Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment

A Guide for Users

Sophie BAILLY, Sean DEVITT, Marie-Jos GREMMO, Frank HEY ORTH, An!" HO#$I%S, Barr" JO%ES, Mike MA$OS&H, #hi'ip RILEY, G STO$S an! John TRIM (E!)*

Lan+,a+e #o'i-" Di.ision

S/ras0o,r+

ii

CON EN

SECTION I.....................................................................................................................1 FOR ALL USERS..........................................................................................................1

C!A" ER # $ GU%&ANCE O ALL U'ER'((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((() "art #: he CEF in its po*itica* and educationa* conte+t((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((() "art , $ Approach adopted(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#) "art ) $ Common reference *e-e*s((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#. "art / $ Language use and the *anguage user0*earner(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#1 "art . $ he user0*earner2s competences((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,. "art 3 $ he processes of *anguage *earning and teaching(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()) "art 4 $ asks and their ro*e in *anguage teaching(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()5 "art 1 $ Linguistic di-ersification and the curricu*um(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()5

SECTION II..................................................................................................................46 FOR THOSE DIRECTLY ENGAGED IN THE LEARNING/TEACHING PROCESS....46

C!A" ER , $ GU%&E FOR A&UL LEARNER'(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((/1 "art # $ Needs Ana*6sis 7see CEF / 0 3(#(#8((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((/1 "art , $ Comprehension and e+pression ski**s 7see CEF ,(#() 0 /(/(# /(/(,8((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((/5 "art ) $ 9ork organisation((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((., "art / $ :ethodo*og6((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.5 "art . $ Assessment 7see CEF, chapter ), a;*e , 0 /, sca*es 0 ., sca*es 0 58(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((34 "art 3 $ Learning st6*es 7see CEF 3(# 0 4()(#8(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((35 Chapter ) $ Guidance to teachers and *earners(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4/ "art # $ Aspects of communication 7CEF /, sections /(# to /(/8((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4. "art , $ 'ki**s and competences 7CEF /(., parts of /(48((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1< "art ) $ =now*edge of how to use *anguage 7CEF .(,(#8(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1/ "art / $ asks and te+ts 7CEF 4, />/(38((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((11 "art . $ Language *earning and teaching 7CEF 3(#04()(#8(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5# Chapter / $ Guidance for teachers and teacher trainers 7primar6 and secondar68((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#<,

iii

"art # $ he CEF in its po*itica* and educationa* conte+t(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#<) "art , $ Approach adopted ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#</ "art ) $ Common reference *e-e*s (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#<5 "art / $ Language use and the *anguage user0*earner ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#<5 "art . $ he user0*earner2s competences (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((##5 "art 3 $ Language *earning and *anguage teaching(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#,) "art 4 > asks and their ro*e in *anguage teaching(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#)# "art 1 > Linguistic di-ersification and the curricu*um ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#)/ "art 5 $ Assessment(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#).

SECTION III...............................................................................................................147 FOR THOSE CONCERNED WITH THE PLANNING, ORGANISATION, DELIVERY AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LANGUAGE EDUCATION...............................147
%ntroduction(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#/5 Chapter . $ Curricu*um design and re-ision for the schoo* sector(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#.# "art # $ %ntroduction(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#.# Chapter 3 $ Organisation and de*i-er6 of the curricu*um((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#3. Chapter 4 $ ?ua*it6 assurance and @ua*it6 contro* in *anguage *earning and teaching((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#44

SECTION IV...............................................................................................................199 FOR THOSE ENGAGED IN THE PRODUCTION AND SELECTION OF TEACHING MATERIALS..............................................................................................................199
Chapter 1 $ Users2 guide for te+t;ook and materia*s writers((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,<#

i.

'EC %ON % FOR ALL U'ER'

%ntroduction
This +,i!e is in/en!e! /o he'p a'' 1e10ers o2 /he 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro2ession /o 1ake 2,'' ,se o2 /he &o11on E,ropean Fra1e3ork o2 Re2eren-e 2or Lan+,a+e Learnin+, Tea-hin+ an! Assess1en/ (&EF*) I/ s,perse!es /he Genera' 4ser G,i!e (&&-LA%G* an! /he series o2 /en spe-ia'ise! +,i!es (&&-LA%G (56* 5 789*) The 2irs/ -hap/er is a!!resse! /o a'' ,sers) S,0se:,en/ -hap/ers are !e!i-a/e! /o /he spe-ia' -on-erns o2 par/i-,'ar /"pes o2 ,sers) &hap/er ; is a!!resse! /o /hose 1ore !ire-/'" -on-erne! 3i/h /he a-/,a' 0,siness o2 -'assroo1 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+< /ea-hers, /ea-her /rainers an! perhaps /he 'earners /he1se'.es) &hap/er = is a!!resse! /o /hose 3ho 3ork a/ a +rea/er re1o.e 2ro1 /he -'assroo1, 0,/ 3hose !e-isions po3er2,''" a22e-/ 3ha/ +oes on /here< e!,-a/iona' a,/hori/ies, a!1inis/ra/ors, or+anisers, an! o/hers -on-erne! 3i/h -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ an! :,a'i/" -on/ro') &hap/er > o22ers +,i!an-e /o a'' /hose -on-erne! 3i/h /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ /e?/0ooks an! o/her 1a/eria's o2 a'' kin!s) &hap/er @ is a!!resse! /o a!,'/ 'earners, 3ho 1a" +ain !ire-/ a--ess /o &EF) S-hoo' 'earners are 1os/ 'ike'" /o ha.e /heir a--ess 1e!ia/e! /hro,+h /ea-hers, an! are /rea/e! in -hap/er ;) Man" ,sers 1a" 2a'' in/o 1ore /han one -a/e+or") S-hoo' inspe-/ors are -er/ain'" -on-erne! 3i/h :,a'i/" -on/ro') The" 1a" ha.e o/her a!1inis/ra/i.e 2,n-/ions, 0,/ are -'ose'" -on-erne! 3i/h -'assroo1 1e/ho!o'o+") #ra-/isin+ /ea-hers are o2/en -a''e! on /o s,pp'e1en/ /e?/0ooks 3i/h a!!i/iona' 1a/eria's an! 1a" 3e'' ,n!er/ake a!1inis/ra/i.e !,/ies in.o'.in+ -,rri-,'ar -on/ro' an! :,a'i/" ass,ran-e) &hap/ers ; 7 @ ha.e a !,a' 2,n-/ion) The 2irs/ is /o s,++es/ 3a"s in 3hi-h ,sers 1a" 1ake ,se o2 &EF in /heir spe-ia'ise! pro2essiona' 3ork) The se-on! is /o s,pp'e1en/ /he e?is/in+ 2ra1e3ork in 3a"s 3hi-h are spe-i2i-a''" re'e.an/ /o /he spe-ia'isa/ion -on-erne!)

C!A" ER # $ GU%&ANCE O ALL U'ER'

A6 Bohn rim e 1a" no3 -onsi!er /he &EF in 1ore !e/ai', /akin+ /he -hap/ers in or!er, se-/ion 0" se-/ion) I/ sho,'! 0e no/e! /ha/ /his -hap/er 2o''o3s /he or!er an! n,10erin+ o2 &EF) Th,s 6)8)=)> i!en/i2ies /he >/h hea!in+ in /he =r! s,0-se-/ion o2 /he 8s/ se-/ion o2 -hap/er 6)

A Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment

%ntroduction
The in/ro!,-/or" pa+es /o &EF -on/ain, 2irs/, i/s -on/en/s 3i/h pa+e n,10ers 2or re2eren-e) A pre2a/or" no/e a-kno3'e!+es /he -on/ri0,/ions o2 in!i.i!,a's an! ins/i/,/ions /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 &EF o.er a /en-"ear perio!) Three pa+es o2 no/es 2or /he ,ser 2o''o3, 3hi-h sho,'! 0e rea! 0e2ore /he Fra1e3ork i/se'2 (or /his +,i!e*) Fina''", a s"nopsis o2 /he -on/en/s o2 /he -hap/ers an! appen!i-es +i.es an in!i-a/ion o2 3here /o 2in! in2or1a/ion o2 !i22eren/ kin!s, 3hi-h ,sers 1a" 3ish /o -ons,'/ 3hi's/ 2a1i'iarisin+ /he1se'.es 3i/h /he 'a"o,/ o2 &EF)

"art #: he CEF in its po*itica* and educationa* conte+t

This 2irs/ -hap/er is a'so in/ro!,-/or", +i.in+ ,sers a -'ear i!ea o2 /he o.era'' -hara-/er an! in/en/ions o2 &EF an! i/s se//in+ in /he -on/e?/ o2 &o,n-i' o2 E,rope po'i-" 3i/h re+ar! /o 1o!ern 'an+,a+es) #(# 9hat is the CEFC

4sers are in.i/e! /o rea! /his -'ear an! -on-ise s,11ar" o2 /he -on/en/ an! /he ai1s o2 /he &EF) he Counci* of Europe Sin-e ,sers o2 &EF 1a" no/ pre.io,s'" ha.e ha! -on/a-/ 3i/h /he &o,n-i', /he" 1a" 2in! i/ ,se2,' /o kno3 so1e/hin+ o2 i/s s/r,-/,re an! 2,n-/ions) Fo,n!e! on @ Ma" 85>5, 0" /en 2o,n!er 1e10er s/a/es, /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope is /he o'!es/ E,ropean in/erna/iona' po'i/i-a' or+anisa/ion) An" E,ropean s/a/e -an 0e-o1e a 1e10er o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope pro.i!e! i/ a--ep/s /he prin-ip'e o2 /he r,'e o2 'a3 an! +,aran/ees e.er"one ,n!er i/s A,ris!i-/ion /he enAo"1en/ o2 h,1an ri+h/s an! 2,n!a1en/a' 2ree!o1s) A/ presen/ /he &o,n-i' has 2or/"-/hree 1e10er s/a/es< Ar1enia, ABer0aiAan, A'0ania, An!orra, A,s/ria, Be'+i,1, B,'+aria, &roa/ia, &"pr,s, &Be-h Rep,0'i-, Den1ark, Es/onia, Fin'an!, Fran-e, Geor+ia, Ger1an", Gree-e, H,n+ar", I-e'an!, Ire'an!, I/a'", La/.ia, Lie-h/ens/ein, Li/h,ania, L,?e10o,r+, Ma'/a, Mo'!o.a, %e/her'an!s, %or3a", #o'an!, #or/,+a', Ro1ania, R,ssian Fe!era/ion, San Marino, S'o.ak Rep,0'i-, S'o.enia, Spain, S3e!en, S3i/Ber'an!, C/he 2or1er Y,+os'a. Rep,0'i- o2 Ma-e!oniaC, T,rke", 4kraine an! /he 4ni/e! $in+!o1) =

The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope is an in/er+o.ern1en/a' or+anisa/ion 3hose 1ain ai1s are< /o pro/e-/ h,1an ri+h/s, p',ra'is/ !e1o-ra-" an! /he r,'e o2 'a3D /o pro1o/e a3areness o2 a E,ropean -,'/,ra' i!en/i/" an! en-o,ra+e i/s !e.e'op1en/D /o !e.e'op -o11on responses /o pro0'e1s 2a-in+ E,ropean so-ie/" (1inori/ies, ?enopho0ia, en.iron1en/a' pro/e-/ion, 0ioe/hi-s, Ai!s, !r,+s, e/-)*D /o !e.e'op a po'i/i-a' par/nership 3i/h E,ropeEs ne3 !e1o-ra-iesD an! /o assis/ -en/ra' an! eas/ern E,ropean -o,n/ries 3i/h /heir po'i/i-a', 'e+is'a/i.e an! -ons/i/,/iona' re2or1s)

The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope -o.ers a'' 1aAor iss,es 2a-in+ E,ropean so-ie/" 3i/h /he e?-ep/ion o2 !e2en-e) I/s 3ork pro+ra11e in-',!es /he 2o''o3in+ 2ie'!s o2 a-/i.i/"< h,1an ri+h/s, 1e!ia, 'e+a' -o-opera/ion, so-ia' an! e-ono1i- :,es/ions, hea'/h, e!,-a/ion, -,'/,re, heri/a+e, spor/, "o,/h, 'o-a' an! re+iona' +o.ern1en/, an! en.iron1en/) The &o11i//ee o2 Minis/ers is /he !e-ision-1akin+ 0o!" o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope, -o1pose! o2 /he Minis/ers 2or Forei+n A22airs o2 /he 1e10er s/a/es or /heir #er1anen/ Represen/a/i.es) The !e'i0era/i.e 0o!" is /he #ar'ia1en/ar" Asse10'" 3hose 1e10ers are appoin/e! 0" na/iona' par'ia1en/s) The &on+ress o2 Lo-a' an! Re+iona' a,/hori/ies o2 E,rope is a -ons,'/a/i.e 0o!" represen/in+ 'o-a' an! re+iona' a,/hori/ies) Go.ern1en/s, na/iona' par'ia1en/s an! 'o-a' an! re+iona' a,/hori/ies are /h,s represen/e! separa/e'") The &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeEs 3ork 'ea!s /o E,ropean -on.en/ions an! a+ree1en/s in /he 'i+h/ o2 3hi-h /he 1e10er s/a/esE 'e+is'a/ion is s,0se:,en/'" har1onise! an! a1en!e!) So1e -on.en/ions an! a+ree1en/s are a'so open 2or a!op/ion 0" non-1e10er s/a/es) The s/,!ies -arrie! o,/ an! 3ork !one in /he .ario,s 2ie'!s o2 a-/ion are 1a!e a.ai'a0'e /o /he +o.ern1en/s /o he'p /he1 3ork /o+e/her /o 2os/er so-ia' pro+ress in E,rope) The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope a'so a!op/s #ar/ia' A+ree1en/s, a 2or1 o2 F.aria0'e +eo1e/r"G -oopera/ion, 3hi-h a''o3s a n,10er o2 1e10er S/a/es, 3i/h /he -onsen/ o2 o/hers, /o -arr" o,/ a spe-i2i- a-/i.i/" o2 -o11on in/eres/) The E,ropean &on.en/ion on &,'/,ra' &o-opera/ion es/a0'ishes /he 2ra1e3ork 2or /he &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeEs 3ork in e!,-a/ion, -,'/,re, heri/a+e, spor/ an! "o,/h, 1ana+e! 0" /he &o,n-i' 2or &,'/,ra' &o-opera/ion) I/s e!,-a/iona' pro+ra11e is s,per.ise! 0" /he &o11i//ee on E!,-a/ion an! in-',!es /he Mo!ern Lan+,a+es #roAe-/s ser.i-e! 0" /he Mo!ern Lan+,a+es Di.ision o2 Dire-/ora/e Genera' IV< E!,-a/ion, &,'/,re, Yo,/h an! Spor/, En.iron1en/ (DE&S*) In a!!i/ion /o /he 2or/"-/hree 1e10er s/a/es, /he &on.en/ion has 0een a!op/e! 0" 2o,r 2,r/her s/a/es< Be'ar,s, Bosnia an! HerBe+o.ina, /he Ho'" See an! Mona-o) The 1ain &o,n-i' o2 E,rope 3e0si/e is< h//p<HH333)-oe)in/ The Lan+,a+e #o'i-" Di.ision 3e0si/es are< h//p<HH-,'/,re)-oe)in/H'an+ an! h//p<HH-,'/,re)-oe)in/Hpor/2o'io The E&ML 3e0si/e is< h//p<HH-,'/,re)-oe)in/He-1'

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#(,

he aims and o;Decti-es of Counci* of Europe *anguage po*ic6

The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope has ener+e/i-a''" pro1o/e! /he 'earnin+ o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+es e.er sin-e /he es/a0'ish1en/ o2 /he &o,n-i' 2or &,'/,ra' &oopera/ion in /he 'a/e 85@IEs) A/ /ha/ /i1e 1o!ern 'an+,a+es 3ere s/i'' in 1an" -o,n/ries s/,!ie! in /he sha!o3 o2 /he -'assi-a' 'an+,a+es as par/ o2 /he e!,-a/ion o2 an in/e''e-/,a', -,'/,ra' or so-ia' e'i/e) The" 3ere nee!e! pri1ari'" in !ip'o1a-" an! -o11er-e) O/her3ise, in/erna/iona' -o11,ni-a/ion 3as 1os/'" 1e!ia/e! 0" pro2essiona' /rans'a/ors an! in/erpre/ers) B" 856I, E,rope ha! re-o.ere! 2ro1 /he Se-on! or'! ar an! /he in/erna/iona'isa/ion o2 E,ropean so-ie/" 3as 0e+innin+ /o 0e 2e'/, a22e-/in+ a'' se-/ions o2 /he pop,'a/ion o2 a'' -'asses an! a+es) O.er /he 'as/ 2or/" "ears, /he pro-ess has -on/in,e! an! a--e'era/e!, ne-essi/a/in+ a pro2o,n! reorien/a/ion an! reor+anisa/ion o2 /he so-ia' or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/, 3hi-h is s/i'' 2ar 2ro1 -o1p'e/e) #(,(# he growing need for communication ski**s across *anguage ;oundaries

A-ross /he 3or'!, so-ie/" is ,n!er+oin+ a pro2o,n! /rans2or1a/ion) A/ an in-reasin+ ra/e, s-ien/i2i- !is-o.eries are +i.in+ ,s a !eeper an! 1ore !e/ai'e! ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he 3or'! in 3hi-h 3e 'i.e, an! /he 0,r+eonin+ resear-h-0ase! in!,s/ries are e.er 1ore rapi!'" app'"in+ /his kno3'e!+e /o a'' aspe-/s o2 o,r 'i.es) In par/i-,'ar, /he -o11,ni-a/ions in!,s/ries ha.e !e.e'ope! 0e"on! re-o+ni/ion in re-en/ "ears) %o/ on'" ha.e persona' /ra.e' an! /ranspor/ o2 +oo!s 1a!e in/erna/iona' 1o0i'i/" an e.er"!a" 1a//er, 0,/ a'so, /hanks /o e'e-/roni-s, /he 1o.e1en/ o2 in2or1a/ion an! i!eas -an 0e .ir/,a''" ins/an/aneo,s an! kno3s no +eo+raphi-a' 'i1i/s) The /rans2or1a/ion is 2ar 2ro1 -o1p'e/e) In!ee!, 3e -anno/ "e/ /e'' 3ha/ i/s 2ina' o,/-o1e 1a" 0e) Mean3hi'e, in!i.i!,a's e.er"3here are -a''e! ,pon /o a!A,s/ /heir i!eas, ski''s an! pra-/i-es /o a -han+e! an! -han+in+ en.iron1en/, as are a'' ins/i/,/ions< so-ia', e-ono1i-, po'i/i-a', 1i'i/ar", e/-), 3hi-h 2in! /heir /ra!i/iona' s/r,-/,res an! pra-/i-es no 'on+er appropria/e or e.en .ia0'e as /he /rans2or1a/ion pro-ee!s) The 3or'! o2 e!,-a/ion is 0" no 1eans i11,ne 2ro1 /hese press,res) In!ee!, sin-e /hose -har+e! 3i/h /he e!,-a/ion o2 "o,n+ peop'e are responsi0'e 2or e:,ippin+ /he1 /o 1ee/ /he -ha''en+es an! e?p'oi/ /he oppor/,ni/ies presen/e! 0" 'i2e in /he /3en/"-2irs/ -en/,r", i/ is pre-ise'" /he 1e10ers o2 /he /ea-hin+ pro2ession a/ a'' 'e.e's 3ho sho,'! 0e 1os/ -on-erne! 3i/h /r"in+ /o 2oresee 3ha/ /hese -ha''en+es an! oppor/,ni/ies 1a" 0e) I2 presen/ /ren!s -on/in,e 3e 1a" s,re'" e?pe-/ /he1 /o in-',!e< #(,(#(# %ncreased persona* mo;i*it6

i/hin /he 3or'! o2 3ork, an in-reasin+ propor/ion o2 e1p'o"ees 1a" e?pe-/ /o 3ork in 1,'/ina/iona' -orpora/ions an! -onsor/ia, ei/her 0" !ire-/ re-r,i/1en/ or as a res,'/ o2 1er+ers, /ake-o.ers or -on/ra-/,a' o0'i+a/ions) The" 1a" /hen 0e -a''e! ,pon /o ,se a 1,'/ina/iona'Js opera/in+ 'an+,a+e, or /o spen! so1e par/ o2 /heir -areer as a .isi/or /o or /e1porar" resi!en/ in ano/her -o,n/r") I2 ,na0'e /o !o so, /he" 1a" 0e-o1e 'i1i/e! or e.en 1ar+ina'ise! in /heir pro2essiona' or .o-a/iona' -areers) E.en i2 no/ re:,ire! /o /ra.e', /he" 1a" 3e'' 2in! /he1se'.es re:,ire! /o !ea' pro2essiona''" 3i/h /he nee!s o2 2orei+n -o''ea+,es, or 3i/h 2orei+n .isi/ors in /he -on/e?/ o2 /he rapi!'" e?pan!in+ 'eis,re in!,s/ries) F,r/her1ore, in/erna/iona' /ra!e an! 2inan-e in.o'.e /he opera/ion o2 in/erna/iona' 1arke/s an! 1o.e1en/s o2 -api/a' on a +'o0a' s-a'e /rans-en!in+ a'' na/iona' an! 'in+,is/i- 0o,n!aries an! !e1an!in+ ins/an/aneo,s response .ia e'e-/roni- 1e!ia) In /he e!,-a/iona' !o1ain, in-reasin+ n,10ers o2 p,pi's 3i'' spen! so1e par/ o2 /heir s-hoo'in+ in a 2orei+n -o,n/r" as a -onse:,en-e o2 /heir paren/sJ pro2essiona' or .o-a/iona' 1o0i'i/") In @

a!!i/ion, 1ore an! 1ore s/,!en/s 3i'' 2in! /ha/ /heir par/i-,'ar area o2 s/,!" is 0es/ p,rs,e! in a 2orei+n ,ni.ersi/") In re/,rn, e!,-a/iona' ins/i/,/ions a/ a'' 'e.e's 3i'' nee! /o !ea' 3i/h a propor/ion o2 /heir in/ake -o1in+ 2ro1 a .arie/" o2 'an+,a+e 0a-k+ro,n!s an! 3i'' no/ 0e a0'e /o /ake 1o/her-/on+,e -o1pe/en-e 2or +ran/e!) In response, an in-reasin+ n,10er o2 s-hoo's as 3e'' as -o''e+es an! ,ni.ersi/ies 1a" 2in! /he1se'.es e.er 1ore 1,'/ina/iona' in -hara-/er an! 1,'/i'in+,a' in /heir opera/ion) In a!!i/ion, /he -on/in,in+ e?pansion o2 'eis,re /ra.e' -- ,n'ike'" /o 0e -on/aine! 3i/hin /he 'i1i/s o2 pa-ka+e! /o,rs -- 3i'' /ake /he 2or1 o2 in!epen!en/ /ra.e' in.o'.in+ +i.e an! /ake in in/erpersona', 2a-e-/o-2a-e -o11,ni-a/ion a-ross 'an+,a+e 0o,n!aries) #(,(#(, Access to information

