sb-nepw tIm-td-j CXp-hsc amm
Xm-dm-n-bn-n. taJem am m\n Ds-Sp-t Hcp {][m\ C\-am-WnXv.
3. hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I
]-KWn, alm-_-te-iz, Sujnv AS--ap hnI-k\ ]-Xn-Iv An-a-cq]w
\Ip--Xn-\p am tcJ-I D-X-Xe kanXn, alm-cmjv{S \K-cm-kq{XW Ub-d-IvSv
\In-bn-pv. Ch Xm-dm-p hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw AwKoI-cnp Ign-m Ah D]-ta-Jem am m\p-I-fmbn IW-mpw.
4. Imem-hm hyXn-bm\ ]T\ Cn-yqv
Imem-h--bn-ep-m-Ip am- {lkz-Ime ZoL-Ime ASn-m-\-n \nco-np--Xn-\mbn B[p-\nI D]-I-c-W-fpw kwhn-[m-\--fp-ap Hcp Cn-yqv alm-_-te-izdn m]n--W-sav Xocp-am-\np. alm-_-te-iz-dn-ep sao-cn-tbm-f-Pn- hIp-ns
hf-n CXv m]n-m-\mWv Xocp-am\w.
5. ]pXnb {KmaoW hmk--e-
alm-cmjv{Sm km-dns {]Jym-]\w sshIp--Xp-aqew ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-ebnse 12 {Kma- `cW-]c
- hpw hnI-k\
- ]
- c
- h
- p-amb \nc-h[n {]iv\
- t\cn-Sp-pv. \nnjvS
taJ-e-bn hoSp-Im-bp At]--Iv AwKo-Imcw \Im kmd Pnm If-IvStdmSpw Cu t`Z-KXn taJem am m\n Ds-Sp-m \K-cm-kq-{XW Ub-d-IvS-tdmSpw
D-X-Xe kanXn AXns Ign tbmK-n ip]mi sNbvXp.
Cu {]tZ-i--fn-tev tdmUv kuI-cy-aps-sS-bp ASn-m\ kuI-cy- e`yam-m Cu Xocp-am\w klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa-mWv {]Xo.
6. ]cn-nXn Ah-t_m[w
Hcp t_m[-h-cW ]cn-]m-Snbvv cq]w \Ip-Ibpw adm-n-bnepw Cwo-jnepw
A-Sn eLp-tc-J-Ifpw knUn-Ifpw, ^nen-ap-Ifpw apw P\--fp-ambn \nc-cw _-sSp km Bô-kp-I-fnepw {Kma-]-m-b-p-I-fnepw tlm-ep-I-fnepw kvIqfp-I-fnepw
hnX-cWw sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv Ctmgpw XpSp-sIm-n-cn-pp. D-X-Xe kan-XnbpsS {]h-\- Ds-Sp sh_vsskv DS XpS-p--XmWv. ]cn-nXn kwc-Ww
kw_-n {]iv\--fpsS hymJym-\-n-\mbn Hmtcm tI{- alm-_-te-iz-dnepw ]-KWn-bnepw m]n-n-pv. Ccw IqSp-X tI{- taJ-e-bn-em-I-am\w m]n-n-cn-p-IbmWv. ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-esb kw_-nv hni-Zo-I-cn-m\pw Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw
Adn-bm-\p-ambn kvIq hnZymn-I, Aym-]-I, {]nkn-am XpS-n-b-hsc ]s-Spn-p-sIm-p skan-\m-dp-I kwL-Sn-n-p-I-bp-mbn.
7. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]m-fnw
D-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS Hmtcm tbmK-n\p appw {Kqp-I-fmbn kwth-Zn-p--Xn\v
{]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS tbmKw hnfn-n-cpp. Xt-i-`-c-W-m-]-\--fnse Poh-\-m, kvIq
Aym-]-I, k kwL-S-\-I, kPoh {]h-I, tlm Atkm-kn-tb-j, SmIvkn,
IpXn-c-hn DSa Atkm-kn-tb-j. kv{Sm_dn D]m-Z-I-kw-Lw, Sq Hm-td-am, Fnh CXn Ds-Sp-p.
]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-esb kw_-n hni-Zmw-i- AXns Ncn-{X-]-chpw `qanim-kv{X-]-chpw, Poh-imkv{X ]chpw, ]mc--cy-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c- Fnh Ch e`y-am-
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32

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n-bn-cpp. {]mtZ-in-I-amb _pn-ap-p-Ifpw \nt-i-fpw D-X-Xe kan-Xnv a\-n-emm CXv hgn-sbm-cpn. kan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am-\--fn CXv {]Xn-^-en-p-p-apv.
sa-s Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-n-\mbn {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS k--kw-L-S-\-I cq]o-I-cnp--Xns\ R ]c-am-h[n t{]mm-ln-n-pp.
8. Ctm Sqdn-ks t{]mm-ln-n-pp
kpJ-hmk ]c--cm-KX Sqdn-k-n \nv ]cn-nXnkmwkvIm-cnIImjnI kulrZ
Sqdn-k-n-tev amd-W-sav D-X-Xe kanXn _-s Fm GPkn-I-tfbpw DZvt_m[n-n-pp. CXn-\mbn ssKUp-I-fpsS {]tXyI tbmKw hnfn-p-Ibpw Ah-bvmbn Hcp ]cnio-e\ inev]-ime kwL-Sn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]Ir-Xn-`wKn Bkz-Zn-p--Xn-tepw IpXnc-k-hm-cn-bn-tepw apw Sqdn-p-Isf Xncn-p-hn-Sm-\mbn tlm-ep-I-fpsS klm-b-tmsS amXrIbpw Xm-dmn.
\nb-{-W-Xo-cp-am-\-
shm XSm-I-n\v IpdpsI tdm]vsh m]n-m-\p \ntiw D-X-Xe kan-XnbpsS apmsI Fn-b-tm alm-cm-jv{S-bnse tdm]v-shbvkv \nb-a-n\v FXn-cm-I-bm
A\p-aXn \ntj-[np. icn-bmb \S-]Sn {Ia- ]men-m-sXbpw kan-Xn-bp-sStbm ]cnnXn h\w a{m-e-b-n-stbm A\p-aXn hmmsX ]-K-Wn-bn Hcp Aayq-kvsa v
]mv m]np. Cu ]mp-aq-e-ap-m-Ip sISp-Xn-I ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvm D-X-Xe
kanXn {ian-p-hc
- pp. CXn-\mbn Nne Xncp- \S-]S- n-I kzoI-cn-m _-s GPkntbmSv \nt-in-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. Ccw A\-`n-em-j-Wo-b-amb hnI-k\w `mhn-bn-ep-m-Insv taJ-em-am- m Dd-p-h-cp-pp.
A\-[n-IrX \nm-Whpw apw XS-bm-\mbn AwKo-IrX hnI-k\ m\p-Ip-am-{Xta
sshZypXn IW- Ds-sS-bp kuI-cy- \Imhq Fv Xocp-am-\n-n-pv. hym]Iambn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNp Xe-Nm-bvm-s\m-cn-Shpw hni--S-m amhpw F XXzw
]pXnb am-\nt-i- Ds taJ-em-am- m hnm-]\w sNp--Xp-hsc Xmevmen-I-ambn ac-hn-n-n-cn-p-I-bmWv.
òam-Im-c-amb ]c-ky-t_mUp-I \nb-a-hn-cp--ambn hym]-I-ambn m]n-n-p--Xmbn
ImWm Ignp. CXv {]Ir-Xn-Z-hpw a\p-jy-\nn-X-hp-amb ss]XrI ImgvN-I adbvpp. A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn m]n-n-p Fm t_mUp-Ifpw \ow sNm Xocp-am\np. s]mXp-a-cm-av hIpv ASp--Im-ev Ccw 58 t_mUp-I \ow sNbvXp. ap
hIp-p-Ifpw Cu hgnv \opp.
D-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS sa sk{I-dn IqSn-bmb kXmc If-IvS 50 ssat{Im-Wn
Ipd mnIv kn-Ifpw apw \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw Ccw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-m ap\n-knm-en-n-I-tfmSpw CXc GPkn-I-tfmSpw Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \ntiw ewLnp--h-p ]ng hn-n-m\pw Xt-i-`-c-W-m-]-\--tfmSv Bh-iy-s-n-pv. mnIv
kn-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bvm-\mbn ]mepw IpSn-sh-hpw apw henb Af-hn kw`-cnm-sav tlm-ep-Ifpw dkn-Ujy kvIqfp-Ifpw kXn-n-pv. t]XpWnNW knI \nn-m sNdp-InS Dev]m-Z-Isc t{]mm-ln-n-p-pv.
]Wn-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn
alm-_-te-iz-dn-epw- ]--K-Wnepw kzoth-Pv {Sovsa v mp-I m]n-m-\p XpI
alm-cm-jv{S-km A\p-h-Zn-n-pv. ]s Ch-bpsS ]Wn hfsc a-K-Xn-bn-emWv. ]K-Wn-bpsS Imcy-n ]Wn Xr]vXn-I-c-a-s-p-am-{X-a icn-bmb Zni-bn-ep-a-. ]Wn-bpsS
]ptcm-KXn kw_-n {]Xn-amk dntmv D-X-X-e-k-an-Xnv \I-W-sav ap\n-kn-
Iukn-ep-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s-n-pv.
tdmUp-I-sfbpw {Sm^nIv ]cn-]m-e-\-sbpw kw_-n Hcp m Xm-dm- D-XXe kanXn \nt-in-n-pv. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bvp-n P\-v hnizm-k]qw B{i-bn-m-hp Hcp s]mXp-K-Xm-KX kwhn-[m-\-n\v cq]w \Ip-Ibpw hml-\-
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33

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v CXc Duw D]-tbm-Kn-m-\p km[yX Bcm-bp-bp-amWv ]Xn eyw.

]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-esb Hcp ssPh Irjn-ta-J-e-bmbn cq]m--c-s-Sp-p--Xn\m-h-iy-amb ]-Xn-I-sfbpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a--sfbpw kw_-n Btem-N-\-bn-emWv D-X-Xe
kanXn. lnam-N{]-tZiv km hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-m-nb amXr-I-bmWv CXn\v ASnm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-pI. ssPh Irjn-bn mnIv Hgn-hm-p--Xp-t]m-se-bp {]iv\ {]mtZ-inI IjI kaq-l-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv Xocp-am-\npw.
D-X-Xe kanXn IqSp-X Imcy--a-am-m-\p \nt-i-

A.
alm-_-te-iz]-K-Wn- ta-J-e-bvp {]tXyI \nt-i-
1.
kp{]nw-tIm-SXn D-c-h-\p-k-cnv "h\w t]mse-bp' {]tZ-i--fmbn ks sNbvX

{]tZ-i- h\-ambn Xs IW-m-Ww. Ccw e--fn Fs\ hnI-k-\m\p-aXn \In-sbv kwm\ km-cn-t\mSv At\z-jn--W-sav D-Xe kanXn
]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-tm-Sm-h-iy-sp. kzw es h\- kwc-n-hsc inn-m ]mSn. hni-Z-amb m\p-ambn tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-ns\
kao-]n-p ZoL-amb \S-]-Sn-{I-a- Hgn-hmn Chv kzw `qan-bn-t AhImiw A\p-h-Znp \tI--XmWv. `qD-S-a-I-fpsS sshj-ay- Hgn-hm-m-\mbn Ccw
At]--I ]cn-KWn-m-\p A[n-Imcw D-X-Xe kan-Xnv \IWw.
2.
h\w kw_-n ks m\p-I Ds-Sp-msX taJe amm-\p-I ]q-amhn. taJem amm-\p-I {]kn-o-I-cn-p--Xnse Ime-Xm-akw Hgn-hm-m-\mbn
ks amp-I BZyw sh_vssk-n {]kn-o-I-cn-Ww. XpSv AwKo-I-cn ampI Xl-knZm, h\w-h-Ipv, If-IvS, hymJym\ tI{- Fo Bô-kp-I-fn
e`y-ammw.
3.
Sqdnkw amm Xm-dm- Npa-X-e-s kwm\ Sqdnkw hIpv Xm-dm-p

m tI{-]-cn-nXn h\w-a-{m-e-n-sbpw Sqdnkw a{m-e-b-n-sbpw AwKo-Imcw
e`n--tijw D]-ta-Je m\mbn IW-mmw. ZoL-amb 8 hj-p-ti-jhpw Cu
m Xm-dm-p tPmen Bcw-`n-n-n. Cu {]iv\w kwm\ km-cns D-X-Xe--fpsS {i-bn sImp-h-tc--Xpv.
4.
^ns A]- c ym- ] v X - X - a qew kwc- W, t_m[- h - c W ]cn- ] m- S n- I pw

{Smkvt]mv{Sm^n-Ivm-\p-I Xm-dm-m Ikp-Imsc \ntbm-Kn-m\pw DX-Xe kan-Xnv km[n-p-n. CXn-\mbn kan-Xnv {]tXyIw ^v A\p-h-Zn-m
]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw kwm-\-km-cn\v \ntiw \IWw. CXn\p ]pdta
Xp-ey-amb klmbw tI{-a-{m-e-bhpw A\p-h-Zn-Ww. Cm-cy-n-\mbn Bkq{XnX hnI-k\ Iukn _P-ns Hcp iX-am\w \on-sh-p-sImv XpS--anSmw.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bpsS kwc--W-n-\mbn IrjvW-hmen B m\n-sbpw
ln-G-cnb hnI-k\ m\n-sbpw ^pw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-Ww.
B.
1.
D-X-Xe kan-Xn-Ip s]mXp-\nt-i

LS-\bpw Imem-h-[nbpw : kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-I ]qn-bm-Ip--Xn\v 2 hj-Im-em-
h[n Xosc A]-cym-]vX-amWv. Imem-h[n Ipd-Xv 3 apX 5 hjw hscsbnepw

B-Ww. ssPhsshhnyw, Pntbm-^n-knIvkv, sslt{Um-fPn, kmaq-ly-km--nI
imkv{Xw XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-Kv[-tcbpw Ds-Sp----hn[w A\p-tZym-Kmw-K--fpsS {]mXn-\n[yw hn-n-Ww. ae-{-tZ-i--fpsS hfbvv Dt-P\w
]I-cp-Xv Sqdn-k-am-I-bm Ctm-Sq-dn-k-nse hnZ-Kv[s\ IqSn Ds-Sp-Ww.,
IrjvW-hmen hnI-k\ tIm-td-js amt\-Pnv Ub-d-IvS-sd-IqSn ka-Xn-bn AwK-amp-Xv Gsd DNn-X-am-bn-cnpw.
D-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS hepw \nb-{n-m Nne km DtZym-K-sc Hgn-hm-mhp--XmWv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ]cn-nXn {]iv\-hp-ambn bmsXmcp _-hp-an-m ap\n-kn `cW Ub-d-IvS. AXp-t]m-se-Xs kan-Xn-tbm-K-n\v Fm Ign-bm ]cn-nXn
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34

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hIpv sk{I-dn. kanXn AwK-amb aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{-W-t_mUn-s\-bmWv sk{I-dn Xs

{]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \ntbm-Kn-pI.
2.
inm \S-]-Sn-p A[n-Imcw : ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse (1986) 5mw

hIp-p-{]-Imcw Ip-ms-Xnsc ê-{]-Z-amb inm-\-S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-m-\p A[nImcw D-X-Xe kan-Xnv \IWw.
1995 se 202mw \ dnv s]oj-\nse 2001 se I.A. \- 659, 669 t]Pv 9 ]mc (ii)
tI{ Fw]-thUv In-n-bpsS ip]mi-I-fn C{]-Imcw ]d-bpp.
""]cn-k-YnXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse (1986) 19mw hIp--\p-k-cnv ]cm-Xn-I ^bsNm-\p A[n-Imcw am{Xta D-X-Xe kan-Xnv \In-bn-pp. Xoc-tZi taJe amt\Pvsa v AtXm-dn-n-Ipw apw \In-bn-p--Xp-t]mse \nb-a-nse 5,10 hIp-p-I{]Im-c-ap A[n-Im-c- IqSn kan-Xnv \IWw. CXv kan-Xn-bpsS {]h\w IqSpX kpK-ahpw Imcy--a-hp-ampw.
3.
km-nIw : D-X-Xe kan-Xnv Bh-iy-amb ^v tI{-kw-m\ km-cp-I

\Ip-n. CXp-aqew {]tXyI t{]mP-IvSp-I Gs-Sp-mt\m Ikkn-Isf \ntbmKn-mt\m t_m[-h-cWw \S-mt\m ]cn-nXn kw_-n Kth-j-W-nt\m
kan-Xnv Ign-bp-n. kXy-n A\p-tZym-K-mw-K- Ah-cpsS kzw ]Whpw
CX-c- am-fn-eq-sS-bp XpI-bp-am-Wv kanXn {]h\n-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-pXv.
4.
GtIm-]\w : Fm D-X-Xe kan-Xn-I-fn-sebpw A\p-tZym-K-mw-K-p-thn ]cnnXn h\w-a-{m-ebw XpS-bmbn inev]-im-e-I \S-p-Xv GtIm-]\w sa-sSp-m klm-bnpw. _-s kwm-\s ]cn-nXn hIpv sk{I-dn, \nnjvS
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn, ]cn-nXn h\w-a-{m-ebw tZiob AtZ-iob
hnZ-Kv[ Fn-h-sc-sbmw CXn ]s-Sp-n-Ww.
5.
\n-lWw : D-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-bp-sSbpw sa sk{I--dn-Iq-Sn-bmb IfIvS Hgn-sI-bp km DtZym-K--cmb AwK--fmcpw Xs nc-ambn kan-Xntbm-K-n ]s-Sp-m-dn. D-X-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS \nt-i- Xti m]-\-
Kuc-h-ambn FSp-m-dn-s--XmWv R-fpsS A\p-`hw. kwm\ km-cp-I-fpsS
\ne-]mSpw hyXy-kvX-a. kanXn Xocp-am-\- thK-n \S-m-m \ntiw
\IWw. kanXn Xocp-am-\- IrXy-ambn \S-m-p-ptm Fv ]cn-tim-[n-m
_-s kwm\ hIp-p-I XpS-bmbn {]h\w hne-bn-cp-Ww.
C.
\nnjvS ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn
D-X-Xe kan-Xn-I t\cn-Sp _pn-ap-p-I a\-n-em-m ]n-a-L-hn-ZKv[ -k-anXn-bpsS sNbam {ian-n-p-s-p-Xv Xo-bmbpw {]Ion--s-tS--XmWv. Cu
ka-nXn-bpsS Imem-h[n {lkz-am-b-Xn-\m AXns Fm-N-I-fnepw D-X-Xe kanXnIv ]s-Sp-m Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-n.
\nnjvS ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn \ne-hn hcp-tm _-s D-XXe kan-Xn-Iv AtXm-dn-n-bp-ambn XpS-bmbn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-m kwhn-[m-\sam-cp-p-Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-cnpw. am{X-hp-a D-X-Xe kan-Xnv ]cn-nXn h\w
a{m-e-b-tm-Sp D-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Ah-bpsS {]h-\hpw AtXm-dn-n-bpsS s]mXp-\nb-{-W-n-em-bn-cn-Ww. AtXm-dn-n-bpsS {]h\ taJe hfsc hn]p-e-am-b-Xn-\m
kqva-X-e-n hnI-k-\-{]-h-\-sf Ah-tem-I\w sNm AtXm-dn-n-m-hn. BIbm ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-Imbn D-Xe Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn-I t]mse-bp
`c-W-bq-Wn-p-I cq]o-I-cn-Ww. AtXm-dn-n-bn km CXc k kwL-S-\-I,
hnt\m-Z-k-mc taJ-e-bn-sebpw kmaq-ly-km--nI taJ-e-bn-sebpw hnZ-Kv[ Fn-hsc
IqSn kmt-XnI hnZ-Kv[p ]pdta Ds-Sp-t--Xpv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
35

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
t_mIvkv 9 : alm- _ - t e- i z ]- K \n taJ- e - b nse ]uc- P - \ - - f psS

{]Xn-Ic
- Ww am[hv KmUvKn Xm-dm-nbXpw {]mtZ-inI IjI-\mb kptc-jv ]nw-Ksf t{ImUo-I-cn-Xpw
]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-n ]cn-]m-Sn-I cq]-I-ev]\ sNp-Xpw \Sm-p-Xpw hfsc tI{o-Ir-X-amb coXn-bn-emWv. ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb ey- Fs\
sa-s \ne-bn ssIh-cn-m-sa--Xnepw ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJem AtXm-dn-n-I-fpsS
ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h-\-nepw Xt-i-hm-kn-Iv bmsXmcp ]p-an.
ey-an A\-[n-IrX \nm-W--fn anXpw XmXvm-enI sjUp-Itfm, sXmgppItfm Bbn-cpp. ssIIq-en-sIm-Sp-m hnk--Xn--hsc _en-bm-Sp-I-fmn. AtX-k-abw
{Smkvt]mv mn-\-Spv A\p-a-Xn-bn-msX \nn-p-sIm-n-cp Hcp tlm-ense \S-]Sn-I-fn \nv Hgn-hmn ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-bpsS cq]-tcJ Xm-dm-n-bXpw \nt-i kan-Xpw apwss_ Bm-\-am-bp Ipd-p-t]-cmWv. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Itm {]tXyInv Ij-Ipw BZn-hm-kn-Ipw CXn bmsXmcp ]pw Dm-bn-cp-n. ]cn-nXn
Zp_e taJ-e-bpsS Dt-i-sa--Xns\ ]n-t]mepw Xt-i-`-cW m]-\--fnse sXc-sSp--s AwK- D-sS-bp {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iv bmsXmcp [mc-W-bp-an-m-bn-cpp.
Kmhvenkv, tImfnkv, [hmZv apn- XpSn hnZqc D{]tZ-is IpSn-ep-I-fn Xma-knp Xt-io-bsc Ahn-sS-\nv Hgn-n-m t]mhp-I-bm-sW Inwh-Zn ]cn DtZym-K B ]mh-sf NqjWw sNbvXp. Imp-\n-hm-kn-Isf h\-n \n-I-p-Xv {]Xn-Iqe
ê-ap-f-hmpw. AtX-k-abw I--W-mcpw I--S-p-Im-cp-samw hIn-S-tlm--ep-Ifpw
apw \nn-p-sIm-t-bn-cpp. t_mws_ t]mbnp-t]mse Sqdn-kvp-Iv at\m-l-c-Zr-iy ImWm-\p kwhn-[m-\-ns A-Ip--]-Wn-I t]mepw h\w-h-Ipv DtZym-K-
{in-n.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Je Fv t\-amWv ey-an-Sp--sXtm AtXm-dn-n-bpsS
{]h\w Fm-sWtm P\-v Adn-hp-m-bn-cp-n.
Nne cmjv{Sob t\Xm-pw Ign Hcp hj-ambn AhnsS hp-Xm-a-kn-p
GXm\pw hnZym-k--pw AmsX s]mXp-P-\-v ]cn-n-Xn-Zp_e taJ-esb ]n
Hpw Adn-bp-am-bn-cp-n. Ahv BsI Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-Xv t`mm-en-sebpw apwss_-bnsebpw Nne Bô-kp-I-fmWv Chn-Ss Imcy- \nb-{n-p--sX-p-am-{X-amWv. {]tZ-ihm-kn-I-fn \nv Ign-bp-Xpw AIp \np coXn-bmWv h\w-h-Ipv DtZym-K- kzoIcn-p-Xv. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Je ]-Xn-bn-eqsS {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iv Xm]-cy-ap Fv
]-Xn-I-fmWv Dm-Im t]mIp--sX-Xp kw_-nv cmjv{Sob t\Xm-p-t]mepw
[mcW Dm-bn-cp-n.
Acp-hn-I-fpsS kwc-Ww AYhm ]p\:m]\w, ssPh Irjn t{]mm-l\w. anse
Im_-Wns Afhv Ipd-bv ImjnI cmk-h-kvXp--fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bv, DuSp-hgn-Iv t{]mm-l\w XpS-nb hnim-e-Xm-Xv]-cy- ]q-ambpw Ah-K-Wnp.
]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe Npa-Xe, \nmW {]h-\-fpw acw-shpw \nb-{nm am{X-ambn Npcpn. Hcp \gvkdn DS-a-Iq-Sn-bmb kptcjv ]nwKsf kztZ-in-I-fmb kky
C\- {]N-cn-n-m {iaw \Sn. Fm Cu Bi-b-tmSv DtZym-K- kl-I-cnn.
D-X-Xe Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xn-bp-sSbpw DtZym-K--cp-sSbpw Npa-X-e-Isf ]n P\sf Adn-bn-n. CXv henb Agn-a-Xnv Ah-k-c-sam-cpn. cmjv{Sob t\Xm-p-t]mepw
Ch-cpsS Npa-X-e-I Ahy--am-bn-cpp. ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n Xev-c-cmb {]mtZinI t\Xr-Xz-s-t]mepw Hpw t{]mm-ln-n-n. _-s--h Ch-sc-sbmw i{Xp--sft]m-se-bmWv In-cp-Xv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
36

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ahn-sS- `qanbp ]pd-ta-\n-p k--cpsS Xmev-cy-fpw hmWn-Py-Xm-ev]-cy-fpw

kwc-n-m-\m-bn-cpp. dh\yqh\w DtZym-K-v Xmev]cyw.
ssPhsshhn-y-\n-baw, kky- C-\-kw-c--Whpw IjI Ah-Im-i-fpw kw_-n
\nbaw kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h-, h\- A-h-Im-i-\n-baw XpS-n ]cn-nXn kwc-W {]h\--fn Xt-i-hm-kn-Iv kPo-h-]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-p \nb-a- \S-m-mt\m
AXp kw_-nv P\-v Adnhv ]I-cmt\m {ia-ap-m-bn.
Cu \nb-a--fnse hyh--I \S-m-m {]mtZ-inI t\XrXzw Xm-dm-bn-cp-p-shnepw Ahsc kl-I-cn-n-n.
\nm-W-{]-h-\--sfbpw hmWn-Py- Sq-dnkw tem_n-tbbpw klm-bn-p kao-]\-amWv DtZym-K-cpw cmjv{So-b-t\-Xr-Xzhpw XpS-bmbn kzoI-cn-p-t]m-Xv.
ISp Agn-aX
- n-bn-eqsS Irjn-`qan Imjn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-mbn amp-- {]-h\w
Cpw AhnsS \n_m[w \S-pp.
AtX kabw hoSp-If
- psS sNdnb A-Ip-]
- W
- npw \ma-am{X \nm-W
- pw InW
Ipgn-m\pw apw henb ssIIq-en-bmWv km[m-c-W-m-cn \nv CuSm-p-Xv.
kptcjv ]nwKsf kzw \gvkd
- n-bnse sNSn-Isf kwc-n-m-\m-bn apf-sImv \nn
sjUv A\-[n-Ir-X-\nm-W-am-sWv Ah ap{Z-Ipn. ]s s]mfn-m t\mokv e`npw
ap]v ]nwKsf AXv s]mfn-p-amn. CsXms AhnsS ]Xnhv kw`-h--fmWv. Hcp Ipg
InW Ipgn-m A\p-aXn e`n-m 20,000 cq]-bm-Ws{X ssIIqen. Xpd-mb InW-dm-sWn XpI CXnepw IqSpw. ae-ap-I-fnse `qan \n-c-m-m A\p-aXn \Ip-Xv ssIIq-enbpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv. hoSns hcm Aev]w \o-W-sa-n \n-\-Ij-I 10001500
cq] ssIIqen \IWw.
h\-m Np-s ]gb {Kma--fn-tev ]p-ap-X Dm-bn-cp tdmUp-I sIn-bSpw P\-sf ]oTn-n-pp.
ap]v Potm Imf-h-n-Itfm t]mbn-cp tdmUp-I h\w-h-Ipv {Sp-Ifpw apw Ipgnv
D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-am-n-bn-cn-pp. CXv \m-m A\p-h-Zn--W-sa-n AXn\pw ssIIqen
sImSp-Ww.
A\p-aXn Cm {Kma--fn Xma-kn-p {Kmao-W ISp ]oV-\-n-\n-c-bm-Ipp.
Ign 40 hj--fn P\-kwJy KWy-ambn hn-n-s-nepw Cu {Kma-Du-cp-IfpsS hnkvXow IqSn-bn-n. P\-kw-Jym-h-\-hn-\-\p-k-cnv ]pXnb \nm-W-
Bh-iy-am-sW-nepw AXn\v A\p-aXn \Ip-n. em vdh\yq tImUnse hyh--{]-Imcw
Ipd-Xv Htc- Irjn-`q-an-bp Ij-I\v Hcp ^mw lukv \nn-m A\p-aXn
\Ipw. Fm ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bn cv G-dn Ipdhv `qan-bp--hv ^mw
lukn\v A\p-aXn e`n-n. Chn-Ss Ij-I-cn 80%n\pw cv G-dn Xmsg
-am-{Xta `qan-bpq. Chv ^mwlu-kn\v A\p-aXn e`n-m--Xp-aqew D{Km-a--fnse
IpSn-ep-I-fn sRn-sR-cpn Ign-bm Ch \n_-n-X-cm-bn-cn-pp.
\nb-a-hn-cp--amb \nmWw, acw-shv, Ccpv jod-dp-sImv tIm-t]m-se-bp then
\nmWw XpS-nb \nb-a-ew-L-\- hfsc hym]-I-amWv.
cw` tlmkv ss{]hv enan-Uv shn-am-n-bXv 3000 hr--fmWv. ss{_v em v
tlm hn]p-eo-I-cn-m\pw CXp-t]mse [mcmfw ac- apdn-p-amn. t_mkv hnt-Pn
\nbaw ewLnv \nm-W- \S-p-pv. alm-_-te-iz-dnse 4 henb tmp-I-fn Ccpp-jo-p-sIm-p then-a-d-bvp-n A\-[n-IrX \nm-Xmhpw acw-shpw \S-pp.
av \nt-i-
{]h-\
- f
- n {]mtZ-inI P\-Xsb ]m-fn-If
- m-p-Ibpw t_m[-h-cWw t{]mm............................................................................................................................................................................................................
37

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
ln-n-p-Ibpw thWw. ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe ]cn-]m-Sn-If P\-v A\p-Iq-e-amb

Ah-k-c- {]Zm\w sNWw. h\w, dh-\yq-h-Ipv DtZym-K--cpsS ISpw-]n-Spw B {]tZi-ns kmaqly]cn-nXn Xpe-\m-h XInSw adn-pp. Cu \ne-]m-Sp-I AhnsS
Pohn-p {Kmao-Wcpw Ij-Icpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-samw ]Xn {]h-\--fn \nv
AI-p-t]m-Ipp. P\- {]tXy-Inv hnZym-k---cmb bph-P-\-fpw Nnm-io-e-ap
t\Xr-Xzhpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-kw-c-Ww A\p-t]-j-Wo-b-am-sWv Xncn--dn-n-pv.
kwLj-ns ]mX-hnv km DtZym-K- P\-]-m-fn-s t{]mm-l-n-p-psh Hcp kao-]\w kzoI-cn-m Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-n-Xn-e-y- t\Sm AXv
Gsd klm-b-I-amIpw.
Cu ey- a\-n kqn-p-sImp Xs IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-k-c- krjvSnm\pw {ian-Ww. Cm-cy-n Irjnv hen-sbmcp ]v hln-m Ignbpw. ssPh-Irjnsb {]tXy-Inv ê-h-Ir-jnsb t{]mm-ln-n-Ww. Bh-iy-amb kmt-XnI klmbw
hn]-W\ kuIcyw Fnh e`y-am-Ww. ImjnI D-- kwkvI-cnv tISp-Iq-SmsX
BIj-I-amn ]mbvp-sNbvXv hn]-W\w \S-n-bm Ij-I-cpsS hcp-am\w KWy-ambn
hn-n-m Ignbpw. ImjnI {]h-\-, Ctmslv Sqdnkw h\-nse
{Snwv Fnh sXmgn-e-h-kcw KWy-ambn hn-n-pp.
hnZym-`ymkw, {]mtZ-inI BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp--fpsS \nmWw
t{]mm-ln-n- Fn-h-bn-eq-sS \n[-\-cpsS PohnXw sa-s-Sp-m km[npw. CXn\mbn Hcp Cn-yqv m]n-Ww. ]q\-bv-Sp-p tJm]mSn {Kma-n \np
200Hmfw saPnjy-m alm-_-te-iz-dnepw ]-K-Wn-bnepw Spdn-p-Ip apn amPnIv
ImWnv \-h-cp-am\w Dm-p-pv. CXp-t]mse ]mpw kwKo-Xhpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw
Ah-X-cn-n-m {]tZ-is bph-P-\-sf ]cn-io-en-n-m-hp--XmWv.
h\-nse IpSn-ep-I-fn Xma-kn-p--h-cpsS sNdnb {Kma-k-`sb h\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-anse hyh--I kw_-nv t_m[-h-cn-Ww.
12. kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fpsS Icp-X IhNw

]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _-s asmcp {]h-\-k-c-Wnv hgn-Xp-d-Xv
Cy t_mUv t^m sshUv sse^v 2002 AwKo-I-cn Hcp {]ta-b-amWv. h\y-ar-K-k-tX-, tZio-b-]mp-I XpS-nb kwc-n-X-{]-tZ-i--fpsS AXnn-bn \nv 10 In.ao.
Np-f-hn-ep {]tZiw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n--W-sa-m-bn-cpp {]ta-bnse hnjbw. CXp-kw-_-n-vtI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw kwm-\-km-cp-IfpsS \ntiw Wnp . ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I thXn-cn-p--Xn-\p am\-Zw
\n-bn-p-sIm-p {]Wm_v sk Inn (2000) dntmv Atm-tgv e`n-n-cpp. nXn
hnhc ASn-m-\-tcJ tcJ-s-Sp-p-Ibpw imkv{Xo-b-amb amnv \S-p-Ibpw hn]p-e-amb
Ah-tem-I\
- Nnm ]
- c
- n-]m-Snbpw s\v hpw cq]-Ie
- v]\ sNp-Ibpw CXn km GPknIpw ]pdta av m]-\-, kh-I-em-im-e-I k--kw-L-S-\-I B {]tZ-i-p
hyn-I Fn-h-sc-qSn `mK-`m-m--W-sapw dntmn \nt-in-n-cpp. Fm Cc-samcp hnm\ ASn-d krjvSn--s-n. Fm Cu hgnv kzmK-Xml-amb Hcp {iaw
kzbw \S-n-bXv ]qsW-bnse `mcXn hnZym-]o-Tv Cn-yqv Hm^v Fh-tdmsa dnkv
B v FUyp-t-j-\nse Fw.Fkv. kn. hnZymn-bmb Biniv Iqs BWv. ]n-a-L-n-teXv DssS alm-cm-jv{S-bnse 16 kwc-nX {]tZ-i- Ctlw kin-p-Ibpw
Cm-cy-n ]cn-l-cn--s-tS {]iv\- Dsm-nv Hcp {]_w Xm-dm-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. 2004 emWv Cu {]_w kan-Xv. At-l-ns ssKUm-bn-cpp tUm. Cdmv
_dq. Kth-j-W-^-e- Ds-Spn {]kn-o-I-cn hni-Z-amb tcJ amlm-cmjv{S h\w hIpn\v kanp. (Bharucha et el. 2011)
2005 se Hcp tImSXn D-c-hns\ XpSv Cu {]kn-o-I-c-W-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv
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38

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bp-amb \nt-i-fpw kan-m h\w-h-Ipv DtZym-K-v {]nkn-j No^v

Ikth- I-bp. XpSv a\-nm a\-tmsS cm[m-\-Kcn h\y-ar-K-k-tXw, Ntmfn
tZio-b-]mv, sImbv\ h\y-ar-K-k-tXw Fn-h-bpsS Imcy-n Nne \S-]-Sn-I kzoIcnp. tImSXn D-chv (2005) hv 6 hjw Ign-npw Ctmgpw CXv A]qW-ambn XpScpp.
]n-a-L kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fn Cu hgnv \S {]h-\-sf ]n-bp hnhcw
tiJ-cn-m kanXn (WGEEP) \S-nb {ia-n alm-cmjv{S kwm-\p am{Xta Fsn-ep-sams \S-n-pq Fv hy-ambn. "sImlmq' kn-fnse kwc-nX {]tZ-isf kw_-n Ipdv hnh-c- kan-Xnv e`np. Ahn-Ss Npa-X-e-m-cmb t^mdv
Ikth-am Fw. sI. dmhp, kmbv {]Imiv Fn-h Imcy- hni-ZoI-cnp Xp.
Ips {]_--ns ASn-m-\-ntem inhPn k-I-em-im-e-bnse ^mnbpw
Kth-j-W-hn-Zymn-Ifpw \S-nb ]T-\--fpsS ASn-m-\-ntem bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw
kzoI-cn-n-n-sv Ch hy-amn. alm-cm-jv{S-h\w hIpv imkv{Xo-b-amb nXn-hn-h-c-W-p-I tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-n-spw Ch Adn-bnp. kwc-nX {]tZ-i-p-\nv 10 In.ao.
Np-f-hn-ep ]n-a-L--nse Ingp-mw-Xq-mb ]md-s-p-Ifpw kwc-n-X-h-\-{]-tZ-i-fpw
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ambn IW-m--cp-sXv cv h\w-h-Ipv DtZym-K- D]-tZ-in--Xmbn
Cu aon-ns an\n-vkn ImWpp. CXv kzoIm-cy-a, ImcWw {]W_v sk In-n-bpsS
am\-Z--{]-Imcw Ingp-mw-Xq-mb ae-Ifpw \Zn-I-fpsS {]`-h-tI-{-fpw ]cn-nXn Zp_-eamWv. kwc-nX {]tZ-i-v Npp-ap ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i--fpsS amnv CXphsc \S-m Ign-n-n-sv 2011 BK-n h\w hIpv kan-Xnsb Adn-bnp.
Cu kwc-nX {]tZ-i-v Nppw Hcp amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[-m\w cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn\v
h\w hIpv \S-nb {iahpw Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cp-n. Cu {]iv\--fn-t s]mXp-P-\--fpsS
A`n-{]mbw Wnp sImp Hcp hnm-]\w 2010 BKkvv sk]vXw-_-dn {]kn-o-Icnp. 10 In.ao. taJ-ev sam-n-ep amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w Cu hnm-]-\-n
Ds-Sp-n-bn-cpp.
sIml-]q-cnse kwc-nX {]tZ-i-n\v Npp-ap Icp-X taJ-e-bvm-bp \nnjvS-am-t\-Pvsa v N- t_mIvkv 10 sImSp-n-pv.
t_mIvkv 10 : kwc-n-X-h-\-n-t\mSv _-s ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZi-n-\p-thn sImlm-]q sshUv sse^v Unhn-js

\nn-jvS-am-t\-Pvsa v N-
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-am-t\-Pvsa v taJ-ev 10 In.ao.\pn Hcp Intemaodn\p-nse
{]tZiw Icp-X taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-Ww. Cu taJ-e-bn bmsXmcp \nmW
{]h- \ - fpw ]mSn. Icp- X taJe kzX- { hpw lcn- X m- ` - \ n- d - - X p- a mbn
\ne-\nWw.
Cu taJ-e-bn bmsXmcp hn[ i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw ]mSn.
ChnsS Ir{Xna shfn D]m-[n-I ]mSn-.
ChnsS Hcp hyh-kmb m]-\hpw Dm-I-cpXv.
ChnsS ]md-Izm-dn-Itfm J\-\tam ]mSn. CXn-\m-bp ]pXnb \nt-i- kzoI-cnp-Ibp-ac
- pXv.
kzImcy dh-\yq-`q-an-bnepw Pnm If-IvS-dpsS A\p-a-Xn-bn-msX ChnsS acw-shpw ]mSn.
{]IrXn ss]XrIw Ii-\-ambn Imp-kq-n-Ww.
Cu {]tZ-is sh-m--, Kpl-I Fn-hbvv amw hcp-m ]mSn.
hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp kky-C-\-sf cn-m {]tXyIw {iaw thWw.
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39

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tIm-I t]mse-bp am\h ss]Xr-I- kwc-n--s-SWw.

hymh-km-bnI m]-\-pw hmk-Kr-l-pw thn {]Ir-Xn-Z Pe-t{km-Xp-Isf Aan-X-ambn NqjWw sNp-Xv \ntcm-[n-Ww. \nb-{n-m\pw {in-Ww.
mn-Ins D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-Ww.
ae-s-cp-hp-I-fnse \nm-W- \ntcm-[n-Ww.
aen-\-P-ehpw apw imkv{Xo-b-ambn ssIImcyw sNWw.
Jc-am-en-\y- In-p--Xp-hgn Dm-Ip aen-\o-I-cWw \ntcm-[n-Ww.
hml-\- ]pd-p-hn-Sp ]pI-bn \np aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{n-Ww.
Cu amt\-Pvsans N--fn ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-]-chpw kzmK-Xml-hp-amb ]e \nti-fpw Ds-n-p-s-nepw CXp kw_-nv DtZym-K- {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-hp-ambn Imcyamb N-I-sfmpw \S-n-bn-n. Xqew CXp-kw-_-n [mcmfw Bi-b-p-g-hpw Ahy-Xbpw \ne-\npp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ' ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bn bmsXmcp Ir{Xna
shfn D]m-[n-Ifpw ]mSn F \ntiw 10 In.ao. taJ-e-bnse hoSp-I-fnt]mepw sshZypXn
hnftm Xncn-bn--hn-f-p-Itfm as--hn-f-p-Itfm ]mSn F hymJym-\-n-\n-S-bm-pp.
Cu taJ-e-bn \nc-h[n {Kma-fpw av m]-\--fp-apv. Ccw \nb-{-W-sf P\
- ImWp-Xv DtZym-K-v Ahsc ]oUn-n-m\pw ssIIqen CuSm-m\pw D D]m-[nbm-bn-mWv.
taev]-d \nb-{-W- ]mh-sf ]oUn-n-m\pw NqjWw sNm\pw Imc-W-am-Ipsapw k-cpw kzm[o-\-ap--hcpw CsXms adn-I-S-p-sapw ImWnv \nc-h[n ]cm-XnI kan-Xnv (WGEEP) e`n-n-cpp. X^-e-ambn sImlm-]q Pn-bnse kwc-n-X-{]-tZ-ip Npp-ap ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Je F Bibw \ncm-I-cn-p-sImv 2010 HIvtSm_ 6 \v sImlm-]q Pnm ]cn-jXv {]tabw ]mkmn. 2010 HIvtSm-_ 11,12 Xn-Xn-I-fn
kanXn sImlm-]qcpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-fpw kin--tm X {]Ir-Xn-kw-c--W-n\v
A\p-Iq-e-am-sWpw CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn {]hn-p-Ibpw Xsf ]oUn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv
h\w hIp-m-sWpw ImWnv \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-I Fgp-Xnbpw hmmepw Rv e`np.
"hmbv' Xmeqv ]m-b-nse Hcp {]ap-JmwKw Fgp-Xn-X ]cm-Xn-bn ]d-bp-Xv Cwojv
Cuv Cym I-\n-bp-tS-Xn-t\-m òI-c-am-Wv h\w hIp-ns `cWw FmWv.
Ccw ]cm-Xn-I D-bn-p-sImv knp-ZpK-bnse hnhn-[-cm-jv{Sob ]mn-t\-Xmfpw 2010 HIvtSm-_ 6 apX 10 hsc Xnb-Xn-I-fn Rv \nth-Z-\- \In-bn-cpp.
CtX knp-ZpK Pn-bnse 25 hntPv {Kma-k-`-I X-fpsS {]tZiw "]cn-nXn Zp_-e{]-tZi'ambn {]Jym-]n--W-sa-m-h-iy-sv {]tabw ]mkm-n-bn-cpp FXv {]tXyIw {int--XmWv. HIvtSm-_ 9 \v ]e {Kma-fpw kin-m\pw "]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i'sa Bi-b-ns hni-Zmw-i- Xt-io-b-cp-ambn N-sN-m\pw kan-Xnv A-h-k-c-apmbn. Ah-cpsS {Kma-n CXp kw_-nv I-i-amb bmsXmcp \nb-{-W-hp-ap-m-Insv Ahv hy-am-n-sIm-Spp. ]Icw Ah A\p-tbm-Py-sav Icp-Xp ]cn-nXn
P\-ku-lr-Z-]-c-amb Hcp amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w \nt-in--W-sapw Ah-tcmSv Bh-iysp. AX-\p-k-cnv ]e {Kma-fpw Ah-cpsS \nt-i- kan-Xnv kanp.
12.1 òam-i- h\y-k-tXw

alm-_-te-iz]-KWn ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-bnse kwc-nX {]tZ-i-v
Npn-ep-ap 10 In. ao. {]tZ-iw, ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n--Xv IrjvW \Zn-bpsSbpw AXns {][m\ t]mj-I-\-Zn-bmb sImbv\-bp-sSbpw {]`-h-m-\-n-\-Sp-p ]na
L-nse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\s kwc-n-m klm-b-I-ambn. CXn\v hS-tm-p \nXy-lcnX h\-{]-tZ-i-amWv òam-i- h\y-k-tXw. IrjvW-\-Zn-bpsS asmcp {][m\ ssIh-gn-bmb
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40

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òam-\Zn D-hn-p ae-ap-I-fnse Hcp {]mNo\ ]pWy-h-\-am-WnXv. Cu kwc-nX {]tZ-in\v Nppw Hcp ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe m]n-m 2002 \ptijw Hcp \S-]-Snbpw kzoIcn-n-n. Fm alm-cm-jv{S-bnse h\y-Pohn hn`mKw {]nkn- No^v t^mdv Ikth 19.8.2004 \v \mKv]q, \mknIv, apwss_, Aa-cm-hXn No^v Ikth-am-b In
C{]-Imcw ]d-bpp. "Cy t_mUv t^m sshUv sse^ns 2 {]ta-b-ns ASn-m\-n Fm kwc-nX {]tZ-i-pw Npp-ap 10 In.ao. ew' ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe-bm-p--Xn-\p \ntiw tI{-km Bh-iy-s-n-pv. CXp kw_-n \S-]-Sn-I
2004 HmsS ]qn-bm-Ww. Fm CXn-\Iw Cm-cy-n Hcp \S-]-Snbpw FSp--Xmbn
ImWp-n. Fm \mK-]q ssltm-SXn \nt-i-ns ASn-m-\-n Fm kwcn-X-{]-tZ-i--fpsS Nppw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-t--Xns Bh-iy-IX
\n-bn-m-\mbn h\w hIpv DtZym-K-, k--kw-L-S-\-I, sshUv sse^v hmU-m Fn-h Ds kanXn cq]o-I-cn-m Fm sshUv sse^v hmU-m-tcmSpw Bh-iys--Sp-p. Bh-iy-s-Sp Fhn-sS-sb-nepw ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-t
Bh-iy-ans-n AXn-\p Imcy-Im-c-W- hy-am-n-bn-cn-Ww. CXn-t-ep dntmv
30-10-2004 \Iw kan--W-sapw \nt-in-n-cpp. CXn-\p-tijw "F\tIm' (ENERCON)
F I-\n-bpsS Hcp hn v an ]Xn (Imn \nv sshZyp-Xn-D-ev]m-Zn-n-p-Xv) Cu {]tZiv \ne-hn hp.
tImS-Xn-bn ]e tIkp-I \ne-hn-ep Cu ]Xn X-hn-j-b-ambn. X^-e-ambn
]cn-nXn h\w hIp-p-a-{n-bpsS tN-dn 2011 amv 24 \v tN kanXn, (WGEFP) tbmKn Cu ]-Xn-bpsS Imcyw {]tXyIw At\z-jn-m kan-Xn-tbmSv a{n \nt-inp.
AXns ASn-m-\-n alm-cmjv{S h\w hIp-nse {]nkn- No^v Ikth-
(P\-d), ]qs\-bnse h\y-Po-hn-hn-`mKw {]nkn- No^v Ikth-, No^v Ikth Fn-h-cn \nv Cu ]-Xnsb ]n-bp hni-Zmw-i- tiJ-cn-m kan-Xn Xocp-am\np. F\tIm ]Xn kw_-n tcJ-Ifpw amp-Ifpw òa-i- h\y-Po-hn-k-t-X-n\p
Nppw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Je m]n-m-\p \nt-ihpw kan-m-\m-h-iy-s-p-sImv
2011 G{]n 7 \v Chsmw kanXn I-bp. am[hv KmUvKn-en\v 2011 G{]n 14 \pw d\n
t_mP-kn\v 2011 tabv 19\pw Cu {]tZtiw kin-m th kuI-cy- h\w-h-Ipv Hcpn-sm-Spp. ki-\-th-f-bn CXp-ambn _-s tcJ-I e`y-am--W-sav \nt-inn-cp-\\p. Fm òam-i- h\y-ar-K-k-t-Xs kw_-n-p Hcp tcJbpw Ct-hsc
{io. KmUvKn-en\v e`y-am-n-bn-n. ]qsW-bnse t^mdv Ikth- {io. knl 2011 Pq
cn\v {io. KmUvKn-en-t\mSv hyn-]-c-ambn ]d-Xv CXp-kw-_-n Hcp-tc-Jbpw alm-cmjv{S
h\w-h-Ip-ns Hcm-ô-knepw Is-m Ign-n-s-mWv. Fm "F\tIm' ]-Xnbp-ambn _-s In-S-]m-Sp-Ifpw {io. Imse ^-b sNbvX tIknse \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-I-fepw
AS-nb ^b {io. d\n t_mP--kn\v e`np. CXn-\p-]p-dta ]Xn {]tZ-i-n\v sXmp '
Nmkv' hntPv \nhm-kn-bmb Un.sI. Imse hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw tiJ-cn Iptd A[nIw
tcJ-I kan-Xnv ssIamdn. hmkvX-h-n ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw
]qn-bm-Ip--Xp-h-scbpw h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-m-pXphscbpw Cu ]-Xnv nbdkv \Imt\ ]mSn-m-bn-cpp.
e-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eq-sSbpw D]-{Kl Nn{X--fn-eq-sSbpw hfsc hy-ambn a\-n-emm Ign-smcp Imcyw Imm-Sn-b-{- m]n ae hfsc henb ag-e-`yX DXpw
ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-k---amb \nXy-l-cnX h\- \nd--Xp-amWv. am{X-hp-a, CXv òa-i-
h\y-ar-K-k-t-X-ns XpSbpw alm-cm-jv{S-cpsS kwm-\-ar-K-amb ae-_m ae-b-ms
]mn-S-k-t-X-hp-amWv.b Cu hkvXp-X-I-sf-sbmw tcJ-s-Sp-nb {]mtZ-inI t^mdv tdv
Bô-k Cu ]-Xnv A\p-aXn \I-cp-sXv ip]mi sNbvXn-cpp. ]s, taep-tZym-K Ct-l-ns ip]mi adn-I-Sv bYm hkvXp-X-I Zphym-Jym\w sNbvXv ]Xnv nb-dkv \In.
htXm-Xn-ep h\w \io-I-c-W-n\v ]pdta 28000 hr- shn-am-n-bn-p-s-mWv
h\w hIp-ns IWv. dnkv h\-nse ae-I CSn-p-\n-c-n-bp hoXn-tb-dnb tdmUp............................................................................................................................................................................................................
41

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\nmWw, \ne-hm-c-an-m tdmUp-\nm-Whpw tdmUnse Ipn-d--fpw aqe-ap asmenpw Dcps]m-epw Cu apw Ipw htXm-Xn sN-Sn-bp--Xp-aqew ê-`q-bn-jvT-amb
Irjnpw IrjvW-\-Zn-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fpsS Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-Ipw Dm-Ip \mi-\-jvS-fp-samw Imm-Sn-b{ ]-Xn-bpsS tZmj-^-e--fmWv.
Cu ae-I-fn-tev \nb-a-hn-cp--ambn P\-v {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-p-sImv h\w-hIpv Imm-Sn-b{ ]Xn DS-a--cp-ambn Hp-tN-cp-I-bm-bn-cpp. Fmw h\w-h-Ip-ns A\pa-Xn-tbmsS BsWp hcp-m I\n ]Xn {]tZ-iv t_mUp-Ifpw sNvt]m-p-Ifpw
m]n-n-cpp. Cu ae-I-fn [mcmfw ]c--cm-KX h\-hm-kn-I-fpv. h\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cap Ch-cpsS Ah-Im-i- AwKo-I-cn--s-n-sv am{X-a \qm-p-I-fmbn AhnsS hknp ae-bn-ep Ah-cpsS kzX-{-k-mcw \nb-a-hn-cp--ambn XS-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
12.2 AXnn-\n-b-n\v P\m-[n-jvTnX kwhn-[m\w

]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-n\pw \S-n-n\pw km GPknIsf am{Xw B{i-bn-p-Xv DNn-X-a-sv kanXn (WGEEP) hniz-kn-pp. ]Icw ]cn-nXn
Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS Ana AXnn \n-b-n\v (kwc-nX {]tZ-i-v Npp-ap
{]tZ-i-fpw bqsWkvtIm ss]XrI sskpIfmbn \n-bn-n-p-h DssS) kqva-P-et{km-X-p-Ifpw hntPv AXnn-Ifpw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImv \nb-{nX t{]mm-l-\-L-SI--f-S-nb Hcp kwhn-[m\w thW-sa-mWv kan-Xn-bpsS A`n-{]mbw. CXv {Kma-]-m-b-pI, Xmeqv ]m-b-p-I, Pnm-]-m-b-p-I, \K-c-]m-en-I-I Fo Xt-i-m-]-\-fp-sSbpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n-sbpw ]m-fn--tm-sSbpw ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXmdn-n-bpsS kwm-\-Xe AtXm-dn-n-bp-sSbpw Pnm-I-n-n-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-hmb tat\m-nepw {]hn-p Hcp kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cn-Ww. tKmh doPn-b-W m 2021 Xm-dmnb thf-bn CXn\v kam-\-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv \S-Xv. Cu ]Xn Bkq-{X-W-ns
BZy-]-Sn-bmbn tKmh kwm-\s {]IrXn hn`-h- Pew, `qan Fn-h-bpsS hn]p-e-amb
tUm-t_kv Xm-dmn. ]s ]n-a-L tUm-t_-kns Imcy-n \nv hyXy-kvX-ambn
CXv s]mXp-P-\-v e`y-am-bn-n. Cu hnh-c- Nne {Kma-k-`-Iv ssIamdn `qan-bpsS
hn\n-tbm-K-coXn kw_-nv Ah-cpsS \nt-i-fpw IqSn IW-n-se-Spv Ah-km-\-m
Xm-dm-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. Fm {Kma-k`m \nt-i--fn \nv amw thW-sav tXmn-btm Cmcyw hopw {Kma-k-`-I-fp-ambnN sNm tKmh km Xm-dm-bn.
Fn-cp-mepw ]n-aL
- ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-nv amXr-Ib
- m-m-hp Hm-WnXv. AtXmdn-nv amXr-I-bm-m-hp Hcp amXrIm ]-Xn-bmWv tIcf kwm\ ssPh-ssh-hn-yt_mUns '' DSp--tme Xmeq-nse ssPh-ssh-hn-y-k- {]tZ-i--fpsS kwc-Ww.''
kw_-n ]Xn. {Kma-]-m-b-p-I, Xmeq-p-]-m-b-p-I, Pnm ]m-b-p-I,\Kc-]m-en-I-I, alm-\-K-c-]m-en-I-I, XpSn hnhn[ Xe--fnse Xti m]-\--fnse ssPhssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-nepw {]h-\-nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb \S-]Sn-{I-a-amWv ChnsS Ah-ew-_n-Xv. _-s Xti `c-W-m-]-\-n-eqsS CXv kwm\
ssPh-ssh-hny t_mUp-I-fp-am-bpw, tZiob ssPh-ssh-hny AtXm-dn-n-bp-ambpw _-sn-cn-pp. Cy-bvm-I-am\w _m[-I-amb 2002 se ssPh-ssh-hny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-IfpsS LS\ ]n-a-L--n\v sam-n A\p-tbm-Pyhpw ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe Hv,
cv, aqv Fn-h-bpsS AXnn kw_-n Ana Xocp-am-\-n-se-p--Xn\v kpXmcyhpw ]m-fn--]-c-hp-amb kwhn-[m-\-ns cq]-tcJ Xm-dm-p--Xn-\p i-amb ASn-d-bmbpw ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]mtZ-inI ]m--e-n-\-\p-k-cnv Ch-bpsS
amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w cq]-s-Sp-m-\p am-ambpw CXv {]hn-pp. hfsc kzmKXml-amb Cu ]m-fn {]{Inb ]q-cq-]-n-em-Im ka-b-sa-Sppw. hfsc A`n-Im-ayamb Cu amXrI kzoI-cn--W-sav kanXn i-ambn ip]mi sNpp. AtX kabw ]na-L--nse hne-a-Xn-m-\m-Im {]IrXn ss]Xr-I- kwc-n-m tI{ ]cn-nXn
h\w a{m-ebw ASn-b-nc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-Ww. CXn-\mbn a{m-ebw kanXn Xmeqv Xen ip]mi sNbvX {]Imcw taJe Hn-sbpw cn-sbpw aqn-sbpw AXn-cp-Ifpw
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42

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]nI Bdn \nt-in-n-p--Xp-t]mse A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nb-{nX kwhn-[m-\hpw DsSpn ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse hyh--I {]Imcw DS hnm-]\w ]pd-sSp-hn-Ww.
13. taJemXe -{]-h-\-p am-tcJ

hnime N-q-Sn-\p-n \np-sImv kwth-Z\ a-X-bpsS Afhpw {]mtZ-in-I-amb
]cn-nXnkmaq-ly-]-m--ehpw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImv hnhn[ t{KUp-I AYhm XpI Bbn Xncn-p Hcp kao-]-\-amWv Cm-cy-n kanXn kzoI-cn-p-Xv. Ghpw Db
kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-is, ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe Hv, AXn Ipdhv kwth-Z\
a-X-bp {]tZ-is taJe cv anX-amb kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-is taJe aq
vFv hn`-Pn-Xv Cu ASn-m-\-n-emWv. {Kma-k-`-I hsc Fp Hcp ]m-fn {]{Inb
CXn-\mbn aptm-p-sh-bvp--tXm-sSmw Hcp XpS--sa \ne-bn bpn-k-l-amb am-tcJbpw \nt-in-pp. DtZym-K-, hnZ-Kv[, kaqlw hyn-I XpS-n-b-h-cp-am-sbmw \Snb hni-Z-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n-emWv Cu amK-tc-Jbvv cq]w \InbXv. ]nI 6 CXv kw{K-ln-n-cn-pp.
]nI 6 : taJ-em-X-e-n-ep \nnjvS am-tc-J-I(6)

hn`mKw
taJe1
]n-a-L--n-ep-S\ofw
P\n-XI
- a
- mw hcp-nb hnf-I A\p-hZ- n-c
- pXv. IS-If
- nepw hmWnPy-m-]-\--fnepw Sqdn-p-tI-{--fnepw apK-W-\m-Sn-m-\
n (3hj-n IqSmsX) mnIv _mKp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw- Lw L-ambn Ah-km-\n-n-Ww.
`qhn-\n-tbmKw
taJe2
taJe3
Pe-t{km-X-p-I Pem-i-b- {]tXyI hmk-tI-{-, `qanim-kv{X-]-c-ambn {]tXy-I-X-I-fp--bn-S- ssPh-ssh-hn-y-k--amb e-, hnip--h-\- Fn-hn-S--fn bmsXm
cp IS-p-I-b-hpw A\p-h-Zn--cpXv. {]tXyI km-nI taJ e-I A\p-h-Zn--cpXv ]pXnb kpJ-hm-k-tI-{- A\p-h-Zn-cpXv s]mXp--e- kzIm-cy-`q-an-bm--cpXv
h\w -Ir-jn-`q-an-I
cq]m-c
- s
- -Sp-m
A\p-h-Zn--cpXv.
Irjn-`qan h\-amtbm
hr- h n- f - I tm
D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xn\pw {]tZ-i-hm-knI-fpsS P\-kwJym
h-\-hns\ IpSnbn- c p- p- - X n\pw
CXv _m[-I-a.
\ne-hn-ep tlmep- I , dntkmpI Fn- h - b psS
Imcy-n, ]n-a-
h\w Irjn-`q-an-I cq
]m--c-s-Sp-m A
\p-hZ- n-c
- p-X.v Irjn-`qan
h\-amtbm hr-hn-fItm D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xn \pw {]tZ-i-hmkn-I-fpsS P\-kw-Jymh-\-hns\ IpSn-bn-cpp-Xn\pw CXv _m
[-I-a-.
kmaqlykm-n-I]-cn-nXn \n_--\Ipw BLmX A

]-{K-Y-\-n\pw hnt[b-ambn Irjn-`qan Ir
jn- b n- X c Bh- i yv amp-Xv A
\p-h-Znpw.
\ne-hn-ep tlm-epI, dntkmp- I

Fn- h bpsS Imcyn ]na-L ]cnnXn kv]pSw sNbv
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43

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hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
taJe3
L ]cn- nXn sX-Sp-p- ]cn-nXn h\w AtXm-dnn -a-{mAtXm-dnn kv]pSw- e-b-ns Sqdnkw \bw XpS-cmw.
sN- b vsX- S p- p-
]cn- nXn h\w
a{m-e-b-ns
Sqdnkw \bw Xp
Scmw.
AtXm- d n- nv k
an-p tdmUv,
a-Sn-m-\-ku-I-cyhn-Ik
- \ ]-Xn-I
\S- mpw ap]v
{]mtZ-inI Bkq-{XW AtXmdn-n-I
]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw
CXn-\mbn ]cn-nXnv sImSp-t
hnebpw P\- n\p t\hpw X
n A]- { K- Y nv
t\mp- I bpw th
Ww.
_nUnv tImUp-I
lcnX kmt-XnI hnZy
bpw lcn-X- \nm-Wkm-a-{Kn-Ifpw
o kna v, aW XpS-n-b-h-bpsS D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipdv

Pe-kw--c-W-n\pw ]mc--tcy-Xc Du D]m-Z-\-n\pw Pekw-kvI-c-W-n\pw Du \Ip ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-\n
mW kma-{Kn-Ifpw \nm-Wc
- o-Xnbpw Ah-ew-_n-p _nUnwKv
tImUn\v ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn cq]w \I-Ww.
e-ns Xpd-mb {]
tZ-is em v k vtI n
pw hnI-k-\hpw kwkvIc-Whpw
]cn-nXn kulrZ `h-\\

- nm-W
- ns {Ko_n Unw-Kvkn^n-t-js amK-tc-J-I {]Imcw AwKo-I-cn--s-n-p ta
av kwc-Ww, hr-kw-c-Ww XpS-nb \nmW/hnI-k\-co-Xn-I kzoI-cn-Ww. GRIHA ( Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment) tbm av A\p-tbm-Py -tIm tUm t{]mm-ln-n-Ww
NXp- p- \ n- e - fpw sh- s - p- I fpw \nI- p- I bpw hntZ- i kkyhr C\- \Sp-Ibpw sNp-Xv Dt]-n-Ww.
{Kun HmSpw Ipw ]mIp-Xpw knanv Dd-n-n-cn-p-Xpw
]c-am-h[n ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-Ww. AYhm As\ sNbvXm Xs
apI-fn hogp shw ASn-bn-tev Acn-n-d-m kuI-cy-apm-Ww.
amen-\y-kw-kvI-cWw
Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-I-c-am-b-hbpw cmk-am-en-\y-fpw ssPh-saUn- amen-\y-fpw ]p\:Nw{I-aWw \S-m-hp hkvXp-fpw

ssIImcyw sNm-\p-]-bp--amb kwhn-[m-\- hnI-kn-n-s-Spm-\p Npa-Xe Xti `cW m]-\-v \IWw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
44

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
Btcm-Ky-n\v lm
\n-Ic
- a
- m-btXm, cmkam-en-\y-tfm kw
kv-cn-p- bq-Wn
pI ]mSn
aen-\-P-e-kw-kvI-cWw
Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\nI-ca
- m-btXm, cmk-am-en\y-tfm kwkv-cnp- bq- W npI
]mSn
taJe3
]p\xNw{I- a - W - n
\pw amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW- n- \ p- a p bq
Wnp-I aen-\o-I-cW-\n-b-{W t_m
Up- I - f psS hyh- Iv hnt[-b-ambn
taJe 3 m]n
mw. sXm-Sp-p
taJeHn\pw c
n\pw IqSn CXv D]I-cn-Ww.
Fm-hn[ sIn-S
- pw aen-\P
- e
- k
- w-kvIc
- W kwhn-[m\w \n_n-Xa
- m--W
- w. sIn-S
- ns hen-a
- \
- p-kc
- nv CXn\p kzoI-cn-p
kmt-XnI hnZy hyXy-kvX-am-Imw.
{]tZ-i-ns kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cnv aen-\-Pew kwkv-cnv hopw
D]-tbm-Kn-p-Itbm doNmPv sNp-Itbm dnsskn sNp-I-tbmBhmw. km[n-p-sa-n CXn \nv Duw hos-Sp-m\pw
A\p-h-Zn--Ww.
Pew
Xt-i-`-c-W-m-]-\-X-e-n Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsan-\p hntI{o-IrX ]-Xn-I Xm-dm-Ww.

hfsc Db {]tZ-i-p Pem-i-b-fpw Pe-t{km-X-p-Ifpw
kwc-n-Ww.
Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hInS Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xn-I-fpsSbpw \ne-\nn-\mbn Ah-bpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i- {im-]qw
]cn-]m-en-Ww.
kaq-l-]-m-fn--tmsS \Zn-I-fpsS Hgppw Pe-ns KpW-tabpw sa-s-Sp-m\mbn imkv{Xo-b-am- Ah-ew-_n-Ww.
A\p-tbm-Py-amb kmt-XnI am--fp-]-tbm-Knpw s]mXp-P-\t_m-[-h-c-W-n-eq-sSbpw Pe-kw-c-W {]h-\-
\S-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse \Zo-X-S--fn \Zn-I KXn-Xn-cn-p-hn-Sm A\ph-Zn--cpXv.
Irjn
ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-I t{]mm-ln-n-Ww. ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn (30

iX-am-\-n IqSp-X Ncnhv) hmjnI hnf-I Irjn-sN-p-Xv
\ncp-m-l-s-Sp-Ww. ZoL-Ime hnf-I t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
anse Im_ tiJ-c-Wn\v t{]mm-l\ klmbw \I
Ww. ]c--cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-I t{]mm-ln-n-m klmbw
\IWw. ]mc--cy-ImjnI hnf-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w hn-n-m
hnp]m-Z-\w, Iqp-Irjn k{-Zmbw Fnh t{]mm-ln-nWw. {im-]q-ap Irjn- co-Xn-I t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
45

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
arK-kw-c-Ww
taJe1
taJe2
taJe3
5 hj-n-\p-n
cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IfpsS/If-\m-in-\n-IfpsS D]- t bmKw
Ah-km-\n-n-Ww.
8 hj- n- \ p- n
cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fp
sS/ If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS
D]- t bmKw \n
Ww.
10 hj-n-\p-n
cmk- I o- S - \ m- i n- \ n- I fpsS/If- \ m- i n- \ n- I fpsS D]-tbmKw \n
Ww.
A\p-Iqe klm-btmsS 5 hj-n\p-n cmk-h-f-fpsS D]- t bmKw

Ah-km-\n-n-Ww
A\p-Iq-ey-k-lm-btmsS 8 hj-n-\pn cmk-h-f-{]-tbm

Kw \nWw.
A\p- I qe klm- b tmsS 10 hj-n\p- - f n cmk- h f

{]tbmKw Ah-km-\nn-Ww.
Ip-Im-en-I-fpsS \mS P\p-p-I-fpsS kwc--Wse-hn-\mbn

"kwc-W tkh-\-NmPv' F \ne-bn t{]mm-l-\-[-\-klmbw \IpI."
cmk-h-f-v \Ip k_vknUn Ip-Im-en-I-fpsS kwc-W-n\pw _tbm-Kymkv, ssPh-hfw Fn-h-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-n-\pambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-pI.
kwc-n-X{- ]-tZ-i
- v shfn-bn-ep h\-ta-n]p-d
- fpw s]mXphmb ]pta-Sp-Ifpw ]p\:m]npI.
{]Xn-Iqe Imem-h--tbbpw kml-N-cy--tfbpw AXn-Po-hn-m
Ign-bp C\-sf t{]mm-ln-n-pI.If-hn-`m-K-ns]-Sp
an kky-fpw Imeno-bm-I-bm tdmUns hi--fnse
\mWy-hn-f-Iv If-\m-in\n {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv \ntcm-[n-pI.
tXbne tXm--fnse shfn--e- Imen-Iv tan e-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-m e`n-p ssPh-hfw tXbne tXm-v
{]tbm-P-\-sSpw.
ay-k-v
ay-sf sImm-\mbn ssU\-anv t]mse-bp kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv Ii-\-ambn \nb-{n-pI. Pem-i-b-fn ay-G-Wn-I hbvpI.
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-I-fp-sStbm ay-sXm-gn-emfn
kwL--fp-sStbm \nb-{-W-n Ipf--fnepw apw {]mtZ-inI
ay-C-\-sf hfp--Xnepw kwc-n-p--Xn\pw kwc--Wtk-h-\-NmPv F \ne-bn t{]mm-l-\-[\k-lmbw \IpI.
ssPh-ssh-hny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-I-fpsS klm-b-tmsS Aem-c-a-y--fpsS hn]-W\w \nb-{n-pI.
h\-h-cWw km h\ Ah-Im-i\
- n-baw AXns ]q-A-n P\-f
- n-se-nv
`qan
Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-sf klm-bn-pI. \ne-hn-ep kwbp--h\w
]cn-]m-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ip-]-Icw h\-A-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap
kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`h hyh--I kzoI-cn-pI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
46

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
bqm-en-]vkv
t]mse-bp hntZ
i C\--fpsS GIC- \ - t Xm- - ]m
Sn.
taJe3
bqm-en-]vkv t]msebp hntZi C\-fpsS GI C\ tXm ]mSn.
bqm-en-]vkv
t]mse-bp hntZi
C\--fpsS GI C\
tXm- ]mSn.
hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp
IoS- \ m- i - C - \ n- I / C\- - f psS Irjn
I f - \ m - i n - \ n - I t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
{]tbm-Kn--cpXv
IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw
H u j - [ - k - k y - - If-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw
fpsS NqjW-n\v {]tbm-Kw -\nWw.
ISp \nb-{-W- Huj-[-k-ky--fpsS
Gs-Sp-pI NqjW-n\v ISp
hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp
C\- - f psS Irjn
t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsSbpw If-\m-in-\n-Ifp-sSbpw {]tbm-Kw \nWw.
Huj-[-k-ky--fpsS
\nb-{Ww Gs-Sp- NqjW-n\v ISp
pI.
\nb-{Ww Gs-SppI.
h\-h-cWw kzIm-cy- h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-n Iogn sNdp-InS ]c--cm-KX kzImcy

`qan
`qDS-aI
- p Ah-Im-i
- AwKo-Ic
- n-pI. sNdp-InS DS-aI
- v
{]Ir-Xn-Z ImSp-I kwc-n-p--Xn\pw Ipn sNcp-hp-I-fn
hmjn-I-hn-f-I amn kok-W C\- Irjn sNp--Xn\pw
"kwcW tkh-\-NmPv' C\-n t{]mm-l\[\klmbw
A\p-h-Zn-pI. {]Ir-Xn-Z ImSp-I kwc-n-p-Xn\v sNdp-InS
`qD-S-a-Iv \nIpXn Cfhv \Ip-Itbm ]mw ]pXp-n- \IpItbm sNpI.
h\-h-cWw kzIm-cy- bqm-en-]vkv t]m
se- b p hntZi
`qan
C\--fpsS GI C
\-tXm-- ]mSn.
\ne- h n- e p C
cw tXm--fn hw
i-\m-i`
- o-jWn t\cnSp C\- shp]n-Sn-n-Ww. t\c
s ]pta-Sp-I-fmbn- zcp-h ]pta-SpI-fm-n am-Ww.
bqm-en-]vkv t]msebp hntZi C\-fpsS GI C\-tXm- ]mSn. \ne-hnep Ccw tXm- f n hwi- \ m- i - ` ojWn t\cn-Sp C\ shp- ] n- S n- nWw. t\cs ]p
ta-Sp-If
- m-bn-cp-h ]p
ta-Sp-I-fm-n -am-Ww.
bqm-en-]vkv
t]mse-bp hntZi
C\--fpsS GI C\tXm- - ]mSn.
\ne-hn-ep Ccw
tXm--fn hwi-\mi-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp
C\- shp-]n-Sn-nWw. t\cs
]p ta- S p- I - f m- b n- c ph ]p ta-Sp-I-fmhwi- \ m- i wt\cn- S p n -am-Ww.
IoS-\m-in\n/If-\m- C\- hp-]n-Sn-n- hwi-\m-iwt\cn-Sp
in\n {]tbmKw ]m p-Xv t{]mm-ln- C\- hp-]n-Sn-nSn
n-Ww.
p-Xv t{]mm-lnH u j - [ - k - k y - - J\- \ - n\v \nb- { n-Ww.
fpsS NqjWw Ii- Ww Gs-Sp-Ww. J\-\-n\v \nb-{
\- a mbn \nb- { n- IoS-\m-in-\n-I/If-\m- Ww Gs-Sp-Ww.
Ww.
in- \ n- I Lw L- IoS-\m-in-\n-I/Ifambn Hgn-hm-Ww.
\m- i n- \ n- I Lw
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
47

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
hwi- \ miw t\cnSp C\- hp]n-Sn-n-p-Xv

t{]mm-ln-nWw.
ssPh-ssh-hn[yw
taJe3
L- a mbn
Ww.
Hgn- h m-
kzImcy `qan, ssPh-ssh-hn[y amt\-Pvsa v In-n-I-fpsS A[o\-Xb

- n-ep `qan, kwbp Irjn-`qan kmaq-ly-h\
- h
- n-`h
- `
- qan Fnhn-S--fn ssPh-ssh-hn-[y- L-S-I- kwc-n-p--Xn\pw
hnip ImSp-I kwc-n-p--Xn\pw "kwc-W- tk-h-\-NmPv'
F \ne-bn t{]mm-l\[\klmbw \IWw.
h\y-Po-hn-I aqe-ap-m-Ip IjvS-\-jvS-v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
\Im ssPh- ssh-hn-[y-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-Iv {]tXyI
^v e`y-am-Ww.
J\\w
J\-\
- n\v ]pXnb J\-\-n\ ]pXnb
ssekkv \I- ssekkv \
cpXv
IcpXv
Ctm \S-p
J\\w 2016 HmsS
]q- a mbn Ahkm-\n-n-Ww.
J\n- I - f psS ]cnn-Xn-]-chpw
kmaq- l y- ] p- \ - c - [ nhm-k-]-c-hp-amb
]- X n- I Ahkm-\n-nWw.
ta]-d samd-tmdnbw Hmtcm tIkpw

]cn-tim-[nv ]p\
\n-bnmw.
\ne- h n- e p J\- \ n\v sa-s J\\

D]m-[n-I kzoI-cn-pIbpw Ii-\-\n-b-{Whpw tkmjy B
Unpw Gs- S p- pA\-[n-Ir-X- J-\\w Ibpw thWw.
DS-\Sn Ah-km-\n- J\n-Im-bp ]cnn-Ww
n- X n- ] - c hpw kmaqly- ]p-\c-[n-hm-k-]-chp-amb hni-Za
- mb ]Xn- I Ah- k m- \ n- nWw.
ka-X-e--fn e`y-am A]q C\w

[mXp-p-thn
am{Xta ]pXnb J\
\w A\p- h - Z n- m- \ m
hq. CXv Ii\ hyh- I pw tkm
jy BUn- n\pw
hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-Ww.
Kncn-h-m-cp-sSbpw
ap--h-cp-sSbpw
apIq- n- b p Adnthm-sS-bpw Ah-cpsS
Ah-Im-i- AwKoI-cn-p-sIm-p-am-bn-cnWw CXv.
\ne- h n- e p J\- \ n\v sa-s J\

\ D]m-[n-I kzoIcn-p-Ibpw Ii-\-\nb- { - W hpw tkm
\nb-a-hn-cp--amb J\ jy BUnpw G
\w DS-\Sn \nWw s - S p - p - I b p w
thWw.
\nb-a-hn-cp--amb J
\\w DS-\Sn \n
Ww
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
48

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
taJe3
Izmdn-Ifpw aW J\-\- \ne- h n- e ph ]cnhpw

n-Xn-bp-sSbpw
kmaq-ly-{]-XymLmX--fp-sSbpw
t]cn DS-\Sn ê{]- Z - a mb coXn- b n
\nb-{n--Ww.
Izmdn-Ipw, aW
J\-\-n\pw
]pXnb ssekkpI \I-cpXv
\ne-hn-ep-h Ii\
\nb- { - W - pw
tkmjy HmUn-n\pw
hnt[-b-ambn sa-sSpn XpS-cmw.
\ne-hn-ep-Xpw ]pXnb-Xp-amb Izmdn-Ifpw

aW J\- \ hpw
Ii\ \nb- { - W pw tkmjy
BUn-n-n\pw hnt[bhpw Kncn-P\
-
- f
- psS
Ah-Im-i-sf l\nmsX bpam-I-Ww.
aen- \ o- I - c W hyh- k m- b - ]pXnb aen-\o-I-cW

(Nphv/Hmdv)
hyh-km-b-
(Nphv,Hmdv
hn`mKw) ]mSn.
\ne- h n- e p- - h sb
2016 BIp-tm-tgv
"0' aen-\o-I-c-W-nse-n-p-Ibpw
ISp \nb- { - W n\pw tkmjy
BUn-n\v hnt[-ba
- mIp-Ibpw thWw..
]pXnb aen- \ o- I - c W
hyh-km-b-
(Nphv,Hmdv
hn`mKw) ]mSn. \nehn- e p- - h sb 2016
BIp-tm-tgv "0' aen\o-Ic
- W
-
- n-se-n-pIbpw ISp \nb-{W-n\pw tkmjy
BUn-n\v hnt[-ba
- m-IpIbpw thWw..
Ii\ \nb- { - W fpw tkmjy

BUn-n\pw hnt[-bamn ]pXnb hyhkm-b- XpSmw.
aen-\o-I-c-W-an-m hyh- ISp \nb-{-Wkm-b- (], \oe)

pw tkmjy
BUn-n\pw hnt[-bam-bn-cn-Ww.
]/\oe hyh- k m- b - ]/\oe hyh-km-bsf t{]mm- l n- sf t{]mm- l nnmw.

nmw.
{]mtZ-inI ssPh-hn`- h m- [ n- j v T n- X - a mb
hyh-km-b-sf
t{]mm-ln-nmw.
Ii- \ - \ n- b - { - W n\pw tkmjy
sshZypXn/Duw
{]mtZ-inI ssPh-hn-`hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb hyhkm-b-sf t{]mmln-nmw. Ii-\\

- n-b{- W - n\pw tkm
jy BUn-n\pw hn
t[bam-bn-cn-Ww.
{]mtZ- i nI ssPhhn-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb
hyh-km-b-sf
t{]mm- l n- nmw.
Ii- \ - \ n- b - { - W n\pw tkmjy
BUn-n\pw hnt[bam-bn-cn-Ww.
sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-ns ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-c-hp-amb

{]Xym-Lm-X--sf-]-nbpw BUw-_-c-v sshZypXn D]-tbmKn-p-Xv Ipd-bvt-Xns Bh-iy-I-Xsb ]nbpw sshZypXn
D]-t`m-m-sf t_m[-h-cn-pI.
sshZypXn D]-t`m-K-cw-Ks anX-s-Sp--ens\ t{]mm-ln-n-pIbpw, hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fnse Du-Im-cy--aX Dbp-Ibpw
sNpI.
Hpw ]mgm-msX ]c-am-h[n Imcy--a-X-tbmsS Du D]-t`mKw
\S-p sIn-S- sshZypXn D]-I-c-W-, tamtm-dp-I
XpS-n-bh t{]mm-ln-n-m hym]-I-amb {]NcW-]-cn-]m-SnI \S-pI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
49

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
taJe3
sshZypXn hntI-{o-Ic
- W
- s
- bpw kutcm D
- ]
- t- bm-Ks
- bpw
t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
Hgp- p \Zn- I fn ]c- a m- h [n 3
ao Db- c - n
XS- b W \nnv
ssat{Im Pe-sshZypXn D]m- Z \w
\Sn (Run off the
river schemes) Kncnh-m-scbpw {]m
tZ-inI kaq-l-n
\pw tXmw tImf-\nIpw sshZypXn
e`y-ammw. {Kma-k`- b psS A\p- a - X ntbm-sSbpw ]n-aL AtXm-dn-n-bpsSbpw Fm nbdkpw hmn-bp-ambn-cn-Ww CXv \Sm-m.
]pXnb s{]mP-IvSn\p-thn \Zn- KXn
Xncnv hnSp-I-tbm
t^mdv nb-dkv
\Ip-Itbm ]mSn
.
Hgp-ns\ B{i-bnp sshZypXn
D]m-Z\ kvIoapI BZy-s tbm
cm-a-stbm
\Zn-{]-hm-l-[mc-Ifn A\p- h - Z n- cpXv.
Kncn- P - \ - k - a q- l - nsbpw Xti m]\--fp-sSbpw D]-tbmK-n\v XS-bW A\ph-Z-\o-b-amWv
NphsS ]d-bp \n_-\-Iv hnt[-bambn hInS Du

DXv]m-Z-\-mpI A\p-h-Znmw.
15 ao-dn IqSp-X Dbc- a p AW- s - pItfm ]pXnb sXa

m\p-Itfm ]mSn-.
1. Bg- n- e p k
nX BLm- X - ]T\w
2. hmlItijn kn ]T\w (am\-Z- ] naL
AtXm- d nn \nbnWw)
10 apX 25 saKm-hmv
hsc-bp-Sp (10 saKmslSvkv hsc) Pe-sshZypX ]-Xn-I A\ph-Z-\o-b-amWv.
3. Ghpw Ipd
kwm\ ]cn-nXn t^mdv nb-dkv
AtXm-dnn Pnm ]cn- 4. \Zn- b psS ]cnnXn In- n- I , nXn Bh-iy-
]n-IL
- ]cn-nXn DsS Xmtgm-p
AtXm- d nn Fn- h - Bh-iy-amb Hgp-n
bpsS nb- d kn\v s hne-bn-cp-.
hnt[- b - a mbn Fm
]-Xn-Ipw A\p- Ii- \ - \ n- b - { - W n\pw tkmjy
aXn \Imw.
BUn-n\pw hnt[-b\Zo- X - S s kw_ambn. \ne- h p- e p
n BLmX ]T-\Du Dev ] m- Z - \ n- \ p- t ijw Hgpmp- I v {]h
p \Zn- K Xnbn
(run off the river) nmw.
{]h n-p Pe- hni-Z-amb ]T-\-nssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I-fm- \p-tijw am{Xta Im

m-Sn-]--Xn-I
hmw.
hni-Z-amb ]T-\-n-\p- ]mSpq.
tijw am{Xta Imm- \ne-hn-ep sXa

Sn-]--Xn-I ]mSpq. ]h mp- I fnse
Bfp-I kzbw \Saen- \ o- I - c Ww "0'
p sNdp- I nS \ne-hn-ep sXa B-Ww.
kqva- P - e - s sh- ]h mp-Ifnse aenZypX ]XnI \o- I - c Ww "0' B- \ne-hn-ep AW-sIp- I - f psS Pem- b i
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. Ww.
{]h\w Xmtgv
10saKm-hm-n
IqSp- X Pew HgpXmsgbp ]pXnb
m ]cym-]vX-amb
sNdp-InS Pe-sshcoXn-bn ]p\x-{I-ao-IZypX ]- X n- I
cn--Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
50

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
taJe3
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv.
]pXnb sXa ]
h mp-I-sfm pw
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-a
\ne- h n- e p sX
a ]hmp-I
v Ii-\-amb ]cnnXn \nb-{Ww
Gs-Sp-pI.
^vssf Bjv/I
- - I
-
Dm-p \ne-hnep coXn-p-]p-dsa
tdmUv \nm- W n\pw apw ^vssf
Bjv D]- t bm- K np coXn
\ne-hn-ep sXa
mp- I t{]m
m-ln-n-Ww.
hInS Imm-Sn-b{-
]--Xn-I ]mSn.
hntI-{o-I-cW Du
- B- h - i y-
mbn ku tcm
t{kmX-p-Isf
t{]mm-lnn-
Ww.
Hcp Du-Dm-Z\ ]-Xn-p-th-nbpw \Zn-I-fpsS KXn Xncnp-hm A\p-h-Zn-n. \ne-hn As\ Ds-n AXv DS
Ah-km-\n-npw.
Pe-t{km-Xv kw_-n XXz--fpsS ASn-m-\-n AWs-ns hrjvSn-{]-tZiw Lw L-ambn kw]p-jvS-amn kwcnWw. XpS-bmbn 3 hjw C{]-Imcw sNmXn-cp-m \ne-hnep ]-Xn-bpsS {]h\w Ah-km-\n-npw.
A\p-h-Zn Ime-]-cn-[n-I-gnXpw {]h-\--aX Cm--Xpamb AW-s-p-I-fp-sSbpw (3050 hjw) sXamp-I-fp-sSbpw
{]h\w Lw-L--ambn Ah-km-\n-npw.
Pnm ]cn-nXn In-n-I-fpsS Ii\ \nb-{-W-n Xti
m]-\
- f
- p-sSbpw ]ht_mUp-If
- p-sSbpw kwbp-m-`n-ap-Jy-nem-bn-cnpw Fm hn`mKw s{]mPIvSp-Ifpw {]hn-pI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
51

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
taJe1
taJe2
KXm-KXw
AXym- h - i y- a p
CS- - f n- e mbn ]p
Xnb sdbnth
sset\m henb
tdmUp- I tfm ]m
Sn. A\p-h-Zn-m
Xs AXv ISp-\n- b - { - W - - f psSbpw tkmjy
BUn-n\pw hnt[b-am-bn-cnpw
AXym-hi
- y-ap CS-fn- e mbn ]pXnb sd
bnth sset\m hen
b tdmUp-Itfm ]mSn.
A\p- h - Z n- m Xs
AXv ISp--\n-b-{-W-fp-sSbpw tkmjy
BUn-n\pw hnt[-b-ambn-cnpw
Sqdnkw sNep-p
BLmXw ]cam- h [n eLq- I - c nm thn ]cnnXn h\w a{me-b-ns Ctm
Sqdnkw \bw ]na- L ]cn- nXn
AtXm-dnn t`Z-KXn
hcpnbXp-{]Imcw A\p-h-Zn-p-h.
amen- \ y- k w- k v I - c W-n\pw KXm-KX- \ n- b - { - W - n
\pw Pe-D-]-tbm-Kn\pw Ii\ \n
b-{Ww thWw.
Sqdnkw am m\nsbpw tkmjy

BUn- n- s bpw ASnm- \ - n Ii\
\nb- { - W - G
s-Sp-pI. Hcp {]tZi- n\v Xmm- h p
tijn-bp-sSbpw kmaqly- ] - c n- nXn hnebpsS ASn-m-\-n
thWw amm-\n
\v cq]w \Im
taJe3
ISp \nb- { - W n\pw tkmjy
BUn-n\pw hnt[-bambn AXym- h - i yap ]pXn-bt- dm-Up-I
fpw sdbnth sse
\pw A\p-h-Znmw.
ISp \nb- { - W pw tkmjy

]pXnb sslth- BUn-n\pw hnt[-b-amIfpw FIvkv{]kv bn tdmUp-I sa-sthIfpw Hgn- h m- Sp-m A\p-h-Znpw.
Ww.
Sqdnkw
hnZym-`ymkw
Sqdnkw am m\nsbpw tkmjy

BUn-n-sbpw ASnm-\-n Ii\
\nb-{-W- G
s-Sp-pI. Hcp {]tZi-n\v Xmm-hp
tijn-bp-sSbpw kmaqly- ] - c n- nXn hnebpsS ASn- m- \ n thWw am
m- \ n\v cq]w \
Im
{]mtZ-inI ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fp-tSbpw, `qan, Pew, hmbp XpSnb {]IrXn hn`-h--fpsS \io-I-c-W-n\pw Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-Wn\pw CS-h-cp-p hnI-k-\-{]-h-\--fp-sSbpw ]cn-lm-cn\pw \nb-{-W-n\pw {]m[m\yw Iev]n-p hnZym-`ymk
]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS Ipn-I-sfbpw bph-P-\--tfbpw {]mtZinI ]cnn-Xn-bp-ambn _-s-Sp-Ww.
{]mtZ-inI kaq-ls ]m-fn-bmn ]cn-nXn hnZym-`ym-k-]-Xn-Isf ]m-fn ]cn-nXn A]-{K-Y-\-n-\p Hcp-]-I-cW-amn {]mtZ-inI ssPh sshhny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-Iv
P\-Iob ssPh-ssh-hn cPn--dpI Xm-dm-m Ignbpw.
Hcp \Zn-bpsS am-n-ep-S-\o-f-ap kvIqfp-I-fn hnZymn-IfpsS "dnh _p-I' cq]o-Ic
- nv th t{]mm-l\w \IWw.
Irjn-]-T\w kvIqfp-I-fn hym]-I-am-Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
52

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hn`mKw
imkv{Xhpw
kmt-XnIimkv{Xhpw
taJe1
taJe2
taJe3
AW-s-p-I, J\n-I, Sqdnkw, `h-\-\nmWw XpSn Fm

]pXnb ]-Xn-I-tfbpw kw_-nv BLm-Xm-]-T\w \Sn B
{]tZiw AXn\v Xmm Ign-bp tijn-p-n-em-sWv Im
am{Xta A\p-aXn \Imhq.
lcnX kmt-XnI hnZy-Ip--a--Xm-m Kth-jWw \S-p-Ibpw
AXv km[m-c-W-m-c\v Xmm Ign-bp--Xm-p-Ibpw thWw.
]cn-n-Xn-bpsS Ne\ A]-{K-Y\ kqN-I-v Kth-j-W-m]-\-, k--kw-L-S-\-I {]mtZ-inI kaqlw Fn-h HptNv cq]w \IWw.
hnm-\ -am-t\-Pvsa v
]n-a-L--k-anXn Xm-dm-nb ASn-m-\-n ]cn-nXn A]{K-Y-\-n\v P\--fp-sSbpw {]tXy-Inv hnZymn-k-aq-l-sbpw

]s-Sp-nv Xpd-Xpw kpXm-cyhpw ]m-fn--]-c-hp-amb Hcp ]cnnXn Ah-tem-I-\-kw-hn-[m-\-n\v cq]w \IWw.
\Zn-Isf kw_-n nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I ka-bm-k-a-b--fn
]pXp-p-Ibpw \Zo-X-S-X-e-n-ep hnh-c-fpw ]cn-nXn kw_n nXn hnh-c-fpw kwtbm-Pn-n-p-Ibpw thWw.
13.1 taJem m\p-Ifpw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw

]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bpsS sam-n-ep Bkq-{X-Whpw hnI-k-\hpw \nnjvS ]cn-nXn
Zp_e taJ-e-I-fpsS N-q-n Ds-Sp-t--Xpv. Cm-cy-n tI{-km-cnse dn.
No^v Su P\-d m\ s{]m^. FUvKm dnt_tdm hnI-kn-n-s-Sp kao-]\
- t- cJ t_mIvkv
II ImWmw.
t_mIvkv \ 11 : taJem m\p-Ifpw ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-nbpw

(s{]m^. FUvKm dnt_tdm Xm-dm-n-bXv)
A.
`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS Iognse Un.-]n.-kn-Ifpw / Fw.-]n.-kn.-Ifpw
1.
1992 se 73, 74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn \nb-a- Pnm-B-kq-{XW kan-Xn-Ifpw (DPC)

sat{Sms]mfn- Bkq-{X-W-I-n-n-Ifpw (MPC) F Bi-b-n\v cq]w \In. As\
Cy-bnse `c-W-Pn--Ip-n 1950 ]-hk-c- ]--Xn-I DZ-bw-sN-bvX-tXmsS
BWv k_v Pn-I-fmb Xmeq-p-Iv A\p-_--ambn hnI-k-\-tm-p-I \ne-hn
hXv. Un.]n.knIfpw Fw.]n.kn.Ifpw ey-an-Sp-Xv Xmsg Xew apX apI-fn-temp ]m-fn hnI-k-\-amWv. Pn-bnse hnI-k\ tmp-Ip-n ap\n-kn-m-enn-I-sfbpw hntPv ]m-b--p-I-sfbpw \n-Nn-p Ce-{ hmUp-Isf ASn-m\-am-n-bm-WnXv. Cu {XnXe kwhn-[m-\
- n `c-W]
- c
- a
- mb Bh-\a
- n. Un.]n.kn.IfpsSbpw Fw.]n.knI-fp-sS-bpw-]-cn[n _-s Pn-bmWv.
2.
`c-WL
- S- \
- m-t`-ZK
- Xn {]Imcw Fw.]n.kn.Ifn Ipd-Xv aqn cpw (2 /3), Un.]n.knIfn \men aqpw(3/4)AwK- \ntbm-PI a-em-Sn-m-\-n sXc-s-Sp-s--h-cm-bn-cn-Ww. CXn Xs aqn-sem-p-t] (1/3) h\n-X-I-fm-bn-cn-Ww. ]cn-anX-amb `qan hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fpsS ]-Xnv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xp kw_-n X-
]cn-l-cn-m-\p kwhn-[m-\-sa \ne-bn Un.]n.knIfpw Fw.]n.kn.Ifpw Ah-cpsS
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
53

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-p-n-ep ]-Xn-I \nnjvS hnI-k\ t^mam-n Xm-dmn

kwm\ km-cns ]cn-K-W-\bvv kan-Ww. Fmepw {Um^vSv m\ns
kmwK-Xy-n Bi-b-p-gw \ne-\n-evpp.
3.
Cv an kwm-\--fnepw Un.]n.knI \ne-hn-ep-s-nepw Ah-bpsS Npa-X-e-I

]cn-an-X-amWv. tIcfw, Im-SIw, alm-cmjv{S, KpP-dmv kwm-\--fn {XnXe
]m-bv cmPv kwhn-[m-\-amWv \ne-hn-ep-Xv. hntPv ]m-b-p-Ifpw Pnm ]mb-p-Ifpw AS-nb ZznXe ]m-bv cmPv kwhn-[m-\-amWv tKmh-bn-ep-Xv. AhnsS
tmv ]m-b-p-I C.
4. \ne-hn tIm--bn am{Xta sat{Sm s]mfn- Bkq-{X-W-k-anXn (Fw.]n.kn)

{]hn-p-pp. Hcp Zi-e--n-e-[nIw P\-kw-Jy-bp Fm sat{Sm s]mfn-
knn-Ipw Fw.]n.kn cq]o-I-cn--Wsa-mWv `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-p-Xv. 2001se
IW--\p-k-cnv Ccw 35 knn-I Cy-bn-epv. Fw.]n.knI cq]o-I-cn-m
kwm-\-v 12mw ]-h--c-]--Xn-m-ev Ph-lem s\{lp \K-c-hn-I-k\
]Xn (JNNURM) bn \np {]tXyI klmbw XS-p-h-bvm-\n-S-bpv. Fw.]n.kn.
cq]o-I-c-W-n-ep- {][m\ XSw A[n-Im-cm-Xnn kw_-nv Un.]n.knI,
Pnm ]m-bv, ap\n-kn- tIm-td-j-\p-I, Fn-h-I Xn-ep X-amWv.
5.
CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-p-Xv Pn HmsI Fw.]n.kn.bpsS ]cn-[n-bn-eps-Sp-pI

F-XmWv. ChnsS Pn ]m-b-p-I, {Um^vSv hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I Fw.]n.knv
dntmp sNWw.
B.
e-]-c ]Xn-I-fpsS ]v (taJem\K-c-]--Xn-I)
1. Fw.]n.knIfpw Un.]n.knIfpw hn`m-h\ sNbvX `cW-L-S-\m-t`-Z-KXn taJem \nt]

hnI-k\ Bkq-{X-W-ns {]iv\-v ]cn-lmcw ImWm {ian-s-nepw CXv `qanbpsS hn\n-tbm-K-n-ep-m-p k-n\v t]mwhgn In. hn-p-h-cp `qan
Zue-`yhpw ss]Xr-I-aq-ey-ap e--fnse ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i- kwcn-m-\p _m[y-Xbpw Cu {]iv\-ns cqX hn-pp.
2. Cu {]iv\-n\v Hcp ]cn-lm-c-sa \ne-bn tI{-\-K-c-hn-I-k\ a{m-ebw Hcp amXrI
e-]c hnI-k-\-B-kq-{XW \nb-a-n\v cq]w \In-bn-pv. Pnm-X-e-n taJ-emm-\p-Ifpw ap\n-kn-/]m-b-p-X-e-m-\p-Ifpw {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-n hmUp-Xe m\pIfpw Ds Hcp kwtbm-PnX e-]c Bkq-{XW kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. 20 hjs
ZoL ho-W-tmsS cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX 5 hj-hn-I-k-\-]--Xn-I-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-mhpI. Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-sebpw hyXykvX `qan D]-tbm-Khpw GsXmw `qan GsXmw
Bh-iy-v hn\n-tbm-Kn-m-sa-Xp kw_-n ]n-Ibpw Hmtcm taJ-e-bvp-ap
hnI-k\ \n-b{- W \n_-\
- I
- fpw CXn-ep-mIpw. hfsc {][m-\s
- -sm-cp-Imcyw kwm\s `qhn-\n-tbmKw \n-bn-p GI-\n-baw CXp am{X-am-bn-cn-p-sa--XmWv. CXp
aqew ]e \nb-a-p Iogn hnI-k-\-]-XnI Xm-dm-p--Xp-aq-e-ap Bi-bp-gw Hgn-hmIpw. taJe\Kc Bkq-{XW \nb-a-n Iognse ]Xn \n-N\w
Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Im-c-amWv.
3.
Hcp s{]mPIvSv AYhm kvIow Fm GsX-nepw Hcp tI{ kwm-\-\-b-a-n

Iogn GsX-nepw Hcp \nnX {]tZ-iv \S-m-p ]Xn Fw. KXm-KXw,
av ASn-m\ hnI-k\ LS-I-, Sujn-p-I, `h-\-\nmWw, hyh-km-b-,
hmWnPyw, m]-\-, hnt\m-Z-D-]m-[n-I, ]g- cq]-tc-J-I-fpsS ]p\\nmWw,
ss]Xr-X-kw-c-Ww XpSn _-s \nb-a-nse hyh--{]-Im-c-ap--sXmw
CXn-epsm-n-Ww.
4.
e-]-c-B-kq-{XW N-qSpw Hcp t{]mPIvSv/kvIoapw Xn hyXym-k-apv,
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
54

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
C.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn (WGEA)
1.
Cy-bnse CXc ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-smw ]n-a-L--n-\p-th-nbpw

Hcp ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn-m ]cym-]vX-amb Ah-k-c-am-WnXv. Cy-bnse
650 Hmfw Pn-I-fpsS aqn-semv (1/3) ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmWv. Chn-sSsbmw hnI-k-\-n\v Hcp ]n_e ]m-Wp-Xv. asm-cp-hn-[-n ]d-m Cybnse Pn-I-fpsS aqn-sempw hnI-k\ kulr-Z-]-c-amWv. ChnsS ]cn-nXn Zp_e-sa Bibw hfsc {im-]qw thWw \S-m-m. ap Pn-I-fn hnI-k-\hpw
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-Xbpw Xn kp-e\w Dm-hp-Ibpw thWw.
2.
Ncn{X {]m[m-\y-ap ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn KpPdmv, alm-cmjv{S, tKmh, Im-SI, tIcf, Xan-gv\mSv Fo 6 kwm-\--fnse
\nc-h[n Pn-I DsSpw Cu Pn-Ismw tIc-f
- n-sebpw tKmh-bn-sebpw t]mse
e-]-c-ta-Jem m\p-I Bh-iy-amWv. Cu Pn-Iv Pnm-Xe `pX-e-hn-\n-tbm-K
-m-\p-I Xm-dm-n-bm ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-`q-hn-\n-tbmK taJ-e-Ifpw av `qhn-\ntbm- K - t a- J - e - I fpw AXn hy- a mbn AS- b m- f - s - S p- n- b n- p- mIpw. _- s
kwm-\s _-s Pn-bpsS e-]-c-ta-Jem m\n ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS AXnn hy-ambn ImWn-n-cn-Ww. Xqew hnI-k-\-{]-h\-v AtXm-dn-n-bn \nv nb-dkv hmt--Xv GsXms {]tZ-i-n-\msWv
CXn \nv a\-n-emmw.
3.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn Hcp s{]mPIvSv kwhn-[m-\-amWv. AmsX Hcp `qhn-\ntbmK N-qSv kwhn-[m-\a
- . `qhn-\n-tbmK N-q-Sn-\p hyh DsSp-Xv kwm\-ns taJe \K-c-hn-I-k\ Bkq-{XW \nb-a-n-emWv. AtXm-dn-n-bpsS ]Xn
Xm-dm-p apdbvv GsX-nepw {]tZiw Zp_-e-am-sWv Ah Icp-Xp-p-sh-n
AXv taJ-em-hn-I-k\ m\n \n_--ambpw ImWn-n-cn-Ww. \nnX ka-b-]-cn-[np-n GsXms {]tZ-i--fmWv ]cn-c-n-t--sXpw GsXm-s-bmWv kwcn-t--sXpw {]tXyI \n_--\-ItfmsS GsXms {]tZ-i- hnI-kn-n-msapw ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-nv Xocp-am-\nmw. CXv Hmtcm Pnm-Xe taJem-m-\nepw Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw thWw. "s{]mPIvSv' F ]Zhpw "N-qSv' F ]Zhpw
Xn-ep hyXymkw Xncn--dn-bm CXv klm-bnpw. `qhn-\n-tbmK taJe e-]c
hnI-k\ m\ns Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I--fmWv.
4.
]n-aL
- ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n Hcp ZiIw ap]v \ne-hn hn-cpp Fn "ehmk'/
"Aw_n-hmen' taJem ]-Xn-I-fpsS cq]w hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-hp-am-bn-cpp. AXm-bXv
BtKm-f-]-ckyw \In-bp dnb Ftv Xmev]-cy-n\p ]Icw AtXm-dn-n-bpsS
]cn-nXn \n_--\-Ip hnt[-b-am-Ip-am-bn-cpp. BI-bm AtXm-dn-n-bpsS ]Xn-I hnP-bn--W-sa-n Ah kwm-\-ta-Jem \K-c-hn-I-k\ Bkq-{XW \nb-ans ]m--e-n hnI-kn-n-s-Sp--h-bm-IWw. am{X-a "hnI-k\w' F Bib-n ]cn-c--Whpw kwc--Whpw IqSn Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw thWw.
5.
"kwc-W ]m--e-nse hnI-k\w' F Bi-b-nse "e-]-c-hn-I-k\ Bkq{XWw' F ]pXnb Nnm-k-c-Wn-bn AtXm-dnn t{]mP-IvSpIv hnPbnm
Ignbpw. A\p-Iqe LS-I--fmb h\-ta-Je, ]e-hpcp Irjn-bn-d-m-hp Irjn-`qan,
NXp-p-I, Pe-t{km-X
- p-I {]Ir-Xn-Z
- hpw a\p-jy-\nn-Xh
- p-amb ]cn-nXn Fnh
\nb-{-W-c-ln-X-ambn amnv \S-nbpw KXm-KXw, ASn-m\ hnI-k\ LS-I-
XpS-nbh A\p-tbm-Pyhpw t{]mm-l-\-]-c-hp-amb hnI-k\ \n_--\-I-tfmsS AXpambn kwtbm-Pn-npw AtXm-dn-n-bpsS t{]mP-IvSp-I hhn-P-b-am-p-hm Ignbpw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
55

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
14. ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn

1986se ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse 3mw hIp-p-{]-Im-c-ap Fm A[n-Im-c-tfmSpw IqSn tI{ ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw \nb-an \nb-a-km-[y-X-bp m]-\-amWv
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn. ]n-a-Lw AXn-hn-im-e-amb Hcp taJ-e-bmWv. CXv 6
kwm-\--fnepw 44 Pn-I-fnepw 142 Xmeq-p-I-fn-ep-ambn hym]np InS-pp. AXp-sIm-pXs kwm-\-km-cp-Ifpw tI{-]-cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-bhpw kwbp--ambn \nb-anp 6 kwm\ ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-I-fn-eqsS thWw ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn
AtXm-dn-nv AXns Npa-X-e-I \n-ln-m. kwm\ ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn-I kwm\ ssPh sshhn-y-t_mUp-I-fp-ambpw aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{W t_mUp-I-fpambpw kwm-\-B-kq-{XW t_mUp-I-fp-ambpw ASp _w ]pep-Ibpw Bkq-{XW
Io-j ]-hkc ]-Xn-I-fn-eqsS e`y-am-p ^p-]-tbm-Knv ]n-a-L hnI-k\
]cn-]m-Sn-I \S-m-p-Ibpw thWw. Fm ]n-a-L hnI-k\ ]-Xn-Ifpw kwm-\- ]-na-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-IfpsS klm-b-tmsS kwm\ km Xm-dm-p-Ibpw
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS amK-\nti {]Imcw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp kpn-c-hnI-k-\m-[n-jvTnX kvIoap-Iv ]n_ew \Im-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw thWw.
tI{-]-cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw \nb-an D-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-I-fpsS klmb-tm-sS-bmWv Ctm ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fpsS `cWw \S-p-Xv. kp{]nw-tImSXn D-c-hn-eqsS \nb-an--s Zlm-\-Xm-eqv ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Imcy-sam-gn-m
\nb-{-Wm-[n-Im-c-an-m--Xn-\m taev]-d `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w ]cm-P-b-amWv. km-nI
a\p-jy-hn-`-h-ns A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw CXns\ Zp_-e-am-pp. Nne tIkp-I-fn XpSbmbn Ign Iptd hj--fmbn D-X-Xe kanXn \ne-hn-en. ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[
kan-Xnv (WGEEP) ]Icw Fm-]-n-a-L Pn-I-fnepw Pnm ]cn-nXn kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cn-W-sa-mWv R-fpsS \ntiw. Cu Pnm-I-n-nI Pnm ]m-bv ssPh-ssh-hn-yam-t\-Pvsa v In-n-Ifpw Pnm m\nv In-n-I-fp-ambn kl-I-cnv {]hn-Ww. PnmXe
ssPh-ssh-hny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-I -ssP-h-ssh-hny \nb-a-{]-Imcw \nban myq-dn
I-nn-I-fmWv. AmsX D-X-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-I-sf-t]mse hj--fmbn {]h-\an-m AUvtlmv kan-Xn-I-f. AXp-sImv ]c-nXnh\w a{m-e-bhpw kwm\
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-Ifpw \ntbm-Kn-p hnZKv[ AwK--fpsS klm-b-tmsS
Pnm-Xe ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-I-tfmSv ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS
Npa-X-e-I \n-ln-m Bh-iy-s-Sm-hp--XmWv.
{]h-\--fn kpXm-cy-Xbpw Xpd kao-]-\hpw ]m-fn-hpw Dd-p-h-cp-m ]na-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn {in-Ww. CXn-\p Ghpw \ amw "]cym-h-c hmln\n'
kvIow ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-p-Itbm ]cn-nXn kwc--I-cmbn {]hn-m k--X-bp
Xt-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS kanXn cq]o-I-cnv Pn-bnse ]cn-nXn Ah--bpsS {]mY-anI Ah-temI\w \S-p-I-bmWv. Cu ]cym-h-c hmln\n thmfn-bamv kwc--W-nepw kpn-chn-I-k-\-nepw ]cn-nXn ]p\:m]-\-nepw Xmsg Xn P\-sf {]m]vX-cm-p--Xn
hen-sbmcp ]v hln-m-\mIpw. Fm Pn-I-fnepw ]cn-nXn Hmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-m
AtXm-dnn \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-Ww. B{-bnse alm-m-Kmn tZiob {Kmao-W-sXm-gn-ep-dv \nba-ns amXr-I-bn Fm ]cn-nXn {]iv\-pw _m[-I-amb Hcp tkmjy BUnv
kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-Ww.
e`y-am-bn-p ]n-a-L--nse `qX-e-hn-h-c- ssPh sshhn-y-L-S-I- Fnh
kam-l-cnv 5 an\nv x 5 an\nv As-n 9 Inao x 9 Inao ka-N-Xp-c-n-ep 2200 bqWn-p-Iv
e-]c Umm-t_kv hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xn D-X-Xe kanXn henb ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn.
e`y-am-bn-p av ]e Umm-t_-kp-I IqSn IW-n-se-Spv Cu Umm-t_kv IqSp-X hn]peo-I-cn-m AtXm-dnn {ian-Ww. hyh-km-b--fpsS taJe `q]-S-p-thn Xm-dmnb Umm- t _kpw CX- c - i m- k - { Xob LS- I - fpw, kv I qtImtfPv Xe- nse ]cnnXnhnZym-`ym-khpw P\--fpsS ssPh-ssh-hn-y-c-Pn- {]h-\-fpw Umm-t_kv
hn]p-eo-I-cn-p--Xn\v IW-n-se-Spmw. Bkvt{S-en-b-bnse "dnhhmv kvIoap"IfpsS amXrI............................................................................................................................................................................................................
56

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
bn ]n-a-Umm _mns XpS-bmb hn]p-eo-I-c-W-n\v P\-]-m-fnw t{]mm-ln-nWw. CXn-\mbn h\-ta-J-e-bn {]hn-p--Xn\v Cv Kth-j-I A\p-`-hn-p A\ymb-amb _pn-ap-p-I Hgn-hm-m AtXm-dnn klm-bn-Ww. P\--fpsS At]--Ip
thn-t]mepw Imn-cn-m\mImsX hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw A\p-im-kn-p--Xp-t]mse {]k-amb hnh-c- Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsX e`y-am-m _-s km GPkn-I-fn
AtXm-dnn kw sNep-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-n\v hyh-km-b-m-bp Pnm-Xe taJem
`q]-S- tI{-]-cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw DSXs ]c-ky-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sh_vssk-n
{]kn--s-Sp-p-Ibpw AXns\ ]n-a-L Umm-_m-p-ambn _n-n-p-Ibpw thWw.
]cn-nXn BLm-X- A-]-{K-Y-\hpw nb-dkv {]{In-bbpw ASn-apSn ]cn-jv-cn-m
AtXm-dnn apssI FSp-Ww. ]c-nnXn BLm-X -A-]-{K-Y-\hpw nb-dkpw Bh-iy-ap
t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS ]nI ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw Ctm Hgn-hm--s-n-p hn van-p-Ifpw
sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]--Xn-Ifpw Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw Cu {]{Inb kpXm-cy-am-p-Ibpw thWw.
am{X-hp-a kvIq tImtfPv Xe-nse ]cn-nXn hnZym-`ym-khpw P\--fpsS ssPh
-ssh-hn-y-c-Pn- \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Cu nb-dkv {]{In-b-bp-ambn _-s-Sp-Ww. \ne-hn-ep
t{]mP-IvSvXe nb-dkv {]{In-b-bvp-]-Icw sam-n-ep ImgvN-m-Sns\ t{]mm-ln-np-Ibpw Bh\ BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-coXn Ah-ew-_n-p-Ibpw thWw.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn ]p\xm]\w, kpn-c-hn-I-k\w, kwc-Ww Fn-hbn Xmsg-\nv apI-fn-te-p Hcp ]m-fn kao-]-\s t{]mm-ln-n-Ww. Cu ImgvNm-tSmsS 73,74 `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-Xn-I-fn-eqsS ey-an P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-{In-bmb A[n-Im-c-hn-tI{o-I-c-Ws t{]mm-ln-n-Ww. ]n-a-L kwm-\--fn-sem-mb tIcfw Cm-cy-n
{it-b-amb t\w ssIh-cn-n-pv. av Fm ]n-a-L Pn-I-fnepw Cu amXrI kzoI-cn-m
AtXm-dnn apssI FSp-Ww.
ssPh sshhny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-I-fn-eqsS ssPh-ssh-hny \nbaw \S-m-p
Imcy-nepw tIcfw hfsc apn-emWv. Fm ]n-a-L Pn-I-fnepw {Kma-]-m-b-p-I,
Xmeqv ]m-b-p-I, Pnm-]-m-b-p-I, \K-c-]m-en-I-I, alm-\-K-c-]m-en-I-I Fo
Xe--fn ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v I-n-I cq]o-I-cn-m AtXm-dnn {ian-Ww. AXpt]mse ssPh-ssh-hny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-Iv t{]mm-l-\-sa \ne-bn ssPh-sshhn-y-\n-baw A\p-h-Zn-p "kokv Nmv' CuSm-m A\p-h-Zn-Ww. tIc-f-nse
DSp--tme Xmeq-nse ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-k---amb {]tZ-i--fpsS kwc--W-am-Xr-I-bn
kwc--W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xn\v Cu m]-\--sfsbmw ]m-fn-I-fm-Ww.
Cu ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-am-t\-Pvsa v Inn-I ImjnI ssPh sshhn-y-s-IqSn {in--Ww.
Cu ]m--e-n 2001se kky-kw-c-W IjI Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse hIp-p-I hfsc
{]k--amWv. Hcp tZiob P\n-XI ^v cq]o-I-cn-n-pv. CXn\v [mcmfw ^pw e`y-amWv.
Xti hnf C\--fpsS P\n-XI kwc--W-n\v ]m-b-p-X-e-n Cu ^v D]-tbm-Knm-hp--XmWv.
]cn-nXn ]p\-m-]-\-n alm-m-Kmn {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d-p-]-Xn \nb-a-n\v
henb kw`m-h\ sNm Ignbpw. CXn- {]hn-I Gs-Sp-p--Xn\v {Kma-k-`-I IqSn
A\p-aXn thW-sa \ntiw kzmK-Xml-amWv. ]nI {]tZi\nb-a-n-sbpw h\- A-h-Imi-\n-b-a-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n {Kma-k-`-I in-s-Sp-Ww. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-n
Iogn kmaq-ly- h-\-\n-b-a-nsbpw Iogn kmaq-ly-h\ hn`-h-\nt-i-fpw PESAbpw
\S-m-p-Xv AtXm-dnn t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.(Extension of Panchayat Raj to the Scheduled
Areas Act)
{]IrXn kwc--W-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb {]h-\- t{]mm-ln-n-m \nb-{-Wfpw {]Xn-Iqe t{]mm-l-\hpw F coXn-p-]-Icw hnip -h-\- F ]c--cm-KX
Bi-b-ns ]m--e-n B[p-\nI kml-N-cy--\p-k-cn-p {]h-\--tfbpw
XpS-bmb kwc--Wm-[njvTn-X-amb {]h-\--tfbpw AtXm-dnn t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
kzw `qan-bn ImSv kwc-n-p Ij-I\v kwc-W kokv NmPv
\Ip tIcf ssPh sshhn-[y-t_mUns \S-]Sn DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Spmw. kwc-W
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57

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Npa-Xe
- b
- n-ep DtZym-K
pw kmt-XnI hnZ-Kv[pw i-f
- n\pw av B\p-Iq-ey-pw
Pov, `h-\-\nmWw Fn-hbvpw thn ^v hn\n-tbm-Kn-p--Xns Imcy--a-Xsb ]n
AtXm-dnn hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hne-bn-cp- \S-Ww. Cm-cy-nse Imcy--aX hfsc
tami-am-sW-Xv kwi-b-an-m Imcy-amWv. Db aqey-ap ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-L-S-I--fpsS
kwc--W-n\v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v A\p-Iqe t{]mm-l\w \Im-\mbn Hcp \nn-Xk-a-b-]-cn-[n-bn-tev, Cu ^v ]p\hn-\y-kn-Ww.
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns {]tXyI LS-I
- v kwc-W
- a
- qeyw \n-bn-m Hcp s]mXpk-ao-]-\-n\v cq]w \Im\pw ]e {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\pw A\p-h-Zn- {]tZ-i-n-\p-n
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns \ne A]-{K-Yn-m B{i-bn-m-hp-Xpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb Hcp kwhn[m\w kwL-Sn-n-m\pw ]e kmt-XnI LS-I- Bh-iy-amWv. h\ A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-n
Iogn-ep kaq-l-h-\-hn-`-h-pw ]m-bv {]tZ-iv A\p-h-Zn-n-p ssPh-ssh-hny-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-Ipw CXv thWw. Fm-X-e-n-ep-ap hnZym-`ymk m]-\-v
AXm-bXv hntPv ss{]adn kvIq apX k-I-em-im-e-I hsc Cm-cy-n Hcp {][m\
]v hln-m Ignbpw. Ch-sbmw \n-b-ambpw ]cn-nXn hnZym-`ym-k-ns ]mTy-`m-Knse {][m-\-L-S-I--fm-bn-cn-Ww. `mhn-bn {]h-\--fpsS GtIm-]-\-n-\p-am-{X-ambn
Hcp sNdnb hn`mKw DtZym-K-sc \ne-\nn-smv {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h--fpsS kwc--Whpw
amt\-Pvsapw ]q-ambn {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v hnp-sIm-Sp-m Ign-bWw.
A-s\-bm-I-bm ssPh-ssh-hn-ys t{]mm-ln-n-m-\mbn sNe-gn-p XpI Cu
kaq-l--fn-tev Fpw. kwc-W {]h-\--fn-tes-n-p \n-\v {]Xn-êw
\Im\pw AXp-hgn kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-kw-c--W-n\v A\pIq-e-am-sbm-c-h ]cs krjvSn-m\pw Ignbpw.
14.1.\nb-a-]-c-amb N-qSvv
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn (WGEA)
]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-ambn \nt-in--s-n-p ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-n-Xn-]c-amb BLm-X-sf ]n a\-n-em-m\pw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-X-bpsS G-p-d-n-e-\p-k-cnv
taJeHv, cv, aqv Fv thXn-cn-m-\p-ambn ]n-a-L--n\v sam-n Hcp D-XXe AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn--W-sa \nt-i-ap-mbn. CsXm-sSmw Hmtcm kwm-\-n\pw
kwm-\-Xe AtXm-dn-n-Ifpw Pn-I-fn Pnm-]-cn-nXn In-n-Ifpw Dm-I-W-sapw \ntin--sp. ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse Fm hn`mKw ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fn-sebpw
{]h-\--fpsS Bkq-{X-Whpw \n-l-Whpw \nb-{-W-hp-amWv ]n-a-L--]-cn-nXn
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Npa-Xe.
cq]o-I-cWw
]cn-nXn kwc--W- \n-b-a-nse (1986) {]k hIp-p-I {]Imcw tI{ ]cnnXnh\w a{m-ebw _-s kwm\ km-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-mWv AtXm-dnn
cq]o-I-cn-t-Xv.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS {]h\w
h\y-Po-hn-kw-c--W-\n-baw (1972), h\w kwc-W \nbaw (1980), ]cn-nXn kwc-W-\n-baw (1986) A\p-k-cnv ]pd-s-Sp-hn-n-p D-c-hp-Ifpw hnm-]-\-fpw, ssPh-sshhn-y-\n-baw (2002), hmbp-\n-baw(1981), Pe-\n-baw(1974), ]n-I-hhpw CX-c-]-c--cm-KX h\hm-kn-I (h\ Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-) \nbaw (2006), ]m-bv (]nI taJ-e-bn-tev
hym]n-n- \nbaw (1996) Ah-bpsS N- Fn-hbvv A\p-tcm-[-am-bn- thWw ]n-aL ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn {]hn-m. AXm-bXv ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e
{]tZ-i--fnse IS-p-I-b--n-s\-Xnsc av ]cn-nXn \nb-a-sm--ap Hcp AUo-jW \nb-a-am-bn-thWw Cu hnm-]-\s IW-m-m.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
58

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AtXm-dn-n-bpsS LS\
hnhn[ hnj-b--fnse {]K, hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse {]K-, _-s a{m-eb
{]Xn-\n-[n-I Fn-hsc AtXm-dn-n-bn Ds-Sp-Ww. hnj-b--fn imkv{Xw, [\-X-Xzimkv{Xw, \nbaw, tkmtjym-fPn Fn-hbpw taJ-e-I-fn h\-imkv{Xw, Pe-imkv{Xw, av
imkv{Xw, Irjn, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, ]cn-nXn Fn-hbpw Ds-SpWw.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bn NphsS ]dbpw {]Imcw 24AwK--fmWv Dm-bncn-pI.
A\p-tZym-K-mw-K-
1.
sNbam :Ign-bpXpw ]n-a-L taJ-e-bn\n-p dntUv sNbvX kp{]nw-tImSXn PUvPn-bm-bn-cn-Ww. sNbam. sXfn-bn--s hyn-Xzhpw kwc--W-tmSpw
\n-\-cpsS kpnc hnI-k-\-tmSpw B`n-ap-Jy-ap--h-cm-bn-cn-Ww.
As-n
]n-a-L taJ-e-bn \np {]apJ kky-im-kv{X-\pw Ign 25 hj--fmbn
Cu taJ-e-bpsS kwc--W-n\v KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-I \Inb Bfp-am-bn-cn-Ww.
2.
]n-a-L--ns kwc--W-n-\mbn KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-I \Inb kwc--W-kky-im-kv{X-.
3.
]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse ]cn-nXn \nb-a--sf-]n Bg-n Adn-hp A`n-`mj-I AYhm ]cn-nXn \nb-am-ym-]-I/s{]m^-k.
4.
Hcp {]apJ kmaqly imkv{X-/[\-X-Xz-im-kv{X-/tkmtjym-fPn
5.
Hcp {]apJ Irjn imkv{X-/s{]m^-k
6.
Hcp {]apJ em vkvtI]v Ctm-f-Pnv
7.
{]apJ Kncn-h {Kqns Hcp {]Xn-\n[n( Hmtcm kwm-\-p-\npw sdmt-j ASnm-\-n)
813. ]n-a-L--nse Hmtcm kwm-\-p-\npw AhnsS ]n-a-L--]-cn-nXn kwc--Wn\v Imcy-amb kw`m-h\ \In-bn-p Hmtcm kaql {]Xn-\n[nI hoXw.
1 apX 5 hsc-bp--h Ign-bpXpw ]n-a-L--kw-m-\--fn \np--h-cm-bn-cnWw.
DtZym-K-mw-K-
14.
tI{-]-cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-nse Hcp AUo-j-W sk{I-dn (FIvkv Hôtjym)
15.
tI{ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUv sNbam (FIvkv Hôtjym)
16.
]n-a-L/]cn-nXn Imcy- ssIImcyw sNp tI{ Bkq-{XW Io-j sa

(FIvkv Hôtjym)
17.
tZiob ssPh sshhny AtXm-dnn sNbam (FIvkv Hôtjym)
18.
sa sk{I-dn (^pssSw). tPmbn v sk{I-dn/ kbnnv PnbpsS t{KUn-ep

Hcm-ô-ksd AtXm-dn-n- sN-bam-\p-ambn Btem-Nnv tI{-]-cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw
sU]yq-t-j-\n \nb-an-Ww.
1924. kwm\ ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn t_mUp-I-fpsS sa sk{I--dn-I
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-
1.
CsXmcp myq-dn AtXm-dn-n-bmWv. CXns ip]mi-I km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn AtX

]Sn AwKo-Ic
- n-s
- Spw. (tZiob h\y-Pohn t_mUns amXr-Ib
- n-em-Wn-Xpw). t_mUns
ip]mi-I kp{]nw-tIm-SXn t]mepw t`Z-KXn sNm-dn.
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59

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bn ]cn-n-Xnv tImw Xp `qhn-\n-tbm-K Bkq-{X-Ww,

hyh-km-b
- f
- p-sSbpw CXc {]h\-f
- p-tSbpw m\-\nbw Fn-hs
- bmw AtXmdn-n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bns]Spw.
3.
_-s kwm-\-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn

ip]mi sNp {]tZ-i-sf ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I-fmbn \nn-X- k-a-b-]-cn-[np-n AwKo-I-cn-m-\p Ana A[n-Imcw AtXm-dn-n-bn \nn-]vX-amWv. ]cnnXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-IfpsS hyXykvX \ne-hm-cs kw_-n Xop-I-ev]n-p-Xv
Hcp IqSn-bm-tem-N\ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS ka-b-_-n-X-ambn (6 amkw) Bbn-cn-Ww.
4.
Hcp Imcyw AwKo-I-cn-p-sImtm, Xn-smtm FSp-p GXv Xocp-am-\hpw \nb-a\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw XnIpw kpXm-cyhpw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p D-c-hp-Ifpw \nt-i-fpw kzbw
hy-X-bp--Xp-am-bn-cn--Ww. Ah-km\ Xop-I]n-p-I-gn-m AXv s]mXp-P-\-fpsS Adn-hn-te-mbn {]kn--s-Sp--Ww.
5.
]n-a-L--nse kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-bn Fs-nepw X-ap-m-bm AXn

Ana Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-m-\p A[n-Imcw Cu AtXm-dn-n-m-Wv. kwm\ AtXm-dn-nI-fpsS A-tev AtXm-dnn IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.
6.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-n\v ]n-a-L--n A{I-Un-Uv Ikp-amsc

\ntbm-Kn-m\pw Ah-cpsS `mKv sX-p-Ip--tfm hogvNtbm Dm-bm Ah-cpsS `mKw
IqSn tI-tijw Atbm-Ky-cm-m\pw AtXm-dn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v.
7.
]n-a-L--n\v lm\n-I-c-am-bn-p GXv {]hnbpw \ntcm[n-m\pw \nb-{n-m\pw

_-s kwm\ km-cnt\m GPkn-Itm \ntZiw \Im\pw Ah ]menpp Fv Ddp hcp-m\pw AtXm-dn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v.
8.
hnm-]-\-nse GXv Imcys kw_-n-p-ap kwi-b- Zqco-I-cn-m AtXmdn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v.
9.
]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-nepw CX-c-]-cn-n-Xn-\n-b-a--fnepw \ntZ-in-p ]ngbpw

av inm-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw \n-bn-m AtXm-dn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v.
10.
Hcp Xocp-am-\-n-se-m Bh-iy-amb tcJ-I kwm-\--tI{ Khsap-I-fn\nv

Bh-iy-s-Sm AtXm-dn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v. knhn \S-]-Sn-{I-a-nse (Civil Procedure
Code) hyh--I {]Im-c-ap-ff A[n-Imcw AtXm-dn-n-p-v.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS {]h\w
1.
]cn-nXn kwc-W \nb-a-n-sebpw (1986) av ]cn-nXn kw_--amb \nb-a-fpsSbpw hyh--Iv hnt[-b-am-bmWv AtXm-dnn {]hn-p--Xv.
2.
Pnm ]cn-nXn In-n-bp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bvp-thn

kwm\-km Xm-dm-p `qhn-\n-tbmK am m AtXm-dnn AwKo-I-cn-tXv.
3.
]n-a-L--nse ssPh-ssh-hn[yw kwc-n-m\pw kpn-c-hn-I-k\w t{]mm-lnn-m\pw thn-bp amm hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t-Xv AtXm-dn-n-bmWv. hntPv,
Xmeqv, Pnm-X-e-n Xmsg \nv apI-fn-tev F kao-]-\-tmsS Bbn-cn-Ww
amm Xm-dm-t-Xv.
4.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-n-Xn-tbbpw Ahn-Ss kaq-l--fpsS kmaqly Ah--tbbpw

kw_-nv {]Xn-Iqe ê-ap-f-hm-p {]h-\- \nb-{n-p--Xn\v kzoI-cn-t
]cn-an-X-amb \ne-hmcw AtXm-dnn \n-bnv \IWw.
5.
]n-aL
- -
- ns ]cn-n-Xn-bn Ne-\
- f
- p-m-m Ign-bp {]h-\
- sf t{]mmln-n-m\pw Kth-jWw GtIm-]n-n-m\pw A]-{K-Yn-m\pw AtXm-dn-nv Npa-X-e-bpv.
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60

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
]n-a-L--ns kwc--W-n\pw hnI-k-\-n\pw Bh-iy-amb {]h-\- GsSp-m ]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-nse 3(2) hIp-p-{]-Imcw AtXm-dn-nsb Npa-X-es-Sp-n-bn-pv.
7.
"sjUyq-fn-' Ds \n_--\-Ipw \nb-{-W-pw hnt[-b-am-bn-thWw AtXmdnn {]hn-m. hfsc \nm-bI cmPy-cm Bh-iy- Hgn-p--h-bpsS Imcyn Cu \n_--\-I Ii-\-ambn ]men-n-cn-Ww.
8.
Hcp taJ-e-bn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS Imcy-n Hcp Bh\ BLmX-k-ao-]-\-am-bn-cn-Ww AtXm-dnn kzoI-cn-t-Xv. taJe Bkq-{XW {]{Inb B
taJ-e-bnse {]h-\--fp-sSbpw t{]mP-IvSp-I-fp-sSbpw ]c-am-h[n Fhpw hen-hpw
kz`m-hhpw IqSn \n-bn-p-p-sv AtXm-dnn Dd-p-h-cp-Ww.
9.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fpsS kwc--W-n\pw kpn-c-Xbvpw