S-ien/i2i- an! /e-hno'o+i-a' a!.an-es are pro!,-in+ an e?ponen/ia' +ro3/h in kno3'e!+e) In 0o/h 2ie'!s an! in!ee! in o/her spe-ia'isa/ions, /ea1s an! in!i.i!,a's are 3orkin+ on /he sa1e pro0'e1s in 1an" !i22eren/ -o,n/ries) E.en 3here /he" are in -o1pe/i/ion 3i/h ea-h o/her, -oopera/ion /o ens,re a rapi! 2'o3 o2 in2or1a/ion re+ar!in+ 2in!in+s is essen/ia') M,-h o2 /he in2or1a/ion is ephe1era', ne-essar" a/ /he /i1e i/ is pro!,-e!, 0,/ soon s,perse!e! 0" 2,r/her a!.an-es) Spee! is i1pera/i.e) &onse:,en/'", re'a/i.e'" 'i//'e o2 /his in2or1a/ion is 2or1a''" /rans'a/e!) Spe-ia'is/s 2or1 in/er-o11,ni-a/in+ ne/3orks a-ross na/iona' an! 'in+,is/i0o,n!aries) An"one ,na0'e /o -o11,ni-a/e 3i/h o/hers in /he ne/3ork is soon 1ar+ina'ise! an! 'e2/ 0ehin!) There is 'ess an! 'ess s-ope 2or /he 'one 3orker) In a'' 2ie'!s, in/erna/iona' -on+resses, -on2eren-es, s"1posia, -o''o:,ies an! se1inars are o2 +ro3in+ i1por/an-e, 3i/h a//en!an-e ran+in+ 2ro1 a han!2,' o2 par/i-ipan/s /o se.era' /ho,san!, in 3hi-h -ase a s,0s/an/ia' in!,s/r" is !e.e'opin+ /o /ake -har+e o2 /he or+anisa/ion) S,-h -on2eren-es an! -on+resses a//ra-/ par/i-ipan/s 2ro1 1an" -o,n/ries, on'" a s1a'' 1inori/" o2 3ho1 -an -on/ri0,/e ,sin+ /heir 1o/her /on+,e) E.en a/ /he ,n!er+ra!,a/e 'e.e', s/an!ar! /e?/0ooks ha.e a 'i1i/e! 'i2e) In-reasin+'", /he" 1,s/ 0e rea! in /he ori+ina' ra/her /han 3ai/in+ 2or a /rans'a/ion /o appear) E-ono1i- press,res on p,0'ishers an! on /he 0,!+e/s o2 s/,!en/s an! ,ni.ersi/" !epar/1en/s o0'i+e p,0'ishers /o seek /o 'o3er ,ni/ -os/s 0" in-reasin+ prin/ n,10ers) This pro!,-es a press,re /o p,0'ish in a 'an+,a+e 3hi-h 3i'' ens,re /he 3i!es/ in/erna/iona' ,se) Ho3e.er, /he 3ho'e 0,siness o2 in2or1a/ion 2'o3 is a+ain in /he -o,rse o2 rapi! an! 2,n!a1en/a' -han+e as a -onse:,en-e o2 /he e'e-/roni- re.o',/ion an! /he -o1p,/er a+e i/ is pro!,-in+) The e'e-/roni- !a/a0ase -onne-/e! in/o /he ,0i:,i/o,s In/erne/ is 0e-o1in+ /he 2a.o,re! 2or1 o2 s/ora+e 2or in2or1a/ion o2 a kin! 3hi-h is ephe1era' or 3hi-h re:,ires 2re:,en/ ,p!a/in+) An"one 3i/h a--ess /o a persona' -o1p,/er or a /er1ina' -an, 3i/ho,/ 'ea.in+ ho1e, sear-h 2or re'e.an/ in2or1a/ion in a par/i-,'ar 2ie'! 1a!e a.ai'a0'e 0" spe-ia'is/s a-ross /he 3or'! an! !o3n'oa! 3ha/e.er /ha/ person 1a" nee! 2or re2eren-e in prin/e!-o,/ 2or1) B,'k" 'i0rar" ho'!in+s -an 0e 1a!e a.ai'a0'e 2or o--asiona' re2eren-e in /he 2or1 o2 s1a'' !isks (&D-ROM* 3i/h -onsi!era0'e sa.in+s o2 spa-e an! e?pense, o2/en 3i/h pro.ision 2or re+,'ar ,p!a/in+) The pa-e o2 -han+e is s,-h /ha/ one -anno/ 2oresee /he ,'/i1a/e o,/-o1e, 0,/ i/ is 1os/ 'ike'" /ha/ 3ha/ see1s hi+h'" a!.an-e! no3 3i'' 0e re+ar!e! as pri1i/i.e in a re'a/i.e'" shor/ /i1e) On-e a+ain, /he s-a'e o2 opera/ion is +'o0a', 3i/h -o11er-ia' .ia0i'i/" !epen!en/ on .er" 'ar+e s-a'e opera/ion, -,//in+ a-ross a'' re-ei.e! 0o,n!aries) The sa1e app'ies /o /he sphere o2 en/er/ain1en/, in 3hi-h sa/e''i/e /e'e.ision +i.es a .ie3er a--ess /o /rans1issions 2ro1 1an" !i22eren/ -o,n/ries) #(,(#() :utua* understanding and to*erance E22e-/s o2 /he -han+es o,/'ine! a0o.e rea-h in/o /he e.er"!a" 'i.es o2 -o,n/'ess peop'e a-ross /he 3or'!) This is espe-ia''" so perhaps in E,rope, 3here /he" ini/ia''" -on2ron/ an in/ri-a/e 6

pa/-h3ork o2 peop'es, 3i/h /heir inheri/e! -,'/,res an! 'an+,a+es) For 1an" peop'e /he -ha''en+es an! oppor/,ni/ies 0ro,+h/ 0" an in-reasin+'" in/era-/i.e E,ropean so-ie/" o22er e?-i/in+ prospe-/s) For o/hers, ho3e.er, /he" are seen 1ore as a /hrea/ /han a pro1ise) Those in par/i-,'ar 3ho !o no/ ,n!ers/an! /he -han+es 3hi-h are /akin+ p'a-e an! are i''-e:,ippe! /o respon! /o /he1 see /heir 'i.e'ihoo!s en!an+ere! an! /heir !is/in-/i.e i!en/i/" i1peri''e! 0" /he opera/ion o2 e?/raneo,s 2or-es /he" are po3er'ess /o -on/ro') The" 2ee' /heir 'i.in+-spa-e in.a!e! 0" o,/si!ers 3i/h a'ien -,s/o1s an! pra-/i-es, an! are a3are o2 a -r,10'in+ a3a" o2 /he s/a0'e, 0a'an-e! 'o-a' -o11,ni/", 3hi-h 3i/h .ar"in+ !e+rees o2 i!ea'isa/ion /he" 0e'ie.e /o ha.e e?is/e! 0e2orehan!) 4n!er /hese -ir-,1s/an-es, /hose peop'e 3i/h 'i//'e kno3'e!+e or e?perien-e o2 /he o,/si!e 3or'! -an 0e 0ro,+h/ /o see o,/si!ers, espe-ia''" 2orei+ners, as responsi0'e 2or /heir !i22i-,'/ies) %e+a/i.e s/ereo/"pes -an 0e a1p'i2ie! 0" /he ,ns-r,p,'o,s an! !an+ero,s) 4np'easan/ 2or1s o2 in/er--o11,ni/" 2ears an! ha/re!s -an 0e 0,i'/ ,p in/o .io'en/ 0a-k'ash a+ains/ -'oser E,ropean an! +'o0a' -o-opera/ion) The 0es/ pro/e-/ion a+ains/ a'' s,-h 2or1s o2 ra-is1 an! ?enopho0ia is pro.i!e! 0" kno3'e!+e an! !ire-/ e?perien-e o2 /he 2orei+n rea'i/", an! i1pro.e! 'i2e an! -o11,ni-a/ion ski''s) The nee! 2or 1o0i'i/" an! a--ess /o in2or1a/ion, /aken /o+e/her 3i/h /he i1por/an-e o2 1,/,a' ,n!ers/an!in+ an! /o'eran-e, es/a0'ish e22e-/i.e -o11,ni-a/ion ski''s a-ross 'an+,a+e 0o,n!aries as an in!ispensa0'e par/ o2 /he e:,ip1en/ o2 /o1orro3Js -i/iBens 2a-in+ /he -ha''en+es an! oppor/,ni/ies o2 a /rans2or1e! E,ropean so-ie/") #(,(, 9hat does the Counci* of Europe do for *anguage *earningC

The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope re-o+nise! /he i1por/an-e o2 /he 'i2e-'on+ pro.ision 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 2or a'' a/ an ear'" s/a+e) In a series o2 proAe-/s o.er 1an" "ears i/ has pro.i!e! a 2or,1 2or a'' /hose in.o'.e! in po'i-" 1akin+ /o -o1e /o+e/her 3i/h /ea-hers, /ea-her /rainers an! s,ppor/ ser.i-es /o 2or1,'a/e po'i-ies an! /rans'a/e /he1 in/o -on-re/e o0Ae-/i.es an! pra-/i-a' 3a"s o2 a-hie.in+ /he1) The &o,n-i' he'ps 1e10er s/a/es /o i1p'e1en/ re2or1s an! en-o,ra+es inno.a/ion in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! /ea-her /rainin+) In +enera', i/ 2a-i'i/a/es /he poo'in+ o2 in/erna/iona' e?perien-e an! e?per/ise, an! pro1o/es a -oheren/, 'earner--en/re! 1e/ho!o'o+" 3hi-h in/e+ra/es ai1s, -on/en/, /ea-hin+, 'earnin+ an! assess1en/ in a har1onio,s approa-h 0ase! on -o11on prin-ip'es) The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope a//a-hes -onsi!era0'e i1por/an-e /o pro1o/in+ 'in+,is/i- !i.ersi/" in E,rope an! has assis/e! 1e10er s/a/es in pro!,-in+ p'annin+ ins/r,1en/s /o pro1o/e /he /ea-hin+ o2 a'1os/ /hir/" na/iona' an! re+iona' 'an+,a+es) In a!!i/ion, i/ has a!op/e! /he European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in or!er /o pro/e-/ an! pro1o/e /hese 'an+,a+es as a .i/a' aspe-/ o2 E,ropeEs ri-h 'in+,is/i- an! -,'/,ra' heri/a+e) #(,() Reso*utions of the Committee of :inisters

A0o,/ on-e e.er" /en "ears, /he 2in!in+s o2 /he &o,n-i'Es 3ork 'ea! /o a -o1posi/e Reso',/ion o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 Minis/ers /o /he 1e10er s/a/es) The" ha.e no !ire-/i.e 2or-e, 0,/ s/ron+'" in2',en-e /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 na/iona' po'i-ies in /he 2o''o3in+ "ears) For ins/an-e, Reso',/ion (9;* 89 3as 1os/ .a',a0'e /o /he ne3 1e10er s/a/es in &en/ra' an! Eas/ern E,rope in reorien/in+ na/iona' 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ po'i-ies 2o''o3in+ /he re1o.a' o2 So.ie/ he+e1on") The 1os/ i1por/an/ +enera' re-o11en!a/ions are repro!,-e! ,n!er poin/ 8);) o2 /he &EF)

#(,(/

he Common European Framework and *anguage po*ic6

As 3i'' 0e seen in 8)6, &EF is no/ i/se'2 a po'i-" !o-,1en/) I/ !oes no/ se/ o,/ /o pro.i!e po'i-" +,i!e'ines, 0,/ ra/her /o en-o,ra+e re2'e-/ion an! -o11,ni-a/ion a0o,/ a'' aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/) Re2'e-/ion an! -o11,ni-a/ion a0o,/ 1a//ers o2 po'i-" a/ na/iona' - an! in!ee! a'' 'e.e's 2ro1 /he -'assroo1 /o /he in/erna/iona' -o11,ni/" - is, o2 -o,rse, o2 +rea/ i1por/an-e no/ on'" /o a,/hori/ies 0,/ a'so /o a'' 1e10ers o2 /he /ea-hin+ pro2ession an! /o /he +enera' p,0'i-) In a !e1o-ra/i- so-ie/", an in2or1e! an! en'i+h/ene! p,0'i- opinion is essen/ia' /o /he proper 2or1a/ion an! e?e-,/ion o2 po'i-") A'' &EF ,sers are /here2ore in.i/e! /o -onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ :,es/ions re+ar!in+ na/iona' po'i-" 2or1a/ion< 8) ;) =) >) On 3ha/ prin-ip'es are /he n,10er an! -hoi-e o2 'an+,a+es in /he -,rri-,',1 1a!eL Is /here a na/iona' 'an+,a+e po'i-"L ha/ are /he reasons 2or /he !e-isionL Do a'' -hi'!ren ha.e /he oppor/,ni/" /o 0e-o1e 'i/era/e in /heir 1o/her /on+,es (ho1e 'an+,a+e*L Are 1aAori/" -hi'!ren ena0'e! /o 'earn 1inori/" 'an+,a+esL @) Are 1o!ern 'an+,a+es &o1p,'sor" op/iona' /hro,+ho,/ e!,-a/ion< - pre-s-hoo' - pri1ar" - 'o3er se-on!ar" an! ,pper se-on!ar" - hi+her - 2,r/her - a!,'/ ha/ s/eps are /aken /o ens,re -oheren-e an! -on/in,i/" o2 !e.e'op1en/L 6) On 3ha/ prin-ip'es are !e-isions 0ase! -on-ernin+ /he -,rri-,'ar /i1e a.ai'a0'e 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L K) On 3ha/ prin-ip'es are po'i-ies 0ase! as /o 3hi-h !e-isions sho,'! 0e 1a!e a/ a* na/iona', 0* re+iona', -* 'o-a', or !* s-hoo' 'e.e'L 9) ha/ s/eps are /aken /o a-hie.e -oheren-e a1on+ a* -,rri-,'ar o0Ae-/i.es, 0* /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!s, -* /e?/0ooks an! o/her /ea-hin+ 1a/eria's, an! !* e?a1ina/ions an! :,a'i2i-a/ionsL 5) On 3ha/ prin-ip'es are na/iona' 'an+,a+e pro.ision 0ase!L a* e-ono1i- nee! (2or e?a1p'e, in/erna/iona' /ra!e, /o,ris1* 0* !ip'o1a/i- re'a/ions -* paren/a' press,res !* -,'/,ra' .a',es e* /ra!i/iona' pra-/i-e 8I) Are !i22eren/ 1inis/ries an! 1inis/eria' !epar/1en/s responsi0'e 2or !i22eren/ se-/ors o2 e!,-a/iona' pro.isionL I2 so, 3ha/ s/eps are /aken /o ens,re -oheren-e a1on+ /heir po'i-iesL 88) ha/ s/eps are /aken /o i1p'e1en/< a* /he E,ropean &har/er 2or Minori/" or Re+iona' Lan+,a+es 0* /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope Fra1e3ork &on.en/ion o2 %a/iona' Minori/ies -* /he Ha+,e Re-o11en!a/ion Re+ar!in+ /he E!,-a/ion Ri+h/s o2 %a/iona' Minori/ies !* /he (,no22i-ia' 0,/ 4%ES&O-sponsore!* 4ni.ersa' De-'ara/ion o2 Lin+,is/i- Ri+h/sL

8;) 8=) 8>) 8@)

86) 8K)

89) 85)

Are 1inori/" 'an+,a+es ,se! as /he 1e!i,1 o2 ins/r,-/ion 2or 1o/her-/on+,e speakers a* as a /ransi/iona' 1eas,re 0* in 'a/er s/a+es o2 /he e!,-a/iona' pro-essL Is s,ppor/ +i.en /o /he e?/ra--,rri-,'ar 'earnin+ o2 1inori/" 'an+,a+esL ha/ s,ppor/ is +i.en /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in a!,'/ e!,-a/ionL Are /here 1inis/eria' -,rri-,'ar +,i!e'ines -on-ernin+< a* /he 'an+,a+es /o 0e /a,+h/ 0* /he o0Ae-/i.es /o 0e p,rs,e! -* /he approa-h /o 0e 2o''o3e! !* /he 1e/ho!s /o 0e ,se! e* /he 1a/eria's /o 0e ,se! 2* /he :,a'i2i-a/ion /o 0e a3ar!e! +* /he -on/en/ an! pro-e!,res in /es/s an! e?a1ina/ionsL Are +,i!e'ines 1an!a/or" or a!.isor"L On 3ha/ prin-ip'es are +,i!e'ines 0ase!L Is e!,-a/iona' resear-h in /he 'an+,a+e 2ie'! 1inis/eria''" pro1o/e! an! 2,n!e!L ha/ s/eps are /aken /o 0rin+ /he res,'/s o2 resear-h /o /he a//en/ion o2 a!1inis/ra/ors an! o/her pro2essiona'sL Are /he Re-o11en!a/ions o2 /he &o11i//ee o2 Minis/ers on Mo!ern Lan+,a+es (65*;, (98*85, (5K*6 a--ep/e! an! /aken in/o a--o,n/ in 2or1,'a/in+ na/iona' (or 1inis/eria'* po'i-iesL ha/ s/eps are /aken /o 0rin+ /he Re-o11en!a/ions o2 /he &o11i//ee o2 Minis/ers /o /he a//en/ion o2 /he 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro2essionL Are /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es spe-i2ie! 0" /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope 2or /3en/"-/hree E,ropean 'an+,a+es ( a"s/a+e, Thresho'!, Van/a+e* ,se! in /e?/0ook an! -o,rse -ons/r,-/ion an! in :,a'i2"in+ e?a1ina/ionsL Are na/iona''" re-o+nise! 'an+,a+e :,a'i2i-a/ions -a'i0ra/e! in /er1s o2 &o11on Re2eren-e Le.e's o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeL #() he need for p*uri*ingua*ism

This se-/ion e?p'ains /he -on-ep/ o2 Mp',ri'in+,a'is1E, !e.e'ope! 2,r/her in Se-/ion 6)8)= an! in -hap/er 9) I/ a'so !is/in+,ishes /he /er1 Mp',ri'in+,a'E 2ro1 M1,'/i'in+,a'E, 3hi-h re2ers si1p'" /o /he Mkno3'e!+e o2 a n,10er o2 'an+,a+es, or /he -o-e?is/en-e o2 !i22eren/ 'an+,a+es in a +i.en so-ie/"E, 3he/her /ha/ so-ie/" 0e 'o-a', na/iona' or in/erna/iona') An" E,ropean 3ishin+ /o en'ar+e his 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e 0e"on! /he 'an+,a+e o2 his ho1e en.iron1en/ is -on2ron/e! 0" a +rea/ !i.ersi/" o2 'an+,a+es 7 o.er 2i2/" ha.e re-o+nise! s/a/,s as na/iona' or re+iona' 'an+,a+es in /he 1e10er s/a/es o2 /he &o,n-i' 2or &,'/,ra' &o-opera/ion, 'ea.in+ asi!e 1an" 1ore in /he R,ssian Fe!era/ion) A -ar !ri.er 1a" easi'" pass /hro,+h 2i.e or si? !is/in-/ 'an+,a+e areas in /he -o,rse o2 a sin+'e !a"Js Ao,rne") Ho3 are /hese 0arriers /o -o11,ni-a/ion /o 0e o.er-o1eL Man" 3ish /o -,/ /he Gor!ian kno/ 0" 2i?in+ ,pon one 'an+,a+e as /he ,ni.ersa' 1e!i,1 o2 in/erna/iona' -o11,ni-a/ion) A s1a'', 0,/ !e!i-a/e! an! .o-i2ero,s 1inori/" 3ish i/ /o 0e Esperan/o, !e.ise! spe-i2i-a''" 2or /his p,rpose) His/ori-a' an! e-ono1i- 2or-es ha.e, ho3e.er, +one 2ar /o3ar!s prope''in+ En+'ish in/o s,-h a posi/ion, par/i-,'ar'" in re'a/ion /o /he -o11,ni-a/ions in!,s/ries /he1se'.es) This is no/ a par/i-,'ar'" E,ropean, 0,/ ra/her a +'o0a' pheno1enon) In response, En+'ish has 0e-o1e /he 2irs/ 2orei+n 'an+,a+e in 1os/ e!,-a/iona' s"s/e1s, /h,s pro!,-in+ a se'2-rein2or-in+ spira') A'rea!", 1an" paren/s 2ee' /ha/ a -hi'! 3ho is no/ o22ere! /he oppor/,ni/" a/ s-hoo' /o 0e-o1e 2',en/ in En+'ish is 0ein+ serio,s'" !isa!.an/a+e!) So1e e!,-a/iona' p'anners re+ar! /he /ea-hin+ o2 En+'ish as a lingua franca as 0o/h ne-essar" an! s,22i-ien/) Their e?-',sion o2 o/her 2orei+n 'an+,a+es 2ro1 /he s-hoo' -,rri-,',1 1a" 0e an e22or/ /o -on-en/ra/e reso,r-es /o3ar! 5

1a?i1,1 -o11,ni-a/i.e e22e-/i.eness in /he 1aAor 'an+,a+e o2 in/erna/iona' -o11,ni-a/ion, or si1p'" /o keep /he ro'e o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+es in /he s-hoo' -,rri-,',1 /o a 1ini1,1, 'ea.in+ 1ore spa-e 2or 1a/he1a/i-s, s-ien-e, /e-hno'o+", /he ar/s an! 1o/her-/on+,e !e.e'op1en/) I/ is, o2 -o,rse, 2or -o1pe/en/ a,/hori/ies, /akin+ a--o,n/ o2 in2or1e! p,0'i- opinion an! pro2essiona' a!.i-e, /o 1ake 'an+,a+e po'i-" !e-isions a--or!in+ /o /heir assess1en/ o2 ho3 0es/ /o 1ee/ so-ie/a' an! in!i.i!,a' nee!s) Ho3e.er, /he po'i-ies o2 /he E,ropean ins/i/,/ions are 2ir1'" in 2a.o,r o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1) This is no/ si1p'" /he res,'/ o2 resen/1en/ o2 /he a!.an/a+es enAo"e! 0" /he inha0i/an/s o2 one 1e10er s/a/e as a+ains/ o/hers) A2/er a'', /he in-rease! ,se o2 En+'ish in re-en/ "ears has no/ 0een 1a/-he! 0" an" no/i-ea0'e in-rease in /he re'a/i.e 3ea'/h, po3er an! in2',en-e o2 /he 4ni/e! $in+!o1 in E,ropean a22airs) In!ee!, /he e?-',si.e re'ian-e o2 so1e na/i.e En+'ish speakers on /he ,se o2 /heir 1o/her /on+,e in in/erna/iona' -on/a-/s i1poses 'i1i/a/ions on -o11,ni-a/ion 3hi-h -an ha.e i1por/an/ ne+a/i.e po'i/i-a' an! e-ono1i- e22e-/s) Ra/her, 2or a n,10er o2 reasons, /he 1,'/i'in+,a' na/,re o2 E,ropean so-ie/" 1akes i/ ne-essar" 2or E,ropeans /o !e.e'op -o1pe/en-ies in 1ore /han one non-na/i.e 'an+,a+e) For one /hin+, /he e?/en/ an! 'e.e' o2 -o1pe/en-e in En+'ish in !i22eren/ -o,n/ries sho,'! no/ 0e o.eres/i1a/e!) i/hin /he E,ropean 4nion, 2e3er /han @IN o2 /he pop,'a/ion, e.en o2 "o,n+er peop'e, -'ai1 a ,sa0'e !e+ree o2 -o1pe/en-e in /he 'an+,a+e) In o'!er a+e +ro,ps /he per-en/a+e is 1,-h 'o3er) The i1pression /ha/ En+'ish is e.er"3here spoken an! ,n!ers/oo! arises on'" i2 -on/a-/s are 'i1i/e! /o /he /ra.e' in!,s/r", pro2essiona' -on/a-/s an! /he 0e//er-e!,-a/e!) Ea-h -o,n/r" 'i.es i/s 'i2e /hro,+h i/s na/iona', an! in so1e -ases re+iona', 'an+,a+es) Forei+n .isi/ors or resi!en/s 3ho kno3 no/hin+ o2 /ha/ 'an+,a+e 3i'' ,n!ers/an! no/hin+ o2 3ha/ /he" see an! hear aro,n! /he1 ,n'ess i/ is spe-i2i-a''" ai1e! a/ /he1 0" /hose 3ho ha.e -o1pe/en-e in a share! 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) The" are 'ike'" /o 2in! /he1se'.es 1ar+ina'ise!, e.en iso'a/e!) The" 3i'' ha.e a--ess on'" /o /ha/ in2or1a/ion 3hi-h is !ire-/e! /o3ar!s /he o,/si!er) E.en 3here -on/a-/ -an 0e 1a!e /hro,+h a share! 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, /he :,a'i/" o2 /he -o11,ni-a/ion !epen!s on /he -o1pe/en-e o2 /he in/er'o-,/ors in /ha/ 'an+,a+e, 3hi-h o2 -o,rse 'ies o,/si!e /he -on/ro' o2 ei/her par/" in!i.i!,a''") I2, par/i-,'ar'", /he ro'e o2 /ha/ 'an+,a+e as a lingua franca has 0een in/erpre/e! /o 1ean i/s ,se as a p,re'" .ehi-,'ar, -,'/,re-2ree -o11,ni-a/ion -o!e, i/ 1a" 3e'' ser.e 0asi- /ransa-/iona' re:,ire1en/s, 0,/ -ripp'e /he e?-han+e o2 in2or1a/ion an! opinion on o/her /han /he 1os/ s,per2i-ia' aspe-/s o2 persona' 'i2e, so-ia' 1a//ers an! :,es/ions o2 .a',es an! 0e'ie2s) &'ear'", peop'e are 0es/ a0'e /o e?press 1a//ers o2 rea' -on-ern /o /he1 3hen /he" ,se /he 2,'' reso,r-es o2 /heir 1o/her /on+,e) Ma" /here no/ so1e/i1es 0e so1e/hin+ /o 0e sai! in 2a.o,r o2 'earnin+ /o rea! 3ha/ /he" 3ri/e, an! 'is/en 3i/h ,n!ers/an!in+ /o 3ha/ /he" ha.e /o sa", ra/her /han p,/ a'' reso,r-es in/o 0a'an-e! ski'' !e.e'op1en/ in one, or e.en /3o, in/erna/iona' .ehi-,'ar 'an+,a+es) Re-ep/i.e ski''s, 3hi-h re:,ire re-o+ni/ion o2 'an+,a+e an! -an e?p'oi/ in/e''i+en/ !e!,-/ion 1a" o22er a 1ore -os/-e22e-/i.e re/,rn on 'earnin+ e22or/ /han pro!,-/i.e ski''s, 3hi-h re:,ire 0o/h re-a'' o2 /he 'an+,a+e /o 0e ,se! an! /he shapin+ o2 ,//eran-e /o e?press /he in/en!e! 1eanin+ in -on2or1i/" 3i/h /he +ra11a/i-a' an! pra+1a/i- -on.en/ions o2 /he 'an+,a+e) In 2a-/, -on2ron/e! 3i/h /he /r,'" .as/ !i.ersi/" o2 'an+,a+e an! 'an+,a+e ,se a-ross E,rope, noone is in a posi/ion /o !o 1ore /han 1ake 'i1i/e! inroa!s in/o /he 1,'/i'in+,a' -o1p'e?i/" o2 /he -on/inen/) Ho3 /o 1ake /he 0es/ ,se o2 /he 'i1i/e! /i1e an! o/her reso,r-es a.ai'a0'e 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ is a -en/ra' iss,e 2or 'an+,a+e p'annin+) S,--essi.e &o,n-i' o2 E,rope proAe-/s ha.e 0een 0ase! on /he 0e'ie2 /ha/ i/ is o2 -r,-ia' i1por/an-e /o !e2ine -are2,''" 3or/h3hi'e, appropria/e an! 2easi0'e o0Ae-/i.es 3hi-h -orrespon! /o /he -o11,ni-a/i.e nee!s o2 in!i.i!,a's