\nb-{-W-n\pw thn-bp Cu hnm-]-\-nse Bh-iy-v th-Xm-sWv
tXmp GXp NpaX-ebpw AtXm-dn-nv Gs-Spmw.
kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-I
1.
_-s kwm\ km-cn-t\mSpw AIvkv AtXm-dn-n-tbmSpw IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv tI{

Kh-samWv kwm\ ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-I cq]n-I-cn-p-Xv.
2.
kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-I-fn imkv{Xw, [\-X-Xz-imkv{Xw,\nbaw, tkmtjym-fPn Fo

hnj-b--fnse hnZ-Kv[ h\-imkv{Xw, Pe-imkv{Xw, avimkv{Xw, Irjn, `qhn-\n-tbmKw,
]cn-nXn XpS-nb taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-Kv[, _-s hIp-p-I-fnse {]Xn-\n-[n-I
Fn-h-cps-Spp.
kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-bpsS LS\

BsI 11 AwK--fmWp-mhpI.
A\p-tZym-K-mw-K-
1.
sNbam Hcp dn-tbUv ssltm-SXn PUvPn-bp-sStbm Ign-hXpw ]n-a-L taJ-ebn \np {]apJ ]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[t\m Bbn-cnpw.
2.
Ign-hXpw ]n-a-L taJ-e-bn\n-p {]ap-J-\mb Hcp ]cn-nXn \nb-a-hn-Z-Kv[
3.
taJ-e-bnse {]ap-J-\mb ]cn-n-Xn-hn-Z-Kv[
46
kwm-\s {]ap-J-cmb kmaq-ly-{]-h-I
DtZym-K-mw-K-
7.
kwm-\-a-en-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUv sNbam (FIvkv Hôtjym)
8.
kwm\ ]cn-nXnh\w-h-Ip-ns {]nkn- sk{I-dn (FIvkv Hôtjym)
9.
kwm\ Bkq-{X-W-t_mUns Hcp {]Xn-\n[n
10.
kwm\ ssPh-ssh-hny t_mUns sNbam (FIvkv Hô-tjym)
11.
sa sk{I-dn (^pssSw) tPmbn v sk{I-dn/ AssUz-k Pn t{KUn-ep Hcp

Bô-ksd kwm\ km-cn\v sU]yq-t-j-\n \nb-anmw.
{]tXyI Wn-Xm-: tkh\w AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv Fv tXmp ]w km
DtZym-K
t- c-tbm, Nne hnj-bfn {]mho-Wy-ap hnZ-Kv[t- c-tbm. sNbam\v {]tXyIw
Wn-p-h-cp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-

1.
Hcp \nnX {]{In-b-bn-eqsS AtXm-dnnv apn-se-p ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn kw_n X-n-t Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-m-\p A[n-Imcw kwm-\-A-tXm-dn-n-mWv.
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61

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2.
Hmtcm Pnbpw ]cn-nXn Hmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-m-\p A[n-Imcw kwm\ AtXmdn-n-mWv. alm-m-Kmn sXmgn-ep-d-p-]--Xn-bpsS Hmw_p-Uvkvams\ \nb-an-p amXrI-bn-ep Cu Hmw_p-Uvkvam-\mWv Pnm ]cn-nXn In-n-bpsS sNbam.
3.
]n-a-L--n\v tImw Xp GXp-{]-hnbpw \ntcm-[n-m\pw \nb-{n-m\pw Bhiy-amb GXv \nt-ihpw \Im\pw AXv ]cn-]m-en-sSpp Fv Dd-p-h-cp-m-\pap A[n-Imcw kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-pv.
4.
]n-a-L--ns kwc--W-n\pw hnI-k-\-n\pw thn GXp {]h\w Fs-Spm\pw ]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-nse 3(2) hIp--\p-k-cn-p Fm A[n-Im-c-fpw
AtXm-dn-nv \In-bn-pv.
5.
]cn-n-Xn-\n-baw (1986), _-s av \nb-a- Fnh A\p-im-knpw {]Imcw \nba-ew-L-I-cn\nv DNn-X-amb ]ng CuSm-m\pw, av inm-hn-[n-I \S-m-m\pw AtXmdn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v.
6.
Hcp Xocp-am-\-n-se-p--Xn-\p-thn tI{-km-cn\pw kwm-\-km-cn\pw _s GPkn-I-fnepw \nv Fv tcJ Bh-iy-s-Sm\pw AtXm-dn-nv A[n-Im-c-ap-v.
knhn \S-]-Sn-{I-a-nse hIp-p-I {]Im-c-ap A[n-Im-c- kwm\ AtXm-dn-nbn \nn-]vX-amWv.
Pnm ]cn-nXn Inn

1.
kwm\ kmcpw ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv Hmtcm ]n-a-L

Pn-bnepw kwm\ AtXm-dnn Hcp Pnm-]-cn-nXn Inn cq]o-I-cn-Ww. kzw
A[n-I-c-]-cn-[n-bn-ep ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-esb kw_-n-p GXv Xhpw
]cn-tim-[nv ]cn-l-cn-m-\p Npa-Xe Cu Pnm In-n-mWv.
2.
imkv{Xw, [\-XX
- z-imkv{Xw, \nbaw, tkmtjym-fPn Fo hnj-b
- f
- n-sebpw h\-imkv{Xw,
Pe-imkv{Xw, av-imkv{Xw, Irjn, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, ]cn-nXn Fo taJ-e-I-fn-sebpw
hnZ-Kv[cpw _-s hIp-p-I-fnse {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Ds--Xm-bn-cn-Ww Cu Pnm-In-n-I.
3.
]cn-nXn Ah-t_m[ thmfn-bamsc (]cym-h-c hmln\n As-n HmW-ddn h\yPohn (hmUm-cpsS amXr-I-bn) Pn Inn \nb-an-Ww. ]n-a-L--nse ]cnnXn {]m[m-\y-s-n P\-sf t_m[-h-cn-p-Ibpw Ah-sc-qSn ]m-fn-I-fmn
nXn-K-Xn-I A]-{K-Yn-p-I-bp-amWv Ch-cpsS {][m\ Npa-Xe.
Pnm ]cn-nXn In-n-bpsS Npa-X-e-I

1.
]n-a-L am m\ns Pnm-Xe Bkq-{XW GPkn-bmWv Cu Pnm-I-nn Bkq{XW {]{Inb Xmsg-\nv apI-fn-te-m-bn-cn-Ww. hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fpsS m\p-I PnmX-e-n amm-\p-ambn kwtbm-Pn-n-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-tim-[-\bpw hne-bn-cpepw \S-t-Xpw Pnm In-n-bmWv.
2.
{i-bns]-Sp GsXmcp Xhpw ]cn-tim-[nv kwm-\-A-tXm-dn-n-bpsS {i-bn

sImp-h-tc-Xv Pnm-I--n-bmWv. Hcp X-n Hn-e-[nIw Pn-I Ds-n-ps-n AXv t\cnv kwm\ AtXm-dn-nv \IWw.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Imem-h[n
1.
Fm AtXm-dn-n-I-fn-sebpw In-n-I-fn-sebpw AwK--fpsS Imem-h[n 5 hj-amWv.
tImS-Xn-hy-h-lmcw
1.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS A[n-Im-c-s DtZym-K- \nnjvS coXn-bn ^b sNp ]cmXn-I-fn-t am{Xta tImSXn tIkv FSp-mhq.
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62

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2.
]n-a-L ]cn-n-Xnv tZmj-ambn _m[n-p-tXm hnm-]-\-n\v hncp-tam Bb

GsXmcp {]iv\-n-tepw Pnm In-ntm kwm\ AtXm-dn-ntm AIvkv AtXmdn-ntm \nn-X-t^m-d-n t\mokv \Im GsXmcp ]uc\pw Ah-Im-i-apv.
AtXm-dn-n-I-fpsS km-nI kzbw-`-cWw

AIvkv AtXm-dn-npw kwm\ AtXm-dn-n-I-sfbpw Pnm-I-n-n-Ipw km-nI
kzbw-`-cWw tI{-km Dd-p-h-cp-pp. Ch-cpsS {]h-\-n\p th ^v tI{
kwm\ km-cp-I kzcq-]nv \Ipw. CXn-\p-]p-dsa ]ng C\-nepw apw e`n-pp.
XpI-bpsS Hcp `mKhpw Ch-bpsS {]h-\-n-\p-th ^v tI{kwm-\-km-cp-I
kzcq-]nv \Ipw. CXn-\p-]p-dta ]ng C\-nepw apw e`n-p XpI-bpsS Hcp-`m-Khpw ChbpsS {]h-\-sN-e-hn-\mbn D]-tbm-Knmw.
X-]-cn-lmcw
1.
hnm-]-\-nse \n_--\-I GsX-nepw hyntbm GPkntbm ewLn-p-Xmbn Bs-nepw ]cm-Xn-bp-s-ntem sjUyq-fn ]d-n-p am-tc-J-Iv
hncp--ambn ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[np Fs-nepw hnh\w Dm-bmtem Bpw Pnm ]cn-nXn In-ntbm
kwm\ AtXm-dn-ntbm apJm-ncw \nnjvS ^md-n ]cmXn Xm-dmn _s A[n-Ir-Xsc kao-]nmw.
2.
]cmXn e`nv 30 Znh-k-n-\Iw _-s AtXm-dnn AYhm Inn CXn-t \S-]Sn

FSp-t-Xpw ]c-am-h[n 6 amk-n-\p-n Xov Iev]n-t--Xp-amWv. Nne {]tXyI
tIkp-I-fn 6 amk-n IqSp-X kabw thn-h-cn-I-bm-sW-n AXn-\p ImcWw
hy-am-n-bn-cn-Ww. _-s--hv As-n Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iv ]d-bp-hm\p-Xv tIm-\p Ah-kcw IqSn \IWw.
]naL ût-j
1.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS D]-tk-h-\-sf km-n-I-ambpw Am-sXbpw

klm-bn-m-\mbn AtXm-dnn apJm-ncw Hcp ]n-a-L kwc--W-am-t\-Pvsa v ûtj\v tI{-km cq]w \IWw.
2.
Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-nXn \nK-a-\--fn-se-p--Xn\v Bh-iy-amb hnZKv[ D]-tZ-ifpw hnh-c-fpw e`n-p--Xn-\mbn IqSp-X Kth-j-Whpw e-k-i-\hpw A]-{KY-\-fpw \S-p--Xn\v Cu ^v hn\n-tbm-Kn-m-hp--XmWv.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS N-qSv

1.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS eyw kw_-n tvsa v
2.
Ah-Xm-cnI
3.
\n-N-\-
4.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS LS\
5.
AwK--fpsS Imem-h-[nbpw tkh-\-hy-h--Ifpw
6.
Poh-\-m-cpw, DtZym-K-cpw
7.
A[n-Im-c-
8.
Npa-X-e-I
9.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS \S-]-Sn-{Iaw
10.
AtXm-dn-n-p [\-k-lm-bhpw hmbv]-Ifpw ^ns LS-\bpw
11.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Auvkpw BUnpw.
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63

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
12.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS hmjnI dntmv
13.
]me-san hbvt--hmjnI dntmpw BUnv dntmpw.
14.
kwm-\-A-tXm-dn-n-bpsS LS\
15.
Pnm ]cn-nXn In-n-bpsS LS\
16.
]n-a-L kwc-W,amt\-Pvsa v am m
17.
]cn-n-Xn-Zp_e taJ-e-bpsS amhpw t`Z-K-Xnbpw
18.
]n-a-L kwc--W-am-t\-Pvsa v ût-j cq]o-I-cWw.
19.
I-\n-bpsS Ip-
20.
HutZym-KnI IrXy-\n-l-W-n DtZym-K-p kwc-Ww.
15. BXn-c-nn, Kpnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I

]cn-nXn Zp_e taJe Hnepw cnepw henb Pem-i-b--fp AW-s-p-Iv
]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Icp-sXmWv Cu kan-Xn-bpsS (WGEEPbpsS) \ntiw. slm-Sl AW-sv Dt]-n-p-sImv Kpnb ]-Xn-bn sh-n-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip {]tZ-ins hnkvXow 80 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-bvm-sav Im-SI ] tIm-td-j \nt-inn-pv. ]s, ]-Xn-bn \nt-in--s-n-p s_mUvv Ipamcn AW-spw taJe HnemWv hcp-Xv. AXp-t]mse BXn-c-nn AW-s-ns m\hpw taJe Hn-emWv.AXpsImv Cu cv ]-Xn-Ipw ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \I-cp-sX-mWv ]cn-nXnh\w
a{m-e-b-tm-Sp R-fpsS ip]mi. am{X-hp-a, ]n-I-PmXnav ]c--cm-KX h\-\nhmkn(h\--t-ep Ah-Imiw)\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap \S-]-Sn-I Cu cp-ta-J-e-bnepw C\nbpw
]qn-bm-bn-n. BI-bm Cu cv ]-Xn-Ipw ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip-Xv XnIpw
A\p-Nn-X-amWv.
15.1. BXn-c-nn ]Xn

1.
kwm-\s sshZypXn D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h-[n-bn-se-p sshIov 6 apX 10 hscbp ka-bs sshZypXn Zue`yw t\cn-Sm-\mbn 163 saKm-hmv Dev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp
Hcp PesshZypX AW-sv Nme-pSn ]pgbvv IpdpsI Xriq Pn-bn \nn-m\mWv tIcf kwm\ hnZyp-n t_mUv ]Xn Xm-dm-n-bn-p-Xv.
2.
ChnsS \nn-m-\p-t-in-p tIm{Iov AW-s-ns Dbcw 23 aodpw \ofw 311 aodp-amWv. ChnsS sh-n-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip {]tZ-i-ns hnkvXow 104 slIvS-dm-sWnepw Bh-iy-amb samw-h-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnkvXow 138 slIvS-dmWv. AW-s-n
\np shw 6.4 ao hymkhpw 4.69 In.ao \of-hp-ap SW-en-eqsS ]mbn-mWv Umw
sskn\v hS-p-]-Sn-mdv IIp-gn-tXmSn\p apI-fn-ep-ff {][m\ ]hlu-kn-se-np-X
- v. ]hlu-kn\nv Iw-Ipgn tXm-Sn-se-p Pew H-cIn.ao. k-cnv hopw
Nme-pSn ]pg-bn-sepw. 3.4 ao hymkhpw 50 ao \of-hp-ap 2 s]tm-mWv
] lukn-tev \Ip-Xv. Ch-bpsS tijn 2 x 80 saKm-hm-mWv. CXn-\p-]p-dta AWs-nt\mSv tNv 50 ao Xmsg 1.5 saKm-hmv tijn-bp cv P\-td--dp-I IqSn
m]n-mWv ]-Xn-bpsS samw Dev]m-Z-\-tijn 163 saKm-hm-mbn \n-bn-n-p-Xv.
]-Xn-bpsS ]m-ew
1.
tI{- ]-cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw Cu ]-XnIv 20/1/1998 ]cn-nXn nb-dkpw

22121997 Hmw L h\w nb-dkpw 16/12/1999 cmw-L h\w nb-dkpw \Inbn-cpp.
2.
aqv s]mXpXm-ev]-cy-lPn-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n _lp. tIcf ssltm-SXn Cu

nb-dkp-I kkvs]p sNbvXp. sS \S-]-Sn-I-fnse {Ia-t-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-nXn
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64

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kwcW \nb-a-ns ewL-\-amWv a{m-e-b-ns nb-dkv Fpw Nqn-m-nbmWv CXv tImSXn kkvs] v sNbvXXv.
\S-]-Sn-{Iaw ]p\: ]cn-tim-[n-m hnZyp-n t_mUvkn-t\mSpw t\cs \Inb
A\p-aXn ]nh-env a{m-e-b-ns 1994 se ]cn-nXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y\ hnm-]\hpw, 1041997 se AXns t`Z-K-Xnbpw (17102001se tIcf ssltm-S-Xn-hn[n) {]Imc-ap s]mXp-hmb sXfn-sh-Spv \Sn AXns ASn-m-\-n ]cn-nXn nbdkv ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-p-hm\pw tI{-K-h-sn-t\mSpw tImSXn \nt-inp.
3.
AXp-{]-Im-c-ap \S-]-Sn-bpsS `mK-ambn 622002 tIcf kwm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb{W t_mUv Xriq-cn shv s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv \Sn. t{Smn- s_mm-Wn-
KmUkv B v dnkv Cn-yqv 1996 \S-nb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\ns hnizm-ky-X-bnepw ]cn-n-Xn-bntepw ssPh sshhn-y-n-tepw Dm-Im-hp
BLm-Xs-]-nbpw, bYm-Pe e`y-Xsb kw_-n kmt-Xn-I-amb {]mtbm-Kn-IX-sb-]-nbpw sXfn-sh-Sp-n\v lmP-cm-b-h [mcmfw kwi-b--fp--bn-p-Ibpw DXvWvT
Adn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CtX XpSv sXfn-sh-Spv \S-nb kanXn Xti m]-\, hnhn[ km hIp-p-I, \Zo-X-S-nse {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I Fn-h-cp-ambn Bib-hn-\n-abw \Sn _rl-mb asmcp ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w IqSn \S-m
s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv kan-Xn-\nt-inp.
4.
_rl-mb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w \S-m hnZyp-n t_mUv 2002 P\ph-cn-bn hm B v ]h Ikkn ko-kkv Cy enan--Uns\ Npa-X-e-sSpn. Ch Xm-dm-nb dntmns B[n-Im-cn-I-X-tbbpw hnizm-ky-X-sbbpw NmepSn ]pg kwc--W-k-anXn tNmZyw sNbvXp.
5.
ta-d Ikkn Xm-dm-nb dntmn \yq\-XI

- [mcm-fa
- p-spw ssPhssh-hn-y-]-T-\-n\v Ah kzoI-cn amw sXm-sWpw Btcm-]nv hnZyp-n
t_mUv ssltm-S-Xn-bn kXy-hm-Mvaqew kanp. s]mXp-sX-c-s-Spv ]m\
\nt-in GPkn-I-fp-ambn Ikp-am bmsXmcp IqSn-bm-tem-N-\bpw \S-n-bnn-pw kXy-hm-Mvaq-e-n hy-am-n-bn-cpp.
6.
Fm-bn-cp-mepw 1022005 \v hnZyp-n t_mUn\v ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw hopw

nb-dkv \In. CXn-s\-Xnsc BXn-c-nn {Kma-]-m-bpw \nnjvS AWs-p-hm Ghpw Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-tn hcp ImS Kncn-P-\-fpw tNv s]mXp XmXv]cy-lPn ^bsNbvXp. CXn\v ASn-m-\-ambn ]d-n-cp-Xv cm-as ]cn-nXn
BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-dn-tmv s]mXp-P-\--fn \nv ad-p-shp Fpw CXn-t s]mXp
sXfn-sh-Spv \S-n-bn Fp-amWv.
7.
As\ ]-Xnv cm-aXv \Inb ]cn-nXn nb-dkv 233 2006 _lp. tIcf
ssltm-SXn Unhn-j _v dmn. hnZyp-n t_mUv Xm-dm-nb ]cn-nXn
BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y\ dntmv ]c-ky-s-Sp-n-b-tijw AXn-t s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv
\S-m tImSXn tIc-f-kw-m\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUn-t\mSv Bh-iy-p.
8.
As\ \nnjvS BXn-c-nn Pe-ssh-ZypX AW-s-ns\ kw_-n cm-as

s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv 15.6.2006 Nme-p-Sn-bn \Sn. Nme-p-Sn-]pg kwc--W-k-anXn
]n-a-L kan-Xnv kan \nth-Z-\-n ]d-bp-Xv s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp-n ]sSp 1200 e[nIw t]cn Bcpw Xs ]-Xnsb A\p-Iq-env kwkm-cn-n-cp-n-smWv. s]mXp sXfn-sh-Spv ]m\-en\v kan 252 \nth-Z-\--fn ]-Xnsb A\p-Iqen-p--hcpw {]Xn-Iq-en-p--hcpw Xn-ep A\p-]mXw 1:9 BWv. s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv
Nm\-ens an\nvkv GI-I-WvT-am-bn-cp-n-spw ]m\-ense 5 t]cn 3 t]cpw ]-Xnsb
FXnp-shpw, CXn 2 t] AW-sv \nm-W-ns sISp-Xn-I t\cn--\p-`-hntn hcp P\--fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb BXn-c-n {Kma-]-m-bv {]kn-Upw
Nme-pSn tmv ]m-bv {]kn-U-p-am-sWpw kwc-W kan-Xn-bpsS \nth-Z-\n hy-am-pp.
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65

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9.
]-Xn-s-Xn-cmb P\-tcmjw hopw Dbp. XpSv ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw

\ntbm-Kn Aw-K-]-cn-nXn Ah-tem-I\ kanXn, Umw sskpw A\p-_ {]tZ-ifpw kin-p-Ibpw ]-Xnsb FXnp--h-cp-ambpw hnZyp-n t_mUv DtZym-K-cp-ambpw 2007 G{]n-en Nme-p-Sn-bn shv N \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ASp
Znhkw Xriq Su lmfn Ch Hcp s]mXpsXfn-sh-Sppw \Sn. As hnZypn t_mUv sNbam\pw CXn kw_-np. ]-Xnsb FXnp--h-cn \nv
AXn-\p hy-amb Imc-W- At\z-jn-msX Inn asmcp s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv
\S-p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.
10.
In-n-bpsS dntmns ASn-m-\-n ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-nse \Zo-X-S]--Xn-Im-bp hnZ-KvZ-k-anXn 18/7/2007 ]-Xnv hopw nb-dkv \In.
11.
hopw CXn-s\-Xnsc s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-lPn-I ^b sN-sp. ImS Kncn-h-mcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmb {ioaXn KoXbpw Hcp sslt{Um-fPn Fn-\o-b-dmb {io. kn.Pn.
a[p-kq-Z-\\pw BWv lPn-I ^b sNbvXv. ]cn-nXn, ssPh sshhn-y-{]-iv\hpw
AXv Ah-cpsS PohnX kwhn-[m-\-n krjvSn-t-m-hp BLm-X-hp-amWv {ioaXn
KoX tNmZyw sNbvXXv. {io.a[p-kq-Z-\ D-bn {]iv\w ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\hpw AXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn sslt{Um-f-Pn- Umm-t_-kns km[p-X-bp-amWv.
12.
tIcf kwm\ ssPh-ssh-hny t_mUv Cu {]iv\w hni-Z-ambn N-sN-p-Ibpw B

taJ-e-bnse k--amb ssPh-ssh-hnyw IW-n-se-Spv ]-Xn-s-Xn-cmb Xocpam\w ssIsIm-p-Ibpw hnZyp--n-t_mUns\ {]Xn-tNv tIc-f-ssl-tm-S-Xn
kXy-hm-Mvaqew ^b sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
13.
ssltm-S-Xn-bnse 2 Unhn-j _v 2008 epw 2009epw cv {]mhiyw tIkv tIp. hn[nmbn Imn-cn-pp.
14.
Cu ]-Xn-mbn tIcf km-cn \np-b-cp kw aqew ]n-a-L--nse av

Nne ]-Xn-Ismw CXp-IqSn ]cn-tim-[nv ip]mi \Im ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn
kan-Xn-tbmSv ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw Bh-iy-s-n-cn--bmWv.
ki-\-fpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw
1.
]n-a-L kanXn 2011 P\p-hcn 29 \v \nnjvS Umw sskpw Pem-i-b-ta-J-ebpw, s]mIe-m-d-bn-sebpw hmg-m-en-sebpw Kncn-h tI{-fpw Ah-bpsS kao-]-{]-tZ-i-fpw
Xpqapgn taP Cdn-tK-j t{]mPIvSpw kinp. ImS Kncn-h-m-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[nI-fp-ambpw BXn-c-nn ]m-bv A[n-Ir-X-cp-ambpw kan-Xn-bp-sS-]-{X-p-dn-p-Iv
Fnb s]mXp-P-\--fp-ambpw kanXn N-I \Sn.
2.
CXn-\-]p-dta kanXn hn]p-e-amb Hcp kmt-XnI kwhm-Zhpw kwL-Sn-np. hnZyp--nt_mUv Nme-p-Sn-]pg kwc--W-k-anXn, \Zn Kth-j-W-tI{w, tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy-]-cn-jXv, tIcf h\w Kth-jW Cn-yqv, {]IrXn kwc-W ût-j, Pe-tkN\w, Kncn-h-hn-I-k\w, h\wh\y-Pohn, Sqdnkw hIp-p-I-fn \np DtZym-K-,
dn-b sNbvX h\w-h-Ipv DtZym-K-, h\w-kw-c--W-k-anXn, hnZyp--n-t_mUv
Bô-tkgvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j Fn-h-bn \np hnZ-Kv[ XpS-n-b-h CXn
kw_-np. hmkvX-h-n ]-Xnsb FXnp--hcpw A\p-Iq-en-p--hcpw Xnep BZy-B-ib kwhm-Z-am-bn-cpp CXv.
3.
N-bn ]s-Sp Fm-hn-`m-K--fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b- kanXn tcJ-s-Spn. IqSpXmbn GsX-nepw hnh-c- \Im-\p-s-n AXv sNbam\v C sabn/t]mv
Bbn \Im\pw sNbam A`ynp.
4.
Kncn-P-\-, BXn-c-nn ]m-bv, s]mXp-P-\-, hnZyp-n t_mUnse hnZKv[, kwm\ ssPh sshhn-y-t_mUns 26 92007 se 14maXp aonw-Kns an\nvkv,
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmp-I, aqv s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp-p-I-fpsS hni-Zmwi-, ]-Xn-bpsS kmt-Xn-I-amb {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb kw_-n-p-b kwi-b-,
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66

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sshZypXn {]iv\-n-\p av t]mwh-gn-I, tIcf ssltm-SXn D-c-hp-I Fn-hbn-semw hfsc hni-Z-ambn hne-bn-cp-n-b-Xns ASn-m-\-n kanXn NphsS ]dbp \nK-a-\--fn-se-pp.
ssPh-ssh-hnyw
1.
A]q \Zo-Xoc h\-ssP-h-hy-h : Nme-p-Sn-]p-g-bnse \Zo-Xo-c -h\ ssPhhyh

]n-a-L--n {]tXy-Inpw tIc-f-n AXy-]q-amWv.
2.
ssPh hyh--bnse Xt-io-bX (endemism) : \nnjvS Umw sskn \Zo-Xoc h\

ssPh-hy-h--bn ChnsS am{Xw ImWp-Xpw AXy-]qh-hp-amb 155 C\w kky-fpw
RET (Rare, Endangered and Threatened) hn`m-K-n Ds-Sp 33 C\w kky-fpw
Dv.
3.
Xt-iob C\-fpsS k-X : ]Xn {]tZiw Xt-io-b-amb (endemic) \nc-h[n

A]q kky-Po-h-Pm-e--fm kar--amWv. 21% kky-fpw (508 C\--fn) 16% Nn{Xi-e-`-fpw (54), 53% D`-b-Po-hn-Ifpw (17), 21 %Dc-K-fpw (19), 13% ]n-Ifpw (98)
, 14% kkvX-\n-Ifpw (22) Cu hn`m-K-n Ds-Sp-p.
4.
Syzygium occidentalis, Atuna Travancorica
Fo hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp \Zo-X-S-hr--
Chn-sS-bpv.
5.
tIc-f-nse A]q C\w kky- : Gymnema Khandalense, Lagenandra nairii Fo

kky- tIc-f-n BXn-c--n-bn am{Xta Dq.
6.
Bhm-k-tI-{--fpsS XpS : hmg-mBXn-c-n taJ-e-bnse \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-I

Xmgv Db Xe--fn-ep Bhm-k-tI-{-sf Xn _n-n-pp.
7.
Db kwc--W-aqeyw : t]mn-t-cn-bnse {^v Cn-yqv tIc-f-n-\p-thn

Xm-dm-nb ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc--W-X-{hpw I-]--Xnbpw A\p-k-cnv hmg-mens (]-Xn-{]-tZiw) kwc-W aqeyw 75% tmfw Db-XmWv. tIc-f-h\w KthjW Cn-yqv \S-nb ]T\ {]Imcw hfsc Db ssPh-ssh-hn-y-aq-ey-ap {]tZi-amWv hmg-m. hfsc hni-Z-amb Hcp ssPh sshhny amt\-Pvsa v m\pw Cu {]tZi-n-\mbn Cn-yqv Xm-dm-n-bn-pv.
8.
]n-kw-c-Ww : (i) tIc-f-n Is-n-bn-p 486 C\w ]n-I-fn 234 Fhpw

hmg-mBXn-c-nn taJ-e-bn-em-Wp-Xv. (ii) tIc-f-n ImWp 4 C\w tlm_np-Ifpw (ae-_m t{K tlm_n, t{K tlm_n, ae-_m ss]Sv tlm_n,
t{Kv Cy tlm_n) BXn-c-nnhmg-m taJ-e-bn Dv. (iii) ae-_m ss]Sv
tlm_n-ns hwi-h-\hv \S-p cv tI{--fmWv tIc-f-n-ep-Xv. AXn
Hv BXn-c-n-n-bnse \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-Ifpw asmv Bdfw h\y-ar-K-k-tXhp-amWv.
(iv) ]n-a-L--n am{Xw ImWp Xt-io-b-amb 16 C\w ]n-I-fn 12 C\hpw BXnc-nnhmg-m taJ-e-bn-epv.
9.
{][m\ ]n-tI{w : hmg-mtjmf-bm taJ-esb 1995 Xs BtKm-fm-Sn-m-\n {]ap-J-]n tI{-ambn tIw{_n-UvPnse t_Uv sse^v C\m-j-W sXcs-Sp-n-p--XmWv.
10.
Db ay-ssh-hnyw : tIc-f-n tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p 210 C\w ay--fn 104

C\- Nme-pSn ]pg-bn-epv. Ch-bn ISp hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp 9 C\fpw, hwi-\m-i-ò-j-Wn-bp 22 C\-fpw Ds-Spp.
11.
Nme-p-Sn-bn am{X-ap ay- : tIc-f-ns ay-k--ns\ ]n-bp ]T-\n I 210 C\w ip-P-e-a-y--fn 23 C\- Nme-p-Sn-]p-g-bn am{X-ap--hbmWv.
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67

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12. ]pXnb ay- C\ : ]pXp-Xmbn Is-n-bn-p 5 C\w ay- Osteochilichthys

longidorsalis, Travancoria elongata Horabagrus nigrocollaris, Puntius chalakudiensis, Salarias
reticulatus CXm-Zy-ambn Nme-p-Sn-]p-g-bn Is-n-bn-pv.
13.
AXy-]q ay C\w : Nme-p-Sn-]p-g-bn am{Xw ImWp AXy-]q ay-C-\-amb

Osteochilichthys longidodrsalis s Fw Ign cv Zi-I-n-\p--fn 99 %hpw \in-pI-gnp.
14.
]Xn {]tZ-is ay-_m-lpeyw : Nme-pSn ]pg-bn-ep 99 C\w ay--fn 68

C\hpw ImWp-Xv ]-Xn-{]-tZ-i-m-sWv ]T\w hy-am-pp.
15.
ay -{]-P-\\ {]tZiw : BXn-c-nnhmg-m taJe At\Iw kqva Bhm-k-tI{sfm-cpn Hsm ay-C-\-pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hwi-h-\-tI-{-ambn
{]hn-pp.
16.
ay-Ip-Sn-tbw : Nne-bn\ ay- ]pg-bn Hgp-n-s\-Xnsc apI-fn-tepw ap-Nn-eh

Xmtgpw IpSn-tbdn Ah-bpsS Pohn-X-Nw-{I-aWw ]qn-bm-pp. BI-bm AWsv \nmWw Ch-bpsS \ne-\nev]v {]Xy--n Xs Cm-Xmpw.
17.
Nme-p-Sn-]pg ay-k-tXw : ]pg-bnse k--amb ay-ssh-hn-yhpw taev]-d

{]m[m-\y-fpw IW-n-se-Spv Nme-pSn ]pg-sb, ay-P-\n-XI t{kmX-p-Im-bp
tZiob _yqtdm Hcp ay kt-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-m ip]mi sNbvXn-cn--bmWv.
18.
D`-b-Po-hn-I-fpsS kqvahmk-ew : tSmd v Xh-f-sb-t]mse shw Ib-dn-n-S-p

s]mp-I-fnepw apw Pohn-p Nne D`-b-Po-hn-Iv ]Xn Io-j sNp--tXmsS
Ah-bpsS hmk-ew \jvS-sSpw. tSmd v Xhf (Micrixalus saxicolus) ]Xn hgn apntm-Ip Dcp ]md--p-In-Sbnv am{X-amWv ImWp--Xv.
19.
Fen-^ v dnkv : tI{ ]cn-nXn a{m-ebw "t{]mPIvSv Fen-^ v' Bbn \n-bnn-p Fen-^ v dnkv 9 Ds-Sp--XmWv Cu ]Xn {]tZiw apgp-h.
20.
B\-I-fpsS IpSn-tb--]mX : ]d-n-p-f-p-\nv ]qbw-Ipn h\-n-tev Atm-p-antmpw B\-I k-cn-p amw ]-Xn-bpsS ê-ambn sh-n-\-Sn-bn-emhpw.
21.
knwl-hm-e Ipc-p-I : ]n-a-L--n hwi-\miw t\cn-SpXpw Nne ImSp-I-fn

am{Xw ImWp--Xp-amb knwl-hm-eIp-c-p-I hkn-p-Xv Cu ]pg-cbnse ImSp-Ifn-emWv. 13 F-ap Hcp Iq-am-bmWv Chsb IXv.
22.
apf- B-a-I-fpsS hmk-ew : hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp apf- B-a-I IqSp-X-ep

GI-ew CXmWv.
23.
]pg-tbmc ImSp-Iv \miw : ssPh-ssh-hn-y-mepw Xt-io-bhpw A]qhpw hwi\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sphbp-amb kky-Po-e-Pm-e--fmepw k--amb 28.4 slIvS ]pgtbm-c-Im-Sp-I-fmWv AW-spw A\p-_--{]-h-\-fpw aqew \in-p-t]m-hpI.
24.
sNdnb Pohn-Iv \miw : ssPh-ssh-hn-y-k---amb Cu Bhm-k-hy-h--bnse

sNdnb Pohn-I-fpsS Fhpw hnh-chpw tcJ-s-Sp-m Imcy-amb bmsXmcp {Iahpw
CXp-hsc Dm-bn-n. Ctm Xs ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-nepw Cmcyw
Ds-n-n. ]e khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-ap Cu \Zo-hy-h--bnse k--amb kqva Bhmk-hy-h CXp-hsc Is-m Ign-bm h-ns] {]tXy-Inv \s-n-m
C\w Pohn-Isf ChnsS Is-m Ign-bp-sa {]Xo \Ipp.
Bhm-k-hy-h--bnse BLmXw
1.
Bhm-k-hy-h XInSw adn-pw : AW-s-ns \nmWw AW-bpsS apI-fn-tepw

Xmtg-p-ap \Zo-XS kwhn-[m-\-nse Bhm-k-hy-h-sb ]mtS XInSw adnpw. AXmbXv \Zn Hcp Poh-p Bhm-k-hy-h F-Xn-t\-m shdp-samcp \oscm-gpp kwhn[m-\-ambn A[:]Xnpw.
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68

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2.
Bhm-k-hy-h-bvv Pe-sam-gpv AXy-m-t]-nXw: \Zn-bnse Pe-ns Hgpv

sabvam-k-n Ipd-Xv 7.26 cumec (cubic meter per second) BKn 229.97 IypsaIv \pw
aty Gdnbpw Ipdpw Ccn-p--Xn-\m-emWv A\-h[n kky-Po-h-Pm-e--fpsS hnf-\n-eambn Cu taJe \ne-\n-evp-Xv.
3.
Bhmk hyh--bnse hyXn-bm-\- : AW-sv \nm-W-n\v \oscm-gpv 7.75

IypsaIv Bbn \nP-s-Sp-m-\mWv \ntiw. sshZypXn \nm-W-n-\mbn shw
C{]-Imcw hgn-Xn-cn-p-hn-Sp-Xp aqew Bhk hyh--bmsI Xmdp-am-dmIpw. {]tXy-Inpw
Umwssk-n\pw AW-s-n-eqsS Hgp-In-sb-nb Pew hopw Nme-p-Sn-]p-g-bn tNcp
`mKhpw Xn-ep 7.89 In.ao. \of-n Cu taJ-e-bnse Pe-ns Hgpv hjw apgph 7.75 Iypsambn \nb-{n-X-s-Sp-Ibpw sNpw.
IpSn-shImjn-I-{]-iv\-
1.
IpSn-sh e`y-Xsb _m[npw: AW-s-ns \nm-Whpw AW-s-n 20 aWnq-tdmfw shw sIn-\nn-b-tijw Iptds Xpd-p-hn-Sp-Xpw XpSv cm{Xn-bn
4 aWn-q CS-hnv 5 8 XhW IqSp-X shw Hgp-n-hn-Sp-Xpw {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb Pe\n-a-\-sbpw Pe-tk-N-\-sbpw Bhm-k-hy-h--sbbpw _m[n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
2.
Xriq, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn-I-fnse 20 Xt-i-`-c-W-m-]-\--fn-embn hym]n-p-In-S-p

14000 slIvS Irjn-ew Pe-tk-N-\-n-\mbn B{in-bn-p-Xv Nme-pSn \Zo
ssUthj kvIoan-s\-bmWv (CRDS). hnZyp-n t_mUns IW-p-{]-Imcw BXnc-nn ]-Xn-bpsS {][m\ Pe-t{km-X-mb s]cn-pv Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]--Xn-bn
\nv ag Ipd amk--fn 20 aWn-q 6.27.6 IypsaIvv (Cumec) hscbpw sshZypXn
Bhiy D-m-bn-bn-em-Ip sshIov 6 apX 10 aWn-hsc 4 aWn-q 36 38 IypsaIv
hsc-bp-amWv shw Xpd-p-hn-Sp-Xv. BXn-c-nn ]Xn \S-m-bmepw 20 aWn-q
7.65 IypsaIv 4 aWn-q 36 38 IypsaIv \oscm-gp-p-m-Ip-samWv hnZyp-n t_mUv
Ddv ]d-bpp. AXm-bXv Nme-pSn dnhssU-thj kvIoan-tev Bh-iy-n\v shw
e`n-p-sav kmcw.
3.
Pew Hgp-Ip--Xnse Cu hyXymkw Xs (7.65 38 IypsaIv) Pe-tk-N-\s {]Xn-Iq-eambn _m[n-p-sa--Xn-\m Nme-pSn ]pg kwc-W kanXn Cu IW-p-Isf tNmZyw
sNp-Ibpw sISp-Xn-I Fsd cq-am-bn-cn-p-sav Nqn-m-p-I-bpw-sN-pp. 197071
apX 200102 hsc-bp \oscm-gp-ns IW-p-{]-Imcw Ctm-gp \oscm-gpv Unkw_ apX G{]n hsc 14.92 IypsaIv hcq Fpw Ah A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. s]cnp-nse P\-td--dp-I-fpsS A-Ip---Wn-bpsS sjUyq {]Imcw Unkw-_-dn\pw
G{]n-en\pw aty 20 aWn-q-dnse icm-icn \oscm-gpv 7.65 IypsaIvv Bbn- Ipd-bp-Ibpw
4 aWn-q-dn-teXv 50 IypsaIv Bbn IqSp-Ibpw sNpw. CXv ssUth-gvk kvIoan
\np Pe-tk-N\
- s em`-Ic
- a
- mbn _m[npw. 20 aWn-q-dnse \oscm-gpv 7.65 IypsaIvv
Bbm ssUth-gvj kvIoanse Pe-tk-N-\m-h-iy- \nd-th-m Ign-bn. Pe-sam-gpn-ep-m-Ip Cu hyXn-bm\w ]-Xn-bpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-is `qP-e-ns Afhv Ipdbp-Ibpw Pew InW-dp-I-fnse Pe-\n-cv Xmgp--Xn-\m IpSn-sh {]iv\w cq-am-hpIbpw sNpw. 2011 P\p-h-cn-bn Nme-p-Sn-bn \Snb kmt-XnI kwhm-Z-n hnZypn t_mUv Cu hmZ-K-Xn-I tNmZyw sNbvXn-p-an.
4.
\nnjvS AW-s-n\v Xmtgm-p ]m-b-p-I-fn CtmXs Pe-Zu_eyw A\p`-h-s-Sp-pv. Xoc-p-\nv 20 In.aoD-n hsc-bp {]tZ-i--fnse InW-dp-I-fn
Dns Awiw Ctm-gpv. hopw Hcp AW-s-ns IqSn \nm-Whpw Pe-sam-gpn hopw Dm-Ip am-fpw nXn IqSp-X Kpcp-X-c-amIpw.
Kncn-h-mcpw {]iv\-fpw
1
Kncn-h Ducp-Isf ]Xn hep-Xmbn _m[n-n-cp-n-s-nepw Ahn-Ss Bhm-k-hy-hsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[npw. AW-sv \nd-m Ch-cpsS hmk--e--fn
shw Ib-dp-Ibpw sNpw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
69

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
hmg-m t^mdv Unhn-j-\n 413 N.In.aodn nXn-sN-p 8 ImS Ducp--fpv.

CXn 56 IpSpw-_--fp hmg-m, 23 IpSpw-_--fp s]mI-e-md Ducp- \nnjvS
BXn-c-nn ]-Xn-bpsS Db BLm-X-ta-J-e-bvp-n-emWv.
3.
ImS Kncn-hw Zn-tW-y h\--fnse Ghpw A]-cn-jvIrX hn`m-K-am-bmWv IcpX-s-Sp-Xv. Hcp Imncn ss]XrIw Ch-cn {]I-S-amWv. th-bmSn `Ww kam-l-cnp Ch h\-n-\p-nepw Nme-pSn \Zo-X-S-nse ae-tbm-c--fnepw HXp-n-qSpp. Ch-cpsS P\-kwJy 1500 e[nIw hcn. ap]v ]Sp-p-bnb ]e AW-s-pIpw thn ]e-tmgpw Chsc Ah-cpsS X\Xv Ducp--fn \nv ]ngp-sX-dn-b-s-ncpp.
4.
56 IpSpw-_--fp hmg-m Kncn-h-Ducv, Kncn-h-k-l-I-cW kwLw, ss{S_ dknUjy F.]n. kvIq Fnh AW-s-n\v 400 ao Dn-emWv. 23 IpSpw-_--fp
s]mI-e-md Kncn-h Ducv Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bpsS AXn-cn-emWv. Pe-kw-`-cWn \nd-m
Iptd hoSp-I sh-n-\-Sn-bn-emIpw.
5.
]n-I-hCXc ]c--cm-KX h\-hmkn (h\-A-h-Imiw AwKo-I-cn-) \nb-a-nse

hyh--I {]Imcw Imp-Pm-Xn-mv h\-n Pohn-m\pw k-cn-m-\p-ap AhImiw kwc-n-m bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw kzoI-cn-n.
]-Xn-bpsS kmt-XnI {]mtbm-Kn-IX

1.
Nme-pSn ]pg-bnse \Zo-X-S-K-th-j-W-tI-{hpw Nme-pSn ]pg kwc-W kan-Xnbpw

NphsS ]d-bp--h-bpsS ASn-m-\-n ]-Xn-bpsS kmt-XnI {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb
tNmZyw sNpp. ]n-a-L kanXn Nme-p-Sn-bn kwL-Sn-n kmt-XnI kwhm-Zn Ch Jn-m hnZyp-n t_mUn\v Ign--Xp-an.
2.
Pe-n-sbpw sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-n-sbpw e`yX Pe-e-`y-X-bpsS hyXykvX Afhv.
a)
Pe-e-`yX 1999 Un.]n.B A\p-k-cnv 1269 Fw.kn.Fw.(an-ey Iyp_nIv ao)
b)
Pe-e-`yX 2003 Un.]n.B. A\p-k-cnv 1169 Fw.kn.Fw.
c)
Pe-e-`yX kn.Unbp.kn. A\p-k-cnv 1056 Fw.kn.Fw.
3.
Cu IW-n-semw CS-a-e-bm ssUthj kvIoan-tev Xncnp hnSp sh-ns

Afhv ]cn-K-Wn--Xmbn ImWp-n. Nme-p-Sn-bnse \Zo-XS Kth-j-W-tI{w hnh-cm-hIm-i-\n-b-a-n-eqsS hnZyp-n t_mUn \ns-Sp IW--\p-k-cnv CS-a-e-bm
ssUthj kvIoan-te-p shw Ign-m 750 Fw.kn.Fw. Pew am{Xta BXn-cn AW-s-n-seq.
4.
2003 Un.]n.B. (1169 Fw.kn.Fw.Pew) A\p-k-cnv tI{-ssh-ZypXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS

IW-p-Iq--en BXn-c-nn ]-Xn-bn \nv {]Xn-hjw 233 Zi-ew bqWnv sshZypXn-bmWv Dev]m-Zn-n-m Ign-bpI. Pe-e-`yX 750 Fw.kn.Fw. am{X-am-b-Xn-\m sshZypXn
Dev]m-Z-\hpw AX-\p-k-cnv Ipdbpw.
s]cn-Ip-nse 1987 apX 2006 hsc-bp (hnh-cm-h-Im-i-{]-Imcw e`n-Xv) \nXy-hpap sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-n-sbpw \oscm-gp-n-sbpw nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I-fpsS A]-{KY-\-{]-Imcw BXn-c-n-n-bnse sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w CS-a-e-bm-dn-tev Pew Xncn-p-hn-m
170 Zi-ew bqWnpw As-n 210 Zi-ew bqWnpw Bbn-cnpw.
5.
ag-Ip-d-hp Unkw-_sabv amk--fn CS-a-e-bm ssUthj kvInw IqSn ]cn-KWn-m sshZyp-tXm-ev]m-Z\w 25 Ziew bqWn-n Ipd-hm-bn-cnpw. hnZyp-n t_mUv
Ah-Im-i-s-Sp--Xp-t]mse CS-a-e-bm ssUthj kvInw \nn-bm Ahn-sS-\np 60 Zi-ew bqWnv sshZypXn \jvS-s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cnpw êw. AXm-bXv BXnc-nn ]Xn bmYmy-am-bm ag-bn-m amk--fn kwm-\s samw
sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-n KWy-amb \jvSw Dmhpw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
70

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kan-Xn-bpsS ip]mi
Cu taJ-e-bpsS ssPh-ssh-hny k-X, Db kwc--W-aqeyw, 5 ]pXnb C\ Ds-sS-bp ay-k--ns {]m[m\yw, hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp 22 Xt-iob C\-fp-tSbpw ISp \miw t\cn-Sp 9 C\--fp-sSbpw kmao]yw, ]n-a-L--nse 75%, ]n-C\--fp-tSbpw, Bhm-k-tI{w kwm-\-ns asmcp `mKpw ImWm Ign-bm \Zntbmc Bhm-k-hy-h, ssPh-ssh-hn-y-nepw Bhm-k-hy-h--bnepw ]Xn hcp-p
]cn-l-cn--s-Sm-\m-Im hyXn-bm-\-, AW-s-n\v Xmtgm-p {]tZ-i--fnse Pe-tkN\ IpSn-sh {]iv\-, tNmZyw sN-s-Sp ]-Xn-bpsS kmt-Xn-I-amb {]mtbm-Kn-IX,
]-Xn-bn \nv e`n-p ]cn-an-X-amb sshZypXn, ImS Kncn-P-\--fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-fn krjvSn-p am-, ssPh-B-hm-k-tI-{--fnse tkh-\-fpw ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb
sNehpw IqSm-sX-bp Db \nmW sNehv, 2001 HIvtSm-_ 17 se tIc-f-ssl-tm-SXn
\ntiw "ey-an sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w Dd-p-h-cp-m-\mbn \ne-hn-ep Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn-I-fpsS A-Ip--Wn \Sn Ah-bpsS ]q Dev]m-Z-\-tijn hos-Sp-pI, hnX-c-W\jvSw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bvpI, sshZypXn tamjWw XS-bp-Itbm ]q-ambn Hgn-hm-p-Itbm
sNpI' Fo hkvXp-X-I IW-n-se-Spv BXn-c-nnhmg-m {]tZiw kwc-n-m\pw
\nnjvS BXn-c-nn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xnv A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-m\pw kanXn tI{-]-cnnXnh\w a{m-e-b-tmSv ip]mi sNpp. am{X-hp-a Nme-pSn ]pgsb Hcp ayssh-hny k--ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]nv tIc-f-nse DSp--tme Xmeq-nse ssPhssh-hny k {]tZ-i-sf kwc-n-p amXr-I-bn kwc-n--W-sapw kanXn
ip]mi sNpp.
15.2 Kpnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn

]Xn
Im-S-I-nse lm, Zn-b-W-I-S Pn-I-fn Kpnb \Zo-X-S-n 200 saKmhmv (613 Zi-ew bqWnv) tijn-bp Hcp Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn \nt-i-n\v Im-SI
]h tIm-td-j cq]w \In. ]-Xnv 3 L--fmWv \nt-in--s-Xv. BZy-L--n
sbn-\-tlmsf, sIcn-tlmsf, slS l, s_-Ip-amcn Acp-hn-I-fpsS 178.5NXp-c{i Intem-ao hrjvSn-{]-tZ-is
- bpw cmw L-n Ipam-c[
- mc, en-vtlmsf Acp-hn-If
- psS 78 N.In.ao.
hrjvSn {]tZ-i-sbpw aqmw-L--n Ipam-c-lsf, A_n _ncp-tlmsf D-sS-bp 6
Acp-hn-I-fpsS 70 N.In.ao. hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-sbpw Pew ]-Xn-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m-\m-bn-cp
eyw.
hj-n icm-icn 975 Zi-ew N.ao. ag e`n-p 323.5 N.In.ao. hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-amWv
]-Xn-mbn \nt-in--s-Xv. Cu taJe cv L-ambn hnI-kn-n-m-\mWv Dt-in-Xv.
Hmw L-n sbn-tlmsf, sIdn-tlmsf, slm-S-l, s_-Ip-amcn Acp-hn-I Xn
_n-nv Ah-bnse shw kam-l-cn-pI. Ch-bn sNdnb XS-b-W-I \nnv shns Hgpp \nb-{nv Pew sbn-\-tlm-sf-bn \nv SWhgn s_-Ip-amcn Pe-kw-`-c-Wnbn Fn-pp. Ahn-sS-\nv Pew 7.8 In.ao.\of-ap SW-en-eqsS asmcp Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-bnse-pp. Ahn-sS-\nv 850 In.ao. \of-ap {]j jm^vSn-eqsS cv s]tmv hgn shw
`qK` ]h lukn-se-n-pp. 200 saKm-hmv hoX-ap cv bqWn-mWv ]lu-kns
Dev]m-Z-\-tijn. cmw-L--n cv SW-ep-I-fmWv hn`m-h\ sNbvXn-p-Xv. Hcp SW ISpa\l-bn-sebpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i--fn-sebpw Pew 13 In.ao. AI-se-bp sbo-\-tlmsf XS-bW-bnse SW-en Fn-pp. cm-as SW env tlmsf, Ipam-c-[mc Acp-hn-Ifnse Pew 15 In.ao. AI-se-bp s_-Ip-amcn dnkthm-b-dn-se-n-pp. cmw-L--n
shw Xncn-p-hn-Sm 5 ao Db-c-ap sNdnb XS-b-W-I-fmWv \nt-in--s-n-p-Xv. HmwLw ]qn-bm-p-tm 90iX-am\w Pew e`n-p hj-n 653 Zi-ew bqWnpw
]Xn ]qn-bm-Ip-tm 1136 Zi-ew bqWnpw sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-n-m Ignbpw. Hmw
L-ns \nm-W-sN-ehv 926. 50 tImSn cq]-bmWv. ]-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I ]nI 7
ImWpI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
71

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]nI7 : Kpnb ]-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I

sbo-\-tlmsf
XS-bW
sIcn-tlmsf
XS-bW
sl-Z
XS-bW
s_-Ip-amcn
AW-sv
Amwiw
120 51'40''
12050'30''
12'490 29''
12'470 09''
tcJmwiw
750 43'20''
75042'44''
75042'23''
75040'10''
hrjvSn-{]-tZiw
^p dnkthm-b
60.50 N.In.ao.
27.00 N.Inao.
8.50 N.In.ao.
35.00 N.Inao.
EL 750
seh
dnhs_Uv
ao.
EL 763 ao.
EL 745 ao
EL 740.ao.
seh
EL738 ao.
EL 758 ao.
EL 730 ao.
EL720 ao.
XS-bW seh
EL743.50 ao.
EL759.40 ao.
EL681 ao.
Umw am-XrI
tIm{Iov
tIm{Iov
kn{iw
kn{iw
Umans Dbcw
15 ao
8ao.
32 ao.
62.ao.
Umans \ofw
80 ao.
68ao.
152.40 ao.
575ao.
kv]nshbpw
\ofw 36 ao.
\ofw 53ao.
\ofw 60ao.
\ofw 45ao.
tKp-Ifpw
10 x 8 ao.
3 tKp-I
Ihn-smgp
Ip ssSv
12 x 10 ao
4 tKp-I
12x10 ao
3 tKp-I
\oscm-gp-ns
Unssk
525 Iyp.ao.sk.
360 Iyp.ao.sk.
1544 Iyp.ao.sk. 954 Iypao.sk.
{]fbw
icm-i-cn-a-g-e-`yX
163 M cum
28 M cum
120 M cum
sh-n-em-hp
{]tZiw
11.54 slIvS
40.sl.
133 slIvS
86 M cum
0.09.sl.
tdmUp-I \ofw 100 In.ao. hoXn 10 In.ao.
100 slIvS
AW-sv ]hlukv, CX-c- L-S-I-
170 slIvS.
av D]-tbmKw
15 slIvS
(Izmdn, ôUv Bôkv, bmUv)
SW Ipgn hkvXp--fpsS tmv bmUv
275 slIvS
(dm-nb slm-Sl
- Umans sh-n-\S- n-bn-em-hp (523.80slIvS) {]tZ-i
- ChnsS
Ds-Sp-n-bn-n.)
`qK` ]hlukv
ssSss_
{^mkokv Sss_
m]n-X-tijn
200 saKm-hmv
At{]mv SW
965ao. "Un' BIr-Xn-bn-ep 7 ao. hymkw
Duw
hmjn-I -i-cm-icn
1136 Zi-ew bqWnv
sNehv
samw sNehv
926.50 tImSn cq]
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
72

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]m-ew
Kpnb Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]-Xn Im-SI km Im-SI ]h tIm-td-j\v A\ph-Zn-p-sIm-SpXv 6101998 emWv. XpSv tIm-td-j hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fn \nv nbdkv hmn. 289 2006 Im-SI ay-_-\ hIp-n-sbpw, 1032008, tI{ Bntbm-f-Pn- ktbpsSbpw, 16.04.2008, Im-SI BtcmKy IpSpw-_-t-a-h-Ip-n-sbpw,
2542008 tI{ sshZypXn AtXm-dn-n-bp-sS-bpw, 02-05-2008 Im-SI Pe-hn-`h hIp-nsbpw 06.06.2008 Im-SI km-cn-sbpw nb-dkv t{]mP-IvSn\v e`np. ]-Xn-tbmSv
cmPy-c a{m-e-b-n\v FXnn-s Iv 772009epw e`np.
lm Pn-bnse kIv-te-iv]pc Xmeq-nse slm-S-l--bn 66 2008 \S s]mXpsX-fn-sh-Sp-n lm,ZnW IS Pn-I-fnse Pnm `c-W-IqSw, \nnjvS ]Xn _m[np P\- Fn-h lmP-cmbn A`n-{]m-b- tcJ-s-Spn. Im-SI kwm\ aen\o-Ic
- W \nb-{-Wt- _mUv s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv tbmK-ns \S-]Sn {Ia-ns tImn 2792008
\v ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-n\v \In.Im-SI ]h tIm-td-j 611 2008 _rlmb ]cn-nXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y\ dntmpw ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-n\v kanp.
21112008 IqSnb hnZKv[ Ah-tem-I-\-k-an-Xn-bpsS 20mas tbmKw ]-Xnv nb-dkv
\Ip Imcyw ]cn-K-Wnp.Zn-W-I-S Pn-bn IqSn Hcp s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv \S--Wsav a{m-ebw \nt-inp.
ZnW IS Pn-bnse ]pqXm-eq-nse kncn-_m-Kpep hnt-Pn 2532009 Hcp
s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv \Sn. CXns \S-]-Sn-{I-a--fpsS Hcp tImn 1842009 aen-\o-I-cW
\nb-{-W-t_mUv ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-n\v kanp. 156 2009 tN ]cn-nXn
A]-{K-Y\ kan-Xn-bpsS 27maXv tbmKw ]-Xnv nb-dkv sImSp-p Imcyw ]cn-K-Wnp.
Cm-cy-n a{m-ebw D-bn {]iv\-v ]htIm-td-j 2992009 adp-]-Snbpw
\In. tI{-]-cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-nse Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-Ipw \Zo-X-S-pam-bp hnZKv[ A]-{K-Y\ kan-Xn-bpsS D]-k-anXn apmsI ae-\mSv P\-]c slmdm kanXn
]-Xn-bpsS tZmj- Nqn-mn 5122009 ]cmXn kanp. {]apJ ]cn-nXn hmZnbpw
"Nn]vtIm' {]m-\-t\-Xm-hp-amb {io. kpem_-lp-KpW s_-Ip-am-cn-bn {]Xn-tj-[-{]-IS\w \S-p-Ibpw 21122009 slmY hnt-Pn {]Xn-tj-[-tbmKw tNcp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ASp--Zn-hkw lm Su-Wn ae-\mSv P\-]c slmdm kan-Xn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n h
{]Xn-tj[ dmenbpw tbmKhpw \Sp. {]mtZ-inI Xe-n 2004 2006 Ime-L--n Ccw
\nc-h[n {]Xn-tj-[-{]-I-S-\-fpw tbmK-fpw kwL-Sn-n--sp.
]n-a-L kan-Xn-bpsS ki-\-fpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw

kanXn sNbam s{]m^.am[hv KmUvKn-ens W-{]-Imcw tUm.Sn.hn.cma-N{(]na-L I kanX AwKhpw Cy Cn-yqv Hm^v kbknse lcn-nXn imkv{X-tI-{nse kbn-^nIv Bô-kdpw) s{]m^. Fw.Un. kp`mjv N (Im-SI ssPh-ssh-hn-yt_mUv AwKw) {io. lcojv `v (_mwq-cnse HmW-ddn sshUv sse^v hmU) Fnhcpw av Kth-j-Icpw Ds kwLw 2010 BKv 29 apX 31 hsc \nn-jvS-Kp-nb Pessh-ZypX ]-Xn-{]-tZiw kinp. {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw Ah-tcm-sSm--ap-mbn-cpp. 2010 BKv 31 \v kwLw slm-Y hnt-Pn \S-nb s]mXp-sXfnshSp-n A\h[n {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I kw_-n-p-Ibpw \nnjvS ]-Ynsb kw_-nv Ah-cpsS ImgvNmSpw A`n-{]m-bhpw Adn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSv s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKnepw kanXn
AwKw {ioaXn hnZym-\m-bpw sk]vXw-_ 16 \v t{]mPIvSv sskv kin-p-Ibpw 17 \v
{]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]Xn {]tZ-is ssPh-ssh-hnyw

lm Pn-bnse "kIvtfjv]pc' Xmeq-n 1400 ao Db-c-n \np--hn-p
Ipam-c-[mc \Zn-bpsS Hcp D]-\-Zn-bmWv Kpn-b-\Zn.
Im-S-I-bn ay-]-n-a-L--n ]Sn-mtdmvv Hgp-Ip cv \Zn-I-fmWv t\{Xm-h............................................................................................................................................................................................................
73

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Xnbpw Ipam-c-[m-cbpw. sbo-\-tlmsf, sIv tlmsf Acp-hn-I tNv cq]-s-Sp Kpnb-\-Zn-bn-tev ISp-am-s\-tlmsf, slm-S-l Acp-hn-I Hgp-In-sbn Ch Hmbn Hgp-Ip-IbmWv sNp-Xv. Kpn-b-bpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-iv Pq apX sk]vXw-_ hsc \ ag
e`npw. Cu \Zo-XSw \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\--fp-tSbpw A-\n-Xy-l-cnX h\--fp-sSbpw hoXn
Ipd {]tZ-i-amWv. Cu \nXy-l-cnX h\-sf cv apJy-Xcw h\--fmbn Xncnmw. 0
apX 850 ao hsc Db-c-n-ep--hbpw 650 apX 1400 hsc ao Db-c-n-ep--hbpw. ChnsS
ImWp hr- Fs-nepw {]mtZ-inI kz`m-h-ssh-in-jy-ap--htbm ]-Xn-aqew shn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip--htbm A. ChnsS Ghpw IqSp-X ImWp hr- Vateria Indica,
Elaeocarpus Tuberculatus Fn-h-bmWv. XS-n ImWp h\-n-te-sdbpw hf-bpsS cmwL--n-ep--h-bmWv. [mcmfw ]pta-Sp-Ifpw ChnsS ImWmw.
]n-a-L--ns Cuw \nd ]Sn-m-dp-`m-Ks ssPh-ssh-hn-y-s-bmWv
Cu taJe {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp-Xv. ChnsS ImWp hr-e-Xm-Zn-I-fn 36%hpw D`-b-Po-hn
-I-fn 87%Dw ay--fn 41% ]n-a-L--ns am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bmWv. h\y-Po-hn-kw-c--W\n-b-a-nsw (1972) Hmw sjUyq-fn s]Sp-n-bn-p ]e arK-fpw Chn-sS-bpv.
Kpnb XS-nse ssPh-ssh-hny khn-ti-j-X-I NphsS ]dbpw {]Imcw kw{Klnmw.(kpIp-am & i 2011)
a.
kky- : 43 C\w hr--fm k--amWv Cu {]tZiw. ]n-a-L--nse av agm-Sp-I-fmb Ips{-apJv (Im-SI), sske v hmen (tIcf) Fn-h-bvsm--sa-nepw
Chn-Ss h\-ssh-hnyw Ipf-bvmSvapXpssd ssSK dnknse (Xan-gv\mSv)
sktX-cn-sm--sa-n. Xmgv-hm-c--fn nXn-sN-p--Xn-\m s_-Ip-am-cn-bnepw
slm-Sm-l-n-bnepw Kpnb XS-n-te-Xn-t\-m sa-s coXn-bn-emWv hr-
CS-Xqv hf-cp-Xv.]n-a-L--n Is-nb 18 C\w kky--fn 16 C\-
L-n-ep-S\
- ofw ImWp-h
- b
- mWv. Atlantia Wightii F C\w Im-SI
- b
- nepw tIc-f
- nepw
am{Xhpw Pinganga dicksonii F C\w Im-S-I-n am{Xhpw ImW-s-Spp. ]s
Kpnb XS-nse ssPh-hy-h ]n-a-L--nse av Xmc-Xay h\-{]-tZ-i--fmb
Ips{-apJv, sske v-hmen Fn-h-tb-m Xmgv \ne-hm-c-n-ep--XmWv. Hcp ]s
Kpn-b-bn htXm-Xn hr- apdn-p-am-p--Xp-sIm-m-bn-cnmw CXv.
b.
sNdp-{]m-Wn-I: sd\n Fw. t_mPkpw kwLhpw Hcp sNdp-k-ky-n (Humboldtia

brunonis) Is-nb, imkv{X-n-\p-Xs ]pXnb Adn-hmb Hcn\w Cu (Braunsapis
bislensis) ]n-a-L--nse Cu h\--fn am{Xw Ip-h-cpp.
c.
ay-: Ipam-c-[mc, t\{Xm-h-Xn-X-S- ay-k--n-\m k--am-b-Xn-\m Cu

\Zn-I-fpsS kwc--W-n\v {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I henb apK-W\ \Ipp.
d.
D`-b-Po-hn-I: Cu ]T-\-n 21 C\w D`-b-Po-hn-Isf Is-n-bn-p--Xn- 18 Fw

]na L-nam{Xw ImWp--h-bmWv. 2Fw Kpn-b-X-S-n am{X-ap--hbpw.
e.
]n-I: Cu ]T-\-n 69 C\w ]n-Isf Xncn--dn--Xn 6 Fw ]n-a-L-n am{X-ap--h-bmWv.
f.
kkvX-\n-I: h\y-Pohn kwc--a-\-b-a-ns Hmw sjUyq-fn Ds-Sp-n-bn-p

]e kkvX-\n-Ifpw Kpnb XS-n D-h-bmWv. knwl-hm-e Ipcv, {SmhIq
Am, \oe-Kn-cn-Ip-cphn Fnh \Zo-X-S-nse hoXn-Iq-Snb `mKv Ip-h-cp-p-v.
Fm ]-Xn-{]-tZ-iv \S-nb ssPh sshhn-y-]-T-\-n CXv tcJ-s-Sp-n-bnn. AXp-t]m-se-Xs ISp-hI
- f
- psS kmao]yw Chn-sS-\nv dntmp sNbvXn-pv. ImS-I-bnse ssakq B\ dnkn D{X Cs-nepw ]Xn {]tZ-iv Gjy-B-\bpsS kmao]yw dntmv sN-s-n-pv. t]mPIvSv Fen-s^ns `mK-amb ]pjv]-Kncn
h\y-Pohn kt-X-n\v ]pd-mWv Kpnb XSw. ssakq Fen-^ v dnkn\pw
lmkk-t-jv]pamwK-fq \mj-W sslthbvpw CS-bvp {]tZ-is B\-IfpsS km-c-]-Y-n Kpnb XS-n-\p {]m[m-\y-s-]n CXp-hsc At\z-jWw
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74

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\S-n-bn-n. tI{-km AwKo-I-cn-n-p-Xpw ' km-c-n-\p Ah-Imiw Cybnse B\-bpsS km-c-]-Y-' F {]kn-o-I-c-W-n Ds-n-p--Xp-amb
km-c-]-Y--fn Ctmgpw CXv Ds-Sp-n-bn-n.(Menon et al. 2005)
Kpnb XS-nse `qhn-\n-tbm-K-L-S\

\Zo-X-S-nse `qhn-\n--tbm-K-n Gew, Imn-tXm-- Fnh Ds-Spp. Cu tXm-fn XW-en-\mbn Nne X\Xp hr- \ne-\nn-bn-pv. Ah-bpsS XW-en-emWv
Cuw btYjvSw th Ge-Irjn. DW-nb Ge-n\v Intembvv 1500 cq]-hsc hne-bp-Xn-\m Cu \mWy-hn-f-bn \nv \ BZmbw e`npw. Kpnb XS-nse sNdpXpw hepXp-amb Ij-I Ge-Ir-jn-m-cmWv. sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Chn-Ss Imn-tm-- ay]-n-a-L--nse an-S--fn-se-tmse Chn-sSbpw hen-sbmcp km-nI t{kmX-mWv. ChnSs kzIm-cy-hInS Ft-p-I-fpsS \smcp `mKw h\-am-sW-nepw A\-[n-IrX It--neqsS Chn-Ss ha-c--sfmw apdn-p-am-n--gnp. (kpIp-am & i 2010) ChnsS A\-[nIrX Itw hym]-I-am-b-Xn-\m hne-]n-Sn-p hr--sfmw A{]-Xy--am-bn--gnp.
AXp-t]mse Xs hym]-I-amb h\w Itw \n_n-U-h-\--fpsS \ne-\n]ns\ Xs A]I-S-n-em-n-bn-cn-pp.
ip]mi
1.
cv L-ambn \S-m-m-\p-t-in-p aqv Xe--fp Kpnb ]Xn \Zo-X-S-nse

`q{]-Ir-Xn-bn henb am- krjvSnpw. ]-Xn-aqew hen-sbmcp `q{]-tZiw shn-\-Sn-bn-em-Ipp Fp am{X-a CtXm-S-\p-_-n-p sIn-S--fp-tSbpw tdmUp-I-fpsSbpw \nm-Whpw henb BLmXw krjvSnpw.
2.
\Zo-X-S-nse Pe-L-S-\-Xs ]Xn amn-a-dnpw. hnJymX t{X-\-K-c-amb "kp{_Wy"bnte-p apJy-Pe t{kmX-mb "Ipam-c-[mcm' \Zn s_-Ip-amcn AW-s-ntev Xncn-p-hn-Sp--Xp-aqew AhnsS Pe-maw A\p-`-h-sSpw. t{Xw kin-p
`-P-\-v CXv henb _pn-ap-mIpw. `q{]-Ir-Xn-bnse am- hrjvSn-{]-tZiv
krjvSn-p BLm-X-s--nbpw Pew hgn-Xn-cn-p-hn-Sp--Xns\ ]nbpw D t{]mPIvSv
dntmnse ]cm-aiw hy-a. Ctm kar--ambn Pe-sam-gp-Ip Acp-hn-I agm-ep am{Xw sh-ap--h-bm-bn-amdpw. (icm-hXn \Zo-X-S-n kw`-hn--Xp-t]mse)
AXp-t]mse Xmtgm-p Pe-\n-a-\-nse hyXn-bm\w {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS PohnXw
_pn-ap-n-empw.
3.
{][m\ `qK` ]hlu-kn-te-p SW \nn-p-Xv {]mY-anI h\-ta-Je

- b
- n-emWv.
Kpnb XS-n Ah-ti-jn-p {]mY-anI \nXy-lc
- n-Xh
- \
-
- n\v iey-am-sW-X
- n-\m
CXv A`n-ej
- W
- o-ba
- .
4.
]n-a-L kanXn ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-JeHv Bbn Xcw-Xn-cn-p {]tZ-i-mWv

Kpnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]Xn \nt-in--s-n-p-Xv. Cu taJ-e-bn henb tmtdPv
Umap-I ]mSn-s-mWv kanXn ip]mi sNbvXn-p-Xv.
5.
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-\-jvShpw BLm-Xhpw KW-\o-b-am-I-bm ]Xn \S-m-m A\p-h-Zn-cp-sX-mWv kanXn ip]mi sNp-Xv.
16. cXv\-Kncn, knp-Zp Pn-I

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I-fnse J\\w, Du D]m-Z\w, aen-\oI-c-W-hy-h-km-b- Fn-h-bpsS XpShn-I-k-\-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb amXrI \nt-in-W-sav kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s-n-cpp. \nc-h[n J\-\-{]-h-\-fpw sshZypX ]-XnIfpw aen-\o-I-cW hyh-km-b-fpw Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw
krjvSn-n-p BLmXw hfsc Kuc-h-ap--XmWv. CXp-aqew aen-\-am-Ip-Ibpw Pe-\n-cv XmgpIbpw sNpp. Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fn-tev amen\yw Hgp-In-sb-pp, ASn-Sn sh-smw
Dm-Ipp. ê-`q-bn-jvS-amb Irjn-`qan \jvS-s-Spp. ay-k-v \in-pp. h\-\-io-I............................................................................................................................................................................................................
75

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cWw hn-pp. A]q kky-v hwi-\miw kw`-hn-pp. hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw, i_vZa-en-\o-I-cWw, KXm-KX kwhn-[m\w, Xmdp-am-dm-Ipp. A]-I-S- hn-pp. izmk-tIm-itcm-K- IqSpp. XpS-n-b-h-sbmw Cu BLm-X--fn s]Spw. Cu A]-I-Sm-h--bpsS
Kuchw Dsm-p-sImv CXv {im-]qw A]-{K-Ynv ASn-b-n-c-]-cn-lmcw ImtW-Xpv.
CXv shdp-samcp \nb-a-{]-iv\-a. \nb-a-hn-cp--{]-h-\--fpsS {]iv\-amWv. DZm-l-c-Wn\v J\-\-m Ah-cpsS in D]-tbm-Knv hgn-X-S-bp-Xv XS-bp-Ibpw hgn-bn henb
Ipgn-I krjvSn-p--Xmbpw Ij-I ]cm-Xn-s]-Spp. \nb-a-]-c-ambn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-Xnt\-m F{Xtbm henb Af-hn-emWv hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fn \np aen-\o-I-cWw. CXpaqew henb kmaq-ly-A-kz-X {]tZ-ip \ne-\n-evpp. {Ia-k-am-[m\ kwhn-[m\w \nba-hn-cp {]h-\-sf kwc-n-m-\mbn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNpp Fv P\- ]cm-Xns]-Spp.
16.1. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-X-bpsS \ne-hmcw

cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I-fpsS Hcp `mKw am{Xta ]n-a-L--ns]-Sp-pq. kanXn-bpsS Umm-t_-kns ASn-m-\-n Cu `mK-sf taJeHv, cv, aqv Fv Xcw
Xncn-n-pv. kan-Xn-bp-ambn hfsc kl-I-c-W-n {]hn-p sImlm-]q-cnse hnIk\ Kth-jW t_m[-h-cW B Cn-yq-nse Hcp kwLw imkv{X-cpw {]hIcpw "alm-cmjv{S klym{Zn ]c-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZiw' cq]o-I-cn-p--Xn\pw Hcp \ntiw
aptm-p-hp. inhmPn k-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-jW hnZymn-I-fpsS {]_---fn \npw
Kth-j-W-]--Xn-I-fn \npw e`n nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I-fp-sSbpw e-k-i-\--fp-tSbpw
ASn-m-\-n kXmc, kmKvfn, sImlm-]q, cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I-fnse Nne
{]tZ-i- IqSn ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJeHv, cv, aqv Ds-Sp-m ip]mi
sNbvXp. cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I-fnse {]tZ-i--fpsS Imcy-n Cu ip]mi kanXn
kzoI-cn-p. ]n-a-L--n-ep-S-\ofw Ccw {]h-\-sf t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
16.2. ]cn-nXn `cW \n-l-W-nse t]mcmbva

kanXn e-k-i-\-th-f-bnepw Am-sXbpw km DtZym-K-, hyh-kmb {]Xn\n-[n-I, ]m-bv cmPv m]-\--fnse sXc-s-Sp--s AwK-, kwm\ \nb-ak-`mw-K-, ]me-saw-K-, imkv{X-km-t-XnI hnZ-Kv[, Ij-I, ay-sXm-gn-em-fn-I,
Ic-Iu-i-e-sXm-gn-em-fn-I, hymh-km-bnItXmw sXmgn-em-fn-I Fn-h-cp-ambn \S-nb
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-n-semw hy-am-sbmcp Imcyw ]cn-nXn `c-W-\n-l-W-nse ISp
t]mcm-bva-I-fmWv.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v P-\n-bpsS km-nIkmt-XnI klm-b-tmsS \ne-hn-ep
hyh-km-b--fpsS taJ-em-Sn-m-\-n-ep `q]-S-ap-m-m tI{kwm\ aen-\o-I-c-W\n-b-{W t_mUp-Isf Npa-X-e-s-Spn. cmPys Fm Pn-Ipw Hcp e-]c Ummt_-kn\v Ch cq]w \In. \ne-hnse aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-e-hmcw,]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-lyambpw D Zp_e {]tZ-i-, aen-\o-I-cW \ne C\nbpw Dbp-Xv A`n-Im-ay-a-m
{]tZ-i-, hnhn[ \ne-hm-c-n-ep hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw, Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw D A\ph-Z-\o-b-amb hyh-km-b- Fnh kw_-n-smw {]tXyI `q]-S- Xm-dm-n-bn-pv.
Nne ]cn-an-Xn-I Ds-n t]mepw CXv hfsc hne-s Hcp kw`m-h-\-bmWv. ]cn-n-Xn-]c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw kpn-c-hn-I-k\w ssIh-cn-m CXn-eqsS km[npw. Fm ISp
ks XpSv ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-n\v CXv ]c-ky-s-Sp-m-\m-bn. X^-eambn cXv\-Kn-cn-bpsS taJ-em-`q-]Sw CXp-hsc {]kn--s-Sp-m Ign-n. Bhnv ]e
{]mhiyw Bh-iy-s-n-mWv kan-Xn-p-Xs Hcp tImn e`n-Xv. ]e-Ipdn Bhnv Bhiy-s-npw ]n-a-L Pn-I-fpsS `q]Sw CXp-hsc kan-Xnv e`y-am-n-bn-n. ]cn-nXn
h\w a{m-ebw Ign-hXpw thKw Cu tcJ-I {]kn-o-I-cn-Ww. cXv\-Kncn Pn-bpsS `q]Sw
]cn-tim-[n-m hyh-km-b--fpsS m\w \nnjvS am\-Z--v hncp--am-bmWv \nbn-n-p--sXv ImWmw. CXv ASn-b-n-c-ambn ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-t--Xpv.
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76

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cXv\K
- ncn, knp ZpK Pn-If
- nse {]I-Xn-hn-`h
-
- f
- p-tSbpw av tijn-If
- p-sSbpw {]m[m\yw
IW-n-se-Sp-p-sImpw `qhn-\n-tbmK apK-W-\-I \n-bn-p-sImpw Cu Pn-Imbn
alm-cmjv{S km Hcp taJ-em-m Xm-dm-n-bn-pv. CXnse \nt-i--sfmw Xs
Ctm hym]-I-ambn ewLn-p-h-cn-I-bmWv. CXpw ASn-b-n-c-ambn ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-Ww.
]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip \ne-hn-ep kwhn-[m\w Xosc A]-cym-]vX-amWv. ]cnnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w ssPh-ssh-hny kmaqlykm-nI {]iv\- hne-bn-cpp--Xn hfsc Zp_-e-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ]n-a-L--nse hf apc-Sn hr-fp i-amb Imp-ho-ip {]tZ-i-sf Duj-c-`qan Fv ap{Z-Ipn Ch Xg-bp-p. ]s
Cu ]oT-`q-an-I ssPh-ssh-hnZy k--amWv. s_mm-Wn- ks Hm^v Cy ap Ubd-IvS tUm. k-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-n Cu ]oT-`q-an-I-fpsS henw IW-n-seSpptm
\psS X\Xv kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS k--am-sbmcp Ie-h-d-bm-Wn-sX-mWv. Pew AI-tpw
]pd-tbvpw Hgp-Im ]mI-n sNfn-h-c-p-I \nn--s-Sp--Xp-t]m-se-bp ]cn-nXn
kw`m-h-\-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Ah-K-Wn--s-Spp. tKmhbvv sXmv sXp Dc IS
Pn-bnse AK-\m-in\n Agn-ap-Js ]n CubnsS \S-nb ]T-\-{]-Imcw CXns hmjnI
aqeyw 5.6 tImSn cq]-bmWv.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w ]e {]k {]iv\-fpw ]cn-K-Wn-p-n . DZm-l-cW-n\v sshZypX t{]mP-IvSp-I-fn \np hnX-c-W-sse-\p-Iv Ahbvv Iosg-bp-ff amhv,
Iip-amhv tXm--fnepw ]n-a-L--nse h\--fnepw henb BLm-X-ta-ev]n-m Ignbpw.
]s CXv, Ah-K-Wn--s-n-cn-mWv. AXp-t]mse Xs {Sp-I-fn tdmUp-amhpw Peamhpw I-ep-I-fn ISamhpw sImp-t]m-Ip Abn-cp-I ISp ]cn-nXn, kmaqly-{]-iv\- krjvSn-p-pv. Chbpw th-hn[w ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-n.
s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv thf-bn e`n hne-s hnh-c- IW-n-se-Sp-n-n. CXv henb
kmaq-ly-A-kz--Xbvpw `n-Xbvpw Imc-W-am-bn-pv. DZm-c-l-c-Wn\v knp-ZpKnse
Iem-s\-hn-t-Pn Hcp J\n-bp-ambn _-sv 2092008 BZy-s]m-Xp-sX-fn-sh-Spv \Sn.
Cu kabw adm-n-bn-ep ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmv Xm-dm-Im-Xn-cp--Xn\m sXfn-sh-Spv amn-shp. A]-{K-Y\ dntmv adm-n-`m-j-bn e`y-am-n-b-tijw 11102008
hopw s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv \Sn. J\-\s FXnp-sImv {Kma-]-m-bv sFIy-IWvtTy\ AwKo-I-cn {]tabw sXfn-sh-Sp-p-th-f-bn kanp. ]pdta Xmsg-]-d-bp FXn-c`n-{]m-b-fpw Dbp-hp.
1. "Iems\' \Zn-bnse aen-\o-I-cWw aqew tKmh-bv-Sp N-enbn Cu \Zn-bnse
Pe-hn-X-cW kvIow Ah-Xm-f-n-embn (2) Iem-s\-bnse {]Ir-Xn-Z Pe-t{km-X-p-Isf B{ibn-p ê-h-Ir-jn sshj-ay-n-embn. s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Sp-ns an\pvkv e`y-am-n-bXv 57
Znhkw Ign-mWv. J\-\
- n-s\-Xn-cmb sFIy-IW
- vtTy\ AwKo-Ic
- n \ntiw \ne-\nth
2009 amv 17 \v alm-cmjv{S km J\-\-n\v ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \In. kpXm-cyhpw
]m-fn A]-{K-Y\ kwhn-[m-\hpw \ne-hn-en-m--Xn-\m ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Iptm hyh sNp \n_--\-I hy]-I-ambn ewLn--s-Spp. Ign GXm\pw hj-fmbn ]cn-nXn kw_--amb ka-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kncm-tI-{-amWv cXv\-Kncn Pn.
{KmaXmeqv Pnm ]m-b-p-I-fn-sebpw ap\n-kn-m-en-I-fn-sebpw {]mtZ-inI AwKsf Ds-Spn ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-I cq]o-I-cn--W-sav 2002 se ssPhssh-hn-y-\n-baw A\p-im-kn-pp. {]mtZ-inI ssPh-ssh-hn-y- hn`-h- tcJ-s-SppIbpw
Ahn-Ss ImjnI {]h-\- \nb-{n-p-Ibpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb D]-tbm-K-v
If- NmPv Npa-p-Ibpw sNpI FXv Cu In-n-I-fpsS Npa-X-e-bmWv. Cu In-nIv ê-{]-Z-amb Hcp s]mXp-th-Zn-bmbn {]hn-m\pw {]mtZ-inI ]cn-nXn amt\Pvsanepw Ah-tem-I-\-nepw kp{]-[m-\-]-p-h-ln-m\pw Cu In-n-Iv Ignbpw. \n`mKy-h-im ssPh-ssh-hn-y-\n-baw alm-cmjv{S kwm-\v \S-n-em-m bmsXmcp \S-]Snbpw CXp-hsc kzoI-cn-n-n. tKmh-bn-em-sW-n CXv \S-n-em-n-bXv Hpw Xr]vXn-I-c-amb
\ne-bn-e. Cu In-n-I Fm-X-e-nepw DS-\Sn {]h-t\mpJ-am-Ww.
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cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I-fnse _lp-`q-cn-]-hpw D]-Po-h-\-n-\mbn B{i-bn-p

Sqdnkw, ay-_-\w, kky-^-e-Irjn, Irjn XpS-nb ]c--cm-KX km-nI taJ-e-I-fpambn Ctm-gs J\\w, hyh-km-b-, sshZyp-X-]--Xn-I D-sS-bp {]h-\-
ISp kwLj-n-emWv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Cu taJ-e-bn \nv htXm-Xn amgw Ibn
Ab-bvp-pv. Cu ASp--Im-ev At^mkm am-g-ns Ib-p-a-Xnv tm_
Pn.F.]n kn-^n-t-j \n_-n-X-amn. Cu BtKmf \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cnv Cu amtm-p kao]w Iev-cn-b-[n-jvTnX Dutm-Xv]m-Z\ mp-I D-sS-bp hmbp-a-en-\o-IcW hyh-km-b- Dm-m ]mSn. CX-\p-k-cnv sXa ]mp-I-fn \np aen\o-I-cWw Xmew Cu tXm-sf kmc-ambn _m[n-n-s-nepw Ib-p-aXn hn]-Wn-bn-epm-hp \jvSw kky-^-e-Ir-jnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[npw. Cu Hcp kmaqly kwLjmh IW-n-se-Spv `mhn km-nI hnI-k-\-n P\-sf ]q-ambn hnizm-k-nse-Sp-Ww.
hnhn[ hymh-km-bnI, hnZyp-n,J\-\-]--Xn-Ip-thn htXm-Xn `qan Gs-Spp-Xv henb kwLj-n-\n-S-bm-p-pv. "sPbvXm-]q' taJ-e-bn FaPkn hIp-pI-fp-]-tbm-Knv Ij-I-cn \nv `qan Gs-Spv Kpcp-X-c-amb kmaq-ly-kw-Lj-n-\n-S-bm-nbn-pv. P\-sf sXn--cn-npw Ah-cpsS CwKn-X-n-s\-Xn-cmbn \n_-npw {]h-\ ASn-tn-p-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W- [mcm-f-apv. cXv\-Kncn Pn-bn Hcp Ctm-Sqdnkw dntkmv XpS-m-s\ [mcW ]cn P\--fn \nv hmnb `qan-bn Ctm Hcp
Ievcn A[n-jvTnX Du Dev]m-Z-\-\n-ebw m]n-m Btem-Nn-pp. ay-_--\ta-J-e-bn-te-p ay-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]c--cm-KX ay-_--\- co-Xn-I ^nt\m-eIvkv
_ew-{]-tbm-Knv AS-n-pp. `qhp-S-a-I-fpsS ]q-k--X-tmsS thWw F \n_--\tbmsS BsW-nt]mepw Ahsc Adn-bn-msX `qtc-J-I-fn "av Ah-Im-i-' F-Xn
J\\w IqSn-tXv 2006 am{X-amWv Ah-cpsS {i-bn s]s-sXv knp-ZpK Pnbnse "Xtmfn' hntPv \nhm-kn-I ]d-bpp. \nb-a-hn-cp--amb Cu "F{Sn'amn Inm
2007 Ahv acWw hsc D]-hmkw Ds-sS-bp \o-k-a-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I kwL-Sn-n-tn-hp.
aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{Ww t]mse-bp \nb-a- \S-m-p--Xn-ep-mb ]cm-P-bhpw
kmaqly Akw-Xr-]vXnv Imc-W-am-bn-pv. cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse "tems'bnse cmk-hy-hkmb
Ft-n m]n-n-p s]mXp-hmb amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-W-mn\v Ahn-Ss apgp-h amen-\yfpw kwkvI-cn-m-\p tijn Csp am{X-a CXns {]h\w ]cm-P-b-hp-amWv. 2010
HIvtSm-_-dn ew kin ]n-a-L--k-an-Xnv Cu mn \nv kwkvI-cn-m
amen-\y- Ihn-sm-gpIn "tImm-hmse' hnt-Pn IpSn-sh--sa-n-p Acp-hn-I-fn
sNp-tN-cp--Xmbn ImWm Ignp. Cu {]iv\-n\v ]cn-lmcw ImWm--Xn {]Xn-tj[nv tImm-hmsebnse "k]mv' B aen-\-Pew IpSnv B-l-Xyv {ianp. At-ls
DS apwss_-bn Fnv Poh cn-s-nepw "tImm-hmse"sb {Kkn-n-p aen-\o-I-c-W{]-iv\-n\v ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-bn. 2000 30Hmfw kvIq hnZymn-I tems-bv-Spv hnjhm-XIw izknv At_m-[m-h--bn-embn. Fm CXn\v D-c-hm-Zn-I-fmb sIan- I-\nm Cu Ipn-Isf Bip-]-{Xn-bn Fn-mt]mepw aptmv hn. hyh-km-b--fn
\np lm\n-I-c-amb Jc-am-en\yw apambn Iqn-p-gv Lmv taJ-e-bnse IpnN-cp-hp-Ifnse tdmUp-I-fpsS hi--fn \nt-]n-p--Xmbn P\- Adn-bnp. Cu ASp Imev
"tJZv' SuWnse IpSn-sh t{kmX-mb"s_mdmPv' AW-s-n lm\n-I-c-amb cmk-am-en\yw
Sm-dn sImp-hv Xnb kw`-h-ap-mbn. CXp-aqew SuWnse Pe-hn-X-cWw BgvN-Itfmfw apS-n-sb-nepw CXn\v Imc-W-m-cm-bhsc ]nSn-Iq-Sm {ia-ap-m-bn. tems-bn
\np cmk-a-en-\o-I-cWw aqew "Umt_m' IS-en-Sp-nse ay-k--n KWy-amb Ipdhp-m-bn-pv. ay-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iv henb sXmgn \jvS-n\v CXp Imc-W-am-bn-pv.
Cu {]iv\-p \Sp-hn alm-cmjv{S aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUv BsI kzoIcn \S-]-Sn AXns tems Bôkv Zqsc-bp Nn-\n-tev amn m]n--XmWv. CXp-aqew
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78

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aen-\o-I-c-W-n-s\-Xnsc ê-{]-Z-amb \S-]Sn FSp-m-\p km[y-Xbpw Cm-Xmbn. aen-\o-Ic-W-n-s\-Xnsc i-amb {]Xn-tj-[-fpw ka-c-fpw cq]w sImp-tm apwss_-t]meokv \nb-a-nse 37(1)(3) N-{]-Imcw Bfp-I Iqw-Iq-Sp-Xv XSv P\-Iob {]tm-`s
ASn--am-\mWv A[n-Ir-X {ian-p-Xv. 20082009 cXv\-Kncn Pn-bn 191 Znh-k-amWv
Cu D-chv {]m_-ey-n hcp-n-bXv. aen-\o-I-c-W-{]-iv\- C{X cq-ambn \nevptmgpw cmk-hyhkmb irwJ-e-bnse Hcp Bô-k Adn-bn-Xv CXn-\-Sp-p 550 slIvSdn Hcp ]pXnb s]t{SmsIan- tImwIvkv m]n-m ]Xn Xm-dmbn hcpp FmWv.
hnI-k-\-{]-h-\- bYm-n kaq-l-n\v apgp-h {]tbm-P-\-s-Spp Fv Dd-ph-cp-m\pw CXns t\- Nne m]nX XmXv]-cy-m Xn-sb-Sp-m-Xn-cn-m\pw `mhn
km-nI hnI-k-\-ns ]mX-\n-bn-m A-]q-amb P\-]-m-fn--ap Hcp
kwhn-[m-\-n\v cq]w \tI--Xpv.
Cy `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 73,74 t`Z-K-Xn-I Xmsg Xn-ep P\--fpsS imo-I-cWw
ey-an-s-nepw AXv {]hn-]-Y-n-se-n-bn. DZm-l-c-W-n\v cXv\-Kncn Xmeqv ]mbv kanXn Ds-sS-bp ]e {Kma-]-m-bXv kan-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-nXn kw_--amb ]e
{]ta-b-fpw ]mm-n-sb-nepw kwm-\-km AXv ]q-ambn Ah-K-Wn-p-I-bmWv
sNbvXXv. Xmsg-X-n-ep P\--fpsS imo-I-cWw Hcp bmYmy-am-m \mw {ian-t-nbn-cpp.
cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpKv tKmh t]mse-bp h\-{]-tZ-i--fn-sebpw ae-{-tZ-i--fnsebpw P\-sf imo-I-cn-m-\p \nb-a-amWv 2006se ]n-I-hKav ]mc--cy-h-\-\nhmkn(h\-n-t-ep Ah-Imiw) \nbaw. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-ns Cs Ah
alm-cmjv{S DssS Fm-bn-Spw {]iv\-k-o-amWv. Cu ASp--Im-ev ]qn-bmnb kIvtk\ Inn dntmn CXns hni-Zmw-i--fpv.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-n-\mbn CXp-hsc \S-nb ]T-\--fn Hcp kabw
Hcp {]iv\w am{Xw F kao-]\w kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw AXns Bh\ BLm-X- AhK-Wn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv henb t]mcm-bva-bmbn. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp Ievcn A[n-jvTnX
Du DXv]m-Z\ mn \np A-co--a-en-\o-I-c-Ws Hm-bn-I-m AsXmcp
]s kzoIm-cy-am-tbmw. Fm Nne Ime--fn ]e mp-I-fn \nv ]pdw Xp
]pIbpw apw Hcp ae-{-tZ-i-ns XS-n h-Sn-bp-tm AXv Xopw Ak-l-\o-bamhpw AXp-t]mse Xs Hcp J\n-bn \nv Hcp {Sn tdmUn-eq-sS-bp Abncv ISv
henb KXm-K-Xp-cpv Dm-Im--Xn-\m kln-m Ign-t-pw. Fm 5 J\n-I-fn
\np Abncv ISv Hn-p-\-S-m AXv ISp KXm-K-X-p-cp-n\pw A]-I-S-pw
CS-bmIpw. s]mXpsh Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp asmcp LSIw ssPh sshhn-Zy-ns hnhn[ LSI--fpsS \ne-\n-evn\v AXy-m-t]-n-X-amb Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS XpS-bmWv. Chn-sSbpw
Ah-bpsS Bh-\-êw Akzo-Im-cyhpw Hmtcm-ns BLmXw kzoIm-cy-hp-amWv. Ccw
Imc-W--fm cXv\-Kncn, knp ZpK -Pn--I-fn-sebpw tNp-In-S-p tKmh kwm-\sbpw hymh-km-bn-Ihpw J\-\-]-chpw, Du Dev]m-Z-\-]-chpw Bb {]h-\--fpsS
Bh\ BLmXw ]cn-tim-[n--s-tS--XmWv.
16.3 ip]mi-I
J\\w, Du-D-ev]m-Z\w, aen-\o-I-c-W-hy-h-km-b-
alm-cm-jv{S-bnse cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpK Pn-I-fnse J\\w, Du-D-ev]m-Z\w, aen-\oI-c-W-hy-h-km-b- Fn-h-bpsS XpShn-I-k-\-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]mX \nt-in-m
kan-Xn-tbmSv Bh-iy-s-n-cpp. ssPh-]-c-ambn k--sa-nepw Zp_-e-amb Cu Pn-I
t\cn-Sp \nc-h[n {]iv\-sf hfsc {im-]qw kao-]n-t--Xp-m-bn-cpp. Cu Pn-IfpsS Ing-p-`mKw am{Xta ]n-a-L--n-eps-n-cp-pq. kanXn Cu {]tZ-i--fnse ]cnnXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I-fpsS AXnn \nbw ]qn-bm-p-Ibpw XpS hnI-k-\-]--Xn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
79

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Ip am-\nt-i-v cq]w \Ip-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. Pn-bnse ]n-a-L--ta-J-ebvmbn kanXn NphsS ]d-bp ip]mi-I \nt-i-n-pp.
a.
]cn-n-Xn-Zp_-e-ta-Je Hnepw cnepw J\-\-n\v ]pXnb ]cn-nXn nb-dkv

\Ip--Xn\v A\n-nX Ime samd-tm-dnbw {]Jym-]n-pI.
b.
taJe Hn \nv 2016- HmsS J\\w ]q-ambpw Ah-km-\n-n-pI.
c.
taJe cn \ne-hn-ep J\\w ISp \nb-{-W-n\pw ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy

BUn-n\pw hnt[-b-ambn am{Xw XpS-cpI.
d.
taJe Hnepw cnepw Ievcn A[n-jvTnX Du Dev]m-Z\ mp-I DsS

"Nphv, Hmdv' hn`m-K-ns] hyh-km-b-v A\p-aXn \IcpXv.
e.
Ctm \ne-hn-ep "Nphv, Hmdv' hn`m-K-ns] hyh-km-b- taJe Hnepw

cnepw 2016 HmsS "0"aen-\o-I-cWw F \ne-bn-tev amdWw. ê-{]-Z-amb tkmjy
BUnv kwhn-[m-\-nte Ch {]hn-n-m-\mhq.
Bh\ BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

]n-a-L--n\v shfn-bn-ep cXv\-Kncn, knp ZpK Pn-I-fnse ka-X-e--fn-sebpw
Xoc-tZ-i--fn-sebpw ssPh-Zu_-ey-ns \ne-hm-cs kw_-n hnh-c- kanXn hym]I-ambn kam-l-cn-n-n. Fm Cu taJ-e-I-fn kanXn \S-nb ]cn-an-X-amb At\z-j-W-fpsS ASn-m-\-n Cu {]tZ-i- ISp ]mcn-n-XnI, kmaq-ly-k--n\v ASna-s-n-cn--bm-sWv a\-n-em-m Ignp. BI-bm Cu taJ-e-bnse hnhn[ hnI-k\
{]h-\-sf kw_-nv hfsc {im-]q-ap Hcp Bh\ BLmX A]-{K-Y\w
\S--W-sav kanXn \nt-in-pp. Cu ]T\w alm-cm-jv{S-bnse sdbvKUv Pn-bn-sebpw
tKmh kwm-\-sbpw t]mse tKmh-bnse "\mj-W Cn-yqv Hm^v Hmjymt\m{Km^nbpsS t\Xr-Xz-n \S-p--XmWv \Xv.
CsXmcp kmt-Xn-Im-[n-jvTnX ]T\w am{X-amIcp-Xv. ]cn-nXn {]iv\-sf kw_-nv
Ahn-Ss P\-p hy-amb Adnhpw Ah-cpsS hnI-k\ taml-fpw IqSn IW-nse-Sp-n-cn-Ww. Cm-cy-n ]n-I-hav ]c--cm-KX h\-hmkn (h\-n-t-ep AhImiw)\nbaw \S-m-m Kncn-h ta-h-Ip-p-Iv Bh-iy-amb klmbw \Im
kwm\ h\w hIp-p-Iv tI{ ]cn-nXnh\w- a-{m-ebw \ntiw \IWw. Cu
\nb-a-nse kmaqly h\-hn-`-h-\n-_--\-I {]tZ-is ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n P\v {]tXyI ]pw {]m[m\yhpw Dd-p-h-cppw. Fm Xti m]-\--fnepw ssPhssh-hny amt\-Pvsa v In-n-I (BMC) cq]o-I-cn-p-p-sv ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw
Dd-p-h-cp-Ww. ssPh-ssh-hn-y-\n-b-a-n hyh sNbvXn-p t]mse "If- NmPv'
Npa-m\pw B XpI {]mtZ-inI hnZym-`ym-k-m-]-\--fp-ambn tNv {]mtZ-in-I-ssP-h-\nebpw
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-hn-`-h-fpw tcJ-s-Sp-m\pw _n.Fw. knIv \Ip-Ibpw thWw. CXv
kzw ]cn-nXn {im-]qw kwc-n-m {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v Dt-P-\-am-hp-Ibpw
\nnjvS Bh\ ]cn-nXn BLm-X-A-]-{K-Y-\-n\v Bh-iy-amb hnh-c- e`y-am-pIbpw sNpw.
\n-b-ambpw i-amb Hcp imkv{Xo-b-m-]\w CXns ]q-Np-a-Xe Gs-Sp-pIbpw CXn-te-m-h-iy-amb imkv{Xo-bhpw kmt-Xn-I-hp-amb nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I e`y-amp-Ibpw thWw. Cu Npa-Xe Gs-Sp-m tKmh-bnse \mj-W Ckvn-yqv Hm^v Hmjymt\m
{Km^n-tbmSv Bh-iy-s-Sm-hp--Xm-sWpw kanXn ip]mi-sN-pp. cXv\-Kncn, knp-ZpKv
Pn-I-fnse ka-X-c--fnepw Xoc-tZ-ipw J\-\-n\pw Nphv, Hmdv hn`mKw hyh-km-bpw Du-D-ev]m-Z\ mp-Ipw ]pXp-Xmbn ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\v
Gs-Sp-n-bn-p samd-tm-dnbw Cu Pn-I-fpsS hml-I-tijn kw_-n A]-{K-Y\w
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80

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]qn-bm-Ip--Xp-hsc \o-W-sapw kanXn ip]mi sNpp. Cu ]T-\-nse Is-ep-I-fpsS shfn--n samd-tm-dnbw ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-m-hp--XmWv.
17. tKmh-bnse J\\w

tKmh-bn J\-\-n\v ]pXnb nb-dkv \Ip--Xn Gs-Sp-n-bn-p samd-tmdnbw ]p\-]-cn-tim-[n-m-\m-h-iy-amb klm-bhpw hne-bn-cp-m ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw
kan-Xn-tbmSv \nt-in-n-cpp. Cm-cy-n kan-Xn-bpsS \nK-a\
-
- fpw A]-{K-Y\
-
- fpw NphsS
]d-bp--hsb ASn-m-\-s-Spn D-h-bmWv.
kan-Xn-p-thn Xm-dm-nb tcJ-I (R.Kerkar, 2010; N. Alvares, 2010; G Kalampavara, 2010)
2010 sk]vXw-_-dn kanXn kwL-Sn-n _-s--h-cpsS inev]-ime.
tKmh ût-j\pw tKmh Soapw kan-Xn-p-thn Xm-dm-nb tcJ-I
2010 sk]vXw-_-dnepw 2011 P\p-h-cn-bnepw tKmh-bnse J\\ taL-e-bn kanXn \Snb ki-\-fpw J\n DS-a-I, amt\-Pam, {Kma-hm-kn-I, k--kw-L-S-\-I
Fn-h-cp-am-bn-\-S Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-fpw.
tKmh-bnse J\-\s ]n \S-nb hnhn[ ]T-\- (TERI,1997; Goa Foundation, 2002;
TERI, 2006; CSE, 2008; NCAER, 2010; GMOEA Reports; Basu, 2011; Mukhopadhyay & Kadekodi, 2011,
TERI, DISHA Study on going)
\nco--Wfp-sSbpw hni-I-e-\--fp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-n tKmh-bnse ]cn-nXn

Zp_-e-ta-Je Hv, cv, aqvIfn J\-\-n-\mbn ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\v
tamd-tm-dnbw {]Jym-]n--W-sav kanXn ip]mi sNp-p. ]m\ \nW-bn-Xp {]Imcw
taJe Hn Lw L-ambn 2016 HmsS J\\ {]h-\- Ah-km-\n-n--Ww. tKmh-bnsebpw _-s an-S-fn-sebpw J\\ {]h-\--fp-m-p kmaq-lyhpw ]mcn-n-XnI-hp-amb tZmj-^-e- Cm-bva-sN-p--Xn-te-mbn kanXn \ntZ-in-p ip]mi-I
hnZKv[ ]m\ dntmns cmw hmey-n tNn-p-v. nXn-K-Xn-I sa-s-Sp-p
apdbvv tamd-tm-dn-b-n Abhv hcp-m-\p-am-Ipw.
17.1 Ah-bpw amhpw

Sqdnkw hyh-kmbw Ign-m tKmh-bnse cm-as henb hyh-kmbw J\-\hpw
Izmdn-bnwv hyh-km-b-hp-amWv. ]q-ambpw Ib-p-aXn sNp Ccpv Acncv hyh-kmbw
Cy-bpsS hntZ-i-\m-W-b-h-c-hnepw sXmgn-e-h-k-c-kr-jvSn-bnepw KWy-amb ]v hln-p-pv.
20092010 CXn \nv kwm\ tI{-km-cp-Iv e`n dh-\yq-h-cp-am\w bYm-{Iaw
500 tImSn cq] 2000 tImSn cq] Fn--s\-bmWv. CXn \nv kwm\ km-cn\v e`n
hcp-am\w 1999/00 hne-\n-e-hm-c-n 4.7%hpw 2007/08 \ne-hm-c-n 10.1% hpw BWv. J\\w
Izmdn-bnv taJ-eb
- n \np hcp-am-\
- n {][m\w Ccpv Abn-cns J\-\
- n \nmWv.
19922009 Ime-L--n tKmh-bnse Ccpv Abncv Dev]m-Z-\-n-ep-mb h\ Nn{Xw
8 hy-am-pp. 1992 12.1 Zi-ew sa{SnIv Sm-bn-cp Ccpv Abncv Dev]m-Z\w 2009 Bbtm-tgv 41.1 Zi-ew sa{SnIv Sn-sen. Ign 5 hjs am{Xw Dev]m-Z\ h-\hvv
20 Zi-ew sa{SnIv S BWv. CXn-\p-]p-dsa GI-tZiw 10 Zi-ew sa{SnIv Sns A\-[nIrX J\\w \S-n-p-m-Ip-sapw IW-m-pp. tKmh-bn \np Ccp--bncv apgp-h
Ib-p-aXn sNp-I-bmWv. CXn 89 iX-am\w ssN\-bn-tepw 8 iX-am\w Pm-\n-te-p-amWv
Ibn Ab-bvp-Xv.
17.2. J\-\-ns Imev]m-Sp-I

tKmh-bnse J\-\-ta-Je {][m-\-ambpw ]n-a-L--n-emWv (Nn{Xw 9) sXp-In-gv hSp-]-Sn-mdv Zni-bn 65 In.ao. \of-n hym]n-p-In-S-p J\-\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnkvXow
700 N.In.ao-dmWv. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nb-{W ss]Xr-I-ap--Xn-\m Ccpv Abncv J\n-I
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81

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Nn{Xw 8 tKmh-bnse Ccp--bncv Dev]m-Z\w (19922009)
]m-hy-h--bn 100 slIvS-dn Xmsg tI{o-I-cn--s-n-p Cy-bnse GI kwm\w

tKmh-bmWv. F-a ]m-J-\n-I \no-h-am-bn-cp-s-nepw Ccp--bncv ssN\-bn \np
Bhiyw hn-t- XmsS Ch {]h-\k
-
- a
- m-m-\p {iaw \S-p-hc
- pp.tKmh-bnse J\\
{]h-\--fpsS ê-amb {][m\ kpnc Imev]m-Sp-I NphsS sImSp-pp. tKmh-bpsS
taJe m 2021 epw CXv AwKo-I-cn--s-n-pv. J\-\-n-\p ]mm-h-Imiw Fsdbpw h\yar-K-k-t-X-pw h\-ta-J-e-Ipw Npn-ep-amWv DXv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v h\y-Pohn ktX-n\v cv In.ao. Np-f-hn 31 ]m--fpv. CXn 7Fw {]hn-pp. Hcp-In-tem-ao-
Np-f-hn 13 ]m--fpv. Cu taJ-e-bn \nb-a-hn-cp--ambn {]hn-p J\n-I-fp-apv.
19881997 Ime-L--n-\n-S-bn J\\w aqew 2500 slIvS h\--fmWv \jvS-s-Xv. Fm-enp-hsc ]n-a-L--n \jvS-s h\--fpsS Afhv Xn-s-Sp-m bmsXmcp ]T-\hpw \Sn-bn-n. 1940 Ifn Xs htXm-Xn J\\w XpS-nb "_ntmfnw' Xmeq-ns ]e
`mK--fnepw h\- Cs-p-Xs ]dbmw. "kmcn', kmKpw Xmeq-p-I-fnepw J\\w
h\s Imcy-ambn _m[n-n-pv. J\-\s XpSp-m-Ip `qhn-\n-tbm-K-n-sebpw `qXe-n-sebpw am Cu taJ-ebnep-m-n-bn-p ssPh-ssh-hn-y-\jvSw hfsc Kuc-h-ap-XmWv.
apI-c-nse Pew
_mPp-I sPn-Ifn km[-\- Ip-Ibpw Cd-p-Ibpw sNp-tm apI-c-nse
Pew aen-\o-I-cn--s-Spp. \Zn-I-fpsS ASn--n amen-\y- ASn-bp-Xpw s]mgn-I cq]s-Sp-Xpw (atmhnkzmdn s]mgn-irw-Je) _ntmenw, kmKzenw \Zn-I-fn sh-sm-ap-m-pp. Ip-Xpw amen-\y- hp hogp-Xv Pe-tI-{--Sp-m-I-bm tKmh-bn
hj-m-ev Ch sh-n-tev HgpIn Fpp. Xpd-mb J\\w Pe-ns KpW-nepw
Af-hnepw henb am-ap-m-pp. am{X-hp-a `qkz-`m-h-nepw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-nepw kky-Pp-cq-]-nepw hyXn-bm-\- krjvSn-p J\-\-ta-J-e-bn NphsS ]d-bp cv {]iv\ {i-bns]-n-pv.
J\n-I-fnse Ah-in-jvS-fpw Ahn-sS-\nv ]pdw-X-p shw s\Ir-jnv D]
-tbm-Kn-pXpw Cu Irjn-`q-an-I-fpsS kpn-c-^-e-`q-bn-jvT-Xbvv òj-Wn-bmWv.
J\n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-n-p Ipgn-I-fn\nv HgpIn Irjn-`q-an-I-fn-se-p shw aen\o-I-cW{]iv\w IqSp-X cq-am-Ipp.
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82

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Nn{Xw 9 tKmh-bnse J\-\m-\p-aXn

\Inb {]tZ-i- (tKmh ût-j 2010)
`qPew
J\n-I-fn \nv KWy-amb Af-hn shw ]p-sNbvXv If-tb--Xp--Xn-\m J\-\{]-h-\- `qP-es {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-pp. tKmh-bnse J\-\-{]-h-\-
Ahn-Ss {]mtZ-inI Pe \nesb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p--Xmbn ]e ]T-\-fpw sXfn-bnn-pv. (MS Swaminathan 1982; TERI, 1997; GT Marathe, IIT; BS Chawdhri & AG Chachadi; NEERI Report;
Regional Plan of Goa 2021) J\n-I-fn \nv Pew C{]-Imcw Hgp-n--f-bp--Xp-aqew InW-dp-I
hp-Ibpw hom-h-iy-n\pw Irjnpw Pew e`n-msX hcp-Ibpw sNpp. CXv {]tZ-i-hm-knI-fpsS Pohn-Xs kmc-ambn _m[n-pp. J\\w aqe-ap Pe-Zue`yw tcJ-s-Sp--s-npv.(TERI, 1997; TERI 2002). `qPe \ne-bnse am- Ghpw tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-p-Xv
kv{XoI-fpsS Btcm-Ky-s-bmWv (TERI, 2006).
Ah-in-jvS-Iq-mcw
J\n-I-fn \np Ah-injvSw ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn Ipp-It]m-se-bmWv Iqn-bn-SpXv. Cu Ah-injvSw hopw J\\w sNbvXv ssN\-bn-te-bv-bvp-pv. Ipgn-s-Sp-p
km[\w cmPy-n\v ]pd-tbvv sImp-t]m-Ip--Xn-\m J\n-I-fnse Abncv Xop-I-gnm Ch Fs\ aqSpw FXv hfsc {][m-\-s Hcp shp-hn-fn-bmWv.
hmbp-hns KpW-ta
Im-S-I-bn \np [mXp- htXm-Xn tdmUv amhpw sdbnamhpw tKmhbn-tev sImvt]mbn Ahn-Ss {]mtZ-inI Abn-cp-ambn Iqn--en \ne-hmcw Iqn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
83

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
bmWv "aapKmthm' t]mv {Sv hgn Ib-p-aXn sNp-Xpw tKmh-bnse 5 kvt]mv Ab

mp-Iv Fn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Xpw. Ctm \S-p-h-cp Hcp ]T\ {]Imcw (TERI)tKmhbnse PM10 \mbn sImp-t]m-Ip temUp-I-fn 39 iX-am\w J\n-ta-J-e-bn \npw 25%
hyh-km-b-n \np-am-sW-mWv TERI bpsSw Ctm-gs ]T\w hy-am-p-Xv. Ccpv
Abn-cp-I {Sp-I-fn F.Fv. 4 F hgn DkvKm Hmbn Fnv AhnsS \nv _mp-Ifn t]mv {Snn-se-n-mWv Ibn Ab-p-Xv. {Sp-I-fn HmhtemUv Ibn XpWn-bnv
aqSmsX Xepw hnepw ]mbp-Xv ISp KXm-K-X-p-cpv krjvSn-p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS
km-c-]m-X-bn-ep-S-\ofw ]cn-nXn {]iv\- krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNpp. Cu KXm-KX ]mXbn \nc-h[n A]-I-S--fmWv \nXyhpw Dm-Ip-Xv. A-co--a-en-\o-I-cWw tKmh-bnse
J\-\-ta-J-ebnepw KXm-KX CS-\m-gn-bnepw hfsc Db \ne-bn ImWp-Xv {]mtZ-inI
kaq-l--fpsS Btcm-Kys lm\n-I-c-ambn _m[n-p--Xmbn ]T-\- hy-am-pp.
Irjn
`qPew A\n-b-{n-X-ambn NqjWw sNp-Xpw hen-sbmcp {]tZ-iv Ah-in-jvS-fpw
s]mSnbpw ASn-bp-Xpw Irjn-bn-S-sf \in-n-p-Ibpw PohnXw {]Xn-k-n-bn-em-p-Ibpw
sNpp. J\-\-{]-tZ-i-v Xmsg-bp Irjn-bn-S--fn J\n-I-fn \nv Hgp-In-sb-p
Ahn-in-jvS- h-Sn-bp--Xp-aqew Irjn-tbm-Ky-a-m-Xm-hpp. CXv J\-\-mcpw Ij-Icpw
Xn-ep \nc-c kwLj-n\v CS-bm-pp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v kmwKyw Xmeq-nse
sImfw_ hnt-Pn t]mp-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Imev A\p-h-Zn J\n-I hnt-Pns 75% embn hym]n-p-In-S-pp. Ch-bn ]eXpw {]hn-p-h-cp--h-bmWv. Npcp--n Cu
Imjn-I-{Kmaw ]q-ambn Xs J\n-I hngppw F òXn-bn-emWv. ChnsS {]mtZ-inI
kwLjw ]Xn-hmWv. CXp-t]m-ep asmcp {Kma-amWv "Iudw'. ]n-a-L kan-Xnv kan
tcJ-bn sIsI (2010) C{]-Imcw ]d-bpp tKmh-bnse Npcpw Nne {Kma- am{Xta
ZnW tKmh-bnse Ihmsc Iyq-anse t]mse ssPh-ss]-Xr-I-ap hnip--tXm--fpw, Pekp-e-`-amb Acp-hn-Ifpw k--h-\-fpw \nd--h-bm-bpp. Fm-env hn-p-h-cp J\\
{]h-\-aqew IhmscbpsS \ne-\n-ev]p-Xs A]-I-S-n-emWv.'' Irjnbpw J\-\hpw,
P\-fpw J\-\-I--\n-Ifpw Xn Cv \nXm--i-{Xp-X-bn-emWv. `qanbpw Pohn-Xhpw J\nI Ihs-Sp--hv \ne-hn-ep \nb-a-{]-Imcw \Ip \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Xocw A]cym-]vX-amWv.
kwm-\-ns samw B`y-c Dev]m-Z-n J\\w \Ip kw`m-h-\sb ]n
tIp--h ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Cu {]iv\- ImWp-n. DZm-l-c-W-n\v
1996/97 nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n tKmh-bnse J\-\-ns BLm-X-s]n \S-nb hni-Z-amb ]T-\-{]-Imcw ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BLm-X-ns hne
Xn--gn-m CXv kwm-\-ns samw B`y-c D]m-Z-\-n-tev \Ip kw`mh\(bYm hcp-am\w) shdpw 15% am{X-amWv. (Noronha, 2001; TERI 2002) . NCAER dntmn\v
(2010) {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn Cu ASp-nsS ]pd-p-h tcJ-I {]Imcw Cm-cy-n-ep
hchvsNehv A\p-]mXw tKmh-bnse J\-\s Hcp Xc-nepw A\p-Iq-en-p-n. (Basu
2011, Mukhopadhyay & Kadekodi 2011)
17.3 `c-W-]-c-amb {]iv\-

h\-A-h-Imi \nb-a-nse kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`hw kw_-n \n_--\-I tKmh-bn
\S-m-m-Xn-cp--Xn\v bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-W-hp-an. tKmh-bnse "Iyqs]w' Xmeq-ns]
"Iucw' {Kma-nse "tZh-s]m tUmm' J\n nXn-sN-p-Xv. "shfn]vkv' F-dn-b-sSp ]n-I-h-m-cpsS hnip e-amb Hcp-a-e-bn-emWv. i-amb {]mtZ-inI FXnns\
adn-I-Spw h\m-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse hyh--I ]q-ambn ]men-m-sXbpw ChnsS J\-\n\v A\p-aXn \In-bXv A--hy-amWv.
]e-hn-[-n-ep \nb-a-hn-cp J\-\-{]-h-\-fpw tKmh-bn \S-p-pv. bmsXmcp
hn[ nb-dkpw Cm-sXbpw sXmb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-ns ]n_-e-nepw
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84

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]cn-nXn nb-dkn-\p-ap-ff hyh--I Imn ]d-nbpw ChnsS J\\w \S-pp. ]cnnXn kw_--amb \n_--\-I ]mtS Ah-K-Wnv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]cn-[nv AXo-Xambn Abncv J\\w sNbvsX-Sp-p--Xmbn Btcm-]nv \nc-h[n ]cm-Xn-I kan-Xnv e`n-npv.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

]n-a-L--nse ssPh-hy-h-sb kwc-n-m-\p \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS tI{-_n-p-hmb
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{KY\ {]{Inb ]e \ne-bnepw A_--P-Sn-e-am-sWv Is-m
Ign-n-pv.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmp-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-sX-fn-sh-Spv \S-]-Sn-I-fp-tSbpw
KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-m-bva-bmWv Hcp {]iv\w. sXmb A]-{K-Y\ dntmv am{X-a,s]mXp
sXfn-sh-Sp-p-I-fpsS an\n-Svkn t]mepw Ir{Xnaw Imn-b-Xmbn Is-m Ignp.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ Ik v {Kma- kin-p-Itbm icn-bmb
ksbpw ]T-\hpw \S-p-Itbm sNm-Xn-cp kw`-h- R ImWp-Itbm
tIp-Itbm sNbvXn-pv. ]-Xn-bpsS {]tW-Xm- \ntbm-Kn GPkn-I-fmWv
]e-tmgpw ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmp-I Xm-dm-p--sX--Xn-\m
nb-dkv e`n-m X-hw nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-Isf hf-sm-Sn-p coXnbpw \nehn-epv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v tKmh-bnse "Iyqs]w' Xmeq-nse "Iucw' {Kma-nse sUhms]m tUmm J\n-p-thn Xm-dm-nb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmn
hkvXp-Xbvv hncp--ambn J\-\-ta-J-e-bn Hcp Pe-t{km-Xpw Cs-mWv tcJ-s-Spn-bn-p-Xv. kanXn ew ]cn-tim-[n--tm Pe kar-n-bp cv Acp-hn-I
ImWm Ignp.
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n-sbpw kmaqlykm-nI LS-I--fp-sSbpw Imcy-n ]cnnXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-dn-tmp-I Zp_-e-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ]n-a-L--n\v
XpS-bmbn Im-Sn-p hf apc-Sn hr--fp {]tZ-is "Duj-c-`qan' Bbn
ap{Z-Ipn Xg-bp-I-bmWv A]-{K-Y\ dntmn sNmdv. ssPh-ssh-hn-y-m k-amb Cu {]tZiw \nc-h[n kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{hpw Ip-Imen Xo-IfpsS Hcp {][m\ t{kmXpw Npp-ap Xmgv-h-c-I-fnse P\-Po-hn-X-n\v Duw ]Icp Acp-hn-I-fpsS t{kmX-p-amWv.
Xm-dm--s-n-p ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmp-I ]eXpw hnizm-k-tbmKy-a. C-cp-Wn ]cn-nXn Ah-tem-I\ In-n-bpsS ]v hfsc {][m-\-s-XmWv. Cu In-n-bpsS LS-\-bnse {][m\ A]m-IX \nn-jvS-]-Xn m]n-t
{]tZ-is {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmcpw In-n-bn Dm-Im-dn-s--XmWv. Xqew ]cn-nXn
Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xnv B {]tZ-i-s-]n icn-bmb hnh-ctam ]pXnb ]Xn hcp-tm
AhnsS Dm-Im-hp {]iv\--sf-n hy-amb [mc-Wtbm e`n-p-n. kan-Xn-bpsS
N-I {][m-\-ambpw Uln-bn-emWv \S-p--sX--Xn-\mepw ]e-tmgpw e-ki\w Dm-Im-dn-s--Xp-sImpw {]mtZ-in-I-amb k-fpw DXv-WvT-Ifpw kanXn-bpsS {i-bns]-SmsX t]mIpp. sXmb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmns\bpw Ir{Xn-a-ambn Na s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp-n an\n-Svkn-s\bpw B{i-bn-p-n-S-tmfw
Imew sams \nb-{W {]{In-bbpw hrYm-hn-em-Ip-I-tb-bpq.
]cn-nXn nb-dkv kw_-n 2006 se hnm-]\w SPCB sb shdpw t]mm-ôkmbn Xcw-Xmgvn Fv tKmh-t]m-ep kwm-\- Icp-Xpp. Cu nb-dkv
{]{In-b-bn kwm\/{]mtZ-inI kzm[o\w IS-p-sN--Xmbpw Icp-Xpp. av Nne-bnS--fn SPCB {]mtZ-inI P\-X-bpsS Xmev]-cy-n\v hncp--ambn ]cn-nXn Ah-temI\ kan-Xnsb sXn--cn-n--Xmbpw Icp-Xpp. ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw nb-dkv
sImSp-p tIkp-I-fn-sem-gnsI 2006\v tijw kwm\ km-cnstbm kwm\
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
85

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aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W- t_mUn-stbm ImgvN-m-Sp-I CSw-]n-Sn-m-dn-. ]-Xn m]nm kwm\ km-cns A\p-aXn Bh-iy-am-sW hyh icnpw Cm-cyn kwm-\-n-\p "hotm' A[n-Im-c-amWv. CXv th-hn[w hn\n-tbm-Kn--W-sa-sap am{Xw. nb-dkn-\p-thn ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-n-\p-ta ISp
kw ]Xn-hmWv.
t{]mP-Iv-Sn-m-\-n ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip-Xp aqew Ch-bpsS Bh\
BLmXw Ah-K-Wn--s-Spp.
hyh--I ]men--s-Sp-ptm Fv ]cn-tim-[n-msX Xs ]pXnb ]-Xn-Iv
nb-dkv \Ipp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ]cn-nXn nb-dknepw aen-\o-I-c-W-t_mUns
]pXp- tcJ-bnepw \njvjn-n-p--Xn-e-[nIw Abncv J\-\-m AhnsS \ns
-Sp-p--Xmbn a\-n-em-m Ignp.
kpXm-cyhpw ]m-fn--]-c-hp-amb Hcp Ah-tem-I\ kwhn-[m-\-ns A`m-h-n ]cnnXn nb-dkv \Ip-tm Gs-Sp-p hyh--I ]e-tmgpw ewLn--s-Spp.
]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip-tm Gs-Sp-p-smcp hyh kao-]-s-hn-sS-sb-nepw
Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fp-s-n Ahsb iey-s-Sp-m ]mSn-spw Cu Pe-t{km-X-p-Iv
Ccp-h-ihpw 50 ao AI-e-n CS-Xqv hf-cp {]Ir-Xn-Z ImSp-Isf kwc-n--W-sap-amWv ]s e-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn ImWm Ign-Xv. Cu \n_--\-I-sfmw ]qambn ewLn--s-n-cn-p--XmWv. Acp-hn-I \new, Ah-bpsS Hgn-ns\ hgn-Xn-cn-p-hn-n-cppp. Acp-hn--c-bnse Ipn-m-Sp-I \in-n-n-cn-pp. Xqew J\-\-{]-h-\--sf-]n
P\--fpsS a\-n i-amb Akw-Xr]vXn \ne-\npp. {]mtZ-inI ]cn-n-Xn-tbmSv
J\-\-m Imp Ah-K-W-\-bvs-Xnsc Db-cp i-amb FXnns\ ]np-W-bvp-XmWv J\-\-n-s\-Xn-cmb s]mXp-Xmcy lPn-I(t_mIvkv 12).
t_m2Ivkv 12 : tKmh-bnse J\\w: s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-lPn-I

Pew
hS- tKmh-bnse "AUv-hm]m' hntPv cv J\\ I-\n-Is-Xnsc
s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-lPn-I ^b sNbvXp. ag-m-ev {Kma-n XpS-bmbn
sh-sm--ap-m-Ip--Xn-\p ImcWw Cu I-\n-I Acp-hn-I hgnXncnp-hn-Sp--Xm-sWpw Ah-cpsS Irjn-bn-S--fn Pe-tk-N-\-n-\p shw
XS-bpp Fpw Btcm-]n-m-bn-cpp lPn-I.
Irjn
J\\ {]h-\- \nn-sh-bv-W-sa Bh-iy-hp-ambn Zn-W-tKm-hbnse {Kma-hm-kn-I Ac Uk s]mXp Xmev]-cy-lPn-I-fmWv ^b
sNbvXXv. J\n-I-fn \nv ae-s-cp-hn-eqsS Hgp-In-sb-p Ah-in-jvS-
ASn-hm-c-p Irjn-`q-an-I-fn hn-Snv Hmtcm hjhpw KWy-amb Afhn Irjn `qan Xcn-imbn amdpp F-Xm-bn-cpp lPn-m-[mcw.
hmbp, i_vZw, A]-ISw
{Snv KXm-KXw (2010)
J\n-I-fn \np {Sp-I ]I ka-bp am{Xta HmSmhq Fpw
AXpw \nnX aWn-q-dn am{Xta ]mSpq Fpw \nb-{-W-tas-Spn-sIm-p km Xocp-am\w tImS-Xn- Aw-Ko-I-cnp.
P\-hm-k-ap e--fn-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip--Xn\v thK-X-\n-b-{Ww
Gs-Sp-mthn
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86

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Hmtcm {Snepw temUp sNm-hp Abn-cns Afhv \nb-s-Sp-m

thn.
h\- (AIvkv tImS-Xn)
cv h\y-ar-K-k-t-X--fpsS hnm-]\w (amssU, t\{Xm-hmen) ]nh-en--Xns\
tNmZyw sNbvXp-sImv
t\{Xm-hmen h\y-ar-Kk
- t- -X
- n \nv 55 J\n-Isf Hgn-hm-n-bXv tNmZyw sNbvXpsImv.
J\n-Ipw hyh-km-b-]--Xn-Ipw 2004 apIq A\p-aXn \In-b-Xns\
tNmZyw sNbvXp-sImv.
h\y-ar-K-k-t-X-pw tZiob ]mp-Ipw 10 Intem-aodn\p-n Fm
J\\ ]-Xn-Ifpw tZiob h\y-Pohn t_mUn \nv F.H.kn hm-W-sav
2006 kp{]nw tImSXn D-c-hn-n-cpp.
tKmh-bnse J\\ {]h-\- Cu sNdnb kwm-\-ns ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaqly-hp-amb Fm koa-Ifpw ewLn-n-cn-pp. tKmh-bnse J\\w 17Zi-ew S Ihn
1996 Ahn-Ss 4 J\\ {Kma-k-ap--b-fnse hop-Imv J\-\-{]-h-\--tfm-Sp
at\m-`mhw ]nI 8 ImWpI. samw ks sNbvX hop-Im-cn 50iX-am\w J\-\w-sImv
{Kma-n\v bmsXmcp t\hpw Dm-bn-n-sv A`n-{]m-b-sp. asmcp ]T\ ks {]Imcw
J\-\-c-lnX taJ-e-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse P\- IqSp-X
Akw-Xr-]vX-cmWv (TERI, 2002, Nanonha and Nairy, 2005). J\-\-{]-h\ Ib-p-aXn 50 Ziew IS-n-cn-p Ctm Cu ks \S-n-bm êw Gsd òI-chpw \ncm-im-P-\-Ihp-am-bn-cnpw.
]nI 8 : J\-\-tm-Sp ks {]Xn-I-cWw
J\\ kap-bw*
{Kmao-W-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw
]pXnb J\n-I
\ne-hn-ep J\n-I
thWw
th
Adn-bn
hnI-kn
n-Ww
ac-hnn-Ww
AS-p]q-Ww
Adn-bn
33
41
26
40
42
13
II
33
34
33
45
24
11
16
III
36
28
36
47
40
10
IV
35
60
88
t{kmXv: hoSp-ho-Sm-c ks ( TERI 1997), [mXp-D-ev]m-Z\w 17 Zi-ew S
* kap-bw I _ntmfnw kap-bw

ns `mK-amWv.)
II
kpe-]mse,
III
tImSven,
IV
SptUm _mn (CXn-tm s\m hn kt-X-
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87

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17.4 ip]mi-I
ip]mi1 : Zp_-e-amb ssPh-ta-J-e-bn J\\w Hgn-hm-pI.
tKmh-bn ]n-a-L--nse NphsS ]d-bp e--fn J\-\-{]-h-\- Hgnhm-pI.
h\y-Po-hn-\n-b-a-nse (1972) hIp-p-I{]-Im-chpw \ne-hn-ep kp{]nw tImSXn Dc-hp-I {]Im-chpw tZio-b-]mp-Ifpw h\y-Pohn kt-X-fpw D-sS-bp kwcnX {]tZ-i--fn
]n-a-L kanXn ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-JeHv Fv \n-bn--s-n-p--Xp
- t]m-sebp {]tZ-i--fn.
Cu taJ-e-bnse J\n-I-fpsS ]cn-nXn nb-dkn Hcp \n_-\ IqSn \n_-amWw. AXm-bXv ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-JeHn 2016 J\\w Ah-km-\n-np--Xp- hsc Hmtcm hjhpw {]h\w 25 % hv Ipd-p-sIm-p-h-cWw. asmv
J\n AS-p- ]q-nb tijw ]cn-nXn ]p\-c-[n-hmkw Dd-m-Ww.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Jecn \ne-hn-ep J\\w XpScmw. ]pXnb ssekkv \IpXv nXn-sas--tijw am{Xw.
ip]mi 2: [mXp-Nq-j-W-n\v \nb-{Ww
]cn-nXn nb-dkn A\p-h-Zn-n-p--Xn IqSp-X Abncv J\\w sNp Fm
J\n-Ifpw AS-p-]q-pI.
]cn-nXn kmaqly DXvWvT {]Xn-^-en-n-p Hcp ""Iv Hm^v'' kwhn-[m\w Ccp-bn J\-\-n\v Gs-Sp-pI.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-JeHnse Ctm {]h-\-an-m--h-bpsS ssekkv DS-\Snbpw, {]hn-p Fm J\n-I-fp-tSbpw ssekkv 2016 epw dm-pI.
h\y-ar-K-k-t-X--fnse J\n-I-fnse ssekkv n-c-ambn dm-Ww. J\n-I AS-p]q-n-bmepw tKmh-bnse ssekkv \ne-\n-evp--Xm-bmWv tcJ-I-fn ImWp-Xv. BIbm M.M.D.R \nb-a-nse \memw hIp-v{]-Imcw Ah-km-\n-n-Ww. t\{X-hmen h\yar-K-k-t-X-n \nv J\n-Isf Hgn-hm-n-smv If-IvSdpw dh-\yq-B-ô-kdpw ]pds-Sp-hn-n-p Fm D-c-hp-Ifpw dp-sN-Ww. CXv tI{ Fw]-thUv In-n-bpsS
ip]mi IqSn-bmWv.
IpSn-sh Bh-iy-n\v D]-tbm-Kn-p AW-s-p-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i-p J\nI AS-p-]q-pI.
aWJ-\-\-n-\p N- (Padmalal, 2011)
aW J\-\-n\v BUnv sNWw. \Zn-I-fn-ep-S-\ofw aW J\-\-n\v Ah[n
Gs-Sp-Ww.
sam-n-ep amt\-Pvsas \Zn amt\-Pvsan \nv thXn-cnv ImWWw.
CXn\v {]tXyI \nb-a-\nmWw Bh-iy-amWv.
\nm-Wm-h-iy-v Bp-a-W-en\v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp-h Isn t{]mmln-n-pI.
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t]mb {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb \Zn-tbm-c-m-Sp-I ]p\-cp-Po-hn-n-m Bh-iy-amb \S-]-SnI kzoI-cn-pI.
Ignhpw kzoImcy-X-bp-ap Hcp m]\w \S-p ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\-ns ASn-m-\-n am{Xta \Zo-Xo-c--fnse hnI-k\ {]h-\v,
A\p-a-Xn-\Im-\mhq.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
88

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
tKmh-bn J\-\-n\v Hcp {]tZ-iv Hmtcm-nepw ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w

\S-p--Xn\p ]Icw Hcp {]tZ-i-n\v sam-n-ep J\\{]h--fpsS Bh
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-cp-m-cWw sa-s J\-\-co-Xn-I Fn-h-sbmw Cu dntmns `mKw 2 N-sN-pp.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
89

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
A\p-_
A\p-_w 1 : ]T-\-coXn
Methodology employed in generating and interpreting the Western Ghats
Database and assigning ESZs
1.Data Sets :
1.
Western Ghats boundary (shape file) obtained from Dr. Ganeshaiah, Member, WGEEP
2. India states, districts, talukas (shape file ) source : DIVA-GIS (http://www.diva- gis.org)
3. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data for India (TIFF) at 90 m resolution.
4. Data on endemic plants, IUCN Red list Mammals, percent forest, unique evergreen
elements, forest with low edge: (from Das et al., 2006) 25k grid (shape file)
5. Forest types of India (TIFF)
6. Protected Areas of Western Ghats Cover (shape file) Source: FERAL
7. Elephant Corridors of Western Ghats Cover (shape file) Source: Prof R Sukumar, CES,
and WTI.
8. Endemic vertebrate data of Western Ghats Cover (Spread sheet) Source: Ranjit
Daniels
9. Endemic Odonata data of Western Ghats Cover (shape file) Source: ZSI
10. Enhanced vegetation index of MODIS for North Maharashtra and Gujarat
11. Riparian Forests derived through drainage and forest cover
12. Important Bird Areas (IBAs) as point coverages
Of these, data sets 15 and 812 were used for the geospatial analyses. For North
Maharashtra and Gujarat, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) of MODIS was used as the
forest vegetation data were not readily available.
Use of Free and Open Source Software:
Free and Open source geospatial tools (www.osgeo.org) were extensively used as given
below
Desktop GIS: Open jump, QGIS, SAGA, DIVA-GIS
Database: PostgreSQL/ PostGIS
Web GIS: OpenGeo Suite which is a complete web platform based upon Open Geospatial
Standards (OGC) which includes GeoServer (GIS Server), PostgreSQL/PostGIS(Database),
Geo Web Cache (Cache Engine), Geoexplorer (for Visualization of WMS layers), GeoEditor
(Online editing geospatial data), and Styler (Online styling of the data).
A web enabled searchable database has been a major contribution of this short-term
project. In addition, through UNICODE, local language adoption has been showcased
using Marathi as an example.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
90

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
In addition, using methods of spatial analyses on large landscape level data, an attempt
was made to arrive at the relative importance of these seven attributes. This has been done
using a programme called Spatial analyses in Macro Ecology (SAM) . However, this has
been done only on a preliminary exploratory basis to showcase one possible way of
reducing the dimensionality of the factors involved. Not much headway was made with
this approach due to several operational constraints.
2. a. Data Cleaning Process:5 minute x 5 minute grid file generation for Western Ghats
Cover (shape file) using
Vector Grid plugin of QGIS
b. 1 minute x 1 minute grid file generation for Western Ghats Cover of Goa state
(shape file) using Vector Grid plugin of QGIS
c. Rasterization of each attribute of ATREE data by applying Surface method
usingRasterize (Vector to Raster) plugin of QGIS
d. Generated slope map in TIFF format using GDAL library
e. Generated shape files for following classes in Endemic Vertebrate data (RanjitDaniels,
2011)
Amphibians Birds Reptiles Fish Endemic Odonata (ZSI, 2011)
3. Uploading datasets into database:
All the available and generated datasets were uploaded to the PostgreSQL/PostGIS
database using QGIS as below. The vector datasets were uploaded to the database using
the SPIT plugin of QGIS while raster datasets were uploaded using Load Raster to
PostGIS plugin of QGIS. In case of Raster dataset, the data was stored into 64 x 64
blocks.
4. Vector/Raster analysis using PG Raster of PostGIS
a. Vector/Raster analysis was done for elevation values from SRTM data using WKT Raster
Queries. Following is the sample query for it.
Sample Query:
Create table <table name> as SELECT e.id,test.val, ST_Intersection(test.geom, e.geometry)
AS gv FROM (SELECT (ST_DumpAsPolygons(ST_SetBandNodataValue(rast, 0))).geom,
(ST_DumpAsPolygons(ST_SetBandNodataValue(rast, 0))).val FROM
<Raster_table_name>) as test, <Grid_table_name> as e WHERE ST_Intersects(test.geom,
e.geometry);
5. Grouping and averaging of pixel values based upon grids
Thereafter, average elevation values were calculated for each 5' x 5' grid for each state in
the
Western Ghats and considered as a parameter.
The steps 45 were performed for parameters such as maximum slope values, endemic
plants, iucn max, unique percent, comp3 percent, forest percent values, area of riparian
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
91

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
forest (see explanation of parameter below) for each 5' x 5' grid for each state in the Western
Ghats Cover.
6
Ranking the parameters generated
Assigned ranks for the following 8 parameters

a. Endemic plants : Number of endemic plant species
b. IUCN_max: Number of IUCN Red listed mammal species
c. Unique percent: Percentage of area covered by unique evergreen ecosystems
d. Comp3 percent : Percentage of area covered by relatively undisturbed forest with
low edge
e. Forest percent: Percentage of forest area
f. Elevation
g. Slope
h. Riparian Forests/Vegetation
As there is an ecological gradient from north to south in the Western Ghats with changes in
diversity and species richness as well as physical features, a normalization for every state was
done for these parameters. Thus, scores were normalized for each state. For instance, the
highest recorded altitude in a given grid in a state was given the maximal score and all other
grids in that state were ranked in relative fashion. After normalization ranks were assigned
on a scale from 1 to 10 based on the maximum value of each parameter for each state.
7.
Average of the ranks for all parameters
Subsequent to the rank generation, the average of the ranks for all parameters were calculated.
If, for a grid, there is data for only for 5 parameters out of 8 parameters, then dividing the
sum by the number of parameters assessed took care of the problem of data available for
variable numbers of parameters per grid.
8.
ESZ assignment algorithm
1.
We treat Western Ghats regions of each state separately
a.
Existing Protected Areas are treated as a fourth separate category
b.
ESZ1, ESZ2 and ESZ3 status are assigned only to grids outside existing Protected Areas
c.
ESZ1 status are assigned only to such grids as have a score at least equalling, or higher
than the lowest scoring grids falling within existing Protected Areas
d.
The extent of existing Protected Areas plus ESZ1will not normally exceed 60% of the
total area
e.
The extent of ESZ3 will normally be around 25% of the total area
With these stipulations, we adopt the following procedure:

Let p be the percentage of area falling under existing Protected Areas
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
92

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Let x be the percentage of area assigned to ESZ1

Let y be the percentage of area assigned to ESZ2
Let z be the percentage of area assigned to ESZ3
Obviously, p+x+y+z = 100
Now, we can visualize three scenarios in terms of value of p; [1] p>75, [2] 60<p<75, and [3]
p<60. Normally p<60 will hold, but logically we must allow for the first two as well.
[1] p>75: In this case, all areas outside existing Protected Areas will be assigned to ESZ3. No
grids will be assigned to ESZ1 or ESZ2, as existing Protected Areas themselves exceed 75% of
the region. x=0, y=0, z= (100p);
so that x+y+z+p= 0+0+(100p)+p=100
[2] 60<p<75: In this case, we will assign the lowest scoring 25% of grids to ESZ3 and the
balance grids to ESZ2. No grids will be assigned to ESZ1, as existing Protected Areas
themselves exceed 60% of the region. Then, x=0, y=(75p), z=25 leading to
x+y+z+p= 0+(75p)+25+p=100
[3a] p<60: This will be the normal case. In this case, we will assign the lowest scoring 25% of
grids to ESZ3. The balance of (75p) has to be assigned to ESZ1 and ESZ2 such that
p+ESZ1=60. Since we accept that existing Protected Areas and ESZ1 should not exceed 60%,
we have to assign all of the top scoring 60% grids that are outside existing Protected Areas to
ESZ1, provided that the lowest score amongst these at least equals or is higher than the
lowest score of the grids falling within existing Protected Areas.
So, in this scenario of 60<p<75; x=(60p), y=15, z=25, and
x+y+z+p= (60p)+15+25+p=100.
[3b] One more special case, has to be considered for this scenario of p<60, namely that equating
the lowest score of the grids falling within existing Protected Areas to the lowest score of the
grids assigned to ESZ1 does not assign enough grids to ESZ1, so that (p+x)<60. In that case,
the balance of the top scoring 75% grids that are outside existing Protected Areas, and grids
assigned to ESZ1, will be assigned to ESZ2. So, y=75(p+x), and will be more than 15%.
Again, x+y+z+p= x+75(p+x)+25+p=100
[4] An additional, score assignment device has been introduced. When we want to select
some specific percentage of grids, say, lowest 25%, setting the threshold to a specific integral
score may not yield the desired result. Then, we rank the parameters used to generate the
scores in the order of their importance, and rework the scores by ignoring the least important
parameters till roughly the desired percentage, say between 22 to 28, is reached.
To make administration easy, the ESZ are extrapolated and reported for talukas. The assigned
ESZ level to the taluka is the ESZ that covers the largest fraction of the taluka.
In the case of Goa, because of its size and the use of 1 minute x 1 minute grids, ESZs are not
reported for whole talukas, but by grids within talukas.
The method is illustrated for Goa:
a.
A WG database for Goa is prepared as discussed above
b.
The parameters are ranked on a 1-10 scale, with lowest at 1 and highest ecological
significance at 10
c.
Composite scores average for each grid- are calculated
d.
For arriving at ESZs, the grid scores were treated thus:
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
93

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
All grids having PAs are excluded for arriving at the ESZ1. Since these grids also have
scores, a guiding strategy for demarcation of ESZ1 is the range of scores for PAs of a
given state. Thus the average minimum threshold for Goa PAs is 4.92. Hence all grids
having a score of above 4.92 get assigned to ESZ1.Thus 11 grids out of a total of 55
grids make the cut (20%). The grids with PAs are 21 in number and account for 38% of
the total grids. ESZ1 and PAs together constitute 58%.
the lowest quartile (approx. 25%) of these scores for grids was computed. For Goa , this
score is 3.14 which means all grids below this core are assigned to ESZ 3. For Goa there
are 12 grids under ESZ3 , which constitute about 22% of the area.
The balance of grids are assigned to ESZ2. These are 11 in number (20%, a deviation of
5% from the suggested 15% of area).
9. Outputs
The results obtained are presented as
a.
A spatial depiction of ESZs grid-wise as well as taluka-wise and displayed on a colour

palette , with Green showing ESZ1, Red showing ESZ2 and yellow showing ESZ3.
b.
Percent grids for a given score for each state both in a tabular and graphical notation
c.
Riparian forest scores for each state and in different elevation zones
d.
1' x 1' grid analysis for Goa to incorporate the results of the Goa Regional plan
e.
A Web GIS application
10. Information and Data Sources

a.
Habitat related information in the form of shape files for parts of Mahrashtra, Karnataka,
Kerala and Tamil Nadu: Mr Kiran , Arundhati Das, V Srinivasan and Dr Jagdish
Krishnaswamy of ATREE Additional data from Ravindra Bhalla of FERAL and Bhaskar
Acharya of CEPF
b.
Dr RJR Daniels of Care Earth: point locations of mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians
and fishes
c.
Dr K A Subramanian , ZSI: point locations of Odonata
d.
Prof R Sukumar: information on elephant corridors
e.
Dr K N Ganeshiah: Western Ghats boundary
f.
Dr P S Roy, Director, Indian Institute of Remote sensing, Dehra Dun: habitat information
and shape files for Gujarat and Maharashtra
g.
Dr Bharucha and Shamita from BVIEER, Pune: data on parts of Maharashtra
h.
Dr K S Rajan , Open Source Geospatial Foundation India chapter and IIIT, Hyderabad
: geospatial statistical analyses
i.
Dr P V K Nair, KFRI: assistance in analyses for Kerala
j.
Santosh Gaikwad, Siva Krishna, Ravi Kumar, Ch.Appalachari, Sai Prasad of SACON:
GIS work.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
94

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
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- m-Wn-Xn. Cu dntmns Dtiyw
cmWv. Hv kanXn Fn-t Bi-b-]-chpw am\-Z--]-c-hp-amb hni-Zmw-i-n-t
hn]p-e-amb Hcp hnZKv[ kaq-l-ns \nt-i- Wn-pI, cm-aXv Cu am\-Z-sf cmPy-n-\-Ipw ]pd-p-ap av ssPh-k---{]-tZ-i--fpsS amn-n-\m-bp mbnbmb \S-]Sn {Ia-ns am\-Z--ambn t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZiw F Bibw th coXn-bn \n-Nn--s-n-n. "ssPhssh-hnyw' F ]Z-{]-tbmKw t]mse CXn\pw AwKo-Ir-X-amb Hcp \n-N-\-an. ]cn-nXn
Zp_-e- {]tZ-iw, ]cn-nXn Zpe taJe, ssPh-]-c-ambn Zp_-e-amb ssPh-hy-h, ]cnnXn Zp_e ssk-p-I Fs-m-ap {]tbm-K- kwc--W-n-\p-thn kml-N-cypw k`-pw A\p-tbm-Py-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-t--h-bmWv. ]e k`--fnepw
Ch D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv {]tXyI \n-N-\-an-m-sXbpw ]e A-n-ep-am-bn-cnpw (]nI
Hv ImWpI)
Cm-c-W-m Fm kml-N-cy-pw A\p-tbm-Py-am-hn-s-n t]mepw ]cn-nXn
Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i--fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j--\p-k-cn-p am\-Z---fpsS Hcp ]nI Xmdm-pI am{Xta t]mwh-gn-bpq. A-c-n-semcp am\-Z--amWv ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-isf ieyw sNm ]mSn-spw ]pdta \np iey-tfm kzm[o-\-tfm Dm-bm
Ah-bpsS ]q-nXn hos-Sp-pI _pn-ap-m-sWpw D \nK-a\w.
Ccw Zp_e {]tZ-i-sf Xncn-s-dn-bpI FXv kan-Xn-bpsS Hcp Npa-X-e-bmWv.
]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sf Is-m BtKm-f-X-e-n Xs hyXy k`-fn hyXy am\-Z---fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--sXv kanXn Isn. {]tZ-i-ns
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100

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{]m[m\yw ]cn-n-Xn-]-ctam km-n-I-]-ctam FXp {][m-\-amWv. ]cn-nXn Zp_e

{]tZ-is Xncn--dn-bpv {][m-\-ambpw AXns kwc-Ww Dd-m-m-\m-sW-n CXns
ssPh-]-chpw km-n-I-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-I \n_--ambpw ]cn-tim-[n-n-cn-Ww. cmPyp-S-\ofw hnZ-Kv[-cp-ambpw av _-s--h-cp-ambpw IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I \S-pI hgn ]cn-nXn
Zp_e {]tZiw F Bibw ]p\:ch-tem-I\w sNm\pw km[n-p-sa-n B Bi-bs
]p\\n-Nn-m\pw ]n-a-L--n-ep-S-\ofw Ch-bpsS amn-n\v Hcp ka-hm-b-n-se-m-\pamWv kanXn {ian-Xv. ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i--fpsS amn-n\v kanXn
\S-nb \nc-h[n N-I-fn-eqsS Dcp-n-cnv h am\-Z---fpsS hni-Zmw-i-fpw Ah-bnte-s-nb Bi-b-]-c-amb ASn-m-\hpw ChnsS hnh-cn-pp.
]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-v Hcp I \n-N\w

s]mXp-hn kzoIm-cy-amb Hcp \n-N\w CXn\v Cm-Xn-cns ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZi-n\v amIvan- UnvWdn \Ip \n-N\w"{]Ir-Xn-Z--amb, ]cn-n-Xnv hfsc
Ffpw D]-{Z-h-ap-m-m Ign-bp {]tZiw'' FmWv. ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sa-m
hfsc Ffpw \in-n-m Ign-bp ]cn-nXn LS-I- (bqWn-p-I) Fv \n-Nn-msa-nepw hy-am-sbmcp \n-N\w \Ip--Xn \nv R hnp-\nm B{K-lnpp. Fm-bn-cp-mepw {]h-\-n-\m-h-iy-n\mbn ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-
ssPh-]-c-ambpw km-n-I-ambpw hfsc {][m-\-sa-nepw hfsc sNdnb iey-t]mepw
{]Xym-Lm-X- krjvSn-p-sa--Xn-\m kwc-Ww Bh-iy-am-sWpw R Icp-Xpp.
ssPh-]-c-ambpw km-n-I-]-c-ambpw k-hpw hne-tb-dn-bXpw A\p-]-ahpw BI-bm CXn\p-m-Ip \mi-\-jvS- A]-cn-lm-cy-amWv. CXns ssPh-]-c-amb k-X aqew a\p-jyk-aq-l-n\pw {]tZ-i-ns ssPh-kp-n-cX \ne-\np--Xn\pw ssPh-ssh-hnZyw ]cncn-p--Xn\pw CXn\v kp{]-[m-\-amb ]v hln-m Ignbpw. Ah-bpsS "A\p-]-aXzw' ]e
hn[-n-emWv. Hm-aXv Ah Pohn-p kwhn-[m-\-ns Zp-`Xzw aqew Ah \jvS-s-m
hos-Sp-pI _pn-ap-mWv. asmv am\-h-cm-inv Ah \Ip tkh-\--fnse Zp-`-XzamWv. Imew sXn-h-cp Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-fpw a\p-jys IS-m-{I-a-W-fpw hfsc
s]sv Chsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[npw. ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-sf \n-Nn-m
ap]v \S-nb {ia--fnepw Cu LS-I--fpsS {]Xy-tam ]tcm-tam Bbn-p {]m[m-\ys-]n ]cm-ain-pp. (]-nI Hv)
Hcp hyXykvX ]Zm-hen Bh-iy-aptm?
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i-, kqva kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-i- F-Xn-\p]p-dta ssPh-]-c-ambn hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap--h-IqSnbmWv. Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ssPh]-c-ambpw km-n-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw Ah-bpsS aqeyw hfsc hepXmWv. am{X-hp-a {]Ir-Xn-]-c-ambpw ]pd-p-\n-p-ap k-v s]sv Iogvs-Sp-Ibpw
sNpw. BI-bm Ah-bpsS B-cn-I-aq-ey-sbpw \mi-\-jvS-sbpw Bkv]-Z-amn ]e
L-n-ep kwc--W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fmWv Bhiyw. asmcp Xc-n ]d-m ]cn-nXn Zp_e-{]-tZ-i- ssPh-]-c-ambn kqva kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-i- am{X-a Ah
Pohimkv{X-]-c-ambpw ssPh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw {]m[m-\y-ap-h IqSn-bmWv Fv {]tbm-K-fnepw \nt-i--fnepw Hcp kam-hm-b-ap-m-IWw. ssPh-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\--a-X-tb-m
hfsc hn]p-e-amWv ssPh-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap {]tZiw F ]Z-am-sW--Xn-\m
R B ]Z-amWv \nt-in-p-Xv. Npcp--tcv ESA Fv Xs XpScpw., hcpw t]Pp-I-fn
ESA F ]Zw A\z-am-Ip-Xv "ssPh-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap {]tZiw' FmWv.
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZ-i- Fp-sImv?
Cy-bn kwc-n-Xt- a-Je
- I
- \nc-h[
- n-bmWv. ssPh-a
e dnkp-I, tZiob ]mpI, h\y-Pohn kt-X- Fn-h-sbmw IqSn ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n-sbpw {]Ir-Xn-Z
Bhm-kt- I-{-f
- p-sSbpw kwc-W
-
- n\v ê-{]-Za
- m-sbmcp irwJe Xs \ne-hn-epv. Db
Xe-n-ep ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n-sbpw A]q C\w Poh-Pm-e--fp-sSbpw `qhn-Xm\-nsbpw B{i-b-amb henb h\-{]-tZ-i--fm-Wnh. Fm GXm\pw ssPh-a-e dnkp-I............................................................................................................................................................................................................
101

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fpsS Imcy-sam-gn-m Cu kwc-W ]-Xn-Imbn {]tZ-i--fpsS AXn-cp-I \n-bnm imkv{Xob nXn hnh-c--W-p-I IW-n-se-Sp-tbm _-s--h-cp-ambn N \Sp-Itbm Dm-bn-n. adnv t^mdv amt\-Pam-cpsS _pn-bn DZn Imcy--fpsS ASnm-\-ntem Hcp Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Adn-hns ASn-m-\-ntem BWv.( cmPm--m-cpsS th-e-, knwlw Ds-sS-bp h\y-ar-K--fpsS hmk--e-, Pem-i-b- XpS-nb
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Adn-hp-I) Xt-i-hm-kn-Ifpw ]Xn {]W-bn-Xm-fpw Xn Nne {]tZ-i-fn ASn-Sn kwLj-ap-m-Ip-Ibpw Nne kkyPoh-Pm-e--fpsS kwc--W-kw-hn-[m-\n ]ng-hp-I Ds-nepw kzmX-{ym-\-c Ime-L--n ssPh sshhn-y-kw-c--Wn-\mbn \on-sh-bv-s e- kwc--W-eyw t\Sm ]cym-]vX-amWv.
C{]-Imcw kwc-W sskp-fpsS ê-{]-Z-amb Hcp irwJe \ne-hn-ep-s-n ]ns'
ssPh-]-c-ambn {]m[m-\y-ap {]tZ-i-'' F {]Jym-]-\-ns Bh-iysas tNmZyw
\ne-\npp. \ne-hn-ep kwc-W sskp-I-fpsS irwJe Ap-X-I-c-amw-hn[w ê-{]-Zam-sW-nepw apIq-n-Im-Wm Ign-bm ]e {]iv\-fpw kwc--W-\-S-]-Sn-I-tfm-Sp \psS
\ne-]m-Sp-Isf kzm[o-\n-p-pv. \ne-hn-ep kwc-W irwJe hym]nv aphn[n Hgn-hmnbpw "ssPh-{]-[m\ {]tZ-i--fn-eq-sS-bp kao-]-\-n' {]iv\- ]cn-l-cnp \ne-hnep ]-Xn-Isf klm-bnpw \apv aptdmw.
kwc-W \S-]-Sn-I-fnse Ak-p-enX XXzw
tZio-b-]mp-Ifpw kwc-W Imcy--fn hfsc {][m-\hpw ]e-{]-Zhpw BsW-n
IqSn Ch-cpsS cq]o-I-c-W-tmsS av ]e {][m-\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw \psS {i-]-Xn-bmsX t]mbn.
AXy-]q-amb ssPh-B-hm-k-tI-{- hwi-\miw t\cn-Sp kky-, av Poh-Pme- ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w sImp sshhny tI{o-Ir-Xhpw Pe-t{km-X-p-I \nd--Xpamb "tlmvkvt]m-p-I' Fn-h-bvsmpw \ne-hn-ep kwc--W-\-S-]-Sn-I-fpsS {i Inpn. kam-\-X-I-fn-m Ccw Bhm-k-hy-h--I Isn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m
{]tXyI \S-]-Sn Dm-IWw.
`wKn-bp--Xn\v Ah-K-W\
h\-n-\p-n Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw kmaq-lnIambpw {]k-n-bp
kwc-Ww Aln-p \nc-h[n sNdnb bqWn-p-I-fpv. (Im-S-I-nse "bm\"bnep
Npm-p-Iv tiJcw \n`m-Ky-h-im \ne-hn-ep kwc-W sskp-I-fpsS irwJ-e-bn-eqsS
Ahsb kwc-n-m km[y-a. ImcWw Ah hen--n sNdpXpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw apw
BIj-IXzw Cm--h-bp-amWv. ssPh sshhny ss]XrI sskp-I-fpsS Is-, kwcW dnkp-I XpSn ]e ]pXnb kwc-W kao-]-\-fpw Dbp-h-cp-pv. DZm-lc-W-n\v 1972 se h\y-Pohn(kwc-W)\nb-a-nse hyh--I {]Imcw ]mc--cy-ambn
{]mtZ-inI kaqlw hfn-sb-Sp hr-tXm--fpw kwc-n--s-tS--XmWv.
Xan-gv\mSv h\w hIpv Xncp-s\th-en-bn "Xmw]-c-`-cWn' \Zn--c-bn C-c-samcp
DZyaw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-n-h-cpp Fn-cp-mepw \nnjvS ""ESA'' kao-]\w Hcp-Iqw kwc-W-ta-J-e-Ismw Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-am-bn-cp Xm]-cy-IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-pp.
ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-a-m tkh-\- hne-a-Xn--s-Sp-n.
\ne-hn-ep kwc-W he-b-ns]-Sm Iptd taJ-e-I _mn-bpv. Chbvv
ZrjvSn-tKm-N-c-a-m Fm hne-s ]e tkh-\-fpw kaq-l-n\v \Im Ignbpw.
s]mXpsh {in--s-SmsX t]mIp Cu tkh-\- ASn-b-n-c-ambn kwc-n--s-tS-Xpv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n Hpw k--a-m- hnim-e-amb ]pta-Sp-I
A-Ise P\-v kpnc Irjnbpw Blm-c-h-kvXp-fpw \Ip \Zn-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]tZ-i-ambn \ne-sIm-pp. hnip ImSp-I-fmbn IW-m--s-Sp sNdnb `q{]-tZ-i-k-aq-ln\v hfsc {][m-\-s Huj[ kky- {]Zm\w sNpp. Chsb B{i-bn-m-hp
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-v Cu tkh-\- hfsc {][m-\-amWv. BI-bm Chsb ssPh-]-cambn {][m-\-s {]tZ-i-ns kp{]-[m-\-L-S-I--fmbn ImWmw.
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102

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hyXykvX amt\-Pvsa v X{--fpsS Bhiyw

kwc-nX {]tZi irwJ-e-bpsS amt\-Pvsa v Ab-hn-m-smcp kwhn-[m-\-amWv. AhbpsS {]h-\-n {]mtZ-inI P\-Xbvv bmsXmcp ]p-an. kwc-nX {]tZ-i-irw-Je
hym]n-p--Xn\v thn-h-cp h sNehpw a\p-jy-k-aq-ln\v ]pdv hIm-Sp-I-fpsS A`mhhpw IW-n-se-Sp-XXv hyXykvX amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m-\s ]n Nnn-p--XmWv {]mtbmKnIw. kwc--W-{]m-[m-\y-ap ]e e-fpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw, kpn-cX/amt\-Pvsa v
Fn-hsb kw_-nv Hcp ka-hm-b-ap-mn hyXykvX \n_--\-I-fm \nb-{n-p-ImWv
thXv. AXm-bXv hyXy-kvXhpw ]g--ap--Xp-amb amt\-Pvsa v X{--fp kwc-nX
sskp-I-fpsS Hcp irwJe \apv thWw. NphsS ImWp--Xp-t]mse ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap
e-sf Acw hg--ap amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w sImv Xncn--dn-bm-\mhpw. kwcnX {]tZ-i- AS-nb kzbw t`Z-KXn sNm-hp-\\ \nb-{-W--tfmSv IqSnb ssPh-{]m[m-\y-ap {]tZ-i-v (ESA) cq]w \Im Ignbpw.
BI-bm kwc-n-m-\p {]tZ-i- Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\v \ne-hn-ep kwhn-[m\w
hn]p-eo-I-cn-t--Xpv. ssPh-ssh-hny k--X-bnepw ssPh-]-c-ambn Zp_-e-amb {]tZ-i-fnepw tI{o-I-cn-p--Xn\v ]Icw "ssPh {]m[m-\y-ap e-' F \ntiw XsbmWv IqSp-X saw. kwc-nX sskp-I Is-p--Xn\v s]mXp-hn a-c-n\p ]Icw
kl-I-cWw F kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS ImWm Ign-bpI.
ssPh-{]m-[m\y {]tZ-i--fpsS AXnn \nbw

A.
AXnn \n-bn-p--Xn-\p am-
apI-fn N-sN-bvX-Xp-t]mse Hcp {]tZ-i-ns ssPh {]m[m\yw \n-Nn-p--Xn\v

aqv {][m-\-L-S-I- ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xpv. B {]tZ-i-ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Imem-hm-]-c-hp-amb {]tXy-I-X-I, Pohimkv{X-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I, kmaq-ly-kmw-KXyw (AhbpsS kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m\yw DsS) Fn-h-bmWv
Cu aqv LS-I
- , Chsb Poh-\n-m LS-I
- , Poh-\p LS-I
- , kmaqly kmwkvImcnI LS-I- Fn-s\ hn`-Pnmw. Cu LS-I- av {]h-Icpw \nt-in-p-Ibpw
D]-tbm-Kn-p-I-Ibpw sNp-pv. Fm Ctm-gs \ne-bn ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap ae-{{]tZ-i--fpsS AXnn \n-bn-m Cu LS-I- D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v hy-amb cq]tc-J-bn. Ch-bn-tem-tcm-nepw D]-tbm-Kn-t LS-I--fpsS Hcp skpw Hw AXns
am\-Z-hpw R \nt-in-pp. AsXm-sSmw ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap {]tZ-i-n\v {]tXyInv ]n-a-L--s-tmse AXn-hn-im-e-amb Hcp {]tZ-i-n\v AXn-cp-I \n-bn-m
Cu am\-Z-- Iqn-tNv D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp--Xn-\p am-tc-J-Ifpw \nt-in-pp.
1.
Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb LS-I- : ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap {]tZ-i-ns AXn-cp-I \nbn-pXn\v NphsS ]d-bp LS-I--fpsS Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw kmwkvImcn-I-hp-amb
k--Xbpw A]q-Xbpw ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xm-sWv R \nt-in-pp.
a.
ssPh-ssh-hny k-X : Pohn-I-fpsS imkv{Xo-b-ho-I-c-W-n-sebpw A[n-Imcw

t{iWn-bn-sebpw sshhn-y-nse k-X.
b.
h-]-c-amb A]qX : imkv{Xo-b-ho-I-cW {]mXn-\n-Xy-nepw P\-kwJy-bpsS

henw, hnX-cWw Fn-h-bn-ep A]qX
c.
Bhm-k-tI{ k-X : `qXe LS-I--fpsS e-]-c-amb sshhn-[yX.
d.
Dev]m-Z-\--aX : samw ssPh-a-e Dev]m-Z-\--aX
e.
Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw ssPh-]-c-hp-amb Ah--bpsS Fn-tav.
f.
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb {]m[m\yw : B {]tZ-i-ns ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-amb

Ncn-{X-aq-eyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Ncn-{X-aq-eyhpw.
2.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb Xp-I: B {]tZ-i-ns {]IrXn \nm-b-
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103

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IXzw, ]cn-n-Xn- Zp_-eX Fnh hne-bn-cp-m-\p Xp-I-fpsS km[y-Xm-]-cn[n CXneps-Spp. Ncnhv, Db-cw, hj-]mXw XpS-n-bh Xmsg-]-d-bpw {]-Imcw ]cn-K-Wn-Ww.
a.
`q{]-tZ-i-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I : Ncnhv, Dbcw, kz`mhw XpS-n-bh.
b.
Imem-h-m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I : hj-]mXw, ag-Zn-h-k--fpsS Fw
c.
Zpc--km-[yX : Dcps]m-, Xo]n-Spw XpS-nb {]IrXn Zpc--.
3.
_-s--h-cpsS aqey-\nbw: ssPh--]-c-ambpw ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambpw Zp_-e-am-sWv

Ah Icp-Xp {]tZ-i--fpsS ]nI Xm-dm-m-\mbn s]mXp-P-\- Xt-i-m-]-\-fmb Pnm-]-m-b-p-I, hntPv Xe cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S-\-I, CXc knhn
skmssk-n-I Fn-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw Bcm-tb-Xv hfsc {][m-\-amWv. CXv {][m\
LS-I--fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-Ww.
B.
ssPh-{]-[m\ e- \n-bn-p--Xn-\p sa-tUm-fPn
i.
]T-\--es {KnUp-I-fm-pI : ]e-tmgpw ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap e--sf-n NsN-p-Xv H-s `qXe LS-I-tm, {]tXyI sskp-Itm, Bhmk tI{-tm
{]m[m\yw sImSp-p-sIm-mWv. CXp-aqew ssPh-{]m-[m-\y-ap e-sf \n-bn-p
{]{In-bbvv Hcp Xmm-enI kz`m-h-am-Wp-Xv. AXp-sImv R \nt-in-p-Xv ssPh{]-[m\ \ntiw Is-m-\p {]{In-bbvv hnim-e-am-sbmcp {]tZ-i-sa-Spv Hcp s]mXp-am\-Z
hpw GIo-IrX sa-tUm-fP
- nbpw D]-tbm-Kn-Ww. AX-\p-kc
- nv ]n-aL
- -
- nse ssPh{]-[m\ {]tZ-i--fpsS amnwKv \S-p--Xn\v A-c-samcp coXn R ip]mi sNpp.
ChnsS \nt-in--s-n-p sa-tUm-fnPn s]mXp-hmbn av kam\ epw D]-tbmKnmw.
ii)
ssPh-{]-[m\ e--fpsS henw apIqn \n-bn-pI, _pn-ap-m-I-bm \nnjvS

es A\p-tbm-Py-amb hen--n-ep "{KnUp"Ifmn Ah-bpsS hen--n-sbpw e`yamb Um-If
- p-sSbpw ASn-m-\
- n hn`-Pn-pI. ]n-aL
- -
- ns Imcy-n R \ntin-p-X 5 an\nv x 5 an\nvv {KnUp-I-fmWv.ImcWw e`y-am-bn-p Um Cu Af-hn-ep--XmWv.
iii)
{KnUp-I-fpsS aqey-\nbw : ]n-a-L--nepS\ofw Hmtcm am\-Z--n-\p-ap

nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-Ifpw av hnh-c-fpw e`y-amWv. aqv LS-I--fmbn {Iao-I-cn-p ampI NphsS ]dbpw {]Im-c-amWv hnI-kn-n-n-p-Xv.,
1)
Poh-imkv{XkmwkvIm-cnI ]mfn
a)
hwi-]-c-amb Poim-kv{X-k--X : Poh-ssh-hnyw Db-X-e-n-ep ssPh {][m\

{]tZ-i-p sshhnyw Ipd-hp--h-tb-m {][m-\-ambn IW-m-Ww. Ah-ev
CIvkv (Avalanche Index) kqNnI D]-tbm-Knv sshhnyw Afv Xn-s-Sp-Ww. PohnI-fpsS ho-I-cW t{iWn-bnse sshhn-ys Cu kqNnI GtIm-]n-n-pp. Cu
{]tXyI kml-N-cy-n Poh-ssh-hn-y-nse aqey-sf Ghpw Ip-d-hmb Hp-ap-X
Ghpw IqSnb 10 hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-m\pw Ign-bpp. XpSv Hmtcm {KnUns\bpw AXns ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-n\v A\p-]m-XnI-ambn km[m-cW \ne-bn-em--s
aqey--fp-ambn _n-n-pp.
b)
h-nse A]qhX
i)
hnX-c-W-nse A]qX : Ghpw A]q-amb Pohn-h--fp {]tZ-i-sf hfsc

{][m-\-s--h-bm-bn-I-W-m-m\pw ImcWw Ch \jvS-s-m hos-Sp-pI km[y-a. Ah
A[n-h-kn-p samw {KnUn\v (P1) A\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn Hmtcm h-n-sbpw Fw IWmw. Hmtcm {KnUn-tebpw A]q aqeyw B {KnUnse Fm h--fpsS aqey-hp-ambn
IqWw. AX-\p-k-cnv h--fpsS A]qX sam-apN {KnUn aqn am{X-ap--hbpsS sdbvv 1/4 \pw Fm {KnUn\pw D-h-cpsS sdbvv 1.00 Bbn-cnpw. h--fpsS Cu
A]q aqeyw Hmtcm {KnUn-ep-ap h--fpsS (S) F-h-pambn Iqn-bm Hmtcm {KnUn-\p............................................................................................................................................................................................................
104

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
ap-ff A]q-aqeyw e`npw. Hmtcm {KnUn-ep-ap {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb X\Xv h-sf am{Xta

]cn-K-Wn-mhq. ASp Imev ISv h-hsb Hgn-hm-Ww.
Hcp {KnUns A]q aqey-amb (Rvg) e`n-m
S
RVg
= n (Pi)
i=I
hopw Cu Rvg aqey-sf Ghpw Ipd Hv apX Ghpw IqSnb 10 hsc km[m-cW-\n-e-bn-emn {KnUp-Iv \IWw. hnhn[ Poh-k- taJ-e-I-fnse Pohn-h--fpsS
hnX-cWw kw_-n Umm skp-I e`y-am-sW--Xn-\m Ch-bpsS Fw IW-m-m
Ffp--amWv.
ii)
Pohn-I-fpsS ho-I-c-W-nse A]qX : h-h-c-amb t{iWn D]-tbm-Knv e`y-ambn-p-ff Umm skp-I-fn \nv h-]-c-ambn (Hcp ]s ]cn-Wm-a-]-c-ambn) A]q-am-bhsb Ismw. ImcWw B IpSpw-_-n\v GI-KW khn-ti-j-X-bp-mIpw. Hmtcm {KnUnsebpw Acw IpSpw-_--fpsS F-sa-Spv Hn\pw 10 \w aty km[m-cW \ne-bn-emWw.
c)
Bhmk k-X : ay- D-sS-bp Pohn-I-fpsS sshhn-yhpw Bhmk hyh-bnse kn-{im-h-bpw Xn ]c-kv]cw _-s-n-cn-pp. \nc-h[n Pohn-Isf kw_n nXn-hn-h-c-I-W-p-I e`y-a-s-n Db-X-e-n-ep kn-{i-B-hm-k-hy \nehn-ep {]tZ-i-sf Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn k--sapw ssPh-[m\ {]tZ-i-sapw IWmmw. Ctm dntamv skkv Umm e`y-am-b-Xn-\m ]n-a-Lw t]mse hen-sbmcp
{]tZ-i-ns kn{i Bhmk hyh-sb Af-m Ignbpw. Hcp {KnUns Bhm-k-hy-h-bpsS k-X (HRg) knwk kqNnI D]-tbm-Knv IW-m-m km[npw. ChnsS
h-n-\p-]-Icw `qXe coXnbpw h-ns {ôIzknp ]Icw Ah A[n-h-kn-p
{]tZ-i-ns A\p-]m-Xhpw IW-n-se-Sp-pp.
L
HRg =
n (Pi) ^ 2
i=I
ChnsS Pi `qX-e-L-S-I-ns A\p-]m-Xhpw L {KnUnse LS-I--fpsS F-hp-amWv.Cu

aqey- 1 apX 10 hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-emn {KnUp-Iv \Ipp.
d)
Dev]m-Z-\--aX : Hcp {]tZ-i-ns Dev]m-Z\ aX {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp hjnepw \of-ap Bh-\-]-v B {]tZ-i-ns kky-hr-mZn sshhn-y-ns {]XoI-amWv. Poh \ne-\np {]mY-anI Dev]m-Z-\--a-Xsb Cu kqNnI hy-am-p-sa--Xn\m Umm skp-I e`y-a-m Hcp ]w Pohn-I-fpsS sshhn-Zys CXv {]Xn-\n-[m\w
sNpw. Chn-sSbpw Bh\ ]v Hmtcm {KnUp-ambn _-s-Spn tdv 1 apX 10 hsc
km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn-em-Ww. Cu am\-Zw ]pta-Sp-I t]mse-bp Bhmk hyh-sb
hne-Ip-d-p-Im-Wp-Ibpw \nXy-l-cnX h\-t]m-se-bp--hbvv AanX {]m[m\yw Iev]n-pIbpw sNpw. Cu aphn[n adn-I-S-m NDVI (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index) sb D]tbm-Kn-m ]e hgn-I-fp-apv. Ccw Bhmk hyh--I-fpsS {]m[m\yw Xncn--dn-bm ]e
hgn-I-fp-ap--Xn-\m NDVI bpsS Bh\ aqey-p-n \nevm R B{K-lnpp. ImcWw CXv Poh \ne-\nm-\p ASn-m\ Dev]m-Z-\--a-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[m\w
sNWw.
e)
Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ssPh-]-c-ambpw ]q-n-Xn-bn-se-m-\p Ignhv: Hcp {]tZi-n\v AXns X\Xv Poh-im-kv{X-L-S-\-bn \nv Fp-am{Xw hyXn-N-en-m Ign-bp-saXv hy-am-Ip-Xv \o-Im-e-b-f-hn AXn\v ]q nXn {]m]n-m-\p ss\knI
Ign-hmWv. X\Xp LS-\-bn \nv IqSp-X hyXnNen-p--hbvv ]q-nXn {]m]n-m............................................................................................................................................................................................................
105

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
\p Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cnpw. AXp-sImv ssPh-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\--aX IqSp-X-em-bn-cnpw.

\ne-hn-ep kky-hr-m-Zn-I-fpsS A\p-]mXw IW-m-n-bm AXv ssPh-L-S-I-ns ]qnXn {]m]n-m-\p ss\kn-I-amb Ign-hns {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bn-cnpw. Cu A\p-]m-Xs
Fm {KnUp-Ip-ambn \IpI. Fnv Ahsb tdv Hv apX (Ghpw henb hyXnbm\w) 10 hsc (Ghpw Ipd hyXn-bm\w) km[m-c-W-\n-e-bn-em-pI.
(f) kmwkvIm-cnI {]m[m\yw : Ncn-{Xmh-in-jvS-fpw kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-yhpw D {]tZi-sf ssPh {][m\ {]tZ-i-t]mse {][m-\-ambn IW-mmw. kmwkvIm-cnI {]m[m\yw
aqey-\nbw \S-m Ign-bn-s-nepw R-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-n Ghpw ]gw sN
Ah-in-jvS-v Db aqeyhpw (10) Ghpw ]pXn-b-hbvv Ipd aqeyhpw (1), Ah-injvS--sfm-p-an-m {KnUn\v 0(]qPyw) aqeyhpw BWv.
2)
ùa Imem-h An-I (Geoclimatic layers)
a)
`qXe khn-ti-j-X-I : Ing-mw-Xq-mb Ncn-hp-Ifpw Dbcw IqSn-b-Xp-amb {]tZ-i-fn Ipsm-en-p-If

- p-mIpw. AhnsS {]IrXym D asm-en-n\v km[y-Xt- bdpw. Ccw
{]tZ-i-v ]q-nXn {]m]n-m-\p Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cnpw. ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambn
kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp--h-bmbn Cu {]tZ-i-sf IW-m-Ww. Hmtcm {KnUnepw 1 apX
(Ipd icm-icn Ncnhv/ Ipd icm-icn Dbcw) 10 hsc ( Db Ncnhv/ henb
Dbcw) Ncnhpw Db-chpw km[m-cW \ne-bn-emn {KnUp-Iv \IWw (Nn{Xw cpw
aqpw DZm-l-cWw)
b)
Imem-h-m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I : Db ag-e-`y-Xbpw Npcp-nb ag kokWpw

D {]tZ-i- Hen-p-t]m-Im Gsd km[yX DXmWv. BI-bm Chsb ]cn-nXn-]-c-ambn kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-i-ambn IW-m-Ww. (samw hmjnI ag
e`yX 3000 an.ao. IqSp-Xepw hc kok 6 amk-n IqSp-X-ep-am-bm hfsc \nmb-Ihpw ]q-nXn {]m]n-m-\p tijn hfsc Ipdhpw Bbn-cnpw(Pascal 19988).
Chsb Hmtcm-nepw 1 apX (Ipd ag e`yX AYhm ag e`yX AYhm Ghpw
Ipd ag Zn\-) km[m-cW \ne-bn-emn {KnUp-Iv \IWw.
c)
{]IrXn Zpc--: lna-]mXw, An-t]m-se-bp {]IrXn Zpc--sf kw_-n-p

e`y-amb Fm nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-Ifpw kam-l-cnv {KnUp-abn _n-nv 1 apX 10
hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-Ww.
3) _-s--h-cpsS aqey-\nbw (Stakeholders analysis)

]n-a-L kanXn {]mtZ-inI N-Ifpw s]mXp sXfn-sh-Sp-p-Ifpw \S-p-Ibpw sh_v
sskn-eqsS Ah-cpsS {]Xn-I-cWw kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]mXp-P-\--fn \npw Xtim-]\
-
- f
- n \npw CXp-t]mse {]Xn-Ic
- Ww Wn-p-X
- m-Wv. ]e-tmgpw CXv bYm
AXnn-Ip-n \nm-bn-cn-n. BI-bm Ch {KnUp-Ip \In {]tZiw 1 apX
10 hsc km[m-cW \ne-bn-em-Ww.
ssPh {][m\ {]tZ-i--fpsS t{KUnv

ta]-d aqv LS-I--fn Hmtcm-n\pw Fv {]m[m\yw \I-W-sa--Xns\ kw_nv ka-hm-b-n Fm Ign-n-n-. AXp-sImv CXv Fm-h-pw kzoIm-cy-hp-a.
aqv am\-Z--pw Xpey {]m[m\yw Iev]n-pI F-XmWv GI t]mwhgn. Ccw Hcp
{]{In-b-bp-ambn aptm-p-t]m-Im-\mWv R B{K-ln-p-Xv. ImcWw Hcn- êw ]pdp
hp Ign-m ]ns XpS N-Ifpw ]p\aq-ey-\n-bhpw ssPh-{]-[m\ {]tZ-i--fpsS
(ESA) ]p\: ]cn-tim-[-\bpw \Spw. Fm-bn-cp-mepw Ctm-g-tbvv Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw
ùa-Im-em-h-m-]-chpw s]mXp-P\ ImgvN-mSv kw_-hpw Bb LS-I-sf NphsS ]nI
cnse t]mse hnI-kn-nv t{KUv \n-bn-Ww. Poh-im-kv{X-L-S-I-n-sbpw ]cn-nXn
kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp-sSbpw s]mXp-P-\-aq-ey-\n-b-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n Hmtcm-n-s\bpw
aqv LS-I--fmbn Xncnv XZ-\p-kr-X-ambn dmv sNWw. Poh-im-kv{X-]-chpw ùaImem-hm-]-c-hp-amb An-I Hn-p-tNv AXn-\p-ap-I-fn s]mXp-P\ ImgvN-mSv kw_-n
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
106

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
An-qSn shv ssPh {][m\ {]tZ-i--fpsS hyXykvX t{KUp-I Ismw. (]nI2).

Hcn- Cu {KnUp-Iv t{KUv/dmv \Inbn Ign-m ssPh-{]-[m\ e-
thXn-cn-m-\mbn kam-\-t{K-Un-ep {KnUp-Isf Xncn--dn-bm-\mIpw. ssPh-{]-[m\ e--fnembn Ahsb \nb-a-]-c-ambn {]Jym-]npw apv Ch-bpsS AXnn-I hfsc hy-ambn
\n-bn-p-Ibpw t^mdv amt\-Pvsan \npw av _-s--h-cn \np-ap {]mtZ-inI
hnm-\-ns ASn-m-\-n Ahsb hnI-kn-n-p-hm\pw Ignbpw.
\nK-a-\-
ssPh-{]-[m\ e--fpsS amn-n-\mbn ChnsS \nt-in--s-n-p am-\nt-i An-a-a Fpw IqSp-X N-Ip-ti-j-a-msX CXv t\cnv kzoI-cn-m Ign-bnsp R-dnbmw. IqSp-X hnZ-Kv[-cn \nv CXp kw_-nv {]Xn-I-c-W- DmI-W-sapw AXns\ XpSp \S-p N-I IqSp-X ka-hm-b-n-\p am-\nt-i hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-m klm-b-am-Ip-sapw R {]Xo-n-pp. CsXm-sSm-w-Xs
]n-a-L--tm-sSmw ssPh-{]-[m-\--e- IqSn amnv \S-m Bh-iy-amb Ummsk-p-I-fpsS (datasets) kam-l-cWw IqSn kanXn \S-n-hcpp. CXp-kw-_-n {Inbm-I
\nt-i- R kzmKXw sNpp.
\n-]qw
]n-a-L ssPh hnZ-Kv[- k-anXn AwK-sf {]tXy-Inpw tUm. B. kpIp-am,
tUm.enPnb s\mtdmW, tUm. sd\n-t_mPkv Fn-h hnhn[ L--fn \Inb hne-s
\nt-i-v, Cu dntmv Xm-d-m-\m-h-iy-amb ^v e`y-am-nb tI{ ]cn-n-Xn-h\w a{m-e-b-n-\v, N-Ifpw apw kwL-Sn-n-p--Xn\v Fm klmb kl-I-c-W-fpw
\Inb tUm. Pnhn. kp{_--Wy, hne-s \nt-i- \Inb ATREE, FERAL, {^v
Cn-yqv Fn-h-bnse kvm^v, _wK-fqcp SECbn Kth-jWw \S-p Ipamcn Bi,
amp-I Xm-dm-p--Xn {]tXy-I-k-lmbw \Inb \mcm-bWn _msh (Ikmkv tv
bqWn-th-gvknn) Fn-hsmw R-fpsS \no-a-amb \n tcJ-s-Sp-pp.
]nI 2 : An-I-fpsS
amXrI
(layers)
aqey-\n-b-n-\p \nZnjvS
{Ia-\-
LS-I-
hn`mKw
aqeyw
1.
Poh-im-kv{X-]cw
* Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Db aqeyw
* Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Xmc-X-tay\
Db aqeyw
* Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn Ipd
aqey--aX DXv
10
2.
3.
ùa-Im-em-h-m-]cw
* ]cn-nXn]c-ambpw
ùa-Im-em-h-m-]-c-ambpw
Db kwth-Z-\--aX.
* anX-amb kwth-Z-\--aX DXv
* Ipd kwth-Z-\--aX DXv
s]mXp-P\ ImgvN-mSv * s]mXp-P-\-Im-gvN-m-Sn hfsc

{][m\-s-Xv
* kmam\yw {][m-\-am-bXv
* Ipd {]m[m-\y-ap-Xv.
5
0
10
5
0
10
5
0
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
107

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]nI 1 : ssPh-{]-[m\ e- \n-bn-p--Xn D]tbm-Kn-Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-m \nt-in-n-pXpamb ]Zm-henbpw LS-I-fpw

D]-tbm-Kn
]Zw
AS-nb
AS-nb
Poh im-kv{X ]cn-nXn
aqeyw
tkh-\-aqeyw
]cn-Xn Zp
_-e {]-tZiw
kwth-Z\
-
- a
- Xbp ssP
h-hy-h
ssPh-kw-th-Z\-ap taJe
Bhm-k
h
- y-h,
kky-,
ay-,
Dc-K-,
]n-I,
kkvX-\n-I
Poh-sshhn[yw,
òjWn
t\cn-Sp
h-,
h\w
_n-np CS-\mgn-I
`qI-
-ta-J-e-I
`qP-e- ]p-\
-kw-`-cWw,
shw
hnX-cWw,
Bhm-k-hyh
AS-nb
AS-nb
km-nI
kmaq-lyaqeyw
kmw-kvIm-cnI
aqeyw
kmaqly
Bh-iy-
[\-XXz
imkv{Xw
Irjn-`qan
{][m\
Bhmk
tI{-
Duj-ckw-th-Z\
aX
kky-hr-
Kp-W-ta
ssPh-Zp
_e {]tZ-i
({]W_v
sk
Inn
dntmv)
X\Xv
{]tXyI
kz`mhw
Bhm-k-hyA]qh-X,
hh\y-arK
\mi-ò-jCS-\mgn,
Wnbp
\Zn-I
hK-, NXpv ]p
hon hf ta -Sp-IfpsS
p C\-- Dhw
fpsS ]cn-Wm-a
-tI-{w,
{]tXyI hwih[\
sskp-I
a\pjy
Ncn{Xw
`qhn-\ntbmKw,
khn-tij
Irjn-bn-S,
{][m-\-Ir-jnbn-S-,
hnt\m-Z-taJe,
kwLS\,
P\-kwJy,
Sqdnkw,
aX-]-c-amb
e-
AS-nb
kwth-Z\
aX
av,
Pe-]T\w
s]mXp-L-S-\,
(Ncnhv, Dbcw)
`qan-imkv{Xw
Imem-h
{]f-b-km-[yX,
`qIw
ans KpWta,(C\w,
Bgw, Ncnhv)
Imem-h
kqNnI
(asm-env,
ag, hc)
Adn-b-shnip--h-\Sm Blm-c-
k-ky--fpsS
tI{w
]q-nXn
{]m]n-m\p
Ignhv Ipd
Ip-s\-bp
Ncn-hp
{]tZ-i-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
108

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]nI 3 : t{KUnpw aqeyhpw kwtbm-Pn-n-p coXn

An 1, 2
\np
samw aqeyw
s]mXp-P-\ I
-- m-gvN ESA
m-Snse aqeyw
t{KUv
kwc-W \ne
1020
510
t{KUv1
Dn bmsXmcp {]h-\hp-anmsX Db kwc-Ww
t{KUv2
\nb-{nX {]h-\-tmsS
Db kwc-Ww
510
t{KUv3
\nb-{nX kwc-Ww
05
t{KUv4
\nco--W-n \npI
0--10
References:
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GIS based approach for environmental sensitivity studies. A case study from Indian Coast.
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6 Anon. 2008, Environmentally Sensitive Zones. (Maharastra Pollution Control Board),
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18. Jean-Franc ois Gue gan, Sovan Lek & Thierry Oberdorff, 1998, Energy availability and
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22. Pasacal, J P (1988) Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. French Institute,
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sensitive areas within Cook Inlet, Alaska. International Oil Spill Conference, 946-947
24.Gad, A and A Shalaby, 2010, Assessment and mapping of desertification sensitivity using
remote sensing and GIS. Case study: Inland Sinai and Eastern Desert Wadies. In US-Egypt
Workshop on Space Technology and Geoinformation for sustainable development, Cairo,
Egypt, 14-17, June 2010.
25. Subramanya K A, Framework for assigning ecological sensitivity to wetlands of the Western
Ghats.- a report
26. http//www.westernghatsindia.org
Nn{Xw 1: ]n-a-L--ns `qXe hnkvXrXn

(Fkv.-F. {]km-Zv) www.westernghatsindia.org
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
110

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nn{Xw 2: ]n-a-L--ns Dbcw

(Fkv.-F. {]km-Zv) www.westernghatsindia.org
Nn{Xw 3: ]n-a-L--nse hj-]mXw ASn-m-\-amn-bp {KnUv hn`-P\w

(Bi, sI.-F. KtW-i)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
111

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]cn-injvS tcJ-I
Annexures
]cn-injvS tcJ a
: ]n-a-L hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-bpsS
\nb-a\w
\w.1/1/2010 B. C.(C.Fkv. CkUv)
`mcX km
]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw
(B.C. Unhn-j)
****
]cym-h-c `h
kn.Pn.H. tImwIvkv
temZn-tdmUv,
\yqUln110003
amv 4, 2010
Bôkv D-chv
hnjbw: ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kan-Xn-bpsS \nba\w
1.
]n-a-L taJe X]vXn \Zo-apJw apX I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc 1600 In.ao \of-n
hym]n-p-In-S-pp. Xan-gv\mSv, Im-SIw, tIcf, tKmh, alm-cmjv{S, KpP-dmv, (Umv
h\-ns `mK-) Fo 6 kwm-\--fn-embn 1.60 ew N.In.ao-dmWv CXns
hnkvXow.
2.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bn s]mXpsh 500 an.ao. apX 7000 an.ao. hsc ag e`n-p-pv.
Cy D]-Zzo-]nse {][m-\-\-Zn-I-sfmw D-hn-p-Xv ]n-a-L--n \nmWv. Chbn tKmZm-hcn, IrjvW, Imthcn, Imfn\Zn, s]cn-bm Fnh Akw-m\ {]m[m\y-ap--h-bmWv. Cu Pe-t{km-X-p-I Pe-tk-N-\-n\pw sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-n\pw
thn D]-tbm-Kn-pp. ]n-a-L taJ-e-bpsS GI-tZiw 30 iX-am\w h\--fmWv.
kky-P-p-Pm-e--fpsS Hcp \n[n-Ipw`w IqSn-bmWv Cu taJe. cmPys 4 kp{]-[m\
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-tI-{--fn HmWv ]n-a-Lw. 1741 C\w ]pjv]n-p kky--fpsSbpw 403 C\w ]n-I-fp-sSbpw Bhmk tI{w IqSn-bm-WnXv. Chn-sS-bp h\y-Po-hnI-fn ISph, B\, Cy Imp-t]mv, knwl-hm-e, Ipcv, hb-\mSv Nm-]n,
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Ba, hnj-]m-p-I, hnhn[ C\-ns] Imen-m D`-b-Po-hn-I
Fn-h-bvp-]p-dsa A]q C\w hr--fp-apv.
3.
Chn-Ss ]mc-cy kky-ê hnf-I-fn Ipn {]tZ-i--fn ASbv, Ipcp-ap-fIv,

Gew Fn-hbpw Xoc-{]-tZ-iv \mfn-tI-chpw Hw amhv, mhv Fn-h-bp-apv. av
{][m\ tXm-hn-f-I-fn tXbne, Imn, d, Iip-hn, acn-o\n Fnh Ds-Spp.
temI-nse Ghpw henb \n_nU h\--fn HmWv Cu {]tZiw. t_mdn-hmen
tZiob ]mv. \mKtlmsf, tZio-b-]mv, _n-q tZiob ]mv, Am-asse
h\y-ar-K-k-tXw, s]cn-bm tZio-b-]mv, Fnh Cu taJ-e-bn nXn-sN-pp.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
112

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.
Cu taJ-e-bpsS ssPh ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fn P\-kw-Jy-bpsS kw, `qan-bnepw

h\-nepw Sqdnkw Ds-sS-bp hyh-km-b--fpsS IS-p-I-bw \Zo-XS ]-Xn-I
aqew sh-n-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip h\-, h\-`q-an-bnse IpSn-tbw, J\-\-{]-h-\--,
tXbne, Imn, d, bqm-en-]vkv XpS-nb tXm--fp-m-m thn {]Ir-Xn-Z
h\- shn-\n-c-p-Xv, sdbn]mX, tdmUv \nmWw t]mse-bp ASn-m\
hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I, asm-env, Dcps]m-, Bhm-k-tI-{--fpsS inYn-eo-I-cWw,
AXn-thKw \in-p-sIm-n-cn-p ssPh sshhnyw Fn-h-bmWv {][m\w.
5.
]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb kwth-Z-\--aX ssPh-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw, kohpw Akwm\ kz`m-ha

- p-X
- p-amb CXns `qan-imkv{Xw, Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\
- nse BLmXw
Fn-h-sbmw IW-n-se-Spv Hcp ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kanXn cq]o-I-cnm Dt-in-pp.
6.
NphsS ]d-bp AwK-sf Ds-Spn ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kanXn CXn\m cq]o-I-cn-pp. Cu D-c-hns XnbXn apX Hcp hj-amWv kan-Xn-bpsS Imemh[n.
1.
s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn

apsN-bam, sk t^m
Ctm-f-Pn- kbkv,
F 18, kv{]nv ^vfthgvkv,
]-hSn, ]mj tdmUv.
]qs\ 411008
alm-cmjv{S
2.
_n.sP.IrjvW
ko\n-b AUz-tv
\oKn-cokv sk
tlmkv]n- tdmUv
Dun 643001
Xan-gv\mSv
3.
4.
sNbam
sa
tUm. \-Ip-am apIpvv ImaXv

Akn- v s{^m^-k
Unjm-Svsa v Hm^v t_mSWn
tKmh, bqWn-th-gvknn
tKmh
sa
tUm. sI.F. KtW-j

AtimIv {Sv t^m dnkv
C Ctm-fPn&Fhn-tdmsa v
(ATREE)
659 5th F sab, slm
_wK-fqcp 560 024
Im-SI
sa
tUm. \-Ip-am Imav ]m\-en \nv cmPn hn-cpp. tUm.hn.Fkv. hnP-bs\ t\m Hmôjy FIvkv]v sa-dm-bmWv Ds-Sp-n-bXv.
tUm. B. hn. h tIcf tv _tbm-ssU-th-gvknn t_mUv sNbam F \ne-bn FIvkv
Hmôtjym sa-dm-bn-mWv Ds-Sp-n-bXv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
113

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
tUm. hn.Fkv. hnP-b

sNbam, tIcf _tbm ssUth-gvknn t_mUv
]n-apv, t] ]n.H.
Xncp-h-\--]pcw 695 024
tIcf
s{]m^. {ioaXn. dn\n-t_mPkv
sk t^m Ctm-f-Pn- kbkkv
Cy Cn-yqSv Hm^v kbkv
_wK-fqcp 560 012
Im-SI
s{]m^.B. kpIp-am
sNbam, sk t^m Ctm-f-Pn- kbkkv
Cy Cn-yqv Hm^v kbkv
_wK-fqcp 560 012, Im-SI
tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW
Ub-d-IvS(dntkmgvkvkv & tm_ skIyq-cnn Unhn-j)
Zn F\Pn & dntkm-gvkkv Cn-yqv (TERI)
Z_mcn tmv, Cy lm_n-Imv sk, temZn-tdmUv
\yqUln 110 003
{ioaXn. hnZy Fkv. \mbIv
\K-cnI tkh {Sv , Kphm-bIsc 574 217
_-mSn Xmeqv, ZnW IS Unkv{SnIvSv
Im-SI
sa
(FIvkv Hmôtjym)
sa
sa
sa
sa
10.
tUm.Un.sI kp{_-Wyw
s{]m^. Hm^v Iyq- kbkv &. Hmtm-ta-j & Ctm-f-Pn-
kbkkv, Cy Cn-yqv Hm^v kbkkv( dn:)
ût-j t^m AUzmkvsa v
Hm^v FUyp-t-j & dnkv
Pn5, kznkv tImwIvkv, 33. tdkv tImgvkv tdmUv
_wK-fqcp 560 001, Im-SI
11.
tUm. ]n.F. KuXw

sNbam
\mj-W _tbm-ssU-th-gvknn
AtXm-dnn (NBA) (FIvkv Hôtjym)
5th ^vtfm, TICEL, _tbm-]mv, Xmc-aWn
sNss 600 113, Xan-gv\mSv
12.
s{]m^. Fkv.]n. KuXw

sNbam
sk{S s]meyq-j It{Sm
t_mUv (CPCB), ]cn-thjv `h
kn _n Un Iw Hmôkv tImwIvkv
Cuv APp \K, Uln 110 032
sa
sa
FIvkv Hôtjym
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
114

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
13.
14.
tUm. B.B. \hKpv

Ub-d-IvS
kvt]kv Bn-t-j sk ( SAC)
Al--Zm-_mZv 380 015, KpP-dmv
tUm. Pn.-hn. kp{_--Wy
AssUz-k (R.E)
an\nkv{Sn Hm^v Fh-tbmsa v
& t^mdvkv
\yqUln
sa
(FIvkv Hôtjym)
sa
FIvkv Hmôtjym
7.
kanXn NphsS ]d-bp Npa-X-e-I \nd-thpw
i.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse Ctm-gs ]cn-nXn \ne-hmcw hne-bn-cp-pI
ii)
]n-a-L taJ-e-bvp-nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fpsS AXn-cp-I \n-bnp-Ibpw ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nba (1986){]Imcw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn
hnm-]\w sNt-Xpamb ip]mi sNp-Ibpw sNpI. \ne-hn-ep {]Wm_v sk
Inn dntmv, tUm. Sn.Fkv. hnP-b-cm-L-h Inn dntmv , _lp. kp{]nw tImSXn-bpsS \nt-i-, tZiob h\y-Pohn t_mUns ip]mi-I ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw
_-s Fm kwm\ km-cp-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-ti-j-ambn-cn-Ww ip]mi kan-.
iii)
]n-a-L taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-c-Ww, kwc-Ww, ]p\-cp-o-h\w Fnh kw_-n

ip]mi-I cq]-s-SppXn\v ap]v P\-fpw _-s kwm-\-km-cp-I-fpambn hni-Z-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-n-bn-cn-Ww.
iv)
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse {]tXyI \nt-i- ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nba ( 1986)

{]Imcw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-p-sImv tI{-]-cn-nXnh\w a{mebw ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p hnm-]\w ê-{]-Z-ambn {]mhn-I-am-m-\p am-
\nt-in-pI.
v)
taJ-eb
- psS ]mcn-n-XnI {]iv\
- ssIImcyw sNm\pw _-s kwm\ kmcp-I-fpsS ]n_-e-tmsS Ah-bpsS kpnc hnI-k\w Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw Npa-X-e-s
s{]m^-j-W, ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nba(1986) nse hyh--I{]-Imcw cq]o-Icn-p--Xn-\p am-\nt-i- ip]mi-sN-pI.
vi)
]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw d^ sNp--XpssS ]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse ]cnnXn {]iv\--fp-ambn _-s {]k--amb GXp {]iv\hpw kan-Xnv ssIImcyw
sNmw.
8.
Bh-iy-sa-n sNbams A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS GXv hnZ-Kv[s\/ Hô-jy-ens\ thW-sanepw kan-Xnv tImHm]vSv sNmw.
9.
kanXn cq]o-I-cW XobXn apX 6 amk-n-\Iw kanXn AXns dntmv ]cnnXnh\w a{m-ebw apJm-ncw tI{-km-cn\v kan-Ww.A[n-I-ambn Fsnepw kan-m-\p-s-n AXv Cu Imem-h-[nv tijhpw kanmw.
10.
kan-Xn-tbmKw Uln-bntem sNbam Xocp-am-\n-p Cy-bnse at-sX-nepw

etm tNcm-hp--XmWv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
115

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
11.
tImHm]vSv sNbvX AwK- Ds-sS-bp A\p-tZym-K-mw-K- kan-Xn-tbm-K-n

]s-Sp-p--Xnt\m sskp-I kin-p--Xnt\m D Sn F/ Un F N-{]-Imcw ]cnnXnh\w a{m-ebw hlnpw.
12.
tImHm]vSv sNbvX AwK- DsS A\p-tZym-K-mw-K-v kan-Xn-tbm-K-n

]s-Sp-p--Xn\v Znhkw 1000 cq] hoXw knnv ô e`npw.
13.
tImw]o- v AtXm-dn-n-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-tmSpw Cu a{m-e-b-nse C-t{K-Uv

ss^\mkv Unhn-jsbpw H. t\mv DYNo. 407/AS& FA/ F0 XobXn 432010 {]Im-c-ap
A\p-hm-Z-tmSpw IqSn-bmWv CXv ]pd-s-Sp-hn-p-Xv.
tUm.Pn.hn. kp{_-Wyw
AssUz-k (R.E)
To
Fm AwK-pw, _-s hIp-p-Ipw
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
116

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]cn-injvS tcJ b:
{Ia\-
1
]cn-tim-[n ]T\ tcJ-I
t]cv
hnjbw
hn._n. khI
464 cmjv{S-]Yv, ^vfmv 3
MSEDC enan. ]lukv
alm-Pn tamtm-gvkn\v FXnhiw
]qs\411011, alm-cmjv{S
s{]mIvSvUv Gcn-bmkv C
ktmv Hm^v Ikth-j
Hm^v _tbm-f-Pn- ssUth
gvknn B v AZ hmeyqkv
Hm^v shkvt Lmvkv
2.
taml\ Pn.Fkv
Akn- v s{]m^-k (P\-nIvkv B v
m v {_oUnwKv)
s]mw-t]v 571216
IqKv Pn, Im-SI
Cy, t^m 08274249156
sam.:+91 9902273468
Unmp-sa v Hm^v t^mdv
_tbm-fPn B v {So Cw{]q-hvsa v
tImfPv Hm^v t^mdkv{Sn (UAS)
_mwK-fq
t^m : 08247 249370 EXT 215
Hm^v shkvt Lmvkv

sshUv dnte-ohvkv Hm^v In
th-Uv m vkv B v t{Im]v P\
-- nIvkv dntkm-gvkkv Hm^v Zn
sht Lmvkv
3.
]-em Un.
sk t^m Fv kbkv Uokv
Xncp-h-\--]pcw 695 031, tIcf
Aeyq-hn-b km v ssa\nv Zn
tIcf FIvkv]o-cn-bkv
4.
F. `mkvI-c (B, kpIp-am-dns

kmt-XnI klm-b-tmsS)
Gjy t\ Ikth-j
ût-j, Csm-th-j sk
Cy Cn-yqv Hm^v kbkv
_mwK-fq 560012
Hm^v ZnCtm-fPn Hm^v
sht Lmvkv
Zn tv Hm^v Gjy
Fen^ vkv C Zn
shkvt
Lmvk ktX Cy B v
Cvkv Cwn-t-jkv Sp
s{]mtamv Ikth-j
_mkwkv (...Cwt]-jkv L)
Hm^v sht Lmvkv
5.
hn. `mkvI
s{]m^. Hm^v t^mdkv{Sn&
t^ma Ub-d-IvS (dn.)
\mj-W Ft^m-d-t-j &
Ctm Uh-e-vsa v t_mUv
doPn-b-W sk, an\nkv{Sn
Hm^v Fhn-tdmsa v & t^mdv ,
Kh.Hm^v CybqWn-th-gvknn Hm^v
A{Kn-I-d
kbkkv, _mwKvfq 560 065
_mkwkv (Po-\kv:
Cwt]-jkv F)
Hm^v sht Lmvkv
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
117

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
sI.F, kp{_--Wy
kbnv,kn
kpthm-f-Pn- ks Hm^v Cy
{]mWn hnm `h, Fw.tmv
\yq Aen-t]m, I+91 9088039540
_tbm-ssU-ssh-gvknn B v
-mkv Hm^v dnh-ssd Ctm
knwkv Hm^v sht
Lmvkv
7.
B.sP.cRvPnXv Zm\n-tbkv
amt\-PnwK {Sn
sIb Fv {Sv
\w. 521st kv{Sov
Xnss-KwK \K
sNss 600 061
Ctm-f-Pn-en skkn-ohv
Gcn-bmkv B v t_Uvkv Hm^v
sht Lmvkv.
8.
Fkv.sI.Jqcn IFS
Ub-d-IvS, Fhn-tdmsa v B v
ssam-nIv sNbnv
tkmjy t^mdkv{Sn tImwIvkv
hn-bqmhv ]n.H.
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
tIcf695 013
t^mdv amt\-Pvsa v C tIcf

C tImSmIvvkv Hm^v
CthmhnwKv t^mdkv{Sn
B v Ikth-j
Itkkv t^m sht
Lmvkv.
9.
C. tkma-\m-Y
Cy mn-n- Cn-yqv
Uln
Cskohv t_Uvkv At{Km

kv Sp t\ Ikth-j
10.
Fw.Un. kp`mjv N{
CES ôUv tj
hnthIv \K,IpwX 581 343
Dc IS
Hm A mnv B
tkhnv Zn tk{IUv t{Kmhvkv
Hm^v shkvt Lmvkv
A]W hmvsh
tdmn ttmkv (kvs]jy

t^mkv
Hm sht Lmv B v
sIm
doP-\-td-j Hm^v kv{Sowkv Hm^
sht Lmvkv
11.
BIOME,3416 Kpe-hmWn
alm-cmPv tdmUv
]qs\ 411004
12.
arWm-fn\n h\{io
Ctm-f-Pn- skmsskn
]qs\
13.
hnt\m-ZvIp-am DWn-bm IFS

slUv. ]n.F. s\v hv
WL amt\-Pvsa v B v Ikth-j
sshUv sse^v Cn-yqv Hm^v Cy
]n._n.\w. 18
N{-_m\n, sUdm-Uq 248001
D-cm-JWvUv
Ctm sUh-ev In-okv:

{Smt-nv Xnbdn
C Sp {]mIvSokv
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
118

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
14.
Zneo]v _n. s_mdmI

CU-kv{Sn-b s]meyq-j
t^ma sa sk{I-dn
alm-cmjv{S s]meyq-j It{Sm t_mUv
602 Aa dkn-Ukn
kntbm t{Smws_ tdmUv
]m_v Jmn, tUym\
apwss_ 400 088 CU-kv{Sn-b s]mfyq-j
15.
F. A\nIp-am &
Fw.sI. kXoiv \mcm-b-W
M/s kzman-\m-Y dnkv ût-j
Iyq-Wnn At{Km_tbm ssUth-gvknn
sk, ]pq hb ]n.H.
hb-\mSv 673121, tIcf
ssUth-gvknn, bqkv]m-t
B v amt\-Pvsa v Hm^v sshUv
^pUv m vkv Hm^v sht
Lmvkv : F Un Sp hb-\mSv
Unkv{SnIvSv.
16.
\mcm-b-W Pn.slKvsU
BAIF Uh-e-vsa v dnkv
]qs\ 411058
{So mnv Hm ss{]hv emkv
17.
tUm. EXv-hnIv Z
tIm Iho-\
EIA tdmtkmgvkv & dkvt]mkv sk
F71, temh {Kuv ^vtfm
t{K ssIemkv1
\yqUln
F s{^bnw-hv t^m EIA,

dnt^mwkv
C Zn sht Lmvkv
18.
slm-hn F Ipamc &

tah knv
kmen-amen sk t^m
HmWn-tm-fPn & \mNz-d lndn
Bss\-In ]n.H.
tImb--q 641108
Xan-gv\mSv
Unkv{Sn-_yq-j, mkv B v
Ik thj Hm^v {]ntavkv
Hm^v Zn sht Lmvkv
19.
B.Fkv. `. PK-Zoiv IrjvW-kzman

{io\n-hmkv sshZy-\m-Y
ût-j t^m Ctm-f-Pn-
dnkv, AUzkn & teWnv
AtimI {Sv t^m dnkv
C Ctm-fPn & Fh-tdmsa v
h\-d-_n-en-okv Hm^v {Inn-

Ctm-kn-wkv B v ko-kkv
C Zn sht Lmvkv Sp
Hmhem ^vtemkv B v sskUnsaj UqdnwKv FIvkv{Sow sdbn
t^m Chv.
20.
kvt\l-eX \mYv
Io t ût-j
t{Kmhvkv ln tdmUv
tIm-Kncn, \oe-Kncn
Xan-gv\mSv
ssehven-lpUv skIyq-cnn C
sht Lmvkwt\mvkv B
UnkvI-jkv
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
119

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
21.
B.sP. cRvPnXv Zm\n-tb

amt\-Pnw-Kv{Sn
sIb Fv {Sv
\w. 5. 21st {ov
Xnss-Kw-K-\-K,
sNss 6000 061
kvs]jy sl{dtdm Po\nn, em

t]vkv B v Ctm-f-Pn-
skkn-n-hnn C sht
Lmvkv.
22.
Fw.Fkv. hoc-cm-L-h
ln hyq
t^ln tdmUv
sImssS--\m 624101
Xan-gv\mSv
lnt-jkv C Zn sht
Lmvkv sImssS--\mF
tIkv Un
23.
A\nX hokv
Xmac dnIvSn, kvt\l-eX \mYv
skn {]kmZv
kpan tPmPv
Iokvtm ût-j
tIm-Kncn, \oe-Kn-cn
Xan-gv\mSv
t\m Snw_ t^mdkv

t{]mUIvSvkv, FIvkv]o-cn-bkkv
C Ikthj, Fss{]kv,
ssehven KpUvkv
B v {SUo-j-W t\mfPv C Zn
\oe-Kncn _tbm-kv]n-b dnkv,
sht Lmvkv.
24.
F.F. Ac-hnv
sI.hn. Kpcp-cmP
kqcn-sk-Km, sk t^m _tbm
ssUth-gvknn B v Ith-j ,
AtimI {Sv
t^m dnkv C Ctm-fPn
B v Zn Fhn-tdmsa v (ATREE)
tdmb Fthv
{iocm-a-]pc, Pmq ]n.H.
_mwKvfq 560 064
Bw^n-_o-bkv Hm]v Zn sht

Lmvkv
25.
Pn. chn-Imv
Ikth-jkv Hm^v t^mdv
AtimI {Sv t^m dnkv
P\-nIv dntkmgvkkv C sht
C Ctm-fPn B v Zn Fhn-tdmsa v Lmvkv
tdmb Fthv, {iocmw-]p
Pmq t]mv
_mwKvfq 560 0064
26.
F.F. ay
Ac-hnv F.F.
amem-tIm-fPn sk
]q-{]--tIm-tfPv
DSpn 576101
em v kvs\bnkv Hm^v sht

Lmvkv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
120

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
27.
iin-[ hnc-m-av,
`n-`m-h\ cmPI
Unmvsa v Hm^v A{Kn-I-d
F-tam-fPn
bqWn-th-gvknn Hm^v A{Kn-I-d
kbkkv
[hmSv 580 005
sshUv _okv Hm^v sht

Lmvk:v t{Im]v s]mfn-t\-j
sU^n-knvkv.
28.
F t{]men-tKm-ta\ Spth-Uvkv
F kvmPn
Uln AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j Hmô-tkgvkv t^m _tbm-I-d kssh-h
^vfmvkv skIvS Un2
C Zn sht Lmvkv.
DDA kvt]mvkv tImw-Ivkn\p kao]w
hkv Ipv
\yqUln 110070
Ieym Ipam N{I-hn
B-15 (8th^vtfm)
29.
sI.Fkv. hmUnb
Ph-lem s\{lp sk
t^m AUzmkvUv kbn-^nIv
dnkv, _mwKvfq 560 064
Pntbm-f-Pn- Hm^v {^bnw hv

B v sSIvtm-WnIvkv Hm^v
sht Lmvkv
30.
Un.sP. `v
Unmvsa v Hm^v t_mWn
tKmh bqWn-th-gvknn
tKmh 403206
tUmIyp-sa-t-j Hm^v ssat{Im

^wK ssUth-gvknn C Pn
t^mdvkv t#m^v sht
Lmvkv
31.
sI.B. {io[
Unmva v Hm^v _tbm kbv
amwKvfq bqWn-th-gvknn
awKf KwtKm{Xn
amwKvfq 574 1994
Im-SI
AIzm-nIv ^wssK C Zn sht

Lmvkv Id v mkv B
^yq Itkkv
32.
kRvPohv \mbIv Zneo]v Ipam

Cw{]nn., en-t\m-fPn et_m-dn
\mj-W s_mm-Wn- dnkv
Ckn-yqv (OSIR) dmW {]Xm]v amKv
D{]-tZiv
sse ssUth-gvknn C
sht
Lmvkv, \oUv t^m Izmn-t-oh
A-kvsa v B v Ikth-j.
33.
F. kpc
"Imn-tIb' 1st ^vtfm
imcZ \Kc
irwtJcn 577 139
Im-SI
nw]vkkv Hm^v Zn lntm-dnIv

B v Zn
t{]mtm-ln-tm-dnIv doPn-b Hm^
sht Lmvkv B v Ctm-fPn.
34.
cmtP{ sII
tIcnkmcn
tKmh 403505
ssa\nv tKmh, sIm (tkmjy

B v Ctm-f-Pn- Bkv]IvSvkv)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
121

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
35.
Ie-hw-]md
tKmh an\n-d Hm
FIvkvt]mtgvkv Atkm-kn-tb-j
]n.H. t_mIvkv 113
hmtm-_nUnwKv
]\mPn
tKmh403001
ssa\nv Pntbm-f-Pn- B v Ctm

-W-anIv s]gvk-]-IvSohv
36.
tUm. Ptb{ eIva-{]p-

KpP-dmv Ctm-f-Pn- skmsskn,
3rd ^vtfm, kn\Pn lukv
kp`]pc, htUm-Zc 390023
sa\nw C KpP-dmv Cw]mIvSk

v v Hm
_tbm-ssU-th-gvknn
CtIz-jkv
Sqdnkw C t^mdv Gcn-bmkv Hm^v

sht Lmvkv
37.
A15 2 kn t{Kmkv 4th sabn

OMBR te Hu,_\-kzmSn
_wK-fpcp 560 043

dnkv Snwtdmkvtacn hniz-\mYv
AXnYn N Nm\n hcp ktmjv
k_nX temdkv
AssUz-kdn Sow sI.Sn. kptcjv
38.
am\kn Ic-n-Im
tIX-dn-Lm
HbvtImkv 210, knmv Sthgvkv
tIm{XpSv
]qs\29
klym{Zn sht LmvkvB

Hmh Uyqv Hm^v ss{]hv HmWjnv,
sImta-gvky sUh-e-]vsa v B
Cvkv Cw]mIvSv Hm Ctm-knw.
39.
tZh-{hXv ta
sNbam HIN
]-KWn alm-_-te-iz
\w404, jmeI
Fw.sI.tdmUv
apwss_ 400021
Sqdnkw sUh-e-]vsa v kv{SmPn

sht Lmvkv.
40.
hnizw-` Nu[cn
Hbm-knkv Fhn-tdm
sa ût-j
]qs\
{Inn- A\m-en-knkv Hm^v Fhn

-tdmsa Cw]mIvSvkv Ask-kvsa
t{]mkkv B v Fhn-tdmsa
nb-dkv s{]mko-Un-b C Cy.
41.
hnPbv ]cv ss]

tKmapJv Fhn-tdmsa
{Sv t^m kt-\-_n Uh-e-]vsa v,
]qs\.
{Xnvkv Sp Zn sht Lmvkv Hm^

alm-cmjv{S: B Hmh hyp,
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
122

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
klm-b-I-tc-J-I
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............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kanXn

dntmvv
`mKw 2
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
127
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Gjy hI-c-bn am{Xw ImW-s-n-cp ]n-hK-fpw kkvX-\n-Ifpw, ]pjv]n-X-k-kyhn-`m-K-fpw Cy J-n-tepw hym]n-m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv.
lnam-e-b- ]h-X-\n-c-I Dbp-h-cm-\n-S-bm-bXpw Cu Iqn-bn-Sn-bpsS A\--c-^-e-amsWp Icp-X-s-Sp-p. lnam-eb ]h-X-\n-c-I cq]w-sIm--Xn\p tij-am-bn-cn-mw, Hcp
]t, Ime-hj-m-p-I aptJ\ Cybn hym]-I-amb Ime-hjw e`n-m XpS-nbXv. ]n-a-L--\n-c-I Ime-hm-p-Isf XS-p-\np-p. Xaqew ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i-fn-se-m-bvtm-gpw-Xs Zn-W-]q-th-jy-bn-te-Xn\p kam-\-amb Cuw \nd Imem-h
\ne-\np-p. am{X-a-, ]qh-ln-am-e-b {]tZ-i-fn D-Xp-t]mse k-amb ssPh
kmn-[yhpw Cu {]tZ-i--fn-ep-v. ]qh lnam-e-b-{]-tZ-i--fnse ssPh k-n-t\m-fwXs sshhn-[y-an-s-nt]mepw Cy-bnepw {ioe--bnepw ImW-s-Sp- Hp-an kky-P-p-hn-`m-K-fpw ]na-L--ta-J-e-bn am{Xw Im-W-s-Sp-p. hnhn[ cmjv{S-v AhcpsS X\Xv P\n-X-I-k--n-t Cm-ev ]c-am-[n-Imcw Ds-n-cn-t, Cy-bpsS Ghpw
aqey-h-mb ssPh-I-e-h-d-bmWv ]n-a-L--\n-c-I FXv AXoh {]m[m-\y-tmsS ]cn-KWn-t hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
`qan-bpsS D]-n-p-ti-jw, F{Xtbm Gsd hj- Ign-mWv B{^n- D]-`qJ--n \c-hwiw cq]w-sIm-p-Xv. Dtiw 60,000 hj-p apmWv Cy-bnse
Cs Xe-a-d-bpsS ]qhn-I Chn-tSv IpSn-tb-dn-m---Xv. XpS--n, knp XpSnb \Zo-X-S--tfbpw hc {]tZ-i--tfbpw tI{o-I-cn-m-bn-cpp a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
129

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
\ne-\n-n-cp--Xv. Ccw Bhm-k-tI-{--fn Dtiw 10000 hjp-apt Xs Irjn

hym]I-am-hp-Ibpw Xaqew Xn-S--fnse kzm`m-hn-I -`q-{]-Ir-Xn-bn h am-- Ime-{ItaW Dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm ]naL---fn-em-hs hfsc sshIn, Dtiw 3000
hj-p apv am{X-amWv IpSn-tbw Bcw-`n--Xp-X-s. Ccp-p-sIm-p Bbp-[
hym]-I-am-bXpw Cu Ime-L--n-em-Wv. Ccp-p-sIm-p agp (]-c-ip) Fdnv ]c-ip-cm-a
krjvSn--XmWv ]n-a-Xo-chpw AhnsS \ne-\np kwkvIr-Xn-bp-sa sFXnlyw Hcp
]t, Cu teml-bpK-ns kw`m-h\
- b
- m-bn-cn-mw. ]n-aL
- {]tZ-ifn a\pjy Bhmkw
]ptcm-K-an--tXm-Sp-IqSn Xobp-tSbpw Ccp-ntbpw hym]-I-amb D]-tbmKw Ahn-S-fnse kkyPme-sf \nW-bn-p--Xn kp{]-[m\ ]p-h-ln-p.
ùa--ssPh `qhn-`m-K-
]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h hnZ-Kv[ -k-an-Xn-p-thn Xm-dm--s Hcp dntmn
]mkvI (1988), Um\n-bkv (2010) Fn-h \S-nb ]T-\- D-cn-p-sIm-v, samw
]n-a-L taJ-esb aqp {][m\ taJ-e-I-fn-embn hym]n-p-In-S-p- HXv `q{]-IrXn hn`mK--fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. kqd-v--tKm-h, tKmh--\o-e-Kn-cn, ]me-mSv Npc-ns Zn-W -`mKw
Fn-h-bmWv aqv {][m\ taJ-e-I. Ch-bn hym]n-p-In-S-p-, ta ]cm-ain HXp
`qhn-`m-K Xmsg ]d-bp--h-bm-Wv:
1)
kqd-n\pw _Km-an-\p-an-S-bn hym-]n-p-In-S-p kqd-v--tKmh sUm taLe L1
2)
]\m-Pnpw Ipt{Z-ap-Jn-\p-an-S-bn-ep tKmh--\o-e-Kncn Iw{_n-b ]qh [mhm `qhn`mKw L2
3)
jntam-K - - Ip-SP
- m-{Zn-pw, ssakq-cn\pw CS-bn-embn nXn-sN-p-, tKmh-\
- o-eK
- ncn Imw{_nb ]qh \okv (gneiss) D]-`q-J-w L3
4)
tKmh--\o-e-Kncn taJ-e-bnse Imw{_n-b ]qh NmtWm-ssv (charnochites) `qhn-`mKw

(Im-k-d-tKm-Un\pw \oe-Kn-cnpw CS-bn-embn nXn-sN-pXv) L4
5)
tKmh\oe-Kncn taJ-e-bnse Ah-km-Z-inem `qhn-`mKw (a-e-_m-dn\pw Xrq-cn\pw CSbn) L5
6)
]me-mSv Npc-n\v ZnW `mK-p Imw{_n-b ]qh NmtWm-ssv `qhn-`mKw

(B-\-a-ebvpw ]g\n Ipp-Ipw CS-bn-embn sNtm Npcw hsc hym]n-p-In-Spp) - L6
7)
]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXv `mK-p Imw{_n-b--]qh \okv D]-`q-J--hn-`mKw (a[pc

apX I\ym-Ip-am-cn-hsc ]qh-tc-Jmwiw 78o v ]Sn-m-dmbn nXn-sN-p-p) L7
8)
]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp-`m-K-p Imw{_nb ]qh tIm-ssevkv (Khondalites)

`qhn-`mKw sNtm Npc-n\v sXp `mK-mbn Dtiw Xncp-h-\--]pcw hsc ]naZni-bn hym]n-p-In-S-pp L8
9)
]me-mSv Npc-n\p sXp `mK-p Xmc-X-tay\ ]gw Ipd Ah-km-Z-in-em`qhn-`mKw (sImn apX Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq hsc) L9
]n-a-L \nc-I-fnse aqv {]-[m\ taJ-e-I-fp-tSbpw Ah-bn hym]nv InS-p HXv
hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K--fp-tSbpw m\w Nn{Xw 1 sImSp-n-cn-p-p.
HXv ùa--hn-`m-K-fn Ghpw hepXv kqd-v--tKmh taJ-e-bm-Wv. samw ]n-a-L
\nc-I-fpsS GI-tZiw aqn-sem-tmfw hnkvXrXn hcp Cu `qhn-`mKw `qan]c-ambn
GIkz`m-h-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv. (L1 - Nn{Xw ImWp-I) tKmh--\o-e-Kncn taJ-e-bm-Is
\mev hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K- AS-p--Xm-Wv. hnkvXoW-n Ghpw sNdpXv, ]me-mSv Npcw taJ-e-bm-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bnepw \mev `q{]-IrXn taJ-e-I Dv (L6
- L9). Cu \mev `qhn-`m-K
- fpw Hn-s\mv `n-{]-Ir-Xn-If
- p-am-Wv. ]n-aL
- -
- nse Ghpw
Db sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb B\-apSn Cu `qhn-`m-K-n-emWv nXn-sN-p--Xv. ag e`y-X-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
130

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
sImpw (DZm: hm--m-d) hfsc {lkz-amb hcm-th-f-I sImpw (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn CXv ctm aqtm amkw am{X-amWv ]mkvI 1988) khn-ti-jX
- b
- m e
Cu `qhn-`m-K-n--ep-v. ag hfscpdhp am{Xw e`n-p hc-p-W-nb Ing- ]g-\nae (sIm-ssS--\m) t]mep ]h-X-{]-tZ-i-fpw ]n-a-L--\n-c-I-fn-ep-v.
Nn{Xw 1. ]n-a-L--nse aqv {][m\ taJ-e-Ifpw Ah-bnse HXv `q{]-IrXn hn`m-Kfpw
L1
kqd-v--tKmh sUm taJe
L2
tKmh--\o-e-Kncn Imw{_nb ]qh [mhm `qta-Je
L3
tKmh--\o-e-Kncn Imw{_nb ]qh s]\nkp-em \okv taJe
L4
tKmh--\o-e-Kncn Imw{_nb ]qh NmtWm-ssv `qta-Je
L5
tKmh--\o-e-Kncn ]gw Ipd Ah-km-Z-inem `qta-Je
L6
]me-mSv Np-c-n\v sXp Imw{_nb ]qh NmtWm-ssv `qta-Je
L7
]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp Imw{_nb ]qh \okv D]-`q-J--ta-Je
L8
]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp Imw{_nb ]qh tImssevkv taJe
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
131

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
L9
]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp ]gw Ipd Ah-km-Z-inem taJe

(A-h-ew_w: Um\n-bkv, 2010)
kky-Pmew
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cnhpw Ahn-S--fnse kkyPmefpsS kmn-[yhpw Xn _-ap--Xmbn ImWp-n-. Fm Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-ins InS-v, D-Xn, XXv{]-tZ-is khn-tij Imem-h Fnh {]kvXpX {]tZ-is
kky C\-sf \nW-bn-p--Xn kp{]-[m\ ]p hln-p-p-p-Xm-\pw. XXv{]-tZ-iv
A\p-`-h-s-Sp hcm-th-f-I-fpsS ssZLy-amWv {][m-\-ambpw Ahn-Ss kky-hK--sf,
\ne-\n]p kmn[yw Fnh Xocp-am-\n-p--Xv. ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i-fn ImW-s-Sp- 11
C\w \nXy-l-cnX kky-hK-fn Gsg-hpw L 3 `qhn-`m-K-n-emWv ImW-s-Sp--Xv. AXn\m L 3 `qhn-`mKw BWv ]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse Ghpw kky-Pmesshhn-[y-am `qtaJe(1) (]nI1)
]nI 1: ]n-a-L--nse hyXykvX `q{]-IrXn taJ-e-Ifpw Ah-bn ImW-s-Sp
\nXy-l-cnX kky-hK-fpw
kky-hKw:
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
ssUsS-tdm-Imkv t_mUn-tem-Wn
ssUsS-tdm-Imkv CUn--kv
A\m-sIm-tfmk sUkn-^vtfmd
ssUsS-tdm-Imkv CUn-kv
InPntbm sUt{Um ]ntWw
lwt_mjz {_qtWm-Wnkv
ssUsStdm-Imkv CUn-kv
lwt_mjz {_qtWmn
s]mkntem \yqtdm CUn-kv
ssUStdm-Imkv CUn-kv
Utbm kvss]tdmkv ImU-eo\
Utbm kvss]tdmkv DuIm
t]knb am{Im
Utbm kvss]tdmkv
tlmfnKmW
L7
L8
L9
ssUsStdm-Imkv CUn-kv
t]knb am{Im
Iypte-Wnb FIvkm-dn-te
sakph s^dnb
]em-nbw Fen-]vnw
sakph s^dnb
]em-nbw Fen-]vnw
(1)
Hcp {]tXyI `qhn`mK-n A[n-h-kn-p Hn-tesd hyXykvX Iayq-Wn-n-Imbn ta `qhn`m-K-nse ssPh t{kmX-p-I ]p-h-bvt-n-h-cp-tm Dm-hp ]p\x-cp-o-h-\-ti-jnsb kqNnn-m-\mWv em-I sshhn-[yX (Spatial heterogeneity) F-Xp-sImv Dt-in-p--Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-Xe-n kw`-hn-p hwi-\m-iw, tZim-S-\w, IayqWnn Xcw-K-fnse (meta-community) An-cX
Fnh aqew Atem-kcw kw`-hn-p `qhn-`m-K-n _om--ssU-th-gvknn (Ctm-hy-h--I-fpsS
sshhn-[y-h-c-Ww) kw`-hn-m-\p km[y-Xbvv {]k-n-tb-Ipp
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
132

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
saan-ssk-tem A-tew
knkn-Pnbw Iyqan\n
BIvn-t\m-U^vt\ BwK-n-t^m-fnb
Utbm kvss]tdmkv SPPssUtkm sskew ae-_m-dnw

t]knb am{Im
s]mkntem \yqtdm CUnw

]em-nbw Fen-]vnw
tlm]nb s]m
sj^vfod spp
tKmtUm-Wnb H]vyqk
saen-tbm-tkma Bt\m-n-bm\
BsI
Ah-ew_w: Um\n-tbkv, 2010, ]nI 3, t]Pv 8.

L 7 `q{]-IrXn taJ-e-bn \nXyl-cnX ag-m-Sp-I ImW-s-Sp-n-. Fm, ]n-a-L-nse Hcp {]tXyI `q{]-Ir-Xn-ta-J-e-bpw, AXn Ctm-gp kky-Pm-e-fpw Xn At`Zy-amb _w Cm kml-Nc
- y-n, hnhn[ `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K
- n Ctm-gp kky-C\
Hp-In \nc-c ]cn-{I-a-n-eqsS XXv{]-tZ-i--fn AXn-Po-h\w knn--h-bmImw; AYhm
ASp--Im-e-mbn a\p-jy Ir{Xn-a-ambn \p-h-fn-b-Xp-am-Imw.
e-]-c-amb hK-ssh-hn-[yw, D-X-kw-c--W-aq-eyw, ]cn-n-Xn-hn-tem-eX

ssPh kam-\-X-I-fn-m Hcp {]tZiw /AYhm Hcp Bhm-k-tI-{-n Db kwc-W-aqeyw IqSn D-Xmbn IW-m--s-Spp Fn-cn-s B {]tXyI {]tZiw B ]cnnXn hnteme taJe F KW-n s]Sp--cp-sXv Um\n-tbkv (2010) hmZn-p-p.
(t]Pv 11). Db kwc--W-aq-ey-ap--Xmbn IW-m--s-Sp {]-tZ-i-fpw Ah-bnse khnti-j-amb kky--P-p-hK sshhn-[yhpw Xn GsX-nepw Xc-n-ep Hcp s]mcpw
AYhm A\p-cq-]X \ne-\npp F \nco--W-n\v D-a-D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ]n-a-L-{]tZ-i- Fv Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. ]mkvI (1988) thXn-cn aqv taJ-e-I-fn
tKmh--\o-e-Kn-cn-{]-tZ-iw ]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp {]tZ-ihpw BWv Ghpw ssPh
sshhn[yw \nd--h. ]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-ns Imcy-n AXnhn-in-jvS-amb Htsd {]tZ-i- ]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp-`m-K-p ]n-a-L {]tZ-i-fn-ep-v. Hcp ]t, ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-ns Imcy-n AXp-ey-amb G-hp-tasd {]tZi-
Cu taJ-e-bnX-s-bm-Wv. ]cn-n-Xn- hn-teme taJe F KW-n hcp--hsb apKW\m-Sn-m-\-n {Ia-s-Sp-p-hm XXv{]-tZ-i--fp-ambn Ahn-Sps ssPh taJ-e-bvp
s]mcpw Gsd klm-b-I-am-hp-p. ]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-Isf kwc-n-p--Xn\pw ]cn]m-en-p--Xn\pw ssIsm-p \S-]Sn{Ia--fn ]mcn-n-Xn-I-aq-ey-ns Imcy-n,
]Icw asmv Nqn-m-Wn-m-\n-m Ccw taJ-e-Iv AXn-{]m-[m-\y-ap-v.
]n-a-L {]tZ-i-v Nne s]mXp-hmb {]Ir-X- D-Xmbn Um\n-tbkv \ncon-p-p. bpn-k-l-amb Cu \nco--W- ]cs AwKo-I-cn--s--h-bp-am-Wv. ]cn-nXnhn-teme taJ-e-Isf Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n {Iao-I-cn-p-hm\pw Xcw
Xncn-p-hm\pw Cu \nco--W- klm-b-I-hp-am-Wv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
133

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
t_mIvkv 1 : ]n-a-L--\n-cIfpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-I

1600 In. ao \of-n sXp-h-S-mbn nXn-sN-p- ]n-a-L--a-e-\n-c-Isf 3 {][m\
taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. tKmhbvv hS-p {]tZ-iw, a[y-`m-K-p tKmh
\oe-Kn-cn-{]-tZ-iw, sXp `mKv nXn-sN-p- ]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp ]na-L--{]-tZiw Fn-h-bm-W-h.
ta]-d Hmtcm taJ-ebnepw Htm AXn-e-[n-Itam hyXy-kvX-fmb `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn`m-K- Dv. 3 {][m\ taJ-e-I-fn-ep-am-bn, sam-n, C-c-n-ep 9 `q{]-Ir-Xnhn-`m-K--fm-Wp--Xv. tKmhbvv hS-p `mKs L1 F hn`m-K-n s]Sp-n-bncn-p-p. a[y-n-ep tKmh--\o-e-Kncn taJ-esb L 2 apX L 5 hsc \mev hn`m-K-fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p. ]me-mSv Npc-n\v sXp-`m-K-p ]n-a-L {]tZ-i-sf
L 6 apX L 9 hsc-bp \mev hn`m-K-fmbn Xncn-n-cn-p-p.
aqv {][m\ taJ-e-I-fnse 9 {]Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K--fn-embn 11 C\w \nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e ImW-s-Sp-p. L 7 hn`m-K-n \nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e- Hpw-Xs Im-W-sSp-n-, Fm, L 3 hn`m-K-n-em-Is BsI-bp 11 C\--fn 7 C\-fpw DXmbn ImWmw.
\nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e--fpsS kmn-[yw, B[nIyw Fn-h-bn-t Ah ImW-sSp {]tXyI `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-n\v ùa-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Fs-nepw kzm[o\w DXmbn ImW-s-Sp-n-. adn-v, ag-bpsS e`y-X, ag Xosc e`n-m hc thf-I-fpsS
ssZLyw, e-ns {]IrXw Fn-hbvv h kzm[o-\-ap-p-Xm-\pw.
ùaIm-em-h hyXn-bm-\- aqew Dm-hp _o--ssU-th-gvknn (C-tm-hy-h-I-fpsS sshhn-[y-h-c-Ww) hr-fpsS Iayq-Wn-n-tb-bm-Wv, ]n-I-fpsS IayqWn-n-tb-m IqSp-X-embn _m[np ImWm-dp--Xv. ap C\-n--s--h-bn Ccw
am- Fp-am{Xw _nm--ssU-th-gvkn-nv CS-bm-p-p-sh--Xns\ ]n-bp hnhc- hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
\nhm-kX
- e hyXn-bm-\
- t- fm-Sp ]p\-cp-o-h\
- t- i-jn-bp-ambpw XZzmc ]cn-nXn hnteme-X-bp-tSbpw Hcp hniz-k-\ob am\-Z--amWv _o--ssh-hn[yw (C-tm-hy-h--I-fpsS
sshhn-[y-h-c-Ww).
Ah-ew_w: Umbn-t\kv (2010, t]Pv 13).
kzm`m-hnI ]cn-nXn hos-Sp- kw_-n-m-sW-n L 3 `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-n\v
]cn-K-W-\ob m\-ap-v. jntam-Kpw ssakq-cn\pw CS-bn-embn \op-In-S-p ISocw
IqSn Ds Cu taJ-esb sX IWm-SI ]n-a-Lw Fv hfn-p--Xm-bn-cnpw A`nIm-ay-sav Um\n-tbkv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Db ag e`n-p--Xp- am-{X-a-, {lkz-amb
hcm-th-f-Ifpw hfsc Ipd tXmXn-ep am\p-jnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-amWv Cu taJ-e-bnse
\nXy-lcnX kky-ssh-hn-[y-n\v \nZm-\-sapw Atlw Iqn-tp-p. L 3 taJ-e-bnse
AXn-i-b-I-c-amb \nXy-l-cn-X-k-ky-ssh-hn-[y-n\nv hn`n--ambn L 1 taJ-e-bnepw, L 2 taJe-bpsS hS-p-`m-Kpw \nXy-l-cnX kky-hn-`m-K Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn A{]-Xy--am-bn-smn-cn-p {]Xn-`mkw hncNq-p-Xv cv Imcy--fn-te-mWv kpZoL-amb hcmth-f-I, a\p-jys hnth-I-c-ln-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I Fn-h-bm-W-h. Cmcyw km[q-I-cnm-\m-h-iy-amb {]kn-o-I-cn--s hnhc- th{X Csnt]mepw Ccw hkvXp-XI kw_-nv ]mkvI-ens \nco--W- C\n ]d-bp \nK-a-\--fn-se-n-t-cm
klm-b-I-am-Ip-sav Um\ntbkv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
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134

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2000 an.-ao-tdm AXn-e-[n-Itam ag e`n-p ]n-a-L--nse Xmgv {]tZ-i-fnse

`qhn-`m-K-sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw, hcm-th-f-I-fpsS ssZLyw IpSp-tmdpw Ccw
{]tZ-i- Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI nXn hos-Sp-p {]{Inb a-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-p.
3000 an.-ao--dntem AYhm 5000 an.-ao--dntem A[n-I-ambn ag e`n-p {]IrXn taJ-e-I,
Hcp ]cn-[n-bn-tesd hcm-th-f-I \op-\np- Ah-k-c--fn {]I-S-am-bn-Xs
hc-p-W-p-p. Cu taJ-e-I-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-k-ky-Pm-e--fpsS kzm`m-hnI ]p\-cpo-h\w Ccw L--fn {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n--s-Sm-dp-v.
a\p-jym-hmk taJ-e-I-fn hnf-amn Irjn-sN-, {]tXyI Bh-iym-bp acw
apdn- Fn-h-bpsS ê-ambn kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e- htXm-Xn \in-n--sSpp. IqSm-sX, Xobn-S, Ip-Im-en-ta-, Fn-hbpw kzm-`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-v
òj-Wn-bp-bp-p. Nne L--fn Ccw kky-Pm-e- Fs-t-p-am-bn-Xs
\in-n--s-Sp-p. Ccw {]tZ-i--fn Xc-t-Sn-m ag e`npp-s-nIq-Sn,
Xmc-X-tay\ sNdp hcm-th-f-I A\p-`-h-s-Sp--bn-S-t-m kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e \io-I-cW òjWn t\cn-Sp--Xm-bmWv ImW-s-Sp--Xv.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bn Xs \mbn ag e`n-p- `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K--fn 6 amk-ntesd \op \np hc A\p-`-h-s-Sp--]w Ah kzm`m-hn-I-nXn hos-Spp {]{Inb aK-Xn-bn-em-hm-dp-v. \nXy-l-cnX h\--fnse ImX D hr-fn
Ccw {]Xn-Iqe Ah--I A]-cn-lr-X-amb am--fmWv Dm-p--Xv.
hcm thf-I-fpsS ssZLyw Hcp {]Ir-Xn-hn-`m-Ks amna-dn-p-Xv F{]-Im-c-sav
]cn-tim-[n-mw. BZy-L-
- n kar-a
- mb kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e
- f
- S-
- p Hcp {]tZiw
(DZm; L 3), hcmthf-I \op-\nm-\m-cw-`n-p--tXmsS {ZpX-K-Xn-bn ISp amvv hnt[-b-am-hpp (L 2 taJ-e-bn CXmWv Ctm kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv).
hcm-th-f-I XpSpw \op-\np- Ah--bn kzm`m-hnI kky-Pm-e-
Fs-t-pambn \in--s Ah-bvv hgn-am-dpp (DZm: L 1 taJ-e)
Cv ImWp Xc-n ssUsStdmImkv C\-ns \nXy-lcn-X-k-ky--fpsS
B[n-]Xyw, ]n-aL
- - ]
- h-X\
- n-cI
- Ah-bpsS kzm-`m-hnI ]cn-n-Xnsb hos-Sp-pp
F-Xns Hcp ip`-kq-N-\-bmbn hne-bn-cp-mw.
ssUsStdm-Im-kns B[n-]-Xy-ap ]n-a-L--\n-c-I-fnse \nXy-l-cnX kzm`m-hnI
kky-Pmew hfsc Gsd Ime-v apv, Ctm L 2 taJ-e-bn Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p D-cm-Jv Pn htc-tbm, AXp-a-sn AXn\p adp-]p-dv sXp ]Sn-m-d
alm-cmjv{S hsctbm hym]n-n-cp-p.
ssUsStdm-Imkv CUn--kn\v B[n-]-Xy-ap \nXy-l-cnX kky-Pm-e-n\v \mev
hyXykvX D]-hn-`m-K--fp-v. AXn-semcp D]-hn-`m-K-amWv ssUsS-tdm-Imkv CUnkv t]knb am{Im Fn-h-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-ap kky-Pm-ew. Cu D]-hn-`m-Kn\nv {ItaW t]knb a{Im-bvv B[n-]-Xy-ap kky-Pmew Dc IS
{]tZ-iv ASp--bnsS Is-p-I-bp-m-bn. Cu kky-Pm-e-hn-`mKn sNdnb
tXmXn ssUsS-tdm-Imkv CUn-kv ImW-s-Sp-p-v.
ASp-Im-e-mbn L 1 hn`m-K-n Ds-Sp tKmhbvv hS-p `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-Kfnepw t]gvkz a{Im--bpsS B[n-]-Xy-a \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\- ImW-s-Sp-p-v.
Fm. ]mkvI (1988)s A`n-{]m-b-n Cu C\w kky--fpsS kmn[yw hncfambn am{Xw ImW-s-Sp Hm-sW-m-Wv. saan ssktem Aw_-tew knkn-Pnbw
Iypan\n BIvSn-t\m-sU^vs\ BwK-nt^m-fnb Fo kky C\-v {]map-Jy-a
aXn-cm, alm-_-te-iz (a-lm-cm-jv{S) Fn-hn-S-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\--fn Nne
k`--fn t]gvknb a{Im--bpsS kmn-[yhpw ImW-s-Sm-dp-v.
hnf-amn Irjn-sN-, \op-\np hcm-th-f-I, Fn-h-bmWv alm-cmjvv{S
kwm-\s \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\--fnse kky-Pme-v ]msS amw kw`-hn-m-\p
Hcp {]aJ Imc-W-sav ]mkvI (1988) hne-bn-cp-p-p.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
135

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]n-a-L \nc-I-fnse `p{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-

kzm`m-hnI ]cn-nXn hos-Sp-
ImS-I, tKmh, alm-cmjv{S Fn-hn-S-fnse ]n-a-L \nc-I-fmWv Ghpw Ipd
hos-Sp- tijn {]I-Sn-n-p--sXv Um\n-tbkv Nqn-m-p-p. alm-cjv{S kwm\-nse L 1 hn`m-K-n-s ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i C-c-n-ep--h-bm-Wv. Chn-S--fnse
kzm`m-hnI \nXy-l-cnX ag-m-Sp-I ]qW-ambpw sam-p-p-I-fmbn amdnbn-cn-p-p. ImS-I-bnse L 2, L 3 hn`m-K-n-s ]n-a-L {]tZ-ifm-h-s, Ah-bpsS kzm`m-hnI ]cnnXn hos-Sp-p--Xns hnhn[ L--fn-em-Wv. jntam-K, IpS-Pm{Zn taJ-e-bnse ]n-aL ae-\n-c-I-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\- hy-ambpw Ccw Hcp am--ns L-n-em-Wv.
anI ]cn-nXn ]cn-]m-e\ coXn-I-fn-eqsS Cu hn`m-K--fnse kzm`m-hnI ]cn-n-Xn-ho-sSp-p-hm\pw Chsb Zn-W--]-n-a-L taJ-e-I-fnse ]cn-n-Xnv kam-\-am-p-hm\pw km[np--Xm-Wv. Fm, Aew-`m-h-]qW-amb kao-]\w kzoI-cn-m Ccw {]tZ-ifnse
nXn IqSp-X hj-fm-hm\pw Ch L 2 hn`m-K-n-tetbm AYhm L 1 h`m-K-nse Xstbm
]cn-n-Xnv kam-\-amb nXn-bn-tev sNs-p-hm-\p km[yX Xn--f-bm-\m-hn
Fpw Um\n-tbkv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
L 3 `q{]-IrXn hn`mKw Db _omssh-hn[yw (C-tm-hyq-lfpsS sshhn-[yw) {]Zinn-p-p. e-]-c-ambn GI kz`m-h-ap Cu `qhn-`m-K-n, ]t, hnhn[ {]tZ-i-fnembn [mcmfw hyXykvX kzojo-kp-Isf Is-m-\m-bn-p-v. e-ns kzm`m-hnI ]cnnXn hos-Spp-hm-\p Ignhv Ipd-p-h-cp-p-sh--Xns BZy kqN-\-bm-Wn-sXv Um\ntbkv Nqn-m-p-p. Db ]cn-n-Xn-hn-tem-e-Xbpw Ccw {]tZ-i--fpsS {]tXy-I-Xbm-Wv. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-n\v \nWmb-I-amb kky-k-ar-nsb kzm[o-\n-p-Xv ]n-a-L-ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-f-, adnv ag e`y-X, hcm-th-f-I-fpsS ssZLyw,
e-ns {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]tXy-I-X-I Fn-h-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs e-]-c-amb
ssPh-ssh-hn[yw Cu LS-I--fp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p. AXn-\m Um\ntbkns A`n{]m-b-n e-]-c-ambn GI-kz-`m-h-ap Hcp `qhn-`mKw Db Xe-n-ep _om--sshhn[yw {]I-Sn-n-p-p-s-n, B `qhn-`mKw At-bw ]cn-nXn {]m[m-\y-ap--Xm-Wv.
a\p-jys CS-s]-S-epIfpw ]mcn-n-XnI {]Xym-Lm-X-fpw

a\p-jy Xs ]Wn-bm-bp-[-sImpw Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw kzmY-]-c-hp-amb {]hr-nIsImpw {]Ir-Xnsb \nccw \in-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. etm-]e
- w hj-sImv
]n-a-L---fn cq]-sa-Sp khn-tij ]cn-n-Xn-tbbpw a\p-jy shdpsX hnSp-n-. Ccpp-sIm-p Bbp-[- Ic-K-X-am-b-tXmsS ImSp-sh-n-s-fn-bnv Irjn-bn-d-m\pw Bcw`np. a\p-jys Ccw {]hr-n-I \io-I-c-Wm--I-am-sW-nIqSn a\x-]qh-amb {]Ir-Xnkw-c--W-amK- ssIsIm-p Htc Hcp PohnhKhpw a\p-jyX-s-bm-Wv. Xmsg sImSpn-cn-p ]na-L--\n-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-]-Sn-bmb Ncn{Xw shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
136

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]nI 2 : ]n-a-L--ns Ncn{Xw Hcp s]mXp Ah-tem-I\w

{Ia Ime-Lw
\
kp{]-[m\
kmaq-ly-amb amw
h\-hn-\n-tbmKw
kwc--W \S-]-Sn-I
1.
_n.-kn
1000 \v
apv
\mbmpw
ay-_-\hpw
ssPh-hn-`-h-
tiJ-cn-
hnip--h-\--fp-sS-bpw,
Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,
hnip--Pohn hK--fpsSbpw kwc-Ww
_nkn 1000 \Zo-Xo-c--fnse

apX
Imjn-I-hrn
_nkn
]ptcm-K-an-pp
300 hsc
\Zo-X-S-
Irjn-p-]-bp
ampp
Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,
_nkn 300 kap-{Zm-\-c

apX
hym]mcw ]ptcmK
FUn
anpp
300 hsc
Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew
XpSn kpK--{Zhy-fp-sSbpw av
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-fpsSbpw hym]mcw
]ptcm-K-an-pp
Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,
300 FUn PmXn-hy-h DS-seapX 1500 Sp-p-p, kwm-\FUn hsc cq]w-sIm-pp.
kpK--{Z-hy-
kw`-cn-p-p, \ZoX-S--fn kpK-{Z-hy-tXm--
]ptcm-K-an-pp.
Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw,
hnip--Pohn hK--fpsSbpw kwc-Ww.
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-hfpsS D]tbmKw \nb-{-W-hn-t[-b-ampp
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-fpsS D]1500 FUn bqtdm-]y tImf-\n- kpK--{Z-hy

tbmKw \nb-{-W-hn-t[-b-amapX 1800 hm-gvN-bpsS kzm[o\w fpsS hym]mcw pp. hnip--h-\--fp-sSFUn hsc Zriy-am-Ipp
h[n-p-p.
bpw, Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw, hnipI \nam-W-Pohn hK--fp-sSbpw
n\p thn XSn kwc-Ww XpS-cp-p.
IqSp-X Bh-iyambn hcpp
1800 FUn
apX
1860 FUn
hsc
{_nojv `c-W-n\v
Iogn ]c--cm-KX
kmaq-ly-hy-h--I
XI-cpp
kzm`m-hnI tXv
XpS-n-b-h-bpsS
A\n-b-{nX D]tbmKw
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-fpsS D]tbmKw \b-{-W-hn-t[-b-ampp.hnip--h-\--fp-sSbpw, Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw, hnip-Pohn hK--fp-sSbpw

kwc-Ww Ipd-bp-p.
{]IrXn hn`-h- [mcmfw
\in-n--s-Sp-I-IqSn sNpp.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
137

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
{Ia Ime-Lw
\
kp{]-[m\
kmaq-ly-amb amw
h\-hn-\n-tbmKw
kwc--W \S-]-Sn-I
Imhp-I-fp-sSbpw, hnip-Pohn hK--fp-sSbpw kwcWw ]cn-an-X-am-Ip-p.
{]IrXn hn`-h- [mcmfw
\in-n--s-Sp-I-IqSn sNpp.
1860 FUn
apX 1947
FUn
hsc
{_nojv `cWw XpScpp; `q{]-`p-fpw

DtZym-K ta[mhnXzw tatmbva
t\Spp
hnfamdn Irjn
sN-en\v \ntcm[\w; h\-`qan
Khsa v GsSp-pp; htXmXn tXvtXm hv ]nSn-np-p
947 FUn
apX 1960
FUn
hsc
kzX{ Cy-bn
]c--cm-K-X-amb
kmaqly tatmbva
XI-cp-p. hmWnPyhpw hyh-km-bhpw
tass t\Spp
Irjn-pw, \Zo-X- h\y-ar-K-kw-c--W-tI-{fpw tZiob DZym-\-fpw

S-]--Xn-Ipw
thn-bp `qhn- m]n-X-am-hp-p.
\n-tbmKw; h\-hn-`h-hyh-km-bnepw hym-]m-cnepw h {ZpX]p-tcm-KXn
1960 FUn h\-hn-`-h-sf ASnapX 1980 m-\-am-n-bp

FUn
hyh-kmbw CSn-bpp
hsc
h\-hn-`-h--fpsS
e`y-X Ipdhv {]IS-am-hp-p. bqmen]vvkv tXm hym]-I-am-hpp. \Zo-P-e-]-XnI htXmXn ]ptcm-K-anpp
hnip--h-\fpw, ImhpIfpw hymh-km-bnI Bh-iyp-thn, hym]-Iambn \in-n--s-Sp-p.