8I

in so-ie/") Sin-e /hese nee!s re.ea' /he1se'.es on'" in /he -o,rse o2 a!,'/ 'i2e, 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 1,s/ 0e or+anise! in a 2'e?i0'e 1anner in a 'i2e'on+ perspe-/i.e) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ a/ s-hoo' sho,'! 0e seen no/ as a se'2--on/aine!, pro!,-/-orien/e! pro-ess, 0,/ as 'a"in+ /he 2o,n!a/ion 2or 2,/,re 'earnin+ an! ,se) As #or-her has sho3n (#or-her 859I*, /he na/,re o2 /he s-hoo' as an ins/i/,/ion s/ron+'" -ons/rains 3ha/ -an 0e !one /here a/ /ha/ phase o2 a personJs 'i2e) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ in hi+her, 2,r/her an! a!,'/ e!,-a/ion is no/ an op/iona' e?/ra, an e10e''ish1en/ or a ho00" in/eres/, 0,/ an essen/ia' so-ia' pro.ision ser.in+ i1por/an/ na/iona' in/eres/s) I/ is no/e3or/h" /ha/ a/ /hese 'e.e's !e1an! is -'ose'" re'a/e! /o nee! an! is 1,-h 1ore !i.erse /han a/ s-hoo' 'e.e') I/ is no/ /he -ase, 2or ins/an-e, /ha/ a!,'/s 3ish si1p'" /o i1pro.e /heir -o11an! o2 a 'an+,a+e /he" a'rea!" kno3 reasona0'" 3e'') More -o11on'", /he" pre2er /o 3i!en /heir -o1pe/en-e /o 2,r/her 'an+,a+es, 3i/h 1o!es/ o0Ae-/i.es on /he pro!,-/i.e si!e, 0,/ 3i/h a !esire /o ,n!ers/an! 2e''o3-E,ropeans e?pressin+ /he1se'.es in /heir 1os/ na/,ra' 1o!e) As an e?a1p'e, BB& /e'e.ision seriesE 0ase! on /his prin-ip'e ha.e a//ra-/e! 'ar+e ro''in+ a,!ien-es /ha/ 1o.e 2ro1 one in/ro!,-/or" 'an+,a+e -o,rse /o ano/her, 3hereas a,!ien-es 2or hi+her 'e.e' -o,rses in /he sa1e 'an+,a+e ha.e sho3n p"ra1i!a' /aperin+) O2 -o,rse, 1o!ern /e-hno'o+" is a0'e /o pro.i!e hi+h :,a'i/" pro!,-/s a/ 1o!es/ ,ni/ -os/ i2 a +'o0a' a,!ien-e -an 0e rea-he! 3i/h +oo! or+anisa/ion a/ /he re-ei.erJs en! (as ins/an-e! 0" /he e?/raor!inar" +'o0a' s,--ess o2 Follow Me*) Ho3e.er, ne3er /e-hno'o+ies a''o3 2or 1,-h +rea/er !i22eren/ia/ion o2 pro!,-/s an! 1arke/s, an! in-reasin+ po3er o2 -hoi-e an! se'2-!ire-/ion 0" /he 'earner) I/ is no3 es/i1a/e! (Da.i! &r"s/a', persona' -o11,ni-a/ion* /ha/ so1e 8III 'an+,a+es are ,se! an! a--essi0'e on /he In/erne/ an! /ha/ /he ,se o2 En+'ish has !e-'ine! /o a0o,/ @IN) e 1a" -on2i!en/'" e?pe-/ /ha/ as 1,'/i-1e!ia 2a-i'i/ies are 2,r/her !e.e'ope!, 1ore ,ni.ersa''" a--essi0'e an! 0e//er ,n!ers/oo!, 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a/ a'' 'e.e's 3i'' 0e-o1e 1ore !i.erse an! !e-en/ra'ise!) One -onse:,en-e o2 /his !e.e'op1en/ 3i'' 0e /ha/ a 1,-h 0roa!er spe-/r,1 o2 pro.i!ers, in-',!in+, in 1an" -ases, 'earners /he1se'.es, 3i'' 0e -a''e! ,pon /o 1ake -hoi-es an! !e-isions on /he o0Ae-/i.es an! 1e/ho!s o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/) #ro2essiona' an! e!,-a/iona' 1o0i'i/" 3i'' presen/ pro.i!ers 3i/h /he nee! /o -o11,ni-a/e /heir o0Ae-/i.es an! a-hie.e1en/s /o o/hers so as /o ena0'e /he1 /o e?er-ise in2or1a' -hoi-e as 3e'' as /o raise /he +enera' 'e.e' o2 3ork /hro,+h /he e?-han+e o2 e?perien-e) #(/ 9h6 is CEF neededC

This se-/ion s,11arises /he reasons 3h", in a'' /he a0o.e respe-/s, i/ 3i'' 0e o2 pra-/i-a' ,se 2or a'' /hose -on-erne! 3i/h 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! i/s o,/-o1es /o 0e a0'e /o se/ /heir e22or/s in a +enera' E,ropean 2ra1e3ork s,-h as /ha/ pro.i!e! 0" /he &o11on E,ropean Fra1e3ork o2 Re2eren-e 2or Lan+,a+e Learnin+, Tea-hin+ an! Assess1en/ (&EF*) I/ :,o/es /he -on-',sions rea-he! 0" /he In/er+o.ern1en/a' S"1posi,1 he'! in ROs-h'ikon, S3i/Ber'an!, 3hi-h re-o11en!e! /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 a -o11on E,ropean 2ra1e3ork o2 re2eren-e 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/ o2 a'' kin!s an! a/ a'' 'e.e's) #(. For what uses is CEF intendedC

This se-/ion e1phasises /he ,se o2 &EF as a p'annin+ ins/r,1en/ an! as s,-h is se'2-e?p'ana/or") There are, o2 -o,rse, 2,r/her ,ses) I/ is .a',a0'e as a 1eans o2 raisin+ a3areness, par/i-,'ar'" in hi+her e!,-a/ion an! in ini/ia' an! in-ser.i-e /ea-her e!,-a/ion an! /rainin+) Man" ins/i/,/ions ha.e 3e'-o1e! &EF as a -a'i0ra/in+ ins/r,1en/ 2or /he e:,a/ion o2 e?a1ina/ions an! :,a'i2i-a/ions)

88

#(3

9hat criteria must CEF meetC

The ROs-h'ikon S"1posi,1 'ai! !o3n -ri/eria 2or &EF /o 1ee/) #ar/i-ipan/s a+ree! /ha/ &EF sho,'! 0e descripti-e, no/ pres-rip/i.e) #ra-/i/ioners sho,'! re2'e-/ ,pon /heir -,rren/ pra-/i-e, /ake !e-isions 3hi-h /he" 0e'ie.e /o 0e ri+h/ in /heir -ir-,1s/an-es an! /hen share /heir !e-isions, o0Ae-/i.es an! 1e/ho!s 3i/h o/hers) hi'e /he &o11i//ee o2 Minis/ers 3an/s pra-/i/ioners /o 2in! i/s po'i-" re-o11en!a/ions -on.in-in+, an! /o 2o''o3 /he1 in /heir !e-ision1akin+, i/ is no/ /he 2,n-/ion o2 &EF /o /e'' /he1 3ha/ /o !o) The &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeEs poin/ o2 .ie3, ho3e.er 3e''-2o,n!e!, sho,'! no/ !e/er1ine, or !is/or/, /he !es-rip/i.e 2ra1e3ork) This poin/, 3hi-h is 2,n!a1en/a', has no/ a'3a"s 0een ,n!ers/oo!) &EF ai1s /o 0e comprehensi-e, no/ se'e-/i.e) Man" !i22eren/ kin!s o2 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ e?is/) A'' sho,'! 2in! a p'a-e an! 0e a0'e /o !es-ri0e /heir pro.ision 3i/hin /he Fra1e3ork) On /he o/her han!, i/ -anno/ 0e e?ha,s/i.e) I/ sho,'!, ho3e.er, /r" /o 0e transparent so /ha/ ,sers 7 0o/h /hose 3ho !es-ri0e /heir o0Ae-/i.es an! 1e/ho!s an! /hose 3ho re-ei.e /he !es-rip/ions 7 sho,'! 0e a0'e /o see -'ear'" 3ha/ is on o22er, a.oi!in+ .a+,eness an! o0s-,ri/") I/ sho,'! 0e coherent 7 a.oi!in+ in/erna' -on/ra!i-/ions an! e:,i.o-a/ions, mu*ti>purpose 7 -apa0'e o2 0ein+ ,se! in !i22eren/ 3a"s a--or!in+ /o ,ser nee!s, open and d6namic 7 -apa0'e o2 2,r/her !e.e'op1en/ 0" i/s ,sers as /he" !is-o.er /he ine.i/a0'e +aps an! !e2i-ien-ies) I/ 1,s/ 0e non> dogmatic, 3e'-o1in+ a'' approa-hes an! .ie3poin/s, ra/her /han insis/in+ ,pon -on2or1i/" /o so1e -,rren/ or/ho!o?") I/ sho,'! 0e user>friend*6, a.oi!in+ e?-essi.e -o1p'i-a/ion an! Aar+on, 7 /ho,+h o.er-si1p'i2i-a/ion is a -o1p'e1en/ar" !an+er) &o11,ni-a/ion 0" 1eans o2 'an+,a+e is a -o1p'e? pheno1enon, no par/ o2 3hi-h is irre'e.an/ or a 1a//er o2 -o,rse 2or a'' 'earners) The s/r,-/,re o2 'in+,is/i- in/era-/ion 1,s/ 0e 2,''" represen/e! an! so1e ,se o2 /e-hni-a' 'an+,a+es is ,na.oi!a0'e, /ho,+h i!ios"n-ra/i- /er1s sho,'! 0e e?p'aine!) 4sers 1a" a'so 2in! i/ he'p2,' /o -onsi!er ho3 2ar /he -ri/eria app'" /o /heir o3n !es-rip/ion o2 /heir ai1s, o0Ae-/i.es an! 1e/ho!s 0" re2eren-e /o &EF) Is i/, 2or ins/an-e, comprehensi-eL e !o no/ 1ean /ha/ e.er" ,ser sho,'! /r" /o in-',!e e.er"/hin+ /ha/ is presen/e! in &EF) The Fra1e3ork a//e1p/s /o 0e -o1prehensi.e in /he sense /ha/ i/ 1,s/ a--o11o!a/e e.er"/hin+ an" o2 i/s ,sers 3ish /o spe-i2") I2 &EF ,sers 2in! /ha/ /here are /hin+s /he" 3ish /o spe-i2" 3hi-h ha.e 0een o.er'ooke!, &EF 2ai's /he -ri/erion o2 -o1prehensi.eness) In /ha/ -ase, ,sers sho,'! pro.i!e /heir o3n spe-i2i-a/ion an! 'e/ ,s kno3, so /ha/ &EF -an 0e 2,r/her !e.e'ope!) This is 3ha/ is 1ean/ 0" sa"in+ /ha/ /he Fra1e3ork sho,'! 0e open an! !"na1i-) On /he o/her han!, par/i-,'ar ,sers 1a" 3e'' !e-i!e /ha/ 1,-h /ha/ is -on/aine! in &EF is inapp'i-a0'e /o /he1, perhaps 0e-a,se /he" 2ee' /ha/ i/ is irre'e.an/ /o /he nee!s o2 /he 'earners /he" ha.e in 1in!, or /ha/ i/ is inappropria/e /o /hose 'earners, or /ha/ i/ -an 0e /aken 2or +ran/e!, or is no/ o2 hi+h eno,+h priori/" 3here reso,r-es or /i1e are 'i1i/e!) In re'a/ion /o !es-rip/ions pro!,-e! 0" ,sers in /er1s o2 &EF, -o1prehensi.e has a !i22eren/ 1eanin+) Has /he ,ser, 0e2ore /akin+ !e-isions, /aken a'' op/ions in/o -onsi!era/ionL Has e.er"/hin+ 0een in-',!e! /ha/ so1eone ,sin+ /he !es-rip/ion 3o,'! nee! /o kno3, in an appropria/e !e+ree o2 !e/ai'L As re+ar!s transparenc6 an! coherence, /he -ri/eria 2or &EF an! 2or /he !es-rip/ion are /he sa1e< has /he 3ri/er 0een s,22i-ien/'" e?p'i-i/ 2or /he ,ser /o ha.e a -'ear pi-/,re o2 3ha/ is 0ein+ presen/e!, ,sin+ 'an+,a+e /he ,ser -an ,n!ers/an! (perhaps, i2 nee! 0e, 3i/h /he ai! o2 a s/an!ar! !i-/ionar"*, a.oi!in+ .a+,eness an! a10i+,i/"L Does /he !es-rip/ion han+ /o+e/herL Is i/ -onsis/en/, a.oi!in+ /he -on/ra!i-/ion in one p'a-e o2 3ha/ is sai! in ano/herL Is i/ f*e+i;*e, /akin+ a--o,n/ o2 /he !i22eren/ -ir-,1s/an-es ,n!er 3hi-h i/ 1a" 0e ,se!L A 2ina' 3or!, /o a.oi! a'' 1is,n!ers/an!in+< as a 2ra1e3ork o2 reference, /he ai1 is /o 0e !es-rip/i.e, no/ pres-rip/i.e) &EF e?is/s no/ /o pro1o/e, 'e/ a'one i1pose, ,ni2or1i/" 0,/ /o 8;

i1pro.e -o11,ni-a/ion 3hi's/ 1ain/ainin+ an! en-o,ra+in+ !i.ersi/") The his/ori-a' 0a-k+ro,n! +i.es a pi-/,re o2 /he .a',es, 0e'ie2s an! a//i/,!es 3hi-h ha.e in2or1e! /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope in i/s 3ork in /he 1o!ern 'an+,a+es 2ie'!) 4sers are in.i/e! /o re2'e-/ ,pon /he1 an! /o 0ear /he1 in 1in! as /he" ,se &EF, as in!ee! in a'' /heir 3ork) Ho3e.er, i/ is 2or /he ,sers /o !e-i!e 3he/her /o a!op/ /he1 as /heir o3n) &EF is i/se'2 non>dogmatic, ena0'in+ a'' ,sers /o /e'' o/hers o2 /heir !e-isions, ra/her /han /e''in+ /he1 3ha/ /heir !e-isions sho,'! 0e) I/ 1,s/ 0e re-o+nise! /ha/ /he .er" a-/ o2 !e.e'opin+ a -o11on 2ra1e3ork is i/se'2 a po'i/i-a' a-/) In /he nine/een/h -en/,r" an! 'a/er, 1an" na/ion s/a/es se/ o,/ /o -rea/e or rein2or-e na/iona' ,ni/" in an a,/hori/arian, so1e/i1es oppressi.e, 1anner 0" i1posin+ ,ni2or1 na/iona' -,rri-,'a, :,a'i2i-a/ions, /e?/0ooks, an! -'assroo1 1e/ho!s, 3hi'e o.erri!in+ /he !i.erse pro.isions (i2 an"* 3hi-h 1arke! /he he/ero+eneo,s e'e1en/s 2ro1 3hi-h /he" 3ere -rea/e!) To!a", /here is +rea/er respe-/ 2or /he i!en/i/" o2 1inori/ies an! a 1ore +enera' re-o+ni/ion o2 /he nee! /o !i.ersi2" e!,-a/iona' pro.ision) Ho3e.er, /here is an?ie/" in so1e :,ar/ers /ha/ E,ropean ,ni/" 3i'' -a,se a 'oss o2 na/iona' i!en/i/") To pro1o/e -on/inen/a' ,ni/" 3hi's/ respe-/in+ an! e.en in-reasin+ !i.ersi/", 3i/h !e1o-ra/i- !e-ision-1akin+ 0ro,+h/ -'oser /o /he poin/ o2 'earnin+, 0" 2a-i'i/a/in+ 1,/,a' in2or1a/ion an! pro1o/in+ a -o11on approa-h a1on+ /he 1an" pro2essiona's in.o'.e! 7 /ha/ is an a-/ o2 2ai/hP In /his spiri/ 3e in.i/e /he ,ser /o -onsi!er &EF 2,r/her)

"art , $ Approach adopted

This -hap/er is !esi+ne! /o prepare /he rea!er /o ,se /he !es-rip/i.e appara/,s 3hi-h 2o''o3s in -hap/ers > an! @) I/ presen/s /he ana'"sis o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e ,ser on 3hi-h /he 1ore !e/ai'e! /a?ono1", or s-he1e o2 -'assi2i-a/ion, ,se! 'a/er, has 0een 0ase!) A--or!in+'", i/ is ra/her /e-hni-a', 0,/ /he i1por/an/ /er1s ,se! are -are2,''" e?p'aine!) I/ is 3e'' 3or/h /akin+ /i1e /o Jrea!, 1ark an! in3ar!'" !i+es/J /his -hap/er 0e2ore 3orkin+ /hro,+h /he !e/ai' o2 'a/er -hap/ers) This -hap/er is 'ar+e'" se'2-e?p'ana/or", 0,/ a 2e3 2,r/her 3or!s 1a" he'p /o a.oi! 1is,n!ers/an!in+s a'on+ /he 3a") ,(# An action>oriented approach

An a-/ion-orien/a/ion has 1arke! /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope approa-h sin-e /he ear'" 85KIs, re+ar!in+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ as prepara/ion 2or /he a-/i.e ,se o2 /he 'an+,a+e 2or -o11,ni-a/ion) Ho3e.er, /his !oes no/ 1ean /ha/ 3e are on'" in/eres/e! in o.er/ a-/i.i/") O2 /he peop'e si//in+ opposi/e one in a /rain, /he person i11erse! in a 0ook is no 'ess a-/i.e /han /he pair ne?/ !oor en+a+e! in ani1a/e! -on.ersa/ion) E.en /he one +aBin+ in/o spa-e 1a" 0e i1a+inin+ 3ha/ /o e?pe-/ in a -r,-ia' in/er.ie3 an! p'annin+ no/ on'" se'2-preser.a/ion 0,/ a'so responses /o /he :,es/ions /ha/ 1a" -o1e) #reparin+ peop'e 2or a-/i.e 'an+,a+e ,se in.o'.es /he 2,'' ran+e o2 h,1an -apa-i/ies -/he in/e''e-/, /he e1o/ions an! /he 3i'' as 3e'' as /he e?er-ise o2 pra-/i-a' ski''s) A -o1p'e/e .ie3 o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e ,ser 1,s/ 2in! a p'a-e 2or /he 3ho'e person, 0,/ a 3ho'e person a-/in+ in a so-ia' -on/e?/, as a Jso-ia' a+en/J) O2 -o,rse, /he ,se o2 /his /er1 !oes no/ 1ean re!,-in+ /he 2,'' ri-hness o2 /he h,1an persona'i/" /o a !eh,1anise! ro'e-0earer, 0,/ res-,es i/ 2ro1 /he -o1p'e1en/ar" !an+er o2 in!i.i!,a'is/i-, e.en so'ipsis/i- iso'a/ion) The -on!ense! s/a/e1en/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se in /he sha!e! 0o? on p)5 an! /he !e2ini/ions o2 /he /er1s ,se! 3hi-h 2o''o3 are 0asi- /o /he ,n!ers/an!in+ an! ,se o2 &EF, as is /he 0reak!o3n o2 /hese 1ain -a/e+ories, or para1e/ers, in/o s,0--a/e+ories) The" pro.i!e /he 1ain s/r,-/,re 2or 8=

-hap/er > an! a n,10er o2 /he s-a'es propose! in /he appen!i?) The" sho,'! 0e rea! 3i/h -are an! -an 0e re2erre! /o i2 /he 1eanin+ o2 /he /er1s ,se! in -hap/er > is no/ -'ear in /ha/ -on/e?/) In.erse'", /he e?a1p'es an! /he propose! s-a'in+s +i.en in -hap/er > 1a" he'p in ,n!ers/an!in+ /he !ense an! !e/ai'e! /e?/ o2 -hap/er ;) ,(#(# he genera* competences of an indi-idua*

This se-/ion in/ro!,-es /he -a/e+ories !e.e'ope! in !e/ai' in se-/ion @)8) 4sers sho,'! no/e /he ,se o2 /he /er1 M-o1pe/en-e(s*E here an! /hro,+ho,/ &EF) I/ is ,se!, no/ /o in!i-a/e ho3 e22i-ien/'" /he 'earner is a0'e /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e, 0,/ /o re2er /o /he kno3'e!+e, ski''s an! a//i/,!es 3hi-h ,n!er'ie /he ,se o2 'an+,a+e a/ 3ha/e.er 'e.e') Se-/ion @)8 !ea's 3i/h -o1pe/en-es 3hi-h are no/ spe-i2i-a''" -on-erne! 3i/h 'an+,a+e, 0,/ 3hi-h are -a''e! ,pon 2or h,1an a-/i.i/ies o2 a'' kin!s, in-',!in+ -o11,ni-a/ion) Their !e.e'op1en/ an! or+anisa/ion in /he 1in! are a'so -'ose'" 'inke! /o /he !e.e'op1en/ an! or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e) ,(#(, Communicati-e *anguage competence

This se-/ion !ea's 3i/h /he -a/e+ories !e.e'ope! in !e/ai' in se-/ion @);, i)e) /hose 2or1a''" re'a/e! /o /he s/r,-/,re ('in+,is/i-* an! ,se (so-io'in+,is/i- an! pra+1a/i-* o2 'an+,a+e) ,(#() Language acti-ities

This se-/ion, /o+e/her 3i/h se-/ions ;)8)> an! ;)8)@, !ea's 3i/h /he -a/e+ories !e.e'ope! in !e/ai' in -hap/er >) The or!er in 3hi-h /he" are !is-,sse! in /hese se-/ions is so1e3ha/ !i22eren/ 2ro1 /he or!er o2 /heir presen/a/ion in -hap/er > i/se'2, 0ein+ in2',en-e! 0" /he or!er in 3hi-h /he" appear in /he 0o?e! para+raph a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 -hap/er ;) In par/i-,'ar, s/ra/e+ies, !is-,sse! here /o+e/her 3i/h /asks an! /e?/s, are /rea/e! in -hap/er > i11e!ia/e'" 2o''o3in+ /he a-/i.i/ies 3i/h 3hi-h /he" are asso-ia/e!) 4sers 3i'' a'so no/e /ha/, in .ie3 o2 /he i1por/an-e a//a-he! /o /asks in an a-/ion-orien/e! approa-h, -hap/er K is !e.o/e! /o /heir ro'e in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) ,(, Common reference *e-e*s of *anguage proficienc6

This se-/ion +i.es /he reasons 3h" /he s-a'in+ o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" is +i.en a pro1inen/ ro'e in &EF an! a!!s so1e 3or!s o2 -a,/ion) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ is a 'en+/h" pro-ess an! i/s -a'i0ra/ion is i1por/an/ 2or 1an" p,rposes, s,-h as -o,rse p'annin+ an! /he a3ar! o2 :,a'i2i-a/ions) The es/a0'ish1en/ o2 -o11on s/an!ar!s is a 1ain A,s/i2i-a/ion 2or /he in/ro!,-/ion o2 &EF) The prin-ip'es o2 s-a'in+ are !ea'/ 3i/h in -onsi!era0'e !e/ai' in -hap/er = an! appen!i-es A an! B) S-a'es are pro.i!e! /hro,+ho,/ /he 3ork, ho'is/i-a''" in -hap/er = an! 2or spe-i2i- a-/i.i/ies, /asks an! -o1pe/en-es 3here.er appropria/e an! 2easi0'e in -hap/ers > an! @ an! in appen!i-es & an! D) ,() Language *earning and teaching

This se-/ion 0rie2'" in/ro!,-es /he iss,es !ea'/ 3i/h in !e/ai' in -hap/ers 6, K an! 9) I/ re2ers 0a-k a+ain /o -hap/er 8 an! /he re'a/ion 0e/3een &EF as a !es-rip/i.e ins/r,1en/ o2 re2eren-e an! /he po'i-" s/a/e1en/s o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope)

8>

,(/

Language assessment

This se-/ion -o1p'e/es /he in/ro!,-/or" a--o,n/ o2 /he approa-h a!op/e! 0" 'ookin+ 2or3ar! /o /he in/en/ions an! -on/en/ o2 -hap/er 5) I/ a'so 1akes re2eren-e /o /he -o1p'e1en/ar" !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he E,ropean Lan+,a+e #or/2o'io (EL#*, 3hi-h is a'so re2erre! /o 0rie2'" in se-/ion 9)>);) EL# ,ses /he 'e.e's an! !es-rip/ors o2 &EF 0o/h 2or in!i-a/in+ /he re'a/i.e 'e.e's o2 :,a'i2i-a/ions a-hie.e! 0" ho'!ers, an! 2or +,i!in+ /heir se'2-assess1en/) I/ 1a" 0e o2 in/eres/ /o &EF ,sers /o kno3 a 'i//'e 1ore o2 /he s/r,-/,re an! 2,n-/ions o2 EL#) European Language Portfolio The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope has re-en/'" !e.ise! EL#, in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e 'earners o2 a'' a+es an! 2ro1 a'' 0a-k+ro,n!s /hro,+ho,/ E,rope -an keep a re-or! o2 /heir 'an+,a+e ski''s an! si+ni2i-an/ -,'/,ra' e?perien-es o2 a'' kin!s in a re-o+nise! !o-,1en/) The por/2o'io is a persona' !o-,1en/, he'! an! re+,'ar'" ,p!a/e! 0" /he 'earner, 3hi-h -on/ains /hree se-/ions<

a passport section, in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e :,a'i2i-a/ions an! ski''s (2or1a' an! in2or1a'* -an 0e re-or!e! in an in/erna/iona''" re-o+nisa0'e 1annerD a language and cultural biography section, in 3hi-h 'earners -an !es-ri0e /heir 'an+,a+e kno3'e!+e an! 'earnin+ e?perien-es in as 3i!e a ran+e o2 'an+,a+es as possi0'eD a dossier /o -on/ain e?a1p'es o2 /he 'earnerJs o3n 3ork)

Ai1e! a/ 1o/i.a/in+ peop'e /o 'earn 'an+,a+es 0o/h in an! o,/ o2 2or1a' e!,-a/ion, /he por/2o'io 3i'' a'so -on/ri0,/e /o 1o0i'i/" in E,rope as i/ pro.i!es a -'ear re-or! o2 a personJs 'an+,a+e ski''s 3hi-h -o,'! s,ppor/ /heir Ao0 app'i-a/ions, en/r" in/o e!,-a/iona' es/a0'ish1en/s, e/-) R,'es 2or /he a--re!i/a/ion o2 EL# 1o!e's ha.e 0een a+ree! an! a E,ropean Va'i!a/ion &o11i//ee has 0een se/ ,p ,n!er /he a,/hori/" o2 /he E!,-a/ion &o11i//ee o2 /he &o,n-i' 2or &,'/,ra' &oopera/ion /o /ake responsi0i'i/" 2or a--re!i/a/ion) The por/2o'io 3i'' 0e 'a,n-he! !,rin+ /he E,ropean Year o2 Lan+,a+es ;II8) F,r/her in2or1a/ion on /he por/2o'io 3i'' 0e a.ai'a0'e on i/s 2or/h-o1in+ 3e0si/e) In /he 1ean/i1e, i2 "o, re:,ire 1ore in2or1a/ion see /he Lan+,a+e #o'i-" Di.ision 3e0si/e< h//p<HH-,'/,re)-oe)in/Hpor/2o'io)

"art ) $ Common reference *e-e*s

Fo''o3in+ se-/ion ;);), in 3hi-h /he reasons 3ere +i.en 2or 1akin+ /he proposa' 2or a se/ o2 -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" a -en/ra' 2o-,s o2 /he &o11on E,ropean Fra1e3ork) This -hap/er !ea's 3i/h /he s-a'es o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-"< /he -ri/eria /he" 1,s/ sa/is2", /he n,10er an! !e2ini/ion o2 /he 'e.e's propose!, /he na/,re o2 /he !es-rip/ors ,se! /o !e2ine /he 'e.e's an! /he 3a"s in 3hi-h /he 'e.e's 1a" 0e ,se!) )(# Criteria for descriptors for common reference *e-e*s