IqSp-X IqSp-X h\y-ar-Kkw-c--W-tI-{-fpw
tZiob DZym--\-fpw
m]n-X-am-Ip-p.
10
1980 apX hnI-k\ {]{In-b-Ikzm`m-hn-I-h-\Cv hsc fnse sshcp[yw {]I- AmsS

S-am-hpp
shn-sfnpXpw, Xnc-v]nSn-p acw-apdnbpw a-K-Xn-bnem-hp-p.
Pe-t{km-X-pIfpw `q\n-ehpw
kzIm-cy-hcWw t\cn-Sp-p.
`qan Gs-Sp-
kw_-nv
htXm-Xn
X- DS-seSp-p-p
h\y-ar-K-kw-c--W-tI-{-fpw tZiob DZym-\-fpw

kwc-nX ssPh-a-en Ds-Sp-p-p.
IqSmsX ]cn-n-Xn-teme
taJ-e-Iv IqSp-X
{]m[m\yw \Ip-p.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
138

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
{_nojv A[n-\n-thi Imepw ]noSv kzmX-{ym-\--c-Im-e-L--nepw hnI-k-\ns t]cn a\p-jys CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS Bhpw tXmXpw h[n-p-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p.
]n-aL
- -
- ns D-c`- m-Kfn Dmb AXns hnI-k\
- {- ]-{In-bI
- Cm-cy-n\v kmyw
\Ipp. Cy-bpsS km-nI Xe-m-\-amb apws_ \K-c-hp-am-bp ASpw sImmWv
C{X-ta am\p-jnI CS-s]-S-ep-I Dm-b-sXv {io. hnPbv ]cvss] (2011) ]n-a-L
Bhmk hyh-m-]-T-\-k-anXn dntmn-\p-thn Xm-dm-nb {]tXyI teJ-\-n Dund-bp-p. {io. ]c-vss]-bpsS (2011) A`n-{]m-b-n ]n-a-L--ns D-c-`m-K--fn
app-n-n-m hn[w {ZpX-K-Xn-bn Dmb hnI-k-\-v Bkv]-Z-am-bXv 3 Imcy--fmWv:
1)
sdbn-th-bpsS \namWw
2)
tdmUp-I-fpsS hnI-k\w
3)
AW-s-p-I-fpsS \namWw
apws_--Xm-s\, \mkn-Iv, ]qsW Fo h \K-c--fnse hyh-km-b-kw-cw-`-m-h-iyamb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp--fpsS kw`-c-Ww, Nqj-Ww, I-S- Fn-hbvv bYmY-n
hgn Xpd-Xpw ta]d aqv kwK-Xn-I-fm-Wv. Cu nXn Cpw XpSp-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
1863 ]qsW hsc BZys sdbn]mX \nh-ln--s-p. XpSv, 1865 apws_ apX
CKXv]pcn hsc cm-as sdbn]mX \ne-hn hp. Cy D]-`q-J--nse hn]-WnI-fnse A\-km-[y-X-I-fn-tev D\m-Sp-I-fn\n-p Imjn-tIm--fpw h\-hn-`-hfpw kpK-a-ambn sIm-p-sN-s-n-p--Xn\v At-bw D]-I-cnp F-XmWv sdbn]mX \nh-ln-p-sIm-p {][m\ t\w. XSn apX-emb h\-hn-`-h- sdbn]mX hgn
]n-a-L h\-{]tZ-i--fn\npw cmPy-ns apnepw aqe-bnepw Fn-tp. sdbn]mX-bpsS hcthmsS temWm-hm-e, J-e, aXn-cm ae-tbmc ]-W- AXn-thKw hnI-knp. Fm, Dc ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--fn Ghpw Ipd ka-bw-sImv Ghpw IqSnb
hnkvXr-Xn-bn Zqc-hym-]-I-amb {]Xym-Lm-X- krjvSn-Xv AW-s-p-I-fpsS \nam-W-amWv. {_nojp-ImcpsS Ime-mWv AW-s-p-I \nan-m-\m-cw-`n--Xv. 1860 apws_-bnse
hnlm F e-m-bn-cp-p D-c]
-
- n-aL
- -
- nse BZys AW-sv ]Wn-XX
- v. XpSv,
1947 hsc D-c--]n-a-L--n am{Xw 20 AW-s-p-I ]Wn ]qo-I-cn-p. 1947\v tijhpw
CXv XpSp-sIm-n-cn-p-p. 2009 Bb-tm \nam-W-n-en-cn-p--h-b-Sw BsI AWs-p-I-fpsS Fw 1821 Bbn Dbp. CXnX-s, GI-tZiw 200--Hmfw henb AW-s-pI Dc ]na-L {]tZ-i--fn-em-Wv. hInS AW-s-p-Isfn-bp tZiob dPn--dn
(2009)-\nv e`n 165 Umap-I-fpsS hnh-c- Xmsg tNp-p.
]nI 3 : hS- ]n-a-L--nse Umap-I

aeKm-thm
ImbI
NmhvSn
_pcmbv
HmkmtJUv
eSn-]mU
PwtJUn
N\Iv]q Umw
hmJUv
]ps\-Km-thm
IcPvhm
KwKm-]q
]mtJUv
Afn (\m-kn-Iv)
ISvh
aIvs\
UW
`mZmc
hmtUhn
A ss]SW
hSPv
]nw]mKm-thmtPmKv
tbUvKm-thm
sXmhmSn
Unws`
NkvIm-ta
hhm
`ma--AkvJXv
DIvkm
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
139

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
apjn
inh-hmX
]mh\
]tjv
sSwLm
JUIvhmkve
`SvK
hc-kvK-thm
KPvhm\n
\oc--Zn-tbmJ
alm km-K
ho Umw
DtamSn
tZmw _mm\n
Iml
tam\m Umw
t\ Umw
sImbv\
Imkcn
Ntmen
ISvhn
Xpjn (tImlm-]q)
Ipw`n
t]mws_-b
Ie-m-hmSn
Ipen
cm[m-\-Kcn
On{Xn
]SvKm-thm
Nntm{X
cIm-kvtImv
PKw-ln
Xnmcn
tKmq Umw
APp\
apn Umw
JpsS
]pta-t]U
Pmw^
It\men
LUvte
tImmcn
\{U
tZhv`mt\
_kmXv
tamn-\
cKuen
Ben
\hm
NuKm-thm
emw Jm\n
ln
hotJ
lc_mcn
_ZmJ
hjn
aIv ]nw{]n
]kmc
Hq
t`Kp
ImIv\n
aK-thm
IcPvhm
I{_nb JSIv
JncmUv
kZ-K-thme-Umn
APvt\cn
Pwte-hmWn
ss\IvhmUn
t_mZmbv hmv
temh ]kmc
cmlpUv
`tS
Xte-K-thm{Sw-_Iv
htUhn
cmta-iz-
temh X]n
SnKmhmUn
Zt\men
aln-cm-hmWn
sjhmUv
Jmcnb LpSn-Lv
AeUn (\m-kn-Iv)
sbs\sc
Ihm-Xvkm
Ae-hmUn
]cpsU
jnhm
Xtemjn
As\s]w-Umc
Awt_men
DSvNn
Aw_n-Jm
tIm
hUPv
t_mdn
JtJc MI
_mhmUn
t_e-]q
tJUv (C-K-Xv]p-cn)
el-tc-Ikmcn
Pm[-hvhmUn
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
140

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nnte-hmUn
tIte-hmUn
`pK-thm
cRvPn-hmUn
Aw_n-Up-ame
hte
hmLvZc (Hm-q)
A{U Umw
ams\-hmUn
aWn-IvtZmlv
dntl
Kvth
Aw_n-Jmk
]nwt]men
t_mKm-thm
kmIp
ehmsU
aUmth
tKmsl
Itmen
t`mkv
apjn Hmapf
AUp
lUmjn
Nnv hmUv
sItc-K-thm
tlmSIn
tjdn
tKmh-]p
lmUvjn-2
[tU-Un-Km
\nwavKm-thm
FIvcpJv
aK-thm
s^{_p-hcn 20 hsc
Ah-ew_w : ]cn-vss], 2011
AW-s-p-I-fpsS \nam-W-tm-S-\p-_-nv km[m-c-W- K-Xn-bn tdmUp-I-fpsS \namWhpw \S--s-Sp-p. CXp-hgn, ]n-a-L {]tZ-i--fnse hnZqc taJ-e-I ]-W--fp-ambn
_w m]n-m-\n-S-bp-hp-p. X\n-an-w, ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--fnse I\ym-h-\- IqSpX IqSp-X Nqj-W-hn-t[-b-am--s-Sp-p. s]mXp KXm-KXw sa-sSp-p--Xn-\pw, ]ntmm-h-bn-ep {]tZ-i-fpsS hnI-k-\-n-\p t]cnepw \nan--s-Sp Cu ]mX-I
]e-tmgpw h\-ta-J-e-Isf Xepw hnepw hn`-Pn-p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS h\-\-io-I-c-W-n-\pXs Bw Iqp-Ibpw sNp-p.
klym-{Zn-bpsS {]tXyI `q{]-Ir-Xn-aqew X{]-tZ-i--fn Ipd hnebvv `qan hmn
]pXnb ]pXnb hymh-km-bnI DZym-\- m]n-p--Xmbn ]cvss] Nqn-m-Wn-p-p.
alm-cmjv{S hyh-kmb hnI-k\ tIm-td-js sh_vsskv hnh-c- D-cn-p-sIm-v,
hS ]n-a-L--n slIvS-dp-I-tfmfw hnkvXoW-n hym]n-p--In-S-p- hymh-kmbnI DZym-\--fn 30-tesd {]tXyI kpc Aln-p ]cn-nXn taJ-e-I Dsv
Atlw Nqn-m-p-p. Ccw hymh-km-bnI DZym-\--fpsS \namW L-nepw \namW
tij-hp-amWv ]cn-n-Xnv h BLm-X- t\cn-tSn hcnI; Bhmk hyh F{Xtmfw hnkvXrX-amtWm A{X-tmfw I\--Xm-bn-cnpw AXn\v Xmt-n-h-cp ]mcnn-XnI BLmXw Fpw ]cvss] Iqn-tpp (t]Pv 18).
Bw_n-hm-en, ehmU ]-Xn-I-sf--nbpw Ch Dbp ]mcn-n-Xn-I--km-aqly {]iv\-sf--nbpw ]cvss] ]cm-ain-p-p-v. Ccw ]XnI Dbp Nne \b-]-camb {]iv\- Atlw Nqn-m-pp (t]Pv 23).
a)
s]mXp-P-\fn \nv an-`qan hmm kwm\ Khsans\ A[n-Im-c-s-Sp-n-bnp-tm? Cu an-`qan kzImcy ey-p thn hnp-hmt\m ]W-b-s-Sp-phmt\m km[n-ptam?
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141

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b)
Xt-i-hm-kn-Isf Iq-tmsS ]em-b\w sNm \n_-n-X-cm-p Xc-n XnIpw

kzImcy hyn-I-fpsS \nb-{-W-n-ep sNdp-]--W- \nan-p-hm s]mXp e kzImcy kwcw-`-Iv hnp-Xv kmaq-lnI \ F KW-ns]-Spn \ymboI-cn-m-\m-hptam?
c)
\K-c-hn-I-k-\w, ae-tbmc kpJ-hmk tI{, dntkmSp-I Fn-h-bpsS hnI-k-\n\p thn klym-{Zn-bnse I\ym-h-\-fpw \Zn-I-fpsS \oadn {]tZ-i-fpw hnp\Im-\m-hptam?
d)
Ccw AXn-{Zp-Xhpw ItTm-c-hp-amb hnI-k\ {]{In-b-I aqe-ap ]mcnn-XnI

BLmXw adn-I-S-p-hm th{X hos-Sp- tijn klym-{Zn-ta-J-e-Iptm?
]cn-n-Xnsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ghpw hn\m-i-Im-cn-I a\p-jy-cmWv Fp Xsb, a\x-]qh-amb Bkq-{X-W-tmsS {]Ir-Xnsb \in-n-p `qan-bnse Htc-sbmcp Pphn`m-Khpw a\p-jyX-s-bm-Wv. ]n-aL
- -
- f
- psS khn-tij Bhm-kh
- y-h
b
- psS XnXn
Ah-tem--I\w sNp-hm\pw Chbvv BLm-Xt- am-h
- n-[
- n ]cn-nXn kulmZ-]chpw
kmaq-ln-Imw-Ko-Im-c-hp-ap kpn-c-hn-I-k-\-]--Xn-I \ntZ-in-p-hm-\p-amWv ]n-a-L
Bhmk-hy-h-m- hn-ZvKv[-]-T-\k-anXn cq]-h-cn--Xv. ]naL---fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-m]-c-amb Xn-Xn-sb-n ]m\-ens hne-bn-cp- Xmsg tNp-p.
]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS XnXn hne-bn-cp-

]n-a-L---fpssS Cy-bn Fp-ap ]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-Isf Xncn--dnbm B[m-c-am-n-bn-p-Xv {]Wm_vsk Inn dntmm-Wv. `mc-X-nse ]cn-nXn
hnteme taJ-e-Isf thXn-cn--dn-bp--Xn-\pw tcJ-s-Sp-p--Xn-\p-ap ASn-m\ hnh-c F-Xns\ B[m-c-am-n-bmWv Inn dntmv Xm-dm-n-b-Xv. tI{ h\w]-cn-nXn
a{m-e-b-ns Iogn 2000 k]vXw-_-dn BWv {]Wm-_vsk dntmv Xmdmn kan-s--Xv. {]kvXpX Inn dntmnse {][m\ ip]mi-I Ch-bmWv:
1)
Cy-bnse ùa--ssPh taJ-e-Isf kw_-n-p- ASn-m\ hnh-c- tiJ-cnmt\m kw`-cn-mt\m Bh-iy-amb ka{K ]-Xn-I C. Ccw {]tZ-i--fpsS ]cnn-Xn-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I Dsm-n-p-sImv Nn-bmbn tcJ-s-Spn kqnp--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-I FSp-t--Xp-v.
2)
]cn-nXnimkv{Xw, h\y-Pohnimkv{Xw apX-emb taJ-eI

- f
- n sshZ-Kv[y-ap-h
- Xptemw
]cn-an-X-am-Wv. Ccw imkv{X-im-J-I-fn {]mho-Wy-ap--hsc hm-s-Sp-p-hm Kthj-W--hn-Zym-`ymk m]-\- apssI FSp-t--Xp-v.
3)
Khsa v GPkn-I, kh-I-em-im-e-I, K-ha v CXc kwL-S-\-I, hynI, Xt-i-hm-kn-I Fn-h-cps Hcp ka{K \nco--W- kw-hn-[m-\hpw {]h\
irwJ-ebpw ASn-b-n-c-ambn cq]o-I-cnv {]h-\-am-cw-`n-t--Xp-v.
4)
ASn-b-n-c-L---fn Hcp {]tXyI ZuXy-sa \ne-bn ta]-d Imcy- \S-nem-t--Xm-Wv.
{]mY-anI am\-Z--
Xmsg ]d-bp ASn-m\ am\-Z---fn GsX-nepw Hs-n-ep-ap e-/
{]tZ-i- \ncp-]m-[nIw kwc-n--s--h-bm-Wv FmWv {]Wm_v sk Inn ip]mi.
kv]ojo-kvX-e-n
1)
Xt-io-bX (endemism)
2)
hnc-fX (rarity)
3)
hwi-\miw kw`-hn hK-
4)
\mS C\fpsS bYmY {]`-h-tI-{-
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142

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Bhm-k-hy-h-m-X-e-n
5)
h\y-Po-hn--C-S-\mgn
6)
khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h--I
7)
{]Xyp]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _-s khn-tij C\-
8)
ss\kKnI ]p\-cp-o-h-\-tijn hfsc Ipd-hp e-
9)
Imhp-I
10)
koam-h-\-
ùa-kz-`mh khntijX-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n

11)
A[n-hm-k-an-m kap-{Z-Zzo-]p-I
12)
Ip-s\-bp Ncn-hp-I
13)
\Zn-I-fpsS D`-h-m\w
ta]d Hmtcm ASn-m\ LS-I-n\pw {]Wm-_vsk Inn dntmn (MOEF

2000) \nh-N-\-fpw ImW-s-Sp- taJ-e-Ifpw \In-bn-cn-p-p.
Xt-io-bX/e-X]-cX
(Endemism)
\nh-N-\w:
FsX-n-ep-samcp Pohn hn`mKw Hcp {]tXyI ùa taJ-e-bn am{Xw ImW-sSp-Ibpw
temIv asm-cn-Spw ImW-s-Sm--Xp-amb Ah-.
taJe :
e-X]-cX {]I-Sn-n-p {]tXyI ssPh-hn-`mKw ImW-s-Sp taJ-e.- -AXns Fm
X\n-a-tbmSpw IqsS kwc-n--s-tS--XmWv. Ccw taJ-e-Isf thXn-cn-p-tm AhbpsS ssPh km{-X, \nhm-k-tI-{-ns saw, Nqj-W-\n-e-hm-cw, ]pXp-Xmbn hptN
Pohn-hK-, tcmK-hm-l-I, amk-cyw, ]cm-Z-, aen-\o-I-c-W-Im-cn-I Fnh Fmw
IW-n-se-Sp-t--Xm-Wv.
]na-L--nse nXn
]n-a-L--n am{Xw ImW-s-Sp 1500 kv]ojn-kn-tesd ]pjv]n-X-k-ky-fpw Npcpnb ]w 500--Hmfw Xt-iob ay-fpw, D`-b-Po-hn-I, Cg-P-p-, ]n-I, kkvX\n-I Fn-h-bp-ap-v. C-c-n ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--tfm-Sp-am{Xw {]tXyI e-{]-Xn-]n
ImWn-p AI-ti-cn-I-Ifpw ^wK-kp-Ifpw th{X Ds-nepw Ch-sb-n hfsc sNdnb
tXmXn-ep ]cn-m-\ta Dp. DZm-lcWn\v {UmK ^vssf F Hcp C\w {]mWnhKw HgnsI ]n-a-L--nse Hp-an Pe-{]m-Wn-I-sf-bpw-n-bp ]cn-m\w Ctmgpw
]cn-an-X-am-Wv. ]n-a-L {]tZ-i-fn Hp-an CS--fnepw Ccw Pohn-Isf ImWmw.
Nne-bn\w Im-p-tN-\-I, ]n-a-L--nse a\p-jym-[n-hm-k-ap e--fn t]mepw ImWmw.
C-cn tZi-X]-cX {]I-Sn-n-p Htsd kky--Pp hK- ImW-s-Sp- CS-amb-Xn-\m ]n-a-L-{]-tZ-i- Ah-bpsS X\n-a-tbmsS Xs kwc-n--s-tS--Xm-sWv
\nw-ibw ]dbmw.
{]Wm-_vsk Inn ip]mi-sNbvX {]Im-c-ap nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I GtIm-]nn-p-hm-\p {ia--sfmpw 2000 apX kzoI-cn-n-n-. AXn-\m Acw nXn-hn-h-c-W-p-I GtIm-]n-n-pI F {iaw ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-hm hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn ]m\
XpS-n-h-bvt--Xp-m-bn-cp-p. Xmsg ]d-bp {]k hnh-c- tiJ-cn-p-hm kanXnv Ignp:
1.
e-X]-cX {]I-Sn-n-p kky-: Acw kky-kv]o-jo-kpI-fpsS Fw
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143

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2.
e-X]-cX {]I-Sn-n-p Iti-cp-In-I (Vertebrates)
3.
e-X]-cX {]I-Sn-n-p HtUm-tW hn`m-K-ns] Pohn-I.
]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--fpsS ]cn-nXn hntem-eX hne-bn-cp-t-Xp kw_-n-m-sWn ta]-d hnh-c- Xo-bmbpw A]qW-amWv Fv hnZKv[ kanXn a\-n-empp.
hwi-\mi òj-Wn-bp hK- (Endangered)
\nh-N\w: kao-]-`m-hn-bn hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-tS-n-h-cp h\y kv]ojo-kp-I-sfbmWv C-c-n hnti-jn-n-p--Xv.
taJe: hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp kv]ojo-kp-I ImW-s-Sp taJe Atem-kcw krjvSnmsX kwc-n--s-tS--Xm-Wv. Ccw kv]ojo-kp-I hnhn[ J taJ-e-bn-em-bmWv
hkn-p--sX-n, Acw Hmtcm Jhpw {]Y-a-]-cn-K-W\ \In Ah-bpsS hwi-km{-X-bpw, hmk-ssh-hn-[yhpw kwc-n-t--Xm-Wv.
]na-L--nse nXn
]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp H-\-h[n ssPh hn`m-K--fmWv
Cu taJ-esb Hcp ssPh-ssh-hn[y Ie-hd F Am-cmjv{S AwKo-Im-c-n-tepbn-bXv. hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp Cu ssPh-hK- ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-sbm-msI hym]np
InS-p-p. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, Xh-f-bpsS H\-h[n kv]ojo-kp-Ifpw Db ae-{-tZ-i-fn
hfcp sNSn-hK-fpsS kv]ojo-kp-Ifpw. Ch hS- ]n-a-L {]tZ-i-fnepw ZnW
]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--fnse tNme-Iv kao-]--amtbm ]pta-Sp-I-fnepw Hs BWv ImWs-Sp-Xv. Ch hwi-\mi òj-Wn-bn-emWv. AXn-\m Ccw hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp
kv]ojo-kp-I [mcm-f-am-bp ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i- \nw-i-b-ambpw kwc-n--s-tS--hX-s-bm-Wv.- -Xmsg ]d-bp {]k--amb nXn-hn-h-cW-p-I tiJ-cn-p-hm ]n-aL Bhm-k-hy-h hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xnv Ignp:
1. sF.-bp.-kn.-F amIvkv: sF.-bp.-kn-.-F Nph ]n-I-bns]-Sp-n-bn-cn-p- kkvX\nkv]o-jo-kp-I-fpsS Fw. Fn-cp-mepw ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i-fnse ]cn-n-Xn- hn-tem-eX
Xn-s-Sp-p-Xn-tev CXv hfsc A]qW-amb hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-am-sWv ]n-a-L Bhmk-hy-h hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn hne-bn-cp-p-p.
hnc-fX (Rarity)
\nh-N\w:
hfsc sNdnb AwK-kw-Jy-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw Xk-abw hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp-n-snt]mepw ZpL-S-amb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p kv]ojokp-I Cu hn`m-K-ns]-Sp-p.
taJe:
hnc-f-amb kv]ojo-kp-I \nh-kn-p taJ-e-I Ah-bpsS X\n-a-tbmsS Xs kwc-n-s-tS--Xp-v. Hcp {]tXyI hnkvXoWw ev Ccw kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS Fw,
\nhm-k-ta-J-e-bpsS KpW-\n-e-hm-cw, Nqj-W-tXm-Xv, ]pXp-Xmbn hp-tN kv]ojo-kp-IfpsS {]`m-hw, tcmK-Im-cn-I, CXc kv]ojo-kp-I-fp-am-bp akcw (competitors), ]cm-Z, amen-\y- Fnh IqSn IW-n-se-Sp-p-thWw Ccw taJ-e-Isf thXn-cnv
ImWp--Xv.
]na-L--nse nXn
hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp- kv]ojo-kp-I-fp-ambn hf-sc-tbsd kmay-ap Ah-m-hnti-j-amWv hnc-fX t\cn-Sp kv]ojo-kp-Ipw D-Xv. AXn-\m, hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
144

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Sp GXm\pw kv]ojo-kp-I ImW-s-Sp ]n-a-L {]tZ-i- kwc-n--s-tS--h-bmsWv \nw-ibw ]d-bmw. CXn-tev ]n-a-L ]T\ kan-Xnv Xmsg-]-d-bp- {]k
hnh-c- tiJ-cn-m Ign-p.
1. sF.-bp.-kn.-F. amIvkv:
sF.-bp.-kn.-F. Nph ]n-Ib
- ns]-Sp-n-bn-cn-p kkvX\n kv]ojo-kp-If
- psS Fw.
Fn-cp-mepw ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-ifnse ]cn-nXn hntem-eX Xn-s-Sp-p--Xn-tev CXv
hfsc A]qW-amb hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-am-sWv ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h hnZKv[ kanXn
hne-bn-cp-p-p.
\mS C\-fpsS bYmY {]`-h-tI-{-
\nh-N\w:
\mS C\fpsS (h-fp-ar-K--fpw, hnf-I-fpw) D`--hhpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw kw`-hn--Xpw,
Ctmgpw Ah-bpsS kZriy C\--tftbm kn-]-c--c-Itfm hln-p--Xmb eamWv
bYmY {]`h-tI-{-.
taJe:
\mShn-f-bn-\- am{X-a \nh-N-\-ns ]cn-[n-bn hnh-n--s-Sp-Xv; Ccw hnjb-n Ch hfsc \nWm-b-I-am-sW-nt]mepw \mS Pp-hK-fpw Pe-Po-hn-Ifpw
Ah-bpsS h\ym-h--bn\nv Ctm-gp Ah--bn Fn-b-tm kw`-hn P\n-XI
hyXn-bm-\- hni-I-e\w sNp ]w, AXv Ch-bpsS h\y-hK-fn\nv \mS
P\p-p-Isf hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p--Xn\v {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Ccw C\- XSn-n-cn-p taJ-e-Isf AXn-\mXs ]cn-n-Xn-hn-teme taJ-e-I-fmbn IW-m-m-hp-Xm-Wv.
]na-L--nse nXn
Icp-ap-f-Iv, Gew, {Kmq, am, N Fn-h-bpsS \mS C\-fpsS kp{]-[m\ D`-htI-{-amWv ]n-a-L--. \mS kky-C-\-fpsS h\y-C-\ temI-n Ghpw IqSpX ImW-s-Sp-Xv D-cI
-
- S Pn-bn-em-Wv. ]pSn-bkv (puntius) hn`m-K
- n-s]-Sp Aemc
ay--fpsS {]`-h-tI-{-amWv ]n-a-L--. Ch ]n-a-L taJ-e-bn Fm-bn-Spw ImWs-Sp-p-p-Xm-\pw. AXn-\m apgp-h ]n-a-L taJ-ebpw ]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-ebmbn IW-m-t--Xm-Wv.
h\y-Pohn CS-\mgn
\nh-N\w :
a)
Ncn-{Xm-XoX Imev Hm-bn-cp-Xpw Ctm ths]v InSp--Xp-amb ctm AXnte-sdtbm h\y-Pohn \nhmk tI{-sf Xn _n-n-p-Xpw {]tXyI C\ns] Pp-hK-v Hcp Nm Bbn hn-p--Xp-amb \of-n-ep `qhn`m-K-s-bmWv h\y-Po-hn-C-S-\mgn F-Xp-sImv hnh-n-p--Xv. H-Xn-cn- Xpp{]tZiw hgn ]c-kv]cw _n-n--s-Sp-Ibpw AXn kZr-iy-am-bn-p kky-Pm-e-
Dm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXm Acw Xpp-{]-tZ-i- Hcp CS-\m-gn-bmbn hnpw.
b)
Acp-hn-I, ]pg-I, tXmSp-I, Fn-hbpw Ah-bpsS Ic-{]-tZ-i-fpw Pe-Po-hn-IfpsS kpK-a-amb KXm-KXw km[y-am-pI hgn kzm`m-hnI CS-\m-gn-I-fmbn hn-p-p.
c)
nctam Xmm-en-Itam Bb \om-ep-Ifpw ]pg-Ifpw Nn{X-i-e-`-, ]nI,

hm-ep-I, Am, Ipc--m Fn-hbvv km-c-]m-X-I-fmbn hn-m-dp-v.
d)
XoX-S-, tZim-S-\-kz-`m-h-ap Nne-bn\w \o]-n-I-fpsS km-c-]-Y-sa--Xnt\m sSmw Ah-bvp Blmcw IqSn Icp-Xn-h-bvp--h-bm-Wv. tZim-S-\-]-n-I-fpsS
km-c-]-Y-n-ep Ccw XoX-S- kwc-n-pI FXv ]n-kw-c-Ws kw_-n-n-S-tmfw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv.
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taJe :
hyXy C\-pw Htc C\-n-se-Xs hnhn[ D]-hn-`m-K-pw hyXy
CS-\m-gn-I-fmWv ImW-s-Sm-dp--Xv. AXn-\mXs CS-\m-gn-Isf thXn-cn--dn-bp-Xv
hfsc {ia-I-c-am-Wv. tZim-S-\-ns kz`m-hw, eyw Fn-hbpw IW-n-se-Sp-t-Xm-Wv. Imc-Ww, hyXykvX ey-f
- p tZim-S\
- v Ah-bp-ambn _-s kmc-]-Y--fpsS kz`m-hhpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-pw. th{X ka-b-sa-Spv \S-p hniZ-amb \nco--W-, Ccw CS-\m-gn-I-fpsS `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb AXn-cp-I \nWbn-m Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]mcn-n-XnI kZw A\p-`-hn-p- Nmn-sIm-Sp--s
C\v (designated) am{X-amWv ta]-d Imcy _m[-I-am-hp-pp FXv
{]iv\w IqSp-X koW-am-p-p. apstm \ne-\n-n-cp km-c-]-Y--fn
a\p-jys IS-p-I-b-s XpSv {]kvXpX km-c-]-Y-m _n-n--s-n-cp
Bhm-k-ta-J-e-I ]c-kv]cw hnt-Zn--s-n-p-mhmw F-XmWv Hcp km[y-X.
hyXykvX kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS hf, AXn-Po-h\w Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\v \nhmk-ta-J-e-I Xn-ep ]c-kv]-c-_-s ]n-bp ]qW-amb hnh-c- e`n-tXv Bh-iy-am-Wv. \ne-hn-ep tZim-S-\-kz-`m-hhpw Ah-bp-ambn _-s km-c-]Y-fpw ta kq-Nn-n--s Imc-W-sImv Ch kw_-n ]cn-]qW hnh-c \Ip-hm ]cym-]vX-a-. Bkq-{Xn-X-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS a\p-jys IS-p-Ibw Ipd-bvp-hm\pw AXp-hgn kzm`m-hnI CS-\m-gn-I Xncn--dn-bp-hm\pw ]p\-cp-o-]n-np-hm\pw Ah-k-c- Dm-t--Xm-Wv.
]na-L--nse nXn
hnc-f-am-b-tXm, hwi-\miw kw`-hn-tXm AXp-a-s-n hwi-\m-i-ns hn-se-nbtXm Bb Nmn-sm-Sp--s (designated) kv]ojo-kp-I-fm AXn-k---amWv ]na-L--{]-tZ-i-. Ccw kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-fpsS XpS {]apJ ]cn-K-W\
Aln-p- Hm-Wv. h\-ta-J-eIsf Nn-`n--am-, ip-Pe Bhm-k-ta-J-e-I-fpsS XpS
\jvS-s-Sp- Fnh ]cn-K-W-\ml--fm-Wv. Ccw Imcy- ]cs \S-p--Xn-\m
]n-a-L taJ-e-I sam-am-bn-Xs ]cn-n-Xn-hn-teme taJ-e-I-fmbn IW-m-t--XmWv.
]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h hnZKv[ kanXn Cu hnjbw k_-nv Xmsg ]d-bp-
Um-t_kv tiJ-cn-p.
Atem-k-c-s-Sp--s-Sm h\-ta-J-e-bpsS hnkvXoW iX-am\w
\Zo-tbmc h\-{]-tZ-i-fpw kky-Pm-e-fpw
B\-m-c-I
CXpw A]qW-amb hnh-c--fm-sWv kanXn AwKo-I-cn-p-p.
khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h--I
\nh-N\w:
hfsc koWhpw sshh[yw \nd--Xp-amb Bhm-k-hy-h--I-fmWv khn-tij Bhm-khy-h--I. Cu Bhm-k-hy-h--bnse ssPh, AssPh LS-I- Xn AXn-kq-vaamb ]c-kv]-cm-{in-XXzw Dm-bn-cn-pw. Cu Bhm-k-hy-h--bn-ep--s Pohn-Iv
ssPthm]m-Z\ a-X, {]tXyI B\p-Iq-ey- Fn-hbpw Dm-bn-cn-pw. Cm-c-W
aqew X\-Xmb ssPh-ssh-hn-[yhpw koW-amb Bhm-k-hy-h-, {]h-\-fpw Ccw
Bhm-k-hy-h--I-fn km[m-c-W-am-Wv.
taJe:
_-s A[n-hmk taJ-e-bnse AssPh LS-I-p-m-hp hyXn-bm-\--tfmSv
At-bw kwth-Z-\Xzw ]pep--h-bmWv khn-tij Bhm-k-hy-h--I. AssPh
LS-I- ]e-tmgpw Kpcp-X-c-amb An-c-X-Iv hnt[-b-am-hm-dpv; ]e-tmgpw CXv
kw`-hn-p-Xv Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS {]h-\-]-cn-[npw Ap-d-m-bn-cn-mw. Hcp Bhm............................................................................................................................................................................................................
146

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
k-hy-hsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw \nWm-b-I-amb AssP-h-L-SIw GXm-sWv Isp-Ibpw AXn\v F{]-Im-c-amWv B-hm-k-hy-h--bpsS {]h-\-sf Atem-k-c-s-Spm-\m-hp--sXpw Is-p-Xv Ccw Bhm-k-hy-h--I-fpsS kwc--Ws kw`n-n-S-tmfw ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Hcp kzm`m-hnI Bhm-k-hy-h AXns {]h-\mbn B{i-bn-p Pe-t{km-X-p-I, Imns Zni, Bhm-kh
-- y-h--bpsS A[n-hmk-ta-Je
- I
- m-hi
- y-amb av AssP-hL
- S- I
-
- Fn-hsb Atem-kc
- s
- -Sp-p-hn[-n
B Bhm-k-hy-h-bvv kao-]-mbn \S-p GsXmcp {]h-\--tfbpw \nb-{nt--Xm-Wv.
ipPew \nd NXp-p-I (Swamps)
Zp_-e-amb \oscm-gp-tm-Sp-Iq-Snb sNfn-{]-tZ-i-fmWv Ch. ip-P-e-hm-ln-I-fmb Acphn-I, ]pg-I, Fn-hbvv ]pdta H-s Ipgn-I--fpsS cq]-nepw Ch ImW-s-Sm-dpv. Ch-bn ImW-s-Sp kky-Pm-e- A[n-I- ]pw Hu-j-[n-hn-`m-K-n-s]--h-bm-Wv.
tZim-S-\-{]n-b-cmb \otm-gn-I-fpssS AXn-k---amb Pp-ssh-hn-[yhpw Ccw NXpp-\n-e--fn ImWm-dp-v. khn-ti-j-amb kky-P-p-Pm-e-sf hln-pp F-Xn\p ]pdta
`qK`-P-e-hn-Xm\w ]cn-t]mjn-n-p-Ibpw Nne k`--fn A[n-I-P-es ]pdw-X-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp-sImv Pe-]-cn-{IaWw \nb-{n-pI F [ahpw Cu NXp-p-I \nh-ln-p-p.
Nne {][m-\-s NXp-p-{]-tZ-i--sf-n Xmsg ]d-bp-p.
i
ancn-n NXp-p-h-\-
tIc-f-n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn am{X-amWv Ccw NXp-p-h-\- ImW-s-Sp--Xv. 300
ao-dn Xmsg Db-c-ap {]tZ-i--fnse Acp-hn-I-fn, ssPhm-h-in-jvS- \nd hfav ASn-mWv Ch cq]w-sImp--Xv. hj-ns cmw I\ ag e`n-p--Xpaqew an-hmdpw sh-n--Snbnemb Ah--bn-emWv Ch ImW-s-Sm-dp--Xv. Ccw
NXp-p-{]-tZ-i--fn ancn-n C\-n-s hr--fmWv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s-Sp-Xv.
ii
Djva-ta-J-em-]hX {]tZ-ifnse NXp-p-h-\-

]h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS ASn-hm-c-n-epsS Hgp-Ip Acp-hn-I-fn-emWv Ccw NXp-p-h-\-
ImW-s-Sp--Xv. Dcp-f Ip-Itfm aWtem Bbn-cnpw Ch-bn ImW-s-Sp-I. D{]tZ-iv, ]n-a-_w-Km, Bmw Fn-hn-S--fnse lnam-e-b ]-h-X-{]-tZ-i--fn-emWv
Ccw NXp-p-h-\- k[m-c-W-bmbn ImWp--sX-nepw tIc-f-nse \oe-Kn-cn-bnep hb-\mSv t^mdv Unhn-j\p Iogn hcp ]n-a-L--nse Nne `mK--fnepw
Ch Ip-h-cp-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
ancn-n NXp-p-I Db {]tZ-i--fnse tNme ]pta-Sp-I, hS- ]n-a-L-nse ]oT-`q-an-I Fnh ]n-a-L--nse hfsc {][m-\-s khn-tij Bhmk hyh-I-fm-Wv. Cu Bhm-k-hy-h--I-sfmw Xs htXm-Xn Iep-jn-X-am--s-p-sIm-n-cnp- kml-N-cy-n ]n-a-L--ns hnim-e-amb `q`m-K- Xo-bmbpw ]cn-nXn
hnteme taJ-e-I-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn--s-tS--h-bm-Wv.
{]Xyp]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _-s khn-tij CS-
\nh-N\w:
hI-Xn-cnv \n-bn--s {]tXyI kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS {]Xyp]m-Z-\-ns GsX-nepw
LS-I-hp-ambn _-s e-fm-Wn-h.
taJe: hI-Xn-cnv \n-bn--s kv]ojo-kp-I-fpsS {]Xyp]m-Z-\w, Ipp-fpsS ]cn]m-e\w Fn-h-bp-ambn _-s Fm e-fpw, ta kv]ojo-kp-I Ds-Sp
Bhm-k-hy-h--Ifpw CXns ]cn-[n-bnh-cp-p.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
147

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]na-L--nse nXn
]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn am{Xw ImW-s-Sp-Xpw hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp--Xp-amb ipPe ay- Ah-bpsS {]Xyp]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _-sv \S-p \o-v htXmXn XS-- krjvSn--s-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Bb-Xn-\m samw ]n-a-L--ta-J-ebpw
]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-bpsS KW-n-s]-Spn ]cn-c-n--s-tS--Xm-Wv.
Cu hnj-b-hp-ambn _-sv \Zn-tbmc h\-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw kky-Pm-e--tfbpw kw_n hnh-c tiJ-cn-m ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h hnZKv[ ]T-\-k-an-Xnv Ign-npv.
ss\kKnI ]p\-cp-o-h-\-tijn Ipd e-
\nh-N\w:
t\cnb Atem-k-c- sIm-p-t]mepw A]-cn-lr-X-amb tISp-]m-Sp-Iv Ffpw hnt[b-am-Ip Bhm-k-hy-h-k-Y-I Cu hn`m-K-n--s]-Sp-p.
taJe:
Ccw hy-h--I-fpsS ]cn[n Ah-bpsS kpc-n-X-\n-e-\n]n-m-h-iy-amb th{X
e-hpw, hnI-k-\-km-[y-X-I-fp-a-S-w, ta Bhmkhyh-sb kzm[o-\n-p AssPh-L-S-I-sf B{i-bn-n-cn-p-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
]p\-cp-o-h\ h\-sa-Xv hfsc koWamb Bi-b-amWv Fv hcn-Inepw ]n-a-LfpsS Imcy-n CXv F{X-am{Xw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-sW--dn-bm B.-sP.-B. Um\n-tbkv
hfsc {im-]qh-amb Hcp {iaw \S-n. At-l-ns A`n-{]m-b-n, alm-cm-jv{S, tKmh,
IWm-SI Fo kwm-\--fnse ]n-a-L {]tZ-i- ]p\-cp-o-h-\-tijn hfsc Ipd-h-bm-Wv Fm-Wv. AXn-\m Ch {]tXyI kwc-Ww Bh-iy-s-Sp-p.
Imhp-I
\nh-N\w:
aXm-[n-jvTn-X-hn-izm-k-v A[n-jvTn-X-ambn Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn kwc-n-p-t]m-cp h-\
taJeI-tf-tbm, {]Ir-Xym-bp hr-k-aq-l-ttbm BWv Im-hp-I F-Xp-sImv
hnh-n-p--Xv.
taJe:
]c-cm-K-X-ambn Imhp-I-fpsS `mK-ambn hcp Fm ehpw CXns ]cn-[n-bn
hcp-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
Imhp-I-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmWv ]n-a-L {]tZ-i-. IWm-S-I-bnse IpSIv {]tZ-iv
Imhp-Isf kwc-n-m \S kwL-SnX {iawt]mse [mcmfw kwcw-`- Ctm-gp-v.
samw ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse Imhp-I {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ Aln-p-p.
koam-h-\- (Frontier forests)
\nh-N\w:
BZn-a-Im-e-p-m-bn-cp Hcp ss\kKnI h\-{]-tZ-i-ns Ah-injvS iI-efmWv
koam-h-\-. BZn-a-h-\-ns tijn-p-I-fmb Ch-bpsS ]cn-nXn Xmc-X-tay\ Atemk-c-s-Sm-Xpw AXn-ep-m-bn-cp- ssPh-ssh-hn-[ys AmsS ]cn-]m-en-p-hm Bhiy-am-b{X hnkvXm-chpw D-Xm-Wv. Ccw h\-{]-tZ-i-fpsS khn-tij {]Ir-Xn-n-Wp Xc-n-ep kv]ojo-kp-I Ch-tbmSv _-sv Pohn-p-p.
taJe:
Ccw ss\kKnI h\--B-hm-k-hy-h-bpw Ahsb kpc-n-X-ambn \ne-\nm-\m-hiy-amb hnkvXrX ehpw Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS hfbpw CXns ]cn-[n-bn h-cp-p.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
148

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]na-L--nse nXn
]n-a-L--fpsS ]Sn-m-dp Ingpmw Xqmb {]tZ-i--fn Ccw h\-{]-tZ-i ImW-s-Sp-p. Xmc-X-tay\ Atem-k-c-hn-ap--amb X\Xp h\-{]-tZ-i--fpsS hnkvXoW
iX-am\w kw_-\v[n Hcp Um-t_kv tiJ-cn-p-hm ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h-m-hn-ZKv[
]T\ kan-Xnp Ign-p-sh-Xv Cu L-n {]k--amWv.
Ip-s\-bp N-cn-hp-I
\nh-N\w:
20 Un{Kntbm AXn-te-sdtbm D ss\kKnI Ncn-hp-I Cu hn`m-K-n--s]-Sp-\-\p.
taJe:
Hcp `qhn-`m-K-ns Xnc-o-\-X-e-n \nv apI-fn-tetm Xmtgtm D Ncn-hn-t\bmWv B {]tZ-i-ns Ncnhv F-Xp-sImv AY-am-p--Xv. X{]-tZ-i-ns Xnc-o\-X-e-hp-am-bp tImWob AI-e-amWv Ncn-hns Af-hv.
km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn Fn-\o-b-dnv taJ-e-bnepw CtaPv t{]mk-knvv kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zybnepw D]-tbm-Kn-p- \maIcW coXn D]-tbm-Knvv Ncn-hp-Isf Xmsg ]d-bp {]Imcw hn`Pn-n-cn-p-p.
Ncn-h-Sn-m-\-am-n-bp \maI-cWw
Ncnhv
iX-am\w
hni-Zo-I-cWw
03
\nc-m-bXv
2o
38
]Xn Ncnhv
4o
8 15
Ncn-hp-Xv
8o
15 25
sNdp-tXm-Xn
14o
25 50
Ip-s\-bp Ncnhv
26o
50 100
sNp-mb Ncnhv
45o
.> 100
Iogvmw-Xqv
hnZKv[ kanXn ip]mi-sNbvX 20o, Ips\ F hn`m-K-n s]Sp-n-bn-p--hbpsS apI]-Ip-Xn-bn hcp--Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp ]h-X-n\v As-n Hcp Ipn
Ncp-hn\v hyXykvX Ncn-hp-X-e-fp hyXykvX J- Dm-Im-sa--Xn-\m, ASnhmcw apX apI-fw hsc-bp hyXykvX Ncn-hp-I-fpsS BsI XpI-bmWv FSp-t--Xv.
Xs-bp-a, Ncn-hns tImW-Iew AXv Fhn-sS-\n-mtWm Af-p-Xv B _np-hn-tep Zqc-s-qSn B{i-bn-n-cn-p--Xn-\m, hyXykvX _np--fn \np Af-hpI Htc Ncn-hn-te-p-Xs FSp-t-Xpw Bh-iy-amWv. CXn GsX-nepw Hcp _nphn\n-p Afhv 20o A[n-I-cn-m, B _np-hn\v apI-fn-ep es Ip-s\bp Ncnhv F hn`m-K-ns-Sp-t--Xm-Wv. kwc-Ww \tI {]tXyI taJe
IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm Ip-s\-bp Ncn-hp-I-fp-ambn _-s \io-I-c-W-kz-`m-h-ap
{]IrXn LS-I- IqSn IW-n-se-Sp-t-Xv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. `qI--km-[y-X, Ah-injvS--f-S-nb aW, Ipsm-gp-ns kZw, taa-n-t-ep I\w-IqSnb Bh-c-Ww,
Ncn-hn\v Iosg-bp hn-ep-I, I\w IqSnb hkvXp-sf Xmn-\np Zp_-e-amb
{]Xew Fnh C-c-ns-Sp-p. Hcp Ncn-hn\v taepw Iogp-ap ]c {]Xew an-Snn aqe-ap hn]-n\v Ghpw km[y-X-bp {]tZ-i-am-Wv. Dcp-f Ip-Ifpw, sNfn-\nd Ah-in-jvS-fpw Cu {]tZ-i-m-bn-cnpw ASn-p-Iq-Sp--Xv. Ccw Ncn-hn-t\m-S\p-_-n-p ]c {]X-e- Xqew kZ-ta-J-e-I-fmbn hn-p-p. AXn-\m
Hcp Ncn-hns cv Afn\nv Npcp-n-bXv 500 ao-dn-\p-n-ep AIew kZtaJe-bpsS KW-ns-Sp-p. ]h-X-tm-S-\p-_-n-p Hcp Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS
Imcy-n an-Sn-n/Dcps]m- km[yX IW-n-se-Spv kZ-ta-J-e-I-fpsS
hym]vXn A]w IqsS Iqn IW-m-t--Xm-Wv.
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149

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]na-L--nse nXn
Ip-s\-bp Ncn-hp-I [mcm-f-am-bn-p {]tZ-i-amWv ]n-a-L--ta-J-e. `mKy-h-im,
Cu taJ-e-I-fpsS DXn kw_-n anI Um--t_kv \ap-p--Xn-\m Ncn-hp-Ifpw D-XnIfpw kw_n Um-t_kv tiJ-cn-p-hm ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-hkvY hnZKv[ kan-Xnv
Ign-n-p-v.
\Zn-I-fpsS D`-h-m\w
\nh-N\w:
Hcp lnam-\n (glacier) ]h-Xw, Ipv, \ocp-d-h-I Fn-s\ Fhn-sS-\n-mtWm Hcp \otme-bpsS Bcw`w Ipdn-p--Xv, AXns\ \Zn-I-fpsS D`-h-m-\-ambn Icp-X-s-Sp-p.
taJe:
\Zn-I-fpsS kzm`m-hn-I-amb D`-h-m-\-n am{Xw HXp-p--X \Zo-ap-J-sf t]cn
kwc-n--s-tS--Xmb {]tZiw (D-Zm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp \ocp-dh s]mn-p-d-s-Sp kqvaamb _np). adn-v, \Zo-t{km-X-p-Isf \ne-\np-Ibpw ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-Ibpw sNp
Pe-hp-ambn _-s--hbpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb Fm LS-I--sfbpw Cu hn`m-K-n
]cn-K-Wn-t--Xm-Wv. AXn-\m \Zn-Iv Pe-k--X \Ip lnam-\n-Ifpw ap-]mfn-Ifpw am{X-a \Zo-amK-n-ep Nmep-I, hn-ep-I, Pe-]-cn-t]m-j-W-n-\m-h-iy-amb
\ocp-d-h-I Fn-hbpw kwc-Ww Aln-p-p. AXp-t]mse Xs sNdp Acp-hn-Ifpw
hj-m-ev am{Xw \nd-sm-gp-Ip \Zn-Ifpw kam-\-amb ]cn-K-W\ Bh-iy-s-Sp-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
Cy D]-Zzo-]nse kam\X-I-fn-m ss\kKnI PetKm]pc-amWv ]n-a-L--]X
\nc-I. Ing-tmpw ]Sn-m-tdmpw Hgp-Ip At\Iw Acp-hn-I D`-hn-p-Xv ]n-a-L-n\n-m-Wv. AXn-\m, Cy D]-Zzo-]nse Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fpsS kpn-cX kw_-nn-S-tmfw AXn-\nWm-b-I-amb ùa--Pe ]cn-t]m-jI khn-ti-j-X-I AS-n-b-XmWv ]naL taJe FXn\m Xo-bmbpw Cu taJ-e-I ]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fmbn ]cnK-Wnv kwc-n--s-tS--h-bm-Wv.
klm-bI {]am-W-
]cn-nXn hntem-e-Xsb kqNn-n-p LS-I-fn-tev {i-bq-m klm-bn-p
Ggv {]am-W-L-S-I Xmsg ]d-bp-p.
kv]ojokv B[m-c-am-n-bp-h
1.
A[nIw Adn-b-s-Sm `ym-h-iy-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p kky-
Bhm-k-hy-h B[m-c-am-n-bp-h
2.
Xo-S-
3.
]pta-Sp-I
ùa--k-hn-ti-j-X-I-I B[m-c-am-n-bp-Xv
4.
D]-cn-hrjvSn {]tZ-i-
5.
A[nIw Ips\bm Ncn-hp-I
6.
A[n-hrjvSn taJ-e-I
7.
Bhm-k-an-m ap Zzo]p-I
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
150

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
A[nIw Adn-b-s-Sm `y-k-ky- ImW-s-Sp e-

\nh-N\w:
DX `y-aq-eyhpw Imjn-I-aq-eyhpw D, Fm A[nIw Adn-b-s-Sm kky-fpsS D`-h-hp-ambn _-s--tXm, AYhm Ah-bpsS h\y-P-\p-n--s apKm-an-I
ImW-s-Sp-tXm Bb {]tZ-i--fm-Wn-h.
taJe:
ta {]kvXm-hn Xcw kky- ImW-s-Sp Fm taJ-ebpw CXns ]cn-[n-bn-s]Sp-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
Ce-s-Sn-I, Ing-p-hK, ê-hK kky-s-Sn-I Fo hn`m-K-n--s]-Sp-
]pdw temI-n\v ]cn-an-X-m\w am{X-ap \m\m-PmXn `y-k-ky--fm k--amWv
]n-a-L--. Ccw kky-tfm AYhm Ah-bpsS h\y-P\pns apKm-an-Itfm
[mcm-f-ambn ImWp CS-sa \ne-bn ]n-a-L taJ-e-I ]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-IfpsS KW-ns]Sp-t--Xm-Wv.
XoX-S-
\nh-N\w:
sh-n apn-n-S-p-tXm AYhm Pew \nd-tXm Bb {]tZ-i--fmWv XoXS-. Ch kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Dm-b-XmImw As-n a\p-jy-\nan-X-am-hmw. Ch ncambn ImW-s-Sp--hbpw Xmm-enI kz`m-h-ap--hbpw Dv. XoX-S-fnse Pew sInn-S-p-tXm Hgp-p-tXm BImw. ipP-ew, Hmcp-P-ew, IS-tem-c-ta-J-e-I-fn Dp-shw
Fn-s\ XoX-S-fnse Pe-n\v hnhn[ kz`mhw ImW-s-Spw. Ch-bnse PehnXm\-ns Bgw then-bn-d ka-b--fn Bdv ao-dn Ihn-bm-dn-.
taJe:
XoX-S-fpsS kzm`m-hnI hnkvXrXn Dsm-p apgp-h taJ-ebpw CXns ]cn-[nbn hcp-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
{]Ir-Xym-b-Xpw a\p-jy-\nan-X-hp-amb H-a-h[n XoX-S ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--fnep-v. Pe-Po-hn-I, tZim-S-\-kz-`m-hn-I-fmb \o]-n-I, Fn-hsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap--h-bmWv ]n-a-L--nse XoX-S-. Ch Cu {]tZ-i--fn HmsI
hym]nv InS-p-p. \o-S--fpsS Ie-hd F \ne-bn samw ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i-
]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fmbn IW-m-t--Xm-Wv.
]pta-Sp-I
\nh-N\w:
{Kman-t\m-bn-Up-I, t^m_p-I Fn--s\-bp ]psSn hK-ns kky-
ImW-s-Sp-, Ic-{]-tZ-i--fnse Bhm-k-hy-h--I-fmWv ]p--ta-Sp-I.
taJe:
Ip-Im-en-I, h\y-ar-K-, ]n-hK- Fnh D]-Po-hn-p-, sNdptXm H-s-tXm
Ah-injvS cq]-n-ep-tXm Bb GsXmcp ]pta-Sp-w Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn hcp-p.
DjvW-taJem ]pta-Sp-I, antXm-jvaWta-Jem ]pta-Sp-I Fn-s\ Chsb hn`-Pnm-hp--Xm-Wv. antXmjvW taJem hn`m-K-ns--h-bn Xs ss\kKnI ]pta-Sp-I-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
151

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
sfpw A[-ss\-kKnI ]pta-Sp-I-sfpw cv hn`m-K--fp-v. A[-ss\-kKn-I- hn`mKw hopw sshtm-en-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p--h, tabm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p-h Fn-s\ cmbn
Xncn-n-cn-p-p. \nP-e-A[ \nPe {]tZ-i--fn Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn sNdnb kzm`m-hnI
]pta-Sp-I ImWm-dp-v. Ccw {]tZ-i--fn ]p{]-tZ-i--fpsS \ne-\n]ns\ kzm[o\n-p {][m\ LSIw Imem-h--bm-Wv. anX-amb tXmXn Ip-Imen tab-en \npw
Ch-bpsS \ne-\n]n\v kZw Dm-hm-dp-v. s]mXpsh ]d-m, `qcn-`mKw ]pta-SpIfpw (\nP-etam A[-\nP-e-tam, Pe-km-n[yw DtXm Db taJ-e-I-fneptXm
antXmjvv-W-ta-J-e-bn-ep-tXm GXpw) Hcp-t]mse ISp \io-I-cW òjWn t\cn-p-sImn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. hfsc sNdnb H-s J-tfm AYhm kzm`m-hnI]pta-Sp-Itfm
Ah-injvS iI-e-tfm BWv Cm-ev ImWm-\m-hp--Xv. Cu hn`m-K-t]mepw I\
Ip-Imen tan-ens ê-ambn KWy-amb am-v ASn-s-p-sImv Ccn--bm-Wv.
]na-L--nse nXn
kzm`m-hn-Itam AYhm a\p-jy-\nan-Xtam Bb Htsd ]pta-Sp-I ]n-a-L {]tZ-ifn-ep-v. Huj-[-k-ky--fpsS Ie-hd F \ne-bnepw kky-`p-p-I-fmb arK-fpsS Poht\m-]m[n F \ne-bnepw Chbvv Gsd {]m[m-\y-ap-v. ]n-a-L taJe samw Ch
hym]np-In-S
- p-p. hnkvXr-Xa
- mb ]pta-Sp-Isf Dsm-p-h
- s
- b \ne-bn apgp-h ]naL taJ-e-Ifpw ]cn-kvXnXn hnteme {]tZ-i-ambn ]cn-K-Wn--s-tS--Xm-Wv.
D]-cn- hrjvSn{]tZ-i- (Upper catchment)
\nh-N\w:
Pew tiJ-cnv ]pd--m-\p-ff kw`-cWn cq]-n-ep `q{]-tZi-amWv hrjvSn-{]-tZiw.
km[m-c-W-bmbn ]-X-ns Db `mKtm AYhm \Zn-bpsS D`-h-n-t\m-S-Sp
`mKtm nXn-sN-p Cu {]tZiw Hcp Da ag-sh kw`-c-Wn-bmbn hn-p-p.
ChnsS tiJ-cn--s-Sp Pew Hp-In X{]-tZ-is an Dun-d-p-p; Asn \Zn-bn-eqsS Xmtgv HgpIn Fp-p.
taJe:
\Zn-bpsS ta {]tZ-i-fn-embn nXn-sN-p D]-cn-hrjvSn {]tZiw hyXykvX \Zn-I-fn
hyXykvX {]Ir-X-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-Wv. \Zn-bpsS D`-h-m-\w, kw`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-ns
Ncn-hv, \Zn-bpsS ssIh-gn-I, {]Xn-hjw \Zn-bn-eqsS Hgp-In-tm-Ip shw, ùa-kz-`m-hw,
ans {]tXy-I-X-I, h\-hym]vXn Fn-hsb B{i-bn-mWv D]-cn-hrjvSn {]tZ-i--fn
sshhn[yw ImW-s-Sp--Xv.
]na-L--nse nXn
ap kqNn-n--t]mse ]n-a-L- Cy D]-Zzo-]ns Hcp {][m\ Pe-k-pjvS
tKm]pcamWv. Ing-tmpw ]Sn-m-tdm-p-sam-gp-Ip- [mcmfw \Zn-Ifpw Chn-sS-bp-v. Cy
D]-Zzo-]nse \Zn-I-fpsS \ne-\n]ns\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw AXn-{]-[m-\-fmb D]-cn-hr-jvSn{]-tZ-i- F hn-`m-K-ns]-Sp--h-bm-I-bm samw ]n-a-L-- ta-J-e-I Xo-bmbpw
]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-bns--h-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xm-Wv.
A[nIw Ip-s\-b-m Ncn-hp-I
\nh-N\w:
10O
tbm IpSp-X-ep-Xpw Fm- 20O tbm Ipd-hp--Xp-amb Ncn-hp-{]-tZ-i--fmWn-h.

taJe:
Xnc-o\ Xe-n\nv 10O apI-fn-embn 20O Ihn-bm Ncn-thm-Sp-Iq-Snb {]tZ-i-
Ds-Sp--XmWv Cu taJ-e. Ncn-hn\v apI-fnepw Xmsg-bp-ap Xnc-o\ {]X-e-
anSn-n, Dcpsm- Fn-h-aq-e-ap `q{]-IrXn hntm-`-v km[y-X-tb-dp--Xn-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
152

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
\m A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn kZ km[y-Xm-ta-J-e-I Isn km[m-cW KXnbn Ncn-hns cv A{K--fn \npw 200 ao hsc-bp Zqcw kZ km[y-Xm-ta-Je-bmbn ip]mi- sN-s-n-cn-p-p.
]X {]tZ-i--fnse Bhmk hyh--I-fn an-Sn-n-en\v km[y-Xbp {]tZ-i-fn kZ km[y-Xm-ta-J-e-I A]w IqSn hnkvXr-Xn-bn IW-m-t--Xm-Wv.
sNcn-hns sNp-mb kz`m-hw, ans LS-\, shw Ipn-sbm-en-p--Xns in,
taa-ns I\w, Ncn-hnse hn-ep-I, `mcw IqSnb hkvXp-sf Xmn-\np
Zp_e {]Xew Fnh ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xm-Wv.
]na-L--nse nXn
sNp-mbtXm A{X Ip-s\-b-m-tXm Bb Ncn-hp-I [mcmfw ImW-s-Sp
taJ-e-bmWv ]n-a-L taJ-e. e-ns DXn kw_-n \smcp Umm-t_kv ssIhi-apv. am{X-a-, Ncn-hp-Ifpw e-ns D-Xnbpw kw_-n hnh-c tiJ-cn-p-hm
]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-hm hnZ-Kv[-]-T-\-k-an-Xnv Ign-n-p-ap-v.
AXn-hrjvSn taJ-e-I
\nh-N\w:
{]Xn-hjw 200 skn ao-dn-tesd ag e`n-p {]tZ-i--fm-Wn-h.
taJe:
Cy Imem-hm hIp-ns-tbm, hnZqc kwth-Z\ kwhn-[m-\--fp-sStbm \nco--W-{]Imcw km[m-cW KXn-bn e`n-t ag-tb-m IqSp-X ag e`n-p {]tZ-i-sf Cu
KW-n s]Sp-mw. Fm, bmZr-n-I-ambn Nne L--fn am{Xw I\ ag e`np e-sf Cu KW-n\nv Hgn-hm-n-bn-cn-p-p.
]na-L--nse nXn
Cy D]-Zzo-]ns ss\kKnI Pe-k- taJ-e-bmb ]n-a-L---fn {]Xn-hjw
200 sk.-ao. tesd ag e`n-p-p. I\ ag e`n-p ]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse an -ta-J-e-Ifpw
AXn-\mXs ]cnnXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fmn IW-m-t--Xm-Wv.
]cn-n-Xn-Zp_e taJ-e-I-fpsS Xcw-Xn-cn--en-\p am\-Z--

]n-a-L--nse hyXykvX {]tZ-i--fnse ]cn-nXn hntem-e-X-bpsS Bt]-nI
\ne-hmcw hn-e-bn-cp-p-hm-\p {ia--fn-tes-n--cn-p-I-bmWv ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h-m
-hnZKv[]T-\-k-anXn.
ta {ia--fpsS shfn--n ]n-a-L taJ-e-sbm-msI ]cn-nXn hnteme -{]tZ- i - - f m- b n- s IW- m- - W - s a \nK- a - \ - n- e mWv ]n- a - L Bhm- k - h yhmhnZKv[]T\ kanXn Fn-t-Xv. Fm, {]W-_vsk \ntZ-in--Xp-t]m-se, ]cnnXn hntem- e X kw_- n Umm- t _kv kwL- S n- n- p- X n\pthn Hcp tZiob
anjt]mepw cq]o-I-cn-m-\m-hmsX kan-Xnv 2010 Xs AXns {]h-\- Bcw`n-t-n-hp FXv tJZ-I-c-amWvv. AXn-\p-]-cn, ]cn-nXn hnteme taJ-e-I-fpsS ]cn-]m-e\-co-Xn-I kw_-n \ntZ-i-sfmpw Xs {]W-_vsk Inn aptmv hn-cp-n-.
samw ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-Iv HmsI Hcp-t]mse A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp GIo-IrX hyh
FXv A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-b-Xn-\m ]cn-n-Xn- hn-tem-eX kw_-n hnhn[ Xe- hnhn[
taJ-e-Iv Npa-X-e-s-Sp-n-sm-Sp-pI F Hcp _lp-Xe kao-]\w ssIsm-p-hm
kanXn Xocp-am-\n-p.
CXn-te-m-bn, samw ]n-a-L taJ-esb kanXn 5 an\nv X 5 an\nv NXp-c-fmbn
hn`-Pn-m Xocp-am-\n-p. hyXykvX taJ-e-I-fnse ]cnnXn hntem-e-X-bpsS Bt]-nI
\ne-hmcw kw_-nv Xk-abw Ffpw e`y-am-Ip hnh-c- D]-tbm-Kn-p-Itb kzm`m-hnI-ambpw ]T-\-k-an-Xnv km[y-am-hp-I. Ch C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
153

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
1.
e-{]-Xn-]-n-bp kky-: Ccw kky-C-\-fpsS Fw
2.
sF.-bp.-kn.-F amIvkv: sF.-bp.-kn.-F. Nph ]n-I-bnsSp-n-bn-cn-p kkvX\n-I-fpsS Fw.
3.
]Icw asm-n-mh (i-X-am-\--W-n): tNme-h-\-t]m-se-bp AXp-ey-amb

\nXy-l-cnX Bhm-k-hy-h--I-fpsS hnkvXoW iX-am-\w.
4.
I\ym-h-\--fpsS hnkvXoW iX-am\w
5.
h\-hym]vXn iX-am-\--W-n: h\-hn-kvXoW iX-am-\w.
6.
DXn
7.
Ncnhv
8.
\Zn-tbm-c-h-\-{]-tZ-i-/ kky-Pm-e-
Fm Ctm e`y-amb Cu nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I h\-ta-J-e-bnse ssPh-ssh-hn[ys am{Xw Dun-bp--Xm-sW-pw, Bhm-k-ta-J-e-I-fpsS XpS XpS-nb {]iv\-sf
Ah-K-Wn-p-p-shpw D Imcy-n X-an-. Fm Xk-abw e`n-p nXn-hnhc--W-p-I-fn {i tI{o-I-cn-m am{Xta kan-Xnv Ctm \nhm-l-ap-p. ]naL Bhm-k-hy-hm AtXm-dnn Cm-cy-n th \S-]-Sn-I ]noSv kzoI-cnpw Fv
kanXn {]Xym-in-p-p.
ag e`y-X, ag-m-e-ns ssZLyw Fn-hsb kw_-n-n-S-tmfw ]n-a-L--ns
hS-v--sXv taJ-e-In-S-bn h A-c-ap-v. AXp-t]mse D-Xn, ùa-kz-`mhw Fn-hbpsS Imcy-nepw hyXn-bm-\--fp-v. AXn-\mXs ]cn-nXn sshin-jvSy-ns Imcyn-em-bmepw ]cn-n-Xn-hn-tem-e-X-bpsS Imcy-n-em-bmepw kwm-\m--c hyXn-bm\w {]Xon-t--Xm-Wv. AtX ka-bw-Xs ]n-a-L taJ-e-bn-sem-msI Xs Bhm-k-ta-Jem
kwc-W {ia- Hcpt]mse Hsm-cp-a-tbmsS \S-m-t--Xp-am-Wv. AXn-\m Htc
kwm\-s-Xs hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse ]cn-nXn hntem-eX kw_-n Bt]-n-I-Xe- sht-sd-Xs hne-bn-cp-p--XmWv A`n-Im-ayw.
]cn-K-W\m ]cn-[n-bn hcp h-kvXp-X-I-fpsS tIh-e-aq-ey-a-, adnv Bt]-nI aqeyamWv ta {]h-\-n {]k--am-bn-p--Xv. Cu ImgvN-m-Sn ASn-m-\-n ta
kqNn-n am\-Z-- Hmtcm kwm-\-n\pw shtsd {Iam-\p-k-c-W-s-Sp-n. DZm-l-cW-am-bn, Hcp kwm-\v tcJ-s-Sp--s ]n-a-L--ns D-Xnv ]c-am-h[n kvtIm
10 BWv Fn-cn--s, AtX kwm-\-nse av NXz-c--fnepw (grids) ap]-d ]cn-KW\m hkvXp-X-I-fpsS \ne-hmcw 1 apX 10 hsc-bp dmp-I sImSpv \n-bn-p-p.
AXn-\p-tijw Hcp NXz-c-n (grids) e`y-am-bn-p ]cn-K-W\m hkvXp-X-Iv e`n
kvtImdns icm-icn \nW-bn-p-p. Cns\ sNp-tm, Hcp {]tXyI NXz-c-n\v 10
t\mS-Sp Db kvtIm e`np Fn-cn--s B kwm-\s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
ap kqNn-n Fv ]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-, Ah-bpsS kmn[yw hfsc Db tXmXn
ImW-s-Spp Fv thWw Icp-tX--Xv. ]cn-K-W\m hkvXp-X-I-fpsS aqeyw NXz-c- tXmdpw
Db hyXn-bm\w ImWn-p-I-bm-sW-n ta {]kvXm-hn kml-N-cy-n hen-sbmcp
hn`mKw NXz-c--fpsS BsI icm-icn aqeyw Xmgv-Xm-bn-cn-pw. Fm BZyw ]d DZml-c-W-n NXz-c--fn ]cn-KW\m hkvXp-X-I-fpsS aqey- Xn-ep hyXn-bm\w sNdpXm-b-Xn (Fmw Db kvtIm ImWn-p--Xn-\m) kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw NXz-c--fpsS BsI
aqeyw Db-Xm-bn-cn-pw. KpP-dmv kwm-\-nse ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-I ]cn-tim-[n-m
Cmcyw Hp-IqsS hy-am-mw. Xmc-X-tay\ hnkvXrX taJ-e-bm-bn-p-t]mepw ]cn-K-W\m
hkvXp-X-I-fpsS Imcy-n kam-\-amb aqeyw {]Zin-n-p-p. X^-e-ambn kwm-\-ns
kvtIm \ne-hmcw 57 ]cn-[nbn \npp. Fm, av Nne kwm-\-sf kw_-n-nS-tm-fw, kvtIm \ne-hmcw 35 F Xmgv \ne-bn-em-Wv.
Nne {][m-\-s ]n-k-t-X-fpw C-c-n Xmgv kvtIm {]Zin--p-Xmbn ImWp-p. hc Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-Isf At]-nv ]n-a-L--nse \nXy-l-cnX
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
154

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
h\- Xmgv \ne-bn-ep ]-n-ssh-hn[yw {]Zin-n-p--Xmbn Um\n-tb--kv--Km-UvKn

(1992) Fn-h Nqn-m-n-bXv Cu L-n {]k--am-Wv.
Hcp {]tXyI NXz-c-ns kwc-W Bh-iy-IX B NXz-c-n\v e`n-n-cn-p-
kvtImdns am{Xw ASn-m-\-n \n-bn--cp-Xv. adn-v, {]kvXpX {]tZ-i-p ap NXzc-fpsS IqSn kvtIm \nW-bn--Xn\p tijw am{X-am-bn-cn-Ww X{]-tZ-i-nskwcnX aqeyw \n-bn-t--Xv. CXn-\Iw Xs kpc-nX taJem irwJ-e-I-fn (Protected
areas) D-s-Sp--s {]tZ-i- Dv h\y-ar-K-k-t-X-, \mj-W ]mp-I Fnh
Ccw hn`m-K-ns-Sp-p. Ccw taJ-e-Isf Dsm-p NXz-c-pw kzm`m-hn-Iambpw Hcp kvtIm Dm-bn-cn-p-atm? CXns ASn-m-\
- n ]n-aL
- Bhmk hyhm
hnZKv[ ]T-\-k-anXn kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp Xocp-am\w ssIsmp kwc-nX taJem irwJe-bnse (Protected areas) Hcp NXz-c-n\v (grid) e`n-p Ghpw Xmgv kvtImsd-nepw e`np NXz-c--tfmSp (grids) IqSnb {]tZ-i-v am{Xta ESZ 1 (]m-cn-n-XnI hnteme
taJe 1) F Db ]cn-nXn hntem-eXm ]Zhn \Ip-I-bp-p.
Nn{Xw 2: KpP-dm-nse ]n-a-L taJe
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
155

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Dc alm-cmjv{S
ZnW alm-cmjv{S- ]cn-nXnteme {KnUv
Nn{Xw 3: alm-cmjv{S-bnse ]n-a-L- -ta-Je
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
156

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
tKmh- Hcp an\nv x Hcp an\nv ]cn-n-Xn-teme {KnUv
Nn{Xw 4: tKmh-bnse ]n-a-L taJe
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
157

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Im-SI ]cn-n-Xn-teme {KnUv
Nn{Xw 5: IWm-S-I-bnse ]n-a-L taJe
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
158

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
tIcfw ]cn-n-Xn-teme {KnUv
Nn{Xw 6: tIc-f-nse ]n-a-L--ta-Je
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
159

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
tIcf Xan-gv\mSv taJe
Nn{Xw 7: tIc-f-nepw Xan-gv\m-p-ap ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-I
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
160

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]n-a-L---fnse BhmktaJ-esb
Imem-hmhyXn-bm\w `mhn-bn F{]-Imcw _m[nmw?
am\p-jnI hym]m-c- krjvSn-p lcn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI {]`m-h-ns ]cn-W-X-^-eamWv Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\hpw ssPh sshhn-[y-nta AtX]n-p BLm-X-fpw
Fv temI-sam-msI N-sN-s-p-I-gn-p. ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-k---amb ]n-a-L taJe-Ifpw Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-ns BLm-X--fn\nv hnap--am-hm CSn-bn-. AXn\m, ]n-a-L---fnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-fp-tSbpw Bhmk taJ-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]cn-nXn
hntem-eX kw_-n hnj-b--fn Cmcyw IqsS ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xp-v.
Imem-hm hyXn-bm\ BLm-X--fpsS tamU-env
Cybnse h\-ta-J-e-I-fn Imem-hm hyXn-bm\w krjvSn-t-m-hp BLm-X-sf
]n Nne tamU-enwKv ]T-\- \S-n-pv (c-ho-{-\mYpw ap-hcpw, 2006; NXpth-Znbpw
ap--hcpw, 2011). ]n-a-L---fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf IqSp-X ]cn-K-WnpsImp Hcp
]T-\hpw hfsc apv \S-n-p-v. 1997 \oe-Kncn ssPh-ta-J-e, Dc IS h\-hn-`-hfpsS \ow Fn-h-bn-t Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-m Dm-Im-hp BLm-X--sfn cho-{-\mYpw ap--hcpw \Snb ]T-\-am-bn-cpp CXv. h[n-p-h-cp A-cn- Djvamhn-\-\p-k-cnv ]-X-ta-J-e-bn-ep ]pm-Sp-I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bn Ipdhp hcp--Xmbpw Ces]m-gnbpw ImSp-I-fn-tev apm-Sp-I AXn-{I-anv hf-cm-\p Hcp {]h-WX ImWn-p-Xmbpw ImW-s-p. Fw-]n-cn- mn-n- tamU-emWv CXn-\p-]-tbm-Kn ]T-t\m-]m-[n.
Cu taJ-e-bn Ghpw ASp Ime-mbn \S--s ]T\w (N-Xpth-Zn, 2011) Ct{K-Uv _tbm-kv^n-b knap-te-, V.2 ssU\m-anIv knap-te-j tamU D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xmbn-cp-p. DjvW-ta-Jem \nXy-l-cnX h\-, Djvv-W-ta-Lem Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I, kmh-I, ]n-a-L--nse ]pta-Sp-I Fn-h-bmWv Imem-hmhyXn-bm-\s AXn-Po-hnv
\ne-\np--h-sbv tamU shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. ]-X-ta-J-e-bnse h\-, ]pta-SpI, A[-\n-Xy-l-cnX h\-, apm-Sp-I, Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I Fn-h-tb-m IqSpX AXn-Po-h-\-km-[yX ImWn-Xv ap]-d hn`m-K-am-Wv. ]n-a-L taJ-e-I-fnse Imemhm hyXn-bm\w kw_-a
- mb ]T-\
- \S-p-X
- n\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-Xv doPn-bW
- ssav
tamU, lmUven sk (Had RM 3) U.K. BWv. A-cn-
- nse Im_ ssU HmIvsskUns Afhv 2085 750 ]n.-]n.-F. Fpw Fv KWn-mWv Hcp ]T\w (A2 kn\m-cn-tbm). asmn, (B2 kn\m-cn-tbm) A-cn--nse CO2 seh 575 ]n.-]n.-Fw. Fpw ]cn-K-Wn-p. 2071
apX 2100 hsc-bp Ime-b-f-hntemWv tamU {]hn-n--Xv. ]T\w \S-Xv 1985 a[yhpw.
B2
BsI ]cn-K-Wn 51 NXz-c--fn (grids) 26 Fw (51%) A2 kn\m-cn-tbm-hnepw 16 Fw

kn\m-cn-tbm-hnepw hcp--Xmbn knap-te-j \S-n-b-tm ImW-s-p.
Ctm-gp kky-Pm-e-L-S\ A2 kn\m-cntbm {]Imcw F{X-Imew hyXn-bm-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ipsav Xmsg sImSp-n-cn-p Nn{X- hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
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161

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apJy kkym-h-c-W-
Nn{Xw 8 IqSp-X-ep kky-Pm-e-
]n-a-L--nse h\-fppw Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm-\hpw

hnt[-bXz km[yXm tXmXv
Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-tmSv Hcp {]tXyI h\-ta-Je F{]-Imcw {]Xn-I-cn-pp FXns ASn-m-\
- n Hcp hnt[-bXz km[yXmkqNIw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-n-p-v. CXn {]Imcw
a)
Imem-hm]c-amb hyXn-bm\ kml-N-cy--fn {]kvXpX h\-ta-J-e-bnse kky-Pm-e hyXn-bm-\-n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-ptm?
b)
h\-ta-J-e-bnse {][m\ hr-k-aqlw Hscm C\-nsXmtWm AYhm kn{i

KW-n s]-htbm?
c)
B h\taJe \n_n-U-h-\-am-tWm, Atbm? AXp-a-s-n Hcp J-h-\-amtWm Fo

Imcy- ]cn-tim-[n--s-Sp-p.
ta kqN-I
- f
- n \nv e`n-p- {]Xn-Ic
- W
- s Bkv]Z- a
- mn B h\-ta-Je hym]np
InS-p NXz-c-v 1 apX 7 hsc-bp kvtIm \Ip-p. 1 kqN-I-ambn e`n-p-h
Ghpw Ipd hnt[-bXz km[yX {]I-Sn-n-p-Xpw (Nn-{X-n Idp \n-d-n ImWnn-cn-p--Xv 7 kqN-I-ambn e`n-p-Xv Ghpw IqSnb hnt[-b-Xz-km-[yX {]I-Sn-n-p-Xpw
BWv
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162

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Imem-hm hnt[-bXzw
Nn{Xw 9 - Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\-tm-Sp hnt[-bXz km[yX

]n-aL
- taJ-eb
- psS hSpw a[y-`m-Kpw nXn-sN-p {]tZ-ifmWv Imem-hm
hyXn-bm-\-tmSv Ghpw IqSp-X hnt[-bXz km[yX ImWn-p--sXv ta \nco-Ww
hy-am-pp Fv hcn-In-epw, Cu kqN-\-Isf Pm{K-Xt-- bmsS hni-I-e\w sNt--Xp-v.
h\-{]-IrXn Nne-tm-sgms ip`m-h--bn-tepw NphSv amdm-dp-v. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, Pe-{]Xn-]n Ipd- kky-hK- Hcp h\w Nne-tm Cum-[n-Iy-ap kky-C-\--fn-tev
NphSv amdn-tb-mw. kqva {]Xn-I-cW kz`m-h-ap ]-X-ta-Jem Bhmk hyh--I-sf
hni-I-e\w sNm-\p-{X kmt-XnI kqvaX Iyq- knap-te-j tamU-ep-Iv Cm
Ah--I-fnepw C{]-Imcw kw`-hn-mw.
]XtaJ-e-Ifnse tNme-m-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw
]pta-Sp-I-fp-tSbpw hnteme kz`mhw
]n-a-L---fn ]pta-Sp-I-tfbpw DjvW-ta-Jem h\--tfbpw A\p-I-cn-p--Xn\v
IBIS tamU-ep-Iv [mcmfw ]cn-an-Xn-I Dv. AtXm-sSm-w, \oe-Kn-cn-bnepw AXn\p sXp
]n-a-L {]tZ-i-fnepw {]map-Jy-ap ]-X-ta-Jem Bhm-k-hy-h-sb thXn-cn--dnbm\pw Ccw tamU-ep-I-fn kwhn-[m-\-an-. AXn-\m ]-X-ta-J-e-bnse tNme-h-\
F-dn-bs
- -Sp \nXy-lc
- n-Xh
- \
-
- t- fbpw B\-ae
- , \oe-Kn-cn, ]f\n ae-If
- nepw Ahbvv sXpw
hS-p-ap ]X \nc-I-fnepw kap-{Z-\n-c-n\nv 1800 ao-dn-tesd Db-c-n ImW-s-Sp
]pta-Sp-I-tfbpw hntem-e-X-bpsS Imcy-n {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xp-v.
(kp-Ip-am apX-em-b-h, 1985).
]ucm-WnI Imes kw`-hn-n-p Imem-hm am--v A\p-kr-X-ambn tNme-mSp-I ]pta-Sp-I, Fn-h-bpsS hym]-\-n ktmN hnIm-k- kw`-hn-n-p-sv
Imem-h-m-]-c-amb t^mkn ]T-\- sXfnhv \Ip-p. Ccw ]h-X-ta-Jem Bhmk
hyh--Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw `mhn-bnse Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm-\- aqe-ap-m-Ip
BLm-X- F{X -Im-e-am-bn-cn-p-sav {]h-Nn--s-n-cn-p-p. \oe-Kn-cn, ]f\n XpS-nb
]X {]tZ-i-fnse ]pta-Sp-I-fn sshtZ-inI C\--fmb Bkvt{S-en-b hmnkv (A-
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163

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tjy kv]ojo-kv) bqm-en-]vkv (bq-m-en-vkv kv]ojo-kv) Fo C\ \p-]n-Sn-n-np-v. Ccw kky- {]Imi kwt-j-W-nse C3 ]mv sh F kwhn-[m-\-ap-]-tbmKnv A-cnw Im_ ssU HmIvsskUv htXm-Xn BKn-cWw sNp--Xns êambn Db hfm-\n-cv {]Zin-n-p-p. A-cn Dujvam-hn-t\mSv lnXw ]pep
Atjy kky-sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Db-cp- Dujvam-hv, tNme-m-Sp-Isf AXn-{I-anv
At-jym-h-\- hym]-I-am-Ip--Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p. Xs-bp-a-, s]mXpsh aqSav
Ipdv hcp kml-N-cy-n X-Wpv IqSnb {]tZ-i--fn hf-cp ]pta-Sp-I-fn-tepw
Ch hym]n-p-p. C{]-Imcw kzm`m-hnI h\-ta-J-e-Ifpw ]p{]-tZ-i-fpw sshtZ-inI kkym[n-]-Xy-n Iogn-e-a-cp--Xn\v hy-amb kqN-\-I-fp-p-Xm-\pw. kvtImv {_qw (Cystisus scoparius) t]mep hntZi C\w kky-fpw ASp Ime-mbn \oe-Kncn Ipp-I-fn hym]I-am-Ip-X
- mbn Is-n-bn-p-v. kzm`m-hnI ]pta-Sp-Iv kw`-hn-p hyXn-bm\w XZve
{]Xn-]-n-bp hc-bm-Sv, \oe-Kncn ]nv XpS-nb Pp-hK--fpsS \ne-\nn-\mWv òjWn
Dbp-I.
ASp hn`m-K-n ]n-a-L-s _m[n-p Nne {][m\ taJ-e-Isf Ah-temI\w sNp-I-bpw. hnI-k-\-{]-h-\--sf t]cn X{]-tZ-i--fn \S-p-h-cp ]cnnXn lXy-Isf \nb-{-W-n sImp-h-cp-hm-\p ip]mi-I aptm-p-h-bvp-I-bpamWv ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-hm hnZKv[ kan-Xn.
2. taJ-em-X-e-n-ep ip]mi-I
]n-a-L {]tZ-i--fpsS ]cn-n-Xn-hn-tem-e-X, hnI-k-\-{]-h-\- aqew Dm-Imhp ]mcn-n-XnI BLm-X- Fn-hbvv A\p-kr-X-amb Hcp _lp-Xe kao-]-\-am-Wv,
Cu {]tZ-is hnI-k-\-{]-h\sf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw ]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-hm
hnZ-Kv[-k-anXn ssIsm-n-p--Xv.
kan-Xn-bpsS ip]mi-{]-Imcw ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i-sf ]e taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-n-cn-pp. ]cn-nXn hntem-eX Ghpw IqSp-X-ep taJ-e-I (ESZ 1), Db ]cn-nXn hnteme-X-bp taJ-e-I (ESZ 2), anX ]cn-nXn hntem-e-Xm-ta-J-e-I (ESZ 3). {Kma--fpsS IqsS
]m-fn--tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp hnI-k-\-{]-h-\--fm-bn-cn-Ww Cu {]tZ-i-fn \S-t-sXv kanXn ip]mi-sN-p-p. Fp hcn-In-epw, Hcp XpS--sa \ne-bn dntmSns
Hmw `mK-nse 6m-as ]n-I-bn hn]p-e-amb \ntZ-i- \In-bn-cn-p-p. hnhn[
taJ-e-Ip-thn Xm-dm--s Cu \ntZ-i- km[m-cW ]uc-m, kmaq-ly-kw-LS-\-I, AXm-Xp-ta-J-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[am, HutZym-Kn-I-hr-- Fn-h-tcm-Sp hn]p-eamb N-Ip-tijw Xm-dm-n-b-h-bm-Wv. XpSp hcp D]-hn-`m-K-n, ]n-a-L-nse kp{]-[m-\t- a-Je
- I
- fpw Ah kw_-n ]cn-KW
- \
- m-hn-jb
-
- FSp-p-Im-Wn-p-sImv
Ah-bvp \ntZ-i-fpw ASn-bn-cn-p-p. ]n-a-L Bhm-k-taJem AtXm-dn-n-bpsS
]pw ChnsS N-sN--s-n-cn-p-p.
2.1 Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw
]n-aL
- - t- a-Je
- b
- nse Pe-]c
- n-]m-e\
- {- ]-h-\ X{]-tZi-f
- nse \Zn-If
- psS Hgpv
sa-s-Sp-p-I, hrjvSn {]tZ-isf anI coXn-bn kwc-n-pI Fn-h-bp-ambn At`-Zyamw-hw _-s-n-cn-p-p.
Cy D]-Zzo-]nse ]e {][m\ \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw D`-h-m\w ]n-a-L--amWv. Imth-cn,
IrjvW, tKmZm-hcn Fo \Zn-I sUm ]oT-`p-an-bn-eqsS Ing-tm-sm-gp-Ip-p. icm-h-Xn,
t\{Xm-h-Xn, s]cn-bm, `mc-X-p-g XpS-nb Ime-hjm-{in-X-amb 100- Hmfw \Zn-I ]n-a-L-n \np`-hnv Ip-s\-bp-Xpw Xcw-Kn-X-hp-amb `q{]-tZ-i--fn-eqsS HgpIn Ad-_n-S-en ]Xn-p-p. Hcp GI-tZi IW-p-{]-Im-cw, ]n-a-L--{]-tZ-i--fnse Av kwm-\-
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164

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-fn-embn \nh-kn-p Dtiw 245 Zi-e--tmfw Bfp-I Ah-cpsS hyXykvX Pe-hn-\ntbm-K-p-thn Cu \Zn-Isf t\cn-m-{i-bn-p-p. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bn, ]n-a-L--n\np`-hn-p \Zn-IfpsS samw hrjvSn-{]-tZiw Cy-bpsS HmsIbp hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS 40
iX-am-\-tm-f-am-Wv. ]Sn-m-tdm-sm-gp-Ip sNdp-\-Zn-I-fpsS XS-{]-tZiw ]n-a-L--ns
Ip-s\-bp ]Sn-m-d Ncn-hp-I-fn-em-bn-mWv n-Xn-sN-p--Xv, \Zo-X-SfpsS 1/3 `mKhpw
]n-a-L taJ-e-Ip-n Xs-bm-Wv. ]n-a-Lw hnpIgn-m ]ns Xmgvhc-I-fn-eqsSbpw CS-\m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Irjn-`q-an-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Hgp-In-bm-Wnh kap-{Z-n ]Xn-p--Xv.
Cu \Zn-I sImp-h-cp Fepw Nfnbpw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bmWv Xoc--tZ-i--Hm-cp-Pe
ay-_-\w \ne-\n-p-t]m-cp--Xv.
kap{Zw ]h-X-n \nm-cw-`n-p-p, Xoc-tZ-i-ns ê-`q-bn-jvTX \Zn-I-fnse kn-\-\p-k-cnv Fn-Xym-Zn-bp hmbvsam-gn-I Xoc-tZ-i--fnse ay-_-\w \Sn Pohnp--hn-S-bn DXv Cu L-n kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.
Xpd InW-dp-I-fpw, Pe-[m-c-I-fp-amWv Pe-tk-N-\w, IpSn-shw XpS-nb Bh-iy-pthn ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p av Pe-t{km-X-p-I. Nne-bn-S-en ag-sh--sImbvpw \ne-hn-ep-v. knKq ]oT-`q-an-bn BZn-hm-kn-Ipw ZfnXv hn`m-Kpw thn-bp [mcmfw IpSn-sh ]-Xn-I tambm \Znsb B{i-bnv {]h-\am-cw-`n-n-p-v. `qK`-P-e-hn-Xm\w XmWXpw hyXy-kvX-amb Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xn-I \ne-hnhXpw aqew ASp Ime-mbn IpgIn-W-dp-Ifpw hym]-I-am-bn-p-v. tIc-fs kw_-nn-S-tmfw `qK`-P-e-ns Afhv av kwm-\-sf At]-nv Ipd-hm-Wv. Bgw Ipd
InW-dp-I-fmWv ip-P-em-h-iy-n\p thn kwm-\v IqSp-X D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. Ign
GXm\pw hj--fmbn `qK`-P-e-hn-Xm\w `bm-\-I-amw-hn[w Xmgvp-sIm-n-cn--bm-Wv. \ocpd-h-I-fpsS timj-W-s-bmWv CXv kqNn-n-p--Xv.
]n-a-L--kw-m-\fn IpSn-sh-w, DutPm]m-Z-\w, Pe-tk-N\w, hyh-kmbw XpSn-b-h-bvp-th-n-bp Pe Bh-iy-IX Dbp-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-kn-p-sIm-ncn-p- \K-c
- pw hyh-km-b
- pw thn Pe-tk-N\
- m-hi
- y-p Umap-If
- n\nv
IqSp-X IqSp-X shw Xncn-p-hn-p-sIm-n-cn--bm-Wv. incp-hm-Wn, I_-\n, ]on, ae-pg
Fo- A-Ws
- -p-Ifense Pe-tk-N\
- m-hi
- y-n-\p Pew bYm-{Iaw tImb-
- q, _mwKvfq-ssa-kq, Xrq, ]me-mSv Pn-I-fnse IpSn-sh-m-h-iy-n-\pw Pe-tk-N-\m-h-iy-n\pw Xncnp-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. apws_ \K-c-n-tbpw AXns {]m-{]-tZ-i-fp-tSbpw \mp\m h[n-p-h-cp Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw aqew alm-cmjv{S kwm-\v ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn
]pXnb AW-s-p-I Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Ah-bn NneXv \namW-ns
hnhn[ L-fn-ep-am-Wv. ]nm, jm-bn, KmKn, Imep, sshXWn Fo AW-s-p-I
ASp Imev \nan--s--hbm-Wv.
\om-ep-Iv IpdpsI XS-bW ]WnXv IpSn-sh-m-h-iy-pw Pe-tk-N-\-n\pw
thn D]-tbm-Kn-p ]Xnhv Imem-Im-e--fmbn \Zn-bpsS Db hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i--tfm-SSpv nXn-sN-p tXbn-e, Imn-tXm--fn ]Xn-hm-Wv. CXp-aqew \oscm-gpv AXns
XpS--nXs XS--s-Sm-\n-S-bm-hp-p. hnt\m-Z-k-m-c-ta-J-e-bnse Bkq-{X-W-cm-ln-Xyhpw
XXz-Zo--bn-m-bva-bp-amWv htXm-Xn-ep Pe-Nq-j-W-n-tev \bn-p asmcp LS-Iw.
{_no-jp-Im-cpsS Imew-sXmt Imthcn \Zn-bpsS ssIh-cn-Ip IpdptI ]Wn-Xn-cn-p Pekw-`-c-Wn-I-tf-bmWv Dun-bnse hnt\m-Z-k-mc taJe B{i-bn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv.
IrjvW, Imthcn Fo \Zn-I-fnse D]-cn-P-e-hpw, `qK`-P-ehpw Hcp-t]mse Dun-smn-cn-p-p. I\ Pe-Nq-jWw aqew kap{Z-n ]Xn-p-X
- p-hsc \oscm-gpv \ne-\nm
Cu \Zn-I Gsd tin-p-p-sh-Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. \Zo-XS timjWw aqew sUm
{]tZ-i--fnse ay-_--\w, Irjn, D]-Po-h-\w, Bhmk taJe Fn-h-sbmw Xs {]XnIqe {]Xym-Lm-X
- Gp-hm-n-sm-n-cn-b
- m-Wv. 2001-2004 se hcm-hj-f
- n IrjvWm
\Zn-bnse {]hmlw GXmv \ne am-bn. ]Sn-m-tdm-sm-gp-Ip \Zn-bpsS Imcy-n-emhs Xmsg-p Hgpv Zp_-e-am-b-Xp-aqew CS-\m-Sp-It]mepw Hmcp-sh---b--ns òjWn-bn-em-Wv. I-Sp th\ amk--fn Hmcp-sh---bw aqew IpSn-sh--n Dp-I-b-dp............................................................................................................................................................................................................
165

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Xpw Irjn-\m-ihpw tIc-f-n dntmv sN-s-Sm-dp-v. tKmh-bn I\ J\-\-ns

ê-ambn D]-cn-P-e-hn-Xm-\hpw `qK`-P-e-hn-Xm-\hpw Hcp-t]mse {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n--sp-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Xmtgm-p {]hmlw Zp_-e-am-Ip-I-aqew \Zn-bpsS Iogv {]tZ-ifn
Xma-kn-p--hv Bh-iy-n\v Pew e`n-p-n-sv am{X-a Pe-ns KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw
tami-ambnsmn-cn--bm-Wv. J\n-bn\npw ]pd---s-Sp hkvXp- \Zn-I-tfbpw
Acp-hn-I-tfbpw aen-\o-I-cn-p-p. J\-\hp-ambn _-s aen-\o-I-c-W-n\v Hcp Da DZml-c-W-amWv Ip{Zn-apJv J\-\-{]-iv\w.
]n-a-L ]h-X-\n-c-Iv a\p-jy C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS Hcp \o Ncn-{X-ap-v. Ccw
CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS ê-ambn t\cnpw Am-sX-bp {]Xym-Lm-X--fmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse
Pe-t{km-X-p-I Gp-hm-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xv.
]n-a-L---fnse Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fn-tepw Ah-bpsS ]cn-]m-e\w kw_-npw Dmb
Nne CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw {]Jym]\-fpw \op-\np- {]Xym-Lm-X-Xs Dm-n-bnpv. AXn NneXv Npcp--n Xmsg ]d-bp-p.
DXvIW
- vTm-P\
- I
- a
- mb {]iv\
-
\Zn-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i--fnse h\-\-io-I-cWw
h\-\-io-I-c-W-ns \o Ncn-{X-apv ]n-a-L taJ-e-Iv. XSn-hy-h-km-bw, \ZoXS-]--Xn-I, tXm- Fn-h-bvp-thn \Zn-I-fpsS Db hrjvSn{]tZ-i--fn-ep h\ hym]-I-ambn \in-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. \Zn-Iv Pehpw Ddhpw \Ip sNdp \omep-I Xaqew timjn-s
- -Sp-Itbm \ne-bvp-Itbm sNm-\n-Sb
- m-hp-p. h\-\i
- o-Ic
- W
-
- ns
ê-ambn Ime-hjw Ign-m-ep-Ss\ sNdp \om-ep-I DW-n-hc
-
- p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw Xaqew
hym]-I-amb DW-p-m-Ip-hm\pw D {]h-WX ASp--Im-e-mbn hfsc {]I-S-am-Wv. \Zn-Ifnse {]hm-l-ns in AXn-bmbn Ipd-bp--Xn\pw hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i--fnse h\-\-io-I-cWw
Imc-W-am-Ip-p.
]n-a-L {]tZ-i--fnse \Zo-]-cn-]m-e\w
]n-a-L---fnse Hp-an \Zn-Ifpw Hp-In AW-sIn shw XS-p-\n--s--htbm, As-n Ah-bnse Pew am-h-iy-p-thn Xncn-p-hn-S-s-n-p--htbm BWv.
Nne \Zn-I-fpsS Db {]tZ-iv sshZyp-X-D]m-Z-\-n\v thnbpw Xmgv {]tZiv
Pe-tk-N-\-n\v thnbpw AW-I \nan-p-p. DZm-l-c-W-n-\v, Imth-cn-bpsS Ing-tmsm-gp-Ip ssIh-gn-I-fmb `hm-\n, I_-\n, tambm Fn-hbpw IrjvW \Zn-bpsS ssIh-gn-Ifmb _oa, XpwK, `{Z Fn-hbpw AW-s-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-bm-Wv. ]Sn-m-tdm-sm-gp-Ip \ZnI-fmb icm-h-Xn, s]cn-bm Fo \Zn-I-fn Hn-tesd e--fn AW-sI-n-bn-cn-p-p.
tIc-fhpw Xan-gv\mSpw In-I-fmb ap-s-cn-bm, ]d-n-pfw AW-s-p-I-fnse Pew
]qW-ambpw Xncn-p-hn-n-cn--bm-Wv. Fm {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a--sfbpw ewLn-p-sImv ]Snmtdmsm-gp-Ip- \Zn-Isf Ing-tmv Xncn-p-hn-Sp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
AW-s-p-I \Zo-Pe {]hm-ls amn-a-dn-p-p F-Xn X-an-. Xmtgv HgpIp sh-ns Af-hv, {]hm-l-th-Kw, \nnX ka-b-n-\p-n Hgp-In-tm-Ip shns Af-hv, Pe-hn-Xm-\-\n-b-{-Ww, \Zn-{]-hm-l-n\v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Dm-Ip- Db-Xm-gvN-I Fn-hsb I\ coXn-bn amn-a-dn-m AW-s-p-Iv Ign-bpw. ]Sn-mtdmv Hgp-Ip \Zn-I-fn AW-s-p-I \nan-n-p--h-bn, AW-s-p-Iv Xmsg-bmbn
{]hm-l-th-K-X-bn I\ hyXn-bm\w Zn\w-{]Xn kw`-hn-m-dp-v. AW-s-p-I-fn kar-ambn Pe-ap--tmgpw (peak period) Pe-hn-Xm\w hfsc Xmgvn-cn-p Ah-k-c--fn-ep-amWv
Ccw hyXn-bm-\- Dm-Im-dp--Xv. IpSn-sh ]-Xn-I-fpw, sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Pe-tkN-\-]--Xn-Ifpw am{X-a Pe-nse Bhm-k-hy-h-bpw \Zn-tbm-S-\p-_n av taJ-e-Ifpw
CXns BLm-X-taphmm-dp-v. AW-s-ns {]h-\-fpw Xaq-e-ap-m-Ip {]XymLm-X-fpw, {]tXy-Inv \Zn-bpsS Iogv{]-tZ-i--fn, _-s-Sp-n-sIm-p ]T-\-
hfsc Ipd-hmWv. AXp-sImv Xs Xaq-e-ap-m-Ip {]iv\- eLq-I-cn-m-\p \S-]Sn-Ifpw th-{X-bn-.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
166

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
hyXykvX \Zn-I IqntbmPn-nv \Znsb Xncn-p-hn-Sp Ah-k-c--fn AW-s-n\v

Xmsg \Zn-bpsS kzm`m-hnI Hgpv A{]-Xy--am-hp-p. ap-s-cn-bm AW-sv CXn\v \smcp
DZm-l-cW-am-Wv. ]Sn-m-tdm-sm-gp-Ip s]cn-bm-dns ssIh-gn-bmb ap-s-cn-bm Ing-p-`mK-p sshK \Zn-bn-tev ]qW-ambpw Xncn-p-hn-Sp-I-bm-Wn-hnsS sNp--Xv. CSpn AWs-n-em-Is ag-m-ev e`n-p- A[n-I-Pew Hgp-n-hn-Sm-\p kv]nth t]mepw C.
alm-cmjv{S kwm-\s sImbv\ Pe-ssh-ZypX]Xn I, II, III Fn-h-bnse Pew DutPm]mZ-\-tijw ]Sn-m-tdm-sm-gp sshinjvSn \Zn-bn-tev Xncn-p-hn-Sp-Xv Nn {]tZ-iv
I\ sh-sm--n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-p. \Zo-Pew Xncnv hnSp--Xn\v Iosg hcp \Zo`mKw hos-Sp-m-\m-hm--hn[w hn-h-c-p-t]m-Ip-p. CXv \Zo-Pe Bhm-k-hy-h--tbbpw
\Zn-bpsS D]-cn-Xe {]hm-l-tbpw am{X-a `qK`-Pew In\n-n-d-p--Xn-s\-t]mepw {]XnIq-e-ambn _m[n-p-p.
AW-sv \namW-tm-S-\p-_-nv \S-p `qan-I-t-hpw h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw aqew
Xmgvhmcv nXn-sN-p- Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fn Ime-am-hp--Xn\p aps htXm-Xn F
ASn-p-Iq-Sm-\n-S-bm-hp-p. CSpn AW-sv CXn\v \ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AW-sv \namW-tm-S-\p-_-nv htXm-Xn-ep `qan It--amWv CSpn Umans hrjvSn-{]-tZ-iv \Sn-p--Xv.
\Zn-bpsS Xmgv {]tZ-i-t-p Pe Bh-iy-I-X-I-\p-k-cn--, adnv DutPm]mZ\w kw_-n Bh-iy-v thn-bmWv Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-]--Xn-I {]h-\-k--am-hp-Xv. Xaqew {]Xn-Zn\w \Zo-{]-hm-l-n-ep-m-hp hyXn-bm-\- AW-s-n\v ta`m-Kp \Zo-{]-tZ-ihpw Xmsg-bp {]tZ-i-fpw Xn-ep X-v Imc-W-am-hp-p. AXpt]m-se, \Zo-Pew Xncn-p-hn-Sp k`-fn Pew kzoI-cn-p \Zo-{]-tZ-iv Znh-tk\
sh-sm--n\pw XncnphnS-s \Zn-bpsS XS--fn hcbvpw Imc-W-am-Ip-p. CXv
]noSv \Zo-P-e-]-cn-]m-e\w kw_-n Ah-Im-i-X--fn-tev \ofp-p.
C-s\-sbm-s-bm-sW-n-epw AW-s-p-I krjvSn-p Pe-kw-_--amb {]iv\fpw Ch-bp-m-p ]mcn-n-XnI BLm-X-fpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-p--Xn-\m-h-iy-amb IrXyamb hnh-c- Ctmgpw e`y-a- F-XmWv bmYmYyw.
sXmb `qhn-\n-tbmK coXn
[mXp Abn-cp-Ipw {Kmss\-n\pw shp-I-n\pw thn-bp J\\w s]mw Ipd
{]tZ-i--fnepw ay-`m-K-`q-an-bnepw Pe-ns e`y-X-tbbpw doNmPn-t\bpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn
_m[n-pp. tKmh-bn am{Xw km IW--\p-k-cnv 300 J\\ ssekkv \In-bn-p-Xn-\m ]Ip-Xn-bn-te-sdbpw Pe-t{km-X-p-I-Sp-mWv. tKmh Akw-n-bn tai-p-dp-h tcJ-{]-Imcw 182 J\\ ssekkp-I-fn-te-sdbpw "skeuenw AW-sv' F hInS
Pe-tk-N\ ]-Xnv Hcp Intem-ao--dn-\p-n-emWv. tKmh-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw
hcp Zn-W-tKm-h-bnse 6 ew P\-v IpSn-shw \Ip-Xv Cu AW-s-n
\nmWv. ZnW Im-S-I-nepw Dc tIc-f-nepw "kpcwKw' F t]-cn Ip-a-e-Ifn \ne-\n-n-cp ]c--cm-KX Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m\w Cu ae-ap-I-fnse J\\w aqew \inp-sIm-n-cn--bmWv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ]e \Zn-I-fpsS Cu Ip-a-e-I-fn \nmWv D-hn-pXv. ]n-a-L--\-Zn-I-fmb N{-Kncn, hf-]-Ww, t\{Xm-hXn Fnh Cu Ip-a-e-I-fn doNmPv
sNp Pe-ns B\p-Iqeyw A\p-`-hn-p--h-bmWv.
Irjn-co-Xn-I
hnf-If
- psS LS\ D-sS-bp Irjn-co-Xn-Iv ]n-aL
- -
- nse Pe-hn-`h
- a
- m-t\-Pvsan
Hcp ]v hln-m-\pv. ae-s-cn-hp-If
- nse d, t\{-hmg Ds-sS-bp GI-h Irjnbpw
ISp \new Dgp-Ip-Ibpw asm-en-n\pw {]tXy-Inpw hfsc hne-s taav \jvS-s-Sp-Xn\pw CS-bmpw. shw IqSp-X Bg-n Acn-n-d-p--Xn\pw CXv XS--amWv. tXbne,
Imn, Gew tXm-p-th-n-bp h\-\-io-I-cWw ae-I-fnse Acp-hn-I hn-tm-Im
Imc-W-am-Ip-pv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
167

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Xmgv-hm-c--fnse NXp-p-I \nI-p-Xv

Db {]tZ-i--fpsS ASn-hm-c-p NXp-p-{]-tZ-i- \nI-p--Xp-aqew Db
hrjvSn {]tZ-i--fn Pe-maw Dm-Ip-pv. ]e \Zn-Ifpw Ccw sNfn-Ip-p-I-fn \nmcw-`n-p--Xn-\m \Zn-bpsS Hgp-p-Iq-m Ch Pew \Ip-pv. \oe-Kn-cn-bn ê-`q-bn-jvTamb Pe-k---amb NXp-p-I IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Irjnpw, {Kolukv ^mapI \nn-m\pw `h-\-\nm-W-n\pw ap-ambn cq]m--c-s-Sp-pp.
aWJ-\\w
]n-a-L--nse an \Zn-Ifpw A\n-b-{n-X-amb aW J\-\-ns Xn-^-e-
t\cn-Sp--h-bmWv. Pe-\n-cv Xmgp-Xpw Pe-ns KpW-ta \jvS-s-Sp--Xp-amWv s]sp BLm-X-. Nne `mK--fn \Zn-bpsS ASn-v kap-{Z-\n-c-n Xmsg Bb-Xn-\m
Dp-shw Ib-dp {]iv\-apv. \Zn--c-bn-ep ]m-b-p-I-fnt]mepw IpSn-sh--maw
cq-amWv. Ccw ]m-b-p-I-fn IpSn-sh hnX-c-W-n-\mbn m^v sNe-h-gn-tn
hcpp. ay--fp-sSbpw av Pe-Po-hn-h--fp-sSbpw {]P-\-\-sbpw hf-sbbpw aWJ\\w kmc-ambn _m[n-p-pv.
nXn s
- a-s
- -Sp-m-\p \S-]S- n-I
]n-a-L--nse Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsa v hntI-{o-I-cnpIbpw \Zo-XS Bkq-{XWw \Sm-p-Ibpw sNt kabw AXn-{I-an-n-cn-p-p.
sXmb `qhn-\n-tbm-K-co-Xnbpw am\h CS-s]-Sepw aqe-ap-m-bn-p BLm-X- hfsc
hy-amWv. hc-m-ev \Zn-I-fnse Hgpv Ipd-bp-Xpw, Hgp-nse G-p-d-n-ep-Ifpw
Pe-\n-cv Xmgp-Xpw, Pe-ns KpW-ta \jvS-s-Sp--Xp-samw Pe-hn-`-h-B-kq-{X-Wnepw amt\-Pvsan-ep-samw ]Xn A[n-jvTn-Xhpw Xmm-en-I-hp-amb Hcp kao-]\w kzoIcn-p--Xns {]Xy BLm-X--fmWv. Pes ssPh-hy-h--bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn
]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-p {]I-S-am-sbmcp hyXn-bm\w \Zo-XS Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsan hcp-t
ka-b-am-WnXv.
Cm-cy-n kzoI-cn-m-hp Nne {][m\ \S-]-Sn-I NphsS hnh-cn-pp.
1.
Xti kzbw-`-c-W-m-]\ Xe-n ASp 20 hj-t-s-n-ep-ap hntI-{o-IrX

Pe-am-t\-Pvsa v ]-Xn-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww. Pe-kw-c
- Ww, h\-he
- vc
- Ww, hrjvSn{]-tZ-i--fpsS ssPh-]p-\-cp-m-cWw, ag-sh kw`-cWw, {]f-b-P-e- \na\w, Pe- BUn-nv, ]p\-cp-]t- bmKw XpS-n-bh
- b
- vs-m-ap m\p-I Pe-hn-`h amt\-Pvsa v m\n
Ds-Sp-Ww. \Zn-I-fn-t-ep B{in-XXzw Ipdv doNmv sa-s-Sp-pI FXmWv eyw.
2.
Pe-kw-`-cWn {]h\w ]p\-{I-ao-I-cn-pI : AW-s-p-I-fp \Zn-I-fnse Pe-kw-`c-Wn-I-fpsS {]h\w ]p\-{I-ao-I-cn-p-Ibpw av \Zn-I-fnse Hgpv \nb-{n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXv Hgp-ns in sa-s-Sp-pI. ê-{]-Z-amb Hcp s]mXp-P\ A]-{K-Y\ kwhn[m-\-ns ]n_-e-tm-Sp-IqSn am{Xta \S-m-m-\mhq.
3.
]c--cm-KX Pe-kw`-cWw : "kpcwKw', InW-dp-I doNmPv sNpI, XpS-nb ]c--cmKX Pe-kw`-cW kwhn-[m-\- ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-pI.
4.
Xmgv-hmc NXp-p-I kwc-n-pI : \Zn-I-fpsS Dh m\-sa \ne-bn ae-ap-Ifnse Xmgv-hmc NXp-p-I kwc-n-pI. Ah C\nbpw \nI-p-Itbm dnb Ftv,
Irjn hnI-k\w Fn-hbvv D]-tbm-Kn-p-I-tbm-sN-p-Xv \nb-{n-pI. kmaq-ly-kwc--W-n-\p "Ie-hd"Ifmbn Ahsb {]Jym-]n-pI.
5.
aW BUnnv : aW BUn-n-n\v ]m-fn--hy-h-bpw Ii-\-\n-b-{-W-fpw

Gs-Sp-pI.
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168

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
6.
aW "Ah[n' {]Jym-]n-pI : aW J\-\-ap \Zn-I-fn aW BUn-n-sbpw

hne-bn-cp--en-sbpw ASn-m-\-n aW "Ah[n' {]Jym-]n-pI.
7.
J\\ taJ-e-bpsS ]p\-c-[n-hmkw : J\\w aqew \in Pe-t{km-X-p-I ]p\-cp-o-hnn-pI F {]tXyI ey-tmsS J\\w \S-nb I-\n-I/GPkn-I Xs
J\-\-ta-J-e-bpsS ]p\-c-[n-hmkw \S-m-Ww.
h\-hn-`-P-\-ns ssPh-]p-\-cp-m-cWw : tXmw DS-a-I, Xti `c-W-m-]-\-,

h\w hIpv Fnh Hp tNv tXbne,Imn Fkvt-p-I-fnse h\w hn`-P-\-nse
ssPh-hy-h--bp-sSbpw ae-ap-I-fnse Acp-hn-I-fp-sSbpw ]p\-cp-m-cWw km[y-am-pI.
9.
hrjvSn {]tZi ]cn--c-W m\p-I : Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hInS Pe-tkN-\-]--Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Bbpv hn-n-m-\mbn Ah-bpsS hrjvSn {]tZ-i-v ]cncW m\p-I Xm-dm-pI.
10.
\Zo-Xoc amt\-Pvsa v: \Zn-I-fnse Hgppw Pe-ns KpW-ta-bpw sa-s-Sp-m-\mbn

kaq-l-]-m-fn--tmsS \Zo-Xoc amt\-Pvsa v \S-m-pI.
11.
Pe-kw-c-W \S-]-Sn-I : A\p-tbm-Py-amb kmt-Xn-I-hnZy {]tbm-Knpw s]mXp-P\

Ah-t_m-[-]-cn-]m-Sn-I \S-m-nbpw Pe-kw-c-W \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pI.
12.
bph-P\ ]m-fnw : Ipn-I-sfbpw bph-P-\--sfbpw \Zn-I-fp-ambpw Pe-t{km-X-p-Ifp-ambpw _-s-Sp-p hnZym-`ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iv cq]w \IpI.
\nnjvS AtXm-dn-n-p ip]mi-I

taev]d
- Imcy-f
- n \nnjvS ]n-aL
- ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-nv i-amb ip]miIfpw D]-tZ-i-fpw \Im Ignbpw. AXn-tev AtXm-dn-n-p Nne {][m\ ip]mi-I
NphsS.
1.
\Zn-I-fpsS hrjvSn {]tZ-i- ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmbn {]Jym-]n-pI.
2.
]n-a-L--n Ctm \S-p-h-cp-Xpw ]qn-bm--s--Xp-amb ]e ]-Xn-Ifpw

]cn-nXn nb-dkpw h\w nb-dkpw ewLn-p-sImtm Hcp nb-dkpw Cm-sXtbm
BWv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Iep,jmbv AW-s-p-I DZm-l-cWw. hnZKv[ kan-Xn-bpsS
AwKo-I-cn-p ]-Xn-I AtXm-dnn hopw ]cn-tim-[n-Ww. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb
kml-N-cy--fp-sSbpw ]cn-nXn kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp-sSbpw \Zo-X-S-ns kz`m-h-nsbpw Fmw ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cn-Ww Cu ]cn-tim-[\.
3.
AtXm-dnn \ne-hn hcp--Xp-hsc Pe t{kmX-p-I-fn I\ BLmXw krjvSn-m

km[y-X-bp Ctm \S-p-h-cp AW-s-p-Ipw J\n-Ipw samd-tm-dnbw
{]Jym-]n-Ww. AtXm-dnn Cu ]-Xn-I kqva-]-cn-tim-[\ \Sn Ah thWtam
thtbm Fv Xocp-am-\n-p-X
- n-\p-ap]v hym]-Ia
- mb _lp-P\
- I
- q-Sn-bm-tem-N\
- I
- IqSn
\S-Ww.
4.
]n-a-L--n \Zo-X-S- Xn-ep KXn-amw taen A\p-h-Zn--cp-Xv.
5.
Hmtcm kwm-\pw \Zo-X-S--fpsS kmw]n FSpv NphsS ]d-bp-h kwm\

km-cp-I-tfmSv ip]mi sNpI.
\Zn kwc--W-n\v kmaq-ly-{]-m-\-, Kth-j-W-m-]-\-, km CXc
m]-\- Fn-h-bvsmw kaq-l--sf-qSn ]s-Sp-n-p-sImv ]cn-nXn hn\ntbmK A]-{K-Y\w \S-pI.
\Zn ssPh-hy-h-n-Xn-bnepw {]f-b-nepw ay-B-hmk LS-\-bnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw
AW-s-ns Xmtgm-p Hgp-nse BLmXw A]-{K-Yn-pI.
Dp-shw Ib-dp-Xv tcJ-s-Spn `mhn-bn Hgpv sa-s-Sp-m-\p \nt-i-
cq]-s-Sp-pI.
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169

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
AW-s-p-I-fp \Zn-I-fn Xmsg-bp P\--fpsS Pe Bh-iy- IqSn \nd-th-m

Ignbpw hn[w dnkthm-b Hm-td-j amt\-Pvsa v sa-s-Sp-pI. _-s Xt-i`cWm-]-\--tfbpw apw Ds-Spn dnktm-b Hm-td-j \nco-n-m kwhn[m\w Gs-Sp-Ww.
\Zn-I-fnse Pe-kw-_--amb tUm-t_-kp-I ]pXp-p-Ibpw ]cn-nXn Umm-t_kpw
\Zo-X-S-X-e-nse Adn-hp-Ifpw kwtbm-Pn-n-pI.
Cu kwtbm-PnX tUm-t_-kns ASn-m-\-n \Zn-I-fn Db kwc--W aqeyap `mK-sf ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-sav {]Jym-]nv XpShn-I-k-\-n \nv Ahsb
]q-ambn Hgn-hm-pI.
6
]p\-cp-m-cWw IqSn Ds-Spn hntI-{o-IrX \Zo-XS Bkq-{XWw \S-m kwm\

km-cp-I-tfmSv ip]mi sNpI.
\Zn-Isf kzw \ne-bn Ctm ssIImcyw sNp hnhn[ hIp-p-Isf GtIm-]n-nm \nb-a-]-c-ambn A[n-Im-c-ap m]-\--fpsS ]np-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn thWw \Zo-XS
Bkq-{XWw \n-ln-t-Xv. kwm-\-ns `c-W-]-m--e-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
\Zo-XS kwL-S-\-Isf CXn-\mbn Gs-Sp-Ww.
AW-s-p-I, J\n-I,Sqdnkw, `h-\-\nmWw XpSn Pe-t{km-X-p-I-fn BLmX-tan-p ]n-a-L--nse Fm ]pXnb ]-Xn-I-sfbpw kw_-n Bh\
BLmX A]-{K-Y\w \S-p-Ibpw Ch-sbmw Xmm-\p tijn-bn Ihn-bp-n-sv
Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw thWw.
aW J\\w \nb-{n-p--Xn\v ihpw Ii-\-hp-amb \nbaw Bhn-jv-cn-Ww.
10
tijn ]q-ambn D]-tbm-K-s-Spn Ign--htbm {]Xo-n-X-ti-jn-tbmfw Fm

Ign-bm--hbpw AwKo-Ir-X-\n-e-hm-c-n IqSp-X Fepw Nfnbpw ASn-n-p--h-bpamb AW-s-p-I-fpsS {]h\w Ah-km-\n-n-m ip]mi sNWw.
t_mIvkv 2 : Imep AW-sv

Imep AW-sv sskv nXn-sN-p-Xv alm-cmjv{S kwm-\s Xms\ Pnbn ap_mZv Xmeq-nse Kncn-h D]-]-Xn taJ-e-bn-eps-Sp ]n-a-L--nse
]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-Je {]tZ-i-mWv. Cu AW-s-ns kw`-c-W-tijn 407.99 MCM
sh-amWv. CXv aqew sh-n-\-Sn-bn-em-hp {]tZ-i-ns hnkvXow 2100 slIvSdmWv. CXn 1000 slIvS h\-`q-an-bmWv.
Cu ]-Xnv t^mdkvv nb-dkv e`n-n-n. em v AIznknj \S-]-Sn-I Bcw-`nn-p-an. apwss_bvv IpSn-sh-hpw av hyh-km-bnI Bh-i-b-p-ap shhpw e`yam-m-\p ]Wn \S-p-h-cp ]e AW-s-p-I-fp-sSbpw Icm-dp-Im-cmb satkgvkv F^v.
F.Fss{]-kkv (J, apwss_) BWv CXn-sbpw Icm-dp-Im. "_-s k_v Unhn-jW Fn-\o-b-dpsS tat\m--n Ch ]Wn Bcw-`np. ]Xn A[n-Ir-X-cpsS \ntim-\p-k-cWw Icm-dp-Im ]Wn XpS-n-bXv XnIpw \nb-a-hn-cp--am-bmWv. B taJ-e-bnse
hne-s ]cn-n-Xpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS Poh-X-n-\pw CXv Gsd lm\n-I-c-hp-amWv.
Imep AW-s-nse {Ia-t-Sp-I
1.
t^mdv nb-dkv e`n-msX Xs ]Wn XpSn. Ah Ah-Im-i-s-Sp ht\-Xc

`qan bYm-n BZn-hmkn h\-`q-an-bmWv. h\-`q-anpw ht\-Xc `qanpw Bh-iyap ]-Xn-bpsS Imcy-n h\-`q-an-bnse nb-dkv e`n-msX ]Wn XpS-m
]mSn-s-mWv kp{]nw-tIm-SXn D-chv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
170

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
]Xn A[n-Ir-X Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-Xv t^mdv nb-dkv e`n-m--Xn-\m Icm-dpIm Nne A{]-[m\ tPmen-Itf XpS-n-sh-pp FmWv. A{]-[m\ ]Wn-I-fn
Xmevm-enI kz`m-h-ap ]Wn-I am{Xta Ds-Smhq. Fm-en-hnsS htXm-Xn
h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw henb K- krjvSn--ep-amWv \S-p-Xv. t^mdv nb-dkv
CmsX Ccw h\-\-io-I-cWw \S-p-Xv \nb-a-hn-cp-hpw h\kwc--W\nb-ans ewL-\-hp-amWv. sskv \nc-m- tPmen-bn-tes-n-p-Xv 30tesd tUmkdp-Ifpw 100 tesd sP.kn._nI-fp-amWv.
AW-s-ns ASn-d sIm-\mbn AKm-[-amb Ipgn FSp-p-h-cpp.
DtZym-K-pw Icm-dp-Im-c\pw thn Hcp Kv lukv \nn-p-I-gnp. henb BUw_-c--tfm-sS-bmWv CXv \nn-n-p-Xv.
A{]-[m-\-]-Wn-I-fn AW-sv \nm-W-n-\p sXmgn-em-fn-Ip Xma-k-kuIcyw A\p-hZnnp-s-nepw Ah Ctm A]-I-S-I-c-amw-hn[w \Zo-X-S-n-emWv Ignbp--Xv. AtX kabw Ahn-tSv \ntbm-Kn-n-p- kn.-B.-]n.-F-^v. `S-mcn-In-epamWv Xma-kw.
3.
\nc-m- {]h\w XpS-cp ht\-Xc `qan BZn-hmknIp--Xm-Wv. CXn-\m-hiy-amb `qan- G-s-Sp-m-\p bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw CXp-hsc Bcw-`n-n-p-t]m-ep-an-.
Cu ]-Xn-bpsS Imcy-n ]cn-nXn nb-dkv e`n-n-n-sv am{X-a P\--fpsS
A`n-{]mbw tXSn-bn-p-an-.
4.
]-Xnaqew sh-n-\-Sn-bn-em-Ip apgp-h {]tZ-ihpw Kncn-hK D]-]--Xn-ta-J-ebns] ]nI {]tZ-i-am-Wv. _-s \nba hyh {]Imcw CXn\v {Kma-k-`-I-fpsS
A\p-aXn Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hcp {Kma-k-`bpw CXn\v A\p-aXn \In-bn-n-sv am{X-a
`qcn-`mKw {Kma-k-`-Ifpw FXnp-Ibpw sNp-p.
5.
]-Xn-aqew sh-n-\-Sn-bn-em-IpXv 1000 slIvS h\-`q-an-bm-Wv. ChnsS A[n-h-knp ]n-I-hK-mcpw ]c--cm-KX h\-hm-kn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS \ymb-amb \nXy-hr-nmbn Cu h\-s-bmWv ]qW-ambpw B{i-bn-p--Xv. Ch-cpsS Blm-cm-h-iy-pw
sNdp-InS h\w D]-- kam-l-cnv hnm\pw Chv \nba-]-c-amb Ah-Im-iap-v. Huj-[-k-ky-p-th-nbpw Ah Cu h\-s-bmWv B{i-bn-p--Xv.
6.
2006 F^v.-B.-BIvSv sk 4 k_v sk 5 {]Imcw ]cn-tim-[\-I ]qn-bmIpw-hsc ]n-I-hK-m-sctbm ]c--cm-K-X-ambn h\-n Xma-kn-p--h-sctbm AhcpsS ssIh-i-ap h\-`q-an-bn\nv Hgn-n-mt\m \ow sNmt\m ]mSn-.
7.
ISvI-cn, Xmq, alm-tZhv tImen Kncn-hK-mv Cu h\-ta-J-e-bn 20 tesd ]c-cm-KX Bcm-[-\m--e-fp-v. CXp-ambn _--sv \nc-h[n hnip ae-Ifpw hr-fp-ap-v.
8.
Cu `qanbpw h\-hp-samw BSp-am-Sp-Ip tan]p-d-fm-Wv. Acp-hn-I-fnepw \Zn-Ifnepw \np e`n-p ayw Cu BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS {][m\ t{]mo `-W-am-Wv.
9.
Icm-dp-Im CXn-\-Iw-Xs Umw sskn-\-Sp-p-\nv Bbn-c--W-n\v ac- apdn-pI-gn-p. h\w hIp-ns bmsXmcp A-\p-a-Xnbpw CXn\p-thn hmn-bn-n-. `qanIv
apn kwKm-X-\-bpsS XpS-bmb ka-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ê-ambn 3000 Iyp.-ao. XSnbpw
D]-I-c-W-fpw h\w-h-Ipv DtZym-K--m ]nSn-s-Sp-p. ]t, i-amb \S-]-SnI kzoI-cn-m-X
- p-aqew acw-shv Ds-sS-bp \nb-ah
- n-cp {]h-\
- Ctmgpw
\n_m[w XpS-cp-p.
BI-bm ]cn-n-Xn-]c
- a
- mbn hne-aX
- n-m-\m-Im h\-fpw \psS cmPys Ghpw
Zp_-e-cmb Hcp hn`mKw P\-fpsS ASn-m\ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-fpw kwc-n-m-\mbn
Imep Umanse \nb-a-hn-cp \nam-W-{]-h-\- DS-\Sn \nn-h-bv-W-sapw sXm-
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171

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Sp "jmbv' t{]mPIvSv sskn \S-p-hc

- p {]h-\
- ]cn-tim[n-W
- s
- apw R
A`yYn-p-p. CXp kw_-n hnm-]-\-n amw-h-cpn "Imep', jmbv Umap-I
DssS Fm Umap-Ipw ]cn-nXn nb-dkpw s]m-Xp-P-\--fn\n-p sX-fn-shSppw \n_-n-X-am-Wsapw R \ntZ-in-p-p. \nb-a-ew-L-Is-Xnsc \S-]Sn
FSp--W-sapw Ccw \nb-a-ew-L-\- Bhn-p-n-sv Dd-p-h-cp--W-sapw
IqSn R A`yYn-p-p.
CUmhn Xp]p-se, kptcJ Umhn, ]cn-\o-I -U-t- Fn-h kan--Xv.
2.2 Irjn
Kncn-h-mcpw Xti kaq-lhpw \qm-p-I-fmbn hnf-I amn amn Irjn sNbvXXp
apX Ctm-gs GI C\ hmWn-Py-hnf Irjn-bmb tXbne Imn, Gew, d, ss]\mn, hr-tm-- hsc ]n-a-L ]cn-n-Xn-p-m-n-bn-p A]-cn-lm-cy-amb \jvSw
hfsc hep-XmWv. {_no-jp-Im Fp-Xp hsc ae-I-fn GI-hnf Irjn FXv tIp-tIhn
t]mep-am-bn-cp-n. ImcWw Irjn {][m-\-ambpw `y-kp-c Dd-m-m\pw kpK--hy-RvP-\-fp-sSbpw av h\-D-ev]---fp-sSbpw kam-l-c-W-n-epsS hcp-am\w Dm-m-\p-ap HcpD]m[n Bbn-cpp. Ign \qmp apX Cu coXnpw Bi-b-n\pw am-ap-mbn. {_nojp-Im XpSw Ipdn tXbne, Imn, tXv tXm-fpw XpSv kzmX{ Cy-bnse Khs v AXn\v \In-h ]np-Wb
- p-amWv CXn\v ImcWw. Hmtcm hnf-tbbpw ]np-Wb
- vm\pw
Ah-bpsS Irjnbpw Dev]m-Z-\hpw hn]-W-\hpw sa-s-Sp-m\pw thn ]e t_mUp-Ifpw
cq]o-I-cn--s-n-pv.
DXvIW
- vTm-P\
- I
- a
- mb {]iv\
-
]n-a-L--nse hmWn-Py-hnf tXm--fpsS hnI-k\w h\w Xpp-Xp-mbn hn`-Pn-p-Xn\pw asm-en-n\pw, \Zo-ssPh hyh--bpsS A[:]X-\-n\pw Imc-W-am-bn-pv. tXbne
tXm--fn Un.Un.Sn t]mse-bp IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw XpS-n-bXv {_no-jp-Im-c
Xs-bmWv. Cu tXm--fn \nc-cw Xfn-n-cp IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS B[nIyw aqew ]cnn-Xnbpw ]n-aL ssPh-ssh-hn-yhpw Ipsd-tbsd \inp Fp-am-{X-a Irjnv kpncX \jvS-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1990 Ifn ]e DXv]---fp-sSbpw hne-bn-Snp. CXv {][m-\ambpw hym]m-c-\-b-n-ep-mb amw aqew kw`-h-n-XmWv. CXv IjI B-l-Xypw ]e
tXbn-e-tXm-- AS-p-]q-m\pw CS-bmn. CXp-aq-e-ap-mb km-nI A\n-n-XXzw hnfI amdn Irjn-sN-m Ij-Isc t{]cn-n-p-Ibpw AXv {]iv\w IqSp-X hj-fm-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.shw IqSp-X hen-s-Sp-p hnf-Ifpw C\-fpw Irjn sNm XpS-n-bXv {]iv\w
IqSp-X ko-am-n-. _lp`qcn-]w Ij-Icpw CXv a\-n-emnbn-pv. ]cn-n-Xn-hmZn-I DXvIWvT Adn-bn-p-Ibpw IqSp-X kpn-c-amb amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w thW-sav
Bh-iy-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-pv. Ign GXm\pw hj--fmbn imkv{X-cpw asm-en-nsbpw ]cn-nXn aen-\o-I-c-W-n-sbpw {]iv\w Dbn-m-p-pv.
Ghpw Bi-m-P-\-I-amb ]cn-nXn {]iv\w ]n-a-L--ns apI-c-n shn\pw an\pw kw`-hn-p A]-N-bhpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw Xmsg-X-n-tev HgpIn Fn ay`q-X-e-sbpw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-sbpw aen-\o-I-cn-pp F-XmWv. BI-bm ]cn-nXn hn\mi-I-c-amb coXn-I ASn-b-n-c-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw IqSp-X kpn-c-amb Irjn kao-]-\-ntev amp-Ibpw sNm klm-bn-p \b-]-c-amb amw AXy-m-t]-n-X-amWv.
CXn-\mbn ]n-a-L--nse Cs Irjn hnI-k-\-n Nph-sS-]-d-bp henb am Dm-IWw. Cu cwKv {]hn-p hnhn[ km hIp-p-I-fp-sSbpw GPkn-Ifp-sSbpw kwtbm-P-\-n-eqsS ]cn-n-Xnsb ]np-W-bvp Hcp \bw Dm-IWw. hInS
tXm--pw sNdp-InS Ij-Ipw {]tXyIw \b-k-ao-]\w thWw. ]n-a-L--nse Irjnhn-I-k-\-n hmWn-Py-t_mUp-I hen-sbmcp ]v hln-p--Xp-sImpw Ah tI{-hm............................................................................................................................................................................................................
172

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WnPy a{m-e-b-n\p Iogn hcp--Xp-sImpw Cu taJ-e-bnse kpnc Irjn hnI-k-\n\v hy-am-sbmcp \b-k-ao-]\w Dm-IWw. `y kpc--bpsS Af-hp-tIm \mw `np tKmXv, Acn Fo [m\y--fpsS Af-hm-sW-n t]mj-Im-lmc kpc Dd-p-h-cpm ]e ImjnI Dev]--fpw `n-t--Xpv.C-c-samcp \bw amw ]n-a-L--nep-S\
- ofw \S-m-p-X
- n\v FIvkn-Iyq-ohv A[n-Im-ca
- p Hcp GtIm-]\
- G
- P
- kn thWw. CXn\v
A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-XmWv \nnjvS ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn.
nXn s
- a-s
- -Sp-m-\p \S-]S- n-I
1.
`qXe Bkq-{XWw : `qXe khn-ti-j-X-Isf ASn-m-\-amn Bkq-{XWw \S-m

]cym-]vX-amb e- Is-pI. C{]-Imcw Is-p Hmtcm ehpw hensbmcp `q`m-Kns `mK-am-sW Nn Dm-hp-Ibpw hnhn[ hnf kwhn-[m-\-sbpw
av hnI-k-\-sbpw CXn-tev kn-th-in-n-p-Ibpw thWw.
2.
GI hnf-bn \nv _lp-hn-f-bn-te-p amw : tXbne, Imn, Gew XpS-nb GIhnf tXm- Xt-iob hnf-I-fp-ambn {]tXy-Inv `y-hn-f-I, ê h- Fnh-bp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-n-pI hgn asm-env XS-bm\pw Pes ]nSn-p-\nm-\p
ans tijn Dbm\pw, D]m-Z\ aX hn-n-m\pw km-nI hcp-am\w
sa-s-Sp-m\pw klm-bnpw. Hgnp Iqm-\m-hm Cu am-n-\mbn Hmtcm kwm\hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Ww. `qcn-`mKw tXm-fpw km-cn
\nv ]m-n-s\-Sp `qan-bn-em-b-Xn-\m CXv \S-m-m henb _pn-ap-p-m-In.
Fm s]mXpkzIm-cy-ta-Je tXm-fpw Hcp _lp-hnf Irjn kao-]\w kzoI-cn-Ww
. kpn-c-Xbvv thn-bp C-c-samcp am-n\v s]mXp-ta-Jem tXm- amXrI
ImWw. CXn-\p-]p-dsa Hmtcm tXmhpw AXns hnkvXo-ns \nnX iX-am\w
{]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb ]p\-cp-m-c-W-n\v {]tXy-Inv kao-]-Pe t{kmX-p-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-m-cW-n-\p-thn amn-sh-bvWw.
3.
ap-kw-c--Ws t{]mm-ln-n-pI : ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn ap-kw-c-W-{]-h-\-sf t{]mm-ln-n-pI. CXn-\mbn tXm--fnepw sNdnb Irjn-bn-S-fnepw ]md-b-Sp-p-I-fn-ep-ap Cs _p-\nm-W-coXn ]mtS Dt]-n-Ww.
]Icw asm-enp XS-bm Ign-hp kky--fpsS \nc hfn-sb-Sp-Ww.
4.
If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bvpI : ]n-a-L--nse ssPh sshhn-y-n\v

òjWn-bmIpw hn[w ChnsS If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw hn-n-pv. am{X-hp-a, IqSpX {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn-bp If-I hfp-h-cm\pw CXn-\n-S-bm-n-bn-pv. BI-bm
]n-a-L--n Ch-bpsS {]tbmKw ASn-b-n-c-ambn \nb-{n-p-Ibpw {ItaW \ntcm[n-p-Ibpw sNpI. Ij-I-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n sXmgn-em-fn-Isf htm bm{n-I-klm-b-mtem If-\ow sNp--Xn-t\-m Gsd em`-Icw If-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbm-KamWv.
BI-bm If-\ow sNp--Xn-\p Iqen-sN-e-hn\v km k_vknUn \IpI.