This se-/ion 0rie2'" -onsi!ers 0asi- iss,es !ea'/ 3i/h a/ +rea/er 'en+/h in /he appen!i-es) I/ poin/s o,/ /ha/ s-a'es 1,s/ 0e a/ on-e re'e.an/ /o 'earners, 0,/ no/ o.er-spe-i2i-, i2 /he" are /o 0e -o11on /o 1an" !i22eren/ kin!s o2 'earner) The s-a'es sho,'! 0e so,n!'" 0ase! 2ro1 a /heore/i-a' poin/ o2 .ie3, "e/ 3or!e! in a 3a" /ha/ ena0'es ,sers /o ,n!ers/an! an! app'" /he1 /o 8@

/heir o3n si/,a/ion) A A,!i-io,s -o10ina/ion o2 in/,i/ion an! o0Ae-/i.e .a'i!a/ion is nee!e! /o !e.e'op !es-rip/ors an! ens,re /ha/ /he" 1ee/ /hese -ri/eria) )(, he common reference *e-e*s

This se-/ion 0rie2'" in/ro!,-es /he si? 'e.e's /o 0e ,se! 2or 1os/ p,rposes /hro,+ho,/ &EF, re'a/in+ /he1 /o pre.io,s proposa's 0" /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope) So1e 'e.e's 3ere pro!,-e! in i/s ear'" 3ork on a possi0'e ,ni/--re!i/ s-he1e /o s,ppor/ an! o22er a s/r,-/,re 2or p'annin+ an! re-o+nisin+ a-hie.e1en/ in a!,'/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a-ross E,rope) Arisin+ 2ro1 /his proAe-/, Threshold Level 3as pro!,-e! as an a//e1p/ /o !e2ine in -onsi!era0'e !e/ai' /he 1ini1,1 'e.e' o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" 3hi-h 3o,'! ena0'e a 'an+,a+e 'earner /o a-/ as an in!epen!en/ a+en/ in /ransa-/in+ /he 0,siness o2 e.er"!a" 'i.in+ as 3e'' as e?-han+in+ in2or1a/ion an! i!eas 3i/h o/her peop'e) This 1ini1,1 /,rne! o,/ /o 0e :,i/e !e1an!in+ an! /o re:,ire a s,0s/an/ia' 'earnin+ e22or/) Threshold Level 3as hi+h'" inno.a/i.e) I/ ini/ia/e! /he 2,n-/iona'-no/iona' approa-h, se//in+ o,/ 2irs/ 3ha/ /he 'earner ha! /o !o 3i/h /he 'an+,a+e an! se-on!ari'" 3ha/ 'an+,a+e 3as ne-essar" 7 in essen-e /he a-/ion-orien/e! approa-h ,se! in &EF) The Thresho'! 'e.e' -on-ep/ 3as 2irs/ app'ie! /o En+'ish, 0,/ has sin-e 0een app'ie! /o o.er /3en/" E,ropean 'an+,a+es, 'is/e! in /he Genera' Bi0'io+raph") The -a/e+ories an! e?ponen/s +i.en in Threshold Level are !ra3n ,pon e?/ensi.e'" in -hap/ers > an! @) Ho3e.er, /he Thresho'! 'e.e' (an! /he a"s/a+e an! Van/a+e 'e.e's, 3hi-h respe-/i.e'" pre-e!e an! s,--ee! Thresho'!* 3as no/ -on-ei.e! as a -o1prehensi.e 1o!e') Ra/her, i/ 3as as a !e2ine! o0Ae-/i.e 2or a par/i-,'ar !e2ine! a,!ien-e) )() "resentation of common reference *e-e*s

This se-/ion presen/s /he /hree s,11a/i.e, ho'is/i- s-a'in+ /a0'es, 3hi-h are a'rea!" 3i!e'" ,se! /o +i.e a -o1pa-/ -hara-/erisa/ion o2 /he si? 'e.e's on 3hi-h /he /rea/1en/ o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" in &EF is 0ase!) Ta0'e 8 se/s o,/ in /hree or 2o,r sen/en-es 3ha/ 'an+,a+e a 'earner a/ ea-h 'e.e' is a0'e /o ,n!ers/an! an! pro!,-e) O2 -o,rse, so -on!ense! a s/a/e1en/ -anno/ 0e e?ha,s/i.e) In/era-/ion an! 1e!ia/ion are no/ e?p'i-i/'" !ea'/ 3i/h, nor are /he -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h 'earners 3i'' 0e a0'e /o 1ee/ /he -ri/eria o2 per2or1an-e spe-i2ie!) %o/hin+ is sai! on ho3 3e'' 'earners -an !o 3ha/ is spe-i2ie!) M,-h is 'e2/ /o 0e 2i''e! o,/ an! in/erpre/e!, par/'" 0" re2eren-e /o o/her /a0'es in &EF, par/'" 0" e?er-isin+ -o11on sense in /he 'i+h/ o2 /he ,serEs e?perien-e) %e.er/he'ess, a -on!ense! s/a/e1en/ o2 3ha/ a /"pi-a' 'earner -an !o a/ ea-h s,--essi.e 'e.e' is in.a',a0'e as a s/ar/in+ poin/, a 2o,n!a/ion s/one /o 0,i'! ,pon) Ta0'e ; e?pan!s Ta0'e 8, !is/in+,ishin+ /he 2o,r ski''s an! in-',!in+ spoken in/era-/ion) This is /he /a0'e 1os/ -o11on'" ,se!, 2or ins/an-e as a 0asis 2or se'2-e.a',a/ion 0" ho'!ers o2 /he EL#) Ta0'e = -hara-/erises /he si? 'e.e's in /er1s o2 so1e -'assi-a' -ri/eria 2or e.a',a/in+ 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-"< ran+e -- /he 'e?i-a' an! +ra11a/i-a' reso,r-es /he 'earner has a.ai'a0'e, a--,ra-" -/he a0i'i/" /o !ep'o" /hose reso,r-es -onsis/en/'" an! 3i/ho,/ errors an! 1is/akes, 2',en-" -- /he a0i'i/" /o !ep'o" /he reso,r-es in rea' /i1e /o pro!,-e -onne-/e! !is-o,rse 3i/h nor1a' rh"/h1 an! in/ona/ion, 2ree 2ro1 hesi/a/ions, 2a'se s/ar/s, e/-), in/era-/ion -- /he a0i'i/" /o 1ain/ain a -on.ersa/ion 3i/ho,/ -rea/in+ pro0'e1s in -o11,ni-a/ion 2or /he par/ner, an! -oheren-e -- /he a0i'i/" /o !ep'o" /he reso,r-es a/ /he 'earnerEs !isposa' /o -rea/e in/e+ra/e! !is-o,rse)

86

)(/

%**ustrati-e descriptors

This se-/ion +i.es /he -hara-/eris/i-s an! ori+in o2 /he !es-rip/ors ,se! /o !e2ine /he .ario,s aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" spe-i2ie! in /he /a0'es) )(. F*e+i;i*it6 in a ;ranching approach

This i1por/an/ se-/ion sho3s, 3i/h 2o,r e?a1p'es, ho3 /he 0asi- si?-'e.e' s-he1e -an 0e e?pan!e! (or perhaps re!,-e!* /o 1ee/ /he nee!s o2 ,sers -on-erne! 3i/h a pop,'a/ion o2 'earners 3hi-h nee!s /o 0e 1ore (or 'ess* 2ine'" !i22eren/ia/e! /han /he 0roa! 0an!s o2 /he si?'e.e' s"s/e1 per1i/) For ins/an-e, in /he re'a/i.e'" ear'" s/a+es o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, e,phoria a/ 2in!in+ onese'2 a0'e /o -o11,ni-a/e a/ a'' is o2/en s,--ee!e! 0" !epression a/ ha.in+ a 1o,n/ain /o -'i10 an! see1in+ /o 1ake 'i//'e or no pro+ress) Mo/i.a/ion 1a" 0e easier /o s,s/ain 0" se//in+ shor/ /er1 +oa's an! re-o+nisin+ /heir a//ain1en/) These shor/-/er1 +oa's 1a" a'' 'ie 3i/hin /he sa1e 0an! in /he si?-'e.e' s-he1e) A par/i-,'ar /ea-hin+ ins/i/,/ion 1a" 3e'' or+anise i/s pro.ision in s1a''er s/eps) &EF i/se'2 !oes no/ a//e1p/ /o !e2ine in/er'e.e's, 3hi-h are in prin-ip'e an! in 2a-/ o2 in!e2ini/e n,10er) I/ 3i'' 0e 2or /he ins/i/,/ion i/se'2 /o !o so, 1akin+ ,se o2 /he 1ore e?/ensi.e appara/,s o2 !es-rip/ion in -hap/ers >-K) A -o1p'e1en/ar" pro0'e1 e?is/s a/ /he /op en! o2 /he si?-'e.e' s"s/e1) Le.e' &8 !oes no/ represen/ an i!ea' o2 ,na//aina0'e per2e-/ion, 0,/ ra/her /he hi+hes/ 'e.e' 3hi-h i/ is pra-/i-a' /o se/ as an o0Ae-/i.e 2or +enera' 'an+,a+e -o,rses an! p,0'i- e?a1ina/ions) I/ 1a" 3e'' 0e /ha/ so1e ins/i/,/ions -on-erne! 3i/h 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" a/ /he hi+hes/ pro2essiona' 'e.e' 3i'' 3ish /o se/ /heir -ri/eria 2or :,a'i2i-a/ion a/ a s/i'' hi+her 'e.e', or, 1ore pro0a0'", /o !e.e'op hi+h'" spe-ia'ise! 1o!,'es ra/her /han a//e1p/in+ /o !e2ine o0Ae-/i.es ho'is/i-a''") The" 1a" /hen perhaps spe-i2" Le.e' &8 as an en/r" re:,ire1en/ an! ,se /he /a?ono1i- appara/,s o2 -hap/ers >K in !e2inin+ /he -on/en/ o2 /he 1o!,'es) In an" -ase, /he in/en/ion o2 /his se-/ion is /o sho3 /ha/ /he approa-h /o /he :,es/ion< Mho3 1an" 'e.e'sLE is 'e2/ open) A si?-'e.e' s"s/e1 appears /o -orrespon! /o /he +enera' pra-/i-e o2 /he 2ie'! in 'ar+e-s-a'e pro.ision an! is s,22i-ien/'" !i22eren/ia/e! /o a''o3 ins/i/,/ions /o -a'i0ra/e /heir s"s/e1s 0" re2eren-e /o i/) I/ is no/ in/en!e! /o -ons/rain /he 2ree!o1 o2 ins/i/,/ions /o or+anise pro.ision in /he 0es/ in/eres/s o2 /heir -ons/i/,en-ies) )(3 Content coherence in common reference *e-e*s

This se-/ion A,s/i2ies an! !es-ri0es in +rea/er !e/ai' /he si? 'e.e's an! a'so /hree in/er'e.e's (A;Q, B8Q an! B;Q* in /he re+ion -o.ere! 0" a"s/a+e, Thresho'! an! Van/a+e, 3here 1an" (espe-ia''" a!,'/* 'earners are /o 0e 2o,n!) )(4 !ow to read the sca*es of i**ustrati-e descriptors

This se-/ion !ea's par/i-,'ar'" 3i/h /3o iss,es< a* !es-rip/ors a/ s,--essi.e 'e.e's 1a" no/ spe-i2" /he sa1e para1e/ers o2 !es-rip/ion, in 3hi-h -ase, appropria/e pro+ress in ho3 3e'' a -ri/erion a/ /he 'o3er 'e.e' is sa/is2ie! 1a" 0e in2erre!D 0* 1an" /a0'es appear in-o1p'e/e) %o !es-rip/or is o22ere! a/ one or 1ore 'e.e's) Reasons are +i.en an! 3a"s o2 !ea'in+ 3i/h s,-h -ases are s,++es/e!) )(1 !ow to use sca*es of descriptors of *anguage proficienc6

This se-/ion !is/in+,ishes !i22eren/ ,sers an! /he p,rposes 2or 3hi-h /he" 1a" ,se /he -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's) 8K

)(5

"roficienc6 *e-e*s and achie-ement grades

This se-/ion !is-,sses /he re'a/ion 0e/3een 'e.e's, 3hi-h se/ o0Ae-/i.es an! -ri/eria 2or /heir a-hie.e1en/ in "esHno /er1s an! +ra!es, 3hi-h -'assi2" 'earners a--or!in+ /o /heir !e+ree o2 s,--ess in 1ee/in+ /he -ri/eria an! a-hie.in+ /he o0Ae-/i.e)

"art / $ Language use and the *anguage user0*earner

Fo''o3in+ /he 2irs/ /hree in/ro!,-/or" an! e?p'ana/or" -hap/ers, -hap/er > no3 presen/s a 2air'" !e/ai'e! s-he1e o2 -a/e+ories 2or /he !es-rip/ion o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e ,ser) For :,i-ker re2eren-e, ,sers 1a" 2in! i/ -on.enien/ /o -ons,'/ /he 2o''o3in+ /a0'e o2 /he -on/en/s o2 /his -hap/er) /(# he conte+t of *anguage use >)8)8 !o1ains >)8); si/,a/ions >)8)= -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/s >)8)> /he ,serH'earnerJs 1en/a' -on/e?/ >)8)@ /he 1en/a' -on/e?/ o2 /he in/er'o-,/or(s* Communication themes Communication tasks and purposes Communicati-e *anguage acti-ities and strategies >)>)8 pro!,-/i.e >)>)8)8 ora' pro!,-/ion (speakin+* >)>)8); 3ri//en pro!,-/ion (3ri/in+* >)>); re-ep/i.e >)>);)8 a,ra' re-ep/ion ('is/enin+* >)>);); .is,a' re-ep/ion (rea!in+* >)>);)= a,!io-.is,a' re-ep/ion >)>)= in/era-/i.e >)>)=)8 ora' in/era-/ion >)>)=); 3ri//en in/era-/ion >)>)> 1e!ia/in+ Communicati-e *anguage processes >)@)8 p'annin+ >)@); e?e-,/ion >)@);)8 pro!,-/ion >)@);); re-ep/ion >)@);)= in/era-/ion >)@)= 1oni/orin+ >)@)> pra-/i-a' a-/ions >)@)@ para'in+,is/i- 0eha.io,r >)@)6 para/e?/,a' 2ea/,res

/(, /() /(/

/(.

89

/(3

e+ts >)6)8 >)6);

1e!ia +enres an! /e?/-/"pes >)6);)8 spoken /e?/s >)6);); 3ri//en /e?/s

In a--or!an-e 3i/h /he a-/ion-orien/e! approa-h /aken, i/ is ass,1e! /ha/ /he 'an+,a+e 'earner is in /he pro-ess o2 0e-o1in+ a 'an+,a+e ,ser, so /ha/ /he sa1e se/ o2 -a/e+ories 3i'' app'" /o 0o/h) There is, ho3e.er, an i1por/an/ 1o!i2i-a/ion 3hi-h 1,s/ 0e 1a!e) The 'earner o2 a se-on! or 2orei+n 'an+,a+e an! -,'/,re !oes no/ -ease /o 0e -o1pe/en/ in his or her 1o/her /on+,e an! /he asso-ia/e! -,'/,re) %or is /he ne3 -o1pe/en-e kep/ en/ire'" separa/e 2ro1 /he o'!) The 'earner !oes no/ si1p'" a-:,ire /3o !is/in-/, ,nre'a/e! 3a"s o2 a-/in+ an! -o11,ni-a/in+) The 'an+,a+e 'earner !e.e'ops intercu*tura*it6 and p*uri*ingua*ism) The 'in+,is/i- an! -,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-es in respe-/ o2 ea-h 'an+,a+e are 1o!i2ie! 0" kno3'e!+e o2 /he o/her an! -on/ri0,/e /o in/er-,'/,ra' a3areness, ski''s an! kno3-ho3 as 3e'' as an enri-he!, 1ore -o1p'e? persona'i/") The 'earner e?perien-es an enhan-e! -apa-i/" 2or 2,r/her 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! +rea/er openness /o ne3 -,'/,ra' e?perien-es, as 3e'' as an a0i'i/" /o 1e!ia/e, /hro,+h in/erpre/a/ion an! /rans'a/ion, 0e/3een speakers o2 /he /3o 'an+,a+es -on-erne! 3ho -anno/ -o11,ni-a/e !ire-/'") A p'a-e is, o2 -o,rse, +i.en /o /hese a-/i.i/ies (>)>)>* an! -o1pe/en-es (@)8)8)=, @)8);); an! @)8)8)>*, 3hi-h !i22eren/ia/e /he 'an+,a+e 'earner 2ro1 /he 1ono'in+,a' na/i.e speaker) ?uestion ;o+es) Yo, 3i'' see /ha/ 2ro1 /his poin/ on, ea-h se-/ion is 2o''o3e! 0" a 0o? in 3hi-h /he &EF ,ser is in.i/e!< /o -onsi!er an! 3here appropria/e s/a/e /he ans3ers /o one or 1ore :,es/ions 3hi-h 2o''o3) The a'/erna/i.es in /he phrase nee!H0e, e:,ippe!H0e, an! re:,ire! re'a/e /o 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/ respe-/i.e'") The -on/en/ o2 /he 0o? is phrase! as an in.i/a/ion ra/her /han as an ins/r,-/ion in or!er /o e1phasise /he non-!ire-/i.e -hara-/er o2 &EF en/erprise) I2 a ,ser !e-i!es /ha/ a 3ho'e area is no/ o2 -on-ern, /here is no nee! /o -onsi!er ea-h se-/ion 3i/hin /ha/ area in !e/ai') In 1os/ -ases, ho3e.er, 3e e?pe-/ /ha/ /he &EF ,ser 3i'' re2'e-/ on /he :,es/ion pose! in ea-h 0o? an! /ake a !e-ision one 3a" or ano/her) I2 /he !e-ision is o2 si+ni2i-an-e, i/ -an 0e 2or1,'a/e! ,sin+ /he -a/e+ories an! e?a1p'es s,pp'ie!, s,pp'e1en/e! as 1a" 0e 2o,n! ne-essar" 2or /he p,rpose in han!) The ana'"sis o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e ,ser -on/aine! in -hap/er > is 2,n!a1en/a' /o /he ,se o2 &EF, sin-e i/ o22ers a s/r,-/,re o2 para1e/ers an! -a/e+ories 3hi-h sho,'! ena0'e a'' /hose in.o'.e! in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/ /o -onsi!er an! s/a/e in -on-re/e /er1s an! in 3ha/e.er !e+ree o2 !e/ai' /he" 3ish, 3ha/ /he" e?pe-/ /he 'earners /o3ar!s 3ho1 /he" ,n!er/ake responsi0i'i/ies /o 0e a0'e /o !o 3i/h a 'an+,a+e, an! 3ha/ /he" sho,'! kno3 in or!er /o 0e a0'e /o a-/) I/s ai1 is /o 0e -o1prehensi.e in i/s -o.era+e, 0,/ no/, o2 -o,rse, e?ha,s/i.e) &o,rse !esi+ners, /e?/0ook 3ri/ers, /ea-hers an! e?a1iners 3i'' ha.e /o 1ake .er" !e/ai'e! -on-re/e !e-isions on /he -on/en/ o2 /e?/s, e?er-ises, a-/i.i/ies, /es/s, e/-) This pro-ess -an ne.er 0e re!,-e! si1p'" /o -hoosin+ 2ro1 a pre-!e/er1ine! 1en,) Tha/ 'e.e' o2 !e-ision 1,s/, an! sho,'!, 0e in /he han!s o2 /he pra-/i/ioners -on-erne!, -a''in+ on /heir A,!+e1en/ an! -rea/i.i/") The" sho,'!, ho3e.er, 2in! represen/e! here a'' /he 1aAor aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! -o1pe/en-e /he" nee! /o /ake in/o -onsi!era/ion) The o.era'' s/r,-/,re o2 -hap/er > is /h,s a kin! o2 -he-k'is/ an! 2or /his reason is presen/e! a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 /he -hap/er) 4sers are re-o11en!e! /o 2a1i'iarise /he1se'.es 3i/h /his o.era'' s/r,-/,re an! /o re2er /o i/ 3hen askin+ /he1se'.es s,-h :,es/ions as< &an I pre!i-/ /he !o1ains in 3hi-h 1" 'earners 3i'' opera/e an! /he si/,a/ions 3hi-h /he" 3i'' ha.e /o !ea' 3i/hL I2 so, 3ha/ ro'es 3i'' /he" ha.e /o p'a"L ha/ sor/ o2 peop'e 3i'' /he" ha.e /o !ea' 3i/hL ha/ 3i'' 0e /heir persona' or pro2essiona' re'a/ions in 3ha/ ins/i/,/iona' 2ra1e3orksL 85

ha/ o0Ae-/s 3i'' /he" nee! /o re2er /oL ha/ /asks 3i'' /he" ha.e /o a--o1p'ishL ha/ /he1es 3i'' /he" nee! /o han!'eL i'' /he" ha.e /o speak, or si1p'" 'is/en an! rea! 3i/h ,n!ers/an!in+L ha/ sor/ o2 /hin+s 3i'' /he" 0e 'is/enin+ /o or rea!in+L 4n!er 3ha/ -on!i/ions 3i'' /he" ha.e /o a-/L ha/ kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! or o2 ano/her -,'/,re 3i'' /he" nee! /o -a'' onL ha/ ski''s 3i'' /he" ha.e /o ha.e !e.e'ope!L Ho3 -an /he" s/i'' 0e /he1se'.es 3i/ho,/ 0ein+ 1is in/erpre/e!L For ho3 1,-h o2 /his -an I /ake responsi0i'i/"L I2 I -anno/ pre!i-/ /he si/,a/ions in 3hi-h /he 'earners 3i'' ,se /he 'an+,a+e, ho3 -an I 0es/ prepare /he1 /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e 2or -o11,ni-a/ion 3i/ho,/ o.er-/rainin+ /he1 2or si/,a/ions /ha/ 1a" ne.er ariseL ha/ -an I +i.e /he1 /ha/ 3i'' 0e o2 'as/in+ .a',e, in 3ha/e.er !i22eren/ 3a"s /heir -areers 1a" 'a/er !i.er+eL &'ear'", &EF -anno/ +i.e /he ans3ers /o /hese :,es/ions) In!ee!, i/ is pre-ise'" 0e-a,se /he ans3ers !epen! en/ire'" ,pon a 2,'' appre-ia/ion o2 /he 'earnin+H/ea-hin+ si/,a/ion an! a0o.e a'' ,pon /he nee!s, 1o/i.a/ions, -hara-/eris/i-s an! reso,r-es o2 /he 'earners an! o/her par/ies -on-erne! /ha/ /he !i.ersi2i-a/ion o2 pro.ision is ne-essar") The ro'e o2 -hap/er > is /o ar/i-,'a/e /he pro0'e1 in s,-h a 3a" /ha/ /he iss,es -an 0e -onsi!ere! an! i2 nee! 0e !e0a/e! in a /ransparen/ an! ra/iona' 3a" an! /he !e-isions -o11,ni-a/e! /o a'' /hose a22e-/e! in a -'ear an! -on-re/e 1anner) /(# he conte+t of *anguage use

I/ has 'on+ 0een re-o+nise! /ha/ 'an+,a+e in ,se .aries +rea/'" a--or!in+ /o /he re:,ire1en/s o2 /he -on/e?/ in 3hi-h i/ is ,se!) In /his respe-/, 'an+,a+e is no/ a ne,/ra' ins/r,1en/ o2 /ho,+h/ 'ike, sa", 1a/he1a/i-s) The nee! an! /he !esire /o -o11,ni-a/e arise in a par/i-,'ar si/,a/ion an! /he 2or1 as 3e'' as /he -on/en/ o2 /he -o11,ni-a/ion is a response /o /ha/ si/,a/ion) The 2irs/ se-/ion o2 -hap/er > is /here2ore !e.o/e! /o !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 -on/e?/) /(#(# &omains

The -on-ep/ o2 !o1ain is i1por/an/ in 1an" respe-/s) I2 i/ is kno3n in 3hi-h !o1ain(s* /he 'an+,a+e 'earner 3i'' 0e ,sin+ /he 'an+,a+e, i/ 0e-o1es possi0'e /o se'e-/ /he1es, a-/i.i/ies, /asks an! /e?/s on /ha/ 0asis, a.oi!in+ a +oo! !ea' o2 3ha/ 1a" pro.e /o 0e irre'e.an/ 'earnin+) On /he o/her han!, -ir-,1s/an-es -han+e an! no 'earnin+ is 1ore irre'e.an/ /han o.er-spe-ia'isa/ion in a 2ie'! 3hi-h a 'earner /hen 'ea.es 0ehin!) The !o1ains propose! here are .er" 0roa!) /(#(, 'ituations

The /a0'e i'',s/ra/es 0" 1eans o2 e?a1p'es /he !i22eren/ -o1ponen/s o2 si/,a/ions, an! sho3s -'ear'" /o 3ha/ e?/en/ o,r ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 peop'e, /hin+s an! happenin+s !epen!s on /he si/,a/ions an! !o1ains in 3hi-h 3e en-o,n/er /he1) The e?a1p'es are, o2 -o,rse, re'a/e! /o Bri/ish -,'/,re) Man" o2 /he e?a1p'es are appropria/e /o o/her E,ropean so-ie/ies, 0,/ in a'' -ases ,sers sho,'! re2'e-/ an! !e-i!e on /he si/,a/ions /he" 3ish /o !ea' 3i/h an! -onse:,en/'" /he 'o-a/ions, ins/i/,/ions, e/-) /ha/ 2i+,re in /he1) 4sers sho,'! no/e /ha/ /his se-/ion is -on-erne! 3i/h /he -on/e?/ in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e is ,se!) I/ sho,'! a'so 0e re1e10ere! /ha/ a si/,a/ion is no/ s/a/i-, 0,/ a !"na1i- -on-ep/ shape! 0" /he in/era-/ion o2 /he par/i-ipan/s) /(#() Conditions and constraints

This se-/ion re1in!s /he ,ser /ha/ 'earner per2or1an-e, 'ike /ha/ o2 a'' o/her 'an+,a+e ,sers, is +rea/'" a22e-/e! 0" /he -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h /he" ha.e /o opera/e) E?a1p'es are +i.en o2 /he 1ore -o11on 2a-/ors -on-erne!) The e?a1p'es are 0" no 1eans e?ha,s/i.e an! ,sers are a!.ise! /o re2'e-/ on /he -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/s /ha/ 1a" a22e-/ a s/,!en/Es a0i'i/" /o 'earn, or /o rea'ise /heir 2,'' 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" in /es/s an! e?a1ina/ions) The e?a1p'e o2 'an+,a+e ;I

/rainin+ 2or air'ine pi'o/s is 1ean/ /o a'er/ ,sers /o /he nee! /o en.isa+e /he rea'i/ies o2 /he si/,a/ions o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 3hen preparin+ 'earners /o 1ana+e /he1 e22e-/i.e'") /(#(/ he user0*earner2s menta* conte+t

&on/e?/ is no/ si1p'" a 1a//er o2 /he e?/erna' ph"si-a' an! so-ia' -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion /ake p'a-e) I/ has 0een poin/e! o,/ /ha/ no /3o 1e10ers o2 an a,!ien-e JhearJ /he sa1e 'e-/,re an! /ha/ no /3o p,pi's e?perien-e /he sa1e -'ass) e a'' respon! /o o,/si!e s/i1,'i !i22eren/'" a--or!in+ /o /he 3a" /ha/ /he" 2i/ in 3i/h o,r e?perien-e an! e?pe-/a/ions) S,-h -onsi!era/ions, o2 3hi-h e?a1p'es are +i.en, ha.e /o 0e /aken in/o a--o,n/ in -o,rse an! 'esson p'annin+) Bo/h /ea-hers an! e?a1iners ha.e /o 0e sensi/i.e /o /he 2a-/, 2or ins/an-e, /ha/ !is-,ssions in /he persona' !o1ain, !ea'in+ 3i/h 2a1i'" 'i2e, 1a" !is/ress a 'earner 2ro1 a 0roken 2a1i'" or 2o''o3in+ a 0erea.e1en/) A+ain, a0r,p/ -han+es o2 /he1e 1a" !isorien/ a 'earner, 3ho 1a" /hen 2in! i/ :,i/e !i22i-,'/ /o pi-k ,p /he /hrea! o2 a !is-o,rse, espe-ia''" i2 he or she is no/ in a posi/ion /o in/er.ene an! ,se -o1pensa/or" s/ra/e+ies) /(#(. he menta* conte+t of the inter*ocutor7s8

e -anno/ -onsi!er 1ere'" /he 1en/a' se/s an! a-/i.i/" o2 /he ,serH'earner) &'assroo1 in/era-/ion 0e/3een /ea-hers an! p,pi's an! a1on+ p,pi's, as 3e'' as 0e/3een ora' e?a1iner an! -an!i!a/e, or 0e/3een -an!i!a/es in +ro,p /es/in+, ne-essari'" in.o'.e /he es/a0'ish1en/ an! !e.e'op1en/ o2 in/erpersona' re'a/ions) I2 /ha/ pro-ess +oes 0a!'", perhaps 0e-a,se o2 poor 1a/-hin+, 'earnin+ 1a" 0e inhi0i/e! an! /es/in+ 1a" pro!,-e 1is'ea!in+ res,'/s) On /he o/her han!, a -o1p'ian/ -an!i!a/e 3i/h a -o11an! o2 a 2e3 /e-hni:,es 2or si+na''in+ a+ree1en/ 1a" +i.e a :,i/e 1ere/ri-io,s i1pression o2 ,n!ers/an!in+ an! 2',en-") /(, Communication themes

I/ is i1por/an/ /o !is/in+,ish /he1es 2ro1 /asks an! p,rposes) For ins/an-e, e1p'o"1en/ an! shoppin+ 1a" 0e 'earn/ as so-ia' a-/i.i/ies in /he .o-a/iona' an! p,0'i- !o1ains respe-/i.e'") The :,es/ion /hen is< ho3 !o 3e prepare 'earners /o ,se 'an+,a+e e22e-/i.e'" an! appropria/e'" in /heir Ao0s an! 3hi'e 0,"in+ +oo!s an! ser.i-esL Ho3e.er, e1p'o"1en/ an! shoppin+ 1a" 0e /he /he1es or /opi-s o2 -on.ersa/ion in /he persona' !o1ain, 3hen peop'e are e?-han+in+ in2or1a/ion an! opinions on 3ha/ /he" !o 2or a 'i.in+ or 3he/her /he" enAo" or !e/es/ /he in/er sa'es) Si1i'ar'", i/ is i1por/an/ /o !is/in+,ish 0e/3een /he !ire-/ e?pression o2 e1o/iona' s/a/es an! /he 3a" peop'e /a'k a0o,/ /he1) A person in a se.ere 2i/ o2 !epression 1a" 3e'' /a'k in a .er" sa! 3a" a0o,/ his or her happiness in 2or1er /i1es) O2 -o,rse, /he !is/in-/ion 1a" appear a-a!e1i-) I2 a person sa"s< FI 2ee' .er" happ" /o!a"G, heHshe is pro0a0'" 0o/h !es-ri0in+ an! e?pressin+ hisHher e1o/iona' s/a/e) On /he o/her han!, i2 /he sa1e person sa"s, FI 2e'/ .er" happ" "es/er!a"G,, he or she is 1ore 'ike'" /o 0e e?pressin+ presen/ ,nhappinessP Yo,n+ peop'e in /heir ear'" /eens, 3ho are in +enera' e!,-a/ion an! ha.e no/ "e/ en/ere! /he 3or'! o2 3ork, 1a" ne.er/he'ess 0e keen'" in/eres/e! in e1p'o"1en/ as a /he1e, !is-,ssin+ /he pros an! -ons o2 !i22eren/ pro2essions an! .o-a/ions) The -'assi2i-a/ion o2 /he1es -on/aine! in -hap/er K o2 Threshold Level 199 has 0een hi+h'" in2',en/ia' an! 1a" 0e 2,r/her -ons,'/e! 0" /he ,ser) Ho3e.er, as &EF !o-,1en/ s/a/es, /he /he1es represen/e! ha.e 0een se'e-/e! in /he 'i+h/ o2 /he e?pe-/e! nee!s an! in/eres/s o2 /he par/i-,'ar a,!ien-e !e2ine! in -hap/er ; o2 /ha/ 3ork) In a--or!an-e 3i/h /he so1e3ha/ !i22eren/ -en/res o2 in/eres/ o2 -hi'!ren in 'o3er se-on!ar" e!,-a/ion, Dr) .an Ek propose! a 1o!i2ie! s-he1e 2or /he spe-i2i- no/ions in his Threshold Level for !chools) In prin-ip'e, ea-h pro.i!er has /o -onsi!er /he nee!s, 1o/i.a/ions an! -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /he /ar+e/ a,!ien-e an! se'e-/ /he1es an! s,0-/he1es a--or!in+'") So1e e?a1p'es are +i.en) ;8

/()

Communicati-e tasks and purposes /()(# 4sers are re-o11en!e! /o rea! /his se-/ion in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h se-/ions K)8 7 K) =, in 3hi-h /his /opi- is /rea/e! in +rea/er !ep/h an! !e/ai') /()(, 4sers 3i'' 2in! 2,r/her e?a1p'es o2 /he spe-i2i-a/ion o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks an! p,rposes in -hap/er K o2 Threshold Level 199 an! "antage Level) These 1a" 0e ,se! as 1o!e's 2or /he -on-re/e spe-i2i-a/ion o2 3ha/ 'earners 3i'' nee! /o 0e a0'e /o !o as ,sers in /he !o1ains represen/e! /here) /()() Ho3e.er, &EF a'so has /o -onsi!er p,rposes o/her /han /hose -on-erne! 3i/h /ransa-/in+ /he 0,siness o2 e.er"!a" 'i.in+ an! 3i/h /he e?-han+e o2 in2or1a/ion an! opinion) Se-/ion >)=)= /here2ore !ea's 3i/h /he ro'e o2 /asks in /he 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro-ess i/se'2 an! s,++es/s hea!in+s ,n!er 3hi-h /he" -an 0e p'anne! an! repor/e!)

/()(/

Ludic uses of *anguage

The p'a"2,' ,se o2 'an+,a+e is o2/en in/ro!,-e! in/o 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ as 'i+h/ re'ie2 2ro1 1ore serio,s p,rposes) In 2a-/, i/ p'a"s a .er" i1por/an/ ro'e in 1o/her /on+,e !e.e'op1en/, -on-en/ra/in+ a//en/ion on 'an+,a+e as s,-h) Lan+,a+e +a1es are a'so a 2ea/,re o2 a!,'/ 'eis,re a-/i.i/ies an! 2i+,re 'ar+e'" in /e'e.ision en/er/ain1en/) For an ,p-/o-!a/e !is-,ssion, see &ook, G) (;III* Language play, language learning# O?2or!, O4#) /()(. Aesthetic uses of *anguage

Aes/he/i- a-/i.i/ies ran+e 2ro1 si1p'e rh"1es an! son+s /o /he appre-ia/ion o2 hi+h 'i/erar" ar/) As /he e?a1p'es sho3, 0o/h 2in! a p'a-e in e!,-a/ion an! in /he o,/si!e 'i.es o2 peop'e a/ a'' s/a+es o2 /heir e?is/en-e) This se-/ion !oes no/ a//e1p/ /o !ea' 3i/h /he iss,es raise! -on-ernin+ /he p'a-e o2 'i/erar" s/,!ies in e!,-a/ion in re'a/ion /o 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 in/er-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-es, 0,/ 'i1i/s i/se'2 /o i!en/i2"in+ an! e?e1p'i2"in+ /he kin!s o2 a-/i.i/" in.o'.e!) Those ,sers 2or 3ho1 /he iss,es are o2 -'ose -on-ern 1a" 3e'' 3ish /o !e.e'op se-/ion >)=)@ 2,r/her) /(/ Communicati-e *anguage acti-ities and strategies

This se-/ion is one o2 /he 1os/ s,0s/an/ia' in -hap/er >) A-/i.i/ies, as /he /er1 is ,se! here, are /o 0e !is/in+,ishe! 2ro1 /asks an! p,rposes) The /er1 -o.ers 3ha/ are -o11on'" /er1e! /he 2o,r ski''s< speakin+, 'is/enin+, rea!in+ an! 3ri/in+, 0,/ .ie3e! in a !i22eren/ perspe-/i.e) orkin+ in an a-/ion-orien/e! approa-h, 3e re+ar! a ski'' as 0ein+ /he se/ o2 a0i'i/ies ne-essar" /o /he per2or1an-e o2 a par/i-,'ar a-/ion, ra/her /han /he a-/ion i/se'2) Ski''s are /here2ore /rea/e! in -hap/er @, as an aspe-/ o2 -o1pe/en-e) A-/i.i/ies /hen, /o re2er /o a -'ass o2 a-/ions) e !is/in+,ish here 0e/3een re-ep/i.e an! pro!,-/i.e a-/i.i/ies as 3e'' as 0e/3een /hose in.o'.in+ a,!i/or" an! /hose in.o'.in+ .is,a' s/i1,'i) Tha/ +i.es /he ,s,a' 2o,r2o'! -'assi2i-a/ion) Ho3e.er, 3e a'so !is/in+,ish ,ni!ire-/iona' a-/i.i/ies, in 3hi-h /he ,serH'earner is en+a+e! on'" in pro!,-in+ or re-ei.in+ a spoken or 3ri//en /e?/, 2ro1 /hose in 3hi-h /he ,serH'earner is -a''e! ,pon /o a-/ 0o/h as a pro!,-er an! a re-ei.er) e reser.e /he /er1s 'is/enin+, rea!in+, speakin+ an! 3ri/in+ 2or ,ni!ire-/iona' a-/i.i/ies) i/h re+ar! /o /he se-on! -a/e+or", 3e !is/in+,ish ;;

0e/3een in/era-/i.e a-/i.i/ies, in 3hi-h /here is a .er0a' e?-han+e 3i/h an in/er'o-,/or (2or ins/an-e, in -on.ersa/ion*, an! 1e!ia/in+ a-/i.i/ies in 3hi-h /he ,serH'earner a-/s si1p'" as a -hanne' o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 0e/3een o/her in/era-/an/s (2or ins/an-e, as an in/erpre/er*) e 0e'ie.e /ha/ i/ is ,se2,' /o 1ake /hese !is/in-/ions, 0e-a,se /hese kin!s o2 a-/i.i/" are .er" !i22eren/ in -hara-/er, as /he e?a1p'es sho3) The" re:,ire !i22eren/ /rea/1en/ in 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/) The" a'so in.o'.e !i22eren/ kin!s o2 /e?/s an! /heir /rea/1en/ in !i22eren/ 3a"s) The iss,es raise! are !is-,sse! 2,r/her in se-/ion >)6)>) Se-/ions >)>)8- >)>)> !ea' s,--essi.e'" 3i/h pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion an! 1e!ia/ion, s,0--'assi2ie! in/o /hose in.o'.in+, respe-/i.e'", spee-h an! 3ri/in+) In ea-h -ase, /he a-/i.i/" is 2irs/ !e2ine!) E?a1p'es o2 /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 a-/i.i/" in ea-h -a/e+or" are /hen +i.en, 2o''o3e! 0" /he presen/a/ion o2 s-a'es o2 pro2i-ien-" in /he a-/i.i/" -on-erne! an! an ana'"sis o2 /he s/ra/e+ies ,se! 0" /he 'an+,a+e ,ser in -arr"in+ o,/ /he a-/i.i/") I/ sho,'! 0e no/e! /ha/ s/ra/e+" is ,se! here /o !esi+na/e /he 1en/a' opera/ions o2 /he 'an+,a+e ,ser in or!er /o en+a+e in /he a-/i.i/") I/ is no/ 'i1i/e!, as in so1e re-en/ 'i/era/,re, /o 3a"s o2 o.er-o1in+ o0s/a-'es /o s,--ess2,' -o11,ni-a/ion) Se-/ion >)>)@ is !e.o/e! /o non-.er0a' -o11,ni-a/ion) The a-/ion-orien/e! approa-h sees 'an+,a+e as an aspe-/ o2 a /o/a' -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/, in 3hi-h /he par/i-ipan/s e?-han+e in2or1a/ion an! a-hie.e 1,/,a' ,n!ers/an!in+ 0" a'' 1eans open /o /he1) Sin-e 'an+,a+e is o2/en no/ /he on'" 1eans o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 0ein+ ,se!, a--o,n/ is /aken in /his se-/ion o2 pra-/i-a' a-/ions 3hi-h 1a" a--o1pan" 'an+,a+e an! 1o!i2" i/s ,se, as 3e'' as o2 para'in+,is/i0eha.io,r, in-',!in+ 0o!" 'an+,a+e an! /he ,se o2 spee-h so,n!s an! .oi-e :,a'i/ies 3hi-h s/an! o,/si!e /he 1ain 'an+,a+e s"s/e1 an! /he1se'.es si+na' 1eanin+s) Th,s, in En+'ish, -'i-ks !o no/ 2or1 phone1es (re+,'ar phone/i- -ons/i/,en/s o2 3or!s* 0,/ -an 0e ,se! /o e?press 1i'! !isappro.a') RE?/ra-'in+,is/i- spee-h so,n!s are !i22i-,'/ /o represen/ in or!inar" spe''in+) 4sers 2a1i'iar 3i/h /he In/erna/iona' #hone/i- A'pha0e/ 1a" no/e /ha/ in /he e?a1p'es +i.en) Man" 'earners, espe-ia''" /hose in /he ear'ier s/a+es o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3i/h .er" 'i1i/e! 'in+,is/i- reso,r-es, 1a" re'" on /heir ,se /o -o11,ni-a/e 1eanin+) Ho3e.er, /he 1eanin+ an! ,se o2 /he para'in+,is/i- 1eans o2 -o11,ni-a/ion .ar" 2ro1 one -o11,ni/" /o ano/her in 3a"s /ha/ !o no/ ne-essari'" -oin-i!e 3i/h 'in+,is/i- 0o,n!aries an! -anno/ 0e /aken 2or +ran/e!) %o a//e1p/ has 0een 1a!e /o !ea' 3i/h si+n 'an+,a+es) The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope 3o,'! 0e +'a! /o hear 2ro1 resear-hers an! pra-/i/ioners in /ha/ 2ie'! as /o /he app'i-a0i'i/" o2 &EF /o /he1) Se-/ion >)>)@)= !ea's 3i/h 3ha/ are, 0" ana'o+" 3i/h para'in+,is/i-s, /er1e! Mpara/e?/,a'E 2ea/,res, !e.i-es ,se! in han!-3ri//en or prin/e! /e?/s /o e1phasise 3or!s or si+na' /he +ro,pin+ an! re'a/i.e i1por/an-e o2 phrases an! sen/en-es) Si1i'ar'", i'',s/ra/ions, -har/s, /a0'es, e/-) ser.e /o e?press 1eanin+ an! +i.e in2or1a/ion in a 1ore e-ono1i- or 1ore s/rikin+ 3a" /han !is-,rsi.e /e?/) /(. Communicati-e *anguage processes

A s,--ess2,' a-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion is a -o1p'e? pro-ess, in.o'.in+ a -hain o2 e.en/s) The pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion o2 spee-h an! 3ri/in+ re:,ire a se:,en-e o2 hi+h'" ski''e! a-/ions, 1en/a' an! ph"si-a') In 1a/,re na/i.e speakers, /he pro-ess 3orks s1oo/h'" an!, 2or /he 1os/ par/, ,n-ons-io,s'") %or1a''", on'" /he hi+her -o+ni/i.e p'annin+ an! in/erpre/a/i.e ski''s in.o'.e -ons-io,s -hoi-e an! 1anip,'a/ion) The pro-esses in.o'.e! -o1e /o o,r a//en/ion 1os/'" 3hen "o,n+ -hi'!ren are !e.e'opin+ /he ne-essar" ski''s, or 3hen 7 ,s,a''" as a res,'/ o2 0rain ;=

!a1a+e 7 /he" 0reak !o3n in 'a/er 'i2e) In 0roa! o,/'ine, /he pro-esses o2 -o11,ni-a/ion an! /he se:,en-es o2 ski''e! a-/ions en/ai'e! are a h,1an ,ni.ersa', /he o0Ae-/ o2 ps"-ho'in+,is/i- s/,!") Resear-h in/o speakin+ is repor/e! 2or e?a1p'e in Le.e'/, )J)M), !pea$ing% fro& intention to articulation, a 3ork o2 so1e @II pa+es) A si1p'er o,/'ine is +i.en 0" Denes, #) an! #inson, E) in The !peech Chain) hen a non-na/i.e 'an+,a+e is 'earn/ s,0se:,en/'", /he pro-esses ha.e /o 0e re-pro+ra11e! an! ski''s re-'earne!) This re-'earnin+ is par/'" 2a-i'i/a/e!, par/'" i1pe!e! 0" /he pre-e?is/en/ ski''s 3hi-h ha.e 0e-o1e ro,/ine an! ha0i/,a' in /heir opera/ion) A-/ions an! rea-/ions are ne-essari'" 1ore -ons-io,s, s'o3er, 'ess re'ia0'e) There is an ine.i/a0'e /ension 0e/3een in-reasin+ -o1pe/en-es an! in-reasin+ ski'' in /he -on/ro' o2 /he pro-esses o2 pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion) A/ /he e?/re1es, so1e 'earners kno3 a +rea/ !ea' o2 a 'an+,a+e, 0,/ -anno/ p,/ i/ in/o pra-/i-e, 3hi's/ o/hers -an per2or1 in a 2',en/ an! error-2ree 3a", 0,/ a/ /he e?pense o2 ha.in+ .er" 'i//'e 'an+,a+e /o -on/ro') I/ is i1por/an/ 2or an" 'an+,a+e 'earnin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e, an! 2or an" pro2i-ien-" assess1en/, /o 2in! /he proper 0a'an-e 0e/3een ski''s !e.e'op1en/ an! /he en'ar+e1en/ o2 -o1pe/en-es in /he 'i+h/ o2 /he nee!s an! -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /he 'earners -on-erne!) Se-/ion >)@ s,r.e"s /he ran+e o2 ski''s in.o'.e! in /he pro-esses o2 p'annin+, e?e-,/in+ an! 1oni/orin+ 'an+,a+e pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion an! in/era-/ion) I/ sho,'! 0e rea! in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h /he se-/ions on s/ra/e+ies in se-/ion >)>) /(3 e+ts

In an a-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion, /he /e?/ is /he 'in+,is/i- ar/e2a-/, e?/erna' /o /he par/i-ipan/s, 3hi-h 'inks /he1 /o+e/her) I/ is /he o,/p,/ o2 /he pro!,-/i.e pro-ess an! /he inp,/ /o /he re-ep/i.e pro-ess) In /he -ase o2 an in/era-/i.e pro-ess, /he se:,en-e o2 a'/erna/in+ -on/ri0,/ions 2ro1 /he par/i-ipan/s 1a" 0e re+ar!e! as one /e?/ (2or e?a1p'e, a !ia'o+,e*) Te?/s (spoken or 3ri//en* are -en/ra' /o an" a-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion, /he on'" par/ o2 /he -hain o2 e.en/s /ha/ is nor1a''" o0ser.a0'e) The" are a'so -en/ra' /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+, sin-e 'earners are essen/ia''" 0ein+ e:,ippe! /o pro!,-e an! ,n!ers/an! /e?/s) The" are -er/ain'" -en/ra' /o assess1en/, sin-e 1,-h /es/in+ /akes /he 2or1 o2 presen/in+ /he /es/ees 3i/h one /e?/ an! re:,irin+ /he1 /o pro!,-e ano/her in response (/ho,+h in so--a''e! sin+'e ski'' /es/in+ an a//e1p/ is 1a!e /o /es/ speakin+, rea!in+, 'is/enin+ an! 3ri/in+ separa/e'" 0" re!,-in+, o2/en ar/i2i-ia''", /he ro'e o2 /hose no/ 0ein+ /es/e! /o a 1ini1,1 0" /he ,se o2 1o/her /on+,e, non.er0a' s/i1,'i or responses, e/-)*) Se-/ions >)6)8- >)6); !ea' 3i/h /he re'a/ion o2 a /e?/ /o /he 1e!i,1 3hi-h -arries i/, sho3in+ /ha/ /his re'a/ion is no/ 1ere'" ar0i/rar") Se-/ion >)= en,1era/es an! -'assi2ies, 0" no 1eans e?ha,s/i.e'", /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 /e?/ in e.er"!a" ,se) I/ a'so -on/ains s-a'es 2or no/e-/akin+ in 'e-/,res an! se1inars an! 2or pro-essin+ /e?/) %o !es-rip/ors are +i.en 2or no/e-/akin+, sin-e par/i-ipa/ion in a se1inar or 'is/enin+ /o a ,ni.ersi/" 'e-/,re pres,pposes 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-es a0o.e /his 'e.e') Se-/ion >)6)> !is-,sses /he re'a/ion 0e/3een a /e?/ an! /he a-/i.i/" in 3hi-h i/ is e10e!!e!) As has 0een in!i-a/e!, /his se-/ion sho,'! 0e rea! in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h /he re'e.an/ par/s o2 se-/ion >)>) There is a -'ose re'a/ion, 0o/h in e!,-a/iona' -on/e?/s an! in a,/hen/i- ,se, 0e/3een /he p,rposes 2or 3hi-h a /e?/ is pro!,-e!, /he 1e!ia 3hi-h -arr" /he /e?/, /he 2or1 an! -on/en/ o2 /he /e?/ an! a-/i.i/ies in.o'.e! in i/s pro!,-/i.e an! re-ep/i.e pro-essin+) The o.era'' ai1 o2 se-/ion >)6 is /o e?p'ore -- an! /o so1e e?/en/ i'',s/ra/e an! -o!i2" -- /ha/ re'a/ion, so as /o assis/ ,sers o2 &EF in a!!ressin+ /he :,es/ions pose!)