CXn-\mbn sNdp-InS \ma-am{X Ij-Iv sXmgn-ep-dp ]-Xn-bpsS ]npW \Ip-Ibpw
hInS tXm-v b{-k-lm-b-m Cu tPmen sNp--Xn\v k_vknUn \Ip-Ibpw
sNpI.
5.
IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw Ah-km-\n-n-p-I : cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw ]n-aL--n Ipd-p-sIm-p-h-tc--Xpv. ae-ap-I-fn Xfn-p Cu hnjw HgpIn ka-X-e-fn-sen Ahn-Ss ]cn-n-Xn-sbbpw XIpp. ASp 510 hj-n-\p-n
]na L-n \nv IoS-\m-in-\n-Isf Lw-L--ambn H-gn-hm-m-\p Hcp GtIm-]n-XI]Xn Dm-IWw. ]Icw IoStcmK _m[-\n-b-{n-m-\mbn ssPh-am- Bcmb-Ww tIc-f-ns ssPh-Ir-jn-\bw ]n-a-L--n\v am{X-a ae-\n-c-I-fpsS kmao]yw
aqew t\- A\p-`-hn-p Bdv kwm-\-pw amXr-I-bm-m-hp--XmWv. CXv
\S-m-p--Xn-\p {]tZ-i- apK-W-\m-{I-a-n sXc-s-Sp-Ww. h\-ta-J-e-
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173

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tbmSpw Pe-t{km-X-p-I-tfmSpw Ghpw tNp-In-S-p {]tZ-i-mWv apK-W\

\tI-Xv. ]Xn _-s ]m-b-ns hmjnI ]-Xn-bp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-np-Ibpw thWw. Cu am-ns kabv Ij-Iv km-n-I-ambpw kmt-Xn-I-hpamb ]n_-ehpw \tI--Xpv.
6.
ssPh-h-f- t{]mm-ln-n-Ww : cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw anse Bh-iy-amb LS-Isf sImpI am{X-a ]n-a-L--nse ê-`q-bn-jvS-Xsb \in-n-pw-hn[w ans
LS-\-sb-Xs amn-a-dnp. Xqew bmsXmcp imkv{Xob ASn--d-bp-a-nmsX IqSp-X
IqSp-X cmk-h-f- {]tbm-Kn-t--Xmbn hcpp. cmk-h-f-n\v IqSp-X shw
Bh-iy-am-bX
- n-\m ]n-aL
- -
- nse Pe-ns Aan-XN
- q-jWw \Zn-If
- psS Hgp-n-t\bpw
ae-I-fpsS ]cn-n-Xn-tbbpw kmc-ambn _m[n-p. BI-bm ssPh-hf {]tbm-K-n-\p
Hcp kwhn-[m\w ASn-b-n-c-ambn Dm-t-n-bn-cn-pp. Irjn-bn-S--fn Xs ssPhhfw \nn-p--Xn\pw hnf-I amdn-amdn Irjn sNp--Xn\pw ]n-e-h-f-s-Sn-Ir-jnpw
k_vkn-Unbpw ]np-Wbpw -\IWw. ssPh-hf \nmWw ]q-ambn hmUv Xen-tev hntI-{o-I-cn-Ww. KpW-ta--bp ssPh-h-fhpw ]nmpw apw e`n-m
sNdp-InS Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-p-I \S-m kzbw-k-lmb {Kqp-Ipw {]mtZ-inI Dev]mZ-Ipw ]npW \IWw. hInS tXm- AhnsS Xs ssPh-hfw Dev]m-Zn-nm IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-kcw krjvSn-m\pw ssPh-hf {]tbmKw Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw
Ignbpw.
7.
ssPh-Ij-Iv km-nI klmbw : ssPh- h-f-{]-tbmKw aqew BZy- c-p-aqp

hj--fn hnf-hn-ep-m-Ip \jvSw \nI-m km \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \IWw.
CXp- a qew km- c n\v A[n- I - k m- - nI _m[yX Dm- I p- Xv Hgn- h m- m- \ mbn
At{KmsIan-kn\v \Ip k_vknUn ssPh ]cn-nXn Ij-I-cn-tev Xncnp-hn-SWw. ssPh-Irjn ]Xn sam-ambn Xs ]m-b-ns hmjnI ]-Xn-bpambn kwtbm-Pn-nv Bh-iy-amb XpI hmjnI _P-n Ds-Sp-Ww. Hmtcm hjhpw
ImjnIkky-^-e-Ir-jn-bpsS 20iX-am-\hpw tXm--fpsS 10 iX-am-\-hp-sa-nepw ssPh
Dev]m-Z-\-n-tev amn-bm ]n-a-L--nse `y-hn-f-Isf ASp 5 hj-n-\pnepw \mWy-hn-f-Isf 10 hj-n-\p-nepw hnj-tam-Nn-X-am-m km[npw.
8.
hnf-Ifpw C\-fpw sXc-s-Sp-p-tm : Dm-Z\ h-\-hn-\p-thn Dev]m-Z-\-aX IqSnb C\-fpw k-c-bn-\-fpw sXc-s-Sp-p Cs coXn ]p\-]-cntim-[nv ]cn-nXn kpn-cX \ne-\np amt\-Pvsa v coXn kzoI-cn-t--Xpv.
Ctm Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp hnf-Ifpw C\-fpw [mcmfw shhpw hfhpw Bh-iy-ap-hb
- mWv. Chbvp ]Icw shhpw hfhpw apw Ipdv Bh-iy-ap-h Is-Ww.ChbpsS {]mtZ-inI \gvkd
- n-Ifpw hnp-_m-p-Ifpw m]nv Ij-Iv Bh-iy-ap hnpw
\Soh-kvXp-fpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw e`y-am-Ww. Dm-Z-\-ns Af-hn-t\-m
KpW-ta-bvv {]m[m\yw \Ip Hcp kao-]-\-amWv ]n-a-L--ns Imcy-n
kzoI-cn-t-Xv. KpW-ta--bp Cu Dev]---fpsS hn]-W-\-n\v {]tXyI X{hpw
irwJ-ebpw krjvSn-p-Ibpw thWw. aqey-h-\bpw {]mtZ-inI sXmgn-eh
- k
- c krjvSnbpw
IqSn Cu X{-ns `mK-am-n-bm IqSp-X hcp-am\w krjvSn-m\pw {]mtZ-inI kZvL-S\ sa-s-Sp-m\pw Ignbpw.
9.
ImjnI ssPh-ssh-hny kwc-Ww : lcnX hn-h-n-eqsS cmPy-n\v kzw-]mc--cy-hnf C\-fpw av ssPh-ssh-hn-y-L-S-I-fpw hf-sc-b-[nIw \jvS-s-p FXv
X-a Imcy-amWv. [m\y-, ]--dn-I, Ing-p-I, ê-h- XpS-n-bh
Gsd Irjn sNbvXn-cp sshhn-y-ns Ie-h-d-bmb ]n-a-L--n CXv Gsd {]IS-aWv. Cu P\n-X-I-t{km-X-p-I Ij-Is Irjn-bn-S--fn Xs ]p\:m]nv kwcn-m-\p t_m[-]p-amb {iaw Dm-IWw. Hw hn]p-e-amb kwc-W tI{ hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-m\pw {in-Ww. Hmtcm-{]-tZ-i-n\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb C\-
hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-m\pw ]c--cm-KX C\- ]p\-cm-hn-jv-cn-m\pw h\n-X-I DssS-bp Ij-Isc Ds-Spn kky-{]-P-\-\-n\pw hnf-sa--s-Sp--en\pw Hcp ]m-
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174

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fn ]cn-]mSn \S-n-em-t--Xpv. ae-I-fnse ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-bvv {]Ir-Xn-Z-amb sshhn-yhpw hnf-Iv {]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy--fp-ambn s]mcp--s-Sm-\p
tijn-bp-apv. Fm ka-Xe {]tZ-i--fn-te-mbn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p hnp-I
ChnsS \-êw Xp Fv hcn.
10.
P\n-X-I-am--n \nv ]na Ls tamNn-n-pp : temIs ssPh sshhny-I-e-h-d-I-fn-sem-mb ]n-a-L--nse ssPh-ssh-hnyw Cs hnf-I-fpsS
bYm Po\p-I-fpsS t{kmX-mWv. Am-c-W-m Ahsb kwc-n-p-Ibpw P\n-XI-amw hcp-nb hnf-I-fn \npw hr--fn \npw Awi- {]mtZ-inI C\-fn-tev ]I-cmsX t\mt-Xpw Bh-iy-amWv. P\n-X-I-hn-f-I-fn \nv {]mtZ-inI C\-fn-tev kz`m-h-amw hcp-nb hnf-I ]n-a-L--n Irjn-sN-p-Xv Hcp Imc-Wh-imepw A\p-h-Zn-m-hp--X. Xpd-mb Irjn-bn-S--fnse ]co--W-t]mepw A\ph-Z-\o-b-a. cmPys P\n-X-I-amw hcp-nb BZy-hn-f-bmb ]cpn ]n-a-L--ns
]e `mK--fnepw Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-pv. CXv DS-\Sn Ah-km-\n-n-m\pw Chbvv
P\n-XI amw hcp-m hnp-I hnX-cWw sNm\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-Ww. Chcn ssPh-Irjn t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw ]n-a-L--nse ]cpn Ij-Ip-thn
{]tXyI hn]-W-\-amw m]n-p-Ibpw thWw. P\n-XI amw hcp-nb hrt]mse P\n-X-I-amw hcp-nb d hp-]n-Sn-n-m\pw {ia-apv. CXv Hcn-epw
A\p-h-Zn-m-hp--X.
11.
t_m[-h-cWw : D]-t`m-m-, hym]m-cn-I, \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-m Fn-hv ]na-L--nse kpn-c-amb Irjn-hn-I-k-\-ns A\n-hm-cy-Xsb ]n nc-ambn t_m[h-cWw \S-t-Xv hnhn[ ]-Xn-I \S-m-p--Xn\v hnim-e-amb kmaqly
]npW Dd-p-h-cp-m Bh-iy-amWv. {]mtZ-inI kaq-l--fpsS {Inbm--I-tijn D]tbm-K-s-Spn hnhn[ {]mtbm-KnI coXn-I CXn-\mbn nco-I-cn-Ww.
12.
Ipn-Iv Adnhp ]I-cWw : ssPh-]-cn-nXn Irjnsb ]nbpw ]n-a-L--nse

ssPh-ssh-hnyw kwc-n-p--Xn Ah-bvp ]n-s\--nbpw Ipn-Iv hnZym`ymkw \IWw. ]n-a-L--ns {]m[m-\yhpw Pe-t{km-Xv F \ne-bnepw ssPhssh-hnyw kwc-n-t Bh-iy-I-Xsb ]nbpw ssPh-hy-h-bvv tZmjw hcp-pXv ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-p--Xn ]cn-nXn Irjn-p ]ns\ Ipdnpw AXp-t]m-ep
av hnj-b-sf ]nbpw ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse kvIqfp-I-fnepw av hnZym-`ymk
m]-\--fnepw {]mtZ-inI `mj-bn hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-n-Ww.
13.
h\ CS-\m-gn-I : h\-{]-tZ-i-n-S-bn-ep tXm--fn arK- km-c-n\v D]tbm-Kn-p `mK- hopw h\-am-m \S-]Sn Dm-hWw.
14.
tXm--fnse h\- : tXm-p-nse sNdp-h-\-fpw tXmSp-I-fp-sSbpw Dd-h-I-fpsSbpw Ic-I-fn ImWp ImSp-Ifpw "ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-ns kz""amI-bm kwc-n-s-SWw. ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns Cu Xpcp-p-I-fn hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp-Xpw
AhnsS am{Xw ImWp--Xp-amb ]e h-sf Ipdnpw dntmpv. BI-bm Cu
`mK-tmvv tXm- hym]n-p-Xv Hcn-epw A\p-h-Zn-m ]mSn.
15.
kmaq-ly-h-\-h-cWw : hfw,Imen-o, hndIv XpS-nb Bh-iy-mbn kmaqly-h-\-h-ev-c-Ws t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
16.
h\y-Pohn {]iv\- : ]n-a-L--nse Irjn-t\-cn-Sp Hcp {]iv\w h\y-Po-hn-I

IqsS-IqsS Irjn \in-n-p--XmWv. CXn\v Ij-Iv \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \Ip--Xns\mw h\y-Po-hn-Iv BIj-I-a-m hnf-I IrjnsNm {ian-p-Ibpw thWw.
]e e--fnepw Irjnv òj-Wn-bm-bp Ic-Sn-bpsS ieyw Hgn-hm-m-\mbn hyamb am-\nt-i--fpsS ASn-m-\-n Ahsb XSbmw. hnf-I amn Irjn-sNpI hgn kky-`p-p-I-fmb arK--fpsS ieyw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Hgn-hm-m-sa-nepw B\I-fp-sSbpw apw ]c--cm-KX km-c-]-Y-am-bn-cp h\- shn-s-fnv Irjn-`q-an-bmnbh Dt]-n-t-n-hcpw. C-s\-bp Ij-Iv aXn-bmb \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
175

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
\IWw.
17.
hn]-W\w : CS-\n-e-msc Hgn-hmn Ij-Iv ]c-am-h[n em`w e`n-m\pw, tImmdn Imn-bpsS Imcy-n-se--t]mse kwc--W-{I-a--fn-eqsS Dev]--v \
hne \n-bn-pI, ]n-a-L--nse ssPh-Irjn Dev]--sf {]mtZ-inI hn]-Wn-I-fpambn _n-n-pI, CXn-s\mw km ]npW Dd-p-h-cp-pI XpS--nb hn]-W-\X-{- ]n-a-L--]-cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS tat\m--n \S-m-pI.
18.
Kncn-h-Irjn : Kncn-h-m-cpsS ]mc-cy Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw kwkvIm-chpw `y-kwkvIm-c-hp-samw XncnsI sImp-h-cm\pw ]p\-cp--cn-m\pw klm-b-I-amb Hcp IrjnX{w Bhn-jv-cn-t--Xm-bn-pv.
19.
Kth-jWw : {]mtZ-in-I-ambn A\p-tbm-Pyhpw sNehv Ipd--Xp-amb ssPh-Ir-jn-co-XnIfpw ]mc--cy-Irjn k{-Zm-b-fpw ]p\-cp--cn-m ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse Irjnbpw
kky-^-e-Ir-jnbpw kw_-n Kth-j-W-n apK-W\ \IWw. ssPth-Xc Irjnbn \nv ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tev Ij-Isc BIjn-m ]cym-]vX-amb Kth-jW ]Xn-I Gs-Sp-m {]mtZ-inI hnZym-`ymkKth-jW m]-\
- sf t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse {]Ir-Xn-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ASn-d kwc-np--Xn\pw A\p-]-a-amb Cu ae-\n-c-I-fpsS AJ-X Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xn\pw D am-fm-Wnh.
2.3. arK-]-cn-]m-e\w
Ip-Im-en-I, BSp-am-Sp-I, tImgn-h-f Fnh ]n-a-L--nse Hcp {][m\
D]-Po-h-\-am-amWv. Ip-Im-en-Isf hfp-Xv {][m-\-ambpw ]men\pw, Irjnpw, Irjnm-h-iy-amb hf-n\pw, KXm-K-X-n-\pw -th-nbpw BSp-am-Sp-Isf amwk-n\pw hnev]-\-bneq-sS-bp hcp-am-\-n\pw hf-n\pw thnbpw, tImgn-Isf D]t`mK-n\pw hnev]-\bvpw
thnbpw BWv hfp-Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-km-l-N-cy-v Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nch[n C\w Ip-Im-en-I Cu taJ-e-bn-epv. ]s,{]mtZ-inI C\--fpsS kwJy-bn KWyamb Ipd-hp-m-b-tm km-cns Ip-Imen hnk-\-]--Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn sImp-h
k-c-C-\--fpsS F-n hh-\-hp-mbn. Fm-en-Xp-sImv Ip-Im-en-Iv KpWt-m-tfsd tZmj-am-Wp-m-bn-p-Xv.
Im-SI
BSp-am-Sp-I, ]n, Fcpa XpS-nb C\--sf-sbmw kw_-nv hnh-c- kam-l-cnn-p GXm\pw kwm-\--fn HmWv Im-SIw. kwm-\v k-c-bn\w Ip-Im-enI 16 ehpw Ghpw apnb C\- 2000hpw Dv. kwm-\s Ip-Imen kwJy-bpsS
17 iX-am\w hcp-anXv. \nc-h[n Xti C\w Ip-Im-en-I kwm-\-pv. ln-Im, Aar-Xa-l, Jnem, tUmWn, ae-\mSv Kn, IrjvW-hmen C\- Fn-h-bmWv CXn {][m\w.
Fcpa C\--fn {][m\w, apd, kpn, ]m]pcn, tal-km\n Fn-h-bmWv. kwm\s IqSnb C\w BSp-If
- n sadns\m, dmw_p-ev, sImdn-sUbv Fnh Ds-Spp, kwm\s {][m\ Xti C\w BSp-I _q, sUm\n, _mcn, lm Fn-h-bmWv.
Im-S-I-bnse 20,000 kc C\w ]n-I-fn em v ssdkv, tbmv sjb C\--fmWv IqSpX.
]n-a-L--ns sIms-K--k-Xy-aw-Kew tdn ImWp- Xti C\w Ip-Im-en-Ifn tImwK, Ic-Kp-_, lmkq _, Kp-amhp C\--fmWv {][m\w. Chsb hfp-Xv
{][m-\-ambpw Imw]m-enI, tkmfnK Kncn-h-k-aq-l--fmWv.
2003se skkkv {]Imcw cmPys samw kwJy-bn 5.15% Ip-Im-en-Ifpw 4.08 %
Fcp-a-Ifpw 11.8% BSp-Ifpw 3.61 % sN-cn-bm-Sp-Ifpw 2.31% ]n-I-fpw 5.23% tImgn, Xmdmhv Fnhbpw Im-S-I-n-emWv. 1997 \pw 2003 \pw CSbvv Im-S-I-nse kc C\w Imen-IfpsS Fw 23.9% hn--tm Xti C\--fpsS kwJy 16.80% sImv Ipdp. kwm............................................................................................................................................................................................................
176

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
\s samw Imen-I-fpsS Fw 1992 skk-kn 29.57 Zi-e--am-bn-cp-Xv 1997 skkkn 28.526 Zi-e--ambpw 2003 skk-kn 25.621 Zi-e--ambpw Ipdp.
tIcfw
tIc-f-ns X\Xv Imen C\--fn shq]ip, ImktImSv Uzm^v C\-fpw ae_m BSpw, t\Uv s\v tImgn-Ifpw apw Ds-Spp.
Ip-Im-en-h-f t{]mm-ln-n-m-\mbn htXm-Xn kc C\-sf hfm
km klm-bn-p-pv. kc C\ ]-Xn-I-fn Xt-iob C\-sf ]cn-K-Wn-p-n.
]Icw Pgvkn, tlmo{ôkn-b C\--sf-bmWv t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xv. hb-\mSv Pnbnse P\-kw-Jy-bn 42% Kncn-h-m-cmW.v Cv Ghpw henb otcm]m-ZI Pn hb\m-SmWv. Ign cv Zi-I--fn Ip-Imen]u{Sn kwJy-bn KWy-amb Ipd-hp-mbn.
CXn-\p {][m\ Imc-W- Xo-]p-ns Zue`yw,Imen-o--I-fpsS hne-h-\hv, amwkn-\p-thn Xti C\-sf KWy-ambn sImXv Fn-h-bmWv. km-cns ]np-W-aqew
Ij-I-cpsS apK-W-\bpw Xt-i-C-\--fn \nv k-c-C\--fn-tev amdn. sshtm,
Xhn-Sv, ]nmv Fn-s\ D Irjn--A-\p-_ D]---fpsS e`yX Ipd-Xpw Imenh-f-en\p Xncn--Sn-bm-bn.
Xan-gv\mSv
Xan-gv\m-nse {][m\ Xt-iob C\- "Ibw Imen-I', tXmS Fcpa(\oe-Kncn)
tatcn BSv (CutdmUv) tImb--q BSv Fn-h-bmWv. I-b Imen-Iv Zn-tWy ssakq ssSn-t\m-SmWv kmayw. t{Ksshv Hmtm C\- k-c-am-sWv ]T-\ hy-am-pp. av ssakq ssSp-Isf At]-nv Chbvv henb hepw Dm-Im
ImcWw Cu k-c-kz-`m-h-hp-am-bn-cnmw. Ch IqSp-X-embn Ip-h-cp-Xv tImb--q PnbpsS sXv, sXp-In-gv taJ-e-bn-emWv. Ibw Imen-I cv C\-apv. Hv sNdpXpw
asmv hepXpw. Ibw, [cw-]pcw, DZp-ams]v, s]mmn, ]VSw, CutdmUv taJ-e-I-fnemWv sNdnb C\s [mcm-f-ambn ImWp-Xv. henb C\w IqSp-X-em-bp-Xv Icq, Ac-hIpdn-n, UnnK, {]tZ-i--fn-epw. Cu C\-ns X\-Xp-cq]w hIn-S- Imenhfp-Im-cmb
]mfbwtIm]-K t]mse-bp--h-cpsS ]se Dm-Iq. anX-amb henw am{X-ap Cu C\n\v hne IqSp-X-em-Wv.
Xan-gv\m-n 1997 \pw 2003\pw CS-bn kc C\--fpsS Fw 46.61% sImv hn-tm Xt-i-C-\--fpsS Fw 27.79% Iv Ipdp.
alm-cmjv{S
alm-cmjv{S ]n-a-L--nse C\--fn Ip-Im-en-I, BSp-am-Sp-I, ]u{Sn Fnh
Ds-Spp.
hwi-\miw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p Umn Imen-Iv B t]cv hXv KpP-dm-nt\mSv tNp InS-p UmwKv ae-\n-c-I-fn \nmWv. ae-I \nd Db-ag e`y-X-bp
]n-asIm- Xoc-mWv t\Uv s\v ]u{Sn {_oUv DXv.
DXvIW
- vTm-P\
- I
- a
- mb {]iv\
-
]n-a-L--nse kky-ssh-hn-yhpw Ip-Imen hfepw
]n-a-L-nse k--amb ssPh sshhnyw Imen-o, Huj[ kky-, hnf-IfpsS Ah-in-jvS- Fn-h-bpsS Hcp apJy-t{km-X-mWv. h\-nepw ae-I-fnepw Xma-knp BZn-hmkn kaq-lhpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-fpw BWv {]mtZ-inI ]cn-n-Xnpw {]mtZinI Dev]m-Z\ kwhn-[m-\-n\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Ip-Imen C\-sf kwc-n-p-Xv.
BZn-hmkn kaqlw Ah-cpsS hfp-ar-K-sf NnIn-n-m-\mbn h\-nse Huj-[-s-SnI-sf-bmWv B{i-bn-p-Xv. ]c--cm-KX NnIn kw_-n hen-sbmcp hnm\ kv
Chv kz-am-bpv. CX-h Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ssIamdn kqn-pp. t_sU-Iw-]m-enI,
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177

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tkmfnK, ImWn, apfp-h-p-dp-h, Imp-\m-bI kaq-l- DZm-l-cWw.

ChnsS hfp {]mtZ-inI C\- Chn-Ss {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambpw ]cn-n-Xn-bpambpw CW-n-t-cp--h-bmWv. kc C\-sf hfm XpS-n-bXv Chn-Ss Dev]m-Z\-kw-hn-[m-\s apgp-h kmc-ambn _m[np. arK-sf ]cn-]m-en-p-Ibpw NnIn-n-pIbpw sNp-Xp kw_-n Ch-cpsS ]c--cm-KX hnm-\hpw \jvS-s-Sm XpSn.
kc C\-v ]I hym[n-I ]nSn-s]-Sm-\p kml-Ncyw Gsd-bmWv. Xqew IpIm-en-h-f-ens sNehv Ij-Iv henb `mc-ambn amdn.
]n-a-L--nse tan {]iv\-
]n-a-L--nse ]c--cm-KX arK-h-f coXn A\p-k-cnv Xti Imen-q--
]q-ambpw kaqlh\ tan ]pd--sf-bmWv B{i-bn-n-cp-Xv. Imen-h-fp-Im Ctm
t\cn-Sp {][m\ shp-hnfn ]pta-Sp-I tXm-pw av km Bh-iy-p-ambn
hnp-sIm-Sp-t-n-h--Xp-aqew tan]p-d--fpsS hnkvXow KWy-ambn IpdXmWv. P\kw-Jym-h[-\hpw h\-ta-n ]pd--fn Dmb Ipdhpw BSp-It]m-se-bp sNdnb arK-fn-tev Xncn-bm Ij-Isc t{]cn-np. BSp-I Chn-Ss ]pp-I-fp-tSbpw apw ISIpn Aw-hsc Xnp--Xn-\m CXv {]iv\w IqSp-X cq-amn.
Imjn-I-cw-K-p-h Nne am-, DZm-l-c-W-n\v `y-hn-f-Ip ]Icw IqSp-X
\mWy-hn-f-I Irjn sNm XpS-n-bXv Imen-o-dd Dev]m-Z-\s {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[np.
If-\m-in-\n-Ifpw ap \mWy-hn-f-I-fn-t A\n-b-{n-X-ambn {]tbm-Kn--Xn-\m Imeno-bvv A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]e ]pn-\-fpw \inp.
tXbn-e-tmw amt\-Pp-sap-I sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Imen--Isf tXmw hI ]pc-bn-S-n
tabm A\p-h-Zn-t--Xn-s Xocp-am\w Imen hf Hpw BIj-I-a-m-Xmn.
h\--fn BSp-Isf tabm hnSp-Xv Ii-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-p-sImv Xan-gv\mSv h\w
hIpv Cd-nb D-chv h\-kw-c--Ws A\p-Iq-en-m-sW-nepw BSp-h-f-en\v henb
shp-hn-fn-bmbn. BSp-h-f-ens\ B{i-bnv Ign-bp {]mtZ-inI kaq-ls cn-m-\mbn
av am- Is-t--Xpv.
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p D]m-[n-I

ssehvtmv hnI-k-\-n-\p kpnc X{w
Xti C\w Imen-I-fpsS ]m Dev]m-Z\w em`-I-c-a-m--Xn-\m Ccw Imen-Isf
hfm Xm-dm-Ip Ij-Iv Bh-iy-amb ]n_ew \IWw. Ch-cpsS ssPh Dev]-v Hcp {]tXyI hne-b-[n-jvTnX hn]-W\ kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw Xti hsf kwc-n-m Xm-dm-Ip--hv km-nI klmbw A\p-h-Zn-p-Ibpw thWw. Ah
F{X-am{Xw ]cn-nXn k-X B {]tZ-i-tbvv XncnsI sImp-hcpw F-Xns\ ASnm-\-s-Spn thWw km-nI klmbw \n-bn-m. {]Xn-Iqe ImjnI Imem-h-sb
AXn-Po-hn-m Ign-bp--hsb am{Xta, CXn-tev ]cn-K-Wn-m-hq.
Xt-iob C\--fpsS kwc--W-n\v Imem-h hyXn-bm-\-ns ]m--e-n
henb {]m[m-\y-apv. k-c-C-\-sf ]cn-]m-en-m Ij-Iv Ign-bp-n-s-n Chsb
\evIn Ij-I-cp-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K--fp-sSbpw c-k-w Dbm-Xn-cn-p-ImWv \Xv.
Xt-i-Im-en-I-fpsS \ne sa-s-Sp-m-\mbn Cu taJ-e-bn {]hn-p {Kqp-I ]eXpv. ]n-a-L--nse arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-n kpn-c-hn-I-k\w Dd-p-h-cp-m-\mbn Cu {KqpIsf AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw ]np-W-bvp-Ibpw thWw.
arK-p t]mj-Im-lmcw
kwc-nX taJ-e-Iv ]pd-p h\w tan]p-d-fpw kaq-l-]pta-Sp-Ifpw
]p\:m]n-m {ian-Ww. D]-tbm-Kn-msX InS-p s]mXp e- Imen-o hfm\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-Ww. sXmgn-ep-d-p-]--Xn-bn \ntm AXp-t]m-se-bp Ctm \S-p-h............................................................................................................................................................................................................
178

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cp ap ]-Xn-I-fn \ntm Dff tPmen-msc CXn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Knmw.

hn`-h--fpsS Aan-X-Nq-jWw XS-bm\pw hn`-h- ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m\pw hnhn[ kaql--fpsS Bh-iy- \nd-th-m\pw hntPv Xe-n tan ]pd- amdn-amdn D]-tbm-Knp kwhn-[m-\hpw amt\-Pvsapw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
Imen-o Bh-iy- Bkq-{XWw sNm {Kma-k-aq-l-sf klm-bn-p-Ibpw Xo]pIrjn sa-s-Sp-m A\p-tbm-Py-amb amXr-I-I kzoI-cn-m Ahsc t{]cn-n-p-Ibpw
sNpI. Xo hkvXp--fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-p ac-, ]pp-I, Ipn-s-Sn-I Fn-hsb
{]m[m\yw \In kwc-n-pI.
ma-Im-e-t-p-thn Xo hkvXp- {]tXy-Inv ]pp-I tmp-sN-m-\p sas kwhn-[m-\- t{]mm-ln-n-pI
BSp-h-f ]-Xn-I {]mtZ-inI tan-e- Is-Ww. h\-ta-J-esb
B{i-bn-m ]mSn. Ccw ]-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp {][m-\-`m-K-am-bn-cn-Ww Xo-]pIrjn. ]cnnXn hfsc Zp_-ehpw BSp-h-f Pohn-X-am-am-bn-p CS--fn BnIq-Sp-I-fn
BSp-Isf hfp-Xv t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
s\h-b-ep-I-fn Hcp cmw hnf F \ne-bn Xo-]pIrjn sNmw.
tdmUp-I-fpsS hi--fn-ep \mWy-hn-f-Iv IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw If-\m-in-\n-Ifpw {]tbmKn-p-Xv \ntcm-[n-Ww. ImcWw If-I-fmbn ap{Z-Ip--s-n-p ]e kky-fpw \-Im-eno--I-fmWv. am{X-hp-a Ip-Im-en-I s]mXpth tabp-Xv tdmUp-h-n-emWv.
h\w kwc--W-ns t]cn Imen-I-fpsS tan-en \nb-{Ww Gs-Sp-p-tmgpw
{]mtZ-in-I-k-aq-l-ns ]mc--cy-kw-kvIm-c-n\pw PohnX coXnpw tImw XmsX t\mpIbpw h\-k-ky--fpsS ]p\-cp-m-c-Ws kwc-n-p-Ibpw thWw.
hmWn-Pym-Sn-m-\-n-ep otcm]m-Z\w
arK-]-cn-]m-e\ {]h-\- kpn-c-X-bvp-thn av ImjnI {]h-\--fp-ambn
kwtbm-Pn-n-Ww. BI-bm arK-]-cn-]m-e\ {]h-\- Bkq-{XWw sNp-tm A\p_--ta-J-e-I-sf-qSn Ds-Sp-n-bn-p Hcp kwtbm-PnX kao-]-\-amWv kzoI-cn-t-Xv.
]n-a-L--n\v ]q-ambpw ssPhm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv ip]mi sNp-sX--Xn-\m arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-n\v apJy-am-sbmcp ]v hln-m-\pv. A\n-b-{nX Nqj-Wn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-p `qan-bpsS ]p\-cp-o-h-\-n\pw htXm-Xn ssPh-h-kvXp-
Bh-iy-amWv. CXn-\p kpn-c-amb GI t{kmXv Imen-h-f-emWv.
otcm-Xv]m-Z\w cp {][m\ taJe Bb-Xn-\m arK-kw-c--W-ku-I-cy-, arK-BtcmKy \nco--W-kw-hn-[m\w, Imen-o k_vknUn XpS-nb klm-b- sXmgp-p-Ifn hfp Imen-Iv \IWw. \ sXmgp-p-Ifpw imkv{Xob ]cn-]m-e-\-kw-hn-[m-\fpw Ij-Iv e`y-am-Ww.
hInS otcm]m-ZI bqWn-p-Ip-]-Icw aqv \mev Ip-Im-en-I-fp an\n-bq-Wn-pIsf t{]mm-ln-n-Ww. {]tXy-Inpw h\n-X-fpsS kzbw klm-b-{Kq-p-I \S-p bqWnp-Isf.
s\v, [m\y- av `y-hn-f-I Fnh Irjn sNp Hcp kwtbm-PnX kao-]\w
kzoI-cn-m Ij-II
- p-Spw-_
- v t]mj-Im-lmc kpc-n-XXzw Dd-p-hc
- p-p-X
- X
- n\p ]pdta
sXmgp-p-I-fn hfp Imen-Iv Bhiyw t]mse Imen-o-bpw e`y-ampw. BI-bmenXv t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw km-nI klmbw \Ip-Ibpw thWw.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bn cv Id-h-am-Sp-I-sf-n-ep-ap Hmtcm hoSn\pw _tbm-Kymkv m v
m]n-m-\mbn km-nI klmbw \IWw. CXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Dbm\pw
hnd-Ins\ B{i-bn-p-Xv Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc Ipd-bvm\pw klm-bnpw. am{X-hp-a _tbmKymkv mn \np Ah-injvSw hf-ambpw D]-tbm-Knmw. CsXmcp hntPv Xe-n-embm henb _tbm-Kymkv mp-I {]hn-n-m km[npw.
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179

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tXbne tXm--fnse ssPh Dm-Z\w

ZnW ]n-a-L--n Ghpw IqSp-X ev hym]n-p-In-S-p-Xv tXbn-e-tm--fmWv. Am-cmjv{S Xe-n ssPh- tX-bn-ebvv h Bh-iy-am-Wp-Xv. Cu kml-N-cyn tXbn-e-Ir-jnsb arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-hp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-n-Ww. tXbne tXm--fn Hgnp-In-S-p e--fn Ime-Isf hfp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS e`n-p ssPh-hfw tXbne
Irjnv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNmw.
apIm-e--fn tXbn-e-tXm---fnse sXmgn-em-fn-I tXm--fn Imen-Isf hfnbn-cn-pp. Fm-en-tm amt\-Pvsap-I AXv A\p-h-Zn-p-n. CXv ]p\-cm-cw-`nv ins-Sp-m-hp--XmWv. CXp-hgn e`n-p ssPh-hfw tXm-n Xs \nt-]nv ssPh- tXbn-e-bp-sSbpw ssPh- ]m-en-sbpw Dev]m-Z\w hn-nmw.
tXbne tXm--fn If-\m-in-\n-I {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv ]q-ambpw Ah-km-\n-n-Ww.
arK-B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w
]n-a-L--nse Imen-Iv ]e-tcm-K-fpw ]nSn-s]-Sm-dpv. Cu taJ-e-bn NnIn-mku-I-cy- ]cn-an-X-am-I-bm arK-kw-c--W-h-Ipv Cu taJ-e-bn NnIn-m-ku-I-cy-fpw
XpS-bmb hmIvkn-t\-j, hnc-bn-f- XpS-nb tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw in-s-SpWw. hmIvkn-t\-j, {]Y-a-ip-{iqj, ]c--cm-KX arK-]-cn-]m-e\w, {]mtZ-inI kky-
D]-tbm-Kn-p NnIn Fn-h-bn ]cn-io-e-\hpw ASn-b-n-c-k-`-sf ssIImcyw sNm\p ssh`-hhpw D arK-B-tcm-Ky-{]-h-I Hmtcm hnt-Pnepw Dm-bn-cn-p-Xv \XmWv.
Huj-[-k-ky-Irjn
hfp-ar-K-sf NnIn-n-p--Xn\v Huj[ kky- D]-tbm-Kn-p ]c--cm-K-Xamb coXn ChnsS \ne-hn-epv. ]n-a-L--nse Ccw Huj-[-k-ky--fpsS A\n-b-{nX
NqjWw aqew Ah Cv hwi-\mi òj-Wn-bn-emWv. Cu kky--fpsS \gvk-dn-Ifpw Huj-[\nm-W-bq-Wn-p-Ifpw kl-I-c-Wm-Sn-m-\-n ]m-bv Xe-n Bcw-`n-p-Xv A`nIm-ay-amWv. Ccw Huj-[- e`y-am-bm Zqsc-bp Btcm-Ky-tI-{-sf B{i-bn-p-Xn \nv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v c-t\-Sp-Ibpw sNmw.
kvIq hnZymn-Iv t_m[-h-cWw
hfp-ar-K--tfbpw {]mtZ-inI Ip-Imen sshhn-y-sbpw ]n hnZymn-Isf A`ykn-n-t-Xv Bh-iy-amWv. Hcp {]tZ-i-ns kpn-c-hn-I-k-\-n arK- hln-p
\nm-bI ]v IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm Ah ]p\:m]nv kwc-n-t-Xv AXym-h-iyamWv. ]qs\-bnse "`mcXn hnZym-]oT Cn-yqv Hm^v Fhn-tdmsa v FUyp-t-j Xmdm-nb "FIvkvtm-dnv Ah Fhn-tdmsa v: F am\z t^m {Ko kvIq' F tcJbn {]mtZ-inI Ip-Im-en-Isf hf-ens {]m[m\yw hy-am-pp.
Ip-Imen Dev]---fpsS hn]-W\w
hn]-W\w Hcp {]iv\-ambn \ne-\np CS--fn-semw hfp-ar-K--fn \nv e`np Dev]---sfmw \mtim-p-J-am-Im cq]-n-emn kqn-Ww. \ hne e`n-p-hsb aqey-hnX Dev]---fm-Ww. A[nIw hcp ]m s\pw ssXcp-sa-m-amn
amp apcoXn Dt]-n-Ww. shbpw In-ssXcpw t]mse-bp ]pXnb Dev]---fm-n
amp Imcyhpw ]co-nmw. Ccw Dev]---fpsS Db KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-p-h-cp-nbm Ahbvv \ hne e`n-p-sa--Xn kwi-b-an.
2.4. ay-k-v
]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn ay-k--n kw`-hn-p Ipdhv Kuc-h-ap Hcp {]iv\-amWv.
ISay k-p-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm ip-Pe ay-ssh-hnyw ]e Imc-W-fm Ipd-p-h-cn-I-bmWv. ay-k--ns kwc--Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw ]c--cm-K-X-ambn
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n \nn-]vX-am-bn-cpp. Fm-env nXn amdn. Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw sa............................................................................................................................................................................................................
180

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s-Sp-p--Xnepw `y-kp-c Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xnepw ay-k--n-\p {]m[m\yw ]cn-KWn-p-tm kpn-c-X-tbmsS Cu taJe ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-p--Xn\v \nc-h[n {]mtbm-KnI
\S-]-Sn-I Bh-iy-amWv. ay-_--\-h-Ippw av A\p-_--ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv
]m-fn hyh-t- bmsS kwc-W
- \
- S- ]
- S- nv cq]w \IWw. AXn-]p-cm-X\
- I
- mew apXXs
{]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`n-p ay- {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Ghpw k-amb t{]mo-\ns Dd-hn-S-amWv.
DXvWvT Dbp {]iv\

-
IIm-Sp-I DssS Bhm-k-tI-{--fpsS \io-I-cWw
IoS-\m-in-\n-I, hymh-km-bnI amen-\y- XpS-nh aqe-ap aen-\o-I-cWw.
D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb h-kvXp-fpw, amen-\y-fpw \Zn-I-fnepw apw Xp-Xv
icn-bmb \Zn-]-cn-]m-e-\-n-sbpw kwc--W-n-sbpw A`mhw
ay-_--\-nse Aim-kv{XobX (\v Ie-, sshZypXn IS-n-hn-S, ]Sw
s]mn- XpS-n-bh)
\Zn-I-fn sNp-Um-ap-Ifpw apw \nnv Hgpv XSb.
hntZ-i-ay C\-sf IS-n-hn-S
{]P-\\ e--fpsS \io-I-cWw
ay-tcm-K-
A\n-b-{nX NqjWw
A\-[n-IrX Ae-m-c-a-y-hym-]mcw
aW J\\w
ip-Pe XSm-I--fnse AXn-cp-I-S Sqdnkw {]h-\-
hntZ-i-a-y-C-\--fpsS hc-thmsS Xti C\- A[:]Xn-p-Xp-SnbXv.
tIc-f-nse DZm-l-c-W-
tIc-f-nse ssPh-ssh-hny Ie-h-d-I-fn-sem-mb s]cn-bm XSm-I-n \nv ]nSnp ay--fpsS 70% ntesd AXn hfp hntZ-i-a-Xvky-C-\--fmWv. tIc-f-nse
Fm \Zn-I-fnepw "Xntem]y' thp-thm-f-apv. Xt-i-a-y-v òjWn Dbp asmcp
hntZ-in-bmWv B{^n- Imv^njv. tIc-f-nse Pem-i-b--fnepw Ipf--fn-ep-samw [mcmf-ambn hcp hntZ-in-I-fmb ISve, tcmlp, arKm Fn-hbpw \psS \mS ay-C-\--fpsS
\ne-\nn\v ISp òj-Wn-bmWv.
Pe-ns KpW-ta
Pem-i-b--fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-is Irjnv {]tbm-Kn-p cmkIoS-\m-in-\n-I Pe-aen-\o-I-c-Ws cq-am-pp. hyh-km-b- A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb Af-hn IqSp-X sapdn,
knv, ImUvanbw Fnh AS-nb amen-\y- ]pd--pp. henb \Zn-I-fn ay-Iq- Iq-tmsS Nsm-Sp-m CXv Imc-W-am-Ipp. \Zn-I-fn-tev ]pd--p Atam-Wnb-bpsS Afhpw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-b-Xn-t\-m hfsc IqSp-X-emWv. sImn-ta-J-e-bnse hyh-kmb- ]pd--p amen-\y--fn Bkn-Up-I, B-en-I, ^vfqssd-Up-I tdUntbm
hnIn-cW hkvXp- Fnh D-Xmbn Xncn--dn-n-pv. Xqew sImn Imb-ense
Geqhcm-pg `mKw Hcp Duj-c-a-en\ taJ-e-bmbn amdn-smn-cn-pp.
nXn sa-s-Sp-m-\p am-

ay-ssh-hn-yhpw Btcm-Kyhpw hne-bn-cp-m ay kv XpS-bmbn Ah-temI\ -hn-t[-b-am-Ww.
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181

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Pem-i-b--fpsS ASn--n-e-Snv ay--fpsS {]P-\-\s XS--s-Sp-p mnp-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw \ntcm-[n-Ww.

ip-P-e-a-y-ssPh sshhn-yhpw kwc-n-m-\p \S-]-Sn-I ay-\-b-n DsSp-Ww.
hn]p-e-amb kqva`qan-imkv{X ks-bn-eqsS hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp C\--fpsSbpw Chn-sS-am{Xw ImWp C\--fp-sSbpw P\-kwJy, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hnX-cWw
Fn-hsb kw_-n tUm-_mv in-s-Sp-Ww. ]cn-nXn kwth-Z-\--a-X-bpff ay--fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{--fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf kw_-n IqSp-X hnh-c Cu C\--fpsS kwc--W-n-\mbn AIzm-nIv dnkp-I m]n-p--Xn
\s klm-bnpw.
ay--fpsS IpSn-tbw, {]P-\-\-kz-`mhw, òjWn t\cn-Sp--h-bpsS {]Xn-Iqe LS-I XpSn-b-hsb kw_-n hym]-I-amb ks-bn-eq-sSbpw A]-{K-Y-\-n-eq-sSbpw
kzmb--am-Ww. A-c-samcp tUm-t_kv Ch-bpsS kwc--W-n\v Bh-iy-amWv.
km-nI {]m[m-\y-ap C\--fpsS {]P-\-\-n\pw hnIm-k-n\pw Bh-iy-amb am hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
{]mtZ-in-Ihpw hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp-Xpw ISp òjWn t\cn-Sp--Xp-amb C\pw thn am{X-ambn lm-dn-Ifpw apw m]n-Ww.
hntZ-i-a-y-C-\--fpsS {]Ir-Xn-Z Bhm-k-tI-{--fn-te-p IS-p-I-b-s ]n
ka{K At\z-jWw \S-Ww. hntZ-i-C-\--fpsS \nb-{-W-n\pw Izmd-ss\pw thn
tI{- km cq]o-I-cn kan-Xn-bpsS {]h\w IqSp-X ê-{]-Zhpw Ip-a-Xpw
BWw.
hb-ep-Ifpw NXp-p-Ifpw XnI--Xp-aqew ay--fpsS {]P-\-\-ku-Icyw \jvS-s-SpXv Ipd-bvm-\mbn Ii-\-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw A]-{K-Y-\hpw \nbaw \S-m--ep-samw Ddp-h-cp-Ww.
ay t{kmX-p-I-fpsS kpn-chpw \nen-\npw Dd-p-h-cp-m-\p t_m[-h-cW
]cn-]m-Sn-I in-s-Sp-pI.
ay--fpsS {]P-\-\-Im-ev ay-_--\-n\v \nb-{Ww Gs-SppI.
ay-k-t-X- m]n-pI.
]e \mS ay--fp-sSbpw Bhm-k-tI-{- \in-n-p aW J\\w \nb-{npI.
\Zn--c-Isf kwc-n-m-\mbn kztZ-in-k-ky- D]-tbm-Kn-p Id v then m]npI.
dnham-t\-Pvsa v ^v \Zn-If
- psS Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn _-s {]h-\
- v am{Xta
hn\n-tbm-Kn-mhq. av \nm-W-hn-I-k\ {]h-\-v hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-hm km[ya.
Ae-mc ay-k-am-l-c-Ws \nb-{n-pI.
AtXm-dn-n-p \nt-i-
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-p Nne {]h\ \nt-i-
1.
e`y-am-bn-p hyXykvX \b-fpw \nb-a-hy-h--Ifpw GtIm-]n-n-Ww. ip-Pe aysf kwc-n-m\pw Dt-in êw e`n-m-\p-ambn Ch tI{ kwm\ km
Xe-n-ep D]-t`mr GPkn-I hgn \S-m-Ww.
2.
\nb-a-hn-cp--ambn Pem-i-b- It-dp-Xpw cq]-amw hcp-p-Xpw XS-bm Bh-iyamb \S-]-Sn-Iv cq]w \IWw.
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182

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t_mIvkv 3 : sshX-cW ay-k-tXw (alm-cm-jv{S) 22 tabv 2011

sshX-c-W-bn-sebpw kao-]-{]-tZ-i--fn-sebpw AW-s-p-I-fn ki\w \S-p
thf-bn Xms\-Pn--bnse hmS- Xm-eq-nse Xnemkn hnt-Pn at\m-l-c-amb Hcp ay-ktXw ImWm-\n-S-bmbn. \npw Xm]-cy-am-bn-cnpw F Nn-bn-emWv CXv Fgp-XpXv.
Aj sshX-cW AW-s-ns Xmsg -I-n-bp ]md-bnse Acp-hn-bmWv sskv.
CXns Ic-bn-emWv an-tI-iz inh-t{Xw. sXm-Sp Ic-bnse {]tZ-iv Bg-ta-dnb
Ipf-fpw Ah-bn hm sh-hp-apv. Um alvko F ay--fpsS Hcp Bhmk
tI{-am-Wn-hnSw. {inwtKcn AYhm Nn-Kp-sU-bnse t]mse ChnsS ay- Blmcw
tXSn apI-c-n-te-s-m-dn. Fm Chn-Ss ay--fpsS henw XpsK-bnse
CtX C\-n-t-Xn-t\-m hfsc hep-XmWv. ChnsS ao]n-Snw \ntcm-[n-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. ChnsS ay-sf Hcp Xc-nepw iey-s-Sp-p-n. AtX kabw XpWn Ae-,
]m{Xw Igp-I Fnh AhnsS \S-p-pv. 5 hjw ap]v apI-fnse dnkthm-b-dn
\nv ZoL-\m-f-tbvv shw Xpdp hnSm-Xn-cp--Xp-aqew ChnsS ay- Iq-tmsS
Nsm-Spn. Ctm ChnsS asmcp dnkthm-b IqSn-bpv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Ghpw
Dbcw IqSnb AW-sv CXn-\-Sp-mWv Dbp-h-cp-Xv.
2.5 h\-fpw ssPh-ssh-hn-yhpw

imkv{Xob ImgvN-m-tSmsS h\-ssPh sshhn-y-ta-J-esb A]-{K-Yn-m ]pXn-sbmcp
DZyaw Gs-Sp-t ka-b-am-WnXv. sP.Un. _W-ens (1939) Cu \n-N-\-n Cu
imkv{Xob ImgvN-m-Spv. '' imkv{Xw kt-lm--I-Xz-ns Hcp kwL-SnX {]h-\amWv.' 19721980 hsc tI{ _ln-cm-Imi hIpv sk{I--dn-bm-bn-cp s{]m^. kXoiv [hm
Hcp bYm imkv{X--\mWv. cmPy-ns hnkvXo-ns 23 % h\-am-sW h\w
A[n-Ir-X-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-n Atlw kwi-bm-ep-hm-bn-cpp. AXp-sImv Atlw
D]-{K-l-ns klm-b-tmsS Hcp kzX{ At\z-jWw CXp-kw-_-nv \S-m kvt]kv
Unmp-sanse Xs kl-{]-h-I-tcmSv Bh-iy-sp. Ah-cpsS IW-n h\-ns
hnkvXow 14% n Xmsg Bbn-cpp. CXv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Hcp X-n-tev hgn-Xpd-p-Ibpw Hcp Hp-Xov F \ne-bn CXv 19%F \nK-a-\-n Fp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\n`m-Ky-h-im D]-{K-l-ns klm-b-tmsS XpSp A]-{K-Y\ Npa-Xe t^mdv
ks Hm^v Cyv ssIam-dn-b-tXmsS Imcy- hopw ]gb ]Sn-bmbn.
KWn-X-imkv{X XXz-Nn--I-\mb sshv slVns (1927) A`n{]m-b-n ""B[p-\nI
imkv{Xw i-amb hkvXp-XI- Ah bmYmyamsW-nepw As-nepw AwKo-I-cn-pp. A-c-samcp hkvXp-X-bmWv IS-emkp ISp-h-Isf kw_-n-p-Xv. "kcnkvI'bn
ISp-h-Isf ImWm-\n-m-Xn-cp--tmgpw AhnsS ISp-h-I Ds HutZym-KnI shfn-s-Sp-ens\ ]n At\z-jn-m 2005 {][m\ a{n Hcp "ISph I-tk\' cq]o-I-cnp. B Itk-\-bpsS ôUv m^n \nv tiJ-cn hnh-c- NphsS.
]nI 4 : kcnkvI ISph dnknse ISp-h-I-fpsS Fw

hjw
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
ISp-h-I-fpsS Fw
24
26
26
26
27
26
17
17
HutZym-KnI IWv
ôUv m^ns
IWv
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183

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HutZym-KnI IWv a\-]qw sXn--cn-n-p--Xm-sWv CXn \nv hy-amWv.

I-tk\ bYm IW-s-Sp-npw I--W-p-m-n-b-hs-Xnsc bmsXmcp \S-]-Snbp-ap-m-bn. Imcy- apd-t]mse F coXn t]mcm Fm-Wn-Xn-\w.
DXvIW
- vTm-P\
- I
- a
- mb {]iv\
-
h\ssPh sshhn-y-am-t\-Pvsans imkv{Xob ASn-m\w
Cv Cy-bn \ne-hn-ep h\w amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w 150 hjw apv {_no-jpIm Gs-Sp-n-b-XmWv. kpnc êw Xcp Hcp imkv{Xo-b-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wn-sX-mWv
Ah-Im-i-hmZw. Fm imkv{Xo-bhpw kpn-chpw FXv shdpw Ah-Im-i-hmZw am{XamWv.hkvXp-X-I-fpsS Dd ASn--d-bmWv imkv{X-n-\m-[mcw. taev]-d imkv{Xob h\w
amt\-Pvsan\v KpW-ta--bp Umm-t_-kn.
h\w A[n-Ir-X 1960 Ifn h\w kwc--W-nse ""{in-p-t]m-hpI'' F kao-]\w
amn h\w-sX-fnv tXm-f
- m-p B{I-aWcoXn sImph-p. bpm-en-]vk
- v, ss] Fnh
DZm-l-c-Ww. ]s Fp-Xcw hr--fmWv A\p-tbmPyw, Fv Dev]m-Z\w e`npw FXns\ ]n bmsXmcp imkv{Xob Kth-j-Whpw \S-n-bn. As\ ]n-a-L--nse Ghpw
\ h\- shn-am--sp. B ev bqm-en]vSvkv tXm- Dbp-hp. slIvS-dn\v
14 apX 28 S hsc XSn e`n-p-sa-m-bn-cpp IW-p-Iq-. ]s Db tXmXn ag
e`n-p {]tZ-i-am-b-Xn-\m ^wKkv tcmKw aqew Dev]m-Z\w 13 S hsc am{X-ambn ({]kmZv
1984). tIc-f-n-sebpw Im-S-I-n-sebpw ae-s-cn-hp-I-fnse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\- \noh-amb bqm-en-]vkv sImv \ndp.
AXp-t]mse Im-S-I-bnse apf-k--ns\ ]nbpw DuXn-s-cp-n IW-p-I-fmWv
\ne-\n-Xv. hnhn[ C\w hr--fpsS hfm coXnsb kw_-n hnh-c-fpw imkv{Xo-bam-t\-Pvsan Ds-Spp. hyXykvX ]cn-nXn kml-N-cy-n hyXykvX C\w hr-fn "kwc-W tXm-' {ItaW Dt]-n--s \ne-bn-embn (Kp]vX 1981). Hcp apfw Iqn \nv F{X apf-I shn-F-Spmw F-Xns\ kw_-nv Im-SI h\w-h-Ip-n\v
hy-amb [mcW Dm-bn-cp-n. AXp-t]mse Xs apfw Iq-n\v Nppw Hcp kwc--Wsa \ne-bn kzta-[bm Dbp-h-cp apf-I shn-\-in-n--s-Xpw hn\-bmbn. ]pXnb
apfw ssXI s]mn-h-f-cm thn-bmWv Cs\ sNbvX-sX-nepw arK- Iq-am-sbn
CXv \in-n-m Imc-W-ambn.Fm {Kmao-Wv CXv Adn-bm-am-bn-cpp. AXn-\m Ah
kzw Bh-iy-n\v apf-sh-p-tm Nph-n Ipcp-p-\np apf-I \ow sNm-dn-mbn-cpp ({]kmZv, KmUvKn 1981).
\nK-a-\m-Sn-m-\-n-ep I ]-Xn-I
\nK-a-\-n-eqsS bmYmy--fn-te-s-p--XmWv B[p-\nI imkv{Xo-b-coXn. BIbm I-]--Xn-I HutZym-KnI cl-ky- F \ne-bn-e adnv imkv{Xob tcJ-I
F \ne-bn _-s Fm-hpw ]p\hn-Nn--\-n\v e`y-am-p-I-bmWv bYm
imkv{Xob coXn. {]Xo-n-m-hp Af-hn-ep achpw AXv apdn-s-Sp--tijw Ah-ti-jnp Ipnbpw BWv \nK-a-\--Sn-m\w. Dt-in-p Xc-n-ep achpw Ipnbpw e`nmsX hm AXnse imkv{Xob \nK-a\w Fhn-sStbm sXp-]n AXp Xncp-Ww FXmWv. Cs\ ]nb sXv a\-n-emn Xncp-p- {]{In-b-bn Xev]-c-cmb Fm-h-tcbpw
kmt-XnI hnZ-Kv[-tcbpw kaq-l-n \np--h-tcbpw ]s-Sp-n-Ww.
]s, ]e-tmgpw kw`-hn-p-Xv ]pXnb I-]--Xn-I Xmdm-p-tm ]g-b-hbpsS Imcy- - a - X - s - X n- s c- b p Nne ]cm- a i- am{X- a mWv . DZm- l - c - W - n\v
"sbw_ntkm' taJ-e-bnse FVn-]--Xn-bn s] F Iq]pw- Kmem v ]-Xn-bns]
h\w shn-s-fn--epw, hne-]n-Sn-p samw hr--fpsSbpw NqjWn-emWv Iem-in-Xv. hne-]n-Sn-p tXps-sS-bp hr--sfmw kzbw hfp-h-cp-sa sXmb [mcW-aqew kwc-nX h\-{]-tZ-i--fn \np tXps-sS-bp Fm ac-fpw apdnv
\ow sNbvXp. (shs 1964)'' Fm Hcp imkv{Xob kao-]-\-n km[m-cW sNp--Xp............................................................................................................................................................................................................
184

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t]mse Cu \nK-a\w hym]-I-ambn ]p-h-bvp-Itbm, ]cn-tim-[\bvv hnt[-b-am-p-Itbm

Dm-bn.
kpn-c-a-m h\-hn-\n-tbmKw
C{]-Im-c-ap hnh-c- kam-l-cnv t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-sbmcp Nn{X-n\v cq]w \tIXv sUdm-Uq-Wnse h\w Kth-jW Cn-yq-ns Npa-X-e-bmWv. kpn-c-X-bn-m-bva-bpsS
tIm- CXn-eqsS ]pd-p-hcpw. Fm C-c-samcp kwcw`w CXp-hsc Dm-bn-n.
CXn\v A]-hm-Z-ambn Nqn-m-Wn-m-\p-Xv tIc-f-nse Irjn kwL-S-\-bpsS B`nap-Jy-n tIc-f-nse sImw h\w Unhn-js Ncn-{X-s-n tUm.kn.Sn.Fkv. \mb \Snb ]T-\-amWv (FAO 1984) Cu ]T-\-n h\s cmbn hn`-Pnp. acw shm-hp "ske knfpw' ae-s-cn-hp-I Ds hr- apdn-m ]mSn-m "s{]m-
knfpw.' ske- kn-fnse hr--fpsS hf {ItaW Ipdp hcp--Xm-bmWv
]T\w hy-am-p-Xv. CXns\ Hcp "nb s^nv kn' Bn apgp-h hr-fpw
apdn-p-amn GI-hr C\-tXm--a--W-sa-m-bn-cpp [mcW. AtX kabw nc-ambn kwcn-t ae-s-cn-hp-I-fnse s{]m- kn-fn-eps-Spn. CXv AXn-cp-I-S NqjW-n\v hgn Hcpn. ae-s-cp-hn shw XSp \np hr-t]mepw ]mtS apdnp-amn. XpS-bmb AXn-cp-I-S Nqj-W-n-\p Da DZm-l-c-W-am-WnXv.
XpS-bmb Aan-X-Nq-jWw
Cy-bnse h\-hn-`-h- XpS-bmbn AanX Nqj-W-n\v hnt[-b-ambn hcn-I-bmWv.
t] anp-I-fpsS kpn-c-a-m ]v XSn-bpsS hn\n-tbmKw {]kmZpw KmUvKnepw (1998)
hc-p-Im-p-pv. apf kss sNp tIm{Sm-IvSam \n_--\-I Hpw ]men-m-dn.
apf-q---fn \nv ]mI-am-bh am{Xw shn FSp-p--Xn-\p-]-Icw tdmU-cp-In-ep apf-q- Hmbn Ah shn-am-pp. ASp hjw ]pXnb tdmUp-shn Ahn-Spw ]q-ambn
shn-am-pp. anp-I-Sp-p h\- ]q-ambn shn-am--s-Sp-tm AI-se-bp
h\--tfbpw B{I-an-pp. Im-S-I-bnse shv tImv t]an-n BZyw ASp-p
B{-bn-tepw XpSv Khm, Bkmw, Ah-km\w \mKm-emn-tepw tNtdn. t]
\nm-W-n\v Ghpw tbmPn apf-I Xo-tXmsS av ac- shn-sb-Sp-m XpSn.
hn]-Wn-bn Sn\v 5000 cq] hne-bptm, anp-Iv kwm\ km Sn\v 1.50 cq]
k_vknUn \nc-n-emWv apf \In-bn-cp-Xv. {ItaW Icn-n Nnbpw bqm-en-]vS-kpsams Cu anp-I [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-m XpSn.
hnm\ amt\-Pvsa v
h\w A[n-Ir-X-cpsS hnc-m-\-am-t\-Pvsa v ]c-kyhpw ]m-fn hyh--bn-ep--Xpa. ]Icw nXn hnh-c--W-p-I-fpsS kam-l-c-Whpw hymJym-\hpw Nne Ip-I-bmn
hn-cn-b
- mWv. Hcp h\y-Pohn Kth-jI
- \
- mb cLp-\
- Npm-h
- ns A`n-{]m-b
- n \n`mKy-h-im Ign aqv Zi-I--fmbn kwc-n-X-ta-J-e-I-fnse Kth-j-Ws t{]mm-ln-nmt\m km-cn-\p-]p-dv hfp-h-cp hnZ-Kv[-cpsS kwL-S-\-I-fpsS tkh\w {]tbm-P-\s-Sp-mt\m D]-I-cn-p bmsXmcp kwhn-[m-\hpw krjvSn--s-n-n. cXv\w Imp
Imhm-cs \ne-bn \nv Is-m hnm-\-ns sse{_dn \S-p-Ibpw IqSpX ]Tn-m-\mbn P\-sf Wn-p-Ibpw sNp Hcp sset{_-dn-bs \ne-bn-tev \psS
amt\-Pvans \ne-]mSv amdWw. \psS cmPyv kzX-{-amb Kth-j-W-n\v kwc--Whpw
]np-Wbpw \Ip Hcp kwhn-[m-\-n\v cq]w \Ip--Xn kw`-hn ]cm-P-b-amWv Cu
{]iv\- hopw hopw Dm-Im ImcWw''.
Fs (am[hv KmUvKn) kzw A\p-`hw Xs Hcp-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw
Dm-hp--Xn\v ap]v 1980 IfpsS BZyw ]n-a-_w-Km [\-Im-cy-a-{n-bpsS Ay--X-bn
]cn-nXn, h\w {]iv\- N sNm-\mbn sImsm--bn tN tbmK-n AhnSs No^v Ikth- ]d-Xv I-]--Xnsb kmt-XnI tcJ-I-fm-sWpw Ah Hcnepw s]mXp-P-\-v e`y-am-m Ign-bn-s-p-amWv. 1980 IfpsS BZyw Fs Adn-bn-Xv
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185

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sUdm-Uq-Wnse h\w Kth-j-W-tI-{-n-epssS Hcp m]-\-nepw Cy-bvm-bp

I-]--Xn-bpsS ]q-]-Xnv e`y-a-s-mWv. ]noSv F\n-Xv e`n-Xv HmIvkvt^m-Unse
tImashv t^mdkv{Sn Cn-yq-n \nmWv. _kvXm-dnse {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb "km"h\ shn-sh-fp-nv ss]a-c- hp-]n-Sn-n-m ]cn-]m-Sn-bn--tm \nc-h[n Kncn-h
{Kqp-I AXns\ FXnp. Cu ]-Xnsb ]n ]Tn-m \nbp--amb In-n-bn Rm\pw
Ds-n-cpp. ]co--Wm-Sn-m-\-n \S-nb ss] tXm-nse Db Dm-Z-\-ns
ASn-m-\-n-emWv ss] \p-]n-Sn-n-m Xocp-am-\n-Xv. Fm In-n-bpsS ]cn-tim-[-\bn Cu tXmw \in-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xm-bmWv a\-n-em-bXv. CXp kw_-n hyamb tcJ-It]mepw e`y-a-m-bn-cpp. B samw kw`-hhpw Hcp h Xn-m-bn-cpp.
bYm-n h\-/ h\y-Po-hn-I/ kwc-n--s-Sp-ptm?
Cysb Iog-S-nb ka-bv {_no-jp-Im Cysb hnti-jn-n-Xv hr--fpsS Hcp
kap-{Zhpw h\y-Po-hn-I-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-hp-sa-mWv. Cu ss]Xr-Is An-a-dn-Xv tImf-\nhm-gvN-bn XpSw Ipdn imkv{Xo-b-am-t\-Pvsa v F kwhn-[m-\-amWv. kzmX-{y-n-\ptijw Cu \io-I-c-W-n\v Bw hn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. kzIm-cy-h-\- km
Gs-Spp. AXp-hsc Fn-s-Sm Ign-bm-Xn-cp Dh-\--fn-tev hnI-k-\-]--Xn-I-fpsS
t]cn tdmUp-mn h\m-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b--fpsS h\w sIm-b-Sn-p-Xv A\n-b-{n-Xambn XpSp. CsXmw `c-W-h-ns Xmev]-cy-n-\p-thn Bbn-cpp. \n-\-cmb
{Kmao-Wtm Kncn-h kaq-l-nt\m CXn bmsXmcp ]p-an-m-bn-cpp. ]s, ]gn apgph Ahm-bn-cp-p-Xm\pw.
Cu hn`m-K-sf _en-bm-Sm-n-b-Xn\v Da DZm-l-c-W-amWv apt_mws_ kwm-\ns `mK-am-bn-cp D-c-I-S Pn-bnse {Kmao-W-h-\--fpsS IY. Cy h\ \nbaw
(1927) {]Imcw dnkv h\- hntPv h\--fmbn ssIamw sNm-\p hIp--\p-k-cnv
1930 m]n--XmWv Nn{XmKn, apdqIm_n, le-Im hntPv t^md-p-I. Cu 3 hnt-PpI-fp-sSbpw hj--fm-bp sa-s kmaq-ly-Xe amt\-Pvsans\ {]Ion-p-sImv 1922se
Pn-bnse h\w ]cmXn At\z-jW In-n-bpsS ip]mi-bpsS ASn-m-\-n-em-bn-cpp CXv.
`mjm-kw-m\ cq]o-I-c-W-tmsS D-c-I-S Pn Im-S-I-n tNp--Xp-hsc Cu
kwhn-[m\w \mbn {]hn-n-cpp.Im-S-I-h\w \nb-a-n hntPv h\-v hIpn-sv ]d-p-sImv hntPv h\w In-n-Isf ]ncn-p-hn-Sm Im-SI h\w-h-Ipv t\mokv
\In. t\mokv e`nv 15 Znh-kw- sImv Nn{XmKn {Kma-hm-kn-I Ahn-Ss CS-Xq-h\w
apgp-h \in-np. le-Im-dn-sebpw apdqIm-t_-bn-sebpw Bfp-I Ao \In. le-Imdnse P\- 28 hjw tIkv \Sn hnP-bnp. Ahn-Ss hntPv h\- Cpw Ah
\mbn ]cn-]m-en-pp.
kcn-kvI-bnse ISp-h-Isf kw_-nv 6 hjw ap]v \S kn._n.sF. At\z-j-Wn Is-n-bXv HutZym-KnI Iqm-bva-tbmsS AmsX ISp-h-Isf th-bm-Sm Ign-bn-smWv. Fm H DtZym-K--s\-tmepw CXns t]cn CXp-hsc ]nSn-Iq-Sn-bn-n. \nc-h[n
{Kma-hm-kn-Isf Adv sNbvXp t]meokv Xn--Xp.
CubnsS h Hcp hm- NphsS tNp-Xv ImWpI (t_m-Ivkv-4)
t_mIvkv 4: tjme-h\ \io-I-c-Ws kw_-nAt\z-jWw

h\-kw-c-W \nb-a-nse hyh--I ewLnv sImssS-\m-ense tjme-h-\-fpsS Hcp `mKw shn-\-in-np. Hcp dntkmv \nn-p--Xn\v A\-[n-Ir-X-ambn tdmUp-shm thn Bbn-cpp CXv. h\w hIp-ns A`n-{]m-b-n s]cp-am asse Unhn-j\nse ISph tjme (\nXy-l-cnXw) dnkv h\-ns Hcp `mKw {]mtZ-inI h\w DtZym-K Xs shn-amn. CXp kw_-nv sImssS--\m kncp-asse t^mdv Unhn-j\nse Pnm t^mdv Bô-kn sI.]f-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n-ep DtZym-K--kwLw At\zjWw \Sn dntmp kanp.
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186

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dntmp {]Imcw ASpw hnt-Pnse kzIm-cy-`q-an-bn \nv 3000 Atjy ac-

apdn-m Unn-K Pnm `c-W-IqSw A\p-aXn \In. CXns ad-hn kzImcy `qD-Sa 362
In.ao. \ofhpw 3.50 ao hoXn-bp-ap ]pXn-sbmcp tdmUp-shn. henb b{- D]-tbm-KnmWv tdmUv \nn-Xv. XS--am-bn-\n Fm tjme-h-\-hr--fpw aqtSmsS ]ngp-Xp-amn.
h]m-d-I ssU\-anv hv s]mnp \on.
sImssS--\m Akn- v t^mdv Ikth- 2011 amv 24 \v ssSK tjme
dnkv h\- ]cn-tim-[n--tm am{X-amWv Cu kw`hw ]pdw-tem-I-a-dn-bp-Xv. Atlw
DSXs CXv sImssS--\m Pn t^mdv Bô-ksd Adn-bnp. h\w hIpv DtZym-K Hcp tIkv cPn- sNp-Ibpw cv sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aPn-kvt{Sns apn lmP-cm-m sImp-t]m-Ish Ch-cn-sem-cm HmSn c-sp. CXm-bn-cpp
CXp kw_-n HutZym-KnI hni-Zo-I-cWw.
bYm Ip-hm-fn-Isf ]nSn-Iq-Sm Ign-bm--Xp-aqew tIkv cPn- sNm sshIn.
tdmUv \nm-W-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn b{- ]nSn-s-Sp-m Ign-bm-Xn-cp-Xpw CXp kw_nv Pnm t^mdv Bô-kv bYm-k-abw dntmv \Ip--Xn t^mdv sdbn-
hcp-nb hogvNbpw dntmn Nqn-m-n-bn-pv. tjmf-h-\-ns {]m[m\yw Adn-bm-ambn-cp-npw dnkhv h\-n-eqsS tdmUp-sh-m A\p-h-Zn-Xpw bqm-en-]vkv ac- apdnm A\p-h-Znpw ap]v Pnm t^mdv Bô-k ew ]cn-tim-[n-m-Xn-cp-Xpw IrXyhn-tem]w Xs.
]cn-tim-[\ \S-nb kvs]jy Sow Is-nb henb \nb-a-ew-L-\--fn NneXm-WnXv. D-c-hm-ZnXzw \nd-th-p--Xn hogvN hcp-nb h\w hIpv DtZym-K--cpsS
t]cp-Ifpw dntmn FSp-p-]-d-n-pv.
""ssSK tjme dnkv h\-n-eqsS shnb tdmUv kzImcy `qan-bn-eqsSbmWv shnb-sXv hcpnov h\-`qan kzIm-cy-hynv ASn-bd hbvm\pw {iaw \Sp FXv
A[n-t-]ml-am-sWpw'' dntmn ]d-bpp.
ChnsS 20 slIvS h\ `qan-bmWv kzImcy ]b `qan-bm-m {iaw \S-Xv.
km-nI Imcy--aX
Cy-bpsS ]cn-an-X-amb km-nI hn`-h-- ]mgm-p {]h-\-amWv s]mXp-taJem m]-\-fpw kmcpw \S-pXv. CXp kw_-nv Nne \nmbI ]T-\- \Sn-pv. A-c-n-ep HmWv D-c-J-nse hm ]m-bv amt\-Pvsapw kmcns Bt]-nI Imcy--a-Xbpw kw_-nv tkma-\m-Y \S-nb ]T\w. km amt\Pvsans\ At]-nv sNehv Ipdhpw Imcy--aX IqSp-X-ep-amWv kaq-l-am-t\-Pvsan-s\-Xn\v i-amb sXfn-hp-I thp-thm-f-apv. hm ]m-b-p-I h\kwc--W-ns
Imcy--a-X-bn km-cn-t\mfw \nevp-tm sNehv AXns 1/10 am{Xw aXn. ]m-bv
h\-fn hr-p-m-Ip \mi-\jvSw dnkhv t^md-n-te-Xn-t\-m KWy-amb Afhn Ipd-hmWv Fv ]T\w hy-am-p-p. (Baland et al, 2008)
`c-W-]-c-amb KpW-ta
]oV\w
h\wh\y-Pohn hIp-ns `c-W-]-c-amb KpW-ta \pap-smp ]cn-tim-[nmw. h\w-hIpv DtZym-K- Ah-cpsS \nb-{-W-A-[n-Im-c- D]-tbm-Knv {Kmao-W-tcbpw Kncn-h
kaq-l-sbpw ]oVn-n-p-Ibpw sIm-b-Sn-p-I-bp-amWv sNp-Xv. cmPyw apgp-h Cu coXnbnemWv Imcy- \S-p--sXv Fm-hpw Adn-bm-sa-nepw CsXmpw icn-bmbn tcJs-Sp-m {ian-n. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse "KSvNn-tcmfn',\_m Pn-I-fnse h\m-Xnn-bnep {Kmao-W-cp-ambn am[hv KmUvKn IqSn-mgvN \Sn. h\w hIpv DtZym-K- Hmtcm
hjhpw Cu {Kma-hm-kn-I-fn \nv ]e cq]-nepw C\-nepw 1500 apX 3000 cq]-hsc Xn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
187

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sb-Sp-p--Xm-bmWv dntmv. Cy-bn 2 tImSn-tbm-f-am-fp-I CXp-t]mse h\m-Xnnbn Pohn-p-pv. Ch Hcp hjw icm-icn 1000 cq] hoXw \In-bmepw 2 _ney cq]bpsS Hcp At[m-temI k-ZvL-S-\-sb-bmWv kqNn-n-p-Xv.
HutZym-KnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I \S-m-p--Xnse hogvN
Cy-bn-env Kncn-h `qan-I-fnepw ap-amWv {]IrXn At-bw I\n--\p-{K-ln-pXv. Fm {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu k-n-\-cn-In Ign-bp P\-hn-`m-K- Zmcn-{Zyhpw t]mjIm-lmc Ipdhpw aqew Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-pp. k--X-bpsS \Sp-hnse Zmcn{Zyw F Cu Ahbvv am-ap-m-IWw. {]Ir-Xnsb kwc-n-p-Ibpw ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv
\psS kzw P\-Xsb i{Xp--fmbn Ip-sIm-. \psS kaq-l-nse ]e LS-I-fpw
\psS `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw Cs {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb temIv ]e apdn-hp-Ifpw Dm-nsm-n-cn--bmWv. BI-bm {]IrXn hn`-h- A-S--tmSpw Imcy--a-ambpw hn\ntbm-Kn-m \mw ]Tn-Ww. {]Ir-Xn-tbm-S-Spp Ign-bp hn`m-K--fpsS ta \nb-{-Wtas-Sp-n-smv CXv t\Sm Ign-bn. ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS Btcm-Ky-kw-c--W-n Cu
kaq-l-v hen-sbmcp ]p-h-ln-m-\pv. {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb Imcy--fn {]mtZ-inI kaqlw
{i-h-bvp-Xv Cv hnc-f-amWv. CXn-\p-Im-c-Ww {_no-jp-Im-cpsS Imew apX Xs {]IrXn-hn-`-h--fn-t P\-v Ah-Imiw \ntj-[n-p-Ibpw XpS--n tImf-\n-hm-gvNbpsS Xmev]-cy-n-\p-th-nbpw ]noSv hymh-km-bnI, \K-c-Xm-ev]-cy-p thnbpw
Ch ASn-b-d-h--XmWv. Hmtcm hjhpw \qdp-I-W-n\v cq]-hn-e-bp Am-dp-m-m am
Xcp henb amhp-I sshpUv hyh-km-b-n\v \Ip-Xv shdpw 6 cq]-bvmWv. Ccw
Xe-Xn-cn t{]mm-l-\-fpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse kwc-n-m-\p P\--fpsS Xmev]cyw \innp.
`mKy-h-im Ctm Imv Xncn--Sn-p-sIm-n-cn--bmWv. kwbp h\w amt\Pvsa v,]m-bv cmPv ]n-I-ta-J-e-I-fn-tev hym]n-n-p-Xv, kky-C-\-fpw Ij-Is
Ah-Im-i-fpw kwc-n-p \nbaw, ssPh-ssh-hn-y-\n-baw, ]nI hw av ]c--cm-KX
h\-hmknI-fpsS h\m-h-Imi \nbaw, XpS-n-bh {]IrXn hn`-h--fn-t {]mtZ-inI kaq-ln\v KWy-amb Ah-Im-i- \Ip-pv. Cu Ah-Im-i-smw Nne IS-a-I-fpapv.
{]IrXn kv kpn-camw hn[hpw Imcy--a-ambpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-pI F D-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-WXv. AtX kabw {]Ir-Xnsb kwc-n-p-Ibpw {]IrXn hn`-h-sf ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-pIbpw sNp--tXm-sSmw \nXy-hr-nv hI-I-s-m\pw alm-m-Kmn tZiob {KmaoW
sXmgnep-dp ]Xn klm-bn-pp. taev]-d \nb-a--fnse hyh--I Hcp kwtbm-PnX
coXn-bn hn\n-tbm-Kn-m henb t\-ap-m-m \apv Ignbpw.
Cu P\m-[n-jvTnX \nb-a-s-]n ]epw ]e sXn-m-c-W-I-fp-apv. Ah `b-s-SpXv
Kncn-h-mcpw av ]c--cm-K-X-h-\-hm-kn-Ipw \Ip Ah-Imiw htXm-Xn
acw-ap-dn-m CS-bmpw.
Cu \nbaw h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-sbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[npw.
kmaq-ly-h\ hn`-h- Imcy--a-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-m-\p tijn Kncn-P-\-pw
h\-hm-kn-Ip-an.
h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS `qan ]pd-p-\n-p--h Xn-sb-Sp-m\pw {]IrXn k-n-\m k-amb `qan It-dm\pw CXv CS-bmIpw.
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v ]Icw km kwhn-[m-\-n\v IqSp-X A[n-Imcw \Inbm Fm-bn-cnpw kw`-hn-pI Fv \mw Btem-Nn-Ww.? Cs\ sNbvXm h\-sbpw
h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw CXn-t\-m sa-s coXn-bn kwc-n-ptam? ]pdp \np--h-cpsS
Itw Ahkm\n-ptam? kzmX-{ym-\--c-ap Ign 6 Zi-I--fnse \psS A\p-`hw
]cn-K-Wn-p-tm {_no-jp-Im BZy-ambn ChnsS Imep-Ip-p-tm hr--fpsS kap{Zw
F-h hnti-jn-n Cy-bnse h\--fpsS Cs Ah FmWv.?
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188

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kzIm-cy-h\w DS-a-I-fpsS ssIh-i-am-bn-cp cmPys `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 11% h\w A[nIr-Xv ssIam-dn-bt- m Imcy- \S-p-X
- nse Ime-Xm-ak
- hpw Agn-aX
- nbpw htXmXn-ep h\-\-io-I-c-W-n\v Imc-W-ambn.
hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I-fn-eqsS h tdmUp-I ap]v Fn-s-Sm Ign-bm-Xn-cp Dh-\-fnse km h\--fn \np XSn-shv Ffp--amn.
h\ A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-v apfbpw ]n-\p-th-n-bp hhr--fpw shdpw
Xp-amb hnebvv \In-bXv Cu hn`-h--fpsS samw \mi-n-tev hgn-sX-fnp.
tUm. kenw Aen-bp-sSbpw {ioaXn Cn-cm-Km-n-bp-tSbpw A`n-{]m-b-n kwm-\-fnse h\w hnI-k\ tIm-td-j-\p-I ê-n h\w \io-I-c-W-tIm-td-j-\p-Ifmbn. Chbvp ]Icw h\- hp-]n-Sn-n-msX \ne-hn-ep-ff {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb k-h-\- shn-\-in-np.
]e Imc-W- ]dv hnip h\- shn-\-in-n--Xn apJy-]v h\w-h-Ip-n\mWv.
h\w hIpv DtZym-K-sc P\- i{Xp--sf-tmse ImWp-tmgpw hoc--s\-t]mep sImSpw-Ip--hm-fn-I Im-S-I-n-sebpw Xan-gv\m-n-sebpw N-\-m-Sp-I sImb-Snpw sIm-\m-\-Isf th-bm-Snbpw \nc-h[n km DtZym-K-sc h[npw Bpw
]nSn-m Ign-bmsX 2 Zi-I- \mSns\ hnd-nv Ign-p-IqSn.
km Bh- i ym- \ p- k - c Ww k- nI klmbw \Inb "kcnkv I ISph
ktX"nse apgp-h ISp-h-I-sfbpw th-bmSn. Poh-t\m-sS-bp ISp-h-I-fpsS Fw
kw_-nv sXmb hnh-c- \In-b-X-msX km kwhn-[m\w AXn-\-pdw
asmpw sNbvXn.
h\w A[n-Ir-X-cpsS P\-hn-cp \b- aqew hfsc k--amb h\y-Pohn kt-X-amb
"tIymem-tZhv Lm\m'' \mj-W ]mvt]mepw Ah-Xm-f-n-embn.
XpS-bmbn sXmb hmKvZm-\- \Ip-Ibpw P\-Iob kwL-S-\-Isf Zp_-e-s-Spm ]c-am-h[n {ian-p-Ibpw Agn-aXn kwhn-[m-\-n-tev Bfp-Isf tImHm]vv sNm
{ian-p-Ibpw sNbvXnpw CXns\ AXn-Po-hn-p-sImv \psS P\- Cu cwKv Fp
]v hlnp Fv ]cn-tim-[n-p-Xv \m-bn-cnpw.
cmPy-p-S\
- ofw apJy ssPh-hn-`h
-
- f
- mb ]e hr-fpw Cpw [mcmfw \ne-\npp.
P\- Xnn-mp tIc-f-nse Xoc-tZ-i--fnse hnip--h-\--fn ]pXnb ]e
]pjv] k-ky-fpw Cpw \mw Is-pp.
Ipc-p-Ifpw aq-I-fp-samw Cpw cmPy-ns ]e `mKpw Pohn-pp.
"Nnmc', "mv_v' , ' \nKmbv' Fn-h-bpsS Fw bYm-n IqSn-sm-ncn-p-I-bm-Wv. arK-sf th-bm-Sp--hsc ]nSn-Iq-Sp--Xn P\- hen-sbmcp ]v hlnp-pv.
cmP-m-\n "Hdmkv' t]mse-bp kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h- kwc-n-p-Xv P\-fmWv.
\mKm-emn an kmaq-ly-h-\--fp-sSbpw \S-nv Imcy--a-amWv.
D-cm--en hm ]m-b-p-I-fmWv h\-hn-`-h- Imcy--a-ambn ssIImcyw sNpXv.
a[y-`m-c-X-nse \nc-h[n {Kma-k-aq-l- t\cs Ahv Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-cp
h\-hn-`h- \mbn ssIImcyw sNp-pv.
Im-S-I-nse "le-Im"t]mse-bp hnt-Pp-I-fn km kwhn-[m-\-ns B{Ia-Wsf AXn-Po-hnpw hntPv h\- \mbn kwc-n--s-Sp-pv.
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189

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cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse Ij-I Ah-cpsS kzImcy h\- \mbn kwc-n-p-pv.

Hdo-k-bn kzbw cq]o-Ir-X-amb Bbn-c--W-n\v h\w kwc--W-k-an-Xn-I kmaq-lykw-c--W-n Iogn sImp-h-n-p h\- \mbn ]p\-cp-o-hn-np-pv.
(kznvke-Unse Cs h\- ]q-ambpw kmaq-ly-h-\-`q-an-I-fn ]p\-cp-ohn-n-s-Sp--Xm-sW-Xv {]tXyIw {]m[m-\y-aln-pp.)
{]mtZ-inI ssPh Bhmk hyh--bpsS BtcmKyw \ne-\np--Xns {]tbm-P\w
\n-b-ambpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-ImWv. Cu ssPh-B-hmk hyh-sb Ghpw ê-{]-Z-ambn
kwc-n-m\pw Imp-kq-n-m\pw Ign-bp-Xpw Ahp-Xs. Cu ssPh Bhmk hyhsb kw_-n {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]tXyI Adn-hp--h Ch-cm-I-bm Ah th-hn[w
kwc-nv hfm\pw ChmWv Ign-bpI.
\psS {]IrXn hn`-h- ]p\-cp-o-hn-nv kwc-n-m\pw AtX kabw Xs P\Po-hnXw sa-s-Sp-m P\--fp-ambn tNv {]hn-m-\p [mcmfw Ah-kcw Cpv.
h\-\n-b-a--fpsS A-k A-c-nepw Bi-b-nepw Dsm-p-sImv {]hn-m
\mw k--cm-IWw.
h\-f
- psS ]cn-kc
- v Pohn-p \n-\cpw ]miz-h-cn-s
- -h
- c
- p-amb P\-p
IqSn h\-h-ev-c-W-ns {]tbm-P\w e`y-am-m thn-bmWv 20 hj-p-ap]v kwbp-h\w amt\-Pvsa v ]cn-]mSn Xm-dm-n-bXv ]s AXn\v t]mcm-bva-I ]e-Xm-bn-cpp.
Ah-cpsS \nb-{-W-n-ep h\--fn B hnt-Pnse Fm Xma-k-mcpw amt\Pvsanepw h\-De
- v]
-
- f
- nepw Ah-Imiw \In-bn-cp-n. kwbp-a
- m-t\-Pvsa v {Kqn
\nv \n-\cmb {Kma-hm-kn-Isf ]q-ambn Hgn-hm-n-bm-bn-cpp.
kwbp--am-t\-Pvsa v {Kqp-Iv hy-am-sbmcp Imem-h[n Dm-bn-cp-n. h\w hIpn\v GXp ka-bpw Ah-cpsS \nb-{Ww Gs-Sp-m-am-bn-cpp. CXp-aqew h\-n
\nt]w \Sn hnI-kn-nv kwc-n-m Ahv Xm]cyw Ipd-hm-bn-cpp.
amt\-Pvsan IqSp-X \nb-{-W
- t- fmsS CS-s]-Sm-\p A[n-Imcw Ctmgpw kwm\
h\w hIp-n \nn-]vX-amWv.
h\-kw-c-Ww \nco-n-m-\p kpXm-cy-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn-en. BI-bm
kwbp h\w amt\-Pvsans ê-{]m]vXn hne-bn-cp-m-\m-h-iy-amb nXn-hn-h-c--W-pI \psS ssIh-i-an. hntI-{o-I-cW amt\-Pvsans sa-s-smcp amXrI D-c-J-nse
"IpabqWn' (Kumaun) 1930 Bcw-`n hm ]m-bv kwhn-[m-\-amWv. km amt\Pvsa v kwhn-[m-\s At]-nv sNehv Ipdhpw ê-{]m-]vXn-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amWv. kmaq-ly-am-t\Pvsa v kwhn-[m-\-sa--Xn\v Ipabq-Wn \nv i-amb sXfnhv e`n-n-pv. hm ]m-bp-I-fpsS h\w kwc--W-kw-hn-[m\w km-cn-t-Xn-t\mfw ê-{]-Zhpw AXns ]nsemp am{Xw sNehv hcp--Xp-amWv. Cu \nK-a\w icn-h-bvp asmcp ]T-\-n Isn-bXv hr-\-io-I-cWw hm ]m-bv h\--fn dnkv h\--fn-te-Xn-t\-m hfsc
Ipd-hm-sW-mWv.
2006 se h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw Kncn-h-mcpw av h\-hm-kn-Ipw Ah-Im-i-sa \nebn-emWv h\--fpsS kmaq-ly-am-t\-Pvsa v A\p-h-Zn-n-p-Xv. ]s, kmaq-ly-am-t\-Pvsa v
kwhn-[m-\-ns LS-\bpw A[n-Im-chpw \nb-a-n hy-a. Ign hjs [\-X-Xzim-kv{X-nse t\m_tP-Xm-hmb Fen-s\m Hmkvt{Sm-ans A`n-{]m-b-n kmaq-ly-amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m-\-ns cq]-tcJ sa-s-Sp-m-Xn-cp-m am{Xta h\--fpsS _pn]q-amb D]-tbm-K-n\v AXv t{]mm-l-\-amIq.
Cy-bn h\--Spv P\- Xma-kn-p apgp-h {]tZ-i-pw thn
\mbn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvX Hcp kmaqly amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w \S-m-Ww. CXn-eqsS
kwc-nX dnkvUv h\--fpsS `c-W-]-c-amb sNe-hn 90% hsc em`n-m\pw h\-cnsI Pohn-p P\--fpsS taw Dbm\pw Ign-bpw.
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190

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t_mIvkv 5 : kwbp--h\w amt\-Pvsa v;

]n-a-L--n \np Hc-\p-`hw
]n-a-L--nse ZnW I-S-bn-ep _-m-Sn-bnse \mK-cnI tkh {Sv
Im-S-I-bnse Ip]pc Unhn-j-\n kwbp h\w-am-t\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w Gs-Spp--Xns BZy-L--n (1993) hfsc kPo-h-am-bn-cpp. h\--fpsS hnI-k-\-nepw
kwc--W-nepw P\-Io-b-]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-m Ign-bp-sa--Xn-\m Im-SI h\w
hIp-nse Db DtZym-K--cmb Fw.F. dmw{]-Imiv, sI.F. aqn Fn-h hntPv
h\w kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cn-p--Xn Xev]-c-cm-bn-cpp. _-mSn Xmeq-nse "joemep'
hnt-Pn-emWv BZy-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-Xv. "sh\pcp' tdn 11 kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cn-m
\mK-cnI {Sv klm-bnp. kzw A[n-Im-chpw \nb-{-Whpw \jvS-s-Sp-sap `b h\wh-Ip-nse av DtZym-K- CXns\ i-ambn FXnp. Fm taev]-d 2 DtZym-K-cpsS {]Xn-_--X-aqew Ip-]pc Unhn-j-\n Cu k--sf-sbmw AXn-Po-hnv 100
kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cnp. sXm-Sp awK-em-]pcw Unhn-j-\n km-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-I-fpsSbpw \mK-cnI {Sn-sbpw FXnv Ah-K-Wn-p-sImpw XSn-hym-]m-cn-I-fpsS ]npW
Bn-p-sImpw 25 kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cnp. Ah-km\w Cu kan-Xn-I-sfmw bmsXmcp
P\-]-m-fn--hp-an-msX h\w hIp-ns Iogn-embn.
hntPv h\w kan-Xn-Ifpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-\n-ba {]Imcw cq]o-I-cn ssPh-ssh-hny
amt\-Pvsa v kan-Xn-Ifpw Xn bmsXmcp GtIm-]-\hpw Dm-bn-cp-n. Cu cv kan-XnI-fp-sSbpw NpX-e-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-fpw hy-ambn \n-ln--s-n-cp-n. {]Xo-bvsmv Dbn-s-nt]mepw ssPh sshhn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v kan-Xn-I Gsd P\m[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-hhpw ]m-fn kz`m-hhpw D-h-bm-bn-cpp. ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v
kanXn hn]p-eo-I-cnv hntPv h\w kan-Xn-I-fpsS taJ-e-IqSn Ahbvv Iogn sImp-h-cnItbm h\w kan-Xn-I Ah-bn ebn-n-p-Itbm sNWw.
CXp-aqew IqSp-X ]m-fn-hpw D-c-hm-Zn-hpw DmIpw.
kwbp--h\w amt\-Pvsa v kmaqly h\w amt\-Pvsa v Bn amp-I

tZiob h\w \b-n 1988 apX Xs h\w \b-ns {][m\ eyw {]mtZ-inI
Bh-iy- \nd-th-dp-I-bm-sWv AwKo-I-cn-npv. dh\yq hcp-am\w Dm-p--Xn\v \bn cmw m\ta Iev ] n- n- c p- pq. ssPh sshhn- y- k w- c - Ww, h\- ns
hnkvXow hn-n-pp, Dm-Z\ aX IqpI XpS-nb ey- ssIh-cn-m-\mbn
kv{XoI Ds-sS-bp P\-sf ]s-Sp-n-p-sImv Hcp h P-\-Iob Iqm-bvabvv cq]w
\I-W-sa-mWv \bw ip]mi sNbvXXv.
Cu \b-ns A\-c ê-amWv 1990-I-fn tI{ h\w--]-cn-nXn a{m-ebw,
A[:]Xn h\- ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m kwbp h\amt\-Pvsa v kvIoap-Iv cq]w
\Im \nt-in-p-sImv kwm-\-v kp-e Ab-Xv.
kwbp h\amt\-Pvsa v ]co-Ww ]e e--fnepw ]e A\p-Iqe ê--fp-mn-sb-nepw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Dm-bn-cpp. In-n-bpsS FIvkv Hôtjym sk{I--dn-bmb h\w
hIpv DtZym-K--\mWv ssZ\w-Zn\ Imcy- \n-ln-n-cp-Xv. av Xocp-am-\- h\w hIpmWv ssIsIm-n-cp-Xv. Ah-cpsS {][m\ {i s]sv hf-cp C\w ac- \p-]n-Sn-np--Xn-em-bn-cpp. Nne D`-b-In Icm-dp-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n XpS-n-bh Bbn-cp--Xn\m AXns ^v Xocp--tXmsS ]-Xnbpw Ah-km-\n-p-am-bn-cpp.
hnt-Pnse hnc-en-se-m-hp "D-X' B\p-Iq-ey- I-S-p hfsc Kuc-h-ap
{]iv\w Fm ]m-fn km ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw (hm sjUv hnI-k\w t]mse) kw`-hn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
191

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p--XmWv. h\w amt\-Pvsan {]tXy-Inpw. ImcWw, s]mXp-hmb hn`-h- Fs\

]n-S-W-sav Nnn-p hyXykvX Xmev]-cy-m-cm-Wn-hnsS DXv. h\n-X-I, hndIv Ib-ndv sXmgn-em-fn-I, h\ D-- tiJ-cn-p--h, ac-hym-]m-c-n \nv em`w {]Xonp--h Fn-h-scmw CXn-epsSpw.
D-X-cpsS CS-s]-S sImv tZmjw kw`-hn-p-Xv ]miz-h-cn--s hn`m-KmW.v bYm P\-]-m-fn-s adn-I-Sv Ch-sc-smv ]Xn eyw t\Sp-Xv,
h\w-h-Ip-n\pw kuI-cy-amWv.
h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse 3 (1) (i) hIp-p-{]-Imcw kwbp- -h\amt\-Pvsan\v Iogn
hcp {]tZ-i-fpw hntPv amt\-Pvsan\v Iogn hcp h\-fpw Hcp kmaq-ly-hn-`-h-ambn-Iv kaqlw ssIImcyw sNWw. h\w hIpv CXn\v kwc--Whpw kmt-XnI ]npWbpw \IWw. kpnc hn\n-tbm-Khpw kwc-W \n_--\-Ifpw Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw
thWw.
h\ Ah-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw kwbp h\-am-t\-Pvsa v Fs-Sp-m {Kma-k-`tbm kaqltam Xm-dm-Ip-n-s-n kwbp-- h\amt\-Pvsa v kan-Xn-Isf {Kma-k-`-bpsS \nb-{-Wn sImp-h-cm km GI-]-ob Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-Ww. As\ Bbm kanXn
AwK-sf P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb coXn-bn {Kma-k` sXc-s-Sp-pp Fv Dd-p-h-cp-m
Ignbpw. ap A\p-`-h--fn \nv km Imcy- ]Tn-p-sapw kwbp- -h\amt\Pvsans\ IqSp-X P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-chpw ]m-fn--]-chpw Bp-sapw ]mh-s--h-cpsS PohnXm-h-iy-v apnb ]cn-K-W\ \Ip-sapw R {]Xo-n-pp.
sNdp-InS h\w Dev]---fn-eqsS AXnPoh\-n\v klmbw
kmaq-ly- h\amt\-Pvsan-s\bpw ]m-fn kwbp h\amt\-Pvsan-s\bpw t{]mmln-n-m ]c-am-h[n {ia- \S-p-tmgpw {]mtZ-inI kaqlw D]-tbm-Kn-p hen-sbmc-fhv h\-fpw Ch-bpsS {]h\ ]cn-[nv shfn-bn-emWv. Ccw {]tZ-i--fnepw amt\Pvsa v kan-Xn-I-fpsS \nb-{-W-n-ep {]tZ-i--fnepw 1988 se h\\b-a-\p-k-cnv h\ D--fpsS Dev]m-Z\w ]c-am-h[n hn-n-m km \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-Ww. h\--fpsS
DS-a-m-h-Imiw kaq-l-n\v ssIam-dp--Xns \nb-a-]-cn-c sImp-am{Xw tiJ-cn-p
h\-hn-`-h--fpsS Af-hnepw KpW-ta--bn-ep-ap Ipd-hp-Ifpw hcp-am-\-\-jvShpw ]cn-l-cn-m
Ign-bn. h\-\-io-I-caw, kn{i h\--fpsS m\-p a\p-jy-\nnX h\-v apKW\ \Ip-Xv, \nb-{-W-N--qSv, h\-hn-`-h-fpw h\hpw hyh-km-b-mbn hn\n-tbmKn-p-Xv hn`-h
- f
- psS hn]-W\
-
- n km GPkn-Ifpw Icm-dp-Imcpw \S-p NqjWw
XpS-n-b-h-bmWv CXn\v ImcWw.
BI-bm h\ Ah-Im-in-\n-baw \S-m-p-sa Dd-n\v ]pdsa h\-hn-`-h- h\-hm-knI-fpsS PohnXw sa-s-Sp-m-\mbn ]c-kv]c _n-X-amb 3 {]iv\- IqSn ]cn-l-cn-t-Xpv.
1.
h\-hn-`-h--fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Fs\ hn-nmw.?
2.
Cu hn`-h- ]mh-s--hv e`y-am-p-Xv Fs\?
3.
Ch-bpsS hn]-W-\-n-eqsS Ch-cpsS hcp-am\w Fs\ ]c-am-h[n Dbmw?
]e D---fp-sSbpw Dev]m-Z\w ]c-am-h[n hn-n--W-sa-n AXn\v ]co--Wfpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw Dm-IWw. CXn\v ans ê-`q-bn-jvTX hn-nv {]Ir-Xn-Z
h\-]p-\-cp-o-h\w t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw Ipn-s-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw Ipn-m-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw amt\Pvsan {in-p-Ibpw thWw. DZm-l-c-W-n\v a[y-{]-tZ-in-se-bpw, B{-{]-tZ-in-sebpw
"km' hr--fpsS Ctm-gs amt\-Pvsa v sImv h\w-h-Ipv Dt-in-p-Xv XSnpthn
am{X-ap--XmWv. AXn-\m Hcp Iqv (shoot) am{Xta hf-cm A\p-h-Znq. Fm [mcmfw
inJ-c-fpw Cebpw D hr-am-WnXv. \in h\--fntem hnt-Pn-t\m-S-Sp-p Ipp-Ifntem Cu hrw imtJm-]-im-J-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn hf-cm A\p-h-Zn-m imJ-Ifpw Cebpw C\-ambn D]-tbm-Knmw.
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192

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t^mdv kokv sa-s-Sp-m

h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-ahpw kwbp h\w amt\-Pvsapw t^md-amcpw {]mtZ-inI h\-hmkn-Ifpw Xn ASp _w ]pet--Xn-\m h\w hIp-n\v IqSp-X am\p-jnI ]cnthjw Dm-IWw. \n`m-Ky-h-im h\w hIp-ns B-cnI kwkvImcw DtZym-K t{iWnbn-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw GIm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amWv. Cn-cm-Kmn \mj-W t^mdv Am-Z-an-bnse
\ ]cn-io-e-\hpw av m]-\--fnse Ckokv tImgvkp-Ifpw sImv Cu ImgvN-m-Sn
amw hcp-m-hp--XmWv. CXpw h\w hIp-nse av \ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw NphsS ]d-bp ê eyw hbvp--h-bm-bn-cn-Ww.
h\-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn sa-s Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS km-n-Ihpw
kmaq-ly-hp-amb hnI-k\w Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw thWw. hIpv \S-m-p h\-h-cW
]cn-]m-Sn- I-fpsS Bkq-{X-W-n-sbpw \S-n-n-sbpw Fm L--fnepw Chsc ]sSp-n-Ww. kmaq-lym-[n-jvTnX h\-h-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I Ah kzbw Bkq-{XWw
sNbvXp \S-m-p--Xns\ ]np-W-bvWw.
kpnc ImjnI hnI-k-\-n\pw Pe-kp-c-n-X-Xz-n-\p-ambn ASn-d in-s-Spm ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\v Du \IWw.
kwtbm-PnX `qan amt\-Pvsa v Bh-iy-ap h\-h-c-W-tm-Sp \oS, `q`m-K-kao-]-\-ns hn-p-h-cp ]v.
Irjn, arK-kw-c-Ww, h\-h-cWw Fnh Xn hn-p-h-cp Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
h\-h-c-Ws kw_-n s]mXp-P-\-A-h-t_m-[hpw h\-h-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn
P\-]-m-fn--ns Bh-iyhpw.
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n \npssS kzX-{-amb sshZKv[y-nepw hnm-\-nepw
Dun-bp Kth-j-W-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]m-fn--]-chpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb Bkq-{XW
{]{In-b.
ko-amb ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h--I a\-n-em-p--Xnepw ssIImcyw sNp--Xnep- a p {i. Imem- h hyXn- b m\w,Xt- i ob ssPh- s sh- h n[yw kwc- n- ,
kkyPp-Pm-e--fpsS òj-Wn-t\-cn-Sp C\-sf \ne-\nm\pw ]p\-cp--cn-m\pw
klm-bn-pI XpS-nb \nc-h[n shp-hn-fn-Isf t\cn-p-sIm-p-Xs Ah-bpsS ]qnXn {]m]n-m-\p Ign-hn-s\bpw kml-N-cy--tfmSv Cgp-In-t-cm-\p tijn-tbbpw
\ne-\nm klm-bn-Ww.
t_mIvkv 6: h\-A-h-Imi \nb-ahpw hmg-m-ense ImScpw (Xr-q Pn, tIc-fw)

1.
hfsc {]mNo-\-amb Hcp Kncn-h-hn-`m-K-amWv ImS.Fnepw Ah-cpsS kmaq-lytam

Bhm-k-tI-{-]-ctam Bb Ah-Im-i- Hpw-Xs N sNp-Itbm m]n-s-Spp-Itbm sNbvXn-n.
2.
Hmtcm Bhm-k-tI-{-n-\p-ap h\ Ah-Imi kan-Xnsb sXc-s-SpXvv N-

]men-m-sXbpw {Kma-k-`-Isf Hgn-hm-n-bp-amWv.
3.
h\- A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-sbpw N-sbpw AXns {]m[m-\y-sbpw ]n ImStm,

Kncn-h hIp-nt\m, h\whIp-nt\m Imcy-amb hnh-c-an.
4.
]-Xn-I ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-m-p-Xp kw_-nv _-s hIp-p-I Xn

bmsXmcp GtIm-]-\-hp-an.
5.
t_m[-h-c-W-n-\p ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I \S-m-Xn-cn-p-Itbm \S-n-bh

Xmtg-X-n-tev Fm-Xn-cn-p-Itbm sNmw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
193

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
""Cy-bnse PmXn-I: AXns kz`mhw, {]h\w, Dhw F ]pkvX-I-n

sP. Fv. l, ImS Kncn-h-ns {]m[m\yw FSp-p-]-d-bp-pv. Hcp-]s ZntW-y-bnse Ghpw {]mNo-\-amb Kncn-P-\--fmWv sImn kwm-\s ImS''
ImS Kncn-h-ns {]m[m\yw ]e-\-c-hwi ]T-\--fnepw hy-am-bn-pv. NmepSn \Zo-X-S-nse h\--fn am{Xw In-cp Ch {]mNo\ th-mcpw `Ww kaml-cn-p--h-cp-amWv. skkkv {]Imcw Ch-cpsS kwJy 1500 Xmsg-bmWv. ]q-ambpw
h\-sbpw sNdnb h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw \Zn-bnse ay--sfbpw Ing-p-I, tX, av sNdnb
h\-D-ev]---tfbpw B{i-bnv Imn Xs-bmWv Ch-cpsS PohnXw. tXm-p-th-nbp h\-\-io-I-c-Whpw AW-s-p-\nm-Whpw aqew Ah-cpsS IpSn-I sh-n-\-Sn-bnem-b-Xp-Im-cWw Ign Hc \qm-mbn amdn amdn Ctmfh \Zn-bpsS {][m\ Xmgv-h-cbn nc-Xm-a-k-amWv. hmg-m t^mdv Unhn-j-\nse 413 NXp-c{i Intem ao-dn 8
ImS IpSn-I-fmWv Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv. Ch-bn 2 Fw - hmg-m, s]mI-e-md IpSn-I,
BXn-c-nn Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-bpsS X{-{]-[m-\-`m-K-m-Ws{X. Ah-cpsS bYm
h\ Bhmk tI{w ]e-tm-gmbn \in-n--s-p. ta-d 2 IpSn-I-fn-ep--h Ctm
Pohn-p-Xv kwm\ h\w hIp-ns Iogn-ep h\-kw-c--W-k-anXn {]h-\--fpsS
klm-b-m-emWv.
ImS-cpsS \nba Ah-t_m[w
s]mI-e-md, hmg-m IpSn-I-fnse GXm\pw t]scm-gn-m ap--hmpw h\-Ah-Im-i-\n-b-as ]ntbm AXns kmy-X-Isf ]ntbm bmsXmcp hnh-c-hp-an, Adn-bmhp ctm aqtm ImSv Cs\ Hcp \nba-ap-spw AXv Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-
]p\:m]n-m\pw AwKo-Ic
- n-m\pw thn-bp-X
- m-sWpw am{Xta Adnbq. Ahv AlX-s hnhn[ h\-A-h-Im-i--sf--nbpw \nb-a-ns cmw Aym-b-nse aqmw hIpp-{]-Imcw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-hp B\p-Iq-ey-sf ]nbpw Ahv Adn-hn. Kncn-h-h-Ipv
DtZym-K- Ah-Im-i-s-Sp B\p-Iq-ey-A-h-Imi kwhn-[m\w ]cm-P-b-amWv. h\m-h-Im-i\n-b-a-n ]d-bp k_vUnhn-j Xe kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-I kw_-npw apw Aht_m[w krjvSn tij-am-bn-cn--W-am-bn-cpp B\p-Iq-ey- Ah-Im-i-s-Sm. CXv Hcnepw kw`-hn-n-n.
ImSv Ah-cpsS kmaq-ly-A-h-Im-is ]n Hcn-epw Adn-hp-m-bn-cp-n. 8 apX
10 G hsc ew Bh-iy-s-Sm Ch-tcmSv Kncn-h hIpv \nt-in-p \nbaw
Fsv Adn-bmsX Ah AXv A\p-k-cn-pp.
Ctm nXn-sbv?
hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fn \npw ImS-cn \npw tiJ-cn sXfn-hp-I {]Imcw {Kma-k-Ìsf _-s-Sp-m-sX-bmWv h\m-h-Imi kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cn-Xv. \nb-a-ns hni-Zmw-i ImSsc ]dp a\-n-em-msX BZy-tbm-K-n Xs Kncn-h-h-Ipv h\-A-hImi kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cnp. kanXn AwK-v CXp kw_-nv ]cn-io-e\w \Ip-samWv hIpv A[n-Ir-X BZyw Adn-bn-Xv. Fm Hcp ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Snbpw \S-n-bns-mWv Ah ]d-bp-Xv. {Kma-k-`-bn-eqsS kanXn AwK-sf sXc-s-Sp-p--Xn\v ]Icw
Pnm-I-f-IvS-td-n-sebpw Kncn-h hIp-n-sebpw BXn-c--n-]-m-b-n-sebpw {]Xn-\n-[nI IpSn-I kinv tbmKw \Sn kanXn AwK-sf \n-bn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv.
\nb-a-n hyh--sN-bvXn-p kmaq-ly-A-h-Im-i-sf ]n Ah hnh-cn-n. Ipdv h\`qan Bh-iy-s-m AXv Xcm-sa-p-am{Xw DtZym-K- Ah-tcmSv ]dp.
Nne tImf-\n-I-fn kanXn AwK- Xs-bmWv Chv t^mdw ]qcn-np \InbXv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
194

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Fm Gsd epw s{]mtam-am-cmWv Cu tPmen sNbvXXv. Kncn-h-h-Ipns \nt-im-\p-k-cWw Ch-cpsS IpSn-I-Sp-p 8 apX 10 hsc G e-n\v
Ch At] \In. ]qcn-n--t^m-d- ]m-b-n \In-bXv Ah Kncn-h hIpn\v ssIamdn.kanXn AwK-sf Adn-bn-msX dh-\yp-h-Ipv Hmtcm tImf-\n-bnepw ks
\S-n-bXv Nne X-v Imc-W-ambn.
CXv \S-m-p {]{In-b-bn \nm-bI L-n-sempw h\w hIp-ns\ _-sSp-n-bn. \nb-a-{]-Imcw {Kma-k-`-Iv k_vUn-hn-j Xe kanXn am \nt-i-
\IWw. h\m-h-Imi kanXn AwK-sf sXc-s-Sp-p-Ibpw B\p-Iq-ey-p
At] hmg-m Unhn-j-\n kan-p-Ibpw sNbvX tij-amWv k_v Unhn-j Xe
kan-Xn-bpsS BZy-tbmKw tNXv. Cu tbmK-n Kncn-h-mtcm tmv ]m-bv
AwK-tfm ]s-Sp-n. h\ Ah-Im-i-k-anXn AwK--fpsS sXc-s-Spv h\w hIppw
Adn-n. At] ^b sNpw ap]v h\-A-h-Imi kan-Xn-Iv k_v Unhn-j
kanXn Fs-nepw hnh-ctam `q]-Stam \In-bn. h\-hn-`-h--fpsS Itm-Un-b h\w
hIp-m-b-Xn-\m Hmtcm IpSn-bn-sebpw `qan-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-fpw kqva-m-\p-Ifpw At]
F{]-Imcw ]qcn-np \I-W-sa hnh-c-fpw Ah-cpsS ssIh-i-apv.
Kncn-h hIpv DtZym-K-pw ]m-bv {]kn-Up-ampw tIcf Cn-yqv
Hm^v tem AUvan-\n-kvt{S-j\pw CXp kw_-n ]cn-io-e\w \In-bn-cpp. \n`m-Kyh-im Cu ]cn-io-e-\-ns {]tbm-P\w Kncn-h-m-cn-se-n-bn.
BXn-c-n {Kma-]-m-b-n {Kma-k` hnfn-p-Iq-n-bn-cpp. Fm h\ Ah-Imi
\nb-a-s-]n N sNmt\m h\-A-h-Imi kanXn AwK-sf sXc-s-Sp-mt\m {]tXyI-ambn {Kma-k-`tbm Ducp-Iq-tam IqSn-bn-n. AwK--fpsS sXc-s-Sp-n-\p-ti-jhpw Cu
\nb-a-hp-ambn _-s {]iv\- {Kma-k-`-I-fn N sN-s-n.
ImSv Ah Ctm Xma-kn-p h\-`q-an-bn tcJm-aqew Ah-Imiw m]nm Ign-n-pv. CXp-Xs icn-bmb \S-]Sn{Iaw ]men-m-sXbpw \nb-as ]n ImSv
th{X Adnhv ]Ip \Im-sXbpw h\wKncn-h hIp-p-I Xn bmsXmcp GtIm]nX {]h-\hpw Cm-sX-bp-amWv sNbvXn-p-Xv.
kmaqly AYhm Bhmk Ah-Im-i- ImS-cp-ambn N-sN-bvXn-n. Unhn-j-\nse
ImS IpSn-I-fn-semw CXp-kw-_-n Kuc-hX
-- -c-amb N \S-Ww.
ssPh-ssh-hnyw
\qm-p-I-fmbn ssPh-ssh-hny kulr-Z-]-c-amb Nne coXn-Iv Cy cq]w \Inbn-pv. Cu ]mc-cyw sImmWv hnip--Im-Sp-I-fpsS cq]-n h\- Cpw ]n-a-L-n \ne-\np-Xv. \mn]p-d--fn Ac-bm t]cm hr- \ne-\np-Xpw
\K-c--fnepw {Kma--fnepw Am, Infn-I, Fn-hsb Iq-tmsS ImWm Ign-bp-Xpw
CXp-sImv Xs. Cy knwlw \ne-\np-Xv Ko \mj-W ]mn-emWv. ISp
FXnn-\n-S-bnepw Chsb kwc-n Pp\-L-nse \hm-_ns IpSpw-_-ns cmP-Iob \mbmp--e-am-bn-cpp. Cy-bn-env \psS `qan-bpsS 4%ntesd hcp h\y-Pohn kt-X--fptSbpw tZio-b-]mp-I-fp-tSbpw _tbm-kv^n-b dnkp-I-fp-tSbpw Hcp irwJe Xs-bpv.
]gb CS-Xq h\--fp-m-bn-cp Hcp cmPys kw_-nv CXv hfsc A`n-am-\mlamWv.Fm-en-s ssPh sshhny kwc--W-tm-Sp km klmb kao-]\w
ISp k-n\v hnt[-b-amWv. Hcp {][m\ kwc-W \S-]Sn F \ne-bn {]mtZ-inI
kaq-l-ns \ne-\nn-\p Bh-iy-t]mepw \ncm-I-cn-p--Xn-em-bn-cpp CXn
{]m[m\yw CXv Kuc-h-X-c-amb kwLj-v Imc-W-ambn. kwc--Ws hnI-k-\-n
\nv AIn \nm\pw CXv {ianp. Fm-env {]Ir-Xn-Z h\--fpsS hen-sbmcp `mKw
J\-\-n\pw av Nqj-Wm-[n-jvTnX hnI-k-\-n\pw Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p òjWn t\cn-Spp.
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195

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
{]Ir-Xn-Z h\-v ]pd-p {]tZ-i-n\v CXv henb {i \In-bn. hfp kkypw arK-pw `qan-bn CSw kwc-n-p--Xp-t]m-se-bp {]iv\- ]q-ambn
Ah-K-Wn--sp. ]c--cm-K-X-co-Xn-I-fmb hnip h\- Cy P\-X-bpsS ]cn-nXn
hnm\w kw_-n hym]-Ia
- mb {]mtbm-KnIX Fn-hs
- bmw Ah-t- bm-sS-bmWv IXv.
kwc-nX taJ-e-I-fnse Ii\ \nb-{Ww aqe-ap {]iv\-
Cy-bnse h\y-Po-hn-I t\cn-Sp Ghpw henb òjWn {]mtZ-inI kaq-lhpw AhcpsS Bh-iy-fpw BsWv h\w hIpv A[n-Ir-Xcpw ]-W--fnse kwc-W {]hIcpw hym]-I-ambnhniz-kn-pp. `c-Xv]q NXp-nse A\p-`hw t]mse CXpw F{X henb
sXn-m-c-W-bm-sWv _n.B.Sn. lnknse ]T\w hy-am-pp. BI-bm h\-hm-knIv h\y-Po-hn-kt- -X
- p-nepw \mj-W ]mp-If
- nepw h\-Ah
- I
- m-i\
- n-baw \Ip
Ah-Im-i-fpw D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-fpw icn-bmb coXn-bn {]mhn-I-am-Ipp Fv ]n-a-L
]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn Dd-p-h-cp-Ww.
t_mIvkv - 7 `c-Xv]q-cnse ZmcpW hnVnw

tUm. kenw Aensb t]mse ]n-X-\mb Hcp imkv{X-\pw {]iv\ Bgn ]cn-tim-[n-msX Cu ImgvN-m-Sn-t\mSv tbmPnp FXv \n`m-Ky-I-c-amWv. tZim-S\-]-n-I-fpsS {]apJ Xmh-f-amb `c-Xv]q NXpp {]tZ-i-amWv kzmX-{y-n-\p-tijw
1950 Ifn tUm.kenw Aen-bpsS {ia-^-e-ambn m]n cmPys BZys h\y-Pohn
ktXw. tUm. Aen AhnsS hj--tfmfw Xn Bbn-c--W-n\v tZim-S-\-]-n-IfpsS hnhcw tiJ-cnp. \qm-p-I-fmbn {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I ]pp-ti-J-cn-p-Ibpw Fcp-a-I
tap-\-S-p-Ibpw sNbvX {]tZ-i-amWv `c-Xv]q. Fnpw k--amb ssPh-ssh-hny
Bhm-k-tI-{-ambn CXv \ne-\np. CsXmcp Fcp-a-I-fpsS tan]pdw F Ah amW-sav tUm. Aenv tXmn. C\m-j-W t{I ût-j-\nse hnZ-Kv[cpw CXns\- ]np-Wp. A-s\-bmWv 1982 CsXmcp tZiob ]mmbn {]Jym-]n-Xv. tZio-b]mn\v _m[-I-amb Ii\ hyh--I {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS PohnXw hgn-ap-np. ]Icw
kwhn-[m\w Hcp-msX Fcp-a-I-fpsS tan \ntcm-[np. hym]-I-amb {]Xn-tj[w
Dbp-hp. shSn-sh-bvn Ggp-t] sIm-sp. ]s \ntcm-[\w ]nh-en-n.
Cu CS-s]-S Xopw A{]-Xo-n-X-amb ê-am-Wp-m-n-bXv. Pe-n hfcp Hcn\w ]pns hfsb \nb-{n-p-\nn-bn-cp-Xv Fcp-a-I-fpsS tan-emWv.
tan \ntcm-[n--tXmsS Cu ]pv A\n-b-{n-X-ambn hf-cm XpSn. \mj-W ]mv
amt\-Pvsans apJy-e-y-amb hm û F ]n-bpsS kwc-Ww Ah-Xm-f-nembn. ssk_o-cn-b-bn \nv Fn-sm-n-cp sImn-I-fpsS Fhpw KWy-ambn
Ipdp. tZio-b-]mn\v sXm-Sp-p BLm-]q hntPv \nhm-kn-Iv ]d-bm-\pXv hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp kw`-h-amWv. ssk_o-cn-b sImn-I ap]v {][m-\-ambpw
`n-n-cp-Xv an-\-Sn-bnse Nne [m\y-fpw Ing-p-I-fp-am-bn-cpp. {Kma-hm-kn-I Infbvp-tm av Cf-Ip--Xn-\m sImn-Iv Ch sImn-sb-Sp-m Ffp--am-bn-cpp.
ChnSw tZiob ]mmbn {]Jym-]n--tXmsS av Inf-bvm Ign-bm-Xmbn. CXv sImn-IfpsS `Ww apnp. Cu \nK-a\w IqSp-X At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-t--bpv. (KmUvKn et al. 2000)
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196

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t_mIvkv 8 _nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-I (BTR ae-I)

h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i- \ntj-[n-p--Xp-aq-e-ap kmaq-ly-B-LmXw IqSn
hcp-tm ssPh-ssh-hn-y-kw-c--W-n-\p sNehpw Gdn-hp. Cu hkvXpX hn]p-eamb Nbvv hnt[-b-am-bn-n. h\w amt\-Pvsans tI{o-IrX kwhn-[m\w {]mtZ-inI
]cn-n-Xn-tbmSpw k`--tfmSpw n]vX-amb {]Xn-I-cWw krjvSn-m Imc-W-ambn. Xo
\n-tcm-[\w, Irjn-bp-sSbpw h\-hn-`h hnf-sh-Sp-n-sbpw amw Fn-h-t]m-se-bp GI
amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w h\-N-cn-{X-sbpw ]cn-n-Xn-sbbpw kw_-n Kncn-h-mcpsS {]mtZ-inI [mc-Wbpw Adnhpw ]q-ambn Ah-K-Wn--sp. CXv h\w {]h-\sf XInSw adnp. Im-S-I-bnse ssakq Pn-bn-ep _n.B.Sn ae-I-fpsS Imcyn CXv hy-ambn tcJ-s-Sp--s-n-pv. Cv ssPh-ssh-hn-ys hne-a-Xn-p
h\-sf kwc-n-p-t]m {]mtZ-in-I-co-Xn-I hopw Gs-Sp--W-sav {]tZ-i-hmkn-I XpS-bmbn Bh-iy-s-p-sIm-n-cpp. h-\-n\pw h\-kw-c--W-n\pw AhImiw A\p-h-Zn-p-Xv h\--fpsS {]mtZ-in-Ihpw kt`m-Nn-X-hp-amb amt\-Pva-san\v
klm-b-I-amIpw. P\s h\-n \nv amn \nn-bXpw h\-hm-kn-Isf It--m-cmbn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-Xpw Ah-Im-i- ]q-ambn \ntj-[n-Xpw h\y-Po-hn-I-sfbpw h\--sfbpw
kw_-nv {]mtZ-inI P\-k-aq-l-n {]Xn-Im-c-]-c-am-sbmcp at\m-`mhw krjvSn--sp.
h\-sf kwc-n-m km \S-nb {ia-v hn]-co-X-^-e-ap-m-b-Xn\p DZm-l-cW- \nc-h-[n-bpv. Ip]n-X-cmb h\-hm-kn-I DW-p-k-a-bv h\-v ]c-am-h[n
\mi-\-jvS-ap-m-m-\mbn h\-v Xobnp. h\w-h-Ip-ns\ ]n-m-\mbn Akw-Xr-]vXcmb {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I XSnh\y-ar-K-am-^n-b-I-fp-ambn tNv h\\b-ns ad-hn \ntj[n--s AhmUv, h\w hIp-n \nv Xn-sb-Sp-m Ah {ianp. A]qw Nne
k`--fn kwc-Ww hnP-bn-n-p-s-n AXv kwm\ Ft^m-gvkvsans\ D]tbm-Knv t\Sn-b-XmWv. AmsX {]mtZ-inI kaqlw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-ambn kzbw t\Sn-b-X.
{]mtZ-inI {]Xn-tj-[-sf m^n\pw, C-\-nv\pw Bbp-[-pw IqSp-X ^v A\ph-Znv km Aa sNbvXp. kwc-Ww ]m-f-h-cn-p-Xv hn-p-h-cp Hcp
BtKmf {]Xn-`m-k-amWv.
ht\-Xc Bh-iy- ao-`-hnp

h\-kw-c--W-n\v h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \Inb Ghpw henb kw`m-h\ hnI-k\-{]-h-\-p-thn h\w hIam-dp--Xns Bw Ipdp F-XmWv. tI{ ]cnnXnh\w a{m-ebw 2009 ]pd-s-Sp-hn Hcp kp-e-dn h\w ht\-Xc Bh-iyv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn\v _-s {Kma-k-`-bpsS tcJm-aq-e-ap A\p-aXn hmp-sav
kwm\ h\w hIp-p-I-tfmSv \nt-inp. P\-hm-k-ap h\-{]-tZ-i- J\n-Itm
AW-s-p-Itm henb hnI-k-k-\-]--Xn-Itm thn Gs-Sp-p-tm h\m-h-Imi
\nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap Ah-Im-i--fn-t Xop-I-ev]n-n-cn--W-sa hyh AXp-hsc
s]sv nb-dkv e`n-n-cp ]-Xn-Iv hen-sbmcp XS--ambn. ]cn-nXn nb-dkv
{]{In-bbpw {Kma-k-`-bpsS A\p-aXn thW-sa \nt-ihpw h\- A-h-Imi \nbaw \S-mn-bXpw hnI-k-\-]--Xn-Iv A{]-Xo-n-X-amb tImWn \nt I\ {]l-c-ambn.
kmaq-ly-h-\-A-h-Im-ihpw kwc--Whpw
h\ Ah-Imi \nb-a-s-]n hf-sc-b-[nIw ]d-p-I-gnp. Cu hn`m-K-n _nenKncn cwK-kzman t{X-nse h\y-Po-hn-k-t-X-nse A\p-`-h-ns ASn-m-\-n
ssPh-ssh-hny kwc--W-n {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v \nbaw \Ip Ah-k-c--sf]-n-bmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-Xv. h\-`q-an-bnepw h\- D-ev]---fnepw Ah-Im-ihpw amt\Pvsanepw Imem-Im-e--fmbn \S-p-h-cp kwc--W- \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-ep- Ah-Im-ihpw eyw
hp A]q-am-sbmcp \nb-a-amWv h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw. h\-\bw _m[n-p h\-hm-knI-fpsS h\-nse \ne-\nv `{Z-am-sWv Dd-n-m Cu \nbaw ey-an-Spp. hynIv `qan-bn-ep Ah-Imiw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-ns Hcp sNdnb Awiw am{X-am-sWv
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197

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\nbaw AwKo-I-cn-pp. kmaq-ly-h-\-A-h-Im-i--fn-t-ep Ah-Im-i-hm-Z- \nc-h-[nbmWv. h\--fn-ep {]mtZ-inI P\--fpsS B{in-X-Xzhpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Ah-cpsS ]mizh-c-Whpw Ah-Im-i-\n-tj-[-hp-amWv CXv kqNn-n-p-Xv.
h\-hm-kn-Iv Ah-Im-is
- -Sm-hp Ah-Im-i
- f
- psS ]nI h\-Ah
- I
- m-i\
- n-ba
-
- ns
3(1) hn`m-K-n sImSp-n-pv. 13 Ah-Im-i- ]d-n-p--Xn csw `qan-bn-ep
Ah-Im-is kw_-n-mWv. Ctm Irjn sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p h\-`qan , t\cs
\nb-a-hn-cp--ambn Hgn-n--s--hv ]Icw `qan, CXmWv Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse hyh.
enkvnse an-\--fmb kmaq-ly- A-h-Im-i--fn h\-hn-`-h- hnf-sh-Sp-m-\p AhImiw, ay-_--\-n-\p Ah-Imiw , h\w dh-\yq-hn-t-Pm-n-am-m-\p Ah-Imiw
Fnh Ds-Spp. ssPh-ssh-hn-y-hp-ambn _-s Ah-Im-i--fn kpnc hn\ntbm-K-n-\p-thn ]mc--cy-ambn Ah kwc-n-p GXv kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h-n-sbpw
kwc--Whpw ]p\-cp-o-h-\hpw \S-npw Ds-Sp ssPh-ssh-hnyw ssIImcyw sNm\p Ah-Im-i-n kaq-l-ns _un-I-kz--h-Imiw, ssPh sshhn-y-hp-ambpw
kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-y-hp-ambpw _-s ]c--cm-KX hnm\w Fnh Ds-Spp.
Ah-Im-i
- e`n-p-Ig
- n-h
- sc h\y-Po-hn-If
- p-sSbpw h\-f
- p-sSbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ns
kwc--W-n-\m-bp kan-Xn-I cq]o-I-cn-m \nbaw Npa-X-e-s-Sp-pp. Fm CXphsc h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw h\-n-sbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsan-sbpw \nb-{-W-apm-bn-cp h\w hIp-p-ambpw _-s av GPkn-I-fp-ambpw Cu Inn Fs\ Bib-hn-\n-abw \S--W-sa--Xn-s\-n \nbaw au\w ]men-pp. h\w hIppw In-n-Ifpw
Xn kwLj-ap-m-p--Xn\v CXv Imc-W-am-bn-pv.h\w kwc-W \nbaw (1980) h\yPohn kwc-W \nbaw (1972) Fnh {]Imcw h\- `q-an-bn-ep h\w hIp-ns D-c-hmZn-Xz- Ctmgpw AtX-]Sn \ne-\npp. kmaqly h\ Ah-Imiw m]n-s-Sp-p-Xn Cy-bn-ep-S-\ofw h\w-h-Ippw kan-Xn-Ifpw Xn \ne-\np X-n\pw
kwLj-n\pw ImcWw CXmWv.
h\w amt\-Pvsan\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kzw kwhn-[m-\-n\v cq]w \Im {Kma-k`-Ipw _-s m]-\-pw h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw kzmX{yw \Ip-pv. {Kmak-`-Ifpw h\w hIppw Xn-ep _-nepw In-n-I-fpsS {]h-\-nepw hy-Xbn-m-bvav ImcWw Hcp m]-\-hIrX kwhn-[m-\-ns A`m-h-amWv.{Kma-k-`-I-fp-sSbpw
h\w hIp-n-sbpw Npa-X-e-Isf ]n hy-am-sbmcp "tdmUvamv'' \nb-a-n-en., Cu \nba-ns shfn--n h\w hIp-ns Npa-X-e-I ]p\ \nn-m-\mbn tI{ ]cnnXnh\ a{m-ebw Hcp I-nsb \ntbm-Knv Cm-cy-n h\w-h-Ip-ns ]v Fmh-W-sav ]p\\nWbw \S-m {ian-s-nepw ]q-ambn hnP-bn-m Ign-n.
t\cs \S-nb A[n-Imc hntI-{o-I-cW {ia--fpsS ê-am-bp-mb hni-Z-amb m]\-L-S\ ISp DtZym-K--\n-b-{-W-n\pw {]mtZ-inI m]-\--fp-sSbpw {ia--fp-sSbpw
Dbns-gp-t-ev]n\pw CS-bmn. h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw {Kma-k-`-Isf in-s-Sp-p-p-snepw hn`-h- ssIImcyw sNm B{K-ln-p kaq-l-n\v AXn\v Ah-kcw \Im\mWv \nbaw \nt-in-p-Xv. {Kma-k`
- I
- sf {]Y-a
m-]\
-
- f
- mbn AwKo-Ic
- n-p-X
- n-s\mw
hy-amb hntI-{o-I-cW {ia-fpw \nb-a-n-epv. \nn-jvS-m-]\ kwhn-[m-\-nsw
A`mhw FXv sIm-am-p-Xv cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m-[-ap {Kma-k-`-Ip-am-{Xta
kzw hn`-h- ssIImcyw sNm Ignbq FmWv. Cu \nbaw hnm-]\w sNbvXti-j-ap Ime-b-f-hn CXp-hsc Hcp {Kma-k` am{Xta kzw kmaq-ly-h-\-{]-tZiw kwcn-m\pw ssIImcyw sNm\pw D Ah-Im-i-n-\mbn aptmp hcp-Ibpw t\Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-pp. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse KUvNn-tdmfn Pn-bnse sateJ {Kma k`-bm-WnXv.
kmaqly hnI-k-\-n-\m-bp Iukn AXns dntmn h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-ans \S-n-ns\ Ipdnp ]d-bp-Xv \nb-a-n `qan-bp-ambn _-an-m Fm Ah-
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198

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Im-i-fpw Ah-bn-te-sdbpw kmaqly Ah-Im-i--fmWv hym]-I-ambn Ah-K-Wn--sSp

FmWv. tI{kwm\ km-cp-I Cu \nb-as IXpw Hcp ]b hnX-c-W-]Xn F \ne-bn-emWv. \nb-a-nse hyh--I \S-m-p--Xn-ep XSkw {][m-\ambpw kwm\{Kma-k` kaq-l-X-e-n-em-bn-cpp. Ah-Im-i- t\Sn-sb-Sp-p--Xn
Xt-i-m-]-\--fpsS hnap-J-Xbvpap-dw kwm-\--fpsS FXnn-\m-[mcw kzw hn`h- ssIImcyw sNm-\p Ignhv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n-\n-spw Fm-cw {]mtZinI hn\n-tbm-K-fpw \ne-hm-c--I Dm-p-sa-p-ap ]g-hm-Z-amWv. ssPh sshhny-ns kwc--W-n\pw, h\--fpsS amt\-Pvsan\pw hnZ-Kv[-hn-m-\w {][m-\-amsWpw ]c--cm-KX coXn-I Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw \ne-hm-c-an-m-Xpw BsW-pap sImtfmWn-b ImgvN-m-Sn A[n-jvTn-X-am-WnXv. Cm-cy--fn-semw kXyw hfsc AI-se-bmWv.
Im-SI ]n-a-L--nse _nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t{X-h-\y-Pohn kt-Xs kw_n ]T-\-n hy-am-Ip-Xv, "tkmfn-Kmkvv' F Kncn-h-mv {]mtZ-inI ]cnn-Xnsb kw_-nv hy-amb hnh-c-ap-s-mWv.
Ah-Im-i-, {]mtZ-inI hnm\w, kwkvImcw
Kncn-P-\--tfbpw h\-n-t\bpw _m[n \nc-h[n \b-hy-Xn-bm-\-v _nen-Kncn
h\- hnt[-b-am-bn-pv. 1975 h\y-ar-K-k-tXw m]n-X-am-b-tXmsS tkmfn-Kmkn s\
Ah-cpsS Irjn-`q-an-bn \nv tImf-Wn-I-fn-tev amn ]mnp. XpSv `qhn-\n-tbmK
amt\-Pvsan henb am--fp-mbn. tkmfn-Km-kns Irjn-coXn kzbw ew amdn-amdn
Irjn-sN-p coXn-bn \nv H--e-p-Xs Irjn sNp coXn-bn-tev amdn. \nch[n {]tbm-P\
-
- f
- p-m-bn-cp kok-Wns BZy-L-
- nse Imp-Xo-bpsS D]-tbm-Ka
- pssS
Ah-cpsS h\-am-t\-Pvsa v coXn-I AmsS s]mSp--\sh Cm-Xmn. ac CXc h\-D-ev]- kam-l-cn-m 2005 hsc A\p-h-Zn-n-cp-p-sh-nepw h\y-Pohn kwc-W \nbaw
t`Z-KXn sNbvX-tXmsS AXpw \ntcm-[np. h\ Dev]--sf ]q-ambn B{i-bn-n-cp
tkmfn-Km-kns \nXy-Po-hn-X-s-Xs CXv kmc-ambn _m[np. h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw \nehn hcp-Ibpw tkmfn-Kmkv ta-kw-L-S-\-I hym]-I-amb {]Nm-cWw \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXXns ê-ambn ê-h-fpw tX\pw tiJ-cn-m A\u-tZym-Kn-I-ambn h\w hIpv
Ahv A\p-aXn \In. h\ Ah-Imi \nbaw tkmfn-Km-kn B-hn-izmkw hfp-Xn hf-sc-b-[nIw hnP-bnp. h\ Dev]---fpsS hnf-sh-Sp-m\pw `qan Irjn sNm\pw
Ah-Imiw e`n--tXmsS h\y-Po-hn-k-t-X-nse \ne-\nv IqSp-X kpc-n-X-am-b-Xmbn
Ah IcpXn.
ImpXo XpS--n Xs Aa sNbvX-Xp-aqew _nen-Kncn cwK-kzm-an-t-{X-ae
apgp-h "emm\' F ]mgvsNSn hfp ]-enp. CXv Ahn-Ss h\w amt\-Pvsans
hen-sbmcp hogvN-bmWv. tkmfn-Kmkv Ah-cpsS ]mc-cy coXn-I-fn-eqsS Xosb \nb-{n-n-cp-Xn-\m ASn-m-Sp-I-fnse ]mgvs-Sn-I \in-p-Ibpw Ing--p-Ifpw apw kar--ambn hfcp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cpp. kok-Wns XpS--n-ep Xo ]pd-p-\n-p ]mgvsN-Sn-I AhntSv IS-p-I-bdn B[n-]Xyw m]n-p--Xns\ ê-{]-Z-amn \nb-{n-n-cpp. tkmfn-Kmkns A`n-{]m-b-n "Awe' ac--fn Nne ]cm--t`m-Pn-I ]Sp-I-bdn hr-
\in-m-\n-S-bm-bXpw CXp-sIm-p-Xs. Xobpw ]mc-ssk-p-Ifpw hr- \in-p-Xpw
Xn-ep _w tkmfn-Kmkv Dbn-mn. ]c--cm-KX coXn-I ]q-ambn ssIhn-Xp-aqew Hgn-hm-mambn-cp ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fmWv krjvSn--s-Xv. h\- ssIImcyw
sNm {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n-\p Ign-hmWv CXv hy-am-p-Xv. {]mtZ-in-I-amb Adnhp-I-fpsS coXn-Ifpw h\w amt\-Pvsa v m\n Ds-Sp-m h\w hIpv Xm-dm-bn-cpp
Fn cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-bnse nXn C-t-Xn \nv hfsc hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-am-bncpp. h\ Ah-Im-i\
- n-ba
-
- n {Kma-k`m In-n-Iv \Ip {]m[m-\yhpw amt\-Pvsan
Ah-bvp ]pw \Ip Ah-Im-i-ns ASn-m-\-n tkmfn-Km-kn\v h\-ns
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199

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kPo-hX kw_-n Ah-cpsS Adnhv {]mtbm-Knmw. "sem\' sNSn-I \in-n--stS BZy-{]-tZ-i- Is-p--Xn\pw Awe ê--fpsS hnf-sh-Sp-p-Im-ev ]mc-sskp-Isf \in-n-p--Xn-\p amw kw_-npw h\w hIp-n\v Bh-iy-amb klmbw
\Im-sav Ah CubnsS hy-am-n-bn-cpp.
{]mtZ-inI P\-X-bpsS m\w, Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw, Adnhv Fn-h-sbmw ]msS
Ah-K-Wn-p-sImv B[p-\nI h\w amt\-Pvsa v P\-sf h\-n \n Bn-m-bn-p-IbmWv. cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-bnse ImSp-Isf tkmfn-Kmkv "sb"Ifmbn hn`-Pn-n-pv.Hmtcm
sb-bnepw 5 hnip sskp-I-fpv. Ch-bn-tem-tcmpw Hmtcm Ipe-n-\p--Xm-Wv. ssZh-fp-sSbpw t{]X--fp-sSbpw kmn-y-amWv Chsb kwc-n-p-Ibpw \bn-p-Ibpw sNpXv. Av hnip sskp-I Ds Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI Iqm-bva-bmWv "sb'. Xmak
e-n-\-Spv Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-I \S-m kuI-cy-an-m hn`m-Kv Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ns ASn-m-\-n CXns\ hopw hn`-Pn-pp. sbIvv
Ipem-[n-jvTnX AXn-cp-I-fm-Wp-Xv. h\-v t]cp-I \In-bn-p-Xpw CXns ASnm-\-n-emWv. Xqew Hmtcm sb-bp-sSbpw AXn-cp-I tkmfn-Km-kn\v ImWm-]m-T-amWv.
kt-X-n-\p-nse samw h\-{]-tZ-is 46 sb--I-fmn hn`-Pn-n-p--Xmbn Chn-Ss
amnwKv hy-am-pp. Cu t{X-a-e-bpsS amnv Cy-bn Xs C-c-n-ep
BZy-{i-a-am-b-Xn-\m tkmfn-Km-kn\pw CXn henb Xmev]-cy-ambn. tkmfn-Kmkv Ahn-Ss
]c--cm-KX kwhn-[m-\-ns `mK-am-b-Xn-\m sb-bpsS AXn-cp-I Xn-s-Sp-m-\p
\os Ipe-kw-hn-[m-\-ns ]mc--cyhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m-\p
Ah-k-c-am-bmWv Ah IXv. tkmfn-Km-kns ]c--cm-K-X-\n-baw ]p\-m-]n--s-Sp-sav
Ah {]Xym-inp. tkmfn-Km-knse apXn-h-cpsS ImgvN-m-Sn "tZhmcp', "Ip-KpUn',,
hocp, kam-[n, ln Fnh IpSn-sIm-p CS-amWv sbs. h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse
hyh--Isfn Adn-bm-hp tkmfn-Km-knse sNdp--m Poh-k-m-c-W-n\pw AkvXnXz-n\pw sXfn-hmbn hnip sskp-I-fpsS `q]-Ss D]-tbm-Knp.
h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-bn

h\ -A-h-Im-i-ns N- 2008 hnm-]\w sNbvX DS cwK-kzman t{X-ae-bnse tkmfn-Kmkv Nma-cm-P\K Pn-bnse h\-{]-tZ-i--fn h\ Ah-Imi kan-Xn-I
cq]o-I-cn-m XpS-n. \nb-a-nse 3(1) kn hIpp {]Imcw Ah BZyw D-bn AhImiw h\y-Po--hn-k-tX-n-\p-n h\-hn-`-h- tiJ-cn-m\pw hnm\pw D kmaqly
h\-A-h-Im-i-amWv. B kabw cmPy-p-S-\ofw `qan-bnse Ah-Im-i-n-\m-bp apd-hnfn Dbcp-I-bm-bn-cpp. tkmfn-Kmkv C-c-sam-c-h-Imiw D-bn-m ImcWw h\y-Pohn kwc-W-\n-b-a--fn hcp-nb t`Z-KXn {]Imcw cmPys tZiob ]mp-I-fnepw kt-X-fnepw \nv h\-hn-`-h- tiJ-cn-p-Xv \ntcm-[n-n-cpXmWv. CXv Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\sbpw Pohn-X-sbpw {]Xn-k-n-bn-em-n-bn-cpp. h\-hn-`-h- tiJ-cn-m-\p AhImiw k_vUnhn-j Xe-k-anXn AwKo-I-cn-p-sh-nepw tkmfn-Kmkv Ign aqv hjambn CXn-\mbn \nc-c kw sNep-p-Ibpw sNbvXnpw Pnm-Xe kanXn CXn\v A\paXn \In-bn. Pnm-Xe kan-Xn-bnse h\w-h-Ipv {]Xn-\n[n \ntcm-[\w \ne-\np--Xn\m CX-\p-h-Z-m ]mSn-s \ne-]m-Sn-em-bn-cpp. CXv h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-ns ewL\-amWv. CXn-s\-Xnsc kwm\ No^v sk{I-dn Ay--\m-bp kwm\ Xe kanXnv Ao \Im-\p Xocp-am-\-n-emWv tkmfn-Kmkv. cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-bn-sebpw
kao-]{- ]-tZ-i
- f
- n-tebpw tkmfnKmkv IpSpw-_mw-K
- 2009 hymn-KX `qan-mbn At]
\In 2011 BZyw 1438 tkmfnKmkv IpSpw-_-v Irjn-`q-an-bn hyn-K-X-A-h-Imiw
A\p-h-Znp. ]t Xma-k-n-\p Ah-Imiw e`n-n. tkmfnK IpSpw-_--fn ]Ip-Xnbpw
`qc-ln-X-cmWv. AXp-sImv Ah-cpsS ]nWn AI-m\pw Poh-k-m-c-W-n\pw kmaq-ly-h\-A-h-Imiw IqSntb Xocq. h\-hn-`-h- tiJ-cn-p--Xn-\p Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-n-\p-]p-dta
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200

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Fv {Kma-k-`-I ay-_--\-n\pw Imen-ta-bvp--Xn\pw kwc--W-n\pw amt\Pvsan\pw D Ah-Im-i- e`n-m\pw IqSn At]-np.
ISph kwc--Whpw {]mtZ-inI Ah-Im-i-fpw

_nen-Kncn cwK-kzman t{X-a-e-I Hcp ISp-h-k-t-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-m tI{ ]cnnXn h\w a{m-ebw Im-SI km-cn\v 2010 sk]vXw-_-dn XXz-n A\p-aXn
\In-bXv tkmfn-Km-kns Ah-Im-i
- sf {]Xn-Iq-ea
- mbn _m[np. 2011 P\p-hc
- n-bn CsXmcp
ISp-h-k-t-X-ambn hnm-]\w sNp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv hym]-I-amb {]Xn-tj-[-n-\n-Sbmn. tI{ h\w a{n DsS Fm a{n-amcpw Db DtZym-K-pw CXn-s\-Xnsc
tkmfn-Kmkv \nth-Z\w \In. tZiob ISph kwc-W AtXm-dn-n-bpsS An-a-A-\p-aXn
e`n-msX [rXn-]n-Snv kwm\ km ]pd-s-Sp-hn Cu hnm-]\w aqew h\ AhImi \nbaw aqew ssIh t\- Cm-Xm-hp-I-bm-Wpw tkmfn-Km-kns Pohn-Xs
CXv XInSw adn-p-sapw A`n-{]m-b-ap-bp. kt-X-n-\p-n bYm-n ISp-h-IfpsS Bhm-k-tI-{-ambn Is-n-bn-p-Xv 10 t]mUp-I-fmWv. ChnsS Ii-\-\n-b-{-Wfpw kwc--W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw thWw. A-s\-bp Hcp kao-]\w tkmfnKm-kns kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb Ah--bn am-ap-mpw.
Ign Zi-I
- ns Bcw`w apX Xs tkmfn-Kmkpw h\w hIppw Xn-ep kwLjw
hn-p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cpp. GI-]-o-b-amb kwc--W-\n-baw ASn-tn-m-\p {iahpw
h\-kw-c--W-\n-baw \Ip Ah-Im-i- \ntj-[n-m-\p \S-]-Sn-Ifpw h\w hIp-nt\mSpw h\-tmSpw h\y-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sp-ap FXnv cq-amn.