;>

"art . $ he user0*earner2s competences

This +,i!e has !ea'/ in so1e !e/ai' 3i/h 3ha/ 'an+,a+e ,sersH'earners are -a''e! ,pon /o !o as par/i-ipan/s in a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion, as 3e'' as 3i/h /he /e?/s /he" pro!,-e or /o 3hi-h /he" respon!) %o3, -onsi!er 3ha/ i/ is /ha/ ena0'es h,1an 0ein+s /o en+a+e in s,-h a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) The /er1 -o1pe/en-es re2ers /o /he -o1p'e? o2 !i22eren/ kin!s o2 kno3'e!+e an! ski'' peop'e ha.e /o !ra3 ,pon)R%)B) The /er1 J-o1pe/en-eJ, p',ra' J-o1pe/en-esJ, is ,se! -onsis/en/'" /hro,+ho,/ &EF) The /er1 J-o1pe/en-iesJ no3 2re:,en/'" e1p'o"e! 0" app'ie! 'in+,is/s in /he p',ra', 0,/ rare'" in /he sin+,'ar, is a.oi!e!) The !i22eren-e is s/"'is/i-) %o !i22eren-e o2 1eanin+ is in/en!e!)S I/ has see1e! ,se2,' 2or pra-/i-a' p,rposes /o -'assi2" -o1pe/en-es a--or!in+ /o /he s-he1e presen/e! 0e'o3) I/ sho,'!, ho3e.er, 0e e1phasise! /ha/ /he s-he1e 'a"s no -'ai1 /o 0ein+ phi'osophi-a''" or s-ien/i2i-a''" a,/hori/a/i.e) In par/i-,'ar, i/ has see1e! i1por/an/ /o !is/in+,ish /hose -o1pe/en-es !ire-/'" -on-erne! 3i/h 'an+,a+e 2ro1 /hose o2 a 1ore +enera' -hara-/er, /ho,+h /he 3orkin+ o2 'an+,a+e i/se'2 !epen!s on /here 0ein+ -'ose -orre'a/ions 0e/3een /he1) .(# Genera* competences @)8)8 !e-'ara/i.e kno3'e!+e (savoir* @)8)8)8 kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! @)8)8); so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e @)8)8)= in/er-,'/,ra' a3areness @)8); ski''s an! kno3-ho3 (savoir'faire* @)8);)8 pra-/i-a' ski''s an! kno3-ho3 @)8);); in/er-,'/,ra' ski''s an! kno3-ho3 @)8)= e?is/en/ia' -o1pe/en-e (savoir'(tre* @)8)> a0i'i/" /o 'earn (savoir'apprendre* @)8)>)8 'an+,a+e an! -o11,ni-a/ion a3areness @)8)>); +enera' phone/i- ski''s @)8)>)= s/,!" ski''s @)8)>)= he,ris/i- ski''s Communicati-e *anguage competences @);)8 Lin+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es @);)8)8 'e?i-a' -o1pe/en-e @);)8); +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e @);)8)= se1an/i- -o1pe/en-e @);)8)> phono'o+i-a' -o1pe/en-e @);)8)@ or/ho+raphi- -o1pe/en-e @);)8)6 or/hoepi- -o1pe/en-e @);); so-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e @););)8 1arkers o2 so-ia' re'a/ions @););); po'i/eness -on.en/ions @););)= e?pressions o2 2o'k-3is!o1 @););)> re+is/er !i22eren-es @););)@ !ia'e-/ an! a--en/

.(,

;@

@);)=

pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-es @);)=)8 !is-o,rse -o1pe/en-e @);)=); 2,n-/iona' -o1pe/en-e @);)=)= s-he1a/i- !esi+n -o1pe/en-e

.(#(#(# =now*edge of the wor*d The nee! /o pa" a//en/ion /o /he 'an+,a+e 'earnerEs kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! is no/ a'3a"s re-o+nise!) B" /he /i1e e.en a "o,n+ -hi'! -o1es /o 'earn a ne3 'an+,a+e in an e!,-a/iona' -on/e?/, he or she has a'rea!" -o1e /o /er1s 3i/h /he en.iron1en/) Learnin+ a ne3 'an+,a+e !oes no/ 1ean s/ar/in+ a2resh) Mos/ o2 /he kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! 3hi-h is nee!e! -an 0e /aken 2or +ran/e!) Ho3e.er, e.en 2or a 1a/,re a!,'/, i/ is no/ si1p'" a :,es/ion o2 'earnin+ ne3 3or!s 2or o'! i!eas) The 3a" -o11,ni/ies -on-ei.e /he 3or'! in 3hi-h /he" 'i.e an! en-o!e /heir -o''e-/i.e e?perien-e in 'an+,a+e .aries si+ni2i-an/'") I/ is, ho3e.er, re1arka0'e /o 3ha/ e?/en/ /he 2ra1e3ork o2 +enera' an! spe-i2i- no/ions propose! in /he Thresho'! Le.e' ha.e pro.e! appropria/e an! a!e:,a/e 2or 1ore /han /3en/" E,ropean 'an+,a+es, e.en 2ro1 !i22eren/ 'an+,a+e 2a1i'ies) J,!+e1en/ is nee!e! in !e-i!in+ s,-h :,es/ions as< Does /he 'an+,a+e /o 0e /a,+h/ or /es/e! in.o'.e a kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! 3hi-h in 2a-/ is 0e"on! /he 'earnersJ s/a/e o2 1a/,ra/ion, or o,/si!e /heir a!,'/ e?perien-eL I2 so, i/ -anno/ 0e /aken 2or +ran/e!) The pro0'e1 -anno/ a'3a"s 0e a.oi!e!) In /he -ase o2 /he ,se o2 a non-na/i.e 'an+,a+e as /he 1e!i,1 o2 ins/r,-/ion in s-hoo's or ,ni.ersi/ies (an! in!ee! in 1o/her-/on+,e e!,-a/ion i/se'2* 0o/h /he s,0Ae-/ -on/en/ an! /he 'an+,a+e ,se! are ne3) In /he pas/ 1an" 'an+,a+e /e?/0ooks, s,-h as /he )rbis pictus o2 /he -e'e0ra/e! se.en/een/h--en/,r" &Be-h e!,-a/ionis/ &o1eni,s, ha.e a//e1p/e! /o s/r,-/,re 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in a 3a" e?p'i-i/'" !esi+ne! /o +i.e "o,n+ peop'e a s/r,-/,re! 3or'!-.ie3) .(#(#(, 'ociocu*tura* know*edge

The a0o.e re1arks app'" s/ron+'" in /he so-io-,'/,ra' 2ie'!) Be//er ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 o/her peop'es an! s"1pa/he/i- a--ep/an-e o2 -,'/,ra' !i22eren-es is an i1por/an/ po'i-" ai1 o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope as a+ree! 0" /he Firs/ S,11i/ 1ee/in+ o2 Hea!s o2 S/a/e) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ has an i1por/an/ par/ /o p'a" in rep'a-in+ s/ereo/"pes an! hearsa" 0" a--,ra/e kno3'e!+e) Lan+,a+e is a -en/ra' aspe-/ o2 /he -,'/,re o2 i/s speakers) In a!!i/ion, 2a-/,a' kno3'e!+e a0o,/ /he -o,n/r" 3here /he 'an+,a+e is spoken, an! a0o,/ /he peop'e 3ho ,se i/, is a na/,ra' -en/re o2 in/eres/ 2or 'an+,a+e 'earners) 4sers sho,'! no/e /ha/ &EF !is/in+,ishes 0e/3een so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e, /rea/e! in /his se-/ion, an! so-ia' ski''s, !ea'/ 3i/h in se-/ion @)8);) So-io'in+,is/i-o1pe/en-e, !ea'in+ 3i/h /he 1ore s/ri-/'" 'in+,is/i- aspe-/s o2 so-io-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-e, is han!'e! in se-/ion @););) A'' sho,'! 0e -onsi!ere! /o+e/her) In!ee!, sin-e 'an+,a+e is a so-io-,'/,ra' pheno1enon, so-io-,'/,ra' -on-erns are no/ 'i1i/e! /o /he se-/ions na1e! as s,-h, 0,/ are re'e.an/ /hro,+ho,/) .(#(#() %ntercu*tura* awareness

For 1,/,a' ,n!ers/an!in+ an! /o'eran-e i/ is .a',a0'e 2or a 'earner no/ si1p'" /o ha.e kno3'e!+e an! e?perien-e o2 ano/her -,'/,re, 0,/ /o ,se /ha/ e?perien-e an! kno3'e!+e /o raise a3areness o2 /he 'earnerJs o3n -,'/,re o2 ori+in) Those 3ho kno3 on'" /he -,'/,re in 3hi-h /he" 'i.e an! ha.e 0een 0ro,+h/ ,p are 'ike'" /o re+ar! i/s 3a" o2 !oin+ /hin+s as na/,ra' an! !e.ia/ions 2ro1 i/ as a0nor1a') #roper'" han!'e!, -on2ron/a/ion 3i/h a -,'/,re 3hi-h or!ers /hin+s !i22eren/'" -an 0rin+ 'earners /o re'a/i.ise /heir o3n -,'/,re an! /o see i/ as ha.in+ 1a!e par/i-,'ar -hoi-es 2ro1 /he ran+e o2 possi0i'i/ies open /o h,1an 0ein+s, none ha.in+ e?-',si.e .a'i!i/") This is an i1por/an/ e!,-a/iona' e?perien-e) ;6

.(#(,

'ki**s and know>how

&EF is a-/ion-orien/e!) $no3'e!+e is no/ seen as an en! in i/se'2 0,/ as /he ne-essar" 0asis 2or a-/ion) Ski''s an! kno3-ho3 are in!ispensa0'e /o 0rin+ kno3'e!+e in/o a-/ion) I/ is seen as an i1por/an/ aspe-/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+H/ea-hin+ /o ena0'e 'earners /o ,se 'an+,a+e e22e-/i.e'" in /he a-/i.e p,rs,i/ o2 ski''e! a-/i.i/ies in 3hi-h /he" ha.e a keen in/eres/) This prin-ip'e is -'ose'" re'a/e! /o 1o/i.a/ion an! /he a.oi!an-e o2 /he Jin/e''e-/,a' 2a''a-"J) So-ia' ski''s are perhaps o2 par/i-,'ar si+ni2i-an-e in ena0'in+ 'earners /o 2a-e /he -ha''en+es o2 so-ia' in/er-o,rse 3i/h 1e10ers o2 o/her -o11,ni/ies 3i/ho,/ e?perien-in+ -,'/,re sho-k, 3hi-h 1a" rein2or-e ra/her /han o.er-o1e preA,!i-e) .(#(,(, %ntercu*tura* ski**s and know>how

Si1i'ar prin-ip'es app'" /o in/er-,'/,ra'i/", 3hi-h is no/ si1p'" a 1a//er o2 kno3in+ ho3 /he 'earnerJs -,'/,re o2 ori+in an! /he /ar+e/ -,'/,re re'a/e /o ea-h o/her, 0,/ 0ein+ a0'e /o a-/ appropria/e'" in re'a/ion /o 0o/h -,'/,res) In -ross--,'/,ra' si/,a/ions, s,-h as s-hoo' 'inks, .isi/s an! e?-han+es, .isi/ors are seen as represen/a/i.es o2 /heir -,'/,re o2 ori+in) The" are in a posi/ion /o in/erpre/ /ha/ -,'/,re /o /heir hos/s, an! 0" /he 3a" /he" 0eha.e, enhan-e in/erna/iona' ,n!ers/an!in+ an! s"1pa/he/i- a--ep/an-e (or, o2 -o,rse, /he opposi/eP*) The" -an a.oi! or o.er-o1e in/er-e/hni- 1is,n!ers/an!in+s 1,-h 1ore easi'" /han /hose 3ho are 1ono'in+,a' an! 1ono-,'/,ra') This is /he 1eanin+ o2 /he s'o+an Einsprachig$eit ist heilbar* (1ono'in+,a'is1 is -,ra0'eP*) On a pra-/i-a' 'e.e', a 'earner 3ho has a-:,ire! in/er-,'/,ra' ski''s -an he'p /hose 3ho 'a-k /he1 /o !ea' 3i/h si/,a/ions o2 -ross--,'/,ra' -on/a-/) .(#() E+istentia* competence

I/ has 'on+ 0een a prin-ip'e o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeJs approa-h /o 1o!ern 'an+,a+es /ha/ 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es sho,'! 0e 0ase! on /he -o11,ni-a/i.e nee!s o2 'earners an! /ha/ 0o/h o0Ae-/i.es an! /he 1e/ho!s ,se! sho,'! 0e !i.ersi2ie! /o /ake a--o,n/ o2 /he 1o/i.a/ions an! -hara-/eris/i-s o2 'earners) The 3a" peop'e -o11,ni-a/e is no/ /o/a''" !e/er1ine! 0" e?/erna' 2a-/ors) So1e peop'e, e.en 2ro1 a :,i/e ear'" a+e, are 0o'! an! en/erprisin+, 3hi's/ o/hers are -a,/io,s an! re/i-en/) So1e are s/ron+-3i''e!, o/hers 1ore -o1p'ian/, rea!" /o see ano/her poin/ o2 .ie3 an! /o -o1pro1ise ra/her /han /o press -on2i!en/'" ahea!) So1e are op/i1is/i-, o/hers 'ess so) So1e a-/ spon/aneo,s'", o/hers on'" a2/er re2'e-/ion) So1e are 2,''" a/ ho1e 3i/h a0s/ra-/ i!eas, o/hers 1ore s/ron+'" a//a-he! /o -on-re/e rea'i/") %one o2 /hese an! o/her po'ari/ies -an 0e re!,-e! /o a ri+h/ an! a 3ron+ a'/erna/i.e) Their e?is/en-e 1akes 2or h,1an .arie/" an! a'' ha.e a -on/ri0,/ion /o 1ake /o a hea'/h" p',ra'is/ !e1o-ra/i- so-ie/") hen 'earnin+ ano/her 'an+,a+e, 3e sho,'! no/ e?pe-/, 'e/ a'one 2or-e, 'earners /o -han+e /heir 0asipersona'i/ies 0,/ ra/her /o he'p /he1 /o 2in! 3a"s o2 e?pressin+ /he1 in a ne3 'an+,a+e an! a ne3 -,'/,ra' -on/e?/) This sho,'! no/ 0e in/erpre/e! as a 2'a--i!, per1issi.e, re'a/i.is1, in 3hi-h an"/hin+ +oes) #ersona'i/" !e.e'op1en/ is i/se'2 an e!,-a/iona' ai1 an! /he +ro3/h o2 se'2a3areness an! se'2--on2i!en-e -an 0e an o0Ae-/i.e o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+) .(#(/ A;i*it6 to *earn

As 3as ar+,e! ear'ier, 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ !,rin+ ini/ia' 2,''-/i1e e!,-a/ion -anno/ +,aran/ee /o pro.i!e a 'earner 3i/h /he 3ho'e o2 /he -o11,ni-a/i.e pro2i-ien-" he or she 3i'' nee! in a!,'/ 'i2e) I/ is 'ike'" /ha/ -o11,ni-a/i.e nee! 3i'' arise 2or a 'an+,a+e no/ s/,!ie! a/ s-hoo' or ,ni.ersi/") E.en in /he -ase o2 a 'an+,a+e 3hi-h has 0een s/,!ie!, /he nee! 1a" 0e 2or a .arie/" or spe-ia'ise! area no/ -o.ere! a/ /he /i1e) I2 /here is a pro/ra-/e! perio! in 3hi-h /he 'an+,a+e is no/ ,se!, 'an+,a+e 'oss 1a" o--,r so /ha/ /he 'earner re.er/s /o 0ein+ a 2a'se 0e+inner an! -onsi!era0'e re-'earnin+ is ne-essar") In 1os/ -ases, /he 'earner is no/ in a posi/ion /o /ake 'ea.e 2ro1 3ork 2or a rene3e! spe'' o2 2or1a' 'earnin+, 0,/ 1,s/ 'earn on /he Ao0) For /hese reasons, ;K

prepara/ion 2or 2,r/her in!epen!en/ 'earnin+, 'earnin+ /o 'earn, sho,'! 2or1 par/ o2 an" -o,rse o2 'earnin+) I/ sho,'! 0e re-o+nise! as a 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.e, an! 1e/ho!s 2or !e.e'opin+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a0i'i/" sho,'! 0e !e.e'ope! an! app'ie! (-2) Threshold Level 199 , -hap/er 8=*) Se-/ions @)8)>)8 7@)8)>)> presen/ 2o,r -o1ponen/s o2 'earnin+ /o 'earn 3hi-h ,sers sho,'! 2in! se'2e?p'ana/or") .(, Communicati-e *anguage competences

Se-/ion @)8 has !ea'/ 3i/h /he +enera' -o1pe/en-es 3hi-h 'an+,a+e ,sers !ra3 ,pon 3hen par/i-ipa/in+ in a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) The pre-e!in+ no/es ha.e 'ar+e'" 0een -on-erne! /o sho3 ho3 a -onsi!era/ion o2 /hese +enera' -o1pe/en-es is o2 i1por/an-e /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/) A//en/ion is no3 2o-,se! on /he -o1pe/en-es !ire-/'" -on-erne! 3i/h 'an+,a+e as a .ehi-'e o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) .(,(# Linguistic competences

%o-one -an ,se 3ha/ /he" !o no/ ha.e) E.er" /ea-her or 'earner o2 a 'an+,a+e kno3s /his /o 0e /he hear/ o2 /he 1a//er) To 0,i'! ,p 'in+,is/i- reso,r-es, /o kno3 3or!s an! /heir 1eanin+s an! 0e a0'e /o p,/ /he1 /o+e/her in/o 1eanin+2,', -orre-/'" 2or1e! sen/en-es, re1ains /he -en/ra', ines-apa0'e re:,ire1en/ 2or s,--ess2,' -o11,ni-a/ion) For so1e /ea-hers, /his is /he 3ho'e o2 /heir responsi0i'i/" /o /he 'earner, 3ho is /hen 'e2/ 2ree /o !e-i!e ho3 /o 1ake ,se o2 i/ a'') An a-/ion-orien/e! -o11,ni-a/i.e approa-h sees /he /ask !i22eren/'") Lan+,a+e is 2or ,se, an! kno3'e!+e o2 /he 2or1s o2 a 'an+,a+e is no/ an en! in i/se'2) %or is /he a0i'i/" /o 1anip,'a/e 2or1s an en! in i/se'2) Lin+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es ha.e /o 0e 0,i'/ ,p as par/ o2 /he 3i!er pro-ess o2 'earnin+ /o -o11,ni-a/e) A 2,''" ar/i-,'a/e! a3areness o2 /he 'in+,is/i- s"s/e1 o2 /he 'an+,a+e -on-erne! is an essen/ia' 0asis 2or /he proper p'annin+ o2 'an+,a+e -o,rses an! 2or /he assess1en/ o2 pro2i-ien-" a/ s,--essi.e 'e.e's) So1e, /ho,+h pro0a0'" no/ a'', /"pes o2 'earners 1a" a'so 0e assis/e! in /heir pro+ress 0" a -ons-io,s a3areness o2 /he 'an+,a+e as an or+anise! s"s/e1) Ho3 /o presen/ /he para1e/ers o2 'an+,a+e s"s/e1s in a +enera' 2ra1e3ork is hi+h'" pro0'e1a/i-) Lan+,a+es .ar" +rea/'" in /heir 2or1a' proper/ies an! /here are !i22erin+ opinions on /he e?/en/ /o 3hi-h /his .aria/ion is -ons/raine! 0" ,ni.ersa' prin-ip'es, ran+in+ 2ro1 /o/a' ar0i/rariness /o -'ose +ene/i- !e/er1ina/ion) &EF a,/hors !o no/ -'ai1 /o so'.e /his iss,e, 0,/ -on2ine /he1se'.es /o a 2air'" /ra!i/iona' appara/,s o2 -'assi2i-a/ion) This /rea/1en/ is no/ in/en!e! /o 0e nor1a/i.e) 4sers are in.i/e! /o ,se /he s-he1e presen/e! as a 0asis 2or re2'e-/ion, 0,/ are :,i/e 2ree /o 1o!i2" i/ or in!ee! /o !es-ri0e /heir o0Ae-/i.es in /er1s o2 a !i22eren/ 1o!e' 3hi-h /he" -onsi!er 1ore a!e:,a/e or 1ore appropria/e) The" are aske! on'" /o 1ake /heir !es-rip/ion e?p'i-i/ an! /ransparen/) .(,(#(# Le+ica* competence

4sers 3i'' no/e /ha/ J'e?i-a'J is ,se! here no/ si1p'" 2or sin+'e 3or!s, 0,/ ra/her 2or 'in+,is/ie?pressions 3hi-h are s/ore! an! ,se! as 2i?e!, in!i.isi0'e 3ho'es) Le?i-a' /h,s in-',!es 2i?e! phrases an! i!io1s, 0,/ no/ a'' 3or!s, sin-e -o1p'e? an! -o1po,n! 3or! 2or1s are !ea'/ 3i/h ,n!er 1orpho'o+" as par/ o2 +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e) Gra11a/i-a' e'e1en/s o--,p" an in/er1e!ia/e posi/ion) The" are si1p'e 3or! 2or1s, 0,/ 2,n-/ion on'" as e'e1en/s o2 +ra11a/i-a' -ons/r,-/ions) O2/en /er1e! 2or1 3or!s as oppose! /o -on/en/ 3or!s, /he" are o2 hi+h 2re:,en-" an! 2or1 -'ose! se/s) To+e/her /he" 1ake ,p a hi+h propor/ion o2 r,nnin+ /e?/, 0,/ -on/ri0,/e re'a/i.e'" 'i//'e /o i/s 1eanin+) The" are pre!i-/a0'e 2ro1 /he -on/e?/ an! are +enera''" /he 3or!s o1i//e! 2ro1 /e'e+raphi- /e?/s, 2or e?a1p'e, (I sha''* arri.e (0" /he* 'as/ /rain (on* Fri!a") As ;9

2or1s, /he" o--,r .er" ear'" in a 'an+,a+e -o,rse, 0,/ -anno/ /hen 0e /aken /o 0e kno3n) For ins/an-e JaJ an! J/heJ 3i'' ,s,a''" 0e 2o,n! in 'esson one, 0,/ /heir 1eanin+ is !i22i-,'/, i2 no/ i1possi0'e /o !e2ine an! /heir ,se -on/in,es /o presen/ pro0'e1s e.en /o a!.an-e! 'earners) Man" per2or1 +ra11a/i-a' 2,n-/ions 3hi-h in o/her 'an+,a+es are per2or1e! in o/her 3a"s (2or ins/an-e in2'e?iona' en!in+s*) 4sers 1a" pre2er /o re+ar! /he1 as par/ o2 +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e) The 1ain /hin+ is /ha/ a'' /he 2a-/s sho,'! 0e !ea'/ 3i/h a/ so1e poin/) The par/ p'a"e! 0" in!i.i!,a' 3or!s in si+na''in+ +ra11a/i-a' re'a/ions .aries +rea/'" 2ro1 one 'an+,a+e /o ano/her) In 'an+,a+es 'ike En+'ish, 3here /he" p'a" a .er" i1por/an/ par/, /heir -'assi2i-a/ion is o2/en pro0'e1a/i-) The 'is/ +i.en in se-/ion @);)8)8 +i.es -'assi2ie! e?a1p'es, a'1os/ a'' o2 3hi-h are /aken 2ro1 En+'ish) The e?a1p'es o2 par/i-'es are /aken 2ro1 Ger1an, 3here 1o!a' par/i-'es p'a" an i1por/an/ ro'e in /he e?pression o2 speaker a//i/,!es) 4sers 3i'', o2 -o,rse, !ra3 ,p s,-h -'assi2ie! 'is/s as /he" -onsi!er 0es/ s,i/e! /o /he 'an+,a+e -on-erne!) .(,(#(, Grammatica* competence

For /he reasons a'rea!" +i.en, /he a,/hors o2 &EF ha.e no/ 2e'/ i/ /o 0e 3i/hin /heir -o1pe/en-e /o spe-i2" in a!.an-e 2or a'' 2,/,re ,sers /he 2or1 3hi-h /he spe-i2i-a/ion o2 +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e sho,'! /ake, in .ie3 o2 /he !i22eren/ s-hoo's o2 /ho,+h/ an! /he !i.ersi/" o2 'an+,a+es in E,rope) I/ is hope! /ha/ ,sers o2 &EF 3i'' repor/ /heir pra-/i-e in a 3a" /ha/ -an ser.e as a 0asis 2or /he in/ensi.e re-onsi!era/ion o2 /his se-/ion a2/er /rai'in+) This app'ies in par/i-,'ar /o /he re1arks on s"n/a?) As is s/a/e! /here, J/he a0i'i/" /o or+anise sen/en-es /o -on.e" 1eanin+ is a -en/ra' aspe-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-eJ an! /his se-/ion !oes 'i//'e 1ore /han !ra3 a//en/ion, 3i/h so1e e?e1p'i2i-a/ion, /o Jso1e para1e/ers an! -a/e+ories 3hi-h ha.e 0een 3i!e'" ,se! in +ra11a/i-a' !es-rip/ionJ) I/ 1a" 0e /he -ase /ha/ 1an" o2 /he -a/e+ories 'is/e! here 3i'' no/ app'" /o a par/i-,'ar 'an+,a+e an! /ha/ o/hers ne-essar" 2or /he !es-rip/ion o2 /ha/ 'an+,a+e are no/ represen/e! here) &'ear'", in s,-h -ases, 3hi'e a.oi!in+ ,nne-essari'" i!ios"n-ra/i- /er1ino'o+", -o''ea+,es 3i'' !e.e'op !es-rip/i.e s"s/e1s 1os/ appropria/e /o /he 'an+,a+e -on-erne!) O/hers 1a" 3e'' 2ee' /ha/ a p,re'" /a?ono1i- approa-h, si1p'" -'assi2"in+ 2or1s, is ina!e:,a/e) A+ain, &EF is no/ in/en!e! /o !is-o,ra+e inno.a/ion, +i.en /ha/ /he res,'/an/ !es-rip/ions are ,se2,' an! in/e''i+i0'e /o ,sers) In par/i-,'ar, rea!ers 1a" 0e s,rprise! no/ /o 2in! a !is-,ssion o2 /rans2or1a/iona' +enera/i.e +ra11ar, 3hi-h has o--,pie! a -en/ra' posi/ion in /heore/i-a' 'in+,is/i-s 2or /he +rea/er par/ o2 /he pas/ ha'2--en/,r") There are /3o 1ain reasons 2or /his o1ission) The 2irs/ is /ha/ 2ro1 i/s 0e+innin+s /his s-hoo' has p,0'i-'" !is/an-e! i/se'2 2ro1 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ (&ho1sk" 8566 in A''en an! .an B,ren, -hap/er K*) This a//i/,!e -on/ras/s s/ron+'" 3i/h /he -'ose in.o'.e1en/ o2 /he pre.io,s +enera/ion, s/ron+'" in2',en-e! 0" 0eha.io,ris/ ps"-ho'o+", !is-re!i/e! 0" &ho1sk" a/ /he o,/se/ o2 his -areer (&ho1sk" 85@5 Re.ie3 o2 Skinner, B)F) MVer0a' 0eha.io,rE in Language =@, ;6-@9*) The se-on! reason is /ha/ /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'in+,is/i- /heor" 0" /his s-hoo' has 'e! i/ e.er 2,r/her 2ro1 /he rea'i/ies o2 'an+,a+e in ,se, !is-ar!in+ a'on+ /he 3a" ear'ier 1o!e's 3hi-h appeare! /o ha.e !ire-/ app'i-a/ions) hereas /he !ra1a/i- !e.e'op1en/ o2 o,r ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he na/,ra' 3or'! in /he na/,ra' s-ien-es has 0een 0,i'/ ,p s/ep 0" s/ep, a'3a"s s,0Ae-/ /o e1piri-a' .a'i!a/ion an! +enera''" 'ea!in+ /o, an! 'earnin+ 2ro1, pra-/i-a' app'i-a/ions, /his !oes no/ see1 /o ha.e 0een /he -ase 3i/h 'in+,is/i- resear-h) 4sers 3ishin+ /o kno3 1ore o2 /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 +enera/i.e (or, 1ore re-en/'", ,ni.ersa'* +ra11ar, 1a" -ons,'/, 2or /he ear'ier, M-'assi-a'E 1o!e' &ho1sk", %), (856@* +spects of the theory of synta,# &a10ri!+e, Mass), MIT #ress, or A''en, J)#)B) an! .an B,ren, #) (85K8* Cho&s$y% selected readings# O?2or! O4#) For 1ore re-en/ !e.e'op1en/s, Ra!2or!, A), &'ahsen, H) an! Spenser, A) (8555* Linguistics% an introduction pro.i!es an a--essi0'e a--o,n/) 4sers sho,'! 0e a3are /ha/ no sin+'e +ra11a/i-a' /heor" no3 -o11an!s +enera' s,ppor/) ;5