\ne-hn-ep \nb-a-fpw N-fpw Ii-\-ambn ]men-m\pw hne-bn-cp-m\pw h\wh\yPn-hn- h-Ippw dh-\yp-h-Ippw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-Ww.
]m-fn kao-]\w: Dt-in-p êw e`n-- hn[w kwbp h\w amt\-Pvsa v
{]h\- sa-s-Sp-Ww. kwc-W {]h-\--fn Xti m]-\--tfbpw
km CXc kwL-S-\-I-tfbpw kzbw klm-b-{Kq-p-I-tfbpw kwc-n-X-ta-J-e-Iv
]pdv ]m-fn-I-fm-IWw.
KpP-dm-n-te-Xp-t]mse tPmen Ddpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v em`-hn-lnXw e`n-p-Xp-amb kmaqly kpc-nXh\wtXm-sf (Forest plantations) t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
h\- imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]cn-]m-en-p--Xn\v Kth-j-W-m-]-\- k-I-em-im-eI, av imkv{Xob m]-\-, Fn-hn-S--fn \np hnm-\- {]tbm-P-\s-Sp-pI.
kztZ-io-bhpw ssPh-B-hm-k-ku-lr-Z-]-c-hp-amb C\-sf Ds-Spn '' {Ko Cy
anj' ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-pI.
kwc--W-{]-h-\-v {]tZ-i-hm-kn-Iv klmbw sNp-Xv t{]mm-ln-npI.
hntZi C\--fpsS IS-m-{I-a-Ws sNdp-m {ZqX amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w Bhnjv-cn-pI.
apf, Cu, av h\-hn-`-h- Fn-h-bpsS e`y-Xbpw hn]-W-\-sbpw kw_-n {]iv\ ssIImcyw sNm {Kma-hn-I-k\ hIp-ns\ in-s-Sp-pI.
h\w amt\-Pvsan-s\ ]np-W-bvm\pw t{]mm-ln-n-m\pw Ignbpw hn[w alm-mKmn sXmgn-ep-dp ]Xn t`Z-KXn sNpI.
h\ Ah-Imi \nbaw (2006) AXns A-k Dsmv \S-m-pI. Cu \nbaw \Sm-t-Xv `mhn-bn h\--fpsS `c-W-\n-l-W-n\v Bh-iy-am-sWv kwm\
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
201

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
h\w hIpns\ t_m[y-s-Sp-pI.

h\--fn-t-ep P\-kw-Jym-]-chpw hnI-k-\-]-c-hp-amb k- t\cn-Sm\pw h\-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw sa-s-Sp-m\pw Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pI.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-npthn-bp I-]-cn-]mSn

Xt-i-kz-bw-`-cW m]-\-X-e-n-ep {]mtZ-in-I-Xe IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-Ifpw, Cu {]{Inb-bn-ep-S-\ofw kzoIm-cy-Xbpw kpXm-cy-Xbpw t\Sm-\p kao-]-\-n\v ]npW \IpI.
ssPh-ssh-hny aqey-fpw, ]cn-nXn Bhm-k-hy-hm tkh-\-fpw IrXy-ambn hnebn-cp-p-Ibpw \nnjvS AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Iogn sNt ]n-a-L--nse ssPh-sshhn-y-ns km-nI hi-n-\mbn IrXy-amb am m Xm-dm-pIbpw sNpI.
D-c-hm-Zn h\w amt\-Pvsantbpw hym]mc coXn-I-fp-tSbpw XXz- \S-m-pI.
h\hpw h\y-Po-hn-If
- p-ambn _-s \nb-a
- fpw N-fpw t`Z-KXn hcp-p-Itbm sFIycq-]y-ap-m-p-Itbm sNp-tm Ah \S-m-m-\p X{- IqSn Bhn-jv-cnWw.
2.6 kwL-SnX hyh-kmbw

Ign Iptd hj--fmbn Cy k-ZvL-S-\-bn hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bvp
{]m[m\yw Gdn-h-cn-I-bmWv. cmPys samw D]m-Z-\-n hyh-km-b--fpsS kw`m-h\bpw ZznXo-b-amb taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-e-h-k-c--fnse ]pw hn-p-sIm-n-cn--bmWv. ]pXnb
km-nI \bhpw AXn-t\m-sSm--ap BtKm-f-h-cWw,kzIm-cy-h-cWw, DZm-c-hcWw XpS-nbh Cy hyh-km-b-ta-J-esb sam-n amn-a-dnp. hntZ-i-\n-t-]-n
h h-\-bmWv Ctm ImWm Ign-bp-Xv. ]n-a-L kwm-\--sfmw Xs XoctZi kwm-\--fmWv. ChnsS e`y-am-bn-p shhpw Xpd-apJ kuI-cy-fpw hyh-km-bsf BIjn-p LS-I--fmWv. Ctm-gm-sW-n Ch {][m\ \nt] ey--fmWv.
Cu Zi-I-n 2000 \v tijw samw hntZi {]Xy \nt-]-ns 53% Cu kwm-\-fn-emWv. sam-ns aqn-semv alm-cmjv{S, Zm{Z\Kl-then, Uma-Uyp Fn-h-S-fn am{X-apv. skp-I m]n-p--Xnepw Cu kwm-\--fmWv apn 2010 Unkw_ 31 hsc hnm-]\w sNbvX skp-I-fpsS 55% Cu kwm-\--fn-emWv. {]h\w
XpS-n-b-h-bpsS 60% hpw Chn-sS-Xs. HutZym-Kn-I-ambpw XXz-nepw A\p-aXn e`n--h-bpsS
50% ne-[nIw Cu kwm-\--fn-emWv. As\ Cu kwm-\- Cy-bpsS hfbpsS hymh-km-bnI Fn-\p-I-fm-sWv ]dbmw. (]nI 5)
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
202

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
]nI 5 : {]tXyI km-nI taJe (skv) bpsS kwm-\m-Sn-m-\-nep IWv

31- 12 - 2010 hsc
kwm\w
HutZym-KnI
A\p-aXn
XXz-nep
A\p-aXn
hnm-]\w
sNbvXh
{]h\w
XpS-n-bh
tKmh
KpP-dmv
46
13
29
13
Im-SI
56
10
36
20
tIcfw
28
17
alm-cmjv{S
105
38
63
16
Xan-gv\mSv
70
19
57
22
]n-a-L kwm
-\--fn samw
312
80
205
78
sam-nse
hnlnXw (%)
Cy-bn
52
155
55
374
54
580
60
130
t{kmXv : hmWn-Py-hy-h-kmb a{m-ebw 55-2010
e-]-c-amb m\w
ZnW KpP-dmv apX alm-cm-jv{S-bnse sIm hsc-bp Pn-I-fnse CSp-nb
CS-\m-gn-bn-emWv \nt-]--fn Gsdbpw tI{o-I-cn-n-p-Xv. KpP-dm-nse \nt-]-ns
knwl-`m-Khpw Xoc-tZi Pn-I-fmb htUm-Zc, _dqv, kqdv Fn-hn-S--fn-em-Wp-Xv. alm-cmjv{S-bpsS ]Sn-m-d Xoc-tZ-iv GI-tZiw 22,000 sNdp-InS, CS-cw, hInS hyh-km-b-fpv. Ch-bn 234 hInS hyh-km-b- htXm-Xn aen-\o-I-cWw Dm-p--h-bmWv.
Chsb tI{ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUv ' Nphv' hn`mKw hyh-km-b-n-emWv Ds-Spn-bn-p-Xv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse apJy-hy-h-kmb taJe apwss_Xms\]qs\ `mK-mWv
kwm-\-ns hymh-km-bnI Dm-Z-\-ns 60 % Chn-sS-\n-mWv alm-cm-jv{S-bnse \nt]-n-te-sdbpw sIm Xoc-tZ-i-mWv. CXn Ghpw apn sdbvKdpw sXm-Spv cXv\Kncn Pn-bp-amWv. Cu cv Pn-Ipw IqSn samw \nt-]-ns 38% Dv. apwss_-bn
am{Xw 7%hpw alm- c m- j v{S- b nse hyh- k m- b - h - c - W - ns Hcp {]tXy- I X
apwss_Xms\]qs\ \mknIv {]tZ-i-n-sbpw sIm Xoc-tZ-i-n-sbpw ]cn-[n-bvXo-X-amb hyh-km-b-h-c-W-amWv. Cu taJe AXns ]c-am-h[n L-n Fn--gnp.
(tZiv]ms 1996, KmUvKn 2010)
tKmh-bn 20 hyh-kmb Ft-p-I-fn-embn 2037 hyh-kmb bqWn-p-I-fpv. Ch-bn 18
Fw aeo-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-p--h-bmWv. Cu hyh-kmb Ft-p-I-fn-te-sdbpw ]n-a-L-n-emWv nXn sNp-Xv. hyh-kmb bqWn-p-I-fn {]hn-p--h-bn-te-sdbpw 20 hyhkmb Ft-p-I-fn-em-bmWv nXn sNp-Xv. aen-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-p hyh-km-b--fn
IqSp-Xepw Fkvt-p-Iv ]pd-mWv {]hn-p-Xv.
Im-S-I-nse hyh-km-b--fn-e-[n-Ihpw ]v & t], ]-kmc, Unn-e-dn-I,
kna v, s]t{Sm-fnbw, cmk-h-kvXp-, Huj-[-, Ccpv Dcpv,Abncv kwkvI-cWw, J\\w
Fo hn`m-K-ns]-Spp. tIm^n- ]nv bqWn-p-I {][m-\-ambpw IqKv, NnIva-K-eq,
lm Pn-I-fn-emWv. ]n-a-L--n nXn sNp Ch aen-\o-I-cW {]iv\- krjvSn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
203

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p-pv. \oe-Kn-cn-bnse tXbne Irjn \oe-Kn-cn-bn-sebpw Iq\q-cn-sebpw ssPh-ssh-hn-yn\v lm\n-I-c-amWv. Cu taJ-e-bn P\-fpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw Xn-ep-m-Ip kwLjn\v apJy-Im-cWw Cu hyh-km-b-amWv.
DXvW
- vTb
- p-m-p {]iv\
-
Cu ]n-a-L kwm-\--fn-tev hyh-km-b- BIjn--s-Sp-Xv t\-am-sWnepw Cu hyh-km-b-fpw skp-Ifpw krjvSn-p ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]iv\ DXv-WvTm-P-\-I-amWv. CXp-aq-e-ap-m-Ip kmaq-ly-{]-iv\- {][m-\-ambpw `qan GsSp--en-s\bpw AXn-\p \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-sbpw kw_-n-p--h-bmWv. ]cn-nXn BLmX--fn Du Bhiyw, ^mIvS-dn-I han-n-p ]pI, hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw, ^mIvS-dn-Ifn \nsm-gp-Ip Ah-in-jvS- ape-ap Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw, `qan cq]m--c-s-Sp-p-Xp
aqe-ap {]iv\- Fnh Ds-Spp. an hyh-km-b-pw Ah-bpsS \nmW
{]h-\-v htXm-Xn shw Bh-iy-amWv. hom-h-iy-n\v th-Xn-t\-m hfsc-b-[nIw Pew hyh-km-b-v thWw.
alm-cm-jv{S-bn hymh-km-bnI {]{Inb aqehpw Iev-cnbpw apw htXm-Xn Inp--Xp-sImpw Dm-Ip hmbp-a-en-\o-I-c-W-n\v ]pdsa Cu hyh-km-b- kwkvIcnpw Am-sXbpw ]pd--p-Xv 6,78000 Iyp.ao hymh-km-bnI Ah-in-jvS-amWv. DZm-l-c-Wn\v Nph-sS-bp t_mIvkn cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse hmbp-hns KpW-ta hnh-cn-pp.
t_mIvkv 9 cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse hmbp-hns KpW-ta

hmbp-hns KpW-ta
\ne-hmcw
ew
Kpcp-Xcw
tems Fw.sF.Un.kn. {]tZiw
Ipdhv
tJZvXm-eq-nse Ahmjn
CS-cw
aotkm,kSvtKm,
d]psKmem]v
IqSp-X
tZhv-cpJv
Ah-ew_w: Fw.-]n.-kn.-_n, dXv\-Kncn (2005)
tKmh aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUns (MPCB) IW-p-{]-Imcw tKmh-bnse hyhkmb bqWn-p-I Hcp Znhkw 8400 Iyp.ao. aen-\-Pew/hyh-kmb Ah-injvSw ]pd--p-pv.
Fm bpWn-p-Ipw kz-ambn amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW mp-I-fpv. KWy-amb Af-hn amen\y- ]pdw-X-p-h {_ph-dn-I,Un-e-dn-I Huj[ \nm-W-im-e-I, ]-kmc ^mIvSdn-I Fn-h-bmWv.
tKmh-bnse DcZnW Pn-I-fnse hyh-km-b--fpsS taJe Xncn-p Hcp `q]Sw
Xm-dm-n-bn-pv. AhnsS Ipd ssPh-ssh-hny kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-i- CsmWv CXn \nv hy-am-Ip-Xv. tKmh-bpsS Gdnb ]pw"Nphv', ' Hmdv' taJ-e-bnemWv s]Sp-Xv. hmbpPe-a-en-\o-I-c-W-tmSv hfsc Db kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp--h-bm-bmWv
Ch Icp-X-s-Sp-Xv. a-\ndw \I-s-n-p {]tZ-i--fnse aen-\o-I-cWw Xmgv Afhp
apX CS-cw hsc-bmWv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-Ifpw kmt-XnI hnZy-bp-ap-]-tbm-Knv CXv
]cn-l-cnmw.
]n-a-L--nse ssPh-B-hmk hyh--bn-t hyh-km-b--tf-ev]n-p BLmXs kw_-nv _-s--h Dbp Bi NphsS ]d-bpp.
A-co aen-\o-I-cWw hnfhv KWy-ambn Ipdbvpw. a\p-jys Btcm-Ky-n-Xn-bnepw
]n-a-L--nse kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fnepw lm\n-I-c-amb BLm-X-ap-mpw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
204

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kpjn-c- Gsd-bp sNpw Xoc-tZ-is ]c-kv]-c-_-n-X-amb \om-ep-Ifpw

D-Xp-sImv sXa ] mp-I-fn Nmcw Ds-sS-bp Je-am-en-\y- Cu
\om-ep-I-fn ASn-p-IqSn `qP-es aen-\-s-Sp-pp.
amen\y kwkvI-cW kuI-cy- D-n t]mepw {Zh-cq-]-n-ep Ah-in-jvS-
kao-]-p \Zn-I-fnepw Acp-hn-I-fnepw Hgp-In-sbn {]tZ-is ay-sm-gn-em-fn-IfpsS PohnXw _pn-ap-n-em-pp.
sXa ] mp-I, t] mp-It]mse [mcmfw shw Bh-iy-ap hyh-kmb- Cy-bnse ap `mK--fn Pe-Zu_eyw A\p-`-h-s-Sp-tm ]n-a-L--ntev IpSn-tb-dp apJy-hy-h-km-b--fmb F ipo-I-c-W-im-e-I, Du-mp-I
XpS-n-bh Xoc-tZ-iv thcp-d-n-p--tXmsS av hyh-km-b-fpw Chn-tSbvv BIjn-sSpw.

a.
t]dpw apw Bh-iy-an-m CtImtagvkv, Ct], sSen-tIm^-dknv, hoUntbm

tIm^-sdknv Fnh t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
b.
]n-a-L--nse kwm-\--fn hnZym-`ym-k-tI-{-sf t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
c.
shan-I, Nqc D--, sIm-s\bvv, h\-h-cWw, ASp--f-tmw XpSnb {]mtZ-inI ssPh-hn-`m-K--fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb hyh-km-b-sf t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
d.
IrjnA[n-jvTnX ê`y-kw-kvI-cW hyh-km-b-v {]tXyI klmbw \IpI.
e.
sNdp-InS amen-\y-c-lnX hyh-km-b-sf t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
f.
\nb-{W A[n-Im-cn-Ipw s]mXp-P-\-n\pw hyh-km-bs kw_-nv hnhn[ Xefn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p--Xn-\p D]-I-c-W-ambn hyh-km-b--fpsS taJ-em-`q-]-Ss
D]-tbm-Kn-pI.
2.7 J\\w
]n-a-L--nse 6 kwm-\--fnepw KWy-amb Af-hn [mXp \nt-]-apv. Chbn {][m\w Ccp--bncv, amwK-\okv,t_mIvsskv Fn-h-bmWv. sdb Fn-sbpw aWen-sbpw Imcy-nepw Cu taJe k--amWv. (A\p-_w 2 ImWpI) [mXp--fpsS hnebn KWy-amb h-\hv Dm-b-Xp-aqew 2002 \ptijw Ccpv Abn-cns Dev]m-Z\w KWyambn hnp. CXv {]tXy-Inpw tKmh-bp-sSbpw Im-S-I-n-sbpw Imcy-n.
t\cs Fe Awiw Ipd-Xv 55 BbmWv \n-bn-n-cp--sX-n CXv 40 BWv.
Ign GXm\pw hj--fn ]n-a-L kwm-\--fn \nc-h[n ]cn-nXn nb-dkv
\In-bn-pv Fm Ccw {]h\ BLm-Xs kw_-nv bmsXmcp {ibpw
Dm-bn-n. P\--fpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw ]cn-nXn h\w hIp-p-a{n ]pXnb ]cn-nXn
nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\v 2010 samd-tm-dnbw Gs-Spn. tIc-f-nepw Xan-gv\m-nepw
\nmW {]h-\-mbn htXm-Xn aW J\\w \S-p-Xv \nc-h[n ]cnnXnkmaqly {]iv\-v Imc-W-am-bn-pv. Xncp-h-\--]pcw, sImw, Be-pg, tImbw,
Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq Pn-I-fn ka-Xe J\\w Kpcp-X-c-amWv. ,Imb-ep-I-fn \npw _op-Ifn \np-ap aWJ-\\w Xoc-tZ-i-p-S-\ofw k-km-[m-c-W-amWv.
DWvT Dbp {]iv\

-
J\\ {]h-\- hf-sc-b-[nIw tZmj-^-e- krjvSn-p-p-s-nepw CXv
th{X {in--s-Sp-n. `qX-e-sbpw ]cn-n-Xn-bn-tbbp-amWv CXv hf-sc-b-[nIw tZmjI-c-ambn _m[n-p-Xv. h\-fpw ssPh-ssh-hn-yhpw \jvS-s-Sp--tXm-sSmw Imem-h-m\n-b-{-W-tijn t]mse-bp hne-s ]mcn-n-XnI tkh-\-fpw \jvS-am-Ipp. J\n-I-fnte-p Dup-aqew `qX-e-P-ehpw \jvS-s-Spp. J\-\-{]-h\w aqehpw Abn-cp-I-fpsS
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
205

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
{Smkvt]mnv aqehpw hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw cq-am-Ipp. km[m-c-W-bmbn h\y-Po-hn-kt-X--tfmSv tNmWv J\\w \S-p-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v tKmh-bn 31 J\-\- h\yPo-hn-k-t-X-v 2 In.ao. Np-f-hnepw 13 Gw Hcp Intem-ao- Np-fhn-ep-amWv.
kmaq-ly-B-Lm-X-fpw hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amWv Pehmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw, Irjn-p-m-Ip
\mi-\-jvS-, IpSn-tbm-gn-n-, tdmU-]-I-S-, Pew kw_-n Ac-n-Xm-h Fnh-sbmw CXn-eps-Spmw. J\-\-n \nv e`n-p hcp-am-\s ]n tIp-tm
AXn\p ]nn C{X-b-[nIw ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-c-hp-amb BLm-X--fp-sv \mw
Nnn-p-n.
nb-dkv Cm-sXbpw hymP-n-b-dkns ad-hnepw nb-dkv hyh--I ewLnpw
]n-a-L--ns ]e `mK--fnepw A\-[n-IrX J\\w \S-p-pv. Cm-cy-n km
P\--fpsS Xmev]cyw ]q-ambn kwc-n-p-n-sp Xs-bmWv s]mXp-hn-ep [mcW
Cm-cy-n km hyh-km-bn-I-fp-ambn Hp-IfnpI-bm-sW [mc-Wbpw hym]-I-amWv.
CXp-aqew J\-\-{]-h-\--tfmSv ISp AXr]vXn Cu kwm-\--fn-epv. CXn Ghpw
i-amb AXr]vXn \ne-\np-Xv tKmh kwm-\mWv.
Cu kan-Xnv Xev]-c-I-n-I-fn \nv t\cn-tS--Xmbn h Nne tNmZy- NphsS
]d-bpp.
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-]-c-hp-amb \jvSbpw ]n-a-L--nse Bhm-k-hy-h-bpsS \io-I-c-Whpw XS-bp-Xv Ah-km-\n-n-m Fp-sImv J\\w \ntcm-[n-pIqSm?
`qan, Pew, h\w, `qPew Fn-h-bvp-]-cn-bm-bn-p Hcp ]cn-K-W\ Fn\v J\-\-n\v
\IWw?
[mXp kv timj-Ws kw_-nv hcpw Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS tNmZy-v Fp-cw
]dbpw ?
C{X-am{Xw A\-[n-IrX J\\w \S-p--sX-p-sImv? CXn-s\-Xnsc Bsc-nepw Fsnepw sNp-ptm?
Cu taJ-e-bn Fm-X-c-nepw \S-p Agn-a-Xnsb ]n Fp-]-d-bpp?

]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fn \nv J\\w Hgn-hm-pI
]n-a-L--n NphsS ]d-bp taJ-e-I-fn J\\w A\p-h-Zn--cpXv.
kp{]nw tImSXn D-chpw 1972 se h\y-Pohn \nb-a-nse hIp-p-Ifpw {]Imcw
tZiob ]mp-I-fnepw h\y-Po-hn-k-t-X--fnepw
]n-a-L--nse Db kwth-Z\ a-X-bp ESZ-1 {]tZ-i--fn
Cu {]tZ-i--fnse J\n-Iv ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\v Hcp A[nI \n_\ IqSn hbvWw. AXm-bXv ESZ-1 {]tZ-i--fn J\\w ]q-ambn Ah-km-\n-nt 2016 hsc Hmtcm hjhpw J\-\-{]-h-\- 25 %hoXw Ipd-bvWw.
]n-a-L--nse ESZ-2 Ctm \S-p J\\w XpScmw. ]pXn-bh A\p-h-Zn-m
]mSn. A\p-h-Zn-p J\\w Xs Ii-\-amb ]mcn-n-XnIkmaqly \nb-{-Wv hnt[-bam-bn-cn-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse av {]tZ-i--fn J\\w A\p-h-Zn-p-Xv NphsS ]dbpw {]Imcw
Fm nb-dkp-I-fp-sSbpw Ii-\-amb ]mcn-n-XnI kmaq-ly-\n-b-{-W--fp-tSbpw
ASn-m-\ n-em-bn-cn-Ww.
]n-a-L--{]tZ-iv A\p-h-Zn-p J\m-\p-a-Xn-I knX ]cn-nXn BLm-X-]-T\w
A\pk-cn-m-I-Ww. H-s {]tZ-i-ns ]cn-nXn BLmXw \S-p coXn Dt]n--Ww.
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206

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Nne {]tZ-i- ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-am-sWv Icp-Xp-p-s-n-epw ]n-a-L kan-XnbpsS ]n-I-bn Ds-n-p-m-In. Acw {]tZ-i--fn Hcp {]apJ m]\w ssPhssh-hn-y-sbpw ssPh-kw-th-Z\ a-X-tbbpw ]n ]Tn-p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw
(EIA) sNp--Xp-hsc ASp 5 hj-tv J\\w \ntcm-[n-Ww.
tI{ ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw hyXykvX \n_--\-I-tfmsS ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-taJ-e-I {]Jym-]n-Ww.
[mXp Nqj-W-n\v \nb-{Ww
]cn-nXn nb-dkn \nt-in-n-p--Xn IqSp-X Abncv Ihs-Sp-p Fm
J\n-Ifpw AS-p-]q-pI.
Ccp--bncv J\\w sNm-hp FebpsS Afhv \nP-s-Spn J\n-I-fn-ep Xn--bw
XS-bpI.
kwm-\--fpsS taJe Ave-knse \n_--\-I ewLn-p Fm J\n-Ifpw ASp-]q-pI.
]n-a-L kanXn \nt-in-n-p--Xp-t]mse ESZ-1 se {]hn-p-Xpw {]h\
cln-X-hp- amb Fm J\n-I-fp-sSbpw ssekkv dm-pI
tZiob ]mp-I-fn-sebpw h\y-Po-hn-k-t-X--fn-sebpw Fm J\-\-sse-kkp-Ifpw
nc-ambn dp-sN-pI.
IpSn-sh--sa-Sp-p AW-s-p-I-fpsS hrjvSn-{]-tZ-i--fnse Fm ssekkp-Ifpw
dm-pI.
aWJ-\-\-n-\p N- (]-em 2011)
aW J\\w BUnv sNWw; \Zn-I-fn aW J\-\-n\v Ah[n Gs-Sp-pI.
\Zo amt\-Pvsan \nv thdnv sam-n-ep amt\-Pvsa v ]cn-K-Wn-pI
CXn-\mbn {]tXyI \nb-a-\nmWw Bh-iy-amWv
\nmW {]h-\-v Bp-a-W-en\v ]I-c-ap-h ]cn-tim-[nv t{]mm-ln-n-pI
\Zn-I-fp-tSbpw ssIh-gn-I-fp-tSbpw Xoc--fnse a\p-jys CS-s]-S aqew \in h\ ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-pI.
tbmKy-cmb Hcp AtXm-dnn \S-p icn-bmb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\-n-\ptijw am{Xta \Zo-Xo-c--fnse ASn-m\ hnI-k\ {]h\w \S-mhq
]n-a-L AtXm-dn-nv Hcp -J\\ A]-{K-Y\ D]-k-anXn cq]o-I-cn-pI
J\-\-n\nv `qP-es kwc-n-pI
`qK` Pe-hn-Xm-\-n\p Xmsg {]hn-p J\n-I \n_--ambpw `qP-e-am-t\Pvsa v Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw {]tZ-is InW-dp-I-tfbpw Pe-hn-X-c-W-tbpw _m[n-msX
t\mp-Ibpw thWw.
Pe-am-nv \S-msX Hcp J\-\hpw XpS-m A\p-h-Zn--cpXv.
\jvS-s-Sp Pe-n\p ]Icw ag-sh kw`-c-W-n-eq-sSbpw apw Pe-\n-cv DbWw.
`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Imc-W--fmtem atm B[p-\nI J\-\-co-Xn-t]mepw Ah-ew-_n-m
Ign-bm {]tZ-i--fn Pe-hn-Xm-\-ns Af-hn\v Xmsg J\\w A\p-h-Zn-m ]mSn.
J\\ {]tZ-i--fnse `qP-e-am-t\-Pvsa v
J\\ taJ-e-bn ]pdw-X-p `qP-es kw_-nv IqSp-X ]T\w \S-p-Ibpw
nXn-hn-hc IW-p-I tiJ-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI.
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207

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Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\mbn Cy _yqtdm Hm^v ssakv, \mj-W Cnyqv Hm^v sslt{Um-fPn Fnh kwbp--ambn `qX-es kw_-n IqSp-X nXnhn-h-c-- W-p-I ]c-kv]cw ]p-h-bvpI.
J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse Fm {Kma--fnepw ]c-am-h[n 2 hj-n-\p-n ss]v hgn-bp
Pe-hn-X-cWw Dd-p-h-cp-m Pe-hn-X-cW AtXm-dn-nbpw J\-\-I--\nbpw Xn [mcW-bp-m-pI.
Dt]jn--s J\\ Ipgn-I Pe-kw-`-c-W-n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m km[n-ptam Fv
]cn-tim-[n-pI h\-`q-an-bn CXn\v Ign-bn, ImcWw, \nb-a-{]-Imcw AXp h\w-h-Ipn\v XncnsI \IWw.
`qP-e-{]-iv\--sf ssIImcyw sNm ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bn Hcp {]tXyI sk
cq]o-I-cn-Ww
J\\ {]tZ-iv Irjn ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m
\o-S--fnse Ipgn-I-fn shw \nd-bm-\p kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-pI.
Pem-i-b--fnse sNfn \ow sNpI. XS-b-W-t]mse kwhn-[m-\--sfm-cpn sNfn
\o-S--fn-tev HgpIn Fp-Xv XS-bpI
Irjn-bn-S--fn HgpIn Fp amen-\y-fpw apw \ow sNpI.
Pew \jvS-s-Sp-Xv Hgn-hm-pI.
]m-fn Bkq-{X-Whpw amt\-Pvsapw
Fm \nb-{WhnI-k\ GPkn-I-fp-tSbpw GtIm-]\w.
[mXp taJ-e-bnse sa-s ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\v t{]mm-l\w
]cn-nXn hnZym-`ymkw
]cn-nXn {]iv\- Xncn--dn-bm kqN-I-
kwm\ Xe-n lcnX Au-nv
klm-b- e`y-am-m hn]Wn kwhn-[m\w
hn`-h-k---amb kwm-\--fn h\-kw-c--W-n\v \jvS-]-cn-lmcw
an\-d Ikth-j N-f
- n \njvjn-p-X
- p-t]mse ]p\-c[
- n-hk
- n-m t_mpItfm av km-nI Dd-p-Itfm e`y-am-m ASn-b-nc \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pI.
J\-\ ta-J-e-bnse Btcm-Ky-kw-c-Ww
J\\ taJ-e-bnse tcmK-fpw av Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-fpw \nco-n-m\pw J\-\-ns
Xn-^-e- A\p-`-hn-p P\--fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-n\pw Bh-iy-amb kwhn-[m\w
Gs-Sp-pI. J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse P\-p-thn Hcp Btcm-Ky-Cjp-dkv t]mfnkn
Gs-Sp-m ssa\nv I-\n-I-tfmSv Bh-iy-s-SpI.
]m-bvk--kw-L-S\ kwbp kwcw-`-n-eqsS Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-sf kw_n hnZym-`ymkw \IpI.
J\-\-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _-sv \S-p tcmK-\nbNnInm {]h-\--fn
]mb- p-Ipw {]mY-an-Im-tcmKy tI{-smw ssa\nv I-\n-Isf IqSn
]m-fn-I-fm-pI.
tdmUp-amhpw Pe-am-hp-ap {Smkvt]mt-j-\n hmbp-a-en-\o-I-cWw Ipd-bvpI.
{Sp-I-fnepw _mp-I-fnepw \nnX Af-hn IqSp-X Ib-p-Xv Ii-\-ambn \ntcm-[nm \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-pI.
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208

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Af-hn IqSp-X Ib-p-n-sv ssa\nv I-\n-I Dd-p-h-cp-Ww.

CXv ewLn-p--h-cpsS s]anv dm-Ww.
km[\w Ib-n-b-Xn-\p-tijw {Spw _mPpw Sm]m-fnsImv aqSp-Xv \n_--amWw. {Sp-I-fpsS thKX Ii-\-ambn \nb-{n-Ww.
A\p-h-Zn-n-p Af-hn IqSp-X-em-bp-m-Ip aen-\o-I-cWw Cm-Xm-t Npa-Xe
I-\n-bp-tS-XmWv.
{Smkvt]mt-j tdv ]pXp-
{Sp-Iv 10 S ]cn[n a\-n Ip-thWw ssa\nwKv I-\n-I {Smkvt]mtj \ncv IW-p-Iq-m.
10 Sn IqSp-X Ib-p {Sp-I s]mXp-\n-c-n HmSn-m A\p-h-Zn--cpXv.
CXn-\mbn ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-nv Iogn Hcp J\\ Ah-tem-I\ D]-k-anXn cq]n-I-cnWw.
Dt]-n--s J\n-I
Dt]-n--s J\n-I Dev]m-Z\ t{kmX-p-I-fmn amWw.
CXv skkv Gs-Spntbm, m ^v D]-tbm-Kntm ap -am-ntem BImw.
kzImcys]mXp ]m-fn--tm-SpIqSnbpw BImw.
J\-\-{]-h\w sa-s-Sp-m
Ipd Af-hn Im_ ]pd-p-hn-Sp D]-I-c-W-fpw apw D]-tbm-Knv hmbp-a-en\o-I-cWw \nb-{n-pI
J\n-I-fpsS Hmtcm hmXnenepw ho hmjnv kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Knv aen-\o-I-cWw
XS-bp-I.
Ipgn-I-fn Nfn-\n-d-bp-Xv Pntbm-sS-Ivtkv D]-tbm-Knv XS-bpI.
J\-\-n\v imkv{Xo-b-amb kmt-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-pI.
Hcp `mKv ]q-ambn J\\w sNbvXv amdp-tm B `mKw \nIn t]mhp coXn
Ah-ew-_n-m ]pXnb Ipgn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS- ]g-b-Xn-enp aqSm Ignbpw.
Ipgn \nI-p--Xn\pw Ipn-sbm-env \nb-{n-p--Xn\pw imkv{Xob am- Ahew-_n-Ww.
Npp-]m-Sp-ap Pem-i-b-n-tev shw Hgpn hnSpw ap]v B Pew ip-amn Im\bn-eqsS Hgp-n-t]m-Im-\p kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp--Ww.
t_mIvkv 10 : \nb-{nX J\\ amXrI

knp-ZpK Pn-bnse (alm-cmjv{S) kmh-v-hmSn Fw.F.F.
{io. Un.hn. sIkm \nt-in-Xv
Cu taJ-e-bnse P\-{]-Xn-\n[n F \ne-bnepw Cu e-sbpw J\\ {]h-\-sfbpw kw_-nv {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-m-\-ap B F \ne-bnepw Cu Pnbvv
sam-nepw Fs \ntbm-PI a-e-n\v {]tXy-Inpw _m[-I-am-m-hp J\-\-{]h-\--fpsS amXr-I-bmWv Rm \nt-in-p-Xv. Cu taJ-e-bpsS Xmev]-cy-n-\mbn
\n \n-b-ambpw CXv ]cn-l-cn-p-sav F\n-p-d-pv.
1.
Hcp hnt-Pn Hcp sskv am{Xta A\p-h-Zn-mhq
2.
Hmtcm ssa\nv kok-Wnepw Dev]m-Zn-n-m-hp [mXp-v \nb-{Ww Gs-SpWw.
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209

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3.
Ccp--bn-cns Imcy-n Hcp hjw 2 slIvS e-p-\n-p-am-{Xta Ipgn-sb-Spm A\p-h-Zn-mhq.
4.
]e Ipgn-I-fnv J\\w \S-p-Xpw \nb-{nX Dev]m-Z\w A\p-h-Zn-p--Xp-amb J\-\coXn thWw knp ZpKn D]-tbm-Knm.
5.
Ipgn-sb-Sp-p hkvXp- sImn-Sp bmUn\v 10 slIvS-dn-e-[nIw hnkvXow

]mSn. D]-tbmKw Ign ew hrn-bmn B {]tZ-i-ns ]cn-n-Xn-n-Wp ê-hr-- hp-]n-Sn-nv lcn-Xm-`-am-Ww.
6.
Hcp Ipgn-bn \nv [mXp- FSp-p-Xv ]qn-bm-bm ASp Ipgn Ipgn-p

D]-tbm-K-an-m hkvXp--fnv BZys Ipgn aqSWw. Amw hjw Ah-km-\n-ptm samw D]-tbm-Kn {]tZ-i-ns hnkvXow 20 slIvS-dn IqSm hn[w
Cu {]{Inb XpSp-t]m-IWw. Hcp {]tZ-is J\\ {]h\w ]qn-bm-Ip-tXmsS Hcp Ipgn shw kw`-cn-m D]-tbm-Kn-p-sImv Fm-bn-Spw tXm--fp-bcWw.
7.
]-Xn-bn \nv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v Xmsg ]d-bp hn[w klmbw \IWw.

`qan-bpsS ssIh-i-mpw, {Kmao-Wpw Ahv \jvS-s hcp-am-\-n-\p \jvS]-cn-lm-c-sa \ne-bn samw Dev]m-Z-\-ns hn]Wn hne-bpsS 2.5 iX-am\w
\IWw. {Kma-ns ASn-m-\-ku-I-cy--fmb Pe-hn-X-cWw, tdmUp-\nmWw,
kvIq \nmWw, KXm-K-X-ku-Icyw, hgn-hn-f-p-I, ]mp-I, apX-em-b-h-bvmbn
asmcp 2.5 % sNe-hn-SWw. CXn Ipd-Xv 25 iX-am\w ]cn-nXn sa-s-Sp--en\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-Ww. J\\ {]h\w Ah-km-\n--tijw `mhn-bn D]-tbm-Knm-\mbn asmcp 2.5 iX-am\w Icp-X ^mbn amn hbvWw. t\mho-Pn-b amXI-bpsS cq]-n Cu Icp-X^v Fs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn--W-sav ]n-a-L kanXnv Xocp-am-\nmw. 2 slIvS-dn \nv 2 Zi-ew S e`n-p-sav IW-m-n-bm
hn]Wn hne-b-\p-k-cnv Hcp hjw Hcp {Kma-n\v 45 tImSn cq] e`npw. 8.
knp ZpKv lcn-Xm-`-amb ssPh-ssh-hny k--amb Hcp Sqdnkw Pn Bb-Xn-\m
NphsS ]d-bp apI-cp-X-ep-I kzoI-cn-Ww. Ccpv Abncv \nt-]s kw_nv Fv A\p-aXn \Ip--Xn\v ap]v AXv taJ-em-m-\n hy-ambn ImWn-n-cnWw. Ipgn-sb-Sp-p-Xv {Zmh-I-cq-]-n-em-sW-n ss]v sse hgnbpw s]mSn-cq-]n-em-sW-n AS-p-aq-Snb Is-bv\-dn tdmv th hgnbpw sImv t]mIm-\p
kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-Ww. Im_ hnIn-c-Whpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw CXp-hgn Hgn-hmmw.
9.
CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-m\ kuIcyw I-\n-I tNtm H-bvmtbm Gs-Spmw.

ASn-m\ Bh-iy-pw ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\pw KWy-amb XpI apS-m
k--cm-Ip I-\n-Ip am{Xta Pn-bn J\-\m-\p-aXn \Imhq.
10.
]T\ dntmn \nt-in-p--Xp-t]mse {]tZ-iv sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-XnI t{]mm-ln-n-Ww. sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w Ignp hcp Pew Irjnv D]-tbmKnmw. Nne ev J\\ Ipgn-I aqew `qPe \ncv Xmgp-pv. Ahn-S--fn
sNdnb AW-s-p-mn sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-n-m Irjnbpw c-sSpw.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v "]ptcn' hnt-Pn \nn sNdnb AW-s-n \nv sshZypXn
Dev]m-Zn-n tij-ap shw ' Akm-lnsb', "skmemwssh, Xv' XpS-nb
{Kma-v \In sh-ns ]c-am-h[n D]-tbmKw Dd-p-h-cp-m {Unv Cdn-tKj t]mse-bp kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Knmw. sshZypXn ]-Xn-p sNehv I-\nI hln-Ww.
11.
I-\n-bpsS sNe-hn J\\ {]tZ-i-n\v Nppw 2.5 ao Db-c-n aXn \nnWw. Npp-ap h\--fnse kpc--I-W-n-se-Sp-m-WnXv.
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210

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12.
{Sp-I-fp-tSbpw av, b{-kw-hn-[m-\--fptSbpw {]h\w Cu aXns-n-\p-n

HXpn \nWw. kqtcym-Zbw apX kqcym-kvX-abw hsc am{Xta {]h\w
]mSpq.
13.
{]h\ ka-bv samw {]tZ-ihpw shw \\v s]mSn Db-cm-Xn-cn-m {inWw. ]Xn {]tZ-i-n\p Nppw Bh-iy-n\v ac- hfn i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-c-Wn\v XS-bn-SWw.
14.
GXp {]tZ-ipw J\\ {]h\w Bcw-`npw ap]v Ahn-Sp hr-sf kw_nv Hcp ks \S-p-Ibpw Ch amn \Sp--Xn\pw ap-h kwc-n-p--Xn-\pambn Hcp \gvkdn m]n-p-Ibpw thWw.
15
Hmtcm {Kma-n-tebpw hnip--h-\- kwc-n-Ww. Ch-bpsS kwc-Ww {]mtZinI kaq-ls Gn-p-Ibpw AXn-te-p sNehv I-\n-I hln-p-Ibpw
thWw.
2.8. sshZyp-Xnbpw Duhpw

]n-a-L kan-Xn-bpsS apn IqsS-IqsS D-bn-p Hcp {]iv\-amWv ]n-a-L
kwhn-[m-\--fnse sslt{Um, sXa, \yqn-b, ImmSn ^mw Fn-h-bn-eq-sS-bp sshZypXn
Dev]m-Z\w. ]n-a-L--nse ssPh Bhmk hyh-sb Cu ]-Xn-I XIp--Xmbn
Hcp hn`mKw hmZn-pp. ]cn-nXn kwth-Z-\--a-X- C{X-b-[n-I-ap taJ-e-bn C{X-tmfw
sshZypX ]-Xn-I Bh-iy-aptm FmWv tNmZyw. C\nbpw hf-sc-b-[nIw ]-Xn-I
{]tXy-Inv sXa ]-XnI Bkq-{XW L-n-emWv. Ah-bvm-h-iy-amb hn`-h-fpw
]cn-nXn ]chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BLm-Xhpw IW-n-se-Sp-m Ah Bh-iy-aptm?
Ch kpn-c-amtWm? F tNmZy- Ah-ti-jn-pp. CXp kw_-n Hcp GI-tZ-icq]w a\-n-em-m-\mbn R ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse sshZyp-Xn-bp-tSbpw Dun-tbpw nXn hnh-c--W-p-I ]cn-tim-[np. {]Xn-ioj sshZypXn D]-tbm-K-ns
Imcy-n kwm-\- Xn henb Acw \ne-\np--Xm-bmWv IW-p-IkqNnn-p-Xv. tKmh-bnse sshZypXn D]-tbmKw tZiob icm-i-cn-bpsS 3.5 Cc-n-bm-sW-n tIcf-n-teXv CXns 2/3 BWv. Cy-bpsS av `mK--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm sshZyq-XoI-cn- {KmaoW `h-\-fpsS A\p-]mXw tIc-f-n hftc Db-Xm-Wv. ]t, sshZyp-XoI-cn-m {KmaoW `h-\- tKmh-bn 8 iX-am-\-am-s-W-n alm-cm-jv{S-bn AXv 35 iXam-\-amWv. Cu kwm-\--fnse sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb hyh-km-b--fmWv sshZyp-Xn-bpsS
Ghpw henb D]-t`m-m-. hInS hyh-km-b--fn Abncv kwkv-cWw, CcpvDcpv,
kna v, s]t{Sm-fnbw dnss^ \-dn-I, ]-kmc UnkvSn-e-dn-I, hfw \nm-W-im-e-I,
s]t{Sm-sI-an-kv Fnh Ds-Spp. Ghpw IqSp-X sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv ChbmWv. sNdp-InSCS-cw hyh-km-b-fpw [mcm-f-apv. IqSp-X sXmgn-e-h-k-c- \Ip-Xn-h-bmWv. Cu hn`m-K-n s]Sp û{n-I, NpSp-I ^mIvS-dn-I, XpWn-an-p-I,
Ifn-a ^mIvS-dn-I, t]mdn, mkv-sh-b, t_dn Fnh IqSp-X sshZypXn D]-tbm-Knp--h-bmWv.
sshZypXn Dev]m-Z-\-ns Imcy-nepw Cu kwm-\- Xn \ A-c-apv.
KpP-dm-nepw alm-cm-jv{S-bnepw G-hp-a-[nIw sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-p ka-bs In
tZiob icm-i-cn-bpsS cn-c-n-bmWv. hssh-Zyp-Xn-I-n-bp kwm-\-amWv alm-cmjv{S.
Fm, av ]n-a-L kwm-\-sf At]-nv In-bm-sW-nepw Im-S-I-bp-tSbpw,
Xan-gv\m-Sn-sbpw nXn Gsd t`Z-amWv. sshZypXn {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Dm-Zn-p-Itbm av
kwm-\--fn \nv hmp-Itbm sNmw. ]s Bhiyw apIqn Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv
\on-bn-s-n Uok P\-td- skp-I A\n-b-{n-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xp-S-m\pw AXv
ISp ]cn-X-nXn {]iv\- krjvSn-m\pw CS-bmpw. Ctm-gs {]k-cW hnX-cW
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211

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\jvSw Hgn-hm-m\pw ASn-b-nc \S-]-Sn-thWw.

C-\-fpsS KmlnI D]-tbmKw
Nph-sS-bp Nn{Xw 10 2007 08 1000 {Kmao-W-`-h-\--fnse ]mN-I-n\v F.]n.Pn
(`q]SwHv) hndIv (`q]Sw 2), hnf-p-sX-fn-m sshZypXn (`q]Sw3) as (`q]Sw 4)
Fn-hb
- psS D]-t`mKw hy-am-Ipp. tKmh-bn 41 iX-am\w hoSp-If
- n ]mN-I
- n\v F.]n.Pn
D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm av kwm-\--fn Ctmgpw _lp-`q-cn-]w {Kmao-Wcpw hnd-In-s\bmWv B{i-bn-p-Xv. IqSp-X {Kmao-Wcpw ]mN-I-n\v hndIv D]-tbm-Kn-p Im-S-I-hpambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm F.]n.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-p Abkw-m-\-amb tIc-f-nse
A\p-]mXw hfsc Db-XmWv. tKmh-bnse 80 ia-Xm-\-n-e-[n-Ihpw alm-cm-jv{S-bnse 70
iX-am-\-n-e-[n-Ihpw ]-W-hm-kn-I ]mN-I-n\v F.]n.Pn D]-tbm-Kn-p--h-cmWv.
cmPy-ns ap `mK--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse
`qcn-`mKw hop-Imcpw shfn--n\v as--tb-m sshZyp-Xn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv.
`q]SwHv : 1000 {Kmao-W-`-h-\--fnse

]mN-I-n\v F.]n.Pn
`q]Swcv: 1000 {Kmao-W-`-h-\--fnse

]mN-I-n\v hndIv
`q]Swaqv : 1000 {Kmao-W-`-h-\--fnse

Dum-h-iy-v sshZypXn
`q]Sw\mev: 1000 {Kmao-W-`-h-\--fnse

Dum-hi
- y-v as
Nn{Xw 10 hnhn[ kwm-\--fnse ]mNI/Du

Bh-iy-p KmlnI C\ D]-tbmKw (TDDEY 2010)
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212

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2010 amv 31 se m]nX tijn (sa-Km-hm-v)
Nn{Xw 11 ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\w
alm-cm-jv{S-bn 2012 tev ]e sXa ]h t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw Bkq-{XWw sNbvXnpv. tIc-f-nepw Im-S-I-nepw Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I-fmWv Btem-N-\-bn. Ghpw
X-n InS-p Im-S-I-bnse KqVy, tIc-f-nse BXn-c-nn ]-Xn-Isf ]n
Cu dntmns Hmw `mKv hni-Z-ambn N sNbvXn-pv.
Bkq-{X-W-L--n-ep ]e ]-Xn-Ifpw DXv-m-P-\-I-amWv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v sdbvKVnepw cXv\-Kn-cn-bnepw 33,000 saKm-hmv tijn-bp sXa t{]mP-IvSp-I ]cn-nXn nbdkn-\p-thn Imn-cn--bmWv. Ch-bn ]eXpw krjvSn-p ]cn-nXn kmaq-ly-BLm-X- hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amWv. Ch- Hcp Iq-ambn m]n-m-\mWv Dt-in-p-Xv. Ch krjvSnp Bh\ BLmXw ]cn-K-Wn--s-tS--XmWv. Cu sshZypXn Dev]m-Z\ mp-I-fpsS
Zqjy-^-e- Hcp hn`mKw P\- A\p-`-hn-p-tm AXns KpWw e`n-p-Xv asmcp
hn`m-K-n-\mWv.
Cu Pn-Iv Hcp hjw 180 saKm-hmv sshZyp-Xn-bmWv Bhiyw Fm ChnsS
{]Xn-hjw Dev]m-Zn-n-p-Xv 4543 saKm-hm-mWv.
apss_-bpsS Bhiyw hf-sc -h-ep-Xm-sW-n Ievcn A[n-jvTn-X-amb hen-sbmcp m v
ae-_m lnn m]n-m-hp--XmWv. Pnm mn-te-Xp-t]mse Fm A\p-Iqe LS-Ifpw Chn-sS-bpv. ChnsS m v m]n-m hfsc Zqtcv hnX-c-W-sse-\p-I hen-t-Xn. Xqew {]k-cWhnX-cW \jvSw Ipd-bpp. cXv\-Kncn, knn-ZpK Pn-I-fn hnXc
sse\p-Iv Xmsg ê-hr--fpw apw hp-]n-Sn-n-m Ign-bm-Xp aqe-ap \jvShpw
Hgn-hmmw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
213

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DWvT Dbp {]iv\

-
hnI-k-\-n\v Duhpw sshZyp-Xnbpw IqSntb Xocq. Cu cmPys P\--fpsS Hcp
BtKmf kaq-l-ns `mK-am-I-bm CS-cw hcp-am-\-kz-`m-h-n-tev IqS-X Bfp-Iv
IS-p-tN-cp--Xn-\m ùXnI kpJ-ku-I-cy-p-th-n-bp Bhiyw hn-p-sIm-ncn-p-w. Cy-bn \mw ImWp-Xv hcp-am\ t{iWnbpsS apI-fn-te-bvv IS-p-h-cp P\-
B[p-\nI Pohn-X-n-\m-h-iy-amb LS-I- IqSp-X IqSp-X Bh-iy-s-Sp--XmWv. ]pXnb
hn`mKw Du D]-t`m-m-, ]pXnb cmjv{Sob k-, IqSp-X bm{Xm-ku-Icyw,
CXn-s\mw IqSp-X sshZyp-Xnbpw Duhpw C-\hpw Bh-iy-amWv. hf-bvp-th-nbp Du-ns Bhiyw IqSn-h-cp-tmgpw shfn--n\v sshZypXn e`n-m--Xpw, shfn-n\pw ]mN-I-n-\pw, Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-I-c-amb ]pI- h-an-n-p C\w D]-tbm-Knp-Xpamb henb Hcp P\-hn-`mKw ChnsS Dv. ChnsS \mw t\cn-Sp- {]Xn-kn hfm-h-iy-amb DuPw Fs\ D]m-Zn-n-mw, ]cn-n-Xnsb kwc-n-p--tXm-sSmw DuP
maw Fs\ ]cn-l-cn-mw, Fsm-s-bm-Wv.
\ne-hn-ep-Xpw ]pXn-b-Xmbn m]n-m-\p-t-in-p--Xp-amb Du Dev]m-Z-\-s{]m-PIvSp-If
- psS ]mcn-n-XnIkmaqly BLm-X
-
- DXvW
- vTm-P\
- I
- a
- mWv. ]n-aL
- -
- nse kwthZ\ aX IqSnb taJ-e-I-fn Du DXv]m-Z-\-mp-I \nn-p-Xpw {]hn-n-pXpw ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h LS-\sb _m[n-p-Xpw, Bhm-k- \-jvS-n\pw h\-ta-Je
hn`-Pn--s-Sp--Xn\pw CS-bm-p--Xp-amWv. CXv Ahn-Ss kky-Pm-e--fpsS am{X-a, kqjvaIm-em-h--tbbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[npw. Du DXv]m-Z-\-mp-Ifpw AW-s-p-Ifpw
m]n-p--Xp-aqew hfsc henb Hcp {]tZ-is h\--fmWv \in-n-s-Sp-Xv.
\jvS-s A{Xbpw h\- thsd hp-]n-Sn-n-m \nbaw A\p-im-kn-p-p-s-nepw
\jvS-s X\Xp h\--fnse ssPh-ssh-hn-y-k-Po-X-Ifpw kpw ]p\kr-jvSn-m
AXn-\m-hn-. sXa mp-I-fn \nv ]pdp hcp Xm]-mv h\--fpsS \ne-hm-c-s
\in-n-p-Ibpw Xpdp hnSp Ah-in-jv- Pe-t{km-X-p-Isf aen-\o-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
sXa mp-I-fpsS {]h\w aqew Pe-ns Xm]-\ne Db-cp-Xpw, ^vssf Bjpw
BWv ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fp-m-p--Xv. Pe-ns Xm]-\ne Db-cp--Xp-aqew cmk-h-kvXpfpw av aen-\o-I-cW hkvXp-fpw sh-n IqSp-X Aenp tNcp-Ibpw CXv ]cnnXnv henb X-ap-m-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Xm]-\ne Db-cp--Xn\v ]pdta XWp-n-
{]{In-b-bn cmk-]-Zm- Ie sh-amWv mp-I-fn \nv Xpdv hnSp--Xv. Cu
sh-n tmdn\pw apw Ien-p--Xn-\m Pem-i-b-nse ay-k--ns\ CXv {]XnIq-e-ambn _m[n-pw.
Cw, ckw Fnh DssS \nc-h[n cmk-h-kvXp- ^vssf Bjn AS-n-bn-cnp-p. CXv \Zn-I-fnepw apw ASn-bp-Xp aqew ay--fpsS {]Xyp-ev]m-Z\ tijn Xs
\jvS-s-Sp-p.
sIm taJ-e-bnse \nbp Du mp-I-fpsS Bh\ BLm-Xs ]n
]T\w \S--W-sa Bhiyw Dbn-p-v. ]n-a-L--nse \Zo-X-S- Pe-ssh-Zyp-Xnpw
ip-P-e-hn-X-cW ]-Xn-Ipw thn {Iam-Xo-X-ambn NqjWw sNp--Xn-s\-Xnsc ap-dnbn-p-b-cp-p-v. \Zn-I-fpsS {]-`h tI{--fn bmsXmcp ]-Xnbpw ]mSn-. {Ia-n-e-[nIw
hnI-k\w h \Zo-X-S--fnepw ]pXnb AW-s-p-I ]mSn-. \Zn-I-fpsS ]cn-nXn]c-amb
Hgpv \ne-\nt-Xv hfsc {][m-\-amWv. am{X-hp-a ]n-a-L--n \ne-hn-ep-Xpw
\nt-in--s-n-p--Xp-amb ]-Xn-I ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h--bn-ep-m-p Bh\
BLm-X-s-n CXn-\Iw Hcp hne-bn-cp- \S-n-bn-n.
]n-a-L--ns kwth-Z-\--aX IW-n-se-Spv Du D]-t`mKw Gsd Imcy-a-am-nbpw apw Du Bh-iy- \nd-th-m {ian--Ww. ]e kwm-\--fnepw ]mc-tcy-Xc Du D]-t`mKw ]c-am-h[n t{]mm-ln-n--s-Sp-p-v. kutcmP]--Xn-Imbn
hcp `qan-bp-sSbpw sh-n-sbpw Afhpw AXv krjvSn-p {]mtZ-inI kmaqly BLmXhpw ]cn-K-Wn--s-tS--Xp-v. th{X {i ]Xn-n-n-m asmcp A]m-IX sshZypXn
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214

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hnX-c-W-n-\p henb S-dp-I ISp t]mIpXneqsS Bhm-k-tI-{- hn`-Pn--s-Sp-Xm-Wv. ]cn-nXn kwth-Z\ aX Gdnb {]tZ-i--fn S {KnUp-ambn _n-n-m-sXbp ]mc--tcy-Xc Du-]--Xn-I t{]mm-ln-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
{]mtZ-inI ]cn-n-Xn-bn ]mc--tcy-Xc Du-hn-I-k\w krjvSn-p BLm-Xs
]n \mw IqSp-X a\-n-em-t--Xp-v. DZm-l-c-W-n\v h tXmXn-ep ImmSn ]mS-
{]mtZ-inI ssPh Bhmk hyh--bn Imcyamb am--fp-m-p-p-v. ]n-a-L--n
hmWn-Pym-Sn-m-\-n ImmSn ]mS- m]n-m ]e \nt-i--fp-ap-v. Nneh CXn\Iw ]qo-I-cn-n-p-ap-v. \nn-X-th-K-X-bn IqSp-X XpS-bmbn Im-Sn-p {]tZ-i-fntem CXv m]n-m Ign-bq. ]n-a-L--n Ghpw Zp-e-amb ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-bp Ingp-mw-Xq-mb ]md-s-p-I-fmWv Ccw {]tZ-i- ]n-a-L--nse Ghpw
A\p-]-a-amb ssPh-ssh-hn-y-L-S-I--fmWv Chn-sS-bp--Xv. ImmSn b{- Dbn m]np-X
- n-\p òa s{Ibn-\p-Ifpw apw ae-ap-If
- n Fn-p-X
- n\v Bh-iy-amb henb tdmUpI-fpsS \nmWw h\--fp-tSbpw Bhm-k-hy-h--bp-tSbpw h tXmXn-ep \io-I-c-Wn\pw AXp hgn Dcps]m-, asm-env Fn-hbvp Imc-Whp-am-Ip-p. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse
_oa-i- h\y Pohn kt-X-n \nv cv Intem-ao- AIse ENERCON I\n \Snb Hcp ImmSn ]mS-n {io am[-hvKm-UvKnepw sd\o t_mPkpw \S-nb ]T-\-n
Cu taJebnse ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS X\na apgp-h XI-Xmbn ImW-s-p. am{X-hp-a Cu
]-Xn-bn-eqsS kz[o-\-h-ebw I\n {]Jym--]n-n-pXnt\-m F{Xtbm hep-Xm-sWpw
a\-n-em-m Ign-p. Cu ]T-\-n-eqsS hy-am-Ip Hcp Imcyw ImmSn ]mS-ns lcnX-km-t-XnI hnZybvv nb-dkv \Ip-Xpw CXp kw_-n Bh\ BLmX A]{K-Y\w \S-nb tijw aXn Fm-Wv. C-c-sam-c-]-{K-Y\ ]T\w ]qn-bm-Ip--Xp-hsc
ImmSn ]mS-]--XnIv samd-tm-dnbw {]Jym-]n--Ww. GXm-bmepw ESZ1 taJ-e-bn ImmSn
]mSw A\p-h-Zn--cp-sXv ]n-a-L--k-anXn ip]mi sNbvXn-p-v.

Bh-iy-ap Du-ns Af-hv, e`y-am-m-hp Du-nse h-\-hv, Dev]m-Z-\n-ep ssPh-C-\ kmt-XnI m\w, Du taJ-ebvv Npp-ap ]cn-nXn \nb{Ww Fn-hsb ASn-m-\-amn ]e am- ip]mi sNmw.
Bh-iy-ap-ff Du-ns Afhv
]n-a-L kwm-\--fn-tebpw av kwm-\--fn-tebpw Hcp hn`m-K-am-fp-I Bh-iyn-e-[nIw ssh-ZypXn D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm ap--hv AXym-h-iy-n\p t]mepw e`np-n-. Du Dev]m-Z-\hpw D]-t`m-Khpw _-s-Sp-n-bp {]mtZ-inI ]cn-n-Xn]-chpw kmaq-ly-am-bp-ap {]iv\- ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm kpn-c-Xbpw Xpey-Xbpw
{]Xn-^-en-p hy-amb Hcp Du \bw \ap-m-h-iy-am-Wv. ""BVw-_-chpw Zpcp-]tbm-Khpw'' ""\ymbhpw Bh-iy-n\pw'' Xn-ep hyXymkw Du-D-]-t`m-K-n \mw
Xncn--dn-b-Ww. Xpey-amb {]Xn-ioj Du D]-t`mK \n_--\-Ifpw IW-n-se-Sp-Ww.
hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn Du-Im-cy--aX Iqm km-cn-\p tijn hne-bn-cp-tXpw {][m-\-am-Wv. _yqtdm Hm^v F\Pn F^n-jykn-bpsS ]n-\mWv ChnsS
{][m\yw . Ctmgpw `mhn-bn-ep Du-ns Bhiyw AYhm Afhv IW-m-ptm AXv bYmhpw hkvXp \njvShpw Bbn-cn--Ww. DuXn-s]-cp-n IW-p-I
Bh-iy-an-msX IqSp-X Duw Dev]m-Zn-n-m-\p kw Iqp-Ibpw AXv tZmjI-c-amb ]cn-nXn BLm-X-v CS-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNpw.
Du Dev]m-Z-\-ns ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb BLm-X IW-n-se-Spv Du D]-t`m-m-sf t_m[-h-cnv Du-ns BVw_c Bhiyw Ipd-bv-Ww.
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215

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Du Dev]m-Z\w
]mc--tcy-Xc Du ]-Xn-I-tfbpw Du-Im-cy--a-X-tbbpw ]c-am-h[n t{]mmln-n--Ww. sNdnb ]-Xn-I-fmWv A`n-Im-ayw.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn kwth-Z\ aX IqSnb taJ-e-I-fn {]mtZ-inI sshZypXn
Bh-iy- am{Xw t\cn-Sm-\p sNdp-InS Pe sshZypX ]XnIfmWv Bh-iyw. Ch
{KnUp-ambn _n-n-m-h Bbn-cn--Ww.
kvamv {KnUns D]-t`mKw
Du-nse ASn-m-\-L-S-I-ns kzoIm-cyX sa-s-Spm IWv Iqm\p tijnbpw Bi-b-hn-\n--a-bhpw sa-s-Sp-p-I.
{KnUn-eqsSsshZypXn Hgp-Ip-Xv \nco-n-p--Xn\pw sa-s apI-cp-X sabn

\kn\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cnpI.
{]k-cWhn-X-cW \jvSw Ipd-bvp-I.
hnZyp-n hnX-cWw IqSp-X Imcy--ahpw hnizm-k-tbm-Kyhpw Bp--Xn\ kwm\-- \nb-{-W-\-b- kzoI-cnv aen-\o-I-c-W-ap-m-p Uok Fn amXr-II hyh-km-b-n sImp-h-cp-Xv Ipd-bvp-I.
Cu `mKv kzoI-cn-n-p \qX\ {]h-W-X-I \n-ambpw hne-bn-cp-t--Xm-Wv. DZml-c-W-n\v tIc-f-nse ]]m-d-bnse Hcp amXrIm sNdp-InS Pe-ssh-ZypX kwhn[m\w. CXn\v Bh-iy-amb XpI kam-l-cn-Xv {Kma-hm-kn-I-fn \nv ]W-ambpw Dev]--fm-bp-am-Wv. AXp-t]mse Xs sshZyp-Xo-I-cn-m {Kma--fn kutcm-sa-nm-\mbn "sksIm' amXrIm ]-Xn-bn-tebpw A\p-`-h- hne-bn-cp--s-tS--XmWv.
Gs-Sp `qan-bpsS ASn-m-\-n B\p-Iqeyw ]p hbvp coXn: DZm-l-c-W-n\v
]me-ms Kncn-h-m-cp-ambn tNv Hcp 80 saKm-hmv ImmSn ]mSw m]n-p-Xn\v tIc-f-km kzoI-cn _nkn-\v amXrI {]Imcw F.-Sn.-]n.-knbpw kwm\
hnZyp-n t_mUpw ]me-ms Kncn h-mcpw tNp Hcp ]mvW jnmWv
Cu ]-Xn. Kncn-h-m-cpsS `qan-bn \np-ev]m-Zn-n-p Hmtcm bqWnv sshZyp-Xnbn \npw Hcp \nnX XpI Kncn-h-mp e`n-pw.
]cn-nXn nbdkv
Du mp-Iv ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \IpXn\p \S-]-Sn-{Iaw ASn-apSn ]cnjv-cn--Ww.
Hmtcm taJ-ebvpw hln-m-hp tijn ]cn-nXn BLmX ]T-\- IW-n-se-Sp-Ww. mp-I Iq-tm-sSbmWv m]n-p--sX-n Bh\ BLmX ]T-\ IqSn \S--Ww.
Cy-bn ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\n\p am-tc-J-I-fn ]mc--tcy-Xc
Du ]-Xn-I Ds-Sp-n-. Ahbpw {]tXy-Inv ImmSn ]mS- ]e BLm-Xfpw krjvSn-p--Xn-\m Chsb IqSn AXn Cs-Sp--Ww. CXn-\mbn bp.-F-kv.C.]n Xm-dm-n-bn-p am\-Z-WvU-fpw ]cn-tim-[n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. ImSn ]mS-v
nb-dkv \Ipw ap]v Bh\ BLmX A]-{K-Y\w \S--Ww.
]mc--tcyXj Du ]Xn IqSp-X {]Nmcw t\Sn hcp--Xn-\m Ah apIqn
Bkq{XWw sNp-Ibpw ]mcn-n-XnI kmaqly BLmX ]T-\- \S-p-Ibpw thWw
]n-a-L--n sXa mp-Iv nb-dkv \Ip--Xn ]cn-nXnh\w a{mebw IqSp-X {i sNep--Ww.
]-Xn-Iv A\p-aXn \Ip-Xv ]cn-nXn nbmkv \n_--\-I Ii-\-ambn
]men-n-cn--Ww.
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216

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Du sshZypXn taJ-e-bp-ambn _-s {]iv\-- ssIImcyw sNm ]n-a-L

AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Iogn Hcp {]tXyI sk cq]o-I-cn--Ww.
2.9 hnt\mZ kmcw

hnt\m-Z-k-mcw ]n-a-L--n AXn-thKw hfp sImn-cn--bm-Wv. Chn-Ss
hnt\mZ kmcw {][m-\-ambpw {]IrXn ]cn-nXn h\y-Pohn, aX-, kmaqlyw, _nkn\v Fn-hsb ASn-m-\-s-Sp-n-bp--Xm-Wv. ]n-a-L--nse Sqdn-k-n-te-dnb ]pw
aX-]c
- a
- mb Sqdn-ka
- m-Wv. sXm-Sp m\w {]IrXn A[n-jvTnX Sqdn-
- n-\m-Wv. ChnsS Ghpw
IqSp-X hnt\m-Z-k-m-cn-I-sf-p-Xv cmPy-n-\-Ip \np Xs. 2002\v tijw ]n-a-L-nse kwc-n-X-ta-J-e-bmb s]cn-bm, acpae, _n-q, \mKtlm, UtenBjn
Fn-hn-S--fn-te-p Sqdn-p-I-fpsS Hgpv IqSn-bn-p-v. Sqdnkw {]h-\--fn-te-dnb ]pw
th{X Bkq-{X-Wtam \nb-{-Wtam Cm-sX-bmWv \S-p--Xv. "Aw_n-hmen' ,"e-hmk-' t]mse temI-\n-e-hm-c-n Bkq-{XWw sNbvXn-p-f-f Sqdnkw ]-Xn-Ip t]mepw Bhiyamb ]cn-nXn -B-LmX ]T-\tam, Bh\ BLmX A]-{K-[-\tam \S-m-sX-bmWv
tI{--kw-m\ km-cp-I Sqdn-ks t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xv.
DXvIW
- vTb
- p-m-p {]iv\
-
]n-a-L--n Sqdnv m]-\--fpsS A\n-b-{n-X-amb hf, Bhmk tI{-
hn`-Pn--s-Sm\pw a\p-jy\pw arK-fpw Xn-ep kwLjw hn-m\pw CS-bmn-bn-pv. amen-\y- {Iam-Xo-X-ambn Ipp IqSp-Xp aqew IoS- BIjn--s-Sm\pw tcmK hn-m\pw CS-bp-v. kwkv-cn-m shw ]pd-tv Hgpn hnSp-Xp aqew
kky-Pm-e-fpw `qP-ehpw aen-\o-I-cn--s-Sp-p. h\-n Xo]n-Spw Dm-Im-\p kmyXbpw Gsd-bm-Wv. Sqdn-k-ns asmcp kzm`m-hnI ê-amWv sh-n\p thn-bp hn
Bh-iyw.
kmaq-ly--kmw-kvm-cnI cwKv {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS ]c--cm-KX Pohn-X-ssi-en-bn
Sqdnkw amw hcp-p-Xm-bmWv ImWp--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v `qan-bpsS hn\n-tbm-K-n h
amhpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Zue-`yhpw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n\v Ah-cpsS `qan-bnepw hn`-ht{km-X-p-I-fnepw Fm Ign-bm-Xpw Irjn Akm-y-am-p-p. {]IrXn kwc--Ws
t{]mm-ln-n-m-\p Hcp Bi-b-ambn Ctm Sqdnkw t{]mm-ln-np hcp-Xv icn-bmb
coXn-bn-e-. {]IrXn kwc--W-s t{]mm-ln-n-m\pw {]tZi-hm-kn-I-fpsS kmaq-ly--km-nI ]m-fnw Ddp hcp-m-\p-amWv Ctm Sqdnkw {ian-t--Xv.
NphsS ]d-bp Imcy--fn \b-]-c-amb {i Bh-iy-amWv
Sqdnkw hf-cp thKX
hnp hcp Sqdn-k-ns _mly Bh-iy-
Sqdnv ASn-m\ kuI-cy--fpsS m\w.
hnt\mZ km-cn-I aqe-ap-m-Ip i_vZ-i-eyw, amen-\y-q-mcw XpS-n-b-h.
amen\y amt\-Pvsan-tbpw aen-\-Pe amt\-Pvsan-tbpw A`mhw
{]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-nepw kwkvm-c-n-ep-ap-m-Ip am-
*
t\w ]n-Sp kwhn-[m-\-an-m-bva.

]n-a-L--nse hnt\mZ kmcw {]tXyI {i Aln-p-p. Ccw sskp-Isf
"Dev]m-Z-\--D-]-t`m-r' kw-hn-[m-\-ambn thWw a\-n-em-m.
kpnc Dev]m-Z-\--D-]-t`mr kwhn-[m\w
i-amb kpnc N-fn-eqsS A\n-n-XXz-sbpw av {]Xn-k-n-I-sfbpw XcWw
sNp-I.
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217

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{]h-\--fn hymh-km-bnI ]cn-nXn XXz-fpw ssPh kmt-XnI hnZybpw D]tbm-Kn-p-I.

Hcp {]tZ-i-n\v Xmm-\p tijn, aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{-Ww, aen-\o-I-cWw, krn-p-h AXns sNehv hln-Ww XpS-n-bh {]hn ]Y-n sImp hcn-I.
]cn-nXn ]c-ambn Hcp {]tZ-i-n\v Xmm-\p tijn-bpsS Afhv hsc am{Xta
Sqdnkw A\p-h-Zn-m-hq. kmwkvm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]cn[n Ihn-bp-Xv ]n-a-L-nse kpnc hnI-k-\-ns Xmev]-cy-n\v tN-X-.
Hcp taJ-e-bpsS Xmm-\p tijn Dbm thn \nt]w A\p-h-Zn-mw.
kmt-XnI m\-]-ctam \b-]-ctam Bb Imcy- {]mhn-I-am-p-Itbm hn`-h-fpsS D]-tbmKw IqSp-X Imcy--a-am-p-Itbm sNp-Xv aqew ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb
]cn-an-Xn-I amn FSp-mw.
ESZ Hn
Hcp taJ-e-bn Ghpw Ipd BLmXw krjvSn-p Sqdn-ks t{]mm-ln-nm thn ]n-a-L AtXm-dnn ipo-I-cn-s-Sp-p Ctm--Sq-dnkw \bw thWw
]cn-n-Xn--h\w a{m-ebw ]nXp-S-cm.
amen\y amt\-Pvsan\pw, {Sm^n-n\pw Pe D]-tbm-K-n\pw Ii-\-\n-b-{Ww thWw.
ESZ cn
Hcp Sqdnkw am m\nsbpw tkmjy BUn-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n Ii\

\nb-{W Gs-Sp--Ww.
Hcp {]tZ-i-ns Xmm-\p tijn-bpsS ASn-m-\-nepw kmaq-lyhpw ]cn-n-Xn]-ch
- p-amb sNe-hp-I IW-n-se-Sppambn-cn-Ww Sqdnkw am m\n\v cq]w \Im
ESZ aqn
Sqdnv t{]mP-IvSp-I-fpsS tkmjy BUnpw \nb-{-W-fpw Ii-\-am-Ww

Sqdnkw am m\n\v cq]w \Ip-Xv Hcp {]tZ-i-n\v Xmm-\p tijn hne-bn-cpnbpw kmaq-lyhpw ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-hp-amb sNe-hp-I IW-n-se-Sp-p-am-bn-cn--Ww.
{]mtZ-inI kaq-l-hp-ambn t\w ]p hbvp sNdp-InS Sqdnkw t{]mm-ln-n--Ww.
Sqdn-k-ns ASn-m-\ LS-I- {]tXy-Inv Xma-k-ku-Icyw {]-IrXn kulr-Z-]chpw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-am-bn-pff hkvXp- {im-]qw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xpw Bbncn--Ww. CXn\v k_vknUn cq]-n t{]mm-l\w \I-Ww.
Acp-hn-I, XSm-I- av Pe-t{km-X-p-I Fn-hbvv Nppw tIm{Iov sNp-Xv
\ncp-m-l-s-Sp--Ww.
Sqdnkw ASn-m\ kuI-cy--fn {in--Ww.
Sqdnkw ASn-m\ kuI-cy-v IqSp-X ]cn-K-W\ \IWw
kwc-nX taJ-e-bpsS Icp-X {]tZ-kv Sqdnkw ASn-m\ kuI-cy-sam-cp-p-Xv
sskn\v Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Fm Sqdnkw ASn-m\ kuIcy hnI-k-\nepw ag-shw kw`-cn-m-\p \ntiw \n_-n-X-am-Ww
hml-\--fn \nb-{Ww Gs-Sp-Ww
mnIv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn Ii\ \nb-{Ww Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw hmWnPy m]-\fpw apw mnIv _mKv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw thWw.
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218

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shw D]-tbm-Kn tijw Ipn-I kam-l-cn-m {]tXyI kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-Ww. Sqdnv sskp-If
- nse amen\y amt\-Pvsan\v IqSp-X {]mtZ-inI ]m-fnw t{]mmln-n--Ww.
Sqdn-k-hp-ambn _-s {]iv\- ssIImcyw sNm ]n-a-L AtXm-dnn Hcp
{]tXyI sk cq]o-I-cn--Ww. Sqdnkw hnI-k\ {]h-\- ssekknv Ds-sSbphbpsS \nb-{Ww ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-m-bn-cn-bv-Ww.
2.10. KXm-KXw
cmPy-ns hnhn[ `mK- Xn _n-n-p--Xn\pw kp-enX taJe hnI-k\-n\pw hmm-hn-\n-ab irw-Je hnI-kn-n-m\pw kwm-\-n-\-Ipw kwm-\-
Xnepw D hmWn-Py--hy-h-km-b- t{]mm-ln-n-m\pw KXm-KX ASn-m\ kuI-cy {][m-\-am-Wv.
]n-a-L--ns Imcy-n kpZoL-amb ]na Xocs av `mK--fp-ambn _nn-p--Xn\v KXm-KX ASn-m\ kuIcyw Hgnp IqSm-\m-hmXmWv. Ctm ]me-mSv
Npcw am{X-amWv C-c
- n-semcp ]mX Hcp-p-X
- v. ]n-aL
- ae-\n-cI
- f
- n-eqsS ISp t]mIp
tdmUp-Iepw dbnthIfpw sslth-I-fp-amWv AXns ssPh-\n-e-hm-cs _m[n-p amns apJy D]m-[n-I. Cu taJ-e-bn KXm-KX ASn-m\ hnI-k-\-n\p thn Db-cp
apd-hn-fn-I DXvI-WvT-tbm-sS-bmWv Cu kanXn ImWp--Xv.ImcWw CXv ]n-a-L--nse
h\--tfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-s-bpw h\y Pohn-I-sfbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-pw.
DXvIWvT Df-hm-p {]iv\-

tdmUp-Ifpw sdbnsh sse\p-If
- p-samw a\pjy Bhmk tI{-f
- psS hnI-k\
-
- n\pw
`qan-bpsS D]-tbm-K-n amw hcp-m\pw CS-bmpw. KXm-KX ]-Xn-I-fpsS {]Xy BLmX-t-m Cu hnI-k-\-amWv ]cn-n-Xnv Gsd tZmj-Icw. KXm-KX ASn-m-\-L-S-I-fpsS hnI-k\w Bhmk tI{-sf Iodn apdn-p-Ibpw ssPh-ssh-hny \jvS-n\v CXv CSbm-p-Ibpw sNp--Xn-\m ]cn-n-Xnpw ssPh-ssh-hny Ie-h-dbvpw CXv henb
DXvIWvT Dm-p-p. ae-I-fn-eqsS ISp t]mIp tdmUp-Ip thn htXm-Xn ]md
s]mnv amtn hcp-p.
CXp aqew s]s-p-m-Ip i_vZ-i-ey-n\pw apw ]pdta ]n-a-L--n ]e-bnSpw kw`-hn-Xp t]mse i-amb ag-bn Dcps]m- Dm-Im\pw kmy-X-bp-v. DZm-lc-W-n\v \oe-Kn-cn-bnse tap-]m-f-bw--Dun tdmUn IqsS-Iq-sS- Dcps]m- Dm-Im-dp-v.
AXp t]mse-Xs ae-ap-dnv Ipn-d--ambn ISp t]mIp tdmUn-eqsS apdnp IS-m
B\-sb-tm-ep henb arK-v kmy-a Xqew Ah-bpsS kmcw Acp-hn-Ipw
\Zn-Ipw kao-]p IqSn-bp CSp-nb hgn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmIpw. ka-X-e--fn henb thKX-bn ]mbp hml-\- Xn arK- NmIp-Xpw k-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. nc-am-bp
hgn-hn-f-p-I, hml-\--fpsS thK-X, h\-nse arK-p-m--Ip ieyw Fn-h-bmWv
Kpcp-X-c-amb av {]iv\-.
]n-a-L--n-eqsS am{X-a h\y-ar-K--fpsS \S-h-gn-I Iodn-ap-dnpw tdmUp-]Wn
]ptcm-K-an--bm-Wv. Fnpw ]pXnb tdmUp-Ip thn-bp apd-hn-fnv Adp-Xn-bn-. IqSpX ]-Xn-I ]Wn-]p-c-bn-em-Wv. BI-bm Cmcyw hfsc Kuc-h-]qw ImtW--Xp-v.
]cv ss]bpsS IW--\p-k-cnv 90Ifn hSp ]Sn-m-d Ln\v Ipdp-sI-bp
tdmUp-IfpsS Fw shdpw 13 Bbn-cp-p. 2011 CXv 21 Bbn. (t_mIvkv 11) Cu env ]qa-. Cu taJ-e-bnse tdmUp hnI-k-\-ns Hcp kqPnI am{Xw. Ch-bn ]qsW--apwss_
\mep-hcn FIvkv{]kv sslthbpw Ctm ]Wn \Sp hcp \mkn-Iv--apwss_ sslthbpw
Ds-Spw. apwss_--]q-s\-F-Ivkv{]kv sslth-bpsS \nmWw temWm-hm-e-bv-Sp-p
\nnjvS ^m: im-mhp h\y-arK kt-X-n\v Dm-n-bn-p \mi-\-jvS- \nI-m\m-hm--Xm-Wv. 1990Ifn tdmUv F-m ]-W--fp-sSbpw {Kma--fp-sSbpw hnI-k-\-n\p
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219

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thnbp am--fm-bn-cp-p. h\ Dev]---fmb XSn, [mXp- XpS-n-bh shfn-bn

sImp t]mIp--Xn-\p hgn-I-fmbpw Ch D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p. Fm-env 3 sat{Sm s]mfn-
knn-Iv (]q-s\, apwss_, \mkn-Iv) ay-n-ep Cu {]tZiw hyh-km-b-h-c-W-n\pw
\K-c-hn-I-k-\-n\pw Cc-bmbn Xocp--Xp-aqew h\- AXn-thKw XpSp \o-s-psIm-ncnp-p.
20012002 ]Wn ]qn-bmb sIm dbnth ]cn-n-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw Xnepw
Xoc-tZ-ihpw h\-B-hm-k-hy-h-bpw Xnepw D a-c-n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ]n-a-L-nse 6 kwm-\--fn 4 eneq-sSbpw an-hmdpw Fm Pn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw dbnth ISp
t]mIp-p-v. h\-n-tepw Xoc-tZi Bhm-k-hy-h--bn-tepw dbnth henb BLm-X-amWv krjvSn-npXv. Cu dbnth-bn SW-ep-I XI-cp-Xpw Dcps]m-epw ae-bn-Sn-bnepw
]e-tmgpw kw`-hn-m-dp-v. ]n-a-L--ns `mK--fn-eqsS ISp t]mIp Cu dbnsh
h\-`qan Hgn-mWv t]mIp--Xv.
AXp t]mse ]n-a-L--ns sXp`mK-p taP tdmUp-Ifpw ]cn-nXn {]iv\-fp-m-p-p-v. DZm-l-c-W-n\v ssakq-dn \nv kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fmb \K-c-tlm-sf,
_n-q, apXp-a-sse, hb-\mSv hgn-bp sslsh-bnse KXm-K-X-Xn-cv h\y-Po-hn-Iv \nc-c-i-ey-am-Wv. Cu ]mX-bn-eqsS cm{Xn hml-\-tam-Sn-p-Xv 2010 Im-SI ssltm-SXn
\ntcm-[n-p. ssXm-in--sImw dbnth sse\pw sNtm--]p-c-n-eq-sS-bp sslshbpw
sXpw (I-f-bvm-Sv, apXp-ssd--s\-m) hSpw ({io-hnn ]pq, dmn, tImn Unhnj-\p-I) Xn-ep B\-I-fpsS bm{X ]q-ambpw XS--s-Sp-n.
]n-a-L--ns sXp-`m-Kp IqSn IqSp-X dbn ]mXbvp thn-bp apd-hnfn
Dbp Ign-p. \nnjvS lp_vfn, Atmf sse, XmKp---slm-m-hm sse, ssakq
I-q sse, Nma-cm-P-\-K--k-Xy-aw-Kew sse, i_-cn-ae sse Fn-h-sbmw CXneps-Spw. \nnjvS Nma-cm-P-\-K--k-Xy-aw-Kew sse kXy-aw-Kew \n_n-V-h-\-n-eq-sSbpw
Xe-asse ae--cn-hn-eq-sSbpw B\-I-fpsS h Bhm-k-tI-{-amb tambm \Zo-X-S-n-eq-sS-bpamWv ISp t]mtI--Xv. ChnsS B\-I aqew s{Sbn A]-ISw Dm-Im-\p kmyX
hfsctbsd-bm-Wv. ]n-a-L-hpw ]q-L-hpw Xn _n-n-p Htc HcnSw Acnp
\on sImp thWw Cu sse ISp t]mtI--Xv. Nne imkv{Xob sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASnm-\-n Cu dbn ]mXbvv CXp hsc nb-dkv \In-bn-n-.

]cn-nXn BLmX ]T-\-n\v hnt[-b-ambn Ghpw AXym-h-iy-aphsbm-gnv ESZ1
]pXnb sdbnsh sse\p-Itfm taP tdmUp-Itfm ]mSn-. tKmh-bptSXv Hcp {]tXyI
tIkm-Wv, ImcWw sIm sdbnth Ds-sS-bp Ahn-Ss hnI-k\w XoctZita-J-e-bn-em-Wv. kp-enX hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-m\pw Xoct-Zis kw Ipd-bvm\pw
hnI-k\w ]n-a-L--nse Xmeq-p-I-fn-tev hym]nn-t--Xp-v. Fm Cu {]tZi-sf kanXn ESZ1emWv DsSpn-bn-p--Xv. tKmhbpw Im-S-Ihpw Xn-ep
AXnn Xs ESZ1emWv. AXp sImv Xs tKmh-bpsS Imcy-n Nne DZm-c-kao-]\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. tKmh-bpsS taJem m 21 hnI-k\w D Xmeq-p-I-fn-tev
hym]n-n-m ]-Xn-bp-v. CXn\v KXm-K-X-A-Sn-m\ hnI-k\w Bh-iy-am-Wv.
ESZ-1
]pXnb sslsh-Ifpw FIvkv{]kv shIfpw Hgn-hm--Ww.
ESZ-2
Ghpw Hgnp IqSm-\m-hm k`--fn ]cn-nXn BLmX ]T-\-n-sbpw

Ii\ \n_--\-I-fp-sSbpw tkmjy BUn-n-sbpw ASn-m-\-n-e-msX ]pXnb
dbnth sse\p-Itfm taP tdmUp-Itfm ]mSn-.
Nne Ii\ hyh--Iv hnt[-b-ambn ESZ 2 AXym-h-iy-ap tdmUp-Ifpw dbnsh

sse\p-Ifpw sa-s-Sp-m A\p-h-Zn-mw.
]n-a-L--n\v sam-ambn KXm-K-X-ta-J-ebvp thn Hcp am m Xm-dm-Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
220

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
{]tZ-is ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n-sbpw ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h--bp-sSbpw aqey-hp-ambn

_-s-Spn ]naL {]tZ-iv Bfp-I-sfbpw km[-\--sfbpw sImp t]mIm\pw
hcm-\p-ap Ctm-g-sbpw `mhn-bn-tebpw Bh-iy- IW-n-se-Spp thWw m
Xm-dm-m. ]cn-n-Xnbvv Imcy-amb iey-ap-m-m AXym-hiyw th dbn
]mXtbm tdmtUm kw_-n ip]mi Cu am m\n-ep-m-I-Ww.
dbn ]mXbvtm tdmUnt\m thn-bpff `mhn \nt-i- ]cn-n-Xn--h-\y-arK
BLmX ]T-\-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep--Xm-bn-cn--Ww. k h\--fn-eq-sSbpw h\yarK Bhmk tI{--fn-eq-sSbpw h\y-arK CS-\m-gn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw KXm-KX ASn-m\
kuI-cy- \nn-p--Xp-aqew Dm-Im-hp ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw ssPh-B-hm-k-]-c-hpamb BLmXw A]-{K-Yn-m ]n-a-L AtXm-dnn Hcp D]-k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-Kn-Ww.
t{]mP-IvSn\v AwKo-Imcw \Ip--Xn\v ap]v arK-v ISp t]mIm ]mI-n
SW-ep-Itfm ]me-tfm ta]m-e-tfm Dbnb tdmUp-Itfm ]-Xn-tc-J-bpsS Ahn-`m-PyL-S-I-ambn Ds-Sp--Ww. arK-p IS-p-t]m-Im ]mI-n SW-ep-I-tfm, ]me--tfm,
ta]m-e--tfm, Dbnb tdmUp-Itfm ]-Xn-tc-J-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn Ds-Sp-Ww.
t_mIvkv 11 : Dc ]n-a-L--n-eq-sS-bp tdmUp-I-fpsS ]nI

km{In
km{In
Ihm
\mjnIv
kwKw-t\
Al--Zv\-K
]qs\
]qs\
]qs\
]qs\
]qs\
IcmSv
kXmc
sImlm-]q
cmPm-]q
_Kmw
\n]m\n
]Pn
]qs\
]nw]m\
Uln-th
[qse
Ikmc
`WvU[mc
Ieym
\mjnIv
apwss_ (HmUv)
apwss_ FIvkv{]kv
kmc (I-{Xn-Pv)
apwss_ (Iqmen)
Nn]ve
alm-_-te-iz s]mem-Sv]q
jlp-hmSn cXv\-Kncn
sImlm-]q
IpS
Ip-S
_Kmw
t_m almSv
B[mcw: ]c--ss], 2011
2.11. a\pjy A[n-hm-k- DS-a--X-bnepw

Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw amw
Ign Iptd hj--fmbn {Kma-hm-kn-I Ah-cpsS `qan hnv AhnsS Xs sXmgn-emfn-I-fmbn XS-cp-Itbm sa-s-smcp PohnXw tXSn ASp-p ]-W-n-tebvv IpSn-tb-dpItbm sNp {]h-WX Ip hcp-p. Cu Ij-I-cn \nv `qan hmp ]-W-hm-kn-I
AXv Hcp ^mw lukmtbm dntkmmtbm amp-p. Cu `qan- Nn-e-tm amtm--amtbm tXbn............................................................................................................................................................................................................
221

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
e, Imn tXm-amtbm am-s-Smw. Fm Cu {]h-\--fn-semw X\Xv kkyssh-hnyw

AmsS \in-n--s-Sp-p. ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse \nc-h[n e- Ctm cmjv{So-b-mcp-sSbpw dnb Ft-p-Im-cp-sSbpw km[m-c-W-m-cp-tSbpw tIm-td-p-I-f-sSbpw hyh-km-bn-Ifp-tSbpw ssIh-i-am-Wv. 0.5 G apX 1000ntesd G hsc Ch-cpsS ssIh-i-ap-v.
cmw hoSv
]-W--fnse P\-_m-lp-eyhpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw hn--tXmsS P\w hmcm-y-n
kz-am-sbm-cnSw tXSm XpS-n.-A
- s
- \-bmWv ^mw lukp-Ifpw dntkmp-Ifpw F Bibw
DZn--Xv. Ign cv Zi-I-fmbn k--cmb \K-c-hm-kn-Isf BIjn-p \n-c-h[n ^mw
lukp-Ifpw dntkmp-Ifpw ]n-a-L--n Dbp hp. ae-I-fpsS Iq-tm-sS-bp Cu
hnI-k\w {]Ir-Xnsb amn adn-m\pw Iog-S-m\pw XpS-n. ]-W-hm-kn-I ae-I-fn-tev
BIjn--s-Sp-tm {Kmao-W ]-W--fnse PohnXw sImXn-p. As\ Ah `qan hnv
]-W-n-tev tNt-dn.
]n-a-L--nse ]-W-ss
]n-a-L--n-se-nb \K-c-hm-kn-Iv AhnsS B[p-\nI kpJ-ku-I-cy--sfmw
thWw. hmcm-y-h-k-Xnv \ tdmUp-I, ip-P-ew, sshZypXn XpS-n-b-h-sbmw thWw.
knapw Inbpw Ibpw ]mdbpw Fmw D]-tbm-Kn-p hoSp-I-fmWv Db-cp--Xv. FbI-oj-W, Sn.-hn., am_n XpSn Fm B[p-\nI kpJ-ku-I-cy--fp-ap sImm-c-k-a-amb hoSpI-fpbp. ]-W-nse kpJ-ku-I-cy-p ]pdta Ahn-Ss ]qtm--fpw ae-I-fn-tev
]dnp \p. Cu ]qtm--v \nXyhpw [mcmfw shhpw hfhpw IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw Bhiy-am-bn-cp-p. ChnsS hfnb ]p sNSn-I-fn ]eXpw {]mtZ-inI ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-hbvv lm\n-I-c-am-bn-cp-p. CsXms \nb-{n-m hy-amb am-tc-J-Itfm \n_--\Itfm Dm-bn-cp-n-.
ae-I hnI-knX ey-m-\-
DS-a--X-bpsS ASn-m-\-n `qan-bnse {]h-\-fpw AXns ASn-m-\-n
ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h--bn-ep-m-Ip BLm-X-fpw hyXym-k-sp sImn-cn-pw.
hyn-I-fmb DS-a-I
- ^mw lukv, dntkmv, ^mw em v, tlmn-I
`qhn-I-k-\-m
^mw lukv kvow, dntkmv, Sujnv
hyh-km-b-
sF.-Sn.-]mv, t{]mk-knv bqWn-p-I, ^vtfmdnI
]naL-n 10 G apX 500 G hsc-bp e--fn \nc-h[n ^mw

lukp-Ifpw dntkmp-Ifpw Dbp hcp-p-v. ehm-k, Aw_n-hmen XpSnb hInS t{]mPIvSp-Iv ]pdta BWn-Xv. CXp-ambn _-s-p hnI-k\ {]h-\--fnse tdmUp \nmWw, `qan Hcp- XpS-n-b-h-sbmw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n\v lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Ch hopw ]q
nXn-bn-se-n-pI kmy-a-.
DXvIWvT Df-hm-p {]iv

Cu ]pXnb hmk-e LS-\bpw hnI-k-\hpw ae-I CSnp \nc-p--Xn\pw tdmUpIfpw \nm-W-{]-h-\-fpw ae--cn-hp-I-fpsS LS-\-bnepw BIr-Xn-bnepw am-ap-m-Ip-Xn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p. Pe-L-S-\-bnse am-fpw {i-bn s]n-p-v. apI`mKw sNn
\nc-m-p-Xv kky-Pm-e-fpw apw \ow sN-s-Sm\pw ae-I-fpsS LS-\-bn amw hcpm\pw CS-bm-p-p. \nm-W-{]-h-\-p thn Ipw ap-samw J\\w sNbvsXSp-p-Xp t]mse D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-amb Ipw apw I-bp-samw Iqn-bn-Sp-Xpw {]iv\-am-Wv.
hnI-k-\-{]-h-\-v ]n_-e-am-Ip A\p-_--{]-h-\-fpw ssPh-B-hmk-hy-h-bvv lm\n-I-c-am-Wv. Ah NphsS ]d-bp-p.
te_ tImf-\nbpw Xmevm-enI Bhmk tI{-fpw m]n-p-tm
Jc-{Zh-am-en\y kwkv-c-W-{]-iv\-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
222

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hnd-In\pthn ac- apdn-p-Xv IqSpw

h\y-ar-K-sf th-bm-Sp-Xv IqSpw
Xmevm-enI hgn-I-fpsS Fw IqSpw
Izmdn-Ifpw {Ij-dp-Ifpw
ae--cn-hp-Ipw XSm-I-pw ieyw.
Ipw apw apw Xmevm-en-I-ambn tiJ-cn-p--Xn\v IqSp-X {]tZiw \nc-mtn
hcpw.
]md-sm-Snbpw apw hmbp, av, Pew Fnh aen-\-am-p-p.
]md-smSn Ce-I-fn In-bmbn ]n-n-Sn-p--Xp-aqew hr- \in-p-p.
Pe-L-S-\-bnse am-
I\m \nm-Ww, KXn-am-w, ]md-q-- \ow sN, \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-I \in-n, hmk--e- Fnh Acp-hn-I-fpsS ssPh-hy-h-bvpw AXns {]h\-n\pw òjWn Dbp-p.
{]Ir-Xn-Z--amb Acp-hn-I-fpsS KXn-am-w.
Acp-hn-I-fnse ImSp-I, Pe-Po-hn-I XpS-nb {]tXyI ssPh-ssh-hny \jvSw.
{]IrXn Z-amb Acp-hn-I-fpsSbpw \o-scm-gp-p-I-fp-sSbpw \io-I-c-Ww.
an-\-Sn-bnse Hgp-ns KXn-am-w.
`qPe Afhnse am-
Pem-i-b--fn-tev aen-\-Pew Hgp-p-Xv
`qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew Smdnpw kna v ]qinbpw I-Sp-nbpw apw In-bm-p--Xp-aqew
`qan-bn hogp Pew thK-n Hgp-In t]mhp-Ibpw an-tev Xmgp Pe-ns
Afhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNp-p.
av
asm-env IqSp-p.
\nm-W-{]-h-\--fn hn`-h- ]mgm-p-p.
kky-Pm-e-
A]q-k-kyPme- \jvS-s-Sp-p.
tXm--fn Xt-io-b-a-m C\- hp ]nSn-n-p-p.

an-\-Sn-bn-ep Ing-p-I \ow sNp-p.
an-t\mSp tNp \np sNdnb sNSn-I \in-n--s-Sp-p.
tZim-S\ ]n-I-fp-tSbpw apw IqSp-Ifpw CS-\m-gn-Ifpw \in-n--s-Sp-p.

NphsS ]d-bp-h kanXn ip]mi sNp-p.
Pe-]m-X-I, Pe-t{km-X-p-I, Bhm-k-tI-{-, `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I
D CS-, ssPh-ssh-hn-y-k- taJ-e-I, hnip--h-\-, XpS-n-bh bmsXmcp
hn[ \nmW Xmak Bh-iy-pw D]-tbm-Kn--cp-Xv.
{]tXyI km-n-I taJ-e-I A\p-h-Zn--cp-Xv.
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223

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]pXp-Xmbn ae-ap-I kpJ-hm-k-tI-{- A\p-h-Zn--cp-Xv.

s]mXp e- kzImcy e--fm-Im A\p-h-Zn--cp-Xv.
ESZ1epw ESZ 2epw
h\-`qan ht\-Xc Bh-iy-tm Irjn-`qan Imjn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-tm A\p-h-Zn-cp-Xv. Fm Irjn`qan h\-`qan Bm\pw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS P\-kwJy h-\-hn\-\p-k-cnv Ahsc Dsm-m-\mbn \ne-hn-ep {Kma-hmk tI{- hn]p-eo-I-cnm\pw A\p-aXn \Imw.
\ne-hn-ep tlm-ep-I, dntkmp-I Fn-hsb kw_-nv Sqdnkw \b-n ]cnnXn h\w a{m-ebw A\p-tbm-Py-amb t`Z-KXn hcp--Ww.
o, kna v, aW FnhbpsS D]-tbmKw ]c-am-h[n Ipdv ssPh-ku-lr-Z-]-c-amb
\nmW kma-{Kn-Ifpw \nmW ssien-Ifpw Ds-Sp-n-bp Hcp _nUnv
tImUn\v ]n-a-L AtXm-dnn cq]w \I-Ww. ag-sh kw`-c-W-n\pw ]mc--tcyXc Du D]-tbm-K-n\pw Pe kwkv-c-W-n\pw CXn hyh--bp-m-I-Ww.
{]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-v A\p-Iq-e-amb hn[-ambncn-Ww N-qSv cq] Iev]\ sNtXv.
taav kwc--Ww, hr-kw-c-Ww XpS-nb lcn-X-am-\nt-i-\p-cq-]amb hn[w AwKo-IrX A\p-I-cW amXr-I-I\p-kr-ambn thWw \nmWhn-I-k\
{]h-\- \S-t--Xv.
NXp-p-Ifpw sh-s-p-Ifpw \nI-pI, hntZi kky-Pme C\- hfpI Fnh-sbmpw A\p-h-Zn--cp-Xv.
knanpw apw tamSn Iqp {]tZ-i--fpsS hnkvXow ]cn-an-X-s-Sp-p-I, ag-sh-ffhpw apw `qan-bn Xmgm-\p ]c-am-h[n kuIcyw Gs-Sp--Ww.
2.12. imkv{Xhpw kmt-XnI imkv{Xhpw

]cn-nXn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m imkv{X--km-t-XnI im-kv{X-ta-J-e-bn \nv
Imcy-amb kw`m-h-\-I-sfmpw Dm-bn-n-. hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn ssPh-ku-lr-Z-km-t-XnI
hnZy-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Itbm e`y-am-bn-p-f-f-h th hn[w D]-tbm-Kn-p-Itbm sNbvXn-n. ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn Fhn-sS-sbms lcnX kmt-XnI hnZy {]tbm-Kn-mtam Ahn-sSsbms AXn-\p {ia-ap-m-I-Ww.
Nne Kth- j - W - hn- I - k \ m]- \ - fpw k Iem- i m- e - I fpw ssPh kulrZ
kmtXnI hnZy-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-n-p-s-nepw Ahbvv Dt-in {ibpw {]m[m-\yhpw
e`n-p-Itbm Ah th-hn[w D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-Itbm Dm-bn-n-.
sF.Fkv.B.H/ Un.-F-kv.Sn/Un.-_n.n Fnht]se cmPys anI-hns tI{-
hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p kmt-XnI hnZy-I kaq-l-n\v ssIamw sNm-\p m]-\-kw-hn[m\w i-s-Sp--Ww.
DXvIWvT Df-hm-p {]iv\-

]cn-nXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsanepw hn`-h--fpsS kpnc hn\n-tbm-K-nepw imkv{Xob
kw`m-h-\-I ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
]cn-nXn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn tI{ kwm\ Xe-n-ep Kth-j-W--hnI-k-\- tI-{-, k-I-em-im-e-I, av imkv{X kwL-S-\-I Fnh Xn GtIm]-\-an-.
]cn-nXn {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn\v kmt-XnI hnZy {]tbm-Kn-p-Xpambn _sv Kth-jW m]-\- k-I-em-im-e-I Fn-hn-S--fn-ep kmt-XnI
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224

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dntmp-I, {]_-- Fnh {]mtbm-KnI kml-N-cy-n hne-bn-cp-m e`yam-m-dn-.

]cn-n-Xn-{]-iv\- ]cn-l-cn-m B[p-\nI kmt-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-n.
\nm-W-{]-h-\-v {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-v ]Icw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp-h Ism Kth-jWw \S-p-n-.
hnhn[ taJ-e-Iv A\p-tbm-Py-amb lcnX kmt-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Itbm
D]-tbm-Kn-p-Itbm sNp-n-.
Irjn-bnepw km[-\-km-a-{Kn-I ssIImcyw sNp--Xnepw b{-h-cWw th-{Xbn-.
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-am-t\-Pvsan dntamv skknv t]mse-bp B[p-\nI kmt-XnI hnZyI th-hn[w D]-tbm-Kn-p-n-.
Jc-am-en\y kwkv-c-Ww, mnIv dossk-n-v, XpS-nb ]-Xn-Ifpw A]-cym-]vXamWv.
hnhc kmt-XnI taJ-e-bn Camen\y amt\-Pvsapw th-{X-bn-.

hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn lcnX kmt-XnI hnZy t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw Cu taJ-e-bnse
\nt]w hn-n-p-Ibpw sNpI.
NphsS ]d-bp taJ-e-I-fn B[p-\nI kmt-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Itbm \nehn-eph hym]n-n-p-Itbm sNp-I.
(i) mn-n \nv s]t{Sm-fnbw hos-Sp-m
(ii) C\ Bh-iy- \nd-th-m-\mbn XSn Kymkn-^n-t-j sSIvt\m-f-Pnbpw ssPhC--\-ti-jnbpw hne-bn-cp-p-I.
(iii) IoS-pw tcmK-p-ap ssPh-\n-b-{Ww
(iv) {]IrXn hn`h amt\-Pvsan\v dntamv skknpw apw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw {]mtZinIXe -m-\p-I hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-I.
(v) {]mtZ-inI Bh-iy-v tbmPn hn[w \ne-hn-ep kmt-XnI hnZy-I t`Z-KXn
sNp-I.
Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bnse Du D]-t`mKw Ipd-bvp-Ibpw Duw, Pew, {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h Fn-h-bpsS D]-t`mKw ]c-am-h[n Imcy--a-amb taJ-e-I-fn {i tI{o-I-cnpI.
ag-sh kw`-c-Whpw kmy-am-bn-S-smw kutcm hn\n-tbm-Khpw \n_-n-X-ampI.
]cn-n-Xn kw_--amb imkv{X--km-t-XnI imkv{X {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-bn-t-ep nXnhn-h-c- kam-l-cnv Cu kmt-XnI hnZy-I D]-tbm-Knv {]mtZ-inI Xe-nse
tijn kam-l-cWw sa-s-Sp-m \S-]Sn kzoI-cn--Ww.
imkv{X--km-t-XnI imkv{X-ns t\- Ctm kaq-l-ns Db hn`-Kn\p am{Xta e`n-p-p-q. Cu t\- hn]p-e-am-sbmcp hn`m-K-n\v e`y-am-m
{ian--Ww.
Imjn-I-ta-J-e-bn b{-h-c-W-tas-Spn sXmgn taJ-e-bnse kw Ipdbvp-Ibpw AXv {]mtZ-inI Xe-n e`y-am-p-Ibpw thWw.
hyh-kmb bqWn-p-Ifnepw J\n-I-fnepw sa-s kmt-XnI hnZy Gs-Spn Ah
]pd-tv han-n-p Ah-in-jvS-sf sNdp-p-I.
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225

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hmbp, Pew, `qan Fn-h-bpsS aen-\o-I-cWw \nb-{n-m\pw ssPh-ssh-hn-ys kwcn-m\pw \ne-hn-ep kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS tijn hn-n-pI
]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-p \nt-i-
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse hyXykvX cwK--fn lcnX kmt-Xn-I-hnZy t{]mm-ln-nm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp kmt-XnI hnZy-bpsS ssIam--n\pw ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-np-n Hcp {]tXyI sk cq]o-I-cn--Ww.
aen-\o-I-cWw krjvSn-p--h AXp ]cn-l-cn-m-\p sNehv hln-Ww F XXzw
kzoIcnv ssPh-ku-lrZ kmt-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-m-\p Kth-jW tI{mh-iy-amb XpI kam-l-cn-p-I.
ssPh-ssh-hny kwc--W-n\v Du \Insmv ssPh-]-c-ambpw km-n-Iambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb ]cn-lm-c- e`y-am-m imkv{X--km-t-Xn-Iim-kv{X-n-\p tijn hn-n-m-\mbn Hcp hnj tvsan\v cq]w \Ip-I.
lcnX kmt-XnI hnZy t{]mm-ln-n-pI
]uc imkv{Xs t{]mm-ln-n-pI
Bkvt{S-en-b dnh hmv amXrI kzoI-cn-p-I.
hnm\ hnX-cWw
hyXykvX GPkn-I-fn \np hnm\w kam-l-cnv Hcp Pn sF Fkv tUm
t_kn\v cq]w \Ip tKmh-bpsS taJe m 2021 A\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-Wv. ]e Imcy-pw
CXv D]-Im-c-sSpw DZm-l-c-W-n\v J\-\-ta-J-ebvv ]pds \ne-hm-c-an-m J\n-I Xncn-dn-bm\pw \Zo-Xo-c--fnse `qan It-- Xncn--dn-bm\pw apw CXv D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
hnh-cm-h-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-k-cnv Bh-iy-s-Sp hnh-c- km GPkn-I Ignbp{X bYm-k-abw \I-Ww.kp-{]-[m-\-amb ]e {]iv\--tfbpw kw_-n hnh-c- Ctmgpw e`y-a-.
hnZymn ]-Xn-I-fpsS \nmb ]v.
]cn-nXn hn`-h--sf-kw-_-n s]mXp-P-\-v e`y-am-Ip-Xpw kpXm-cyhpw ]mfn--]-chpamb tUm-t_kv krjvSn-Ww..
2.13. t]mj-Im-lm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw

BtKm-f-h-c-W-n\pw hmWn-Py-h-c-W-n\pw tijw kw`-hn kmwkvm-cnI
sshtZ-io-I-c-Whpw PohnX ssien-bn h amhpw aqew PohnX ssien- tcmK- P\s
Ae-m XpS-n.
h\nse kky-hn-`-h- \apv ]mc--cyhpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw Btcm-Ky-I-chpw ssPh
kulr-Z-]-c-hp-amb \nc-h[n ssZ\w-Zn\ `y hn`-h-p Akw-kvIrX ]Zm-
{]Zm\w sNp-p. CV-en, tZmi, hS, t_m, s]mtdm-, Nn-Wn, Idn, kmm, ckw, Am,
lh, ]g-m-dp-I XpS-n-b-h-sbmw CXn s]Sp-p.
temI-nse Ghpw sa-s ssPh-ssh-hn-y-I-e-h-d-I-fn-sem-mWv ]n-a-L-w. ]na-L-hpw tNp InS-p ]n-a-Xo-chpw IqSn Cy-bnse Ghpw {][m\ ssPh taJebvv cq]w \Ip-p. ssPh-]-chpw km-n-I-hp-amb LS-I- {][m-\-ambpw Du
\Ip-Xv {]Ir-Xn-bpsS tkh-\--fnepw km[-\--fn-ep-am-Wv. ip-hm-bp, shw, ê-`q-bnjvT-amb `qan, Imen-Xo-, hnd-Iv, apf, Nqc, Huj-[-k-ky-, tX\o-, ayw, arK-kw-c-Ww
XpSn a\p-jys ùXn-Ihpw Bo-b-hpw, kmwkvm-cn-Ihp-amb Bh-iy- \nd-th-m\psXmw CXn-eps-Sp-p. Imem-Im-e--fm-bp a\p-jy-{]-{In-b-I {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Cu
Zm\-ns e`y-Xbpw Bkzm-Zy-Xbpw ]cn-an-X-s-Spn. BI-bm hnI-k\ {]{Inb {]Ir-Xn-
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226

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bpsS tkh-\--fp-sSbpw km[-\--fp-tSbpw kpnc hn\n-tbmKw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn ]cnan-X-s-tS--Xp-v. Fn-cp-mepw a\pjy \nn-X-amb tdmUp-I, IpgIn-W-dp-I, cmk-hfw, IoS-\m-in-\n, sSe-t^m, samss_, Cs\v, tdUn-tbm, Sn.-hn. Fn-hsb Fmw AXv
t{]mm-lnn-p-p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS km[-\-fpw tkh-\-fpw kpn-c-am-Ip--Xn Ghpw
Xmsg Xn-ep LS-I- {][m\ ]p hln-p-p. {Kma--fn P\--fpsS PohnX KpWta \ne-\np--Xn Ch-bpsS m\w \nm-b-I-am-Wv. Acp-hn-I-fnse Pew Ah Irjn`qanbn Pe tkN-\-n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p-p. ayw Blm-c-am-Wv. apfbpw Nqcepw sXmgp-pI tabm\pw Ip-I s\m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. hndIv Blmcw ]mIw sNm\pw Huj[
kky- tcmK-Nn-In-pw D]-I-cn-p-p. ]c--cm-KX hnf-hp-Isf ]n-bp hnh-c-fpw
h\-nse `y-k-ky-, ku-cy-hI hkvXp-, Huj-[-sN-Sn-I, Fnh kw_n Adnhpw {KmaoW P\-X-bvm-Wp--Xv. hym]m-c-B-tKm-f-h-c-W-n-sbpw t]nn-sbpw Cu bpK-n Cu ssPh-hn-`-h-fpw hnm-\hpw kwc-nv hmWnPy D]-tbmK-n-eqsS t\-ap-m-t-Xv hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. {]mtZ-inIamb aqey-hnX ssPh-h-kvXp-fn ]mb-I, hn-I, Am-dp-I, Nnc--X-hn-I, tan-tem-e-I, ]mep-ev]--, ]\tbm-e-]m-{X- XpS-n-bh Ds-Sp-p.
h\-nse ]g-, Ipan, av Ce h-, sh-cn, a, Xn-a- XpSn
Pemwiw IqSnb ]-dn C\- a\p-jys Btcm-Ky-n\v apXq-m-Wv. shcn kucy-hI hkvXp-hm-Wv, \mcp `y-h-kvXp- ae-_-hpw sImf-kvt{Smfpw Hgn-hm-pw.
]g-h-, ]--dn-I, [m\y-,-]-b-dp-h- Fn-h-bn-semw \mcp-v.
Imew Ignbpw tXmdpw `qhn-\n-tbm-K-n-sbpw Irjn-bp-sSbpw LS-\-bn kw`-hn-p
amw ssPh-hy-hm tkh-\--tfbpw _m[n-p-p-v. s\v ]e-X-c-n-ep-v. BZm-b-ns
Imcy-n s\mWv Ghpw tami-sa--Xn-\m s\ns m\w av [m\y- I-S-p-p.
CXn\p ]pdta ]pXnb Irjn-co-Xn-I cmk-h-f-n-sbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Pe-tk-N-\n-sbpw Afhv KWy-ambn hn-n-n-p-v. AS-bv, \mfn-tI-cw, Iip-hn XpS-nb GI
hnf-tXm-- IqSp-X {]tZiw I-S-p--Xp-aqew `y-[m-\y--fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-p.
ap]v {Kma--fnse s]mXp--e-fpw Ipn-m-Sp-Ifpw tan]p-d--fp-am-bn-cp e-
ImmSn, At-jy, d tXm--fmbn amdn-b-tXmsS Imen-h-f KWy-ambn Ipd-p.
ssPh-h-f-ns e`y-X-bnepw CXv Ipd-hp-m-n.
]n-a-L--nse ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-, hnip--h-\w, hnip--\-Zn, ]pWy-Xow, Imhv,
hnip--k-ky-, hnip--ar-K- XpSn \nc-h[n kmwkm-m-cnI ,kw-hn-[m-\- \ne\npp-v. Ch-bn ]eXpw h\y-ar-K--tfbpw k--tfbpw ay--tfbpw kky-tfbpw hr--tfbpsamw Imp kqn-p kwhn-[m-\--fm-Wv. ssZhnIw Iev]nsncn-p--Xn-\m Chsb Bcpw \in-n-p-n-. {]tXyI km-nI taJ-e-Ip thn
htXm-Xn Irjn-`qan Gs-Sp-p-Xv ImjnI Dev]m-Z-\--a-Xsb hf-sc-tbsd tZmj-I-cambn _m[n-p-p. CXp aqew \in-n--s-Sp hnip--h-\- \nc-h[n Xt-iob hr-fp-tSbpw kky-e-Xm-Zn-I-fp-tSbpw hwi-\m-i-n\v CS-bm-pp.
ssPh-hy-h-m-tk-h-\-fpw km[-\-fpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs \ne-\np-Ibpw Bhiy- k^-eo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. Chsb \nXy-hrn tkh-\- AXm-bXv Blmcw,
shw, \mcp-I, C\w av Dev]-- Fpw, "]npW tkh-\
-- ' AXm-bXv ssPhssh-hnyw, av cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]cm-K-Ww, amen-\y-kw-kv-c-Ww. t]mj-I-kw-{I-a-Ww, Fpw
"kw]p-jvSo-I-cW tkh\w' AXm-bXv kmaqly _-, kmwkvm-cnI ss]XrIw Fpw
Xcw-Xn-cn-mw.
t]mjI Bh-iy- hyn-K-X-am-Wv. CXv {]mbw, kvXo-]p-cp-j-hy-Xym-kw, Azm-\w,
B-cnI {]h-\-\n-e, Btcm-Ky-nXn Fn-hsb B{i-bn-n-cn-p-p. Hcmv Hcp Znhkw
Bh-iy-ap Duw Ipd-Xv 1500 Item-dn-bm-sW-nepw, IqSn-bXv 3000 Item-dn-bm-sWnepw Blm-c-ns A\p-]mXw Gsd-psd Hp Xs-bm-bn-cn-pw. hnhn[ Blm-c-
bpn kl-amb A\p-]m-X-n Ign-m \ BtcmKyw \ne-\nm-\m-h-iy-amb t]mjIw
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227

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e`n-pw. ]n-a-L--nse ]mc-cy Blm-c-hn-`-h-fpsS sshhn-ys kwc-n-m

t]mjI kpc-n-X-Xzhpw {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Btcm-Kyhpw Ddp hcp-m Ign-bpw.
3. ]n-a-L--nse _lp-Xe `cWw

]n-aL
- -
- nse `cWw ko-am-Wv. CXn\v _lpXe-nepw _lp LS-I
- Ds-Xp-amb m]-\- Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXm-bXv Xocp-am-\- FSp-p--Xn\v ]e-X-c-n-ep
\nc-h[n tI{- \ap-m-h-iy-am-Wv. Ch hnm-\-tI-{-sf ]n Nnn-m\pw kmaqly
_-pw ac Xmev]-cy-pw klm-bn-p-p.
\nb-{-W--fpsS AanX tI{o-I-cWw \-. A]-cym-]vX-amb Ah-tem-I-\w, ]cn-nXn
\nb-{-W-sf kw_-n A]q-amb [mcW Fnh A]-cym-]vX-amb ]cn-nXn ênS-bm-n. hntI-{o-IrX m]-\--fpsS Imcy-n A]-cym-]vX-amb \nb-{-W-tijnp ]pdsa \nb-{-Icpw \nb-{n--s-Sp--hcpw Xn-ep Xmev]-cy-kw-Ljw ]cn-nXn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw Xr]vXn-I-c-a-m ê- krjvSn-p. \mw Dt-in-p êw
t\Sn FSp-p-hm thn \nb-a-]-c-amb N-Xo-X-amb `c-W-co-Xnbpw {]{In-b-Ifpw am\Z-WvU--pw Hw, IqSp-X ]m-fn--tmsS {]hn-Wsav CXv \tm-Sm-h-iy-sSp-p.
ko-X-I-sf ssIImcyw sNp--Xn\v Npp-ap am--tfmSpw k--tfmSpw CgpIn
tNcp m]-\- \ap-m-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-n-emWv ]n-a-L--n hn`-hfpw ]cn-nXn sÛ-d-en-khpw in-s-S-W-sav R \nt-in-p--Xv. _lp-hn[
tI{o-IrX `c-W-co-Xnbpw Xocp-am-\- ssIsm-p--Xn-\p \nh-c[n tI{-fpw DmI-Ww. {]h-\-sf kw_-n IqSp-X {]Xn-I-c-W-fpw ]T-\hpw kl-I-c-Whpw k-tfmSpw am--tfmSpw ssPh hyh-bvv Hp t]mIm-\p Ignhpw CXp aqew ssIh-cpw.
""a\p-jy-\nse \ ]pdp sImp hcm th m]-\--fp-sS hnI-k-\s klm-bn-pI-bm-Wv' ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bpsS apJy ISa Fv R hniz-kn-p-p.
kanXn dntjmns Cu `mKv `c-W-kw-_--amb {]iv\-mWv Du \Ip-Xv. XpSv hn kmaq-ly-ku-lmw t\Sm ]cym-]vX-amb _lp tI{o-IrX `c-W-kwhn-[m-\-n\v th {]tXyI \S-]-Sn-I ip]mi sNp-p. ]n-a-L--n IqSp-X bpamb kwc-W hnI-k-\-{]-h-\- t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn hnZym-`ym-k-n-\p
{]tXyI ]pw ChnsS N sNp-p. ]n-L--nse ssPh sshhn-ys kwc-n-m
P\--tfbpw kaq-l-tbpw I-\n-I-tfbpw Fs\ t{]mm-ln-nmw F \nt-i-tmSp
IqSn CXv Ah-km-\n-p-p.
`c-Wk
- w-hn-[m-\
- nse t]mcm-bvaI
-
`c-Wk
- w-hn-[m-\h
- p-ambn _-s \nc-h[n {]iv\
- fn {i tI{o-Ic
- n-t-X
- p-sv
kan-Xnv t_my-am-bn. kan-Xn-bpsS {]h-\-hp-ambn _-s ]ecpw CXv Nqn-m-n-bnp-v. ASn-b-nc {i Bh-iy-ap Nne {][m\ taJ-e-I-fmWv ChnsS N sNp--Xv.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\hpw ]cn-nXn nb-dkv \S-]-Sn-Ifpw
]n-a-L--nse ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-hsb kwc-n-p {]{In-b-bpsS tI{-_n-p
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-b-bm-Wv. Fm-enXv ]e-X-e--fnepw icn-bmb hn[-a-smWv ]n-a-L kanXn \nco-n-p--Xv.
1.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{KY\ dntm-p-Ifpw s]mXp-P-\--fn \nv sXfnhv tiJ-cnp {]{In-bbpw th{X \ne-hmcw ]pep-n-. dntmp-I ]e-tmgpw hymPhpw
sXfn-sh-Sp-ns an\n-Svkv `m-h\mkrjvSn-bp-am-Wv. A]-{K-Y\w \S-p Ik v
{Kma- kin-p-Itbm icn-bmb ks \Sp-Itbm BLm-X-]-T\w \S-p-Itbm
sNm-sX-bmWv dntmv Xm-dm-p--sXpw Bt-]-ap-v.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
228

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmns hnizm-kyX tNmZyw sN-s \nebvv

]cn-n-Xn-hn-e-bn-cp- kan-Xn-bpsS ]v {][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-nXn hne-bn-cp-
kanXnbnse {]mXn-\n[yw A]-cym-]vX-amWv ImcWw \nnjvS ]T\ e-n\v kan-Xnbn {]mXn-\n-[y-an-. kanXnv {]tZ-is ]ntbm ]pXnb ]Xn hcp-tm BLmXw
krjvSn-t-m-hp CX-c-{]-h-\--sf-]-ntbm th{X m\-an-m-Xv \nc-h[n
{]iv\-v Imc-W-am-Ip-p-v. ]e-tmgpw t{]mPIvSv sskv kin-pI t]mepw
sNmsX ]ncn-nXn hne-bn-cp- kan-Xn-bpsS N-I Uln-bn-emWv \S-p-sX--Xn-\m {]mtZ-inI Xe-n-ep k-fpw DXvI-WvT-Ifpw th hn[w a\-nem-m-dn-. sXmb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmns\ B{ibn-p-Xp aqew
\nb-{W {]{Inb apgp-h ]mgv the-bmbn Xocp-p.
3.
tKmh t]mep kwm-\- Icp-Xp-Xv C.-kn. 2006 hnm-]\w Fkv.-]n.-kn._nsb (tv s]mfyq-j It{Sm t_mUv) Hcp t]mm-ô-kmbn Xcw Xmgvn-sbm-Wv. ]cnn-Xnh\w a{m-e-b-ns ]cn-nXn Ah-tem-I\ kan-Xnsb sXn--cnn-pI hgn Fkv.-]n.-kn.-_n. {]mtZ-inI P\--fpsS Xmev]-cy-n-s\-Xn-cmbn {]hns Bt-]-ap-v.
4.
2006\v tijw samw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-fnepw {]{InbIfnepw kwm\ km-cnsbpw

kwm\ aen-\o-I-c-W-\n-b-{-W-t_mUn-sbpw ImgvN-m-Sp-Iv m\w e`n-n-smWv kwm\ km-cns [mc-W. ]cn-n-Xn--h\w a{m-e-b-ns nb-dkv
e`np Ign tijw am{Xta t{]mPIvSv m]n-m-\p A\p-aXn e`nq F-Xn-\m
CsXm-gn-sI-bp Ah-b
- mWv ta]-d
X
- v.
m-]n-m-\p A\p-aX
- n-bpsS Imcy-n
kwm-\-v "hotm'-A-[n-Im-c-ap-v, ]s AXv \ coXn-bn hn\n-tbm-Kn--Wsap am{Xw. A\p-a-Xnp thnbp kw i-am-Ip-Xv AXn \np t\w
hfsc hep-Xm-Ip-tm-gm-Wv.
5.
]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip-Xv hyn-K-X-t{]m-P-IvSp-Im-b-Xn-\m Ah-bpsS

Bh\ BLmXw Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-p.
6.
apt{]m-P-IvSp-I-fn \n_--\-I ]men-m s{]mtam-amp t]mepw ]pXnb ]Xn-Iv nb-dkv \Ip-p.
7.
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-bb

- n \nv t{]mP-IvSp-Isf Hgn-hm-: 2006 hnm]\w \nc-h[n t{]mP-IvSp-Isf ]cn-nXn nb-dkv t\SpXn \nv Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw
{]{Inb eLq-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv ]n-a-L--n Kpcp-X-c-amb BLm-X-
krjvSn-n-p-v. 25 saKm-hm-n Xmsg-bp Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I, ImmSn ]mS-,
Sqdnkw t{]mP-IvSp-I, Sujn-p-I XpS-n-bh DZm-l-cWw. ta]-dhbn Hv
asm-n-\-Sp-mbn m]n-p-tm-gp-m-Ip Bh\ BLm-X-amWv {]iv\w IqSpX Kpcp-Xc
- a
- m-p-X
- v. lcn-Xk
- m-t-XnI m\-ns ASn-m-\
- n-emWv an t{]mPIvSp-I-tfbpw ]cn-nXn nb-dkn \nv Hgn-hm-p--Xv. DZm-l-cWw ImmSn ]mS.
lcn-X-t{]m-P-IvSp-Ipw sNdp-InS t{]mP-IvSp-Ipw ]cn-nXn BLmX B]-{K-Y\hpw Bh\ ]cn-nXn BLmX hne-bn-cp-epw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
\n_--\-I ]men-m t{]mP-IvSp-I

1.
]cn-nXn nb-dkns \n_--\-I ]e-tmgpw ]men-m-dn-. DZm-l-c-W-n\v A\ph-Z-\o-b-amb St-Pn IqSp-X J\\w \S-p J\n-I-sf-\nm[w XpS-cm-\-\p-h-Znp-p.
t{]mPIvSpIsf hne-bn-cp-m Fkv.-]n.-kn._n Xe-n th{X tijn-bn-.
tXm-f
- nepw h\-f
- nepw hmX-I
- krjvSn-p BLm-Xs ]n th{X Adnthm
Ah-tem-I-\tam C.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
229

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h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-fpw apw th hn[w \S-m-p-n-.

]m-bv (]-nI taJebntev ZoLn-n-) \nb-aw. 1996 (PESA)
Cy ]me-sa v 1996 ]mm-nb ]m-bv (]nIta-J-e-ZoLn-n-) \nbaw,
]nI V s] taJ-e-I-fnse kaq-l-sf AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw kzbw `c-W-n-\p Ah-cpsS
Ah-Im-i- Dbn-n-Sn-p-Ibpw sNt--Xns Bhiyw cmjv{Sob kaqlw AwKo-I-cn-Xns sXfn-hm-Wv. Cu \nb-a-n\v cq]w \Inb kan-Xn-bpsS sNbam Zneo]v knv
_qcn-b-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-n ""Kncn-h-m-cpsS Ncn-{X-nse Hcp ]pXnb Ime-L--ns
XpS--amWv Cu \nb-aw.''
Cu \nbaw ap--h-cn \nv thdnv \np-Xv Fs\? \nbaw {Kma-k-`bvv
apXqw \Ip-p. (Hcp Bhm-k-tI-{-amWv B kaq-l-ns {]Ir-Xn-Z--amb LS-Iw.
Ahn-Ss {]mb-]qn-bmb AwK- Ds--XmWv {Kma-k`. sXc-s-Sp--s {Kma-]m-b-n \nv hyXy-kvX-am-Wn-Xv.) \nbaw NphsS ]d-bp A[n-Im-c- {Kma-k-`-Iv
\Ip-p.01]n-I-ta-J-e-bnse `qan aphv ssIam-dp-Xv XS-bm\pw AXn-t DNnX-amb
\S-]Sn FSp-m-\pap A[n-Im-cw.
]n-I-h-m-cpsS `qan \nb-a-hn-cp--ambn A\ym-[o\sSp-n-bm AXv Xncn-s-Sp-m\p-ap A[n-Im-cw.
sNdp-InS h\-D-ev]---fpsS DS-a-m-h-Imiw.
el-cn-]-Zm- D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xpw Ah-bpsS hnev]-\bpw \nb-{n-m\pw \ntcm[n-m\pw D Ah-Im-iw.
]n-I-h-mv ]Ww ISw sImSp-p-Xv \n{n-m-\p A[n-Im-cw.
Fm kmaq-ly-ta-J-e-I-fn-sebpw m]-\-pw {]hIpw \nb-{Ww GsSp-m-\pff A[n-Im-cw.
Kncn-h- D-]-]-Xn Ds-sS-bp ]-Xn-Ip thn {]mtZ-inI ]-Xn-Ifpw hn`-hfpw \nb-{n-m-\p A[n-Im-cw.
sNdp-InS [mXp- tee-n-eqsS hnev]\ \S-p--Xn\v kuP-\y- A\p-h-Zn-m\pw
sNdp-InS [mXp--fpsS Nqj-W-n\v ssekkv \Im ip]mi sNm-\p A[nIm-cw.
`qan Gs-Sp-p--Xv kw_-nv IqSn-bm-tem-N\ \S-m-\p Ah-Im-iw.
kzw hnt-Pn \S-p km hp-Iv bqn-sse-tk-j kn-^n-v \Im\p A[n-Im-cw.
Cu \nbaw Nne {][m\ Imcy-n Kncn-h kzbw `cW-n\v Ah-kcw \Ip-p.
Hcp ssPh kzbw `cW kaq-l-amWv kzbw `c-W-ns ASn-m-\-L-SIw Fv \nbaw A\pim-kn-p-p. AmsX hntPv t]mse-bp Hcp `cW bqWn--.
Hcp Bhm-kt- I{-amWv {]tZ-in-Ik
- a
- q-l
- ns {]Ir-Xn-Z
- a
- mb Hcp LS-Is
- apw AXnse
{]mb]qn-bmb AwK- tN-XmWv {Kma-k-`-sbpw \nbaw AwKo-I-cn-p-p. \nb-anse sk 4(d), 4(m) (ii) Fn-h -{]-Imcw kzw kwkvm-chpw ss]Xr-Ihpw Imp
kqn-m\pw {]IrXnhn`h ssIIm-cyw sNm\pw sNdp-InS h\w Dev]---fpsS DS-am-h-Imiw A\p-`-hn-m\pw X--fn-t \nb-a-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cnphm\pw D Ah-Imiw
\nbaw AwKo-I-cn-p-p. \nb-a-nse sk 4(m) (vi) {]Imcw kzw A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-pn km m]-\--fmb kvqfp-I, Btcm-Ky-tI-{- XpS-n-b-h-tbbpw Ahbnse Poh-\-m-scbpw \nb-{n-m-\p A[n-Imcw Ahn-Ss hntPv Akw-n-m-Wv. `qan
Gs-Sp- t]mse-bp tImf\n \nb-a--fn \nv Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Cu \nb-anse sk 4(i), (j), (k), (l) hIp-p-I `qanbpw `qan A[n-jvTnX hn`-h-fpw Gs-Sp-pw
ap]v _-s kaq-l-hp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-n-cn--W-sav \nbaw hyh sNp-p. Kncnh kaq-l-n\v tIkv \S-m-\p Ignhpw tijnbpw Ctm-gp-v. `qan A\ym-[o-\-s-Sp............................................................................................................................................................................................................
230

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
, ]Ww ]en-ibvv sImSp-v, hn]Wn _-, aZy I-h-Sw, DssSbph Ah-km\n-nm {ian--W-sapw \nbaw \nt-in-p-p. {Kma-k-`v Ievn-n-p HuXyw CXn
\nv hy-amWv.
CsXmcp kam-\-X-I-fn-m \nba \nm-W-am-Wv. `c-W-L-S-\-bv-Is `c-W-L-S\
Fpw CXns\ hnti-jn-n-m-dp-v. Kncn-h kaq-l-sf \bn-p kzw BNm-c--fptSbpw ]mc--cy--fp-tSbpw efn-X-amb kwhn-[m-\sbpw \nb-a-m `cn--s-Sp kmcns HutZym-KnI kwhn-[m-\-sbpw H N-q-Sn Hn-n-m-\p {ia-amWv Cu \nbaw
\S-p-Xv. ]n-I-ta-J-e-I-fpsS A-n\v Hcp s]mXp N-qSv hn`m-h\w sNpp FXmWv Cu \nb-a
- ns asmcp {]tXy-IX
- . Cu \nb-a\
- nm-Wh
- p-ambn _-s Hcp {]apJs
A`n-{]m-b-n ""Cu \nbaw hnI-k\ {]Zm-\-n \nv imo-I-c-W-n-tepw {]mhnI-am-p--Xn \nv Bkq-{X-W-n-tepw Ds-Sp--Xn \nv t_m[-]q-amb ]m-fn-n-tepw \op-p.'' ({]`p 2004)
F-m-bn-cp-mepw Cu \nbaw ]mmn Hc Zim-_v[-n\v tijhpw AXnse hmKvZm\--fn-te-dnb ]pw \nd-th--s-n-n-. kwm\ km-cp-I sNt \nb-a-\nm-Whpw
\S-m-epw Cpw A]q-am-Wv. kwm\ Xe-n \npw km-n-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hpamb D-X-cn \npw kaq-l-ntev A[n-Imc kp-e-\-nImX-em-sbmcp amw \nbaw
ey-an-Sp-p. C{Xbpw hn]p-e-amb A[n-Imcw A-h-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m kaq-l-n\v
Ign-b-W-sa-n th{X hnm-\hpw tijnbpw B kaq-l-n-\p-m-I-Ww. h\w hIp-nsbpw apw XS--s-Sp--ep-I aqew CsXmpw \S-n-. kzbw `cWw F eyw Cpw
IS-em-kp-I-fn-sem-Xp-p-p.
h\- A-h-Im-i-\n-baw
2006 ]mkm-nb ]n-I-h av ]c--cm-KX h\-hm-kn(-h-\-A-h-Im-i- AwKo-I-cn) \nbaw \psS \nb-a-\nmW Ncn-{X-nse Hcp \mgn-I-I-m-Wv. Ah-cpsS h\-A-h-Imi- AwKo-I-cn-msX Kncn-h-m-tcmSpw av h\-\n-hm-kn-I-tfmSpw Imnb Ncn-{X-]-c-amb
A\oXn Ah-km-\n-n-m eywshp--Xm-bn-cpp Cu \nb-aw. ]s \nbaw \S-m-p-Xnse Nne sshj-ay- aqew CXns ey- ]q-ambn t\Sm C\nbpw Ign-nn-.
\psS cmPy-ns `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 23% hcp h\--fn-emWv Cy-bnse Ghpw
\n-\cpw ]miz-h-cn--s--h-cp-amb kaqlw A[n-h-kn-p-Xv Irjnpw sNdp-InS h\D-ev]-- tiJ-cn-m\pw Pem-i-b-pw BSp amSp-Isf tabvm-\p-samw Ch ]c-cm-K-X-ambn B{i-bn-n-cp-Xv Cu h\--sf-bm-Wv. Cu \nb-a-ns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m\yw
Fs-m asm h\-\n-b-a-epw Kncn-h-m-tcbpw av h\-\n-hm-kn-I-tfbpw It--mcmtbm {Inan-\-ep-I-fmtbm BWv In-cp--Xv. h\w amt\-Pvsa v IqSp-X kpXm-cyhpw ]m-fn-]-chpw Bp--Xn-s\mw h\-\n-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-v \nb-a-{]m-_eyw \IpI
IqSn sNbvXp h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw.
Cu \nbaw \S-m-p--Xnse _pn-ap-p-I aqew ]e kwm-\--fnsebpw h\-hmkn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i--fn-te-sdbpw \ncm-I-cn--s-p. Nne kwm-\--fn C{]-Imcw \ncm-Icn--s--Xns \ncv 60 iX-am-\-n-te-sd-bm-Wv.
kaq-l-A-h-Im-i- {]tXy-Inpw sNdp-In-S-h\w Dev]-- tiJ-cn-m-\p AhImiw \ntj-[n-p-Xv hfsc hym]-I-am-bn. Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-n-t Xocp-am-\-sa-Spp-Xp kw_-n {]{Inb th-hn[w \S-n-.
\nb-a-ns A-k-bvv hncp--ambn Ah-Im-i-hm-Z- sXfn-bn-m tcJm-]-camb sXfn-hp-I lmP-cm-m \n_-n-p. \nbaw A\p-im-knpw hn[w hntPv Xe-ntem
kaq-l-X-e-ntem {Kma-k-`-I IqSn-bn-cp-n-. IqSn-bn-Sp Xs Ah-bpsS ip]mi-Iv
bmsXmcp hnebpw Iev]n--s-n-.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
231

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Cu \nb-a-ns apJy-amb {]mtbm-Kn-IX kaq-l-h-\-hn-`-h- kwc-n-m\pw hn\ntbm-Kn-m-\p-ap Ah-Imiw AwKo-I-cn--sp F-Xm-Wv. h\--fpsS `cWw Hcp P\m-[n]Xy N-q-Sn-tev amp--Xns BZy-]-Sn-bm-bn-cpp CXv. Fm an-hmdpw Fm kwm\-fpw Cu Ah-Im-i- th-hn[w AwKo-I-cn-n-.
kaq-l-h-\-A-h-Im-i-nse ]ptcm-KXn
Imem-h[n kw_-n kpc-n-X-Xzhpw h\-D-]-t`m-m-v A\p-Iq-e-amb Ah-Im-ifpw h\--fpsS D-c-hm-ZnXz amt\-Pvsan\pw kpn-c-Xbvpw Imc-W-am-Ip-sa--XmWv
h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-ns ASn-m-\w. BI-bm Cu \nb-a-n Iogn-ep N- kaq-lh-\-hn-`-h--fpsS ]p\-cp-o-h-\-n\pw amt\-Pvsan\pw kwc--W-n\pw D m]-\-]-camb {Iao-I-c-W- hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p. \nb-a-nse 2(a) hIp-n CXv \n-Nn-p-p-v.
AX-\p-k-cnv Cu s]mXp h\-`q-an-bn kaq-l-n\v ]mc-cy Ah-Im-i-ap-v.
h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-ns {][m\ Dtiyw k-aql ]m-fn-hpw amt\-Pvsapw t{]mmln-n-pI F-Xm-sW-nepw kaql Ah-Im-i-p]cn hyn-KX Ah-Im-i-mWv
AwKo-Imcw e`n--sXv ]T-\- sXfn-bn-p-p. \nb-a-n 13 C\w Ah-Im-i- ]d-bpp-s-nepw Irjn `qan-bn-ep Ah-Imiw am{X-amWv AwKo-I-cn--s--Xv. _mn 12 Ah-Imi--fn NphsS ]d-bp 7 Ah-Im-i--sf-nepw kaq-l-h\ Ah-Im-i--fn {][m-\-am-Wv.
]s \n`m-Ky-h-im Pnm `c-W-IqSw Ahsb Ah-K-Wn-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
1.
ap \mp cmPy--fn \ne-\n-n-cp skan-mcn t]mse-bp kmaqly Ah-Im-i-

(sk- 3(1)(b)
2.
Pem-i-b--fn \nv ayw ]nSn-m\pw BSp amSpIsf Xom\pw ]c--cm-KX kok

hn`-h- tiJ-cn-m-\p-ap Ah-Imiw sk- 3 (1) (d).
3.
A]-cn-jvIrX Kncn-h-mv Xma-kn-m-\p Ah-Imiw sk- 3 (1) (e).
4.
]c--cm-K-X-ambn kwc-np hcp kaq-lh-\-hn-`-h- kwc-n-m\pw ]p\-cp-ohn-n-m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-m\pw D Ah-Imiw sk- 3 (1) (i).
5.
GsX-nepw kwm\ \nb-a-{]-Im-ctam kzbw `c-W-m-]-\-\n-b-a-{]-Im-ctam Kncn-hA-h-Im-i-ambn AwKo-I-cn--s-n-p--h sk- 3 (1) (j).
6.
ssPh-sshhn-yhpw _un-I-kzpw ssPh sshhn-yhpw kmwkvm-cnI sshhn-yhp-ambn _-s ]c--cm-KX hnm-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn-m-\p Ah-Imiw sk-
3 (1) (k).
7.
h\y-Po-hn-Isf th-bm-Sp-Xpw sIWn-bns]-Sp-p-Xpw apw HgnsI \nb-a-nse (a)

apX (k) hsc-bp hIp-p-I-fn s]Sm ]mc--cy-h-\-\n-hm-kn-I A\p-`-hnp hcp
asm Ah-Im-i-fpw sk- 3 (1) (l).
ta]-d 7 Ah-Im-i-p ]pdsa sk 3 (1) (c) {]Imcw sNdp-InS h\-hn-`-h tiJ-cn-m\pw hnev]\ \S-m-\p-ap ]c--cm-KX Ah-Im-ihpw Kncn-P-\-p-v.
\nbaw \S-m-p--Xnse kmaqly ImgvN-m-Sns A`m-h-n-\p Imc-W- NphsS
]d-bpp.
h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \S-m-nbXns BZy-L--n CsXmcp hyn-KX `q Ah-Im-iam-bmWv _-s DtZym-K- I-Xv. BI-bm kaql Ah-Im-i- ]cn-K-WnmsX hyn-KX Ah-Im-i--fmWv BZyw ]cn-K-WnXv. Nne-bn-S--fn m^ns
Ipdhpw Hcp Imc-W-ambn Nqn-m-Wn--s-p. ]s kaq-l-Ah-Imi hyn-KX
Ah-Im-i-sfm F-n Ipd-hm-Wp-Xm-\pw.
\nb-a-nse 3 (1) (b) apX (m) hsc-bp-ff hIp-p-I-fn ]d-bp kaql Ah-Im-i-fn F{X Fw Fhn-sS-sbmw A\p-h-Znp FXp kw_-n hnh-c- Kncn h
a{m-ebw tiJ-cn-n-. Am-c-W-m Cm-cy-n th{X kw sNep-m
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232

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t_mIvkv 12 : h\m-h-Im-i-\n-baw \S-m-p--Xp-kw-_-nv

F.-kn.-k-Ivtk\ Inn dntmv 2010
h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw {]mhn-I-am-p Cs coXn Kpcp-X-c-amb \nc-h[n {]iv\ krjvSn-p-p-v.
1.
{Kma-k-`-I cq]o-I-cn-p-Xv hntPv Xe-n\p ]Icw ]m-bv Xe-n-em-Wv. \nba-nse 2(g), 2(p) hIp-p-I {]Imcw ]nI V {]tZ-i--fn {Kma-k-`-I hnfn-tXv sNdp-{Km-a--fpsS Xe-n-em-Wv. av {]tZ-i--fn CXv dh\yp hntPv Xe-nem-bn-cn-Ww Fm B{-{]-tZ-iv, ]n-a-_w-Km, D{]-tZiv XpS-nb ]e
kwm-\--fnepw \nb-a-hn-cp--ambn ]m-bv Xe-n-emWv {Kma-k-`-I hnfn-p-Xv.
2.
At\z-jWw [rXn ]nSnv \S-p-Xp sImpw Xp At]--I ko\n-b DtZymK- \mbn ]cn-tim-[n-m-Xp aqehpw sXmbn Xp At]--I-fpsS Fw
KWy-ambn hn-p-p. Nw 4(c) \njvIjn-p--Xp t]mse Xp At]--Iv
Ah-cpsS `mKw hnh-cn-m "\ymb-amb Ah-kcw' \Ip-n-. At] \nc-kn-Xmb Adn-bnv Bscbpw FgpXn Adn-bn-m-dn-. Xqew CXn-t Ao \Im
Ign-bp-n dh-\yq, h\w hIpv DtZym-K- hntPv Xe-n sNp tPmen t{Imkv
sNv sNmt\m Hcp ]pdw GPknsb sImv CXv hne-bn-cp-mt\m kwm\
Kncn-h hnI-k\ hIp-p-I {ian-m-dn-.
3.
{Kma-k-`-I-fp-tSbpw apw A[n-Im-c- hn\n-tbm-Kn-p-Xv hntPv DtZym-K-cmWv.

DtZym-K- Xm-dm-p dntmn {Kma-k-`-Ifpw apw Hp hbvpp Fv am{Xw.
{Kma-Xe At\z-jW dntmp-I tmp Xe, PnmXe DtZym-K- ]cn-tim-[n-mdn-.
4.
Nw 10 {]Imcw kwm-\-Xe Ah-tem-I-\-k-anXn AwKo-Imc {]{In-bbvpw h\ AhIm-i- \nn-]vX-am--en\pw Ah-tem-I\ kqNn-I-Ifpw \n_--\-Ifpw cq]o-I-cnt--Xp-v. KpW-ta kqNn-I-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-t-Xpw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-ambn
tbmKw sNt-Xpw s]mXp IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I kwL-Sn-n-t-Xpw h\-\n-hm-kn-ItfmSv \oXn ]pem Pnm-X-e-n dh\yp h\w hIpv DtZym-K--cpsS ta
kw sNep-t-Xpw DtZym-K-cpw P\-fpw X-nep Bi-b-hn-\n-abw sas-Sp-t-Xpw kwm-\--fnse Kncn-h-h-Ip-p-IfpsS Npa-X-e-bmWv. Fm an
kwm-\--fnepw Ah-tem-I-\- shdpw IW-p-I-fn-sem-Xp-p-p.
5.
h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-im-kn-p-p-s-nepw SDLC, DLC XpS-nb kan-Xn-I {Kmak-`-Ipw apw `q]-S-tfm tcJ-Itfm av sXfn-hp-Itfm \Im-dn-.
6.
_-s ]ecpw ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw ]e Xe--fn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p-Ibpw thWsav h\-Ah

- I
- m-i\
- n-baw A\p-im-kn-p-p-s-nepw an-tmgpw Cm-cy-n DtZymK--m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-n-\mWv apXq-w. h\-\n-b-a-sf kw_-n {]iv\-
ssIImcyw sNp--Xn Kncn-h-h-Ipv DtZym-K-p Xmev]-cy-an-m-bvabpw Ignhp-tI-Sp-amWv CXv kqNn-n-p--Xv. KpW-t`m-m-v kvtImfjn-p-Ifpw {Kmp-Ifpw
\Ip--Xv Cu hIp-m-sW-nepw hIp-p-I Xn-ep GtIm-]\w Bh-iy-ap ]cn]m-Sn-I ssIImcyw sNp--Xn Chbvv th{X ]cn-N-b-an-. BI-bm an
t\mU Bô-kamcpw nXn hnh-cn--W-p-I tiJ-cn-p--Xn Ah-cpsS NpaXe HXp-p-p. Cu IW-p-I-fpsS \nP-nXn ]cn-tim-[n-mt\m tat\m--nt\m
Pn-I-fnse {]h-\--fpsS KpW-ta hne-bn-cp-mt\m sa\-s-Sm-dn-.
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233

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7.
h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse 4(5) hIp-n\p hncp-ambn IpSn Hgn-n- \S-p-p-v.

AwKo-Imc]-cn-tim-[-\m-\-S-]-Sn-I ]qn-bmIpw hsc ssIh-i-`q-an-bn \nv ]nI
h-m-scbpw h\-hm-kn-I-sfbpw Hgn-n-m ]mSn-s-mWv \nbaw. Fm Cu
\nb-a-ew-L-\-n-s\-Xnsc kwm-\-kmtcm tI{-a-{m-e-b-tfm Fs-nepw \S]Sn kzoI-cn--Xmbn Adn-hn-.
8.
h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \S-m-n-bn-p kwm-\--fn h\-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-ihmZw s]mXpsh Xnc-kv-cn--s-Sp--Xm-bmWv Ip hcp--Xv. Ign 75 hj-ambn
Ah Cu `qan-bn Irjn sNp-n F {]iv\w D-bn-m-Wn-Xv. "2005 Unkw-_dn\p
ap]v 3 Xe-ap-d-mew' F \n_-\ nc-Xm-akw A\p-h-Zn-p--Xn\p am{Xw _m[I-am-bn-p--Xm-Wv. At]--I Ign 75 hj-ambn `qan ssIh-i-nseSpp-Itbm
h\w D]-tbm-Kn-p-Itbm thW-sa-n-. 2005 Unkw-_ 13\v bYm Poh-km-c-Wn-\mbn Ah h\s B{i-bn-p--h-cm-sW-n h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse dq
2(b) {]Imcw Cu B\p-Iq-ey-n\v Ah Al-cm-Wv.
9.
kaq-l-h-\-hn-`h Ah-Im-i-fpw av `qan-bn-Xc Ah-Im-i-fpw AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cn-.
\nb-a-nse sk 3 (1) Dw 3 (2) Dw Xn Bi-b-p-gw \ne-\np--Xn-\m

CXp kw_-n nXn hnh-c-I-W-p-Ifpw hy-a-. a{m-e-b-ns ] t]mepw
CXp kw_-n hy-amb IW-p-I-fn-.
h\-kw-c--Ww, D]-tbmKw amt\-Pvsa v Fnh kw_-nv ]c--cm-K-X-am-bXpw Am-Xp-amb \ne-hn-ep Ah-Im-i-sf ]n-bp {]mY-anI hnm-\-ns A`mhw
aqew \nbaw \S-m-p--Xn-\v ap]pw AXn\p tij-hpap nXn-bpsS Xmc-Xay hnebn-cp- kmy-a-.
h\-n-\p-nepw kao-]-p-ap {Kma--fpsS F-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvXm D-bn-s kaq-l-h\ Ah-Im-i--fpsS Fw ]cn-an-X-am-Wv.
Cu taJ-e-I-fn \ne-\np hnhn[ GPkn-Ifpw {Kma-k-`bpw Xn-ep _hpw
Cu taJeIv _m[I-am-bn-p av \nb-a--fpsS ]c-kv]c sshcp-yhpw klm-b-I-Xzhpw
DssS kaql h\ Ah-Im-i--fpsS amt\-Pvsan-s\bpw kwc--W-sbpw kw_-n
Btem-N-\-bn-m-bva.
kaql Ah-Im-i- Fs\ ]cn-tim-[n-m-sapw Fs\ Xocp-am-\n-m-sa-Xpw
kw_-nv kaq-l-n\pw _-s DtZym-K-pw hy-X-bn-m-Xp aqew Cu
{]{Inb C\nbpw Bcw-`n-n-n-. kaq-l-h-\-A-h-Im-i-ns ]cn[n \n-bn-p-Xp
kw_-npw 4 slIvS-dn IqSp-X Ah-Im-i-s-Smtam FXp kw_-n-p-samw Cu
Bi-b-p-gw \ne-\np-p. Fm \nb-a-nse 3 (1) (a) hIpv CsXmw hy-amp-p-v. Htc h\-{]-tZ-iv Hn IqSp-X hnt-Pp-I Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap--bn-p
tIkp-I-fnepw Cm-c-W-m Xocp-am-\-ap-m-Ip-n.
sk 3(1) (i) ]d-n-p kaql h\ Ah-Imiw kwc-n-m\pw ssIImcyw
sNm-\p-ap Ah-Im-is ]n-bp AX aqew CXn-t Bcpw Ah-Im-i-hmZw
D-bn-p-n-. am{X-hp-a N--tfm-S-\p-_-n-p ^mdw "_n'bn CXv hy-ambn
ImWn-m-Xpw CXn-\p asmcp Imc-W-am-Wv.
]e-bn-Spw kaq-l-h\ Ah-Im-i-sf ]n _-s kwL-S-\-Ifpw DtZym-K-cpw
Ah-cpsS A-X-aqew sXn--cn-n-p- hnh-c-am-Wv kaq-l-n\v \Ip--Xv. sk
3 (2) ]d-n-p hnI-k\ kuI-cy- p thn-bp--XmWv kaql h\ Ah-Imi- F [mc-W-bmWv CXn-sem-v. av ]e Icm-dp-I-fp-sSbpw _e-n P\-v
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234

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B\p-Iqeyw e`n-p--Xn-\m kaql h\ Ah-Im-i- \S-m-t-s [mc-Wbpw

Nne kwm--fn \ne-\np-p-v.
kaql h\ Ah-Im-i- D-bn-p kaq-l-v `q]Sw Ds-sS-bp tcJ-I
\Im-sXbpw kwbp h\ amt\-Pvsa v taJ-e-bm-sW hmZ-ap--bnv At] \ncknpw ]e _pn-ap-p-Ifpw krjvSn-p-p-v.
kaql h\ Ah-Im-i-sf kw_-n hy-X-bn-m-bvabpw {Kma-k-`bpw h\w hIppw
Xn-ep [mc-W-p-dhpw aqew Cm-cy-n \nc-h[n _pn-ap-p-I Dm-Ip-p-v.
Bb-Xn-\m Cy-bn-ep-S-\ofw \nbaw CXp hsc ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-m-m Ign-n-n-.
ta]-d t]mcm-bva-I-fpsS shfn--n Fm kwm-\--fnepw h\ Ah-Im-i-\nbaw {]mhn-I-am-p--Xn\v Hcp cmw Lw Bcw-`n-t--Xp-v. CXn kaql h\ AhIm-i-m-bn-cn-Ww {]Ya ]cn-K-W-\. 2010 Pqsse 20\v Kncn-h a{m-ebw kwm-\-b In Cmcyw hy-am-n-bn-p-v. CXn\p ]pdta a{m-e-bhpw kwm\
t\mU GPkn-Ifpw \nb-a-n-sebpw N--fn-sebpw hnhn[ hIp-p-I kw_-nv hniZo-I-c-W-fpw \nt-i-fpw IqSn \tI--Xp-v.
kaql h\ Ah-Im-i--fpsS \S-npw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw tZiob h\-A-h-Imi Iukn
{]tXy-I-ambn hne-bn-cp--Ww. CXp kw_-n Fm kwi-b-pw adp-]Sn \Ip Hcp
ssI ]pkvXIw a{m-ebw Xm-dmn _-s--hsmw \I-Ww.
t\m-n-iIpw GtIm-]-\-an-m-bvabpw
]cn-n-Xn--{]-IrXn hn`h amt\-Pvsap-ambn _-s m]-\-]-c-amb t\m-n-iIv
t_mIvkv 13 hy-am-n-bn-p-v. {]mtZ-inI km-cn-t\bpw kaq-l-sbpw CXn thhn[w ]m-fn-I-fm-p-n. tI{hpw kwm-\-fpw Xn th{X GtIm-]-\-an-mbva aqew
{i ]Xn-tb ]e Imcy-fpw {in--s-SmsX t]mIp-p. am{X-hp-a Bh-iy-mv
bYm-k-abw Al-amb klmbw e`n-m-Xp aqew kmaqly kulmw XI-cm\pw kwLj Dm-Im\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p. Imcy- t\hgn \bn-m\pw sa-s hnI-k\ Bkq{X-W-n\pw Bh-iy-amb nXn hnh-c-I-W-p-I e`y-a-.
t_mIvkv 13 : ]cn-nXn {]-IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsan \ne-hn-ep

\nb-{-W-nse t]mcmbva
apJy Npa-X-e-I
D-c-hm-ZnXzw
tI{w
kwm\w
`qan {]iv\-,
\jvS-]-cn-lmcw
Xti
`cWw
kaqlw
Ub-d-IvS
dh-\yq.
Irjn-hI
- pv
]cn-nXn]chpw
Btcm-Ky-]-c-hp-amb
BLm-X-
h\w ]cn-nXn
a{m-ebw
h\w nb-dkv
h\w ]cn-nXn
a{m-ebw
]Xn _m[nXcpsS
]p\-c-[n-hmkw
{Kma-hn-I-k\
a{m-ebw
kmaq-ly-\n-t]
]-Xn-I
{Kma-hn-I-k\
a{m-ebw
Fkv.-]n.-kn._n-I
Imcy-amb _an-. ]m-fnw

Cm- b va- b mWv
CXv kqNn-np-Xv.
Ub-d-IvS
dh\yq
{Kma-hn-I-k\w
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235

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nXn sa-sSpm-\p `cW \S-]-Sn-I

sa-s `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I kw_-n N-I {][m-\-ambpw NphsS ]d-bp--hsb
Bkv]-Z-amn bmbn-cp-p.
1.
]n-a-L--ns hnI-k-\-n-\pw kwc--W-n\pw th XXz-v cq]w \Ip-I.
2.
ESZ
3.
]n-a-L--ns hnI-k-\-n\pw `c-W-n\pw hntI-{o-IrX amw kzoI-cn-p-I.
4.
]cn-nXn nb-dkv \S-]Sn {Iaw ]cn-jv-cn-p-I, h\-A-h-Imi-\n-b-ahpw apw ê-{]Z-ambn \S-m-p-I.
5.
kaq-l-n-eqsS \nb-{-W--fn Abhv hcp-p-I.
Ifn-eqsS ]n-a-L--nse hnIk-\ {]h-\-sf \nb-{n-p-I.
hn-I-k-\-n\pw kwc--W-n-\p-ap XXz-

]n-aL
- -
- nse hnI-k\
- - k
- w-c
- W {]h-\
- v am Zo]-am-IW
- s
- av R
Icp-Xp XXz- NphsS tNp-p.
1.
kwc--W-n-\m-bmepw hnI-k-\-n-\m-bmepw ]m-fn-hpw kpXm-cy-Xbp-am-bn-cn-Ww

apJyw.
2.
hnI-k\ Bkq-{XW {]{Inb hntI-{o-IrXhpw \o-Sm-[n-jvTn-Xhpw ASn--n-tev

]c-am-h[n hym]n-n-n-p-Xpw Bbn-cn--Ww.
3.
]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse Pnm Bkq-{XW kan-Xn-Iv Bh-iy-amb ]n_ew

\In Pnm ]-Xn-Iv cq]w \I-Ww.
4.
kpnc ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h--bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-Xm-h-iy- {]IrXn hn`ham-t\-Pvsan-\mbn Bkq-{XW {]{Inbbn Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw Kncn-h kaq-ls Ignbp-n-S-smw ]m-fn-I-fm-p-Ibpw thWw.
5.
hn`-h--fpsS hyn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb hne-\n-b-n\v th hnZym-`ymkw

\IWw.
6.
hnI-k-\-ns Imev]m-Sp-I Ipd-bvm A\p-tbm-Py-amb "lcn-X-km-t-XnI hnZy-I'

kzoI-cn--Ww.
(a)
Acw kmt-XnI hnZy-I Hcp ev e`y-amIpw hn[w Duw em`-tI-{-

m]n-p-I, A\p-tbm-Py-amb hkvXp- D]-tbm-Kn-p-I, Pehpw apw kwc-n-p-I.
(b)
Cu coXn ]nXp-S-cm IpSpw-_-sf ]cn-io-en-n-pI
(c)
hymh-km-bnI ssPh-X-Xz-fpw ssPh kmt-XnI hnZybpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I.
7.
tijn\p-k-cn-v F Bi-bhpw aen-\o-I-c-\n-b-{-Whpw aen-\o-I-c-W-n\v Imc-Wm-cm-b-h AXn-\p hne \I-W-sa XXzhpw kzoI-cn-p-I.
8.
hInS hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I Bh-iy-sa-n AXn-\p nb-dkv {Kma-]-m-bv hgn

\IpI.
]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bpsS LS-\-bn Ch Ds-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.

]n-a-L--nse hnI-k\ {]h-\- \nb-{n-
kanXn dntmns BZy `mKv kqNn-n-Xp t]mse ]n-a-L--nse ESZI kmaqlyhpw ]cnnXn]c-hp-amb _lp-hn[ am\-Z-WvU-fpsS ASn-m-\-n hne-bn-cpn ASbm-f-s-Sp-p-I. Nph-sS-bp kwc--W--km--nI {]h-\- Xpe\w sNm-\p
D]-I-c-W-ambn ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-Isf (ESZ) ImWp-I.
1.
a\p-jy-{]-h-\- XpS-cp {]tZ-i-sf ]cn-n-Xn(-kw-c--W)-\n-ba (1986) {]Imcw
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236

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\nb{n-p-I.
2.
{]mtZ-inI P\-Xbvv lnI-X-I-c-a-m--Xn-\m hnI-k\w \nn-sh-bvm Ign-bm

CS--fn hnI-k\w ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-]-chpw P\m-[n-jvTnXhpw BsWv Ddp hcpp-Ibpw ZoL-Im-emSn-m-\-n ssPh Bhmk ss]XrIw kwc-n--s-Sp-Ibpw
thWw
3.
]pXnb hyh-km-b- m]n-p--Xn\pw Irjn `qan hmWn-Py-`q-an-bmbn amdp--Xn\pw

\ntcm-[-\tam \nb-{-W-tfm Cm {]tZ-i--fn Hmtcm ]cn-nXn Zpe {]tZipw taev]-d \nb-{-W- Dm-h-Ww.
4.
{]mtZinI kml-N-cy--\p-kr-X-amb \nb-{-W-mWv cq]w \tI--Xv.
5.
]cn-nXn kulr-Z-hn-I-k-\s t{]mm-ln-n-p--Xn-\p \nb-{-W--fmWv Bhiyw.
]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-I-fnse hnI-k-\-{]-h-\- \nb-{n-p--Xn-\p am\nt-i- Hmw `mK-nse ]nI6 sImSp-n-p-v. ]cn-nXn Zp-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw
am-\nt-i-fpw ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-n-bpsS LS-\-bn Ds-Sp-Ww
hnI-k-\-n\pw `c-W-n\pw hntI-{o-IrX amw
`c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn {]Zm\w sNp hntI-{o-IrX `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w D]-tbm-Knv ]na-L--nse hnI-k\ Bkq-{X-W-n\v ]n_ew \I-W-sav kanXn ip]mi sNpp.
]m-b-o-cmPv m]-\-sf ê-{]-Z-amb Xti kzbw-`-cW km-cp-I-fm-m Bh-iyamb A[n-Im-c-fpw D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-fpw Ahbvv \Im 73mw `c-W-L-S-\m-t`-Z-KXn \nba-nse Bn-n 243 (G) kwm-\--tfmSv Bh-iy-s-Spp. XI -mw ]n-I-bn Ds-Sp-nbn-p 29 hnj-b--fp-ambn _-s km-nI hnI-k-\-n\pw kmaq-ly-\o-Xnpw thnbp ]-Xn-I Xm-dm-m-\p D-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw Cu ]m-b-o-cmPv m]-\-v
\In.
]n-a-L kwm-\--fn Pnm-m-\p-I Xm-dm-Im-\p Npa-X-ebpw D-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw
`c-W-L-S\m m]-\--fmb Pnm m\nv In-n-Iv \IWw. Cu {]{Inb ê-{]-Z-ammthn e-]c Bkq-{X-W-n\v {]m[m\yw \IWw. Pnm m\nwMv In-n-I-tfbpw
Xt-i-`-c-W-m-]-\-pw kwm-\-kmcpw {]mtZ-in-Im-kq-{X-W-n hnZ-Kv[-cmb
km-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-Ifpw hnZym-`ymk m]-\--fp-samw Bh-iy-amb kmt-XnI ]npW
\IWw. Jc-am-en\yw, aen-\-Pew, J\-\-ns {]mtZ-inI BLmXw, Sqdnkw Hcp-]-Po-h-\am-sa \ne-bn, Cu {]h-\--fp-sS-sbmw t\w ]p-h-bv XpS-n-b-hbvv Bkq{X-W-n Du \IWw. Cu {]h-\--sfmw kwtbm-Pn-n-p amt\-Pvsa v kwhn[m\w Dm-hWw. \o-S-hn-k-I\w, amen-\y-\nm\w, {]IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsa v XpSn
Hn-e-[nIw {]tZ-i--fn-embn hym]n-p-In-S-p {]h-\- ê-{]-Z-ambn ssIImcyw
sNm-\p kuIcyw Xti km-cp-I Hcp-Ww. {]IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsans Bkq{X-W-{]-{In-b-bn ssPh-]-c-amb kp-nc PohnX D]m-[n-I Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw Ign-bp-n-Ssmw Kncn-h kaq-ls ]s-Sp-n-p-Ibpw thWw.
Xti km-cp-Iv Cm-cy-n hy-amb ]pw D-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw \In-bm
Dt-PI LS-\-bn Xs am-ap-m-Ip-sav kanXn hniz-kn-pp. CXn-eqsS krjvSn--sSp tijn km-cns D-X-X-e- A-h-mbn CS-s]-Sm-\p kw Dbpw.
Hcp Imcyw {]tXyIw {in-m-\p-Xv th{X apI-cp-X-ep-I kzoI-cn-msX {]IrXn
hn`-h-v ssekkv \Im-\p A[n-Imcw Xt-i-m-]-\-v \In-bm AXv
Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNm-\p km[yX Gsd-bmWv. Fm Cu A[n-Imcw `wKn-bmbn hn\n-tbmKn-m ]m-b
- p-Iv \smcp hcp-am-\a
- m-am-hp-Ibpw sNpw. P\-f
- p-ambn hfsc ASpv
CS-]-g-Ip--Xp-aqew {Kmss\-n\pw aWJ-\-\-n-\p-sams ssekkv \Ip--Xn Agn-aXnpw kzP-\-]--]m-X-hp-sams Dm-m\pw CS-bpv. CXn-\p apI-cp-X-ep-I a\n Ip-sIm-p-thWw {]mtZ-in-I-km-cp-Iv Cu D-c-hm-Zn-Xz- \Im. Hm............................................................................................................................................................................................................
237

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aXmbn hkvXp-I-c-n-\p-]-Icw CXn \nv htXm-Xn hcp-am-\-ap-m-m Xti m]\-sf A\p-hZ- n-c
- pXv. ê-{]-Za
- mbn tat\m-hpw apI-cp-Xe
- p-Ifpw kzoI-cn-n-cn-Ww. aqma-Xmbn hnizm-ky-Xbpw t{]mm-l-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-t kwhn-[m-\-amWv kzoI-cn-t-Xv.
Xt-i-k-mcp-Iv sa-s {]IrXn hn`-h-am-t\-Pvsan\v NphsS ]d-bp \nt-ifpw D]-I-cnpw (cLp-\ 2008)
Hm-a-Xmbn {]IrXn hn`-h- ssIImcyw sNp--Xn\v Xt-i kmcp-I-fpsS hnhn[
Xe- GtIm-]n-n-p Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w Dm-IWw. Xt-i-`-cW m]-\- Xn
]mSvWjnp-mn {]apJ kzIm-cy-m-]-\-sf IqSn Ds-Spn sa-s {Iao-I-c-W Gs-Sp-m-hp--XmWv.
cm-a-Xmbn {Kma--fnepw \K-c--fn-ep-ambn hym]n-p-In-S-p--h-bpsS Imcy-n DZml-c-W-n\v, ip-P-e-hn-X-cWw, Nhdv \nm\w XpS-nb, Pn, sat{Sms]m-fn- Bkq{X-W-k-an-Xn-I-fpsS klm-b-tmsS ]cn-lmcw Ismw.
asmv {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-fpw AXn \np BZm-bhpw ]n-Sp--Xn\v hy-amb kwhn[m\w Dm-IWw.
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bn Xti km-cp-Iv {]mXn-\n[yw \Ip-Xv
t_mIvkv: 14 mn-a-S-bnse A\p-`hw

]c--cm-KX cmjv{So-b-mcpw Ahsc ]np-W-n-cp DtZym-K--h-hpw [cn-n-cp-Xv
km ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-m-\p, Cy-bn Ghpw ASn--n-ep m]-\-
am{X-amWv ]m-b-p-I Fm-bn-cpp. Xqew Cy `c-W-L-S\ Ahbvv \In-bnp kzbw-`-cW km F ]Zhn Hcp hnZq-c-kz-]v\-ambn Ah-ti-jnp. Cm-c-W-memWv tIc-f-nse ]me-mSv Pn-bns] mn-aS ]m-bv Hcp BtKmf ]m\ob
\nmW tIm-td-n\v ssekkv \ntj-[n-p-Ibpw CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn I\n ^b sNbvX
dnv tIcf ssltm-SXn Xp-Ibpw sNbvX-tm AXn\v h {]m[m\yw ssIh-Xv.
]m-bv Hcp km-cmbn amdn-b-XmWv Cu kw`-h-n-eqsS shfn-s-Xv. kwm\
km-cns ]np-W-tbmsS ]m-bpw I-\nbpw Xn \S Cu Gp-ap--en `c-WL-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-fpw Ahbvv s]mXp-\--bn-ep kmwK-Xy-hp-amWv ChnsS ampc-bv-s-Xv.
ssekkv dm-pI hgn ]m-bv AXns `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-amWv
hn\n-tbm-Kn-Xv. sXc-s-Sp--s Xt-i-km F \ne-bn ]m-b-nse P\-fpsS taw kwc-n-m-\p ISa ]m-b-n-\p-s-m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS hmZw. BIbm P\-sf tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-p Fn\pw A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-m\pw dm-m\pw
]m-n-\-h-Im-i-apv. Ah-cpsS AXnn-p-nse `qP-e-\n-cv Xmgp--Xn\v I-\n-bmWv
D-c-hm-Zn-sbpw CXv B {]tZ-is Irjn-bnsb {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n-p-p-shpw
]m-bv A`n-{]m-b-sp. ]m-bv D-bn ImcWw hfsc {][m-\-amWv. Fs-m
{]mtZ-inI {]IrXn hn`-h- ssIImcyw sNp--Xnse apJy-In ]m-b-p-I-fmWv.
Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn ]m-b-p-I cq]o-I-cn--Xp-Xs CXn-\m-emWv. sXc-s-Sp--s Hcp
km-cns H-Xyhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw mn-aS ]m-bv sXfn-bnp.
]m-bv kwm\ km-cns Hcp IogvL-SIw am{X-am-sWpw Cu hI Imcy AXns A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bn s]Sp-n-s-p-am-bn-cpp I-\n-bpsS \ne-]mSv. _lpcm-jv{S-Ip--I-I-fpsS ]Xnhv Al-m-c-am-WnXv. ]s XpS kw`-h- Cu hmZ-K-Xnsb
\new-]-cn-imn. nc-amb A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-m-ep nXn-tbmv I\n A-em-nembn. Ctm ]m-bv A[n-Ir-X-cp-ambn Hp-Xon\v {ian-p-h-cn-I-bmWv. ]q-ambpw
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238

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kwm\ km-cns \b-n\v ]pdv {]hn-m-\m-h-iy-amb A[n-Imcw ]m-b-pIv `c-W-L-S\ \Ip-pv. kzw \b-v cq]w \Im\pw AXv \S-m-m-\p-ap
]m-b-p-I-fpsS A[n-Im-cs kp{]nw tImS-Xnbpw icn-h-n-pv. Xti km-cpIp A[n-Im-c-ns BZy-]m-T-amWv mn-aS.
temI-nse Ghpw henb hyh-km-bnI Zpc--amb t`mm a\-n-m-a-\-tm-sS-bmsW-nepw Hmn-m Cy {ian-p-tm-gmWv mn-aS kw`-h-sa-Xv Hcp hntcm-[m-`m-kamWv. kmcpw P\-fpw Xn-ep hnShv Fs\ \oXn \S-p--Xn\v hnLm-X-am-Ipp
F-Xn\v Da DZm-l-c-W-amWv t`mm. Cu Zpc--n\v D-c-hm-Zn-I-fmb Bscbpw
bYm-n inn-n-n. P\-pw Ah-cpsS Npp-]m-Sp-Ipw t\cn-tS-n-h-cp
lm\n-I-c-amb Imcy-sf ]n Adn-bm-\p Ah-cpsS Ah-Imiw ChnsS \ntj-[n--sp
F-XmWv {][m\w. 1984 Unkw-_ 23 Xn-Xn-I hsc Ah-cpsS ]nm-p-dv Dcp-p-IqSnb hnj-s-]n Hcp kqN-\-t]mepw XtZ-tZ-i-hm-kn-Iv e`n-n-n.
t`mm Zpc--ap-m-Ip-tm ]m-b-p-I `c-W-L-S\m m]-\--fm-bn-cp-n
(]m-b-p-Iv B ]Zhn ssIh-Xv 1992se 72Dw 73Dw `c-W-L-S\m t`Z-K-X-Xn-tbm-sSbmWv.). P\-sf `c-W-ns `mK-am-p-Xn-t\-m {][m\w IqSp-X hyh-km-b-
t\Sp-Xn-em-bn-cpp. _lp-cm-jv{S-\n-t]w t\Sp--Xn-\p Cu \bw Cpw XpS-cp-pv.
mn-a-S-bnse P\- I-\n-tbmSv tNmZn tNmZy- t`mm-ense P\- Zpc--ap-mIp--Xn\v hfsc apt] D-bn-n-cp-p-sh-n Zpcw Hgn-hm-m Ign-bp-am-bn-cpp Fv
hmZnmw. cmPyv tIm-tdv D-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw _nkn-\v CS-]m-Sp-I ]c-kv]c-[m-c-WtbmsS \S-p--Xn-\p-ap ê-{]-Z-am-sbmcp kwhn-[m-\-n\v mn-aS hgn-sbm-cpn.
tijn-bp km-cp-I F \ne-bn ]m-b-p-I ]Iz-X-bpsS e-W-
{]I-Sn-n-p-pv. cmPy-ns km-nI DZm-c-h-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-sb mn-aS ]ntm-Snp Fv hmZn-p--h temI-nse Ghpw henb P\m-[n-]-Xy-cm-jv{S-ns D-c-hmZnXzw ad-p-I-bmWv.
sÛ-d-en-k-ns t]cn tI{-n \nv IqSp-X A[n-Im-c-p-thn apdhnfn Iqp kwm-\- AtX hmZ-KXn AwKo-I-cn-p-sImv kzw ssIh-i-ap IqSpX A[n-Im-c- ]m-b-p-Iv \IWw.
mn-a-S-t]m-ep i-amb ]m-b-p-Iv \nt-]-k-am-l-cWw kpK-ahpw {ZpXK-Xn-bnepw Bm Ignbpw. i-amb DtZym-K t{iWnsb adn-I-S-m\pw mn-a-S-t]mep kw`-h
- Hgn-hm-m\pw I-\n-Iv Ignbpw. ImcWw ]m-b
- p-If
- psS hfbvv
A\p-cq-]-amb I-\n-Isf t{]mm-ln-n-m\pw I-\n-bpsS {]h-\-sf kzbw \ncon-m\pw ]m-b-p-Iv Ignbpw. hen--n sNdp-Xm-I-bm X- s]sv
]cn-l-cn-m ]m-b-p-Iv Ignbpw.
]s CXn-s\mw ]pdsa Hcp XpS--sa \ne-bn mn-a-Sbvv FmtWm Bhiyw
AXv \Im I-\nbpw tIcf kmcpw Xm-dm-IWw.
ta-d Imcy-v Hcp ]cn-lm-c-amWv.

]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\hpw nb-dkpw
\ne-hn-ep ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-b-bn NphsS ]dbp-h IqSn DsSp-p-Xv \m-bn-cnpw (Z & {io[ 2010)
]n-a-L--nse t{]mP-IvSp-Ip-th-n-bp ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ dntmv
Xmdm-hp--Xn\v {]tXyI ]cm-ai-hn-j-b-v cq]w \Ip-Ibpw AXv s]mXp-P-\ns A`n-{]m-b-a-dn-bm e`y-am-Ip-Ibpw thWw.
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239

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CXn-\m-bp Ik v \nb-a\w kzmK-Xml-amWv. ]s t{]mPIvSv `mc-hm-ln-I

CXn-\p XpI ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-n-e-S-bvp-Ibpw a{m-ebw Ikns\
\n-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXm Ikns \njv]-X Dd-p-h-cp-m Ignbpw.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{Inb taJem Bh\ BLmX
A]-{K-Y-\-n-tev \op-Ibpw hml-I-tijn ]T\w \S-p-I-bp-amWv thXv.
nb-dkv \S-]-Sn-{Iaw (2006) ]p\:]cn-tim-[n-Ww.
2006 Gs-Sp-nb ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ nb-dkv \S-]-Sn-{I-a- ]p\:]cntim-[n-Ww.
]cn-nXn nb-dkn \njvjn-n-p \n_--\-I ]men--s-Sp-ptm Fv
]cn-tim-[n-p--Xn ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-ns doP-b-W Bô-kn-\p NpaXe nb-dkv tcJ-bn hy-am-n-bn-cn-Ww. Cu Npa-Xe kwm\ aen-\o-I-cW
\nb-{-W-t_mUp-I Gs-Sp-p--Xm-bn-cnpw DNnXw. {]mtZ-in-I-amb {]iv\-
]cn-lc
- n-m\pw J\-\
- m A\m-tcm-Ky-Ic
- a
- mb {]h-\
- kzoI-cn-p-Xv XS-bm\pw
CXp-]-I-cnpw.
KWy-amb BLm-X- Gn-m km[y-X-bp ]e t{]mP-IvSp-Ifpw ]cn-nXn
BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{In-bbvv ]pd-mWv. Ahbvv kwm-\k
- m-cns nb-dkv am{Xw
aXn-bmIpw. AXm-bXv "B' hn`m-K-ns]-Sp-h. DZm-l-cWw, \Zn-I-fpsS KXn-amw, sNdnb Pessh-ZypX ]-Xn-I, ImmSn ]mS-, Sqdnkw ]-Xn-Ifpw dntkmp-Ifpw {]tXy--Inv h\-`qan-tbmSpw ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--tfmSpw tNp-h. ]n-a-L-s kw_-n-n-Stmfw Ahn-Ss {]IrXn hn`-h--fpsS k-X ]cn-K-Wnv Cmcyw ]p\: ]cn-tim-[nt--XmWv. t{]mP-IvSp-Isf thdnv ImWmsX ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\v kwm\ \nb{W hnI-k\ m]-fpw tI{ kwm\ km-cp-I-fpw Xn sa-s GtIm-]\w
Bh-iy-amWv. ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-n-p-n-Sv Hcp {]tXyI ]Xn A\ph-Z-\o-b-amtWm Fp-IqSn ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\ {]{Inb IW-n-se-Sp-Ww.
]cn-nXn nb-dkv tcJ-bnse hyh--I ewLn-p J\n-Itm Sqdnk]-XnItm ]Xn XpS-cm-\p A\p-aXn \I-cpXv.
BLm-X- hne-bn-cp-m-\p m]\ GtIm-]\w in-s-Sp-Ww.
km-nI DZm-c-h-cWw hyh-km-b-n-\mbn kzIm-cy-aq-e-[-\s {]oWn-n-,
{]IrXn hn`-h--fn \np em`-smXn Fnh Ign Zi-I-n Kncn-h-m-cpsS
Pohn-X-n-\p-Xs ISp shp-hnfn Dbn-bn-cpp. CtXm-sSmw Dbp-h CS-Xp-]
Xo{h-hm-Zhpw Kncn-h kwc-W \nb-a--tfm-Sp Ah-K-W-\bpw Zmcp-Whpw A{I-a-]-c-hpamb {]Xym-Lm-X- krjvSnp.
]cn-nXn Ah-tem-I-\-k-anXn ip]mi sNbvX-tijw hopw A]-{K-Y\w \S-m\mbn Hcp {]tXyI ]n-aL -hn-ZKv[ Ah-tem-I\ kanXn cq]o-I-cn-p-Itbm CXv \nnjvS
]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dn-n-bpsS Npa-X-e-I-fn Ds-Sp-p-Itbm sNWw.
]n-a-L Pn-I-fn h\ Ah-Imi \nb-aw-t]m-se-bp-h \n_--ambpw \S-m-m
Hcp {]tXyI sk Bh-iy-amWv.
kaq-l-n-eqsS \nb-{Ww eLq-I-cn-pp
\ne-hn-ep \nb-a-fpw N-pw D]cn ]n-a-L--nse `cW {]{In-b-bn IqSpX D]m-[n-Ipw \n_--\-Ipw {]{In-b-Ipw m\-apv. AXp-sImv Xs sas hnI-k\ amXr-I-Isf in-s-Sp-m\pw kwc--Ws t{]mm-ln-n-m-\p-ambn
\nb-{-W-sf kaq-l-n-eqsS eLq-I-cn-m Ignbpw. Acw {]{In-b-I-fnepw D]m-[n-Ifnepw NphsS ]d-bp--h-IqSn Ds-Sp-m-hp--XmWv.
hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-hp-ambn _-sv hnh-c- shfn-s-Sp-m-\p \ntiw
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240

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]-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hnI-k-\-{]-h-\--fp-sSbpw tkmjy BUnv

kqN-I-fpw D]-I-c-W-fpw D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bp BLm-X--fpsS ]m-fn Ahtem-I\w.
[mXp-pw Sqdnkw taJ-ebvpw lcnX Auvkv .
e -]-cn-nXn nh-c--W-p-I kam-l-cn-pI.
kwc-W \S-]-Sn-Ipw apw t{]mm-l\ klmbw
ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-hm tkh-\-v {]Xn-êw.
kmaqly \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw am\-Z---sfbpw kzm[o-\n-pI.
tIm-td-j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw km-cn-sbpw \ kao-]-\-n\v {]Xn-êw
lcn-X-]--Xn-Iv t{]mm-l\w
]cn-nXn `c-Ws in-s-Sp-pI

]n-a-L--n-ep-S-\ofw ]cn-nXn `c-W-n-ep Kpcp-X-c-amb t]mcm-bva-I ]cn-l-cnm AS-b-nc \S-]Sn Bh-iy-am-sWv kanXn Icp-Xpp. ]cn-nXn Ah-t_m-[-n-sbpw
]cn-nXn kwc--W-tm-Sp P\--fpsS {]Xn-_--X-bp-sSbpw Imcy-n kanXn Xr]vXcmWv. Fm \ne-hn-ep `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\--fn ]miz-h-cn--s--Xp-aq-e-ap AhcpsS \n-lm-bm-h-bpw kanXn a\-n-em-pp. s]mXp-P-\-sf ]m-fn-I-fm-m ASn-bn-c-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-m ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-tmSv kanXn Bh-iy-s-Spp. {]tXyInpw NphsS ]d-bp Imcy-.
(a)
h\-A-h-Im-i-\n-b-a-nse kmaq-ly-h-\-hn-`-h-sf kw_-n hIp-p-I klm-\p-`q-XntbmsS \S-m-pI.
(b)
Fm Xti `cW m]-\--fnepw ]q- A-[n-Im-c-ap ssPh-ssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v

I-n-I cq]o-I-cn-pp.
(c)
tIcf kwm\ ssPh-ssh-hn-y-t_mUv cq]w sNbvX "DSp--tme Xmeq-nse

ssPh sshhny k--ta-J-e-fpsS kwc-Ww' amXr-I-bn-ep ]-Xn-I t{]mmln-n-pI.
(d)
]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\hpw nb-dkv {]{In-bbpw kaqew ]cn-jv-cn-pI.
(e)
]cym-h-c hmln\n ]Xn ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-pI.
(f)
B{-{]-tZ-inse alm-m-Kmn tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-epdv \nb-a-ns amXr-Ibn Fm ]cn-nXn {]iv\-pw tkmjy BUnv Gs-Sp-pI.
CXn-tev NphsS ]d-bp-h ip]mi sNpp.

hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-hp-ambn _-sv hnh-c- shfn-s-Sp-pI.
2006 se h\ Ah-Im-i-\n-baw \S-m-pI.
]cn-nXn N- ewLn-p J\n-Ipw Sqdnkw m]-\
- pw XpSv {]hnm A\p-aXn \I-cpXv.
D]-I-c-W--fpsS klm-b-tmsS BLm-X-sf ]n ]m-fn--A-h-tem-I-\-fpw
tkmjy BUnpw \S-pI.
tIm-td-d
- p-If
- psS \ s]cp-am-s AwKo-Ic
- n-p-Ibpw t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw sNpI.
[mXp-pw Sqdnkw taJ-ebvpw lcnX Au-nv.
lcnX kmt-XnI hnZypw ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w Gs-Sp-pI.
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241

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e ]cn-nXn hnh-c--W-p-I Xm-dm-pI.

]cn-nXn nb-dkv \Ip--Xn\p ap]v m]-\-]-c-amb GtIm-]\w in-s-Sp-pI.
taJ-e-bnse kmaq-ly-A-Sn-m-\-hn-I-k\ LS-I- sa-s-Sp-m J\-\-n\pw hyhkmb-ta-J-ebvpw \nIpXn Gs-Sp-pI.
]cn-nXn `c-W-n {]mtZ-inI ]m-b-n-\p tijn in-s-Sp-pI.
J\-\-ta-J-e-bnse {]mtZ-inI ]m-b-p-Isf km-n-I-ambn in-s-Sp-m-\mbn
tdmbn Ah-cp-ambn ]n-SpI.
kzw `q`m-K-ns \smcp ]v cmPys h\s kwc-n-m-\mbn \Ip ]na-L kwm-\
- v F{]-Imcw \jvS]
- c
- n-lmcw \I-Ws
- a-p-Xp kw_-nv tI{km Xocp-am-\n-Ww.
`mh-\m-]q-amb ]cn-c--Whpw hnI-k-\hpw hnZym-`ymk-n-eqsS

kvIq, tImtfPv, k GPkn-I-fpsS ]v
hnZym-`ymk m]-\--fnse F.Fkv.Fkv., F.kn.kn. Imv {]mtZ-inI k
GPkn-I-fp-ambn {]hnv ]n-a-L--ns ]cn-n-Xn-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Btcm-KyI-c-amb hnI-k-\-n\v hfsc {][m-\-s kw`m-h-\-I \Im Ignbpw. CsXmcp ZoLIme ]-Xn-bpsS `mK-am-n-sb-n am{Xsa ê-{]-Z-amb {]h\w km[y-amIq. {]h\w
hy-am-sbmcp {]tZ-is eyw hbvp-Ibpw Ahn-Ss ]m-bv, ssPh-ssh-hn-y-amt\-Pvsa v I-n-I t]mse, km GPkn-I Fn-h-bp-ambn Hp-tNv aqtm-pt]m-hp-Ibpw thWw.
]cn-nXn hnZym-`ymkw Cv ss{]adn Xew apX k-I-em-im-e-Xew hsc \n_-]m-Ty-hn-j-b--fn-sem-mWv. 1991 \hw-_ 22 se kp{]nw-tIm-SXn D-c-hm-Wn-Xn\v B[mcw.
F.kn.C.B.Snbpw k-I-em-ime {KmUv In-j-\p-amWv kwm-\-X-e-n \S-m-p
Cu ]cn-]m-Snv Npm ]nSn-p-Xv. ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn CXp-ambn _-sSp-Xv Cu ]cn-]m-Snsb IqSp-X ]e-{]-Z-ampw. 2005 se \mj-W Icn-pew dnhyp CXp-kw_-nv Htsd \nt-i- \In-bn-pv. {]mtZ-inI ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fp-ambn _s hnZymn {]h-\--fn ]cn-nXn hnZym-`ymkw Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw AXn-eqsS
e`n-p hnm\w Cy-bpsS ]cn-n-Xnsb kw_-n s]mXp-P-\-v {]m]yhpw
kpXm-cy-hp-amb Hcp Umm t_kv krjvSn-m D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNpI FXv Cu \nti--fn HmWv.
]cn-kchnm\ s]mXp CSw

temIw apgp-h-\p-ap P\- Ah-cpsS {]mtZ-inI ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ hi-sf
kw_-n hni-Z-amb hnh-c--fpsS henb Ie-h-d-bmWv. \psS cmPys P\-fpw {]tXyInv, hnZymn-Ifpw Aym-]-Icpw Cy-bpsS ]cn-n-Xnsb kw_-n hen-sbmcp hnm\-t{km-Xv sIn--Sp-p--Xn A-h-m-sbmcp ]p-h-ln-m {]m]vX-cmWv. C-csamcp ]m-fn hnm-\-k-m-Z\ {]{In-bsb klm-bn-p--Xn sF.kn.Sn. t]mse-bp
B[p-\nI kt-X-v henb klmbw sNm Ignbpw. CXn-\p Hcp Da DZm-l-c-WamWv Bpw FUnv sNm-hp kuP\y Fssk-tm-]o-Unbmb hnn-]o-Unb. hnn-]oUn-b-bnse teJ-\- k-hn-m-\-tIm-i-Xp-ey-amWv. AXm-bXv Ch B[n-Im-cnI {]kno-I-c-W-sf ASn-m-\-am-n-bp--h-bmWv, AmsX {]mY-anI \nco--W--fn-e-[n-jvTn-Xa. DZm-l-c-W-n\v cXv\-Kncn Pn-bnse ]n-Isf kw_-nv {]kn-o-I-cn hnh-c--fpsS
Ah-tem-I\w hnn-]o-Un-b-bn \Ip-hm-\p Hcp teJ-\-n\v tbmKy-amWv. AtX-k-abw
hyn-]-c-amb \nco--W-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep Hcp {]tXyI tImfPv Im-knse ]nI-fpsS sNv env {]kn-o-I-c-W-tbm-Ky-a. av D]-tbm-K-mbn kzw sh_vssk-p-I
krjvSn-m\pw hnn tkm^vSv-sh-b kuP-\y-ambn e`y-amWv. A{]-Imcw krjvSn-p sskn-
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242

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tev ta-d ]n-I-fpsS sNv env \In-bm AXv ]cn-tim-[n-p--h-cpsS Adnhns]-Sp at-sX-nepw C\w ]n-I-fp-s-n B enn Iqn-tNp-I-bp-amImw. Cu
]n-I-fpsS cq]w hnn-ao-Unb tImaknepw Ah-bpsS {]mtZ-inI t]cp-I ae-bmfw hnnUn-vWd
- n-bnepw mkn-^n-t-j hnh-c
- hnn-kv]ojo-kvepw tImtfPv Im-kns m\w
KpKn Fv Cta-Pnepw tNmw.
Hcp kzImcy/s]mXp s\v-hn Ghpw ]pXnb nXn hnh-c--W-p-I tNmt\m
t`Z-KXn hcp-mt\m thn-bp Hcp kwhn-[m\w Fm-hpw e`y-am-Ww. ]cn-nXn
hnZym-`ym-k-ns `mK-ambn hnhn[ tImtf-Pp-I-fn \np hnZymn-I hnhn[ Pe-t{kmX-p-I-fn \nv Pe-ns KpW-ta kw_-n hnh-c- tiJ-cn-Ww. hnhn[ At\zj-W--fn \nv e`n-p hnhcw Cu kwhn-[m-\-n-tev A]v temUv sNm Ahsc
Npa-X-e-s-Sp-pI. Hcp tamU-td- CXv hne-bn-cp-Ww, kwtbm-Pn-n-Ww, A]-{K-Yn-Ww,
Ah-km\w s]mXp-P-\--fp-ambn ]p-h-bvp-Ibpw thWw.
Cy-bpsS ]cn-n-Xnsb kw_-n hnh-c- s]mXp-P-\-v e`y-am-p Cu
kwbp {]{In-bbvv ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn Xs {]mcw`w Ipdn-Ww. CXns
Hcp ss]ev t{]mPIvSv ]n-a-L Pn-I-fn \np-Xs XpSpw. \Kc{Kma-ta-J-e-I-fn
\np Pq\n-b, A {KmtPzv tImtf-Pp-I-fnse hnZymn-I-fpsS Itkmjy-hp-ambn
tNv {]hn-m Xmev]-cy-ap B Pn-bnse hyn-I-sf-IqSn Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bn ]mfn-I-fm-Ww. XI, XII mp-I-fn-tebpw Fm- cmwhjw A {KmtPz-p-Ipw ]cn-nXn
kw_-n Hcp {][m\ t{]mPIvSv sNt--Xp--Xn-\m CXv Gsd KpWw sNpw. Cy-bnep-S-\o-f-ap Fm ]m-b-p-Ifpw \K-c-k-`-Ifpw P\--fpsS ssPh-ssh-hny cPn- '
F t]cn Ah-c-h-cpsS ]cn-[n-bn-ep {]mtZ-inI ssPh-ssh-hn-y-hn-`-h-fpw _-s
hnh-c-fpw tcJ-s-Spn hbv-W-sav 2002 se ssPh sshhny \nbaw A\p-im-kn-pp.
C-c-samcp ]cn-]mSn hnP-bn-n--W-sa-n AXn\v i-amb imkv{Xob ]npW
Bh-iy-amWv. cps {]mtZ-inI Pnm-[n-jvTnX imkv{X Ds Hcp kmt-XnI
]npW Itkmjy-ns klm-b-tmsS ]n-a-L AtXm-dn-nv CXv e`y-am-m-hp-XmWv. hni-Z-amb ]T\ am-tc-J-I, ]T-\-n\v ]n_-e-ta-Im kam-l-cn-p nXn
hnh-c--W-p-I tcJ-s-Sp-m-\p amXr-I-I, Pe-ns KpW-ta--bpsS ssPh-kq-N-Ip ôUv ssKUp-I XpS-nb am\z-ep-I Cu {Kqv hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww. kmtXnI ]npW Itkmjy-n-\p {][m\ Npa-Xe hnZymn-Ifpw ap--hcpw hnhn[
hnn-ssk-p-I-fn \Ip {]mY-anI nXn-hn-h-c--W-p-I-fpsS KpW-ta hne-bn-cpn
"]n-a-L ]cn-kc' F t]cn {]kn-o-I-cn-m ]mI-n-em-pI F-XmWv. Cu hnm\-ti-J-c-n \nv KpW-ta--bp-Xv sXc-s-Sp-m\pw AXv e`y-amb imkv{Xob hnm\-ns ASn-m-\-n hymJym-\n-m\pw klm-bn-m Cu Itkmjy-n\v Ignbpw.
taev]-d hnh-c--fn Gdnb ]pw KpW-ta--bp--hbpw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn Xmev]-cy-ap-hbpw BI-bm "]n-a-L ]cn-k-c-{]-Im-i\' F t]cn Hcp Hmsse {]kn-o-I-c-Wam-p-Xv ê-h-m-bn-cnpw.
Hcn- icn-bmw-hw hne-bn-cpn {]kn-o-I-cn-m Cu hnh-c- hnn-]o-Un-bbn teJ-\- Fgp-Xm-\mbn D]-tbm-Knmw.
]c-am-h[n hnh-c- Dsm-p--Xn-\m CXns KpW-ta A-tm hne-bn-cpm\pw IqSp-X hnh-c- tNm\pw Ign-bp-sa--Xn-\m CXv hfsc A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcp
"ôUv _mv' kwhn-[m-\-am-bn-cnpw. hnZymn-Ifpw av Xev]-c-I-n-Ifpw ]cn-nXn kw_n hnh-c- IqSp-X IqSp-X Bn-p--Xn-\m ]c-nXn hnZym-`ym-k-ns KpWta-bpw sa-sSpw. CXn-eeo\-am-bn-p kpXm-cyX CXns kzoIm-cy-Xbpw Apw
Dbpw. hnZ-Kv[ DssS Fm-hpw nXn-K-Xn-I hne-bn-cp-m\pw,Ip-fpw Ipd-hpIfpw Nqn-m-m\pw sa-s-Sp-m\pw D thZn F \ne-bn CXv Hcp kzbw Xncp-
kwhn-[m-\-ambn {]hnpw. `mhn-bn-enXv ]q-ambn kpXm-cyhpw, Cy-bnse ]cn-nXnsb kw_-nv Fm-hpw {]m]y-amb hnhc t{kmXpw, Fm-hn-h-c-pw thn
hnZymn-Ipw Aym-]-Ipw ap--hpw B{i-bn-m-hp Hcp kwhn-[m-\hp-ambn
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243

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CXv amdpw.
{]mtZ-in-Im-h--bpsS A]-{K-Y\w
Hcp {]tZ-i-ns {]tXy-Inpw ]n-a-Lw t]mse-bp ae-\n-c-I-fnse ]cn-nXn,
hnI-k\ {]iv\- hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cnpw. ag e`yX, `qL-S\, h\-\-io-I-c-W-ns hym]vXn,
P\-k-w XpS-n-b-h-bnse hyXn-bm-\-amWv CXn\v ImcWw. Hcp {]tZ-i-ns {]tXyI
{]iv\- Adn-bp--Xnt\m At\z-jn-p--Xnt\m B[p-\nI kmt-XnI D]-I-c-W--fp-tStbm
sshZ-Kv[y-n-stbm Bh-iy-an. Fm Bkq-{XW hnIm-k-n\v Ch hfsc hne-s-XmWv.kvIqfp-Ipw, tImtf-Pp-Ipw k GPkn-Ip-samw Hcp {]tXyI {]tZ-iv Ccw efn-Xhpw {]tbm-P-\-I-c-hp-amb At\z-j-W- \nm-c-ambn \Smw. At\z-jnm-\p Nne hnj-b--fpsS kmn NphsS tNpp.
(1)
hj-n hnhn[ amk--fn InW-dp-I-fnse Pe-ns Bgw Fv? Ce-Iv{SnIv ]psk-p-I h-tXmsS C-gn hj--fn Cu Af-hn Fp-am--ap-mbn?
(2)
t\cs tan]p-d--fm-bn-cp `qan-bpsS F{X `mKw Cv "bp]-tm-dnbw' F ]mgvsSn

hfv D]-tbm-K-iq-\y-ambn?
(3)
Hcp hnI-k-\-]--Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-n--s Ij-Ip e`n \jvS-]cn-lm-c-n Fpam{Xw Ah Devm-Z-\-]-c-amb Imcy--fn \nt-]np?
(4)
Hmtcm hjhpw tan-en-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-p sshtm-ens Af-sh{X?
(5)
hyXykvX kok-Wp-I-fn sImXp-In-eqsS ae-\n _m[-bp-m-Ip--h-cpsS kwJy F{X?
(6)
hnhn[ ka-b--fn kaq-l-nse hnhn-[-`m-K--fn DZ-c-kmw-{I-anI tcmK- _m[np--h-cpsS Fw F{X?
(7)
Iap-In tXm--fn D]-tbm-Kn-p IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS Af-sh{X? GXv IoS-\m-in-\nbmWv D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv? CXp-aqew hnj-_m[ Dm-b-h-cmbn kwi-bn-p--h-sc{X?
(8)
IpnN-cn-hp-I-fnse Irjn asm-cn-S-tbvv amp-tm `qan Xcn-in-Sm A\p-h-Zn-n-pXv F{X-hj-amWv?
(9)
Huj-[- Bhiy-v D]-tbm-Kn-p {]mtZ-inI kky- FsXmw?
(10) hoSp-I-fn ]mN-I-n\v D]-tbm-Kn-p Du-t{km-Xv GXmWv?

Cy ]cn-n-Xnsb kw_-nv taev]-d coXn-bn kzX-{hpw ]c-ky-hp-amb Hcp
hnh-c-t{km-Xv kwL-Sn-n-m ]cn-nXn kulrZ hnI-k-\s kw_-n tNmZy-v
D-cw-\Im Ign-hp hnh-c--fpsS Hcp J\n-bm-bn-cn-p-aXv. hy-amb {]mtZ-inI {]iv\ Dbn-n-Sn-p--Xn\pw Ahbvv ]cn-lmcw ImWp--Xn\pw CXv D]-I-cnpw. hnZym`ymk m]-\--fn ]Tn-p--Xn\pw ]Tn-n-p--Xn-\p-ap ê-{]-Z-amb klm-bn-bmbpw
CXv D]-tbm-Knmw.
s]mXp-P-\-t_m-[-h-cWw
{]mtZ-in-I-ambn kmwK-Xy-ap ]cn-nXn, hnI-k\ {]iv\-sf ]n kmt-XnI hnZKv[pw `c-W-Im-pw hnhcw \evIp--Xnepw P\-sf t_m[-h-cn-p--Xnepw
hnZym-`ymk m]-\-pw k--kw-L-S-\-Ipw hen-sbmcp ]v hln-m Ignbpw.
am[y-a--fpsS hnhn[ cq]--fmb {]`m-j-W-, {]Zi-\-, \mS-I-, Km\- Fnh-sbmw Cm-cy-n D]-tbm-Knmw. tIc-f-n ]-q-cn-ep ]cn-nXn hnZym-`ym-kn-\p skmssk-nbpw tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jpw CXp kw_-nv {]Zi-\fpw, k-cn-p \mSIIem-kw-L-fpw, kwL-Sn-n-p-Ibpw ]pkvX-I-fpw amkn-I-Ifpw
{]kn-o-I-cn-p-Ibpw {]Ir-Xn-Iym-p-I \S-p-I-bpw-sN-p-pv. knkn Xmeq-nse
"ltKm {Kqv hnt-PkvtImHm-td-ohv kokv skmsskn Ah-cpsS AwK-pthn ssehv-tmv amt\-Pvsa v, Xo t{kmXv hnI-k\w, sXmgp-n Xo-\Ip--Xns
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244

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t\-, Fnh kw_-nv {]`m-j-W- \S-n-bn-cpp. Ip Xmeq-nse "alm-hnjvWp

bphIv a' hoSp-I-fn C\ a-X-bp ]pI-bn-m ASp-p-I \nn-p-Xp kw_nv ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]mSn kwL-Sn-n-n-cpp. Ccw \nc-h[n \ amXr-I-I \psS apnepv. hfsc em`-I-c-ambpw hym]-I-ambpw CXv {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNmw.
P\-sf kwL-Sn-n-
]cn-nXn hnI-k\ hgn-bnse Ghpw Kuc-h-X-c-amb XSw \n-\cpw \nc--c-cpamb P\- PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-n-sbpw aXns-p-Ip-n `nn-n--s-n-cn-p-Xn-\m Hcp s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-n-\p-thn Hnp {]hn-m Ahv Ign-bmsX hcpp
F-XmWv. \nXy-hr-n-p-thn Ae-bp Ahv kzw `mhn Xmev]-cy- ]cn-c-nm Ign-bp-n. BI-bm {]IrXn hn`h ]cn-]m-e-\-n\pw km kvIoapI-fpsS B\pIqeyw icnbmw hw e`n-p--Xn\pw Chsc kwL-Sn-n-p--Xn\pw ]c-kv]cw kl-I-cn-p-Xn\pw hnZym-`ymk m]-\-pw k kwL-S-\-Ipw henb kw`m-h\ \Im
Ignbpw. Cm-cy-n Nph-sS-bp ]nI hfsc {]tbm-P-\-sSpw.
(1)
{Kma-nse s]mXp--ev kmaq-ly-h-\-h-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-bn-eps-Spn hnd-In\pw

Xobvpw thn-bp Hcp tXmw kwc-nv \S-m {Kma-hm-kn-Isf kwL-Sn-npI.
(2)
hntPv `qan-bn amdn-amdn tan \S-p kwhn-[m\w kwL-Sn-n-pI
(3)
h\--fpsS kwc-W-n\v h\w sXmgn-em-fn-I, kl-I-c-W-kw-L-, Kncn-h-m

Fn-hsc kwL-Sn-n-pI.
(4)
Hcp kaql _tbm-Kymkv m v kwL-Sn-n-pI.
(5)
Irjn-`q-an-bn av kwc--W-n\v Hcp kl-I-cW ]cn-]mSn kwL-Sn-n-pI.
kmt-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS hym]\w

IogvX-nse kml-N-cy--fn ]pXnb kmt-XnI hnZy-I hym]n-n-p--Xnse {]iv\ a\-n-em-p--Xnse hogvNbpw Cu kmt-XnI hnZym-hym-]-\s t{]mm-ln-n-p-Xnse hnap-J-X-bp-amWv \psS hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I t\cn-Sp Ghpw henb {]iv\w. {]mtZinI kvIqfp-Ipw tImtf-Pp-Ipw, k--kw-L-S-\-Ipw kml-Ncyw A]-{K-Ynpw
amXr-Im-{]-Zi-\- Hcp-nbpw, ]Xn cq]o-I-c-W-n\v k--k-lmbw \Inbpw km
GPkn-I-fp-ambn Bi-b-sFIyw m]npw ]-Xn-I \S-n-em-m-\p GPkn-Ifmbn
{]hnpw Cu {]{In-b-bn hfsc kPo-h-ambn ]s-Sp-m km[npw. ]cn-K-W\ Alnp Nne kmt-XnI amXr-I-I NphsS.
(1)
Xcn-imbn InS-p ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn {]tZ-inI P\-k-aq-l-n\v D]-tbm-K-ap C\ hp-]n-Sn-n-pI.
(2)
C-\--a-X-bp ]pI-bn-m ASp-p-I
(3)
\nm-W-n\v knapw aWepw tNp-m-nb I-I.
(4)
kpe` iuOm-eb Iq-kp-I
]cn-nXn kulr-Z-hn-I-k\ {]{In-bsb t{]mm-ln-n-m hnZym-`ymkk kwL-S-\Iv ]e am--fp-apv. AtX-k-abw kmaqly h\-h-c-W-n-\p \gvk-dn-I
m]npw ]n-I-h-ho-Sp-I-fn ASp-p-I \nnp kzw hn`-h-k-am-l-cWw ins-Sp-m\pw Ahv Ignbpw.
k-I-em-im-e-I-fp-tSbpw imkv{X-km-Ym-]-\--fp-tSbpw ]v
]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bn imkv{Xob Kth-j-W-n\pw hnI-k\ {]h-\-pw Db
apK-W-\-bp taJ-e-I-fpsS ]n-I-bmWv NphsS tNn-p-Xv.
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245

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(1)
cmk-h-fhpw ssPh-h-fhpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xp aqew ans ê-`q-bn-jvT-X-bn hnp hyXykw?
(2)
\ne-hn-ep ssPh-]n-hpw ssPh-h-f-ns hnhn[ t{kmX-p-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z-\--aXbpw.
(3)
arK--fnepw kqva-Io-S--fnepw IoS-\m-in\n {]Xn-tcm-[-n kw`-hn-n-p ]cn-Wmaw
(4)
IoS-\m-in\n {]tbmKw aqew a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw hfp-ar-K--fp-sSbpw Btcm-Ky-n-t\

BLmXw.
(5)
`qan-bpsS tijn-bp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bp AXns hn\n-tbmKw.
(6)
hyXykvX `qhn-\n-tbmKw aqew ae-s-cn-hp-I-fnse asm-env Fp-am-{X-ap-mbn.
(7)
hyXykvX `qhn-\n-tbm-K-n ae-s-cn-hp-I-fn an-tev Xmgp-Ibpw Hen-p-t]m-hpIbpw sNp sh-ns Afhv?
(8)
ae-s-cn-hp-I-fnse Irjnsb t{]mm-ln-n-p kmaqly km-nI in-I?
(9)
ae-s-cn-hp-I-fnse Irjn Ah-km-\n-nv AhnsS hr-fpw Xo-ppw apw hp-]n-Snn-p kmt-Xn-I--km--nI kmy-X.
(10) ae-s-cn-hp-If
- n hr-fpw Xo-ppw hp-]n-Sn-n-p-X
- n-te-p am-n {KmaoW
sXmgnZm\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Ip ]v.
(11) kqva-Im-em-h-bpw Pemw-ihpw \ne-\np--Xnepw ]n-e-hfw e`y-am-p--Xnepw
tXbne DW-m hndIv \Ip--Xnepw kky-^-e-hn-f-I ASp-p h\s F{Xam{Xw B{i-bnpp.
(12) tXmw hnf-If
- n {]tXy-Inv Ge-tm-
- f
- nse XWa-c
- f
- psS kwc-W
- hpw \namP\hpw
(13) ]n-a-L--nse {]Ir-Xn-Z h\- kwc-n-m-\mbn tXmw hnf-I hym]n-n-m\p `mhn ]-Xn-I-fpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-.
(14) kaqlkm `qan- I - f psS hn\n- t bm- K - nepw hndIv tiJ- c - W - nepw kaql
kmkzImcy- `q-an-I-fnse tanent\bpw kw_-n P\--fpsS \ne-]mSv.
(15) kaqlkm `qan-I-fpsS icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw Dd-p-h-cp-m kmaqly kwL-S-\I thWw.
(16) amIn h\-`q-an-I-fpsS \ne-hnse hn\n-tbm-K-L-S\
(17) Ip-Im-en-Iv sXmgp-n Xo \Ip--Xn-te-p am-ns kmt-XnI kmnI km[yX.
(18) ]n-a-L--nse BSp-h-f
(19) ]n-a-L--nse Xo-]phn-`-h-ns hym]\w
(20) ]n-a-L--nse hInS Pem-i-b--fnse ay-k--ns hnI-k\w.
(21) ]n-a-L--nse I\ym-h-\--fpsS Hcp \mhgn.
(22) tan, hndIv tiJ-cWw, ske- s^nwKv Fnh ]n-a-L-n-nse ssPh- sshhn-yn sNep-p BLmXw.
(23) ]n-a-L--nse ssPh-ssh-hny kwc--W-ns kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-cyw
(24) a\pjyh\y-Pohn kwLjw {]tXy-Inv B\-bp-sSbpw Imp-]-n-bp-sSbpw Imcy-n.
(25) Irjn sNbvX kky--fnse Xti C\- AhnsS Xs \nn kwc-n-p-Xnse km-nI imkv{Xw.
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246

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
(26) ]n-a-L--nse `qP-e-ns kpn-c-a-m hn\n-tbmKw

(27) kqvaan\n Pe-ssh-Zyp-X-tijn ]co-W {]Z-i\--fn-eqsS AXv {]tbm-P-\-s-SppI.
(28) ]n-a-L---fn-ep h\--fn-te-p tdmUp-I Gn-p BLmXw
(29) {KmaoW `h\ \nm-W-n kky-`m-K--fpsS hn\n-tbmKw.
(30) IpSn-ep-I-fp-sSbpw sXmgp-p-I-fp-sSbpw tan-ep-I-fpsS Imem-h[n sa-s-SppI.
(31) ]n-a-L--nse {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-I-fnse tcmKm-h--bn ipNo-I-cW \S-]-Sn-I hcpp BLmXw.
(32) ]n-a-L--nse P\--fpsS t]mj-Im-lmc e`y-X-bn {]Ir-Xn-Z hn`-h-p
]v.
(33) ]n-a-L--n ate-dnb, sI.C.Un. XpS-nb tcmK--fpsS Imcy-n-ep ]cn-nXn
\nb-{Ww.
(34) ]cn-nXn kulr-Z-km-t-XnI hnZy-I hym]n-n-p--Xn\v _m[n-p kmaqlykmnI LS-I-.
(35) ]n-a-L--nse IpSpw-_--fnse Ipn-I-fpsS Fw \n-bn-p kmaq-lyhpw kmn-Ihpw a\x-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb LS-I-.
(36) hyXy-kvX-X-e--fnse P\ ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaqly-]cambpw kulrZ-]cambpw
hnI-k-\-n\v I]n-p apK-W\ kw_-n at\m-`m-hw.
]cn-nXnBtcm-Ky kulrZ hnI-k\n\v t{]cW

]n-a-L--ns Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hnI-k-\-n hne-s ]p hln-m Ign-bp
kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw imkv{Xo-b-hn-m-\hpw e`y-am-m Ign-bp Kth-j-W-m-]-\-pw
kh-I-em-im-e-Ipw Kth-jW-{]-Xn-`-bp tImtf-P-[ym-]-Ipw Cu {]{Inb-bn kPoh
]m-fn-I-fm-Im Ign-bpw. C-c-n-ep Imcy-amb {ia- Dm-Im-Xn-cp--Xn\v ]e ImcW-fp-v. P\-fp-ambn tNpw XmtgXnse nXn---\p-k-cnpw {]hn-p--Xnse
]mc--cy-ns A`m-hhpw Xm]cy-an-m-bva-bp-amWv Ch-bn apJyw. H-s ]co--W-ime-I-fn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p km-t-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I ]e-tmgpw Ah {]mhn-I-am-t CS-fn ]e-tmgpw A{]-k--am-bn-cn-pw. BI-bm {]h\ es Kth-j-Whpw
kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I AhnsS ]co-n-p--Xp-amb Hcp ]pXnb ]mc-cyw krjvSnpI FXv
hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv.
Hmtcm kh-I-em-im-ebpw imkv{X-m-]-\hpw HcpIqw {Kma-tfm \o-S-tfm sXcs-Spv AhnsS ZoL-Im-em-Sn-m-\-n-ep \nco--W-]-co--W- \S-p-Xv DNnX-am-bn-cn-pw. As\ Bbm Ahn-Ss {]mtZ-in-I- hn-Zym-`ymk m]-\-fpw k
GPkn-Ifpw km m]-\--fp-ambn tNv \nc-h[n Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-n-Xn--hnI-k\ A[n-jvTnX Ia-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-tes-Sm Chbvv Ah-kcw e`n-pw. ]Xn {]mhnI-am-p-X
- ns {][m\ D-ch
- m-ZnXzw {]mtZ-in-I- hn-Zym-`ymk m]-\
- pw k-kwLS\-Ipw \Ip-Ibpw Kth-j-W-m-]-\-fpsS X\Xv Kth-j-Whpw kmt-Xn-I-hn-I-k-\-{]h-\-fpw AXns `mK-am-p-Ibpw sNmw. Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-n-Xn-hn-I-k-\s
Do-]n-n-m-\p \smcp amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-p-an-sXv R Icp-Xp-p.
ssPh-ssh-hn[y kwc--W-ntes-Sp I-\n-Ipw

s]mXp-P\
-
- pw t\cnv {]Xn-êw
h\ ssPh- -B-hm-k-hy-h kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ]np-W-tb-Ip-Xpw \nb-{-W-]-chpw
Bb \nc-h[n tkh-\- \Ip-p-v. hnim-emY-n Chsb ssPh Bhm-k-hy-
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247

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hmtkh-\- Fp ]d-bmw. Hcp ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn-p--Xns

{][m\ eyw ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h-m-]-c-amb kpn-c-Xsb t{]mm-ln-n-m kzImcy
ssIh-i `q-an-bnepw \ne-hm-c--I t\cn-Sp `qan-I-fnepw ]c-am-h[n hr- hp-]n-Sn-np-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep h\- kwc-n-p-Ibpw sNpI F-Xm-Wv. AtX kabw ]n-aL Pn-I-fnse h[n P\-kw-Jybpw temI-nse at-sXmcp ssPh- ssh-hn-[y- I-e-h-d-bnep-apXnt\-m IqSnb P\-km-{-Xbpw IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm Cu taJ-e-bpsS kwc--W
-{]-h-\-fn AY-h-mb P\-]-m-fnw A\p-t]--Wo-b-am-Wv. \ne-hn-ep kml-Ncy-n ]c-am-h[n hr-
- hp-]n-Sn-n-p-Ibpw kwc-n-p-Ibpw h\y-Po-hn-If
- psS kmcw
kpK- a - a m- p- I bpw sNp- - X p- t ]m- s e- b p ssPh Bhm- k - h y- h - mtkh\- pw
P\pw kaq-l-n\pw mt-j I-\n-It]m-se-bp tIm]-td-p-Ipw t{]mml-\hpw {]Xn-^-ehpw \tI--Xp-sv R Icp-Xp-p.
Hcp {]tZ-is Pe-ns \ne-hmcw \nb-{n-p-Ibpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[ys kwc-np-Ibpw sNp--Xn h\-p ]n\p ]pdsa hr--fpsS Fw ]c-am-h[n hnn-p--Xnse A\p-Iqe ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS ]v NphsS tNpp
(a)
P\-v ssPh-]n--hp-ambn _-s Dev]--v ]Icw hn`hw e`y-am-n-bs-n Ah kzw Bh-iy-mbn kwc-nX {]tZ-i--tfbpw IqSp-X B{ibnpw.
(b)
B taJ-e-bnse sam-n-ep ssPh Bhmk hyh--bpsS X\Xp `mhs t{]mmln-n-pI.
(c)
]n-a-L--n-ep-S-\ofw Bhmk hyh--I Xn-ep _s sa-s-Spn kkypw Pp-pw `mhn-bnse Imem-h hyXn-bm-\-hp-ambn Cgp-In-t-cm\pw IpSntb--n-\p-ap Ah-k-c-sam-cp-Ww
(d)
Im_ ssPh-]n--n-te-m-Ijnv cmPys ^mIvSdnI-fn \nv ]pdw-X-p

{Kolukv hmX-I--fpsS Afhv Ipd-bvpI.
BtKmf Xe-nXs {]IrXn kwc--W-n\v t{]mm-l-\m-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w

]con \nc-h-[n-am--fpv. ssPh-ssh-hn-y-kw-c--W-n\v hncp--amb {]h-\v XS-bn-Sp Xc-ntem, Xmsg-]-dbpw {]Imcw t{]mm-l\w \Intbm Bbn-cn-panXv.
1.
ssPh-ssh-hny hn\n-tbm-K-n-eqsS e`n-p hcp-am\w B ssPh sshhn-ys

kwc-nv \ne-\np {]mtZ-inI P\-v e`n-p-hm-\p Ah-Imiw 1990 Ifn
Bcw-`n kwbp h\ amt\-Pvsa v ]co-W
- hpw D-cJ
- vlnam-eb
- b
- nse Ipabq
taJ-e-bn 1930 Bcw-`n-p-Ibpw XpSv hn]p-eo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX -hm ]mbv kwhn-[m-\hpw CXn\v DZm-l-c-W--fmWv.
2.
kwc--W-n\v klm-b-I-amb {]h-\-v k_vknUn hnim-em-Sn-m-\n

"ssPh-hn-I-k\w' Fv Xcw-Xn-cn-n-p ]Xn CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. CX-\p-k-cnv h\ns Hmctm h\-pntem Pohn-p--hv h\-hp-ambn _-sam-p-an-m
_nkn-\-p-I XpS-m hmbv]-Ifpw sNdnb \nt-]-Xp-I-Ifpw \Ipp. h\-n
\nv tiJ-cn-p hnd-Ins\ B{i-bn-p-Xv Ipd-bvm-\mbn ]mN-I-hm-X-I-n\pw,
tkmfm Ip-dn\pw k_vknUn \Ip-sa--XmWv Ccw t{]mm-l-\-n-\p asmcp-Zm-l-cWw.
3.
kwc--W-n\v t\cnv {]Xn-êw \I: kwc-W {]h-\--fnse {]I-S-amb

t\-v `qhp-S-a-Ipw kaq-l-n\pw t\cnv {]Xn-êw \Ip--Xns\ [\-X-Xzim-kv{X- A\p-Iq-en-p-pv. ""ssPh Bhmk tkh-\-p {]Xn-êw'' F
t]cn-e-dn-b-s-Sp Cu kao-]\w Cy-bn-en-Xp-hsc \S-nem-n-bn-n-s-nepw hnI-kn-Xcm- P y- - f mb Ata- c n, Bkv t {S- e nb Fn- h n- S - - f nepw hnI- k zc cmjv { S- - f mb
saIvkntm, tImm-dn, sImfw-_nb XpS-nb cmPy--fnepw \S-m-n-h-cp-pv. kwc-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
248

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nX {]tZ-i-p ssPhSqdnkw \b-ns IcSv tI{ ]cn-nXn h\w a{me-b-ns sh_vssk-n 2011 Pq 2 \v {]kn-o-I-cn-n-pv. kwc-nX taJ-e-ISp-p kzImcy `qhp-S-a-Iv h\ kwc--W-n\v km-n-I-k-lmbw \Ip-Xn\v CXn hyh--bpv.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn kwc--W-n\pw t{]mm-l-\-n\pw \ymb-amb {]Xnêw t\cnv \Ip-n-Xns\ kanXn A\p-Iq-en-pp. CXn\v ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp N-q-Sn\v
cq]w \tI--Xpv. Nne DZm-l-c-W- NphsS
kwc--W-\v {]Xn-êw t\cnv:

(i)
{]Xn-êw P\-v : ]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse `qan-bpsS KWy-amb `mKw hyn-I-fpsS

kzImcy DS-a--X-bn-emWv.
At\Iw Bhm-k-tI-{-, Irjn sNp- {]tZ-i-, av Imcy-v D]-tbm-K-sSp-p kzImcy DS-a--X-bn-ep `qan Fn-h-sbmw CXns]Spw. X{-{]-[m\ m\-fn-ep Ccw `qan-bn ]c-am-h[n hr- hp-]n-Sn-n-p-Xv taev]-d A\p-Iqe ]cnn-Xn-bpsS ]v k^-eo-I-cn-m\pw hcp-am\w Dbm\pw `q DS-a-I-fn kwc--W-n\v
A\p-Iq-e-ambn Hcp ImgvN-mSv kzoI-cn-p--Xn\pw klm-bn-pp. cmPyv acw hp-]n-Sn-n ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS hnP-b-n\v Ghpw {][m\w em`-I-c-sa-v P\- Icp-Xp hr-C-\ sXc-s-Sp-m-\p kzmX-{y-amWv. emÌ-c-amb C\- \p-h-fn \nb-{nX Afhn hnf-sh-Spv A\p-h-Zn-p--tXm-sSmw em`-\-jvS- t\mmsX kztZin C\- \ph-fm klmbw \Ip-Ibpw thWw.
(ii)
kaq-l-v klmbw : `qcn-`mKw `qanbpw {Kma-k-aq-l--fpsS \nb-{-W-n-ep hSp-In-g

- taJ-eb
- n \nv hyXy-kvXa
- mbn ]n-aL
- -
- n sNdn-sbm-cwiw `qan am{Xta
kaql DS-a--X-bn-epp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v \oen-Kn-cn-bnse kaq-l-ta-n]p-d-, ]c-cm-KX tSmU kaq-l-ns ]-b-`q-an-I, Dc IS Pn-bnse s_-`q-an-I, tIcf-nse tImhneIw `qan-I Fnh. Cu `qan-I-fn ]eXpw am-h-iy-mbn ammXn-cp-m Ahbvv Db ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-aq-ey-ap-mIpw. As-n-enh h\-`q-an-bmm\pw km[npw. h\y-Pohn kwc-W \nb-a-n Ch kaql dnkmn amm
hIp-p-s-nepw kaql Ah-Im-i--fnse hyX Ipdhpw t{]mm-l-\-k-lm-b-ns
A`m-hhpw aqew sshhn-y-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Cu `qan-I kwc-n-p--Xn\v _s kaq-l-v [\-k-lmbw \Im-hp--XmWv.
(iii)
I-\n-Iv klmbw:ssPh sshhn-y-kw-c--W-n\v tIm-tdv taJ-ev {]Xnêw \I-W-sa \ntiw {]tbm-Kn-I-a-sv BZyw Icp-Xn-sb-nepw AXn-\p
km[yX ]cn-tim-[n--W-sav Rv tXmpp. ]n-a-L--ns `qcn-`m-Khpw
tXbne, Imn, Gew, d av kpK {Zhy- Fn-h-bpsS tXm--fmWv. Cu tXm-fn-semwXs I-\n-I-fp-sStbm hyn-I-fp-sStbm DS-a--X-bn-ep ]-b-`q-an-bmWv.
NneXv km ZoL-Ime ]m-hy-h--bn \In-bn-p--hbpw. Cu tXm--fn
an-hbpw kwc-n-X-ta-J-e-Ip-ntem, Ah-bpsS AXnn-bntem D-h-bm-I-bm
ssPh-ssh-hny kwc--W-ns Imcy-n Chbvv Gsd {]m[m-\y-apv. am{X-hpa Ch tZim-S-\-]-n-I-fp-sSbpw arK--fp-sSbpw km-c-]-Y-n-ep-amWv. BI-bm kwc-W-n\v Chbvv t\cnv {]Xn-êw \Ip-Xv Ah-bpsS X{-{]-[m\ m\tbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-kw-c--W-n\v Ahbvv e`y-am-mI-gn-bp e-ns
hnkvXohpw IW-n-se-Sp-p-thWw.
(a) kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse tXm-:

tXm-sf kwc--W-]--Xn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn sImp-h-cp-I. an tXm-fpw AhcpsS `qan-bpsS Hcp \nnX iX-am\w {]Ir-Xn-Z h\-mbn \on hbvp-pv. ssPhssh-hn-y-ns Imcy-n am{X-a. Chbvv {]m[m\yw h\y-ar-K-p km-c-]Yw
IqSn-bm-Wnh. DZm-l-c-W-n\v hm]m-d-bnse tXbne tXm--fnse \Zo-Xo-c-Im-Sp-Ifpw \oe-
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249

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Kn-cn-bnse knKmc Imn-tXm---fnse aps-Sn-Im-Sp-Ifpw B\-I-fpsS km-c-]-Y--fmWv.

BI-bm Chn-S--fn `qan am-h-iy-v D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv \ntcm-[n-p \nb-{W
D-c-hp-Ifpw ssPh-B-hmk hyh-m-tk-h-\-v {]Xn-êw \Ip-Xpw ssItImpt]m-sb-n am{Xta kwc-W eyw t\Sm Ignbq. hwi-\miw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p
knwl-hm-e Ipc-p-Isf kwc-n-m-\mbn tXm-p-nse \nXy-l-cn-X-h-\- kwcn-p I-\n-I-fpv. kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse h\-fpw ]pta-Sp-It]m-se-bp {]Ir-Xn-Z
h\-fpw kwc-n-p I-\n-I-fpv. C{]-Imcw kwc-n--s-Sp--Xns ASn-m-\-n
Ahbvv {]Xn-êw \IWw. Cu {]Xn-êw Ahv t\cnv ]W-ambn \I-W-sa-n.
Hcp ]tcm AwKo-Im-c-sa \ne-bn Ahbvv Hcp "kn-^n-t-j' kwhn-[m\w GsSp-n-bm AXv B I-\n-I-fpsS Av Dbp-Ibpw AXp-hgn Ah-bpsS Dev-v
B`y-c hn]-Wn-bnepw Am-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bnepw Db hne e`n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
b.
]m-`q-an-bnse tXm-
]m-`q-an-bnse tXm-pw C{]-Imcw {]Xn-êw \I-Wtam FXv X-hn-j-bamWv.]cn-n-Xn-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hmZ-KXn Ctm-gs ]m-Im-em-h[n Ah-km-\n-m-ep-S Cu `qanI XncnsI km \nb-{-W-n sImp-h-c-W-sa-mWv. kzImcy DS-a--X-bn-ep
`qan-bn-tebpw ]m hyh--bn-ep `qan-bn-tebpw tXm--fpsS hnkvXow kw_-n IrXyamb IW-n-s-nepw cm-aXv ]d C\w tXm- ]n-a-L--n Xmc-X-tay\ IpdhmWv. Ccw tXm--fpsS \nb-{Ww km Xncn-s-Sp-p-tm Chn-sS-bp hensbmcp hn`mKw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Imcyw IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xm-bpv. Chsc sXmgn clnX-cm-p {]iv\w kmaq-ly-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m km[n-m-Xpw cmjv{So-b-ambn hfsc {]iv\ krjvSn-p--Xp-amWv.kztZin hr--fpsS tXm--fmbn Chsb amn-sb-n am{Xta
Ch-bnse ssPh-ssh-hny kwc-Ww kmy-amIq. em`\jvSm-Sn-m-\-n kzIm-cy-ta-Jebvp am{Xta Cu eyw ssIh-cn-m Ignbq. h\w ]p\-cp-o-h-\-n-sbpw \nb-{nX
{]IrXn Sqdn-k-n-sbpw Hcp kwbp X{-n-eqsS X\Xv tXm-{]-tZ-i-ns hnkvXow
Ipdv Acw {]tZ-i--fnse kpnc `qhn-\n-tbm-K-n-\p km-nI km[yX e`y-amm Ignbpw.
{]Xn-^-e-n-\p km-nIkwhn-[m\w
Cy-bnse lcn-X-ta-J-esb kwc-n-m\pw Ah-bpsS hnkvXow hn-n-m-\pambn \nc-h[n tZiob \b-fpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bhn-jv-cnv \S-m-n-bn-pv. h\-h-cW-n\pw ]p\h-\-h-c-W-n\pw h\-kw-c--W-n\pw km-nI klmbw e`y-amm-\p-]-I-cn-p Am-cmjv{S kwhn-[m-\- Ctm cq]-sv hcp-pv. ]n-a-L--nse
h\--sfbpw ssPh-ssh-hn-y-sbpw kwc-n-p-Ibpw ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-p-Ibpw sNp
I-\n-Ipw kaq-l-pw hyn-Ipw Ccw ]-Xn-I-fn-eqsS {]Xn-êw \Im
Ignbpw.
(a) {Ko Cym-an-j
Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\s kw_-n tZiob I-]--XnbpsS Iogn cq]o-I-cn 8
anj-\p-I-fn HmWv lcnX Cy-bvm-bp tZiob anj. Imem-h--m hyXn-bm\ e-Lq-IcWw, `y-kp-c, Pe-kp-c, ssPh-ssh-hn-y-kw-c-Ww, h\s B{i-bn-p kaq-l-fpsS PohnX kpc Fn-h-bn h\-ta-J-e-bvp kzm[o\w Cu anj AwKo-I-cn-ppv. Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\s AXp-ambn s]mcp--s-Sm\pw AXns\ eLq-I-cn-m-\pap kwbp \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS t\cn-Sm-samWv anj ey-an-Sp-Xv. B \S-]Sn NphsS ]dbp Imcy-v klm-bnpw.
kpn-c-X-tbmsS ssIImcyw sNp h\--fnepw av ssPh-B-hmk hyh--I-fnepw
Im_ Xmgp-Xv (carbon sinks) hn-n-pI.
hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp-Ibpw apw sNp kky-Po-h-Pm-e--tfbpw ssPh Bhmk
hyh--tbbpw amdp Imem-h--bp-ambn s]mcp--s-Sp-pI.
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250

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h\s B{i-bnv Ign-bp kaq-l-sf CXp-ambn s]mcp--s-Sp-pI.

Cm-cy-n {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-n-\p hy-amb ]pw `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-I hntI-{o-Icn-t--Xns Bh-iy-I-Xbpw anj hn`m-h\w sNpp. {Kma-X-e-n anjs ]cn-]m-Sn-IfpsS tat\mw {Kma-k-`-Iv \Im-\mWv anj Dt-in-p-Xv. kwbp--h\w amt\Pvsa v In-n-I, h\w amt\-Pvsa v {Kqp-I, hm ]m-b-p-I XpSn {Kma-k-`-I
cq]o-I-cn-n-p In-n-Ifpw h\-A-h-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw cq]o-I-cn-n-p In-n-Ifpw ssPhssh-hn-y-am-t\-Pvsa v In-n-I-fnepw {Kma-{]-tZ-i--fn h\-ns hntI-{oIrX `c-W-n\p {]mY-anI m]-\--sf \ne-bn in-s-Sp-Ww. AXp-t]mse Xs Chbvv
]n_ew \Im-\mbn h\w hnI-k\ GPkn-Isf in-s-Sp-p--Xns\ anj ]npWbvpw. hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw Bh-iy-amb km-n-Ihpw D anj\v ]n-a-L--nse
h\--fpsS ]p\-cp-o-h-\-n P\--fp-sSbpw kaq-l--fp-sSbpw ]m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-m
Ignbpw.
(b)
kwm\ h\-h-cW \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-v amt\-Pvsa v Bkq-{XW AtXm-dnn

(CAMPA)
{]Ir-Xn-Z h\--fpsS kwc--W-n\p h\y-Pohn amt\-Pvsan\pw, Cu taJ-e-bnse

ASn-m\ LS-I--fpsS hnI-k-\-n\pw av A\p-_ {]h-\--fp-tSbpw thKX hnn-m-\p
Hcp-]-I-c-W-am-WnXv. NphsS ]d-bp Imcy- Cu AtXm-dnn t{]mm-ln-npw.
\ne-hn-ep {]Ir-Xn-Z h\--fpsS kwc-Ww, ]cn-c, ]p\-cp-o-h\w, amt\-Pvsa v
h\y-Po-hn-I-fp-sSbpw kwc-nX taJ-e-Ip-nepw ]pd-p-ap Ah-bpsS Bhm-ktI-{--fp-sSbpw kwc-Ww, ]cn-c, amt\-Pvsa v
]I-c-ap h\-h-cWw.
]cn-nXn tkh-\--fpsS t{]mm-l\w
Kth-jWw, ]cn-io-e\w, tijn hn-n-
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS ] hcp henb XpI \in h\--fn ]Icw h\-h-cWw \Sp--Xn\pw kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse h\-h-cWw hn]q-eo-I-cn-p--Xn\pw {]mtZ-inI kaq-lv t{]mm-l-\-k-lm-b-ambn \Imw.
(c)
tZiob h\-h-c-W ssPh-hn-I-k\ t_mUv (NAEB)
9mw ]-Xn-bnse ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-e-b-ns 4 ]-Xn-I kwtbm-Pn-n-mWv

tZiob h\-h-cW ]cn-]mSn (NAP)v cq]w \In-bXv. kwtbm-PnX h\-h-cWssPhhn-Ik
- \ t{]mPIvSv kvIow (IAEPS), {]mtZ-im-[n-jvTnX hndIvXo-]p t{]mPIvSv kvIow(AOFFPS),
Huj-[-k-ky- Ds-sS-bp ac-bn-X-c-h-\-D---fpsS hnI-k\kwc-W kvIow
(NTFP), \in h\--fpsS ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-\p ]n-I-h-m-cptSbpw \n\ {Kmao-W-cptSbpw Atkm-kn-tb-j (ASTRP) Fn-h-bmWv. C{]-Imcw kwtbm-Pn-n--s ]-Xn-I
Htc ey-tmsS {]hn-p kvIoap-I-fpsS _mlpeyw Ipd-bvm\pw, ^v e`y-am-p-Xnepw kvIow \S-m-p--Xnepw GIo-IrX kz`mhw Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw, Xmsg Xn ^v
Fp--Xnse Ime-Xm-akw Hgn-hm-m\pw, ]Xn cq]o-I-c-W-nepw \S-n-nepw P\-]-mfn--n\v HutZym-KnI cq]w ssIh-cp-m\pw thn-bmWv C{]-Imcw sNbvXXv. \in h\pw h\-ta-J-e-I-tfmSv tNp `qan-Ipw {]tXyI {i-\In-sImv cmPys
ssPh-hn-I-k\ {]h-\-, ssPh-hy-h--bpsS ]p\-cp-o-h\w, ac- hp-]n-Sn-n-,
h\-h-c-Ws t{]mm-ln-n- XpS-n-b-h-bpsS D-c-hm-ZnXzw tZio-b-h-\-h-cW ssPh-hn-I-k\ t_mUn-\mWv. t_mUns Hcp {][m\ tPmen \in h\-`q-an-I-fp-sSbpw
Ah-tbmSv tNv InS-p `qan-bp-sSbpw kpnc amt\-Pvsapw P\-]-m-fn-hpw t{]mmln-p-Ibpw ]m-bv cmPv m]-\-, km-cn-Xc kwL-S-\-I, k GPkn-I
Fn-h-bpsS klm-b-tmsS h\-h-c-Whpw ssPh-hn-I-k-\hpw t{]mm-ln-n-m P\............................................................................................................................................................................................................
251

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ap- t - s klm- b n- m- \ m- h - i y- a mb s]mXp- h mb t_m[- h - c Ww \S- pI FXv

t_mUns {][m\ Npa-X-e-I-fn-sem-mWv.
(d)
ip-amb hnI-k\ kwhn-[m\w (CDM)
Imem-hm hyXn-bm-\s kw_-n bp.F. s{^bnw hv Ishjs

(UNFCCC) Iogn-ep Hcp ^nv kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. h\-h-c-Whpw ]p\h-\-h-cW
{]h-\-fpw CXn-epsSpw. CXn-\p-Io-gnse h\-h-c-W-n-eqsS e`n-p Im_
hcp-am\w {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-pw Ij-Ip-ambn \Ip-I-bmWv sNp-Xv. Hcp shSnv
cv ]n F ssien-bn CXv {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-v t\w e`y-am-p--Xn\p ]pdsa
BtKm-f-X-e-n A-co--nse Im_ ssU HmIvssk-Uns Afhv \nb-{n-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. BtKm-fm-Sn-m-\-nse ]cn-nXn t\-v h\-hm-kn-Ipw {KmaoW kaql-pw {]Xn-êw \Ip--XmWv. Cu kwhn-[m-\-n Iogn Cy-bpsS ]e-`m-Kpw
{]mtbm-Kn-I-amb kmt-Xn-Ihpw m]-\-]-chpw Bb CS-s]-S-ep-I Ds-Sp \nc-h[n h\h-cW ]-Xn-I, h\-h-c-W-n\pw ]p\-cp-m-c-W-nepw ]m-fn coXn-bn
{KmaoW kaq-l--fpsS kmaqlykm-nI hnI-k-\-nepw A\p-Iq-e-amb henb BLmXw
krjvSn-m Ignp. GI-hn-f-tXm-- {]Ir-Xn-Z--amn cq]m--c-s-Sp-p--Xp-t]m-sebp hInS ]p\h-ev-cW ]-Xn-Ipw Cu kwhn-[m\w A\p-tbm-Py-amWv. \ne-hn
Cy-bnse 4 h\-h-cW t{]mP-IvSp-Iv A\p-aXn e`n-n-pv. Ah Ctm \S-m-
L-n-emWv.
(e)
dnvv (REDD)
Imem-h hyXn-bm-\-n-\p bp.F. s{^bnw-hv Ishj-\n ]s-Sp-h

]e {]h-\--fn-eqsS Imem-h-m-hy-Xn-bm\w eLq-I-cn-m-sav k-Xn-n-cpp. h\ \ioI-c-W-n-eq-sSbpw \ne-hm-c-X-I-bn-eq-sSbpw ]pd-p-hn-Sp lm\n-I-c-amb hmX-I--fpsS
Afhv Ipd-bvpI, h\-kw-c-Ww, Im_ tmv hn-n-, h\--fpsS kpn-c-amt\-Pvsa v Fnh kwbp--ambn Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv (dnvv - Reduced Emission from Deforestation
and forest Degradation) FmWv. h\--fpsS \io-I-c-W-n\pw lm\n-I-c-amb hmX-I- ]pdp-hn-Sp--Xn\pw Imc-W-amb h\-n-t-ep a\p-jys kw Ipd-bvm ê-{]-Z-amb
am- Is-m Fm cmPy--tfbpw "ImI' Icm t{]mm-ln-n-pp. doUns\
kpnc hnI-k-\hpw Zmcn-{Zy-\nm-\-hp-ambn _-s-Spn h\-kw-c--W-nepw amt\Pvsanepw Im_ tmnepw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-sf Ds-Sp-n-thWw h\-\-io-I-cWhpw h\--fpsS \ne-hm-c-X-Ibpw ]cn-l-cn-m. BI-bm "dnv' {]h-\-v
Cy-bn km[y-X-I Gsd-bmWv. {]mtZ-inI P\--fpsS Ah-Im-i-v Al-amb ]cnK-W\ \I-Wsa-p-am{Xw. Ccw {]h-\-v km-n-I-k-lmbw tXSp bpnk-l-am-sbmcp Bcw-`-tI-{-amWv ]n-a-Lw.
Xocp-am-\-
h\-kw-c
- W
-
- nepw amt\-Pvsanepw {]mtZ-in-Ik
- a
- q-l
- sf ]s-Sp-n-t-X
- ns Bhiyhpw {]m[m-\yhpw Cy Xncn--dn-n-pv. Bb-Xn-\m-emWv \nc-h[n \b-v cq]w
\Ip-Ibpw kwbp--h\w amt\-Pvsa v ]cn-]m-Sn-t]m-se-bp h]--Xn-I \S-m-n-h-cpXpw. h\w kwc--W-n\pw amt\-Pvsan\pw Cybvv _lp-ap-J-m-]-\-k-ao-]-\-am-WpXv. kwbp--h\w amt\-Pvsa v, kmaq-ly-h-\-h-cWw, Irjn--e-h-\-h-cWw XpSnb ]c--cm-KX {]h-\--fn-eqsS h\w amt\-Pvsan \apv k--amb ]cn-N-b-aps-nepw CXn {]mtZ-inI kaq-l--fpsS bYm ]m-fn-hpw imo-I-c-Whpw ]cn-anX-amWv. hnim-e-amb Cu ]cn-N-bhpw \ne-hn-ep \b-fpw D]-tbm-Knv ]pXnb ]cn-]m-SnIpw kwhn-[m-\-pw Iogn kpnc]m-fn h\-h-c-Ws t{]mm-ln-nm km-n-Im-[n-Im-c-fpw m]-\-fpw ssIamw sNp--Xps-sS-bp A\ptbm-Py-amb \b- cq]o-I-cnv \S-m-t-Xv Bh-iy-amWv. CX-\p-k-cn-p Nne ip]miI NphsS.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
252

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(1)
lcnX Cym-an-j t]mse-bp taev]-d tZiob ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn P\--tfbpw {]mtZinI kaq-l--tfbpw ]m-fn-I-fm-m-\p \nt-i-ap-m-b-Xp-sImv am{Xw Imcy-an.
]cn-]m-Sn-I \S-n-em-p--Xn\v Bh-iy-amb A[n-Im-c-fpw ^pw Xti m]-\v ê-{]-Z-ambn ssIamw sNWw.
(2)
AXp-t]m-se-Xs ip-amb hnk-I\ kwhn-[m\w, dnvt]m-se-bp Am-cmjv{S kwhn[m-\--fpsS ^v D]-tbm-K-s-Spn hInS ]-Xn-I-fn-eqsS ]p\-cp-o-h\w \S-Ww.
Im_ h-c-hn-eq-sS-bp XpI C{]-Imcw {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-v ssIamw sNp-Xn-\p {Iao-I-cWw CtmXs Cu Am-cmjv{S kwhn-[m-\--fn-epv.
(3)
Ccw Am-cm-jv{S-kw-hn-[m-\-n-eq-sS-bp ^v {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-v ssIamw

sNp--Xn\v hy-amb am-\nt-i- cq]o-I-cn-Ww. AmsX {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-fpsS ]m-fn--s-]n ]d--Xp-sImv am{X-am-bn. {]mtZ-inI kaqlw apssI
FSp-p-Ibpw Ahbvv Bh-iy-amb A[n-Im-c-fpw km-nI hn`-hhpw \Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXm Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-I hfsc ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-n-em-m Ignbpw. ]s \mw
CXp-hsc CXn\v {ian-n-n.
tZio-bhpw AtZ-io-b-hp-amb Cu kwhn-[m\w th{X km-nI hn`-h--fpw,

A[n-Im-c-hpw \In ]naL-n \S-n-em-n-bm {]mtZ-inI kaq-l--fpsS ê-{]-Zamb ]m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-m Ign-bpw.
temI-ss]-XrI Ishj
]n-a-Lw kam-\-X-I-fn-m Hcp ssPh-ss]-Xr-I-am-sWpw AXns\ kwc-nv ]cnn-Xn-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw, Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hnI-k\ ]m-hn-eqsS AXns\ ]cn-c-n-W-sapw D Imcy-n Bpw X-an. Am-c-W-m-emWv ]n-a-L-s apgph ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-bmbpw AXn `qcn-`mKw {]tZ-i--sfbpw ]cn-nXn Zp_-eta-Je Hnepw cnepw Ds-Sp-sapw Cu kanXn ip]mi-sN-p-Xv. Cu taJ-e-I-fpsS
AXnn \nbw, amt\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\w, ]Xn \S-m- XpS-nbh Xmtgv {Kmak-`-I hsc-bp {]mtZ-inI LS-I-sf ]s-Sp-n-p-sIm-m-bn-cn--W-sapw Cu kanXn
\nt-in-pp. hni-Z-amb Cu \nt-i- Ctm tI{-km kan-n-p \nt-i-tf-m "bps\kvtIm"bpsS ss]Xr-I]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-bpsS ey- IqSp-X ê-{]-Za
- mbn ssIhcn-m {]m]vXa
- m-sWv kanXn hniz-kn-pp. bp.F. s]a-\ v t^md-ns \yqtbmn
\S 10maXv skj-\n 2011 sabv17\v Cy kan {]mtZ-inI {]iv\- kw_-n
\nt-i-s-Xnsc Db FXnp-I XcWw sNm kan-Xn-bpsS Cu \nt-i-v
Ignbpw (A\p-_w 3)
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253

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A\p-_
A\p-_w 1 : tIc-f kwm\ ssPh-Irjn \bhpw
I-]--Xnbpw, 2010
tIc-f-nse Irjn kpn-chpw BZm-b-I-chpw a-c-sf AXn-Po-hn-m {]m]vXhpw
Bp-Ibpw Hmtcm ]uc\pw hnjw Ie-cm Pehpw apw `y-h-kvXp-fpw Dd-p-h-cp-p-IbmWv {][m-\-eyw.
]m-ew
Cy-bpsS k--amb ImjnI Ncn{Xw _n.kn. 6mw \qm-n knp-\-Zo-X-S-n
XpS-pp. hjw-tXmdpw Dm-p sh-sm--sbpw XpSv ASn-bp G-en-s\bpw
B{i-bn-m-bn-cpp Av Irjn. kpn-c-amb Irjn coXn-I-fn A[n-jvTn-X-amWv knp-\-ZoX-S-kw-kvImcw. XpSv \psS kwkvIm-chpw Nn-bp-samw ImjnI {]h-\--fpsS
{]Xn-^-e-\-ambn. Cu ASp Imew hsc Ah ]c-kv]-c-_-n-X-am-bn-cpp. apJy-hn-f-I-fpsS
hnf-sh-Spv Ccw cmPyw apgp-h BtLm-jn-pp.
tIc-f-n Irjn-`q-ansb amXr-ssZhw AYhm Hcp kv{Xo BbmWv hn`m-h\ sNbvXn-pXv. {]k-h-tijw kv{Xov hn{iaw Bh-iy-ap--Xp-t]mse hnf-sh-Sp-n-\p-tijw Irjn `qanv
3 amkw hn{iaw \Ipp. Cu kabw Dgp-Xp-Xpw apw Ii-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-n-cn-pp.
CsXms A-hn-izm-k-ambn tXmm-sa-nepw Cu BNm-c-v ]nn-ep ]cn-nXn
kw_-a
- mb {]iv\w ag-m-ev Dgp-Xm AXv asm-en-n\v Imc-Wa
- m-Ip-sa-X
- n-\m CsXmcp
kpn-ca
- mb Gm-S. BI-bm Ncn-{Xm-Xo-XI
- mew apXXs kpn-cX
- b
- m-bn-cp \psS
Irjn k{-Zm-b-ns apJ-ap{Z. ]cn-nXn kwhn-[m-\-n\p Imem-h-m- \n-ehm-c-n\pw
A\p-cq-]-am-bn-cpp ]c--cm-KX hnf-hp-I D]-tbm-Kn-p \psS Irjn k{-Zmbw.
Xoc-tZi Pn-I-fn hfsc hym]-I-am-bn-cp "s]mmfn' Irjnbpw Iq Pn-bnse
ssImSv Irjn-co-Xnbpw {]Ir-Xn-bnse am- Irjnv A\p-Iq-e-amn amm-\p a\p-jys
Ign-hn\v sXfn-hmWv. {]Ir-Xn-Z-hpw ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-hp-amb {]{In-b-Isf sXpw _m[n-mXpw ]pdsa \nv asmpw Bh-iy-an-m--Xp-amWv kwtbm-PnX Irjn.
B[p-\nI Irjn Fv \mw hnfn-p Cs Irjn kwhn-[m-\-n\v \qm-p-I-fmbn
\mw ]nXp-Sp-h-cp ssPh Bhm-k-hy-hm XXz--tfmSv Hpw {]Xn-]-n-bn. CXv ]cnn-Xn-]-c-ambpw ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-m-]-c-ambpw cmPys hn\m-i-n-tev \bn-pp. lcnX-hn-hw \psS ]c--cm-KX C\-p ]Icw Dev]m-Z-\-tijn IqSnb C\- cwK-ndn. ]s, Chbvv eyw ssIh-cn--W-sa-n S IW-n\v cmk-hfw {]tbm-Kn-Ww.
\psS an\v A\y-amb Cu C\- ]pXnb IoS--tfbpw tcmK--tfbpw Hw Iqn Chsb
\nb-{n-m-\mbn htXm-Xn IoS-\m-in-\n-I Dev]m-Zn-np. \psS ]c--cm-KX Irjn-co-Xnbn-tev Cu hnj-h-kvXp- {]tbm-Kn-Xv \nc-h[n ]cn-nXn {]iv\-v Imc-W-ambn.
anse kqva-Po-hn-I \inp. ans ê-]p-jvSnbpw Du-kz-e-Xbpw \jvS-sp.
sh-ns Bhiyw htXm-Xn Dbp. Ime-ns ]co--W-sf AXn-Po-hn \psS
]c--cm-KX Irjn-coXn Cm-Xmbn. Ij-I\pw Irjn-`q-anbpw Xn-ep-m-bn-cp B-_w
\jvS-ambn. Irjn kwhn-[m-\-n-\p-m-bn-cp kpn-cX Cm-Xmbn. Irjn sNehv A\n-b{n-X-ambn hnp. Ij-I-cpsS hcp-am-\-n h-\-hp-m-bn. cmPy-ns `y-kp-cn-XXzw Hcp shp-hn-fn-bmbn.
Irjn-`q-an-bnse ssPh-km-nyw Cv Hcp `qX-Ime Ncn-{X-ambn amdn. Cv Irjn-bn-S \ni-_vZ-amWv. AhnsS Xh-f-bpsS i_vZtam Xmdm-hns hnfntbm av Bc-h-tfm Hp............................................................................................................................................................................................................
254

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
an. sshtm sImv ac-n--I-fn Xqn-n-Sv IqSp-mn AXn apn-bn-Sp Ipcp-hnIsf Cv an-bn-S--fnepw ImWm-\n. hnf-Isf \in-n-p ]pgp--tfbpw IoS--tfbpw
sImn-Xn-p ]e ]n-Ifpw Cv A\yw-\n-p-t]m-bn-cn-pp.
`mKy-h-im \psS h\-ta-J-e-bn IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS {]tbmKw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bncpp.BIm-i-amw IoS-\m-in\n sXfn-p-Xv Cy-bn-em-Zy-ambn ]co-n-Xv 1965 tIc-fnse tImn t^mdv Unhn-j-\nse tXv tXm--fn-emWv. AhnsS 48 aWn-q-dn-\p-n
\in-n-m ey-an-Sm 162 C\w Pohn-I Nsm-Spn.
am\-kn-I-ambpw imco-cn-I-ambpw hnI-emw-K-cmb ImktIms ]m{Zn-Km-a-nse Ipn-I
BIm-i-n-eqsS IoS-\m-in-\n-I Xfn-p--Xp-aqew a\p-jy-\p-m-Ip Zpc--v temIn\v apnse tNmZy-Nn--ambn \ne-\n-n-cpp.
Cu "B[p-\nI' kmt-Xn-I-X-bpsS ê-ambn hmbphpw shhpw apw aen-\-oI-cn--sn-cnpp. `y-[m-\y-fpw av ImjnI D---fp-samw hnj-en-]vX-amWv. Irjn-bn-S-fn \nv IoS-\m-in-\n-I Ie Pew Hgp-In-sbn. \Zn-I, Ipf-,Pem-i-b- DssS-bp Pe-t{km-X-p-I aen-\o-I-cn--s-Spp. Ah-bnse Poh-Po-e-fpw \mi-`-j-Wn-bnemWv. ay-p-n htXm-Xn IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw teml-fpw ImWpp.
Btcm-Ky-n-\p òjWn Duln-m Ign-bp--Xn-t\-m-tf-sd-bmWv. amc-I-amb tcmK-fpsS B{I-aWw Kpcp-X-c-amWv. \K-c--fn ImWp B[p-\nI kuI-cy--fp Bip-]-{XnI emt`--tbmsS {]hn-p hyh-km-b--fmWv. Huj-[-\nm-W-im-e-I hfp
]-en-pp.
`y-hn-f-I Xosc BIj-I-a-m-Xm-hpbpw \mWy-hn-f-I hfsc em`-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. s\h-b-ep-I apgp-h ImjnI CXc Bh-iy-mbn \nI-pp. Ign 20
hj-ambn \mWy-hn-f-tXm-- {Iam-Xo-X-ambn hn-p-Ibpw (d16 %) `y-hnf Irjn
hfsc Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. (samw Irjn-sN-p {]tZ-i-ns shdpw 9% am{Xw) kmnI t\-ap Ccw GI-hnf Irjn asm-en-n\pw answ ê-`q-bn-jvTX htXm-Xn
\jvS-s-Sm\pw CS-bm-pp. Ign 50 hj-ambn tIc-f-n XpSp-h-cp cmk-hkvXp
A[n-jvTn-X-Ir-jn-coXn \mfn-tIcw, Iip-amhv, Ipcp-ap-fIv, Imn,tXbne, Ge, AS XpSn
km-nI t\-ap hnf-I-fpsS Dm-Z-\-tijn apc-Sn-n-n-cn--bmWv. CXn\p ]pdta tIc-fnse ]e `mK-fpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Pe-maw A\-`-hn-p-I-bmWv. kwm-\-km CXv
hfsc Kuc-h-ambn FSp-p-Ibpw 11mw ]-Xn-bn B hnj-b-n\v Db apK-W\ \IpIbpw sNbvXn-pv.
CXn-s\mw ]pdta km-nI DZm-c-h-c-Whpw temI hym]mc kwL-S-\-bpsS \bfpw Pew ImjnI Dev]---fpsS hne-bn-Sn-bp-Xv Ij-Is IjvS-]m-Sp-Ifpw òXnbpw
]Xn--Sv hn-n-pp. Db Irjn sNehv t\cn-Sm-\mbn hmbv]-sb-Sp-p Ij-I
IS-s-Wn-bn AI-s-Spp. CXmWv ]e-tmhpw Ij-Is\ B-l-Xy-bn-tev \bn-pXv. Irjn-bnse \nt]w Cv Ij-I-\n \nv amdn Ij-I\v hnpw hfhpw apw
\Ip I-\n-I-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-hp-I-bmWv CXns ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-ambn Ij-Is an hcpam\w KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-Ibpw Irjnsb ]np-W-bvp I-\n-I cmPyv Xgv hf-cp-Ibpw
sNpp.
\psS Nnd hym]m-c-cwKw tZiob _lp-cm-jv{S-I--\n-Iv Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-m-\p
Xocp-am\w \psS `y-]-c-am-[n-Im-c-sbpw kpc-nX `-W-n-\p Ah-Im-i-sbpw
l\n-p--XmWv. tZiob _lp-cm-jv{S-I--\n-I-fpsS Ip-I-bmb P\n-X-I-amw hcp-nb hnpI Irjn-sN-m-\p Xocp-am\w Ij-Is \Sp-shm-Sn-p--XmWv.
lcn-X-hn--h-ns `mK-amb Db Dev]m-Z\ tijn-bp C\- cmk-hfwIoS\m-in\n' Iqp-sI-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp kacw Hcp \jvS---h-S-am-sWv an Ij-Ipw Ctmg-dnbmw. ssZh-ns kzw \mnse Zp_-e-amb ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS A[:]X-\amWv Pe-maw, t]mj-Im-lm-c-maw, Dev]m-Z-\--aXm \jvSw, ImjnI kwLj-
Fn-h-bvm-[mcw.
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255

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
ssPh-B-hm-k-hy-h-bvv tImw XmsX ]c-cy- kp-nc Irjn-co-Xn-bn-tev aS-ntm-hp-I-bmWv Cs {]Xn-k-nv ]cn-lm-c-sav tIc-f-nse Ij-Iv t_m[y-s-pI-gnp. ' Pohn-pI, Pohn-m A\p-h-Zn-pI' F hnime XXz-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ssPhIrjn kwhn-[m\w tZiob AtZ-iob Xe-n AwKo-I-cn-p-I-gnp.
ssPh-Irjn FXv hnf Dev]m-Z-\-n am{Xw HXp-n-\n-evp-n. arK-kw-c-Ww,
oc-hn-I-k-\w, tImgn-h-f, ]n-h-f, h\-h-cWw, tX\o hf XpS-nb-hbpw Npp-ap Irjn-sN-m ssPh-ssh-hnyhpw CXn-epsSpw.
IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS Kpcp-X-c-amb tZmj-h-i--sf-n D]-t`m-m-v \ Adn-hp--Xn\m ssPh-Ir-jn-bnse `y-D--v Bh-iy-m IqSp-X-emWv. BI-bm ssPhIrjn t{]mm-ln-nv Hmtcm ]uc\pw Xmm-hp hnebvv hnj-c-lnX `Ww Dd-p-h-cpm-\p D-c-hm-Znw km-cn-\p--XmWv.
Dev]mZw Ipd-bp-Ibpw cmPyw Hcn- IqSn `y-{]-Xn-k-n-bn-tev Iqp-Ip-p-Ibpw
sNp-sa A`yq-l--fm ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb ]n kwi-b- \nc-h-[n-bmbn-cpp. Cu kwi-b- ASn-m-\-c-ln-X-am-bn-cpp.
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Db Dev]m-Z-\--a-Xsb kw_-n hnP-b-Km-Y-I Cv \nc-h-[nbmWv. ssPh-Ir-jnbpw `y-kp-c 2007 kw_-n Am-cmjv{S kt-f\
-
- n `yIrjn
kwL-S\ C{]-Imcw dntmp-sNbvXp. "h\-`qan Irjn-mbn amm-sXbpw cmk-h-f- D]tbm-Kn-m-sXbpw BtKm-f-Irjn amt\-Pvsan-tev amn-bm BtKmf ImjnI Dev]m-Z\w
Hcmv Hcp Znhkw 2640 apX 4380 Intem-I-temdn hsc-bmIpw. hnI-kzc cmPy--fn ssPhIrjn coXn-I-fpsS kpnc {]h-\- Dev]m-Z\w 56 iX-am\w hsc hn-n-pp.
ssPh-Ir-jn-bnse Dev]m-Z\w icm-icn ]c--cm-KX Irjn Dev]m-Z-\-tmSv Xmc-Xayw sNm-hp-XmWv. Db cmk-h-fhpw apw \Ip coXn-bn \nv ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tev amdp-tm
XpS--n Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-bp-Ibpw AtX kabw Ipd tXmXn hfhpw apw \Ip
coXn-bn \nv ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tev amdp-tm D]m-Z\w Ccn BIp-Ibpw sNpw. ]c--cmK-X-Ir-jn-bn-S--fn-te-Xn-t\-m slIvS-dn 33 apX 56 hsc iX-am\w Duw Ipdt
ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-S- D]-tbm-Kn-p-pq.
BtKm-f-X-e-n-en-tm 22.81 Zi-ew slIvS-dn IqSp-X {]tZ-iv ssPh-Irjn
sNp-pv. CXnse D---fpsS hn]Wn hne 3 ew tImSn (30 _ney tUmf)
tUmf-dn-\-Sp-p-hcpw. shdpw 42.402 NXp-c{i ssa am{Xw hnkvXohpw 11.3 Zi-ew P\-fp-ap Iyq_ ]q-ambpw ssPh-Irjn sNp cmPy-am-sW Imcyw {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hyam-Wv.
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Ncn{Xw
cmw temI-a-lm-bpw apX Irjnv IoS-\m-in-\n-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-h-cpp. XpSw
apXXs cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS hmWn-Py-h-c-W-s-]n Bi- Dm-bn-cpp. 1964
{]kn-o-I-cn td Imks ' sske v kv{]nv' F ]pkvXIw ]cn-n-Xn-bn-te-p
IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS BLm-Xs ]n imkv{Xob hni-Zo-I-cWw \In-bn-cpp. hnI-kn-X-cm-Py 1970 Ifnepw hnI-kz-c-cm-Py- AXn-\p-ti-jhpw Un.Un.nbpsS {]tbmKw \ntcm-[n-snepw hnhn-[-bn\w hnj-ap IoS-\m-in-\n-I XpSpw Irjn-bn-S--fn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cpp.
td Imks imkv{Xob {]h-N-\- kXy-ambn `hn-p-Ibpw temI-sa-m-Sp-ap P\fpw Ij-I\pw imkv{X-cpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS A]-ISw Xncn--dn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmkh-kvXp-c-lnX Irjn-bpsS XpSw Ahn-sS-\n-mWv. Kth-j-W-fpw ]c--cm-KX Irjn-co-Xn-IfpsS ]co--W-fpw avhnf amt\-Pvsans ]pXnb amXr-I-Ifpw {]Xy--s-Sm XpS-nb-X--s\-bmWv.
Ign \mev Zi-I--fmbn Hcp kpnc Irjn-coXn Is-m-\p {ia-n-emWv
imkv{X-. 1905 apX 1924 hsc Cy-bn Irjn D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-bn-cpp k B_v
slmhmUmWv Cu cwKv apn-ep-m-bn-cp--h-cn Hcm.Alw cNn '' B -A-{Kn-I-
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256

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d sSkv-sa v' F ]pkvXIw Cy-bnse ssPh-Ir-jnsb kw_-n-p BZy B[n-ImcnI {K-ambn IW-m--s-Spp. Irjn-bn-S--fnXs ssPh-hf \nm-W-n\v BZyambn cq]w \In-bXpw At-l-amWv. _n samn-k, slmsa Fn-h-cpsS 1970 Ifnse
mbn-bmb ImjnI ]co--W- temI-sa-m-Sp-ap Ij-Iv {]Xo--tbIn. CXns
Ae-I tIc-f-n-ep-ap-mbn. \nc-h[n Ij-I Chn-sSbpw Cu Irjn-co-Xn ]co-np tIcf-nse `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Db ag e`y-Xbpw apw Pehpw kwc-nm\pw Irjn-bn-S--fnse Dev]m-Z-\-tijn sa-s-Sp-m\pw Ign-bp--Xn-\m tIc-f-n\v
Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Irjn-co-Xn-bm-Wn-sXv Ij-Iv t_m[y-sp. Ata-cn- Irjnh-Ip-n 1983 kan dntmn Irjn imkv{X--cmb tdm_v ]m]UnIv, Pbnwkv]m Fn-h cmk-Io-S-\m-i-n-\n-Ifpw hf-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-p Irjn-co-Xnv ]Icw kpnc-amb Irjnsb kw_-n-p Kth-j-W-n-tev {i-tI-{o-I-cn-t--Xns {]m[m-\ys-]n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-pv.
1984 se t`mm Zpcw Cy-bn-sebpw hntZ-i-sbpw P\--fpsS Ip Xpd-np.
]Icw kwhn-[m\w Is-m-\p Kuc-h-X-c-amb Nbvv CXv Bcw`w Ipdnp. Ij-I\mbn amdnb Pm-\okv imkv{X- akm-t\m_p ^ptm 1984 {]kn-o-I-cn ""H
sshtm hnhw' F ]pkvXIw Ign Ac \qm-p-Im-es At-l-ns {]Ir-XnZ Irjn-co-Xn-bpsS hnPbw hnh-cn-pp. 1985 ]pd-n-d-nb CXns ae-bmfw ]cn-`mj
tIc-f-nepw CXp-kw-_-n N-Iv Bw Iqn. ssPh-Du Irjn At\Iw IjIsc BIjn ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS asmcp cq]-amWv.
B{, Im-SI, Xan-gv\mSv, KpP-dmv, alm-cmjv{S, ]m_v, tIcfw XpS-nb kwm\--fnepw Cm-e-b-f-hn Ij-Icpw IjI kwL-S-\-Ifpw Xn-ep N-I-fn IrjnbpsS kpn-cX Bi--bp-bn. hnpw hfhpw D-sS-bp Irjn-B-h-iy-v IjI ]q-ambpw ]pd-p--hsc B{i-bn-p-Xv Ij-I-k-aq-l-ns\ \ncm-i-bn-tepw Hcp
ImjnI {]Xn-k-n-bn-tepw sIms-np. Irjn kpn-c-am-m-\p Hcp ]Icw kwhn[m-\-sa \ne-bn ]pd-sa-\n-p LSI- Ipd-p-sIm-p kpnc IrjncoXnv ]e
e--fnepw {]tXy-Inpw sNdp-InS \ma-am{X Ij-I-cp-sS-bn-S-bn \ {]Nmcw e`np. 1990
Ifnse ImjnI {]Xn-kn Cu \os in-s-Spn. \nc-h[n hyn-Ifpw kwL-S-\Ifpw Ij-I-cp-ambn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \Sn. B[p-\nI Irjn-co-Xn-bpsS {]iv\- Ahsc
t_m[y-s-Spn.
As\ efn-X-amb Bcw-`-n \nv ssPh-Irjn ]IzX {]m]nv kv{Xoim-o-I-cWw,
hnv kwc-Ww, hnv _mp-I-fpsS hnI-k\w, aqey-h\ `yt]mj-Im-lmc kpc-nXXzw Fo taJ-e-I-fn-tev ]Sv ]-enp. Cu am-n\v shdpw 10,12 hjta thn-hpq. êw hfsc t{]mm-l-\-P-\-I-am-bn-cpp.
Ctm kwm-\v kpK--hy-RvP-\-, tXbne, Imn XpS-nb \mWy-hn-f-I
hntZ-i-hn-]-Wn-I ey-an Irjn-sN-p kn-ssÛv ssPh-Ij-Icpw `y-hn-f-Ipw
ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n\pw Du \Ip t\mkn-ssÛv ssPh-Ij-Icpw [mcm-f-apv.
Ah-sc-m-hcpw Xs ans BtcmKyw sa-s-Sp-p--Xn\v {]m[m\yw \Ip--h-cmWv.
Ij-I-cpsS Bh-iy- \nd-th-m-\mbn tIc-f-n Hcp A{I-Un-Uv HmKm-\nIv kn-^bnwv GPkn-bpv.
""s]mmfn', ssImSv XpS-nb Irjn coXn-Ifpw hb-\m-nse "Poc-I-ime', "K-I-ime'
XpS-nb s\n-\-fpw kwm-\-p-S-\o-f-ap Ic-Ir-jn-bp-samw ssPh-Ir-jn-bmWv. kwm\s Ic-Ir-jn-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\--a-Xbpw km-n-I-t\--hp-sams ]T-\- hy-am-nbn-pv. CubnsS Xriq Pn-bnse ASmv ]m-bv Iqp-Ir-jn-kw-hn-[m-\-n-eqsS 2500
G-dn s\Irjn \Sn. ASmv amXrI FmWv CXn-tm Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. AXpt]mse Xs hb-\mSv Pn-bnse ac-aq-e-bn \qdp-I-W-n\v Ij-Isc Ds-Spn \Snb ssPh-Irjn Cu taJ-e-bnse asmcp amXr-I-bmbn IW-m--s-Spp.
ssPh-D-ev]---fpsS hn]-W-\hpw ]e--e--fn ]co-n--s-Sp-pv. Xncp-h-\--
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257

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]p-cs ssPh _km, Xriq-cn-sebpw tImgn-tm-sbpw Ctmtjmp-I, Xriq-cnse ssPhIrjn tkh-\-tI{w Fnh Ch-bn Nne-XmWv. kv{XoI-fpsS kzbw-k-lm-b-{Kq-p-I Nne
]m-b-p-I-fn ]--dn-I-fpsS ssPh-Irjn Gs-Spv \S-ppv.
ssPh-Irjn t{]mm-ln-n-m\pw hym]n-n-m-\p-ap kmyX tIc-f-n hfsc IqSpX-emWv.
ImcWw av kwm-\--fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNp-tm AssP-h-Ir-jn-bpsS BLmXw
tIc-f-n Kpcp-X-c-a. cmk-h-f-n-sbpw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fp-sSbpw 2002 03 se icm-icn D]t`mKw slIvS-dn\v 90 Intem-{Kmapw 288 {Kmapw BWv. tIc-f-n-enXv 60 Intem-{Kmapw 224 {Kmapw
BWv. Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-I-c-amb cmk-h-kvXp- D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xnse Cu anXXzw IjIsc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tev BIjn-p-Xv Ffp--am-pp.
Cu bmYmy- a\-n-em-n-b-Xns ASn-m-\-n kwm\ Irjn-h-Ipv ssPhIrjn t{]mm-l\ {]h-\-v 2002 2003 {]mcw`w Ipdnp. sXm-Sp hjw kpnc-Ir-jnbpw ssPh-Ir-jnbpw t{]mm-ln-n-m-\p skn\v hIpv cq]w \In. ssPh-Irjn
Dev]---fpsS hn]-W-\-n-\mbn "tIcf HmKm-\nIv' "tIc-f- \m-p-dkv' Fo t]cp-I-fn
cv {_mp-I Irjn-h-Ipv XpSn. \ne-hn-ep IW--\p-k-cnv kwm-\v 7000 tmfw
Ij-I 5750 slIvS-dn ssPh-Irjn \S-p-pv. Fm bYm-n-ep IWv
CXnepw hfsc IqSp-Xembncnpw.
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS t\-
Irjnsb IqSp-X em`-I-chpw kpn-chpw A`n-am-\-I-chpw Bpp.
[mXp- fpw apw \jv S - s - S msX kwcn- n- p- - X n- \ m ans ê- ` q- b n- j v S X
\ne\npp.
ssPh-ssh-hn-[ys k--amn kwc-n-pp.
Pew Ipd-p-am{Xw aXn-sb--Xn-\ Pe kwc--Ws t{]mm-ln-n-pp.
Imjn-I-ssPh Bhm-k-hy-h--tbbpw {]Ir-Xn-Z `p{]-Ir-Xn-tbbpw kpnc Dev]m-Z\-n-\mbn sa-s-Spn kwc-n-pp.
]mc--tcy-Xc Irjn-hn-`-h-sf IqSp-X-embn B{i-bn-pp.
]mc--tcy-Xc Du-t{km-X-p-I-fpsS D]-tbm-Ks t{]mm-ln-n-pp.
hfp-ar-K-sf ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Hcp Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-ambn ImWp--Xn-\m ans
ê`q-bn-jvT-Xbpw Ij-Is hcp-am-\hpw hn-n-m Ign-bpp.
amen-\y-ap-a
- mb hmbp, Pew, av, Blmcw, {]Ir-Xn-Z ssPh Bhm-kh
- y-h Fnh
Dd-p-h-cp-pp.
ImjnI ssPh-ssh-hn-ys sa-s-Sp-pp.
Irjn-coXn, kwkvI-cWw, hnns KpW-ta hn-n- Fn-h-bn-se-m-ap ]mc-cy hnm-\s IrXy-ambn kwc-n-p--Xn-\m Ch `mhn-X-e-ap-d-bvmbn kqnp-sh-bvm Ign-bpp.
{]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-amb hn`-h- D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xn-\m Dev]m-Z\ sNehv Ipd-bpp.
t]mj-I-k--hpw kqhpw KpW-ta--bp--Xp-amb `y-h-kvXp- Bh-iym-\pk-cWw D]m-Zn-n-p--Xn-\m Btcm-Ky-]q-amb Hcp kky-kw-kvImcw cq]-s-Sppp.
Im_ ]pd-- Ipd-bpp
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw cmk-Ir-jn-bpsS kpn-c-Xbn-m-bvabpw Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb
òj-Wnbpw kwm\ km \mbn a\-n-em-n-bn-pv. Bb-Xn-\m-emWv kwm-\............................................................................................................................................................................................................
258

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ns ssPh-ssh-hn-y-X-{-nepw I-]--Xn-bnepw k--amb ssPh-ssh-hn-ys

kwc-n-m\pw Cu Aaqey hn`-hs Pohn-m-\mbn B{i-bn-m-hp hnhn[ hn`m-K-fpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\pw Hcp ssPh-Irjn \bw \apv thW-sav \njvjn-p-Xv.
ssPh-Irjn \bhpw I-]--Xn-bpsS ey-fpw

(1)
Irjn kpn-chpw em`-I-chpw A`n-am-\-I-c-hp-am-Ipp.
(2) ans {]Ir-Xn-Z ê-`q-bn-jvS-Xbpw Dev]m-Z-\--a-Xbpw hn-n-pp.