.(,(#()

'emantic competence

Se1an/i-s is o2/en !e2ine! as /he s-ien-e o2 1eanin+) Sin-e a'' aspe-/s o2 h,1an -o11,ni-a/i.e 0eha.io,r are 1eanin+2,', in /ha/ /he" -on.e" in2or1a/ion o2 one sor/ or ano/her /o an o0ser.er proper'" e:,ippe! /o i!en/i2" an! in/erpre/ /he1, a'1os/ e.er"/hin+ -on/aine! in &EF 1a" 0e -onsi!ere! as an aspe-/ o2 a ,serH'earnerJs se1an/i- -o1pe/en-e) In /his se-/ion /he /rea/1en/ is narro3er, 0ein+ -on-erne! on'" 3i/h /he 1eanin+s o2 'in+,is/i- 2or1s an! /he re'a/ions a1on+ /he1) Le?i-a' se1an/i-s, !ea'in+ 3i/h /he 1eanin+s o2 3or!s (or, 1ore s/ri-/'", 'e?i-a' e'e1en/s, -2) >)K);)8)8) (a**, is !is/in+,ishe! 2ro1 +ra11a/i-a' se1an/i-s, !ea'in+ 3i/h /he 1eanin+s a//a-he! /o /he or+anisa/ion o2 3or!s in/o sen/en-es) The 1eanin+ o2 a sen/en-e is e10o!ie! par/'" in /he -hoi-e o2 'e?i-a' e'e1en/s an! par/'" 0" /heir or+anisa/ion) #ra+1a/i- se1an/i-s is /hen -on-erne! 3i/h /he 2or1a' 1eanin+ o2 re'a/ions a1on+ sen/en-es, espe-ia''" /hose o2 a 'o+i-a' -hara-/er) The para+raph a/ /he en! o2 se-/ion @);)8)= poin/s o,/ a 0asi- !i'e11a in !es-rip/i.e 'in+,is/i-s, res,'/in+ 2ro1 /he !o,0'e ar/i-,'a/ion o2 'an+,a+e) Bo/h 2or1 an! 1eanin+ are hi+h'" s/r,-/,re!, 0,/ -,/ a-ross ea-h o/her in a 'ar+e'" ar0i/rar" 2ashion) This is 1os/ o0.io,s in /he -ase o2 3or! 2or1s) or!s 3hi-h are -'ose'" re'a/e! in so,n!, 2or e?a1p'e, pi/, pe/ an! pa/ are ,nre'a/e! in 1eanin+) or!s -'ose'" re'a/e! in 1eanin+, s,-h as horse, 1are, 2oa'D 0,'', -o3, an! -a'2 are ,nre'a/e! in so,n!) E.en 3here /he re'a/ion see1s -'ose, as in /ha/ 0e/3een .er0 2or1s an! /i1e re'a/ions, i2 one is s"s/e1a/i-a''" presen/e!, /he o/her sho3s ano1a'ies an! in-onsis/en-ies) This presen/s -,rri-,',1 !esi+ners, -o,rse p'anners, /e?/0ook 3ri/ers an! o/hers 3i/h /he !e-ision 3he/her /o 1ake 2or1 or 2,n-/ion /he 0asis o2 or+anisa/ion) .(,(#(/ "hono*ogica* competence

This se-/ion !ea's 3i/h /he or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e as so,n!) #hone/i-s, 3hi-h !ea's 3i/h /he -hain o2 e.en/s 2ro1 /he a-/,a' 0o!i'" 1o.e1en/s 3hi-h pro!,-e spee-h so,n!s /hro,+h a-o,s/i- proper/ies o2 ,//eran-es /o /heir per-ep/ion as spee-h so,n!s, has 0een re'a/i.e'" s/a0'e 2or 1an" "ears 0e-a,se /he pheno1ena 3i/h 3hi-h i/ !ea's are re'a/i.e'" easi'" a--essi0'e /o !ire-/ o0ser.a/ion an! 3ere /he 2irs/ aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e ,se /o 0e -'ose'" in.es/i+a/e!) The pro-esses o2 so,n! pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion are 3e''-,n!ers/oo!, an! s-he1es 2or /he -'assi2i-a/ion o2 so,n!s on an ar/i-,'a/or" (pro!,-/i.e* or a,!i/or" (0asis* are 3e''-!e.e'ope!, 3i/h a+ree! in/erna/iona' -on.en/ions 2or /heir represen/a/ion (/he In/erna/iona' #hone/iA'pha0e/*) The s"s/e1 -an 0e 1as/ere! 3i/ho,/ ,n!,e e22or/ /hro,+h a pro+ra11e o2 ear/rainin+ an! ar/i-,'a/or" /rainin+) S,-h a +enera' phone/i- /rainin+ is an aspe-/ o2 'earnin+ /o 'earn, preparin+ 'earners /o re-o+nise an! pro!,-e /he !is/in-/i.e so,n!s 'ike'" /o 0e en-o,n/ere! in a ne3 'an+,a+e, e.en in ,n2a1i'iar -o10ina/ions (-2) se-/ion @)8)>);*) The phono'o+" o2 a par/i-,'ar 'an+,a+e !ea's 3i/h /he ro'e o2 so,n!s in si+na''in+ /he 3or!s, phrases an! sen/en-es o2 a 'an+,a+e) On'" a 'i1i/e! n,10er o2 so,n! !is/in-/ions are ,se! 2or /his p,rpose, pro!,-e! 0" a n,10er o2 !is/in-/i.e ar/i-,'a/or" +es/,res) These are /er1e! /he Jphone1esJ o2 /he 'an+,a+e) or!s are si+na''e! 0" (nor1a''"* shor/ se:,en-es o2 s,-h +es/,res, pro!,-in+ /hen a se:,en-e o2 -orrespon!in+ a-o,s/i- e22e-/s) #hono'o+i-a''", phrases an! sen/en-es -onsis/ o2 se:,en-es o2 s,-h 3or!s 2or1s, o2/en 1o!i2ie! a--or!in+ /o /heir -on/e?/ an! 2,r/her -hara-/erise! 0" !is/in-/i.e proso!i- 2ea/,res o2 pi/-h (in/ona/ion* an! 'o,!ness (s/ress*) Se-/ion >)K);)8)> !e/ai's /he -o1ponen/s o2 phono'o+i-a' -o1pe/en-e) O2 pri1ar" i1por/an-e are< 8) kno3'e!+e o2 /he phone1es o2 /he 'an+,a+e, /he phone1i- -o1posi/ion o2 3or!s an! /he s/ress an! in/ona/ion pa//ernin+ o2 sen/en-es in !is-o,rse) =I

;) ski''s in /he pro!,-/ion an! per-ep/ion o2 phone1es an! proso!i- 2ea/,res no/ on'" in iso'a/ion 0,/ a'so in -o10ina/ion 3i/hin 3or!s an! sen/en-es) In 1a/,re speakers, phono'o+i-a' -o1pe/en-e 0e-o1es a 1a//er o2 ,n-ons-io,s ha0i/) The" 0e-o1e ski''e! a/ in/erpre/in+ /he spee-h o2 o/hers, in-',!in+ !ia'e-/ speakers, in /er1s o2 /he phono'o+" /he" ha.e in/erna'ise!) The" 1a" ha.e +rea/ !i22i-,'/" in pro!,-in+ so,n!s 3hi-h !o no/ 2i+,re as phone1es in /heir o3n spee-h) hen -on2ron/e! 3i/h a ne3 'an+,a+e, /he" 1a" ha.e !i22i-,'/" in per-ei.in+ an! pro!,-in+ ne3 phone1es or ,n2a1i'iar -o10ina/ions o2 so,n!s an! 3i'' /rans'a/e 3ha/ /he" hear in /er1s o2 /heir o3n phono'o+", pro!,-in+ a 2orei+n a--en/) As a res,'/, -o11,ni-a/ion is 1a!e 1ore !i22i-,'/ an! 1is,n!ers/an!in+s res,'/) On /he o/her han!, /he re!,n!an-" o2 'an+,a+e in -on/e?/ 3i'' ,s,a''" 1ake i/ possi0'e 2or a pro2i-ien/ ,ser o2 /he 'an+,a+e /o re-ons/r,-/ 3ha/ is 1ean/) The iss,es raise! 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ are presen/e! in /he 2or1 o2 op/ions in se-/ion 6)>)K)5) .(,(#(. Orthographic competence

This se-/ion !ea's 3i/h /he spe-i2i- 2ea/,res o2 3ri/in+ s"s/e1s) .(,(#(3 Orthoepic competence

This se-/ion !ea's 3i/h /he prin-ip'es +o.ernin+ /he pron,n-ia/ion o2 3ri//en 2or1s) .(,(, 'ocio*inguistic competence

So-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e is -on-erne! 3i/h /he kno3'e!+e an! ski''s re:,ire! /o !ea' 3i/h /he so-ia' !i1ension o2 'an+,a+e ,se) As 3as re1arke! 3i/h re+ar! /o so-io-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-e, 'an+,a+e is a so-io-,'/,ra' pheno1enon) M,-h o2 3ha/ is -on/aine! in 1an" par/s o2 &EF, par/i-,'ar'" in respe-/ o2 /he so-io-,'/,ra', is o2 re'e.an-e /o so-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e) The 1a//ers /rea/e! here are /hose spe-i2i-a''" re'a/in+ /o 'an+,a+e ,se an! are no/ !ea'/ 3i/h e'se3here) .(,(,(# Linguistic markers of socia* re*ations

4sers 3i'' 3ish /o -onsi!er 3a"s in 3hi-h so-ia' re'a/ionships 0e/3een /he 'earners an! o/her ,sers o2 /he 'an+,a+e !e/er1ine 'an+,a+e ,se) The e?a1p'es 2ro1 En+'ish are 1ere'" i'',s/ra/i.e) In o/her 'an+,a+es, re'a/ions are 1arke! in o/her 3a"s, 2or e?a1p'e, der-ihr as a+ains/ !ie in Ger1an, tu a+ains/ vous in Fren-h, /he ,se o2 /he pa/ron"1i- in R,ssian, e/-) .(,(,(, "o*iteness con-entions

An e?/en!e! a--o,n/ o2 po'i/eness -on.en/ions in So,/hern Bri/ish so-ie/" is +i.en in -hap/er 88 o2 Threshold Level 199 ) These -on.en/ions are 1ain'" -on-erne! 3i/h ne+a/i.e po'i/eness, /ha/ is /o sa", a.oi!in+ +i.in+ o22en-e) #o'i/eness -on.en/ions are a 2re:,en/ so,r-e o2 in/er-e/hni1is,n!ers/an!in+) He!+es, s,-h as /he ,se o2 FI /hinkG, or o2 :,es/ion /a+s, e/-), e1p'o"e! 0" a speaker 2o''o3in+ En+'ish -on.en/ions 1a" 0e in/erpre/e! in so1e o/her so-ie/ies as ,n-er/ain/" or 'a-k o2 -on.i-/ion) In.erse'", /heir a0sen-e 2ro1 /he spee-h o2 /hose 2o''o3in+ 1ore !ire-/ -on.en/ions 1a" 0e in/erpre/e! 0" 2o''o3ers o2 /he En+'ish -on.en/ions as a si+n o2 arro+an-e or !o+1a/is1) As e?e1p'i2ie! in s,0se-/ion >, /here are o--asions 3hen a !e'i0era/e !epar/,re 2ro1 po'i/eness -on.en/ions is -a''e! 2or) I/ 1a" 0e i1por/an/, ho3e.er, 2or a 'earner no/ /o !epar/ 2ro1 /he1 ,n'ess -on2i!en/ o2 no/ 0ein+ 1isin/erpre/e!) .(,(,() E+pressions of fo*k>wisdom

Sen/en/io,s phrases an! sen/en-es in -o11on par'an-e are o2/en e?-han+e! a1on+ speakers /o es/a0'ish or rein2or-e so-ia' so'i!ari/" in 1a//ers o2 a//i/,!es, .a',es an! 0e'ie2s) In En+'ish, /he =8

-'i-h (pro.er0, e/-)* i/se'2 is a.oi!e! in 2a.o,r o2 an a00re.ia/ion or o0'i:,e re2eren-e, 3hi-h 1a" 0e opa:,e /o a 'is/ener ,n2a1i'iar 3i/h /he ori+ina', 3hi-h is ass,1e! /o 0e -o11on proper/") For ins/an-e, JAh, i/Js an i'' 3in!J, sai! 3i/h a risin+ in/ona/ion, in!i-a/es /ha/ /here is a posi/i.e aspe-/ /o a 0a! si/,a/ion, /he 3or!s J/ha/ 0'o3s no-one an" +oo!J 0ein+ 1ere'" i1p'ie!) A/ so1e poin/ in /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess, /he 'earnin+ o2 a s/ore o2 -o11on pro.er0s, e/-) 1a" 0e a ,se2,' a!!i/ion /o a 'earnerJs re-ep/i.e -o1pe/en-e) .(,(,(/ Register differences

The e?a1p'es +i.en here o22er /he !i22eren/ 3a"s /o s,++es/ /ha/ so1e par/i-,'ar a-/ion sho,'! 0e s/ar/e!, !epen!en/ ,pon /he si/,a/ion an! /he re'a/ions a1on+ /he par/i-ipan/s) (As s,-h, i/ is -'ose'" re'a/e! /o se-/ion @););)8)* The e?a1p'es ran+e 2ro1 /he ,se o2 2i?e! ri/,a'is/i- 2or1,'ae /o 'a-oni- in/er-han+es a1on+ in/i1a/es) .(,(,(. &ia*ect and accent

%o E,ropean 'an+,a+e -o11,ni/ies are en/ire'" ho1o+eno,s) Di22eren/ re+ions ha.e /heir pe-,'iari/ies in 'an+,a+e an! -,'/,re) These pe-,'iari/ies are ,s,a''" 1os/ 1arke! in /hose re+ions 3here peop'e 'i.e p,re'" 'o-a' 'i.es, an! /here2ore -orre'a/e 3i/h so-ia' -'ass, o--,pa/ion an! e!,-a/iona' 'e.e') Re-o+ni/ion o2 s,-h !ia'e-/a' 2ea/,res, /here2ore, +i.es si+ni2i-an/ -',es as /o /he in/er'o-,/orJs -hara-/eris/i-s) S/ereo/"pin+ p'a"s a 'ar+e ro'e in /his pro-ess) Learners 3i'', in /he -o,rse o2 /i1e, a'so -o1e in/o -on/a-/ 3i/h speakers o2 .ario,s pro.enan-es) Be2ore a!op/in+ !ia'e-/ 2or1s 2or /he1se'.es, 'earners sho,'! 0e a3are o2 /heir so-ia' -onno/a/ions an! o2 /he nee! 2or -oheren-e an! -onsis/en-") .(,() "ragmatic competences

The /er1 pra+1a/i-s 1a" 0e ,se! in 'in+,is/i-s /o re2er /o /he s/,!" o2 -er/ain 'o+i-a' re'a/ions a1on+ sen/en-es (-2) se-/ion @);)8)=*) In /his se-/ion /he /er1 is ,se! 1ore 0roa!'"D /he narro3er ,se is /rea/e! as an aspe-/ o2 !is-o,rse -o1pe/en-e) .(,()(# &iscourse competence

Dis-o,rse -o1pe/en-e is /he a0i'i/" o2 a ,serH'earner /o -ons/r,-/ sen/en-es an! arran+e /he1 in se:,en-e so as /o pro!,-e -oheren/ s/re/-hes o2 'an+,a+e) A +oo! !ea' o2 1o/her-/on+,e e!,-a/ion is !e.o/e! /o 0,i'!in+ a "o,n+ personJs !is-o,rse ski''s) In 'earnin+ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, a 'earner is 'ike'" /o s/ar/ 3i/h shor/ /,rns, ,s,a''" o2 sin+'e sen/en-e 'en+/h) A/ hi+her 'e.e's o2 pro2i-ien-", /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 !is-o,rse -o1pe/en-e, /he -o1ponen/s o2 3hi-h are in!i-a/e! in /his se-/ion, 0e-o1es o2 in-reasin+ i1por/an-e) For a 0rie2 a--o,n/ o2 /he 2a-/ors in.o'.e! in !is-o,rse -o1pe/en-e, /he ,ser 1a" 3ish /o -ons,'/ &r"s/a', D)< The Ca&bridge Encyclopaedia of Language, se-/ion ;I) .(,()(, Functiona* competence

4sers are re-o11en!e! /o -ons,'/ /his se-/ion in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h se-/ion >)=) Ma-ro 2,n-/ions here re'a/es /o /he ,serH'earnerJs a0i'i/" /o -ons/r,-/ !is-o,rse as appropria/e /o !i22eren/ -o11,ni-a/i.e p,rposes in /he -o,rse o2 /he per2or1an-e o2 'an+,a+e /asks) The !i22eren-es in 2,n-/ion res,'/ in !i22eren-es o2 'an+,a+e ,se) For e?a1p'e, in En+'ish, 3hen !es-ri0in+ an a-/ion, /he presen/ -on/in,o,s is ,se!) FI a1 pi-kin+ ,p an e++ an! 0reakin+ i/ in/o a 2r"in+ panG) In !e1ons/ra/in+ /he a-/ion /he si1p'e presen/ is e1p'o"e!, FI pi-k ,p an e++ an! 0reak i/ in/o a 2r"in+ panG) 4sers are !ire-/e! /o Threshold Level 199 an! "antage Level 2or an e?/ensi.e /rea/1en/ o2 1i-ro 2,n-/ions)

=;

&on.ersa/iona' -o1pe/en-e is no/ si1p'" a 1a//er o2 kno3in+ 3hi-h par/i-,'ar 2,n-/ions (1i-ro 2,n-/ions* are e?presse! 0" 3hi-h 'an+,a+e 2or1s) #ar/i-ipan/s are en+a+e! in an in/era-/ion, in 3hi-h ea-h ini/ia/i.e 'ea!s /o a response an! 1o.es /he in/era-/ion 2,r/her on, a--or!in+ /o i/s p,rpose, /hro,+h a s,--ession o2 s/a+es 2ro1 openin+ e?-han+es /o i/s 2ina' -on-',sion) &o1pe/en/ speakers ha.e an ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he pro-ess an! ski''s in opera/in+ i/) A 1a-ro 2,n-/ion is -hara-/erise! 0" i/s in/era-/iona' s/r,-/,re) More -o1p'e? si/,a/ions 1a" 3e'' ha.e an in/erna' s/r,-/,re in.o'.in+ se:,en-es o2 1a-ro 2,n-/ions) The se-/ion +i.es e?a1p'es 2ro1 /he si1p'es/ /o /he 1os/ -o1p'e?) A/ one en! are si1p'e ini/ia/in+Hrespon!in+ pairs s,-h as :,es/ion an! ans3er) In .n /iveau'!euil, /he Fren-h .ersion o2 /he Thresho'! Le.e', /he -hap/er +ctes de parole arran+es 1i-ro 2,n-/ions s"s/e1a/i-a''" as ei/her (I* ini/ia/ors or (II* responses) A si1p'e in/era-/ion 1a" -onsis/ o2 a 0rie2 se:,en-e o2 s,-h pairs, e)+) openin+ Q /ransa-/ion Q -'osin+, as< E?-,se 1e, Ma!a1 YesL #'ease -o,'! "o, /e'' 1e /he 3a" /o /he s/a/ionL Firs/ 'e2/ an! /hen s/rai+h/ on Thank "o,, Ma!a1 %o/ a/ a'' - (I* seekin+ a//en/ion - (II* +i.in+ a//en/ion (I* re:,es/ 2or in2or1a/ion (II* +i.in+ in2or1a/ion (I* /hankin+ (II* a--ep/in+ /hanks)

Lan+,a+e -o,rses o2/en presen/ 'an+,a+e in /he 2or1 o2 !ia'o+,es 3hi-h e?e1p'i2" in/era-/iona' s/r,-/,res s,-h as /he a0o.e) Ho3e.er, /he s/r,-/,re is 'ess o2/en 1a!e -'ear, so /ha/ 'earners !o no/ kno3 ho3 /o pro-ee! ,n'ess an in/era-/ion /akes /he e?a-/ 2or1 o2 /he !ia'o+,e, 3hi-h is rare'" /he -ase) Learners 1a" a-hie.e 1,-h 0e//er ,ser a,/ono1" i2 /he" 'earn /o -on/ro' an in/era-/iona' s/ra/e+", re-o+nisin+ /he p'a-e o2 an in/er'o-,/orJs /,rn in /he in/era-/ion e.en i2 /he" 2ai' /o ,n!ers/an! i/, an! ,sin+ -o1pensa/or" s/ra/e+ies (see Threshold Level 199 , -hap/er 8;* /o 0rin+ i/ 0a-k on -o,rse) As is poin/e! o,/, /he 2a-/ /ha/ /he par/i-ipan/s ha.e in /heir -o1pe/en-e a 1o!e' o2 /he in/era-/ion (espe-ia''" i2 i/ is ro,/inise!* !oes no/ 1ean /ha/ an a-/,a' -on.ersa/ion 3i'' -on/ain a'' an! on'" e?ponen/s o2 /he 1i-ro- an! 1a-ro 2,n-/ions as se:,en-e! in /he 1o!e') So1e s/a+es 1a" 0e passe! o.er in si'en-e as 0ein+ se'2-e.i!en/) The in/era-/ion 1a" 0e Jh,1anise!J 0" in-',!in+ e?-han+es on persona' 1a//ers, 2or ins/an-e) Ho3e.er, /he par/i-ipan/sJ kno3'e!+e o2 /he ,n!er'"in+ s-he1a 1eans /ha/ i/ -an 0e -a''e! ,pon 3hene.er -o11,ni-a/ion is ne-essar") A +oo! !ea' o2 3ork on in/era-/iona' s/r,-/,res has 0een -arrie! o,/ 0" Ger1an so-io'in+,is/s in/eres/e! in /he /heor" o2 'an+,a+e as so-ia' a-/ion) 4sers 3ishin+ /o e?p'ore /he area 1ore !eep'" 1i+h/ 2o''o3 /he 3ork o2, 2or e?a1p'e, $onra! Eh'i-h an! Jo-hen Reh0ein) Ho3e.er, re'a/i.e'" 'i//'e has 0een !one /o !e.e'op s-he1a/a 2or /he 1a-ro 2,n-/ions e?e1p'i2ie! in @);)=); or 2or -'asses o2 /ransa-/ion o/her /han 0,"in+ an! se''in+) The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope 3i'' 0e +'a! /o 0e in2or1e! 0" &EF ,sers o2 /heir a//e1p/s /o !e.e'op s,-h s-he1a/a)

"art 3 $ he processes of *anguage *earning and teaching

&hap/er > se/s o,/ /o !e2ine in so1e !e/ai' 3ha/ a -o1pe/en/ 'an+,a+e ,ser is re:,ire! /o !o in or!er /o /ake par/ in a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) &hap/er @ /hen i!en/i2ies /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 kno3'e!+e an! ski'' /ha/ ena0'e a 'an+,a+e ,ser /o a-/ in /ha/ 3a") &hap/er 6 no3 /,rns /o :,es/ions o2 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) 3(# 9hat is it that *earners ha-e to *earn or ac@uireC

This se-/ion e?a1ines /he :,es/ion o2 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es) Se-/ion 6)8)8 e?p'ains /ha/, /o a 'ar+e e?/en/, Ta0'es 8-= in -hap/er = 7 3hi-h +i.e /he -ri/eria /o 0e sa/is2ie! a/ ea-h s,--essi.e 'e.e' o2 ==

'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" 7 -an 0e /aken as a00re.ia/e! s/a/e1en/s o2 o0Ae-/i.es, a1p'i2ie! an! e?e1p'i2ie! in -hap/ers > an! @) Se-/ion 6)8); /hen !is-,sses 3hi-h par/s o2 /he 'earnerEs -o1pe/en-e in a par/i-,'ar 'an+,a+e nee!, in 2a-/, /o 0e /a,+h/ e?p'i-i/'" an! 3hi-h 1a" a'rea!" 0e presen/ or 1i+h/ 0e a-:,ire! in o/her 3a"s) Ho3e.er, a p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-e is 1ore /han /he si1p'e s,1 o2 i/s sin+'e 'an+,a+e -o1ponen/s) Se-/ions 6)8)= an! 6)8)> e?p'ore in +rea/er !ep/h ho3 a p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-e !i22ers 2ro1 -o1pe/en-e in a n,10er o2 !is-re/e 'an+,a+es an! !ra3s o,/ /he i1p'i-a/ions 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! 2or /ea-hin+ o0Ae-/i.es) The in!i.i!,a' 'an+,a+e -o1ponen/s o2 p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-e are ,ne.en, !i22eren/ia/e! a--or!in+ /o /he 'earnerJs e?perien-e an! in an ,ns/a0'e re'a/ion as /ha/ e?perien-e -han+es) Ho3e.er, a'' are a.ai'a0'e 2or ,se an! a ,ser 1a" s3i/-h 'an+,a+es 3hen /he si/,a/ion -han+es (+i.en /ha/ /he in/er'o-,/or is a'so a!e:,a/e'" p',ri'in+,a'*) The in/era-/ion o2 !i22eren/ia/e! 'an+,a+e -o1ponen/s in /he p',ri'in+,a' ,ser pro1o/es /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'in+,is/i- an! -,'/,ra' a3areness, an! 1akes a spe-ia' -on/ri0,/ion /o a pan-E,ropean (in!ee! +'o0a'* ,n!ers/an!in+ an! a--ep/an-e, as /he para1e/ers o2 !i.ersi/" 0e-o1e 0e//er ,n!ers/oo!) The !i22eren/ia/e! -o1ponen/s are a'3a"s par/ia') The 'ess-!e.e'ope! 'an+,a+e is no/ si1p'" a !e2i-ien/ -o1pe/en-e -o.erin+ so1e par/ o2 /ha/ o2 a 0e//er-kno3n one) O2/en /he par/ia' -o1pe/en-es are -o1p'e1en/ar", as in -ases o2 !i+'ossia, 3here a par/i-,'ar 'an+,a+e is ,se! on'" in a par/i-,'ar so-ia' -on/e?/ (2or e?a1p'e, /he o--,pa/iona' or re'i+io,s !o1ain* 0,/ is 1ore a!e:,a/e'" !e.e'ope! 2or /ha/ p,rpose /han ano/her 3hi-h in +enera' is 0e//er kno3n) 4sers are in.i/e! /o e?a1ine /he in/erre'a/ion o2 /heir o3n 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-es in a p',ri'in+,a' perspe-/i.e an! /o re2'e-/ on /he e?/en/ /o 3hi-h /he" 2os/er p',ri'in+,a'is1 in o/hers) The p',ri'in+,a' prin-ip'e is /hen app'ie! /o /he se.era' -o1ponen/s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e, sho3in+ ho3 ea-h 1a" 0e 1ore or 'ess !e.e'ope! in par/ia' -o1pe/en-es, !epen!en/ ,pon /he 2,n-/ion o2 /he kno3'e!+e o2 /he par/i-,'ar 'an+,a+es -on-erne! an! /heir re'a/i.e -on/ri0,/ion /o /he 'earnerJs o.era'' -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e) E1phasis is 'ai! on /heir -o1p'e1en/ari/") 3(, 3(,(# he processes of *anguage *earning Ac@uisition or *earningC