(3) av, Pe-kw-c-Ww Dd-p-h-cp-pp.
(4) Irjn-bpsS ssPh-kp-c
- n-XX
- zhpw `yt]mj-Im-lmc kpc-n-XX
- zhpw Dd-p-hc
- p-pp.
(5) ssPh Dev]--v Ij-I \nb-{n-p Xt-i-hn-]-Wn-I Dd-p-h-cp-pp.
(6) Imjn-I-cm-k-h-kvXp-fpw av lm\n-I-c-amb hkvXp-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv Hgn-hm-pIbpw cmk-h-kvXp- Ie-cm shhpw apw, hmbphpw, Blm-chpw Dd-p-h-cp-pIbpw sNpp.
(7) hnv, Blmcw, ]c-am-[n-Imcw Fnh Dd-p-h-cp-pp.
(8) ssPh-ssh-hn-y-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]cn-nXn Irjnsb t{]mm-ln-n-pp.
(9) D]-tbm-Kn-p ssPh-L-S-I--fnepw Imjn-I-D---fnepw KpW-\n-e-hmc \nb-{Ww
Dd-p-h-cp-pp.
(10) kpc-n-X-amb ImjnI D]--fn-eqsS a\p-jys Btcm-Ky-c-sb klm-bn-pp.
(11) Irjn-bp-ambn _-s ]mc--cy-hn-m-\s kwc-n-p-Ibpw hym]n-n-p-Ibpw
sNpp.
ey-sf `yIrjn kwL-S-\-, (FAO) C{]-Imcw hnh-cn-pp ""{]IrXn hn`-h-fpsS Dev]m-Z\aX, sshhnyw, kwc-Ww Fn-hbpw Ij-I-cpsS hcp-am-\hpw hn-npI hgn ssPh-Irjn `y-e-`yX sa-s-Sp-pp. hnm\w Ij-I-cpsS CS-bn ]n-SpXpw asm-cp-sa--amWv. CXv Zmcn{Zyw eLq-I-cn-m\pw {Kmao-W sXmgntXSn an-S--fntev IpSn-tb-dp-Xv XS-bm\pw klm-bnpw. `y-e-`yX sa-s-Sp-m-\p \b-n IjIv hnn\pw {]mtZ-inI C\-pw, ssPh sshhn-y-n\pw D Ah-Imiw, irwJ-ebn-epS\ofw \ymb-hne kwhn-[m\w, ASn-b-nc klm-b-n\pw hnfhv hmm-\p Xmphne k{-Zmbw, Xti Ij-I-cpsS Ah-Im-i- in-s-Sp-m-\p kwhn-[m\w Fn-hsbmw Dm-bn-cn-Ww.''
X{-fpw I-]--Xnbpw
s]mXp-k-ao-]\w
tIc-fs Hcp ssPh kwm-\-amn amm-\p DZy-a-ns hnP-b-n\v Irjn-`q-anbpsS 10 iX-am-\-sa-nepw Hmtcm hjhpw ssPh-Ir-jn-mbn amn-shv 5 apX 10 hj-n\p-n Lw L-ambn kwm-\s Hcp ]p\ssP-h-kw-m-\-ambn amm Ignbpw. ssPhIrjn \bw \S-mn XpSn aqmw hjw Ij-I-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[nIsfbpw imkv{X-tcbpw D--s-Spn Hcp hnZ-Kv[-kanXn cq]o-I-cnv Ij-I-cpsS taw, km-nI \ne, ]cnnXn Fnh hni-Z-ambn hne-bn-cpn A]m-I-X-I-fp-s-n ]cn-l-cn--tijw am{Xta \bw
IqSp-X {]tZ-i--fn-tev hym]n-n-mhq.
ssPh-Ij-Is \n-N\w
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS NphsS ]d-bp aqv A\p-t]--Wob LS-I- ]men-p--h
am{Xta ssPh Ij-Is \n-N-\-n s]Sp-I-bpq.
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259

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1.
`y-hn-f-I Ds-sS-bp kc Irjn-co-Xn-A-h-ew-_n-p Ij-I
2.
an-sbpw sh-n-sbpw kwc-Ww Dd-p-h-cp-p Ij-I.
3.
Irjn `qan-bpsS ssPh sshhyw kwc-n-p Ij-I
X{w 1 cmPy-n\pw Ij-Ipw hnn-t ]c-am-[n-Imcw

Ia-]-Xn
1.1
ssPh-Ir-jnp am{X-ambn hnv {Kma- m]n-pI
1.1 (a) ]m-bv Xe-n hnp-I, ssXI, ]c--cm-KX arK-{]-P-\\ kuI-cy XpS-n-b-h-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-n\v ]cn-]m-Sn-I XpS-pI. tIcf ImjnI k-Iem-im-ebpw av ImjnI Kth-jW m]-\-fpw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p Xt-io-bhpw
k-c-bn-\--fp-amb \ \ne-hm-c-ap hnp-Ifpw apw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw e`y-am-m\p kzbw ]cym-]vXX \mw CXn-eqsS ssIh-cnpw.
1.1 (b) ]c--cm-K-Xhpw Hmtcm e-n\pw A\p-tbm-Py-hp-am-b-XpssS KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap
hnp-I Dev]m-Zn-nv kw`-cnv bYm-k-abw e`y-am-m Ij-I-kw-L--fpsS Xen hnp-_m-p-Ifpw hnv kl-I-cW kwL-fpw Bcw-`n-pp.
1.1 (c) tIcf Imjn-I-k-I-em-im-ebpw av ImjnI Kth-jW m]-\--fp-ambn tNv
ssPh-]-c-ambn KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap hnp-I Dev]m-Zn-n-m-\p-X-Ip ]cn-]m-Sn-Isf
t{]mm-ln-n-pp.
1.1 (d) ]c--cm-KX coXn-I D]-tbm-Knv kw`-cW/kwc-W kuI-cy- hnI-kn-n-pI.
1.2
ssPh-ssh-hny amt\-Pvsa v I-\n-I Xti kzbw-`-cW m]-\-X-e-n Dev]m-Znn hnp-I, hnX-cWw \S-n-bXv XpS-nb hnh-c- Xm-dmn P\n-X-I-amw
hcp-nb hnp-I-fp-sSbpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-m hnp-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmKw XS-bWw.
1.3
{Kma- ]-m-bv kwm-\-X-e-n P\n-X-I-amw hcp-nb hnp-I-fn \nv kzX{-ambn Fv {]Jym-]n-Ww.
1.4.
hnp-I-fpsS hne \nb-{n-m-\p kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-Ww.
1.5.
Hmtcm ImjnIImem-hm taJ-e-bnepw {]mtZ-in-I-ambn A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnp-IfpsS e`yX Dd-p-h-cp-Ww
X{w 2 ssPh-Ir-jn-\bw Lw L-ambn \S-m-pI

Ia-]-Xn
2.1
kwm-\v ssPh-Ir-jn-bp-sSbpw Ij-I-cp-sSbpw h\y-ssP-h-ta-J-e-bnse Irjn sNpXpw sNm--Xp-amb e--fp-tS-Xps-sS-bp XnXn hne-bn-cp-Ww.
2.2.
[m\y-,]gw, ]-dn XpS-nb hmjnI hnf-I 5 hj-n-\p-nepw av Irjn-I

10 hj-n-\p-nepw ]q-ambn ssPh-]-c-am-m ]cym-]-Xy-amb Hcp I-]-Xn
Xm-dm-pI.
2.3.
ssPh-Irjn Lw L-ambn \S-n-em-p--Xn\v Bh-iy-amb XpI Xti `cW m]-\-fpsS Bkq-{XnX {]{In-bb
- n Ds-Sp-p-X
- n-\p Hcp I-]
- X
- nv cq]w \IpI.
2.4.
{]fb km[y-X-bp Pn-I, hcm _m[nX Pn-I, `y-h-kvXp- D]m-Zn-np Pn-I, Kncn-h Pn-I XpSn ko {]iv\--fp Pn-Iv {]tXyI
Du \IWw.
2.5
tIc-f-nse Kncn-h taJ-e-bnse apgp-h ImjnI {]h-\-fpw \n_--ambpw

ssPh-]-c-am-Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
260

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
X{w3 Iqn-Irjn k{-Zmbw t{]mm-ln-n-pI

Ia-]-Xn
3.1
ssPh Ij-I-cpsS {]tXy-Inv h\nX ssPh Ij-I-cpsS {Kqp-I, p-I, kzbw

klmb {Kqp-I, kl-I-cW kwL- Fnh cq]o-I-cnv Irjnbpw Irjn-m-h-iyamb hnps-sS-bp ImjnI kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw Dev]m-Z-\hpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw
hn]-W-\hpw kpK-a-am-pI.
3.2.
kn-^n-t-js ]m-fn Kymcn kwhn-[m-\-n \nt-in--Xp-t]mse Hmtcm

{Kqnepw Ipd-Xv 5 t]cp-m-bn-cn-Ww.
3.3
tIc-f-nse ]-dn]g-h t{]mm-l\ Iukn, amc-aqe kl-I-c-W-kwLw,

s\n-\m-bp ASmv kl-I-c-W-kwLw, Kmek, Iq sI.hn.sIbpsS \nnX taJe
{Kqv kao-]\w, lcnX {io XpS-nb A\p-I-c-Wob amXr-I-I-fmWv.
3.4.
ssPh Irjn kwhn-[m\w sa-s-Sp-m-\mbn IpSpw-_{io, h\-kw-c-W kanXn, Xock-anXn, {Kma-l-cnX kanXn Fn-hsb t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
X{w 4 av--Pe kwc-Ww i-am-pI

Ia-]-Xn
4.1
\ne-hn-ep hnip--Im-Sp-I, Ipf-, IIm-Sp-I XpS-n-bh kwc-W taJ-eI-fmbn {]Jym-]nv Ah-bpsS kwc-Ww Dd-p-h-cp-pI.
4.2.
\oS hnI-k\ taJ-e-I-fn ssPh-Irjn kao-]\w Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw Bh-iy-amb

km-n-I-k-lmbw e`y-amn Ctm \S-p-h-cp \oS hnI-k\ ]-Xn-I-fn-eqsS
avPe kwc-W {]h-\- \S-p-Ibpw sNpI.
4.3.
\oS hnI-k-\-n Gs-n-p hyXykvX m]-\- kwtbm-Pn-nv ssPhIrjn Hcp apJy-L-S-I-ambn \S-m-pI.
4.4
kqva \o-S-X-e-n `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw ImjnI ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-hp-amb kml-Ncy-v A\p-tbm-Py-amb DNn-X-amb Imjn-I-co-Xn-I Ah-ew-_n-p-Ibpw A\p-tbmPy-a-m hnf-Ifpw Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw \ncp-m-l-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp.
4.5.
tIcf ImjnI k-Ie

- m-im-ebpw av Kth-jW m]-\
- fpw Ij-Ic
- p-ambn tNp
]m-fn Kth-j-W-n-eqsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnf-Ifpw {]mtZ-in-I-km-l-N-cy-n\v
tbmPn kmt-XnI hnZybpw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
4.6
`qhp-S-a-Ipw ]mvssSw Ij-Ipw Bh-iy-amb km-nI klmbw \In AhcpsS `qan ssPh-Ir-jnv D]-tbm-Kn-m t{]cn-n-Ww.
4.7.
ip-Pe XSm-I
- Ds-sS-bp ]c-c
- m-KX Pe-t{km-X
- p-I ]p\-cp-m-cWw sNbvXv
kwc-n-m\pw ag-sh kw`-cWw Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw IpgIn-W-dp-Iv \nb-{Ww
Gs-Sp-m\pw \ne-hn-ep InW-dp-I-fnepw Ipf--fnepw ag-shw \nd-m\pw \nb-a\nmWw Ds-sS-bp \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cnv `qPe \ne sa-s-Sp-m\pw taav
kwc-n-m\pw \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-Ww.
4.8.
Ipd-Xv tmp-X-e-n-se-nepw av, Pew, kqva-t]m-j-I-, kqva-Po-hn-I

Fnh ]cn-tim-[n-m-\p kuI-cy-tas-Sp-p-Ibpw av Btcm-Ky-ImUp-I \Ip
kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw sNWw.
4.9.
]-ep-IsImv then-sIn AXp-hgn avPe-kw-c--Whpw ]n-e-hf ey-Xbpw

Dd-p-h-cp-Ww.
4.10
av Pe kwc--W-{]-h-\-sf kw_-nv Xti kzbw-`-cW m]-\-X-e-n

]-cn-io-e-Iv ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-I kwL-Sn-n-Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
261

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
4.11
Irjn-bn mn-ns D]-tbmKw Hgn-hm-Ww. \gvk-dn-Ipw ]qs-Sn-Ipw XWen-Sm Ibtdm AXp-t]m-ep {]Ir-Xn-Z \mcp-Itfm D]-tbm-Kn-p kwhn-[m\w D]tbm-Kn-Ww.
X{w 5 ]cn-n-Xn--A-Xn-Po-h-\-kp-c Dd-m-m an{i-hnf kao-]\w

Ia-]-Xn
5.1.
\mmen hfepw tImgn-h-fepw kwtbm-Pn-n-p Irjn-coXn ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS

`mK-am-Ww. h\nX A[n-jvTnX DS-a--Xbpw amt\-Pvsap-amWv Cm-cy-n A`nImayw. sXntXm---fn Imen-I-tfbpw tImgn-I-tfbpw hfp tIc-f-nse
kwtbm-PnX ]c--cm-KX Irjn-co-Xnv {]m[m\yw \IWw.
5.2.
Cu kn-{i-Ir-jn-bpsS `mK-ambn tX\o hf, ay-Irjn, Xmdm-hp-h-f XpSn-bh \Smw.
5.3
{]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-am-bn-p hn`-h--fpsS D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-bp hntI-{o-IrX Xo\nmWw t{]mm-ln-n-pI, CXn lm\n-I-c-amb LS-I-tfm hf-bpsS thKX
Iqm-\p tlmtam-Wp-Itfm Hpw Ds-S-cp-Xv.
5.4
arK-B-tcm-Ky-kw-c--W-hp-ambn _-s ]c--cm-K-X-amb Adn-hp-I tcJ-s-Spn

{]N-cn-n-Ww.
5.5
hfhpw Xobpw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dm-\mbn ssPh-Ij-Icpw Imen-h-f Ij-Icpw

Xn-ep _w hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
5.6
ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-eqsS {]mtZ-inI hr--fp-sSbpw Huj-[-k-ky--fp-sSbpw kn-{i-Irjn

t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
5.7.
Ij-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Xpw ê-knn sXfn-bn--s--Xp-amb Irjn-co-Xn-I t{]mmln-n-Ww.
5.8
h\hpw h\-hr--fpw ]c-am-h-[n-bp `qanv \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv \IWw.
X{w 6 Imjn-I-hn-f, CX-c-k-ky-Po-h-ssh-hn[yw

kwc-nv k--am-pI
Ia-]-Xn
6.1
Hmtcm ]m-b-nepw Irjn sNp-Xpw Am--Xp-amb `qan-bnse ImjnI ssPhssh-hn-yhpw, ]c--cm-KX Irjn-hn-m-\hpw, coXn-Ifpw tcJ-s-Spn kqn-Ww.
6.2.
amXrIm ImjnI ssPh-ssh-hny kwc-W ^map-I m]n-m [\-k-lmbw

\In t{]mm-ln-n-Ww.
6.3
]c--cm-KX hnp-I kam-l-cnv ipo-I-cnv hn-n-s-Sp-m Ij-Isc klm-bnp ]cn-]m-Sn-Iv cq]w \IpI.
6.4.
kztZin s\n-\--fmb \hc, Poc-I-ime, K-I-ime Fn-hbpw av ]c--cm-KX Xti

hnfbn\-fpw t{]mmlnnWw.
X{w 7 ssPh tIcfw P\-Iob Imw_-bn Bcw-`n-pI

Ia-]-Xn
7.1
Fm Pn-I-fnepw ssPh-ta-f-I kwL-Sn-n-pI.
7.2
cmkm-[n-jvTnX Irjn-bpsS tZmj-h-i-fpw ssPh-D-ev]---fpsS KpW-ta-bpw hyam-p-Xpw ssPh-Ir-jnsb t{]mmlnn-p--Xp-amb t_m[-h-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-I
kwm-\-X-e-n Bcw-`n-pI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
262

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
7.3
ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS hnP-b-Km-Y-Ifpw KpW-K-W-fpw Dsm-n-p-sIm-p eLp-te-JI, t]m-dp-I, hoUntbm ^nen-ap-I Fnh Xm-dmn Fm hn`mKw Bfp-I-fnepw
{]tXy-Inv kv{XoI-fn Fn-pI.
7.4. `y-h-kvXp--fnse ambw XS-bm-\p 1955 se \nb-ahpw 195 se N-fpw \n_--ambn

\S-m-p-Ibpw Irjn Bô-kam, arK-tUm-IvSam Fn-hsc Ckvs]-IvSam-cmbn
\nb-an-p-Ibpw Pnm-X-e-n ]cn-tim-[\ kuI-cy- Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpI.
7.6. \K-c-n-tebpw {Kma--fn-tebpw hoSp-I-fn ssPh- A-Sp--f-tXm--fpw apw Bcw-`n-pI.
X{w 8 KpW-ta--bp ssPh-hfw e`yX Dd-m-pI
Ia-]-Xn
8.1 hnf-I amdn amdn Irjn sNpI. hr-hn-f-I Irjn sNpI, ta an ]Sp ]en-p C\- Irjn sNpI. ]n-e-h-f-Irjn Fn-h-bn-eqsS ssPh Irjn-bn-S-fn Xs ssPh ]nw e`y-am-pI.
8.2. Imen-h-fhpw aq{Xhpw e`y-am-m\pw kwtbm-PnX Irjn-coXn Dd-p-h-cp-m-\p-ambn ssPh
Ij-I ]ip-, Fcpa, Xmdmhv, ayw, tImgn, BSv Fn-hsb Ign-hXpw ]c--cm-KX
C\-sf hfm klm-bn-pI.
8.3 ssPh-Ij-Iv ]ip--sfbpw Fcp-a-I-sfbpw Xt-iob C\-sfbpw e`y-am-m Ignbpw
hn[w \ne-hn-ep \mevmen P\-\-\-b-n Bh-iy-amb t`Z-KXn hcp-pI
8.4. anc Itmpw, _tbm-Kymkv kvednbpw DssS hnhn[ C\w Itm-p-I ^man
Xs Dev]m-Zn-n-p--Xns\ t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
8.5. ag-Irjn {]tZ-i--fn ssPh-]n--n-sbpw ssPh-h-f--fp-sSbpw Afhv hn-n-m
{]tXyI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iv cq]w \IpI.
8.6. Itmv \nm-W-n an-c-I-fp-tSbpw kqvam-Wp--fp-tSbpw {]mtZ-inI C\-sf
t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
8.7. t{kmX-kn Xs thXn-cn-s-Sp ssPh amen-\y--fn \nv ssPh-hfw Dev]m-Zn-nm Hcp hntI-{o-IrX kwhn-[m\w cq]-s-Sp-pI.
8.8 ssPh-h-f-ns KpW-ta Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn Hcp tI{o-IrX ]cn-tim-[\
et_m-d-dn m]n-p-Ibpw sNpI.
8.9 hf-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp ssPh-h-kvXp- Irjn-bn-S-n-env In-pI-fbp-Xv Hgn-hmpI.
8.10 ]mS-ti-J-c-k-an-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw av IjI {Kqp-I-fp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-n sXmgn-ep-dp ]Xn-bpsS kuIcyw D]-tbm-K-s-Spn ]n-e-I Dev]m-Zn-npIbpw tXmSpI, Ipf-,
Pem-i-b-, \Zn-I Fn-h-bnse F tiJ-cnpw Irjn-bn-S-nse ê-`q-bn-jvTX
hn-n-pI.
X{w 9 ssPh-Ir-jn-p-th C]p-p-I Dd-m-pI
Ia-]-Xn
9.1 hnv, ssXI, hfw, kky-kw-c-W kma-{Kn-I Fnh Irjn hIpv, ImjnI kI-em-ime Fn-h-bpsS klm-b-tmsS Irjn-bn-S-n Xs Dev]m-Zn-n-m-\p ]cn]m-Sn-I \S-m-pI.
9.2. ssPh-Ir-jnv Bh-iy-ap km[\ kma-{Kn-I {]mtZ-inI Xe-n Dev]-Zn-n-m-\mbn
Ij-I-kw-L-,p-I, kl-I-cW kwL-, kzbw klm-b-{Kq-p-I,bph-P\
kwL- Fn-hsb t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
9.3 N-I, tlm-ep-I, P\w Xnn-mp {]tZ-i- Fn-hn-S--fn \np Jc............................................................................................................................................................................................................
263

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
am-en-\y- t{kmX-n Xs Xcw Xncnv hntI-{o-Ir-Xm-Sn-m-\-n Iwt]mv

\nm-W
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-Ww. ^vfmp-If
- n ssPh-am-en\y kwkvIc
- W mp-I \n_n-X-am-Ww.
9.4
ssPh-Ir-jnv Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-I \n_-n-X-am-p--Xn\pw KpW-ta ]cn-tim[n-p--Xn\pw Xt-i-`-cW m]-\-X-e-n {]mtZ-inI ]cn-io-e-Iv thn ]cn-ioe\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I kwL-Sn-n-pI..
9.5
]cn-tim-[\m et_m-d--dn-I m]n-m\pw, \S-]Sn {Ia-fpw \ne-hm-chpw Dd-p-h-cpm-\p-ambn Xti `c-W-m-]-\--sfbpw {]apJ k--kw-L-S-\-I-sfbpw imo-I-cnm Bh-iy-amb \nb-a-\-S-]-Sn-Iv cq]w \IpI.
9.6
ImjnI kma-{Kn-I D]m-Zn-n-m {]tXyI km-nI klmbw e`y-am-pI.
9.7
hne-Ip-d Irjn kma-{Kn-I Ij-Iv e`y-am-p--tXm-sSmw hyh-km-b-hn-ebvv

hnevm-\p hn]-Wn-ku-Icyw IqSn k-am-Ww.
9.8
ImjnI k-I-em-ime ssPh Ij-I-cp-ambn tNv ssPh-Irjn ]mt-Pp-I- hnIkn-n-s-Sp-m th \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-Ww. G-hmg, Cn,ssIX-, ]--dnI, Ipcp-ap-fIv, Gew, s\v XpS-n-b-hbvv CXn apXqw \IWw.
9.9
tIc-f-nse hnhn[ {]tZ-i--fnse anse ssPhmwiw kw_-n Umm-t_kv Xmdm-pI.
9.10
av kwm-\--fn \nv hcp ]g--fp-sSbpw ]--dn-I-fp-sSbpw KpW-ta Dd-p-h-cppI.
X{w 10 Ij-I, \nh-lW DtZym-K-, GPkn-I, ]m-b-w-K Fn-hv ]cn-io-e\w

Ia-]-Xn
10.1
Ij-Ip thn ki\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I kwL-Sn-n-pI.
10.2
Ij-Isc ssPh-Ir-jn-bn klm-bn-m-\mbn Xt-i-`-cW m]-\-ns ]np-WtbmsS IpSpw-_-{io-bpsS amXr-I-bn Hmtcm ]m-b-nepw sXmgnc-ln-X-cmb 1020
hsc bphm-sf (50% kv{XoI-fm-bn-cn-Ww) Ij-I-tk-h-I-cmbn ]cn-io-en-n-s-Sp-Ww.
10.3
Irjn hIp-ns \ne-hn-ep "At{Km-n-\n-p-I' ssPh-Irjn dntkmgvkv sk-dp-Ifmbn amn Ahn-Sps m^n\v ssPh-Ir-jn-bn ]cn-io-e\w \IWw.
10.4
Irjn hIp-nse Irjn Bô-kv ssPh-Irjn coXn-I-fn t_m[-h-cWw \SWw.
X{w 11 ssPh-Irjn amXrIm ^map-I hnI-kn-n-pI

Ia-]-Xn
11.1
Hmtcm- Xti `c-W-m-]-\-fpw amXrIm ssPh Irjn ^map-I hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
11.2
Imjn-I-k-I-em-im-e-bp-tSbpw av ImjnI m]-\--fp-tSbpw Iogn-ep Hmtcm

ImjnI ]cn-nXn taJ-e-bn-ep Kth-jW tI{-sf ssPh-am-t\-Pvsa v kwhn-[m\-f
- mbn cq]m-c
- s
- -Sp-n-bm hnZymn-Ipw,Ij-Ipw, P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ipw,
ôUv Un-p tI{--fmbn Ahsb D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-hp--XmWv.
11.3
Acw Irjn-bn-S-sf Sqdnkw ]-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-am-p-Ibpw thWw.
X{w 12 Kncn-hK-m-cpsS Btcm-Ky-kp-c ey-anv {]tXyI Iman-I]-Xn
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
264

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ia-]-Xn
12.1
]c--cm-KX Irjn-I \in Kncn-h-mv t]mj-I-aq-ey-ap `y-h-kvXp- e`yam-pI.
12.2
Ah-cpsS ]c--cm-KX Irjn coXn-I ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-m\pw ]mc--cy-hn-m\w kwcn-m\pw {]tXyI ]cn-]m-Sn-I Bhn-jv-cn-pI.
12.3
sNdp-InS h\ Dev]- kw`-cn-p-hm\pw Ah ssPh hnev]\ tI{--fn-eqsS \ymb-hnebvv hnevm\pw D kuI-cy-tas-Sp-pI.
12.4
Kncn-h Ipn-Iv Znhkw Hcp t\c-sa-nepw Ah-cpsS ]c--cm-KX `Ww ey-amm-\p \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-pI.
12.5
Hmtcm Ducp-X-e-nepw Ah-cpsS ]c--cm-KX hnf-I-fp-sSbpw Huj[ kky--fp-sSbpw

hnp-_m-p-I m]n-pI.
12.6. Kncn-h-m-cpsS Irjn ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-p--Xn \o-S-]--Xn-tbbpw sXmgn-ep-dv

]-Xn-tbbpw kwtbm-Pn-n-pI.
X{w 13 ssPh-ImjnI D]m-Z-\-I-\n

Ia-]-Xn
13.1
ssPh-Ij-I-cp-sSbpw Xti kzbw-`-c-W-m-]-\--fp-sSbpw Hmlcn \nt-]-tmsS

ssPh-IjI Dev]m-Z\ I-\n-Itfm AXp-t]m-se-bp m]-\-tfm m]n-pI.
X{w 14 kw`-c-W-n\pw IS-n-\p-ap kuI-cy-

Ia-]-Xn
14.1
ssPh Dev]--v {]tXy-I-ambn hntI-{o-IrX `cW kuI-cy- Gs-Sp-pIbpw kn-^n-t-j {]{In-bbvv Ij-Isc klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNpI.
14.2
ssPh-D-ev-- ASp-p hn]-Wn-bn-se-n-p--Xn\v {]tXyI KXm-KX kuIcyw

Gs-Sp-Ww.
X{w 15 kwkvI-c-Ww, aqey-h[-\-hv, hn\n-tbmKw

Ch-bvp t{]mm-l\w
Ia-]-Xn
15.1
IjI {Kqp-Ifpw,kzbw klmb kwL-fpw Dev]m-ZI I-\n-Ifpw aqey-h-\b

- vmbn
Dev]-- kwkvI-cn-p--Xns\ t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
15.2. aqey-h\ {]{Inb ssPh Dev---fpsS KpW-ta-sb _m[n-p-n-sv Dd-p-h-cpm-\mbn ImjnI k-I-em-im-e-bp-sSbpw av Kth-jW m]-\--fp-tSbpw klmb-tmsS ]cn-tim-[\ kwhn-[m-\- Gs-Sp-pI.
15.3
tIc-f-nse `y-A-[n-jvTnX hyh-kmbw Ah-cpsS Dev---fn IqSp-X ssPh

Dev]-- D]-tbm-Kn-m t{]cn-n-pI.
15.4
{]tXyI t{]mm-l\ ]mt-tPm-Sp-IqSn ssIImcyw sNm-hp hntI-{o-IrX Xe-n

kwm-\v `y-hy-h-km-b- m]n-pI.
X{w 16 hn]-W-\irw-Je hnI-kn-n-pI

Ia-]-Xn
16.1
\ne-hn-ep Dev hn]-W\ irwJ-e-bmb ana, ksstIm, tlmnt{Im]v, lcnX

]onkv amv Fn-h-bn-eqsS ssPh Dev--v {]tXyI hn]-W\ kuI-cysam-cp-pI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
265

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
16.2
Ij-I-{Kq-p-Iv kvIqfp-I, tlm-ep-I, tlm-ep-I, Bip-]-{Xn-I XpS-nb

D]-t`mK m]-\
- f
- p-ambn t\cnv Dev- hnev\ \S-m-\p kuI-cy-apmpI.
BbpthZ tI{-fpw kzbw klmb {Kqp-Ifpw `y-D-ev]-- \nn-p-Ibpw
`y-A-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b- m]n-p-Ibpw sNpI.
16.3
N- fpw am- \ nt- i - fpw ]menv kv I qfp- I , tlm- e p- I , Bip- ] - { XnI,kmm-]-\- Fnh {]mtZ-inI ssPh Dev]-- hmm kuI-cytas-Sp-pI.
16.4
A\p-tbm-Py-amb \nb-a-\nm-W-n-eqsS hInS kzImcy Nnd hnev\ tImt-td-j\p-Isf \ncp-m-l-s-Sp-pI.
16.5
\ne-hn-ep ]gw ]-dn, [m\y-hym-]m-cn-Isf ssPh -D-ev-- hn-gn-m t{]mmln-n-pI.
16.6
km,km CXc kwL-S-\-I-fpsS klm-b-tmsS Fm Pn-I-fnepw ssPh Dev- mbn hn]-W-\-im-e-I- Xpd-p-I.
16.7
Sqdnkw hyh-kmbw Ah-cpsS tlm-ep-Ipw dntkmp-Ipw th km[-\-

]c-am-h[n {]mtZ-inI ssPh-D-ev]m-Z-I-cn \nv hmm t{]cn-n-pI.
X{w 17 ssPh D] kn-^n-t-j\v efn-X-amb kwhn-[m\w

Ia-]-Xn
17.1
ssPh-IjI {Kqp-Iv Hcp B-cnI \nb-{W kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-p-Xv

t{]mm-ln-n-pI.
17.2
{]mtZ-inI hn]-W-\-bn Dev]-- kss sNp--Xn\v sNdp-InS\ma-am{X IjIv kn-^n-t-js ]m-fn Kymcn kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-p-I.
17.3
Cy ]n.Pn.Fkv. Iukn AwKo-I-cn-p km CXc kwL-S-\-Isf kwm\v ]n.Pn.Fkv. kwhn-[m\w \S-m-p--Xn klm-bn-m Npa-X-e-s-Sp-pI.
17.4
kwm\w Hcp ssPh tIcf kn-^n-t-j\pw, temtKmbpw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw

"ssPh-tI-cf' s Hcp {_mmbn hfn-sb-Sp-p-Ibpw thWw.
]e-cm-Py-fpw ]e am\-Z---fmWv ]men-p--sX--Xn-\m Ib-p-a-Xn-p hnfIv Hcp aqmw In-bpsS kn-^n-t-j Bh-iy-amWv.
17.5
KpW-ta ]cn-tim-[-\bvpw kn-^n-t-j\pw {]mtZ-inI \ne-hmcw \n-bn-pI.
17.6
aqv hj-ambn ssPh-Irjn sNp Hmtcm Ij-I\pw kn-^n-t-j kuP-\y-ambn

sNbvXp \IWw.
17.7
ssPh arK-kw-c-Ww IqSn kn-^n-t-j-\n Ds-Sp-pI.
X{w 18 ssPh-Ir-jn-v km-nI klmbw

Ia-]-Xn
18.1
ssPh-Ij-Iv {]tXy-Inv sNdp-InS, \ma-am{X Ij-Iv ]en-i-bn-m hmbv]I \IpI. _mv hgn-bp hmbv], tI{ kwm\ km-cp-I-fn-eqsS k_vknUn-bp-ambn _n-n-pI.
18.2
Dev]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bp t{]mm-l\ kwhn-[m\w Gs-Sp-Ww.
18.3
Hcp dnthmhnwv ^v kwhn-[m\w Dm-IWw.
18.4
ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-tev amdp L-n klmbw \IWw. CXv hmjnI hnf-Iv

cv hj-tpw ap--hv 3 hj-tpw Bbn-cn-Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
266

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
18.5
sNdp-InS \ma-am{X ssPh-Ij-Iv Hcp kwm\ Cjz-dkv kvIow \S-m-Ww.
18.6
ssPh-Ij-Iv Hcp s]j ]Xn \S-m-Ww.
X{w 19 ssPh-hm-XIw D]-D]w

Ia-]-Xn
19.1
]pd-sa-bp Du t{kmX-p-Isf B{i-bn-p-Xv Ipd-bvm-\mbn _tbm-Kymkv mpI kutcmw, Imn \np Duw Fnh D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p--Xn\v Bh-iyamb klm-bhpw sshZ-KvZyhpw e`y-am-Ww.
19.2
Duhpw sNehpw Ipd-bvm-\mbn A\p-tbm-Py-amb sNdp-InS ^mw sajy-\-dn-I hnIkn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
X{w 20 hnZym-e-b--fn ssPh-Irjn

Ia-]-Xn
201 hnZym-`ymk m]-\-, Pbn-ep-I, Pph-ss\ tlmap-I Fn-hn-S--fn ssPhIrjn Gs-Sp-Ww. hnZymn ssPh `y-h-kvXp- D]-tbm-Kn-pp Fv Dd-ph-cp-m {]tXyI {]Nm-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-I kwL-Sn-n-Ww.
20.2
ssPh Irjn-bnepw ssPh-ssh-hny kwc--W-nepw Ipn-Iv Xmev]-cyhpw CjvShpw

Dm-m ]-dnê-h tXm-fpw s\Ir-jnbpw Gs-Sp-Ww. Xti kzbw
`cW m]-\--fn-eqsS CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]npW \IWw.
20.3
KpW-ta--bp hnp-I Dev]m-Zn-nv \evIm-\mbn km[y-X-bp kvIqfp-I-fn hnv

_mp-Ifpw hnv ^map-Ifpw A\p-h-Zn-Ww.
20.4 ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-S- kin-p--XpssS hnZymn-Ifpw Ij-Icpw Xn apJmapJw kwL-Sn-n-Ww

20.5
D-`-W ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw t]mj-Im-lmc ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-sSbpw `mK-ambn Bh-iy-ap

Acn, ]-dn, ]g-,[m\y-, ]mev, ap, tX XpS-nb ssPh-Ij-I-cn \nv
hmm kvIqfp-Ifpw ssPh-Ij-Icpw Xn Hcp _w m]n-Ww. AwKhm-SnI-fpsS Imcy-n sF.kn.Un.Fkp-ambpw C-c-samcp _w Bh-iy-amWv.
20.6
ssPh Dev]-- D]-tbm-Knv t__n-^pUv Dev]m-Zn-n-p hyh-km-b-v A\ptbm-Py-amb t{]mm-l\w \IWw.
20.7
kvIq Ipn-Ip-thn ssPh-Ir-jnsb kw_-n Hcp ]mTy-]-Xn hnI-kn-n-s-SpWw.
20.8
Ch-bvsmw ^mw C^ta-j _yqtdm hgn \ {]Nm-cWw \IWw.
X{w 21 Kth-j-Ww, ]T-\w, hnm-\-hym-]\w

Ia-]-Xn
21.1
ssPh-Irjn \b-sbpw kwm-\s Irjn ssPh-Ir-jn-bmbn amp--Xn-s\bpw ]npW-bvm Kth-jWw, hnZym-`ymkw, FIvj kwhn-[m\w Fnh cq]m--c-s-Spm-\mbn hnhn[ m]-\-sf Ds-Spn ImjnI k-I-em-ime Hcp {]tXyI
I-tk\ cq]o-I-cn-Ww.
21.2. hyXykvXImjnI ]cn-nXn taJ-eI

- f
- n ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS amXrIm tXm-fpw Irjnco-Xn-Ifpw DssS Hcp ]mtPv ImjnI k-I-em-ime hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
21.3
A {KmtPzv, t]mv {KmtPzv Xe--fn ]mTy-]--Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn kwm-\v

ssPh-Ir-jnsb t{]mm-ln-n-p {]apJ ssPh-Ij-I, {Kqp-I, km CXc
kwL-S-\-I Fn-hcpw hnZymn-Ifpw Xn Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-m-\p kuIcyw
Gs-Sp-Ww.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
267

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
21.4
]s-Sp-p IIv amk-h-cp-am\w Dd-p-h-cpn sImv ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS Fm-h-i-sfbpw kw_-nv ssPh-Ij-I-cp-ambn tNv ]m-fn--K-th-jW ]cn-]m-Sn-I
hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Ww.
21.5
\ne-hn-ep ssPh-Ir-jn-co-Xn-I AwKo-I-cnv tcJ-s-Sp-p Ch-dn-I Xm-dmWw.
21.6
]cm t`mPn-I-sfbpw tcmK--sfbpw sNdp-p-Xpw, {]mtZ-inI kml-N-cy-v A\ptbm-Py-amb Xt-iob Ip-Imen/ay-C-\-sf Xncn--dn-bWw.
21.7
Ip-Im-en-Ipw hnf-Ipw ay-n\pw Dm-Ip tcmK- \nb-{n-m-\mbn

sl_ ]cn-lm-c- Is-Ww.
21.8
taev]-d-h m]n-s-Sp-m-\mbn Hcp ssPh Irjn Kth-jW Ckvn-yqv m]nWw.
X{w 22 cmk-h-f-hpw, IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw {ItaW Hgn-hm-pI

Ia-]-Xn
22.1
ssPh-Irjn \bw \S-m-p--Xn\v kam--c-ambn cmk-h-f-, IoS-\m-in-\n-I, ^kv

\min-\n-I, ]mb \min-\n-I Fn-h-bpsS hnev]-\bvpw D]-tbm-K-n\pw Lw
L-ambn \ntcm-[-\tam \nb-{-Wtam Gs-Sp-Ww.
22.2
{]mcw` \S-]Snbmbn \ne-hn mkv 1 Fbnepw 1 _nbnepw Ds-Sp lm\n-I-c-amb

IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS hnev]-\bpw D]-tbm-Khpw Ah-km-\n-n-pI.
22.3 k--amb ssPh-ssh-hn-y-ap--Xp-aqew Pe-t{km-X-p-It]mse {]IrXn hn`-h-A-Snm-\--fp-amb ]cn-nXn Zpe taJ-e-Isf cmk-h-kvXp-, IoS-\m-in-\n-I, cmkh-f Fn-h-bn \nv kzX-{-amb, taJ-e-I-fmbn, {]Jym-]nv kwc-n-pI.
22.4
Irjn Bô-kd
- psS Ipdn-Sn Ds-n am{Xta IoS-\m-in\n \Iq F Ii\ hyh
Gs-Spn Ch-bpsS hnev]-\bpw D]-tbm-Khpw \nb-{n-pI.
22.5
Ipn-I, K`n-Wn-If
- mb kv{XoI, Ij-Ic
-
- m-h
- Fn-hv IoS-\m-in-\n-I hnevpXv Ii-\-ambn \ntcm-[n-pI.
22.6
IoS-\m-in-\n-I Imjn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-v D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xns nXn-hn-h-c--Wp-I Xm-dmn Ah-bpsS hnev-\-Ifpw D]-tbm-Khpw \nb-{n-pI.
22.7
IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw kw_-n `yImjnI kwL-S-\-bpsS am-\nt-itIm-Up-{]-Imcw IoS-\m-in-\n-I-fpsS t{]mm-l\ {]h-\-fpw ]c-kyhpw \nb-{npI.
22.8. IoS-\m-in-\n-I D]-tbm-Kn-p Pn-I-fn Pew, av, ]m, hnf-hp-I Fnh CSbvnsS ]cn-tim-[nv hnh-c- s]mXp-P-\--fpsS Adn-hn-te-mbn {]kn-o-I-cn-Ww.
22.9
ssPh \nb-{W ]cn-]m-Sn-Imbn kqva-Po-hn-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm Bh-iy-amb

apI-cp-X \S-]-Sn-I kzoI-cn-n-cn-Ww.
X{w 23 hnI-k-\-h-Ip-p-I-fpsS DZv{K-[nX kao-]\w

Ia-]-Xn
23.1
ssPh-Ir-jn-X-Xz-fpw {]mtZinI kml-N-cy-fpw icn-bmw-hw ]cn-K-Wnv hnhn[

km hIp-p-Ifpw m]-\-fpw, kaq-lhpw Ah-cpsS ]-Xn-Ifpw Xn kulm]-c-amb Hcp kwtbm-P\w Dm-IWw. km hIp-p-I-fmb Irjn. arK-kw-c-Ww,
h\w, ay-_-\w, Xti m]\w, [\-Imcyw,dh\yq, hyh-kmbw, Kncn-h taw,
JmZn{Kma-hy-h-kmbw, [\-Im-cy-m-]-\-, kwm\ tIm-td-j-\p-I, tIcf
ImjnI k- I - e m- i me, kwm- \ s sF.kn.F.B m]- \ - ,
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
268

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kvss]kkvImntXbne\mfn-tIcd t_mUp-I, ana, av oc-hn-]-W\ kwL, IjI kwL-S-\-I, kwL-, kzbw-k-lmb {Kqp-I, ssPh-Irjn Atkmkn-tb-j-\p-I, ssPh-Ir-jnsb t{]mm-ln-n-p km CXc kwL-S-\-I Fnh-sbmw CXns]-Spp.
X{w 24 ssPh-Irjn t{]mm-l-\-n\v Hcp kwL-S\

Ia-]-Xn
24.1
ssPh-Ir-jn-\-bhpw X{hpw I-]--Xnbpw \S-m-m\pw Dd-m-m-\p-ambn Hcp HmKm\nIv tIcf anj cq]o-I-cn-Ww. CXn\v hnhn[ hIp-p-I-fpsS GtIm-]\w Bh-iy-am-bn\m apJy-a{n Ay--\mbn Hcp P\-d Iuknepw \bw \S-m-t-Xv Irjn-hIp-m-b-Xn-\m Irjn hIp-p-a{n Ay--\mbn Hcp FIvkn-Iyq-ohv In-nbpw HmKm\nIv tIcf anjs {]h-\-sf \bn-p-Ibpw tat\mw hln-p-Ibpw sNWw.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
269

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
A\p-_w 2 : ]n-a-L--nse [mXp--fpw,

[mXp-D]m-Z-\hpw
a ]n-a-L kwm-\--fnse/Pn-I-fnse [mXp-
Pn-I
{][m\ [mXp-
alm-cmjv{S
\mknIv
Xms\
t_mIvsskv, ssN\m t
[qse
ssew tm
\_m
]qs\
knp-ZpK
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, t{Imssa-v, , Ab Hm.

Izmvkv, knen--km v
sdbvKmUv
t_mIvsskv
kXmc
cXv\-Kncn
t_mIvsskv, ^bt, amwK-\okv Hm, IzmSvkv,

knen--km v
kmvfn
ssewtm
sImlm-]q
t_mIvsskt, em-ssdv, IzmSvkv, knen-- km v
Al-Zv \K
ssewtm
KpP-dmv
kqcv
^bt, enKv-ss\v, ssewkvtm, Izmvkv, knen
hkmZv
t_mIvsskv, ssewtm, Izmvkv, knen
UmwKvkv
Im-SI
_Kmw
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, tUmtfmssav, s^kv]m,

ssewtm,amwK-\okv Hm, Izmvkv, knen km v,
IzmSvsskv
Dc IS
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, tUmtfm-ssav, Ab Hm ( slassv) Ab-Hm ( am-ssv), ssewtm, Iymss\v, amwK\okv, IzmSvkv
jntamK
^bt, Ab-Hm (sla-ssv), ssewtm, Iymss\v,

amwK-\okv Hm, Izmvkv, knen--km v
DSpn
t_mIvsskv, ssewtm, Izmvkv, knen--km v
ZnW IS
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, Ab Hm (am-ssv),

ssewtm, Iymss\v, IzmSvkv, knen--km v
NnIva-K-eq
_mIvsskv, ssN\t, t{Imssav, Upss\v/ s]tdm-n-ss\v,

Ab Hm (sla-ssv), Ab Hm (am-ssv), ssewtm,
Iymss\v, amwK-\okv Hm, IzmSvkv, knen--km v, Smv/ ossv
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
270

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
lm
ssN\t, Upss\v/ss]tdm-n-ss\v, s^kv]m, ^bt,

tKmUv, Ab-Hm (am-ssv), ssewtm, IzmSvkv,
knen, SmIv/oss-v, t{Imssav
sImSIv
Nma-cmPv \K
ssakq
t{Kmssav, tUmtfm-ssav, Upss\v, ss]tdm-n-ss\v,

ssewtm, Iymss\v, amwK-\okv sskv,IzmSvkv, knen,
SmIv,ossv
[hmSv
ssN\t, ^bt, tKmUv,Ab-Hm (sla-ssv), IzmSvkv

knen--km v
tIcfw
ImktImSv
t_mssv, ssN\t, ssewtm, IzmSvkv, knen,

ssSm\nbw
Iq
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, ssewtm
tImgn-tmSv
ssewkvtm
ae-pdw
ssewtm
hb-\mSv
IzmSvkv, knen
]me-mSv
Xriq
ssN\t, ssewtm
Fd-Wm-Ipfw
ssN\t, ssewtm
]-\w-Xn
ssSm-\nbw
CSpn
Be-pg
ssN\t, ssewtm, knen, IzmSvkv
sImw
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, ssewtm, knn-am-ss\v, ssSm-\nbw,

kntm
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
t_mIvsskv, ssN\t, IzmSvkv, knen, knn-am-ss\v,

ssSm-\nbw, kntm
Xan-gv\mSv
\oe-Kncn
t_mIvsskv, an-sskv
tImb--q
s^kv]m, Pn]vkw, ssewtm, amn-sskv, Izmvkv, knen,

ossv
tX\n
Unn-K
t_mIvsskv, s^kv]m,ssewtm, IzmSvkv, knen--km v
hncp-Zp-\-K
Pn]vkw, ssewtm
Xncp-s\then
Kms\v, {Kmss\v, Pn]vkw, ssewtm, amn-ssv,

ssSm-\nbw
CutdmUv
s^kv]m, {Kmss\v, IzmSvkv, knen
a[pc
{Kmss\v, {Kmss^v, ssewtm,IzmSvkv,knen--km v
I\ym-Ip-amcn
Kms\v, ssSm-\nbw, kntIm
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
271

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
b:
200708 -se [mXp Dev]m-Z\w
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
alm-cmjv{S
(Rs1000)
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
50652367
t_mIvsskv
sImlm-]q,
sdbv-KmUv
cXv\-Kncn,
kXm-c,
knp-Zp,
Xms\
1785330
531830
1.0500
ssN\t
Aa-cm-h-Xn,
_mc
N{-]p,
\mK-]p,
knp-Zp,
Xms\
ssewtm
Al-Zv\K,
N{-]p,
[pse,
KUvNtcmfn
\mKv]p,
\Uv, ]qs\,
kmvfn,
bh-Xv-am
9600000
987938
1.9504
t{Imssav
_-c,
N{-]p,
\mK-]p,
knp-ZpK
Ab Hm
(sl-a-ss-v)
N{-]p,
KUvNn-tdmen
knp-ZpK
588000
396291
IzmSvkv
_m-c, N{-]p
KUvN-tcm-fn,
tKmn-b,
sImlm-]p,
\mK-]p,
cXv\-Kncn,
knp-ZpKv
13442
1648
0.7824
0.0033
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
272

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
(Rs1000)
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
knen
km v
_mc,
N{-]p,
KUvNn-tcmfn,
tKmnb,
sImlm-]p,
\mKv]p,
cXv\Kn-cn,
knp-ZpKv
443259
96313
0.1901
^bt
Aa-cm-hXn
N{-]p
\mKv]p
cXv\-Kncn
7239
543
0.0011
amwK-\okv
\mKv]p,
cXv\-Kncn
_m-c,
854120
5313228
10.4890
em-ssdv
sImlm-]p
245237
58538
0.1156
alm-cmjv{S
50652367
^bt
_dq-v, Iv,
salvkm-\,
saKvkm-\,
cmPvtIm-v,
k_Iv,
kqd-v,
kptc-\-K
35451
2531
0.0040
enKvss\v
_dq-v, `h-\-K,
Iv, kqdv
1788000
8277771
13.0470
ssewtm
Awtd-en,
_\-kvI-,
_dq-v, `h-\-K,
Pmw\-K,
Pp\-K-Uv,
tJZ, Iv,
]-a-l,
t]m_-,
cmPvtImv
k_I-,kq-dv
htUm-{Z,
hkmSv
22120000
2743616
4.3244
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
273

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
(Rs1000)
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
IzmSvkv
_dq-v, `h-\-K,
Ztlm-Zv,
tJU, Iv,
]-a-l,
cmPvtImv,
k_I-,
kqdv,
kptc-,
htUm-{Z,
hkmZv
69255
6361
0.0100
knen
_dq-v, `h-\-K,
Utlm-Uv,
tJU, Iv,
]-a-l,
cmPvtImv,
k_I-,
kqd-v,
kptc-{-\-K,
htUm-{Z,
hkmSv
383349
39876
0.0621
t_mssdv
Awtd-en,
`h-\-K,
Pmw\K
Pp\-Km, tJU,
Iv,
t]m_-,
k_I-,
hkmSv
12515094
2278084
3.5906
tIcfw
7482336
t_mssv
Iq,
ImktIm-Sv,
sImw,
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
ssN\t
Be-p-g, Iq,
Fd-Wm-Ipfw
Xriq
ImktIm-Sv,
sImw, tIm-bw,
]me-m-Sv,
ssewtm
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
Be-p-g, Iq,
Fd-Wm-Ip-fw,
sImw, tIm-bw
tImgn-tm-Sv, ae-p-dw,
]me-m-Sv,-Xr-iq
475000
147326
1.9690
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
274

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
(Rs1000)
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
IzmSvkv/
knen
Be-p-g,
ImktKmUv,
Xncp-h-\--]p-cw,
hb-\mSv
38552
18298
0.2445
knn-a-ss\v
sImw,
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
14570
87420
1.1684
ssSm-\nbw
ImktIm-Sv,
sImw,
]-\wXn,
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
kntIm
sImw
Xan-gv\mSv
30065910
t_mkvssv
Unn-K,
\m-a-,
tkew,
\oe-Kncn
342687
3663
0.0122
s^kv]
tImb--q
ZnWvUnK,
Cutdm-Uv,
Imn-]p-cw,
Icp,\ma-
tkew
Xncp-nd]n.
576
261
0.009
Kmss\v
cma-\m-Y-]p-cw,
Xncp-n-d-n
Xncp-hm-dq,
I\ym-Ip-am-cn,
Xm-hq,
Xncp-s\then
I-s_m-
863014
289493
0.9629
{Kmss\v
[-]p-cn,
Cutdm-Uv, a[p-c,
Imn-]pcw,
]n.-ap-p-cma-enwKw, tkew,
Xncp-hn-m-ae
Xncp-n-d--n,
Xncp-s\th-en,
shq,
hnp-]pcw
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
275

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
(Rs1000)
16204
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
{Kmss^v
a[p-c, cma-\m-Y-]p-cw, 50543

inh-Kw-K, shq
0.0539
Pn]vkw
tImb--q,
s]c-km-eq
cma-\m-Y-]p-cw,
Xncp-n-d--n,
Xncp-s\th-en,
Xqp-Ip-Sn,
hncp-Zp-\-K
ssewtm
tImb--q,
17336000
IqU-q
Unn-K,
Imn-]p-cw,
Icq, a[p-c,
\mKv]--Ww, tkew
\ma-, shq,s]c-m-eq,
cma-\m-Y-]p-cw,
Xncp-h-q,
Xncp-n-d--n,
Xncp-s\th-en,
hnp-]p-cw,
hn-cp-Zp-\-K
2514291
an-sskv
tImb--q,
179095
[-]p-cn, \oe-Kn-cn,
Icq, \ma-,
tkew, shq
Xncp-n-d--n,
Xncp-s\then,
301549
1.0030
IzmSvkv
sNss , sNss, 5828

tImb--q,
IqS-q, Icq,
[-]p-cn, a[p-c,
Znn-K, shq
Cutdm-Uv, tkew,
Imn-]p-cw,
\ma-,s]cn-bm,
s]cp-meq,
Xncp-h-q,
Xncp-hm-dq,
\mK-]-Ww,
Xncp-n-d--n,
hnp-]p-cw,
hncp-Xp-\-K-,
6506
0.0216
8.3626
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
276

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
knen
sNss--A-,
27206
sNss, IpS-eq,
tImb--q,
[-]pcn, Icq,
ZnWvUn-K, tkew,
Cutdm-Uv, shq
Imn-]p-cw,
a[p-c-\m-a-,
s]cn-tbm,
]c-s_m-eq,
Xncp-h-q,
Xncp-hm-q,
\mK-]--Ww,
Xncp-n-d--n,
hnp-]p-cw,
hncp-Zp-\-K,
ossv
tImb--q,tkew, shq
Xncp-n-d--d-n,
ssSm-\nbw
I\ym-Ip-am-cn,
\mK-]--Ww.
cm\-\m-Y-]p-cw,
Xncp-h-q,
Xncp-s\th-en,
Xqp-IpSn
kntIm
I\ym-Ip-amcn
(Rs1000)
10264
ImSIw
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
0.034
44949142
t_mIvsskv
_Kmw,
NnIva-K-eq
Dc
Zn-W,IS
DSpn
161554
ssN\t
amwK-fq, _Kmw, 45000

_nUm, KV-Kv,
NnIva-K-eq.
_m-cn, [hm-Sv,
lm, lth-cn,
sImfm, XpwKp
DcZnW,
I-S. jntam-K,
t{Imssa-v
NnIva-l-eq,
lm, ssakq
7257
28425
0.0632
4500
0.010
43843
0.-0975
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
277

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
(Rs1000)
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
tUmtem-ssav _KtIm-v,
348690
_Kmw, Nn{X-ZpK,
_nPm-]p, ssakq,
Dc IS
XpwKq
46020
0.1024
Upss\v/
s]tdm-Ivkn
ss\v
NnIvK-a-K-fq,
lm
ssakq
515
0.0011
s^kv]m
ssakq _Kmw,
Nn{XZp, lm
^bt
_mwKvfq,
lm, Zhm-Sv,
tImfm, jntam-K,
XpwIq, Nn{X-Zp
tKmUv
Nn{X-ZpK, [hm-Sv, 2831- Kg

KSm-Kv, Kp_Kv,
lm, lth-cn,
tImfm
2799422
6.228
Ab-Hm
(sl-a-ss-v)
_KtIm-v,
45605000
_nm-]p, _t-cn,
Nn-a-K-eq, KU-Kv,
Nn{X-ZpK, XpwKq
[mhm-Uv, jntam-K,
D-c-I--S,
39919060
88.809
AbHm
(am--ss-v)
NnIva-K-eq,
D-c-Z-nWIS
jntamK, lmk,
NnIva-K-eq,
Nn{X-ZpK, IqKv,
amy, ssakq
jntam-K,
ZnW IS
1309892
2.9142
Iymss\v
ssewtm
6438
_KtIm-v,
14859000
_Kmw, DUp]n
_m-cn, _nPm-]q,
NnIva-K-eq, KU-Iv,
ZmhK-ssc,
Kp_K, lm,
ssakq, Nn{X-ZpK
Dc& Zn-W I--S, jntam-K,
XpwKq,
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
278

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
kwm\w {][m\
[mXp-
Pn
S
Dev]m-Z\
kw-m\
ns aqeyw aqeyw
(Rs1000)
aKv\nsskv
IqKv, amym,
ssakq
amwK-\okv Hm _Kmw, _mdn

NnIva-l-eq,
Nn{X-ZpK,
ZmhK-ssc,
D-c-I-S,
jntam-K, XpwKq
B[mcw
(Rs1000)
kwm\
Dev]m-Z\
iX-am\w
4602
7714
0.0172
309716
388210
0.8637
IzmSvkv
_KtIm-v,
2500
_mwKvfq
_Kmw, _m-dn,
NnIva-K-eq,
Nn{X-Zp,
ZmhK-sc, ZhmSv
KU-Kv, Kp_K,
lm, lmth-cn,
tImfm, sImm
amym, ssakq,
Dc &
ZnW IS
dbvq, jntam-K,
XpwKq, DUpn
153
0.0003
knen
_KtIm-v,
89713
_mwKvfq, XpwKq,
_Kmw, _m-dn,
NnIva-K-eq,
Nn{X-ZpK, [hm-Sv,
ZmhK-ssc,
KU-Kv, Kp_K,
l, lth-cn,
tImfm,-sIm-m,
amy, ssakq,
Dc & ZnW
I-S, sdbvNq,
jntamK, DUpn
8792
0.0196
SmIv/
ossv
_m-dn,
NnIva-K-eq,
Nn{X-Zp
lm,-amy
ssakq,
sdbvq
XpwKq
36
0.0001
IBM
358
2008
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
279

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
A\p-_w 3 : sFIy-cmjv{S ncw t^md-n Cy

kan BZn-hmknIfpsS {]iv\- kw_-n
\nt-i--fnt Db FXnp-I
2011 sabv 1627 hsc \yqtbmn tN t^md-ns 10maXv skjs AP-bnse C\w 3(C) bps\-kvtIm-bpsS temI-ss]-XrI Ishj-t\m-S-\p-_-nv kzX-{hpw
apIq Adn-bnv \Ip-Xpw kXw hmp-Xpw kw_-n XXz--fpsS XpSbmb ewL-\-s-]n NphsS ]d-bp--h kan kwbp--{]-kvXm-h\
]pjv]-Kncn h\y-ar-K-k-tXw, {_-Kncn h\y-ar-K-k-tXw, Xe-m-thcn h\y-ar-K-k-tXw,
]Sn-\mIv\mSv dnkv t^mdv, sIn dnkv t^mdv Fn-hn-S--fnse \nhm-kn-Isf
{]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv _pU-mv Irjn-Im-c-kwLw (Im-SI, ]n-a-Lw) If-mSv
apXpssd ISp-h-k-t-Xs {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv s]mn-ssK-ae BZn-hmkn ImWn-m-c
kap-Zmb apt kwLw, Bdfw h\y-ar-K-k-t-X-nse \nhm-kn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv BZnhmkn tKm{X-P-\-k` (tIcfw), skpWn h\y-Pohn ktXw, s\m h\y-Pohn ktXw,
t]md h\y-Po-hn-k-tXw, Ipfqpg tdv, ]mtemSv tdv, dmn t^mdv Unhn-j, tImn
t^mdv Unhn-j, A-tIm-hn t^mdv Unhn-j, ampfw tdv, Nnm h\y-Pn-hn-ktXw, sske v hmen \mj-W]mv, A-mSn dnkv t^mdv Bdfw h\y-Po-hn-ktXw Fn-h-bnse \nhm-kn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv BZn-hmkn ZfnXv `qA-h-Im-i-k-anXn, tIcf
BZn-hmkn tKm{X-Z-fnXv Ah-Imi kanXn, tIcf BZn-hmkn tKm{X-a-lm-k` Fnh, sipWn
h\y-Po-hn-k-tXw, s\m h\y-Po-hn-k-tXw, t]md h\y-Pohn ktXw,Ipf-p-]pg tdv,
]mtemSv tdv Fn-hn-S--fnse \nhm-kn-Isf {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv tIcf Kncn-h ImWn-m
kwLw Fn-hbpw temI-sa-m-Sp-ap a-t\Iw kwL-S-\-Ifpw.
BapJw
(1)
Xt-io-bc
- psS Bhm-kt- I-{- "ss]Xr-It- a-Je
- I
- f
- mbn' {]Jym-]n-p-tm ]men-t
kzX-{hpw apIq Adn-bnv \Ip-Xpw kXw hmp-Xpw kw_-n XXz-
XpS-bmbn ewLn-p-Xv ncw ^md-ns {i-bn hopw sImp-h-cp-hm
R B{K-ln-pp.
(2)
temI-ns ]e-`m-K-p-ap Xt-i-hm-kn-Ifpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw Cu hnjbw ap]v ]eX-hW ncw ^md-ns {i-bns]-Sp-n-bn-p--XmWv.
(3)
taev]-d XXz- ]men-m-sXbpw Ah ewLnpw temI-ss]-XrI ]n-I-bn DsSp-n-bn-p \nc-h[n {]tZ-i--fpv. Xti \nhm-kn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-nepw a\p-jym-hIm-i--fnepw Ah-cpsS kzbw \n-bm-h-Im-i-a-\p-k-cnv km-n-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kzX-{-amb hnI-k\w ssIh-cn-p-I--Xnepw Zqc-hym-]-I-amb
{]Xym-Lm-X- krjvSn-p--hn[w Ah-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-p-I-t]mepw sNmsX-bmWv Ah-cpsS Bhm-k-tI-{- temI-ss]-Xr-I-{]-tZ-i-ambn {]Jym-]n-p-Xv.
(4)
Xt-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-sf kw_-n sFIy-cm-jv{S-k-ao-]\w, sFIy-cmjv{S

hnI-k\ {Kqns am-\nt-i-, sFIy-cmjv{S a\p-jym-h-Imi DS-Sn \mem-aXv
temI-ns Ikth-j tIm{K-ns {]ta-b- (_mgvkn-temW 2008) ncw
t^md-ns ip]mi-I Fn-h-bpsS Fmw ewL-\-amWv temI-ss]-XrI kan-XnbpsS \S-]Sn.
(5)
Fm ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw {]h-\--fnepw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb kao-]\w

F bps\-kvtIm-bpsS {]Jym-]nX ey-n\pw tbmPn--X CXv. _-s kaq-l-fp-sSbpw {Kqp-I-fp-sSbpw A\p-a-Xn-tbmsS Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrIw IqSn
kwc-n--s-S-W-sa bps\-kvtIm-bpsS A km kan-Xn-bpsS Xocp-am\w hncp-am-WnXv.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
280

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
(6)
2010 Pqsse 25 apX BKv 3 hsc {_nko-en-b-bn tN temI ss]Xr-I-k-an-XnbpsS 34maXv skj taev]-d XXz--sfmpw ]men-msX 2 e- temI-ss]XrI ]n-I-bn Ds-Sp-n-bXv tNmZyw sN-s-n-pv. hS-p-]-Sn-m-d lhmv
Zzo]nse assd tam\p-sapw Xmkm-\n-bm-bnse s\mtd-mtdm Ikth-j {]tZ-iam-Wnh. Chn-S--fn A[n-h-kn-p--h-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI aqey- IW-n-se-Sp-msX-bp Cu {]Jym-]-\- Ah-cpsS \nXy Pohn-X-n IqSp-X \nb-{-W-
Gs-Sp-m\pw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i
- n-t-ep IqSp-X IS-p-Ib
-
-
- n\pw CS-bmpw.
(7)
2011 Pq 19 apX 29 hsc ]mco-kn tNcp temI-ss]-XrI kan-Xn-bpsS 35maXv

skj-\n NphsS ]d-bp-h ss]Xr-I-ta-J-e-bmbn {]Jym-]n-m-\n-S-bpv.
]n-a-Lw (Cy)
ss{S\m-j-W Unem kwL (dn-nv Hm^v tImtm/Ima apX /a[y B{^n-
dn-nv)
t{Kv dn^vSv hmen-bnse sI\n-b tev knw
Ch aqpw {]Ir-Xn-Z ss]Xr-I

- F \ne-bn-emWv ]cn-KW
- n-s
- -n-p-Xv. AmsX
AhnsS A[n-h-kn-p P\--fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-pw apw bmsXmcp hnebpw
Iev]n--s-n-n.
ip]mi-I
NphsS ]d-bp Imcy- temI-ss]-XrI kan-Xn-bpsS {i-bn s]Sp-W
- s
- av R
ncw ^md-n-t\mSv Bh-iy-s-Spp.
(a)
Xt-i-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-m-sXbpw Ah-cpsS A\p-aXn hmm-sXbp AhcpsS {]tZiw Ds-Sp-n-bn-p temI-ss]-XrI \ma-\nt-i- amn-sh-bvpI.
(b)
]n-a-Lw Ds-sS-bp taev]-d 3 \ma-\nt-i- amn-sh-bvp-Ibpw _-s-h-cp-ambn N-sNbvXv Xt-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS aqey-fpw Bh-iy-fpw \ma-\nt-i-tc-JI-fn {]Xn-^-en-pp Fv Dd-p-h-cp-p-Ibpw sNpI.
(C)
temI-ss]-Xr-I- kw_-n Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p-tm Xt-io-b-cpsS Ah-Im-i-

kw_-n sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` {]Jym-]\w ASn-m\ N-q-Smbn D]-tbm-Kn-pI. Xtio-b-cpsS {]iv\- kw_-n bp.-F.-Un.-Pn. am-\nt-i-fpw Hw ]cn-K-WnpI.
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
281

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
klm-b-I-tc-J-I
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Viraraghavan M S. 2010. Hill Stations in the Western Ghats. Kodaikanal A Case Study. WGEEP Commissioned
paper. http://www.westernghatsindia.org/commissioned-papers/
Wesley D G. 1964. Revised Working Plan of the Yellapur and Mundgod teak High forests. Kanara Eastern Division.
Karnataka Forest Department.Bengaluru
Websites
http//www.westernghatsindia.org
http://new.dpi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/68227/dpi-bond-calculator-1-December-2010.xls
http://www.deccanherald.com/content/85522/182-mining-leases-goa-near.html).
http://www.indiastat.com/industries/18/industrialparksspecialeconomiczonessez/27570/stats.aspx
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]cn-injvS tcJ-I
Annexures
]cn-injvS tcJ 1 : ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn hnZKv[ kan-XntbmKns an\pSvkv
kan-Xn-bpsS BZy-tbmKw 2010 amv 31 \v _mwKvfq-cn tNp.
]s-Sp--h
(1)
s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn
sNbam
(2)
{io._n.sP. IrjvW
sa
(3)
tUm. \-Ip-am apIpv Imav
sa
(4)
tUm.sI. F. KtW-i
sa
(5)
tUm. hn.Fkv. hnP-b
sa
(6)
s{]m^. {ioaXn d\o t_Pkv
sa
(7)
s{]m^. B. kpIp-am
sa
(8)
tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW
sa
(9)
{ioaXn hnZy Fkv \mbIv
sa
(10)
s{]m^. Fkv.]n. KuXw
sa
(11)
tUm. Pn.hn. kp{_-Wyw
sa sk{I-dn
tZiob ssPh-ssh-hny AtXm-dnn sNbam tUm. ]n.F. KuXw lmP-cm-bn.

Al--Zm-_mZv Fkv.F.kn. Ub-d-IvS, tUm. B.B. \h Kpv ]s-Sp-n-n-s-nepw
]Icw sslZ-cm-_mZv F.B. Fkv.kn. sU]yqn Ub-d-IvS tUm.]n.Fkv.tdmbnsb \ntbmKnp.
Fm AwK--tfbpw kzmKXw sNbvX sNbam AwK- kzbw ]cn-N-b-s-Sm
\nt-inp. XpSv tUm. Pn. hn. kp{_-Wyw kan-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Ifpw ey-fpw Npcpn-]-dp. ]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep kan-Xn-bpsS A]-{K-Y\w
1986 se ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-{]-Imcw ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I-fmbn {]Jym-]nt--h-bn Ds-Sp-t e--fpsS AXnn \nbw, ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXmdnn cq]o-I-cn-p-Xp kw_-n hni-Z-hn-h-c- Fnh CXn-eps-Sp--Xmbpw Atlw
]dp. kan-Xn-bpsS Imem-h[n Hcp hj-am-sWpw 6 amk-n-\p-n CS-me dntmv
kan--W-sapw Atlw AwK-sf Adn-bnp.
kan-Xn-bpsS ]cm-ai hnj-b-fpw N sNt NphsS ]d-bp {][m\ AP-bpw
sNbam hni-Zo-I-cnp.
(1)
I-]-Xn
(2)
Hcp C^ta-j kwhn-[m\w kwL-Sn-n-pI
(3)
hni-Z-amb IqSn-bm-tem-N\ {]{Inb kwL-Sn-n-pI.
(4)
ka-b-]-cn[n \n-bn-pI.
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284

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1. I ]Xn
CXp-kw-_-nv sNbam Xm-dm-nb AP--bn-t \S N-bn Dbp-h
\nt-i- NphsS.
]cm-ain hnj-b-nse I apX VI hsc C\-mbn NphsS ]d-bp hnh-c-
kanXn kam-l-cn-Ww.
av, Pew, hmbp, ssPh-ssh-hn[yw, {Kma\Kc Bhm-k-tI-{-, h\-h-cWw,
Irjn, Imen-h-f, ay-_-\w, hyh-kmbw, Sqdnkw, J\\w XpS-n-b-h-bpsS
Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Ah-bpw kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p am-fpw.
]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i-, kaql kwc-nX {]tZ-i-, h\y-Po-hn-k-t-X, \mj-W ]mp-I, Pp-temI kwc-nX {]tZ-i-, t{]mPIvSv ssSK
dnkp-I , ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w, tI{kwm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb{W t_mUp-I, Xoc-tZ-i-\n-b-{W taJe, tZiob kwm\ {]mtZ-inI ssPhssh-hny AtXm-dnn/t_mUv/ amt\-Pvsa v Inn/ ss]Xr-I-ssk-p-I, hwi-\m-i-òjWn t\cn-Sp h- kky-kw-c-W ImjnI Ah-Imi \nbaw, kwbp--h\w
amt\-Pvsa v Kncn-h Ah-Imi \nbaw, Zlmcp Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwc-W AtXmd-n-t]m-se-bp amXr-I-I, ]m-bv cmPv m]-\--fpsS {]h\w, Bkvt{S-enb tkmbn Im_ B{I-Un-t-j kvIow, tImm-dn--bn kzIm-cy-`q-an-bnse
h\-h-c-W-n-eqsS \oS tkh-\- e`y-am-p--Xn\v Ij-Iv kokv
NmPv \Ip kvIow Fn-h-bvp km[yX XpS-n-b-h-bp-ambn _-s m]-\]-c-amb {]iv\- ]Tn-pI.
Zlm\p AtXm-dn-n-bp-sSbpw AXp-t]m-se-bp av ]e AtXm-dn-n-I-fp-sSbpw t]mse
1986 se ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-nse sk 3 se k_v sk 3 {]Imcw
Hcp ]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn-pI. Zlm\p AtXm-dnn tImSXn CS-s]S-ens ê-ambn cq]w sImXmsW-nepw km-cn\v C-c-samcp AtXm-dnn cq]o-Icn-m-hp--XmWv. CXn-\mbn Hcp {]tXyI \nb-a-\nmWw \S-p-Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cnpw.
hnhn[ hIp-p-I Xnepw hnhn[ taJ-e-I Xn-ep A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k- ]cnl-cn-m sa-s `c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw tImSXn hymJym-\hpw Dd-p-h-cp-m-\mbn hyamb Hcp A[n-Imc irwJe m]n-m ]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-n DNn-X-amb
t`Z-KXn hcp-pI.
{]h\ ]nI NphsS ]d-bp tamUyq-fp-I-fmbn hn`-Pn--W-sav kanXn \ntinp.
Kth-jWw
`c-W-IqSw, ]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse Fw.]nam, {]tZ-i-hm-kn-I Ds-sS-bp--h-cpambn taJ-em-X-e-nepw kwm-\-X-e-n-ep-ap IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I.
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab m
]n-a-L AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cWw.
2. C^ta-j kwhn-[m\w
CXp kw_-n N-bn Dbp-h \nt-i-
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep nXn kw_-n hnh-c-W-
tiJcn-p-Ibpw ]cn-nXn kwc--W-\n-b-a-{]-Imcw ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmbn
{]Jym-]n-t {]tZ-i--fpsS AXnn \n-bn-p-Ibpw sNpI.
kky-, arK-, {]mWn-I, ]n-I Fn-hbvp ]pdsa ]n-a-L--nse hnea-Xn-m-\m-Im \qdp-I-W-n\v kqva-Pohn sshhn-y-n-\p-IqSn {]m[m\yw \IWw.
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285

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Ncn-{X-]-chpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-chpw Bbn {][m-\y-ap--h-IqSn IW-n-se-Sp-Ww. Ncn-{XmX-oX am\-h-sXm-gn sskp-I, IpSn-tb dqp-I, ]md-inev] sskp-I XpS-n-bh
DZm-l-cWw.
Cwojv {]kn-o-I-c-W-sf B{i-bn-n-p nXn-hn-h-c-W--Wv tiJ-c-W-n-\mWv
Ctm {]m[m\yw Iev]n-p-Xv. ]t, 5 ]n-a-L kwm-\--fn-sebpw {]mtZ-inI-`m-j-I-fn ]n-a-L-s kw_-n hnm-\-ti-J-c-apv. Ch-bpsS cXv\-Np-cp-sa-nepw tiJ-cnv kqn-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse Kncn-h-mv {]tXyI {]m[m\yw Iev]n-Ww. ImcWw AhnSs h\-hn-`-h-sf kw_-nv Ahv henb ]mc--cy-hn-m-\-apv.
]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-n {]Wm-_vsk, tUm. Sn.Fkv. hnP-b-cm-Lh In-n-I-fpsS dntmp-Ifpw, \mj-W ]mp-Ipw, h\y-Po-hn- k-t-X-pw
Npp-ap ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-Isf kw_-n-p kp{]nw-tIm-SXn Xocp-am-\-fpw
tZiob h\y-Pohn t_mUns ip]mi-Ifpw ]cn-nXn h\w a{m-ebw e`y-am-Ww.
Cy _tbmdntkmgvkkv C^ta-j s\v-hv hnI-kn-n-s-Sp--Xn ]p-h-ln
tUm.KtW-i, ]n-a-L ssPh-ssh-hny C^ta-j kn-ns cq]-I-ev]-\bn ]m-fn-I-fmb tUm. kpIp-am Fn-h B[p-\nI hnh-c-km-t-XnI hnZy-I
(sF.kn.Sn, sh_v.2.0 sSIvt\m-f-Pokv XpS-n-bh) D]-tbm-Knv {]k--amb Hcp C^taj knw cq]-s-Sp-p-X
- n\v kan-Xnsb klm-bn-W
- s
- av Xocp-am-\np. kn.C.Fkv.se
knw amt\-P {io. P\m-\ ]n-bpsS klm-bhpw tXSn.
]n-a-L Umm t_kv sskv \nn-p--Xn\v Hcp {]mcw` _Pv \ntiw kanm tUm. KtW-i-sb Npa-X-e-s-Spn. Cu sh_vsskv XpS--n ]n-a-L
]cn-nXn hnZ-Kv[-k-an-Xn-p-thn BsW-nepw Ah-km\w CXv ]n-a-L Umm
t_kv amt\-Pvsan-\p sskmbn hn]p-eo-I-cnpw.
NphsS ]d-bp A-Sn tImn-I-fpsS Iyq- ^vtfmn Xm-dmn Ah \nnjvS
C^taj kn-nepw sh_vssk-nepw Ds-Sp-Ww.
ZnW IS Pn-bpsS hml-I-tijn A]-{K-Y-\-n-\p N-qSv tUm. Sn.sI.
kp{_-- Wy.
s{]m^. am[hv KmUvKn Xm-dm-nb \oe-Kncn Pp-tem-I-dn-kns 10 hj-A-]{K-Y-\hpw t{]mP-IvSns {]mY-anI tcJ-Ifpw.
{]k--amb BLmX A]-{K-Y\ tcJ-I {]tXy-Inv ]n-a-L--nse kwc-nX
taJ-e-Ifp-ambn _-s-ph ]cn-nXnh\w a{m-ebw e`y-am-Ww.
]n-a-L--nse kqva kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp {]tZ-i- \n-ln-p-- {]m[m\yw kw_-n {]tXyI dntmp-I kanXn Is-Ww.
`q{]-tZ-i-Xe hnh-c-v tUm. ]n.Fkv tdmbnsb Npa-X-e-s-Spn.
\nb-a-]-chpw \b-]-c-hp-amb hnh-c- {io. _n.sP. IrjvW e`y-ampw.
km CXc kwL-S-\-I-fn \np hnh-c-, kn.Un.F^v. knbpsS ant\nbw ssPhssh-hn[y dntmv, hnip--Im-hp-Isf kw_-n hnh-c- XpS-n-bh
kam-l-cn-m {ioaXn hnZy Fkv. \mb-ns\ Npa-X-e-s-Spn.
tUm. \-Ip-am apIpv Imav tKmhsb kw_-n hnhn-c- e`y-ampw.
]n-a-L--nse kqva ssPh sshhn-ys kw_-nv \ne-hn-ep hnh-c-k-aml-c-Whpw imkv{Xob ssPh kwc--Whpw kpnc hn\n-tbm-Khpw kw_-n \nti-fpw tUm. \-Ip-am apIpv Imav kanpw.
]cn-nXn h\w a{m-e-b-ns Bss-hvkn {]k--amb [mcmfw hnh-c-
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286

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e`y-am-sWv sNbam hy-amn. ]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y-\, hnhn[ In-n-I-fpsS Nm-kw-{K-l-, ]p\-c-h-tem-I-\- XpS-n-b-h-sbmw
Ch-bn-epsSpw. ]s Ch bYm-hn[n ^b sNmt\m Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw ]pd-sSp-mt\m D kwhn-[m\w Ahn-sS-bn.Ch Xcw Xncnv kvIm sNbvXv H]vSn-
Imc-IvS sd-Kv\
- n-j {]{In-bb
- n-eqsS tkm^vSv tImn-bn-em-m a{m-eb
- t- mSv kanXn
ip]mi sNbvXp.
{]k--amb nXn hnh-c--W-p-I ssPh sshhny Um, `qhn-\n-tbmK Um,
{]IrXn hn`h Um, \b\nbakwc-W Um, hwi-\mi òjWn t\cn-Sp C\sf kw_-n-p Um Ch-bpsS `q]Sw, a\p-jy-hn-`h Um, Sqdnkw, `c-W-kw-hn[m\w, hnm-]-\- ]Zm-hen Fn-s\ hnhn[ hn`m-K--fn-embn Um kam-l-cnm-sav kanXn ip]mi sNbvXp.
]n-a-L--nse ]cn-nXn {]iv\-hp-ambn _-s NphsS ]d-bp {][m\ hynIsf Cu ]T-\
- n ]m-fn-If
- m-m kanXn \nt-inp. {io.Pbv IpWn (]qs\),
s{]m^. icXv sese, tUm. F.B. sjn, s{]m^. hnt\mZv hymkpep, tUm. P\m\]n, tUm. cmtPjv tKm]m, {io. sI.Pn. Xn, tUm. Zneo]v Ipam, Pnkv [m[n-Imcn (Zl\p AtXm-dnn), B{-tm-f-Pn- skmsskn Hm^v Cy (Kncn-h-mcp-ambn _-s hnh-c-v )
_-s kwm-\
- f
- nse Pnm `c-WI
- q-S
- pw h\w hIp-n\pw kp-tev sNm\mbn hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-n-\p Hcp tNmZym-hen tUm. kpIp-am Xm-dmpw. ]n-a-L
Pn-I-fnse ]m-bv cmPv m]-\--fpsS A`n-{]m-b-fpw \nt-i-fpw Wn-psImv Ign-hXpw AXXv kwm-\--fpsS {]mtZ-inI `mj-bn/HutZym-KnI `mj-bnep Hcp s]mXp kp-e sNbam Abpw. kan-Xn-bpsS {]h-\--fn Xmsg
Xn-ep ]m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-m CXp-]-I-cnpw. ]m-bv Xe ssPh-ssh-hn-[yam-t\-Pvsa v kan-Xn-I Im-S-I-bn-sebpw tIc-f-n-sebpw Nne ]m-b-p-I-fn
am{Xta cq]o-I-cn-n-pq Fv kanXn Isn.
hnh-c-kw-hn-[m\w cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn\v NphsS ]d-bp apJy-L-S-I- sNbam \ntinp.
tUm. sI.F. KtW-i, tUm. kpIp-amC^ta-j knw, sh_v t_kvUv
Umm t_kv
tUm. \-Ip-am apIpv Imav]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-eI
- sf kw_-n {]tWm_v
sk, tUm. Sn.Fkv. hnP-b-cm-L-h Inn dntmp-I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n CXp
kw_-n-- hy-XykvX am\-Z--v cq]w \Ipw.
tUm. sI.F. KtW-i, tUm. B. kpIp-am Fn-h tUm. ]n.Fkv. tdmbn-bpambn tNv ]n-a-L--ns AXn-cp-I-fpsS `q]Sw Xm-dmpw.
tUm. _n.sP. IrjvW, tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW sskv kin m\p-I, kwcW{]{In-b-bpsS apJy-{]-iv\--fn-tev Fm-\p s]mXp-P\ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
tUm. sd\n t_mPkv, tUm.kpIp-am. tNmZym-hen cq]-I-ev]\ sNpI.
s{]m^. Fkv.-]n.-KuXw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw hyh-km-b-hp-ambpw _-s Fm hnhc--fpw.
3. hn]p-e-amb Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{Inb

CXp kw_-nv sNbam Xm-dm-nb AP-m-k-anXn N sNbvXv NphsS ]dbp \nt-i-v cq]w \In.
Cu Bib hn\n-ab {]{In-b-bn Xmsg Xnse P\--fp-am-bp N {]mtZ-inI `mjbn-em-bn-cn-Ww. km {]Xn-\n-[n-I DssS kaq-l-ns ]cn-tO-Zs ]s-Sp............................................................................................................................................................................................................
287

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n-p _unI hnkvt^m-S\ N-I Cwo-jn-em-bn-cn-Ww. Csabn Ds-sSbp In-S-]m-Sp-Ifpw sh_v A[n-jvTnX Nm-th-Zn-Ifpw thWw.
]n-a-L--n\v {]k--amb ]cn-nXn {]iv\--fp-ambn _-s hyn-I-fp-sSbpw
m]-\--fp-sSbpw sh_v A[n-jvTnX Umm-t_-kn\v cq]w \IpI. Xmev]-cy-ap
Fm hyn-Ipw m]-\-pw kzbw cPn- sNm CXn kuI-cy-ap-mbn-cn-Ww.
sh_v A[n-jvTnX N-I-fn Cu cwKv ]cn-Nb k--cmb tUm. A]W hSv-shsb-t]m-ep--h tamU-td--dm-bn-cn-Ww.
Umm-t_-kn NphsS ]d-bp Imcy- Ds-SWw.
hyn-I-fpsS Umm t_kv
BZy-t]cv
Ah-km\ t]cv
X]m hnemkw
Csabn
sSe-t^m \
Xmev]-cy-ap `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tZiw
Xmev]-cy-ap hnj-b-]-c-amb taJe
m]-\--fpsS Umm-t_kv
t]cv
kwL-S\m kz`mhw
X]m hnemkw
Csabn
sSe-t^m \
Xmev]-cy-ap `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tZiw
Xmev]-cy-ap hnj-b-]-c-amb taJe
s]mXp-Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N\m {]{In-b-bvp cq]-tcJ kanXn AwK--fp-abn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv
{io. _n.sP. IrjvW Xm-dmpw.
sXc-s-Sp hnj--fn-t-ep _unI hnkvt^m-S\ skj-\p-I Cu cp-Zn-hkw
\op- \n-evp \mtem Atm inev]-im-e-I-fmbn kwL-Sn-n-m-hp--XmWv. inev]im-e-bvp hnjbw kanXn AwK--fp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nnv tUm. enPnb s\mtdmW
\n-bnpw.
]n- a - L taJ- e - b nse Fm k- I - e m- i m- e - I - s fbpw Ds- S pn "]n- a - L
Ak-I-em-imem t^mdw' F t]cn Hcp A\u-tZym-KnI IqSn-bm-tem-N\ kwhn[m\w Dm-p-Xv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-amWv. CXn-\mbn sNbam Fm sshkv Nmkneampw I-b-bvWw. ]n-a-L-s kw_-n hnm-\-ti-Jcw Fm kI-em-im-e-I-fn-ep-apv.
kan-Xn-bpsS N-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i- a{m-e-b-ns sh_vssk-n {]kn-s-Sp-Ww. am[y-a- Dulm-t]m-l-fpw sXmb hnh-c-fpw {]N-cn-n-p-Xv
XS-bm ssknse hnh-c- Ahp IqSn e`y-am-Ww.
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288

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5. ka-b-]-cn[n
N-bn Dcp-n-cn ka-b-]-cn[n NphsS
N-bvp t]-dp-I-fpsS ]nI tUm. KtW-i Xm-dmn Fm AwK-pw
Fn-p-Ibpw 2010 G{]n 12 HmSp-IqSn Ana cq]w \Ip-Ibpw thWw.
MOEF, ATREE, CES, IISc sh_vssk-p-I-fp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bp kan-Xn-bpsS sh_v
t]Pv 2010 G{]n 25 HmsS ]qn-bm-Ww. cPn- sNp--hv Ah-cpsS A`n-{]mb-fpw \nt- i-fpw tcJ-s-Sp-m km[n-pw-hn-[-am-bn-cn-Ww sskv cq]-I-ev]\-sN-m. sskn A`n-{]m-b-fpw tcJ-Ifpw kzoI-cn-p-Xv 2010 G{]n 15 apX
2010 sk]vXw-_ 15 hsc Bbn-cn-Ww. tUm. KtW-i CXn-\p \ntiw Xmdmn DS Xs a{m-e-b-n\v kan-Ww.
hyn-Ipw m]-\-pw cPn- sNm\pw A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s-Sp-m-\p-ap

sskv 2010 G{]n 25 \v Xm-dm-Ww. CXv tUm. KtW-i \n-lnpw.
ki-\-n-\p sskp-I sXc-s-Sp-p--Xns GI-tZi am\-Zw {io. _n.sP.
IrjvW Xm-dn kp-tev sNpw. XpSv e`n-p A`n-{]m-b-IqSn ]cn-KWnv ]q m\n\v cq]w \IWw. CXn\v 2010 sabv 7 \v \oe-Kn-cn-bn tNcp kanXn-bpsS cm-aXv tbmK-n An-a-cq]w \IWw. 2010 sabv 15 apX BKv 15 hsc
Bbn-cnpw sskv ki\w. ki-\-th-f-I-bnse \nco--W-fpw N-Ifpw _lpP-\-{]-Xn-I-cWw Wn-p-sImv DSXs kan-Xn-bpsS sh_v t]Pn Ds-Sp-Ww.
{]tXyI hnj-b--fn-ep HutZym-KnI hnkvt^m-S\ skj kw_-n ]cn-]mSn tUm.
enPnb s\mtdm Xm-dmn AwK-v kp-tev sNWw. XpSp e`n-p
{]Xn-I-c-W- IqSn IW-n-se-Spv 2010 G{]n 15 HmsS Ana cq]w \IWw.
kanXn dntmns {]mcw-`-cq]w s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]mbw Wn-p-sImv 2010 sk]vXw_ Hn-\Iw kan-Xn-bpsS sh_v t]Pn {]kn-o-I-cn-Ww.
*
kanXn dntmns An-a-cq]w A-Sn-Xpw sh_v A[n-jvTn-Xhpw 2010 sk]vXw-_ 15

\v kan-Ww.
av LS-I-
ImjnI kky-ê Dev]--, Huj[ kky-, Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp- Iem-krjvSn-I, Ctm-Sq-dnkw Fn-h-bnse hn]-W-\-n-eqsS ssIh-cp ]pXnb hn]-W\sXmgn
Ah-k-c- ]n-a-L--nse kpnc amXr-I-I-fmn Dbn-m-Ww.
kan-Xn-tbmKw _-s kwm-\--fnshv tNc-W-sa \nt-i-ns ASn-m\-n ASp tbmKw 2010 sabv 7 \v Dun-bn tNcm Xocp-am-\np.
sNbams \n-{]-I-S-\-tmsS tbmKw Ah-km-\np.
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289

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]cn-injvS tcJ 2 : ]n-a-L hnZKv[ {Kqv I-]-Xn

1. shp-hnfn Dbp ZuXy-amWv {Kqn\v apn-ep-Xv
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iV)
(V)
(VI)
]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse ]cn-n-Xn-bpsS \ne-hn-ep Ah hne-bn-cp-pI

]n-a-L taJ-e-bn ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmbn {]Jym-]n-t-h thXncnv 1986 se ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-{]-Im-c-ap hnm-]-\-n\v ip]mi
sNpI. CXn\v kanXn tamlmw Inn dntmv, kp{]nw-tIm-SXn Xocp-am-\-, tZiob
h\y-Pohn t_mUns ip]mi-I Fnh ]cn-K-Wn-p-Ibpw _-s kwm\
km-cp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-p-Ibpw thWw.
P\--fp-sSbpw _-s kwm\ km-cp-I-sfbpw ]s-Sp-n-p-sImv hn]p-e-amb
Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]{In-b-bn-eqsS ]n-a-L taJ-e-bpsS kwc--W-n\pw, ]cn-c--Wn\pw ]p\-cp-o-h-\-n\pw Bh-iy-amb ip]mi-I \S-pI.
]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nbaw (1986) {]Imcw ]n-a-L--ta-J-e-bnse {]tXyI {]tZ-isf ]c-nXn Zp_-e-ambn {]Jym-]n-p-sImv tI{-]-cn-nXn h\wa{m-ebw ]pds-Sp-hn-p hnm-]-\- ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-m-m-\p \S-]-Sn-I \nt-in-pI.
_-s kwm-\--fpsS ]np-W-tbmsS Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]cn-nXn kwc--Wn\pw kpnc hnI-k-\-n-\p-ambn ]cn-nXn (kwc-W) \nb-a-n Iogn ]na-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn-p--Xn-\p cq]-tcJ ip]mi sNpI.
kan-Xn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\-bvmbn ]cn-nXnh\wa{m-ebw \nt-in-p-h Ds
]n-a-L taJ-e-bp-ambn _-s {]k--amb av ]cn-nXn {]iv\- ssIImcyw
sNpI.
2. ta-d Npa-X-e-I \nd-th-m NphsS

]d-bp-h ]cn-K-Wn-t--Xpv.
av, Pew, hmbp, ssPh-ssh-hnyw Fn-h-bpsS Btcm-Ky-n-Xn-bn hp-sIm-n-cnp am-fpw Ctm-gs Ah-bpw.
{Kma\K-c-k-t-X-
h\-h-cWw
Irjn
Imen-h-f
ay-_-\w
hyh-kmbw
Sqdnkw
J\\w
m]-\-]-c-amb {]iv\-
(]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I)
kaql kwc-nX {]tZ-i-
h\y-Pohn kt-X-
\mj-W ]mp-I
ssP-h-a-WvUe dnkp-I
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
290

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t{]mPIvSv ssSK dnkp-I

]cn-nXn BLmX A]-{K-Y\w
hml-I-tijn A]-{K-Y\w
tI{kwm\ aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{-W-t_mUp-I
Xoc-tZi \nb-{-W-ta-Je
tZiobkwm\{]mtZ-inI ssPh-ssh-hny AtXm-dnn/ t_mUp-I/ amt\-Pvsa v
InnI
ss]XrI sskp-I
hwi-\m-i-ò-jWn t\cn-Sp h-
kky-C\ kwc--Whpw IjI Ah-Im-i-\n-b-ahpw
kwbp h\w amt\-Pvsa v
Kncn-h Ah-Imi \nbaw
Zlm\ Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwc-W AtXm-dn-n-t]m-se-bp amXr-I-I
]m-bv cmPv m]-\--fpsS {]h\w
A\p-_w: Zlm\p Xmeqv ]cn-nXnkwc-W AtXm-dnn

Hcp {]tZ-i-ns ]cn-nXn, {]IrXn hn`-h-, Pohn-X-am- Fnh kwc-nm-\mbn cq]w \Inb Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy m]-\-amb Zlm\p Xmeqv ]cn-nXn kwcW AtXm-dnn Ign 10 hj-ambn Hcp Imhm-]\w F-Xn-\p-]-cn-bmbn {]hnp {]IrXn hn`-h-p taep ]mcn-n-XnI cmjv{Sob \nb-{-Ws AwKo-I-cn-psIm-p-Xs {]mtZ-inI kaq-l-ns Xpey-A-h-Im-i--fp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw XXz apdpsI ]nSn-p-sIm-p-Xs AtXm-dnn \ne-sImp. ASn-bp-d D-c-hp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
hn[n-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Cy-bnse ]cn-nXn kw_--amb N-Ipw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-pw
AtXm-dnn henb kw`m-h-\-bmWv \In-bXv.
]cn-nXn \nb-a-sf ]c-ky-ambn ewLn-p--Xn-s\-Xnsc tImS-Xnsb kao-]n Zlm\p-hnse {]mtZ-inI {Kqp-Iv \nm-b-I-amb Hcp--c-hn-eqsS 1996 "]cn-nXn Zp_e
{]tZ-i--fnse Bkq-{X-W-nepw amt\-Pvsan-ep-ap ko-amb {]iv\-v ]cn-lmcw
ImWm ' Hcp {]tXyI AtXm-dnn cq]o-I-cn--W-sav \nt-inp.
Zlm-\p-Xm-eq-nse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fpsS kwc--W-n\v {]tXy-Inv aen\o-I-cW \nb-{Ww, apI-cp-X XXz- \S-m-pI, aen-\o-I-c-W-n\v Imc-W-m-cm-bh Xs AXv ]cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\p sNehv hln-pI F XXzw \S-m-pI s#o ey-tfmsS 1996 Unkw-_-dn Pnkv N{-ti-J [m-[n-Imcn sNbam-\mbn AtXm-dnn
\ne-hn hp. Pe-]-T\w, ]cn-nXn Fn-\o-b-dn-A, \K-cm-kq-{XWw XpS-nb cwK-fnse hnZ-Kv[cpw km {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn Xms\ If-IvS, alm-cmjv{S aen-\o-I-cW \nb{W t_mUv sa sk{I-dn Fn-hcpw AtXm-dn-n-bn AwK--fmWv.
Hcp A-\o-Xn-\ymb m]-\-ambn IW-m--s-Sp AtXm-dnn {]mtZ-inI ]cn-nXn
kw_-a
- mb ]cm-Xn-If
- nepw {]iv\
- f
- nepw Hcp P\-Iob tImS-Xn-bmbn {]hn-pp. s]mXp
kzIm-cy-m-]-\-sf Ds-Spn XnIpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb coXn-bn Hcp hnNm-cW {]{Inb-bn-eq-sS-bmWv AtXm-dnn N-Ifpw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-fpw \S-p-Xv. I-i-m-c-\mb Hcp
kvIq Aym-]I
- s m\-p-\n-p-sImv DtZym-K
- c
- p-sSbpw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-If
- p-sSbpw kzImcy-m-]-\--fp-sS-bp-samw a\-n ]cn-nXn t_m[-h-c-Whpw D-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw \n_-]qw IS-n-hn-Sp-I-bmWv AtXm-dnn sNp-Xv.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v ]{KnUv tIm-td-j\v Zlm-\p-hn-eqsS ssl {Smkvan-j sse\p-
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
291

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
I hen-tn h-tm Ahn-Sv apdn-p Hmtcm hr-n\pw ]Icw 10 hr-

hoXw hp-]n-Sn-n--W-sa hn]p-e-amb Hcp \jvS-]-cn-lmc h\-h-c-W-]-cn-]mSn \S-mm AtXm-dn-nv Ignp. {]mtZ-inI hr-C-\-m-bn-cpp apXqw. CXn-\m-h-iyamb XpI h\w hIp-n sIn-h-bvp-Xp hsc ]-Xnv A\p-aXn \In-bn.
Bkvt{S-en-b tkmbn Im_ A{I-Un-t-j kvIow

(Irss tPmkv ]n.Fv.Un.)
bYm-hn[n ]cn-c-n-p Irjn `qanv A-co--n \nv htXm-Xn Im_
ssU HmIvsskUv hen-s-Spv kqn-m Ignbpw. CXv Pemwiw ]nSnp \nm-\p
ans tijn hn-n-p-Ibpw anse t]mj-I--sfbpw ImjnI Dev]m-Z\ a-X-tbbpw
KWy-ambn Dbp-Ibpw sNpw. Bkvt{S-en-b kvIoan hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp Irjn-bn-S-ntem
]pta-Sntem C{]-Imcw kam-l-cn--s-Sp Im_ Afv Xn-s-Sp-m Ignbpw.
C{]-Im-Icw an Im_ tiJcw krjvSn-p--Xn\v t{]mm-l\ klmbw \Ipw.
an Im_-Wns Afhv Iqp--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv `q{]-tZ-i-ns Btcm-Kyhpw Dev]mZ\ a-Xbpw hnpw.
\oS tkh-\-v {]Xn-êw

]cn-nXn tkh-\-v Hcp hn]Wn krjvSn-m-\p {ia-ns `mK-amWv ]cn-nXn
tkh-\-p {]Xn-êw.
e`n-p tkh-\-n\v aqeyw Iev]n-p--hcpw tkh\w \Im Xm-dp--h-tcbpw
Xn CXv _n-n-pp. C-c-samcp kwhn-[m\w BZyw XpS-n-bXv emn Ata-cn--bnemWv. XpSv Gjy, B{^n- cmPy-fpw Cu ]co--W-n-tesp.
Pe-t{km-X
- n\v apI-fn-tempw Xmtgm-p-ap Pe-hn-\n-tbm-Khpw amt\-Pvsapw Xn _nnv Ccp-hn-`m-K-pw ]cn-n-Xnpw t\-ap-m-p--XmWv \o-S-tk-h-\-v {]Xnêw \Ip coXn. ]cn-nXn tkh-\--fpsS Hcp ZmXmhpw Hcp Bh-iy-m-c\pw Xn
kzta-[bm Gs-Sp Hcp Icm-dm-WnXv. Ign GXm\pw hj--fmbn tkh-\-Zm-Xm--fpsS
Fw KWy-ambn hn-n-n-pv. Zmcn-{Zy-\nm-\-n-\p Hcp-]-I-c-Wamb CXv hn`mh\ sNbvXn-p--sX-nepw B D]-tbm-Khpw CXp-sImv t\Sm-hp--XmWv.
CXn ]s-Sp-m-\m-hi
- y-amb apsm-cp-
- s
- f-n \n-\c
- mb {KmaoW P\- AcmWv. Chv th{X `qan-t]mepw kz-am-bp-m-hn. Xqew {]Xn-êw Gdnb ]pw kaql-nse k- Xn-sb-Sp-m CS-bpv. Fm-enhv Dt-in tkh\w e`y-am-m-\m-hiy-amb a\p-jy-aq-e-[-\tam {]IrXn hn`-h-tfm Dm-hn. km-nI XXz--fn ISn-p-XqmsX {Kmao-W-ta-J-ebvv Du \In ]mh-s--hv hn]Wn ]np-Wbpw k_vkn-UnIfpw \In Hcp {KmaoW \n\ A\p-Iqey ]-Xn-bmbn hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv A`nImayw.
{][m\ shp-hn-fn-I
]cn-nXn tkh\ {]Xn-^-e-n "hn]Wn krjvSn- ' Hcp hn]Wn A[n-jvTnX
t{]mm-l-\-amWv. ]cn-nXn tkh-\--fn-t km-nI aqeyw Npan tkh\w hmp-h-scbpw hnevp--h-scbpw Hn-n-p {]{In-b-bm-WXv. Ccw Hcp hn]Wn krjvSn
ey-an-m ]cn-nXn tkh\ {]Xn-^-e-]-Xn Hcp \n\ {KmaoW A\p-Iqe kvIow BIW-sa-n. AXp-t]mse Xs CXv \n\ {KmaoW A\p-Iq-e-am-n-bm km-nI hi-fn \nv hyXn-N-en- Bhp-Ibpw sNpw.
\o-Sm-[n-jvTnX ]cn-nXn tkh-\-{]-Xn-ê ]Xn \n\ A\p-Iqe ]-Xn-b
Ah-bpsS eyhpw AX. \oS {]h-\- kpc-n-X-am-p-I-bmWv Ah-bpsS apJyeyw. AsXmcp Zmcn-{Zy-\nm\ ]-Xn-bm--W-sa-n AXv Bco-Xn-bn hgn-Xn-cn-phn-tS-n-hcpw. ]cn-nXn tkh-\-v hne-I-ev]n-p--h-tcbpw Ah e`y-am-m km[np--h-tcbpw Xn _n-nv Hcp hn]Wn krjvSn-p-I-bmWv ChnsS Bhiyw. hnI-kzc
............................................................................................................................................................................................................
292

............................................................................................................................................................................................................
cmPy--fnse kml-N-cy--fn Cu eyw t\Sm-\p-]-I-cn-p \ hml-\-ambn {]hnm \n\ {Kmao-Wm-In.

C\n tkh-\-Zm-Xm-fpw kmcp Xn Hcp [mc-W-bn-se-n-bm \n\ {KmaoWsc klm-bn-m Ign-tmw. ]s AXn-\p icn-bmb t]cv ]cn-nXn tkh\
{]Xn-ê ]Xn F-Xm-bn-cn-n.
Poh-Pme kaq-l-
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse ]cn-nXn {]tZ-i-sf thXn-cn-m-\p am\-Z---fn-tep Nm-h-tem-I-\-n kanXn sNbam Nqn-m-nbXv {]Wm_v sk Inn
dntmnse am-\nt-i-fpw amtX-c, alm-_-te-iz]-KWn, Zlm\p Fn-hn-S-fnse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i--fmbn {]Jym-]n-p-I-gn--h-bnse CXp-h-sc-bp A\p-`-h-fp-amWv Cm-cy-n kanXn ]cn-K-Wn-p--sX-mWv. sk Inn dntmnse am\-Z- kzoI-cn-p--Xn\v ]e {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\--fp-spw Atlw A`n-{]m-b-sp.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp {]tXyI e-p-am{Xw Ip-h-cp Poh-Pm-e--fp {]tZ-is
sam-n kwc-n--W-sa--XmWv Hcp \ntiw. ]n-a-L--n Adn-b-s-Sp Ccw
1000 ntew C\w ]pjv]-s-Sn-Ifpw, ay-fpw, Xh-f-Ifpw, ]n-Ifpw kkvX-\n-I-fp-apv.
th{X ]T\w \S-n-bn-n-m--bn-S--fn Adn-b-s-Sm Bbn-c--W-n\v kky-Po-h-Pme
h- thsd-bp-mhmw. ]n-a-L--nse `qan-imkv{X {]Xew apgp-h Ch hym]n-p-In-Spp. a\p-jy-sbpw hml-\--fp-sSbpw apw iey-ap tdmUp-I-fpsS hi-fpw CXn-epsSpp. BI-bm sk In-n-bpsS Cm-cy-nse ip]mi {]mhn-I-am-m _pn-apmWv.
Cy-bnse hnm-]nX ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i
- f
- nse A\p-`h
-
- f
- psS Hcp kw{Klw
2009 ""Iev]-hr-n'' {]kn-o-I-cn-n-pv. CXn hnh-cn-p--h-bn Zlm\p, amtX-c,
alm-_-te-iz Fn-hn-S--fnse A\p-`-h- ]n-a-L kan-Xnv Xmev]-cy-ap--h-bmWv.
Chn-S--fnse ]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-Isf \n-bn-p--Xn Ahsb kwc-n-p--Xn\v
Xmev]-cy-ap {]tXyI {Kqp-I-fpsS hninjym t_mws_ ]cn-nXn B {Kqns klI-cWw t\Sn-bn-cpp. CXn\v hncp--ambn ]n-a-L kan-Xnv ]n-a-L--nse apgp-h
{]tZ-i--fn-tebpw nXn hne-bn-cpn hyXykvX Xe-n-ep apK-W-\-bpsS ASn-m-\n Cu Npa-Xe \n-ln--W-am-bn-cpp. CXp-h-sc-bp tIkp-I-fn Xocp-am\w apI-fn
\nm-bn-cpp. AmsX Xmsg-X-n \nm-bn-cp-n. Fm \n-b-ambpw ]n-a-L kanXn
AXns ip]mi-I apI-fn \nv ASn-tn-m {ian-n. adnv Xmsg Xn \nv
XpS-cp s]mXp-hmb IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-I-fnse hn]p-e-amb Hc-Sn--d-bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp
{]{In-bsb am{X-amWv kanXn Cm-cy-n t{]mm-ln-nq.
Cm-cy-n temI-nse Ghpw \ amXr-I-I ]cn-tim-[nv ]n-a-L taJ-ebvv
Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXc-s-Sp--W-sapw kanXn A`n-{]m-b-sp.
]n-a-L--ns ]cn-n-Xn-]-c-amb kqva kwth-Z-\--a-X-bpsS Afhv hne-bn-cp-p-Xn-\p Hcp t{]mPIvSv tUm.cRvPnXv Um\n-tbkv, tUm. {]tamZv,tUm. KtW-i Fnh tNv Xm-dmn km-nI klm-b-n-\mbn kan--W-sav kanXn \nt-inp.
]n-a-L taJ-e-bnse ]cn-nXn Zp_e {]tZ-i- \n-bn-p--Xn\v Cu ]Xn dntmv
kanXn D]-tbm-K-s-Sppw. kan-Xn-bnse tImHm]vv sNbvX hnZ-Kv[-cmb tUm. {]oXn tdmbv,
tUm.eX Fn-hsc A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s-Sp-m-\mbn sNbam Wnp.
AtXm-dn-n-bpsS XpSw Xs Nne hInS ]-Xn-Is-Xnsc Xncn-p-sIm-m-bncpp. Zlm-\p-hns Xoc-{]-tZiw. Xoc-tZi \nb-{-W-ta-Je (CRZ) hnm-]-\-n-eps-n-cp-Xn-\m ChnSw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ambn {]Jym-]n-n-cpp. BI-bm hymh-km-bnI hnI-k\-n\pw \nb-{-W- Gs-Sp-t-n-hp.
Zlm-\p-hn tImSm-\p-tImSn tUmf-dns Hcp hInS hymh-km-bnI Xpd-apJw m]nm \nt-i-ap-m-bn-cpp. Cu {]iv\w AtXm-dnn Gs-Spv \nc-h[n sXfn-sh-Sp-p-I
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293

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\Sn. Cu cwKs BtKm-f-ò-a-m-cmb P & O hsc AtXm-dn-n-bpsS apn lmP-cmbn

dntmp-I \In. Xpd-apJw hm-ep tZmj--sf-n {]mtZ-inI kaq-lhpw ]cn-nXn
{Kqp-sams Ah-c-h-cpsS hmZ-fpw, nXn-hn-hc IW-p-I-fp-sams \ncn. \nc-h[n \nba-hm-Z-K-Xn-Ifpw, imkv{Xob ]T\ dntmp-Ifpw, _-s kaq-l--fpsS FXnpw ]cn-tim[n AtXm-dnn Zlm-\p-hn Xpd-ap-J-n\v A\p-aXn \ntj-[np.
sXa ]h mns Imcy-am-bn-cpp AtXm-dn-nv CS-s]-tS-n-h asmcp {][m-\Imcyw. 1999 sabv amkn AtXm-dnn ]mm-nb Hcp--chp {]Imcw sXa ]hm v
Fm nb-dkv hyh-I
- fpw ]men-W
- s
- apw ]pd-p-hn-Sp k^-dns Afhv Ipd-bvm
thn ^vfqKymkv Uok^-ssd-tk-j (FGD) m v Bbn-cn-Ww m]n-t--sXpw
\nt-inp. Cu m v m]n-p dne-bkv 300 tImSn cq]-bpsS _mv Kymcn hbv-Wsa asmcp D-chpw 2005 AtXm-dnn ]mkmn.
]cn-nXn kwc--W-n-sbpw ]cn-c--W-n-sbpw Imcy-n Zlm-\p-Xm-eqv Hcp
amXrIm Xmeq-mbn \ne-\nm AtXm-dnn hfsc {][m-\-s ]v hlnp hcpp.
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{]km[Ipdnv

]n-a-L-- hn-I-k-\-hp-am-bn- _--s ]T-\-dn-tmv s{]m^.-am-[hv KmUvKn

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BKv 31, 2011

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]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

sIb Fnse tUm. RJR Um\n-bkv

tUm. sI.-F. KtW-i

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tUm. sI.-F-kv. cmP (Pn-tbm-kvt]-jy ^ut-j)

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]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

tUm. ]n.hn.-sI. \mb (tI-cf h\ Kth-jW tI{w)

{io. ktmjv tKvhmZv, {io. inh-Ir-jvW, {io chn-Ip-am,

{ioaXn AarX tPmIvte

]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

dntmns LS\ ...................................................................................... 4

Gs-Sp {]h-\- ........................................................................ 4

]n-a-L--ns AXn-cp-I ................................................................. 5

kpn-c-ambn hnI-kn-n-pI {im-]qw ]cn-c-n-pI ....... 12

]cn-nXn Zp_e taJ-e-I ................................................................ 16

]n-a-L Umm t_kv ........................................................................................... 17

]cn-nXn Zp_-e-{]-tZi AXnn \nbw ............................... 20

\ne-hn-ep ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-I A\p-`-h-]m-T- ...... 27

kwc-nX {]tZ-i--fpsS Icp-X IhNw ........................................ 38

taJemXe -{]-h-\-p am-tcJ .................................... 43

taJem m\p-Ifpw ]cn-nXn Zp_-e-ta-J-e-Ifpw ...................................... 53

]n-a-L ]cn-nXn AtXm-dnn ......................................................... 56

]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

BXn-c-nn, Kpnb Pe-ssh-ZypX ]-Xn-I............................. 64

cXv\-Kncn, knp-Zp Pn-I ............................................................ 75

tKmh-bnse J\\w ..................................................................................... 81

Ah-bpw amhpw .................................................................................................... 81

klm-bI tcJ-I ........................................................................................... 123

]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h XnXn ........................................ 129

]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

]n-a-L Bhm-k-hy-h--bpsS XnXn hne-bn-cp- ..................................... 142

taJ-em-X-e-n-ep ip]mi-I........................................................ 164

Irjn ............................................................................................................................... 172

2.3. arK-]-cn-]m-e\w ...........................................................................................................176

2.4. ay-k-v ..............................................................................................................180

h\-fpw ssPh-ssh-hn-yhpw ...........................................................................183

kwL-SnX hyh-kmbw ............................................................................................ 202

2.8. sshZyp-Xnbpw Duhpw ........................................................................................ 211

hnt\mZ kmcw....................................................................................................... 217

2.10. KXm-KXw .......................................................................................................................219

]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

DWvT Dbp {]iv\- ........................................................................................... 219

2.11. a\pjy A[n-hm-k- DS-a--X-bnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw amw ...... 221

2.12. imkv{Xhpw kmt-XnI imkv{Xhpw ............................................................... 224

2.13. t]mj-Im-lm-chpw Btcm-Kyhpw ......................................................................... 226

]n-a-L--nse _lp-Xe `cWw .....................................................228

A\p-_w 3 : sFIy-cmjv{S ncw t^md-n

klm-bI tcJ-I ...........................................................................................282

]n-a-L kanXn dntmv 2011

: ]n-a-L--ns `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb \nW-b- .................. 7