This se-/ion poin/s o,/ /he nee! 2or ,sers o2 &EF /o 0e e?p'i-i/ in /he 3a" /he" ,se /he /er1s a-:,isi/ion an! 'earnin+) Man" 3ri/ers -on2ine /he /er1 'earnin+ /o ins/i/,/iona' 'earnin+, ,s,a''" o2 a 2or1a' -hara-/erD /he /er1s 'earner an! 'earnin+ are ,se! in a +eneri- sense) 3(,(, !ow do *earners *earnC

This se-/ion !ra3s a//en/ion /o /he -on/in,in+ 3i!e !i.er+en-e o2 opinion a1on+ /heoris/s 7 an! /o so1e e?/en/, pra-/i/ioners 7 on /he re'a/i.e -on/ri0,/ion /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" o2 a-:,isi/ion res,'/in+ 2ro1 e?pos,re /o 'an+,a+e in ,se an! 'earnin+ res,'/in+ 2ro1 2or1a' ins/r,-/ion) Bo/h e?/re1es ha.e /heir a!heren/s, 0,/ 1os/ pra-/i-e has e'e1en/s o2 0o/h, 3i/h so1e !i22eren-e o2 e1phasis) For s/ron+ a!.o-a-" o2 a-:,isi/ion, see $ras-hen (859;* an! $ras-hen T Terre' (859=*) 3() 9hat can each kind of framework user do to faci*itate *anguage *earningC

This se-/ion -onsi!ers /he respe-/i.e ro'es o2 ea-h o2 /he par/ies /o /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess)

=>

3(/

'ome methodo*ogica* options for modern *anguage *earning and teaching

This se-/ion no3 -o1es /o :,es/ions o2 1e/ho! in 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) As has 0een poin/e! o,/ in -hap/er 8 an! passi1, &EF !oes no/ a!.o-a/e an" par/i-,'ar 1e/ho!, 0,/ in.i/es ,sers /o re2'e-/ on /he iss,es an! on /he op/ions 3hi-h are open /o /he1) In /he 2ie'! -ons,'/a/ion 0e/3een /he 2irs/ an! se-on! !ra2/s o2 &EF, 1an" -o''ea+,es e?presse! 1is+i.in+s a/ /his po'i-") The" poin/e! o,/ /ha/ /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope ha! 'on+ -ha1pione! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ 2or -o11,ni-a/ion an! /ha/ /his ha! -'ear 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' i1p'i-a/ions) &EF sho,'! no/ 'ea.e i/s ,sers 3i/h /he i1pression /ha/ /he &o,n-i' 3as no3 re/rea/in+ 2ro1 /ha/ posi/ion an! a!op/in+ a s/ri-/'" ne,/ra' s/an-e, possi0'" i1p'"in+ /ha/ i/s pre.io,s approa-h ha! 0een 3ron+) &EF sho,'! in!i-a/e pre2erre! op/ions or a/ 'eas/ poin/ o,/ /he pro0a0'e ne+a/i.e -onse:,en-es o2 /akin+ ,p so1e o/hers (s,-h as a!heren-e /o +ra11arH/rans'a/ion 1e/ho!s or s/r,-/,ra' !ri''in+*) As has a'rea!" 0een e?p'aine! in se-/ion 8)@ o2 /his +,i!e, /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope is no/ a0an!onin+ /he approa-h 2or 3hi-h i/ is 3e''kno3n, an! is no/ 1e/ho!o'o+i-a''" ne,/ra') I/s prin-ip'es 3ere -'ear'" en,n-ia/e! in /he -e'e0ra/e! Re-o11en!a/ion R(9;*89 o2 /he &o11i//ee o2 Minis/ers) The s/,!ies an! 3orkshop repor/s in i/s #roAe-/ Language learning for European citi0enship res,'/e! in 1an" 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' re-o11en!a/ions) These 3ere -onso'i!a/e! in /he -on-',sions an! re-o11en!a/ions o2 /he Fina' Repor/ o2 /he #roAe-/ an! en!orse! 0" /he In/er+o.ern1en/a' &on2eren-e Language learning for a new Europe he'! in S/ras0o,r+ in Apri', 855K as /he 0asis 2or a ne3 Re-o11en!a/ion o2 /he &o11i//ee o2 Minis/ers -,rren/'" (Jan,ar" 8559* ,n!er -onsi!era/ion) Ho3e.er, &EF has a !i22eren/ 2,n-/ion, na1e'" /o pro.i!e a 0asis 2or re2'e-/ion an! a /oo' 2or -o11,ni-a/ion a1on+ pra-/i/ioners, /ha/ is, /hose !ire-/'" en+a+e! in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/ or in i/s a!1inis/ra/ion an! s,ppor/ ser.i-es) The 'a/er -hap/ers o2 /his +,i!e are !ire-/e! /o /he spe-ia' nee!s an! in/eres/s o2 !i22eren/ -a/e+ories o2 ,serD /his -hap/er pro.i!es +,i!an-e 'ike'" /o 0e o2 in/eres/ /o a'' ,sers) Thro,+ho,/ /his se-/ion an! i/s s,0-se-/ions, an a//e1p/ is 1a!e /o s,r.e" /he ran+e o2 op/ions -o1prehensi.e'" an! /o in.i/e 2ra1e3ork ,sers /o re2'e-/ on /hese op/ions an! /o si/,a/e /he1se'.es a--or!in+'") I/ is o2 -o,rse possi0'e /ha/ a ,ser 1a" 2ee' /ha/ none o2 /he op/ions o22ere! -orrespon!s /o his or her posi/ion) In /ha/ -ase, /he ,ser is in.i/e! /o !e2ine /ha/ posi/ion as /ransparen/'" as possi0'e an! 2ee! /he !e2ini/ion in/o /he &o,n-i' as a po/en/ia' e?/ension o2 &EF) 3(/(# Genera* approaches

This se-/ion /akes ,p /he ran+e o2 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' op/ions i1p'ie! 0" /he !is-,ssion in 6);) The op/ions are arran+e! in or!er 2ro1 si1p'e e?pos,re /o 'an+,a+e in ,se (op/ion a* /hro,+h se'2ins/r,-/ion (op/ion e* an! /ra!i/iona' /ea-her--en/re! ins/r,-/ion (op/ion 2* /o /he 1os/ in/ensi.e in/era-/i.e -'assroo1 1e/ho!s (op/ion i *) 3(/(, he re*ati-e ro*es of teachers, *earner and media

Di22eren/ .ie3s on /he na/,re o2 'earnin+ ha.e i1por/an/ i1p'i-a/ions 2or -'assroo1 or+anisa/ion an! pra-/i-e, /he 3a"s in 3hi-h /ea-hers an! 'earners are e?pe-/e! /o 0eha.e an! 3ha/ par/ ins/r,-/iona' 1e!ia -an 0e -a''e! ,pon /o p'a") A -'assroo1 in 3hi-h 1a+is/eria' /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!s are ,se! is a .er" !i22eren/ p'a-e 2ro1 one in 3hi-h p,pi's are a-/i.e a+en/s an! /ea-hers p'a" a s,ppor/i.e an! 2a-i'i/a/in+ ro'e) In /his se-/ion, ,sers are in.i/e! /o -onsi!er /he op/ions re'a/in+ /o /he so-ia' -hara-/er o2 -'asses an! /he i1p'i-a/ions o2 /he -hoi-es 1a!e) The =@

a//en/ion o2 ,sers is !ra3n /o /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope p,0'i-a/ion Co&&unication in the Modern Languages Classroo& 0" J) Shei's, in 3hi-h /hese iss,es are /horo,+h'" /rea/e!) 3(/() e+ts

The op/ions presen/e! in /his se-/ion !ea' 3i/h /he ro'e an! na/,re o2 spoken an! 3ri//en /e?/s ,se! 0o/h re-ep/i.e'" an! pro!,-/i.e'" 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) Be2ore respon!in+, ,sers sho,'! a+ain -ons,'/ se-/ion >)6) 3(/(/ asks and acti-ities

hen se'e-/in+ 2ro1 /he op/ions sho3n, ,sers sho,'! -ons,'/ -hap/er K, 3here /he iss,es -on-erne! are !is-,sse! in -onsi!era0'e !ep/h) 3(/(. Communicati-e strategies

The s/ra/e+ies 0" 3hi-h /he 'earnerEs -o1pe/en-es are 0ro,+h/ in/o a-/ion 3hen en+a+in+ in -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/ies are !is-,sse! in so1e !e/ai' in /he .ario,s s,0se-/ions o2 se-/ion >)> !ea'in+ 3i/h ea-h o2 /he Ma-/i.i/iesE (pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion, 1e!ia/ion* /rea/e! /here) &on-ern 3i/h /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 /hese s/ra/e+ies is one o2 /he ha''1arks o2 a -o11,ni-a/i.e approa-h /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+, !is/in+,ishin+ i/ 2ro1 ear'ier approa-hes -on-erne! 3i/h kno3'e!+e o2 a 'an+,a+e as an en! in i/se'2) In /his se-/ion, op/ions are presen/e!) In -onsi!erin+ /he1, ,sers sho,'! re2'e-/ -are2,''" on /he iss,es raise! in se-/ion >)>) 3(/(3 Genera* competences

Se-/ion @)8 !ea's in e,tenso 3i/h /he i1por/an/ ro'e o2 /he +enera' -o1pe/en-es o2 a 'an+,a+e ,ser in -o11,ni-a/ion) B" !e2ini/ion, ho3e.er, /he" are no/ !ire-/'" /ie! /o 'an+,a+e) This raises /he :,es/ion o2 3ha/ p'a-e, i2 an", /he" sho,'! ha.e in a 'an+,a+e -o,rse) In /his se-/ion, 1an" are o22ere!) In -onsi!erin+ /he1, ,sers 1a" 3ish /o /hink a0o,/ /he -onse:,en-es o2 se'e-/in+ a par/i-,'ar op/ion, 3i/h re2eren-e /o -hap/er >) 3(/(4 Linguistic competences

I/ nee! har!'" 0e sai! /ha/ /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es is /he ne-essar" -ore o2 se-on! or 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) O/her -o1ponen/s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e 3i'', /o so1e e?/en/, a'rea!" ha.e 0een !e.e'ope! /hro,+h +enera' e?perien-e o2 'i2e an! in /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 1o/her /on+,e -o1pe/en-e) I/ is a 1a//er o2 A,!+e1en/ 3ha/ p'a-e /he" sho,'! 0e +i.en in se-on! or 2orei+n 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+) Ho3e.er, /he -en/ra' 2a-/ is /ha/ i+noran-e o2 /he 'an+,a+es -on-erne! is /he prin-ipa' 0ar /o -o11,ni-a/ion) E22e-/i.e /ea-hin+ o2 /he .ario,s -o1ponen/s o2 'in+,is/i- kno3'e!+e an! ski'' is a/ /he hear/ o2 /he /ea-herJs responsi0i'i/ies) A'' 'an+,a+e s"s/e1s are o2 ne-essi/" hi+h'" -o1p'e?, 2,r/her -o1p'i-a/e! 0" /he 2a-/ /ha/ /he" ha.e e.o'.e! 0" or+ani- pro-esses in so-ia' en.iron1en/s an! are no/ 'o+i-a' -ons/r,-/s) As 3e ha.e seen in -hap/er >, /he 'e?i-a' an! +ra11a/i-a' reso,r-es o2 an" 'an+,a+e are h,+e, re:,irin+ a -orrespon!in+'" 'ar+e a1o,n/ o2 e22or/ o.er a s,0s/an/ia' perio! o2 /i1e 2or /heir a-/i.e 1as/er" 7 in .ir/,a''" a'' -ases 1,-h 1ore /han is pra-/i-a''" possi0'e) Ho3 /o 1ake /he 0es/ ,se o2 /he /i1e an! o2 /he h,1an an! 1a/eria' reso,r-es a.ai'a0'e is a :,es/ion /ha/ -on2ron/s a'' /he .ario,s par/ners 2or 'earnin+) Sin-e /he -hoi-es 1a!e 0" one par/" a22e-/ /he 3ork o2 a'' /he o/hers, so1e !e+ree o2 -o-or!ina/ion 7 -er/ain'" o2 1,/,a' in2or1a/ion 7 is ne-essar", -o1pa/i0i'i/" ra/her /han ,ni2or1i/" 0ein+ /he ai1) In /his se-/ion o2 &EF, as e'se3here, an e22or/ has 0een 1a!e /o presen/ a.ai'a0'e op/ions -o1prehensi.e'") In -ase o2 +aps, ,sers sho,'! s,pp'e1en/ /he op/ions a--or!in+ /o /heir o3n kno3'e!+e, e?perien-e an! ,n!ers/an!in+, 2or /he 0ene2i/ o2 2,/,re ,sers) =6

3(/(4(# $ 3(/(4() Eoca;u*ar6 The op/ions 'is/e! here are no/, o2 -o,rse, 1,/,a''" e?-',si.e) 4sers are in.i/e! /o -onsi!er 3hi-h 1e/ho!s /o e1p'o", an! in 3ha/ -o10ina/ions, 3i/h 3ha/ 3ei+h/in+) 3(/(4(/ $ 3(/(4(1 Grammatica* competences The /ea-hin+ o2 +ra11ar is perhaps /he 1os/ -on/en/io,s area in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! -er/ain'" one o2 /he 1os/ i1por/an/) Approa-hes .ar" 2ro1 /he 1os/ a0s/ra-/ 2or1a'is1 /o /he e?pe-/a/ion /ha/ 'earners 3i'' pi-k i/ ,p as /he" +o a'on+, 3i/ho,/ an" 2or1a' ins/r,-/ion, as "o,n+ -hi'!ren are ass,1e! /o !o 3hen a-:,irin+ /heir 2irs/ 'an+,a+e) There is a 'on+ /ra!i/ion o2 assessin+ pro+ress in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 0" /es/in+ /he 'earnerEs a0i'i/" /o per2or1 +ra11a/i-a' e?er-ises 3i/ho,/ error, a /ask 1a!e 1ore !i22i-,'/ 0" /he 2a-/ /ha/ na/,ra' 'an+,a+es !o no/ 2or1 per2e-/'" -onsis/en/ s"s/e1s (-2) se-/ion 6)@ o2 /his +,i!e 0e'o3*) Gra11ar a-:,ires /he rep,/a/ion a1on+ s-hoo' 'earners o2 a kin! o2 in/e''e-/,a' o0s/a-'e -o,rse, -on-erne! p,re'" 3i/h 2or1a' a--,ra-" an! irre'e.an/ /o /he e?pression o2 1eanin+) On /he -on/rar", /he 1as/er" o2 +ra11ar raises h,1an 'an+,a+e a0o.e /he 1e1orisa/ion o2 par/i-,'ar si+ns) The ne+'e-/ o2 +ra11ar in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 'ea!s 'earners /o !isorien/a/ion an! pi!+inisa/ion as o0Ae-/i.es, ran+e, 2',en-" an! a--,ra-" -o1pe/e 3i/h ea-h o/her) ha/ is /he proper 0a'an-e /o s/rikeL ha/ is /he ro'e o2 -ons-io,s a3arenessL ha/ p'a-e, i2 an", is /here 2or !ri''in+L Ho3 2ar are 'earners a0'e /o in!,-e +ra11a/i-a' r,'es 2ro1 e?pos,re /o 'an+,a+e in ,seL ha/ is /he e22e-/ o2 a+e, e?perien-e, e!,-a/ion, in/e''i+en-e, an! 'earner /"peL This se-/ion !oes no/ pro.i!e ans3ers or e.en 'is/ in !e/ai' /he 2,'' ran+e o2 op/ions) I/ !ra3s par/i-,'ar a//en/ion /o< a* 2a-/ors a22e-/in+ /he or!erin+ o2 aspe-/s o2 +ra11ar in -o,rses, 0* a'/erna/i.e an! -o1p'e1en/ar" 1e/ho!s o2 2a-i'i/a/in+ /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e, an! -* a 1en, o2 e?er-ise 2or1s) The -o-opera/ion o2 ,sers in /he 2,r/her !e.e'op1en/ o2 /his se-/ion is in.i/e!) &EF 1akes no a//e1p/ /o 'a" !o3n +enera' r,'es or pro-e!,res 2or /he se'e-/ion o2 +ra11a/i-a' -o,rse -on/en/, 0e"on! so1e 0asi- re1arks on pro+ression) S/an!ar! re2eren-e +ra11ars are a.ai'a0'e 2or 1os/ 'an+,a+es an! ,sers are a!.ise! /o !ra3 ,pon /he1 3hen !e-i!in+ /he +ra11a/i-a' -on/en/ o2 -o,rses, /es/s, e/-) 4sers sho,'! i!en/i2" /he re2eren-e +ra11ars -ons,'/e!) 3(/(4(5 "ronunciation

This se-/ion pro.i!es a 1en, o2 1e/ho!s, on'" so1e o2 3hi-h are -o10ina0'e) In -onsi!erin+ ho3 /o 2a-i'i/a/e /he 'earnerJs a0i'i/" /o re-o+nise an! pro!,-e spoken ,//eran-es, ,sers sho,'! -ons,'/ se-/ions @)8)>); an! @);)8)> an! /he no/es on /hose se-/ions in /his +,i!e) 3(/(4(#< Orthograph6 This se-/ion !ea's 3i/h /he 3ri//en 2or1 o2 /he 'an+,a+e) In 1o/her /on+,e !e.e'op1en/, /he -hi'!Js -on/ro' o2 /he spoken 'an+,a+e, in-',!in+ i/s phono'o+", is 3e''-!e.e'ope! 0e2ore he or she 'earns /o rea! an! 3ri/e) A'pha0e/i- 3ri/in+ s"s/e1s are 0asi-a''" phone1i-) So1e, s,-h as Finnish, are -onsis/en/'" so) In /hose -ases, -hi'!ren re:,ire on'" /o raise /heir a3areness o2 /he phone1i- -ons/i/,/ion o2 3or!s an! /o asso-ia/e a par/i-,'ar phone1e 3i/h a par/i-,'ar 'e//er in or!er /o 0e a0'e /o 3ri/e an" 3or! or sen/en-e) &on.erse'", /he" are a0'e /o prono,n-e an" 3ri//en 3or! 3i/ho,/ spe-ia' 'earnin+) In o/her s"s/e1s, s,-h as &hinese, 3hi-h are 'o+o+raphi-, 3or!s, no/ phone1es, are represen/e! 0" si+ns) &hi'!ren 'earn /he si+n 2or ea-h 3or! separa/e'")

=K

hen /he" en-o,n/er a ne3 3or! in spee-h, /he" !o no/ kno3 ho3 /o 3ri/e i/) &on.erse'", 3hen /he" en-o,n/er a ne3 3or! in i/s 3ri//en 2or1, /he" !o no/ kno3 ho3 /o prono,n-e i/) In 1an" E,ropean 'an+,a+es (no/orio,s'", En+'ish*, a 0asi-a''" phone1e-0ase! a'pha0e/i3ri/in+ s"s/e1 has 0e-o1e !is/or/e! 0" his/ori-a' so,n! -han+es (2or ins/an-e, /he Grea/ Vo3e' Shi2/ in En+'ish* no/ re2'e-/e! in /he 3ri//en 2or1, par/'" 0" e/"1o'o+i-a' 2a-/ors (s,-h as /he !esire /o preser.e /he ori+ina' 3ri//en 2or1 o2 'oan-3or!s 2ro1 /he -'assi-a' an! o/her 1o!ern 'an+,a+es* an! par/'" 0" a !e'i0era/e po'i-" o2 as-ri0in+ !is/in-/ 3ri//en 2or1s /o ho1ophones (3or!s i!en/i-a' in so,n! 0,/ !i22eren/ in 1eanin+*) As a res,'/, s,-h 'an+,a+es 1a" 'ea.e 2orei+n 'earners (an! na/i.e -hi'!renP* -on2,se! 0e/3een /he phone1i- an! 'o+o+raphiprin-ip'es, espe-ia''" 3here /he na1es o2 'e//ers are si+ni2i-an/'" !i22eren/ 2ro1 /heir phone/i.a',es) For 1an" 3or!s, so,n! an! spe''in+ are in/erpre!i-/a0'e, 0,/ ,nre'ia0'" so) Forei+n 'earners an! /ea-hers are 2a-e! 3i/h a -o1p'e? o2 pro0'e1s) Sho,'! 'earners, a'rea!" 'i/era/e in /heir 1o/her /on+,e, repea/ /he ori+ina' pro-ess o2 2irs/ a-:,irin+ /he 0asi- 2or1s o2 /he spoken 'an+,a+e an! /hen 'earnin+ /o 3ri/e /he1 (/he Jphone/i-J 1e/ho!*, or s/ar/ 2ro1 /he 3ri//en 2or1, 1ore appropria/e /o /e?/s an! /e?/0ooks, an! 'earn /o prono,n-e i/L S,0se:,en/'", are ne3 3or!s /o 0e in/ro!,-e! 2irs/ in spoken or in 3ri//en 2or1, or, as in !ai'" 'i2e, 3hi-he.er happens /o -o1e 2irs/L Ho3 are 'earners /o 'earn /o 3ri/e 2or1s en-o,n/ere! in, 2or ins/an-e, ra!io or /e'e.ision pro+ra11es, or in -on.ersa/ion 3i/h na/i.e speakersL Ho3 3i'' /he" in-orpora/e in -on.ersa/ion 3or! 2or1s /he" ha.e 1e/ in /he -o,rse o2 /heir o3n rea!in+L The op/ions 'is/e! in /he se-/ion re'a/e /o !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 /his pro0'e1 -',s/er, -o.erin+ a'so /he or/hoepi- iss,es raise! in se-/ion @);)8)6) The op/ions 2or1 a 1en, an! are -o10ina0'e in !i22eren/ 3a"s) 3(/(1 3(/(5 'ocio*inguistic competence "ragmatic competences

The op/ions presen/e! here re'a/e -'ose'" /o /he -orrespon!in+ se-/ions @);); an! @);)=) In ea-h -ase, one op/ion is /o ass,1e /ha/ /he -o1pe/en-es an! s/ra/e+ies -on-erne! are si1p'" /rans2erre! 2ro1 1o/her /on+,e ,sa+e) This op/ion !oes no/ 1ean /o s,++es/ /ha/ /he -o1pe/en-es 0e 1ar+ina'ise! or !is1isse!) O/her 'is/e! op/ions sho,'! 0e +i.en -are2,' -onsi!era/ion in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h /he se-/ions in -hap/er > an! /he no/es on /hose se-/ions -on/aine! in /his +,i!e) 3(. Errors and mistakes

%o /rea/1en/ o2 /he 1e/ho!o'o+" o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/ -o,'! 0e -o1p'e/e 3i/ho,/ 1en/ion o2 errors an! 1is/akes) Tra!i/iona''", /he s,--ess or 2ai',re o2 'earners has 0een assesse! 0" se//in+ /he1 /asks an! -o,n/in+, perhaps 3ei+h/in+, /he errors an! 1is/akes 1a!e in -arr"in+ o,/ /he /ask) Tasks 1i+h/ 0e +ra11a/i-a' e?er-ises, passa+es 2or /rans'a/ion in ei/her !ire-/ion 0e/3een L8 an! L;, 1,'/ip'e--hoi-e -o1prehension e?er-ises, or o/hers in 3hi-h /here appears /o 0e a s/rai+h/2or3ar! ri+h/ or 3ron+ response) A/ a /i1e 3hen /he nee! 2or in/erna/iona' rea'-/i1e -o11,ni-a/ion 3as 'ess ,r+en/ an! /he in2',en-e o2 /he -'assi-a' 'an+,a+es 3as s/i'' s/ron+, 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3as A,s/i2ie! e!,-a/iona''" as pro.i!in+ a ri+oro,s in/e''e-/,a' !is-ip'ine, /rainin+ "o,n+ peop'e /o han!'e -o1p'e? an! on'" par/ia''" -onsis/en/ s"s/e1s 3i/h -are an! a--,ra-") The a!.en/ o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 2or -o11,ni-a/ion -a''e! /he .a',es an! ai1s o2 s,-h /ra!i/iona' /ea-hin+ in/o :,es/ion) ere /he /"pes o2 /ask 3hi-h 'en/ /he1se'.es /o error--o,n/in+ preparin+ 'earners 2or -o11,ni-a/ion, or /oo ar/i2i-ia' /o ser.e /ha/ p,rposeL as /he in-,'-a/ion o2 a re2'e-/i.e -on-ern 2or a--,ra-" an! 2ear o2 appearin+ s/,pi! 0" -o11i//in+ errors /he 0es/ =9

a//i/,!e 3i/h 3hi-h /o 2a-e /he -ha''en+es o2 -o11,ni-a/ionL Mi+h/ 'earners 0e 1a!e /oo -a,/io,s, e.en /i1i!, keepin+ /o /he kno3n an! sa2e, ,n3i''in+ /o /ake risksL I2, ho3e.er, 0o/h 2',en-" an! a--,ra-" 3ere /he -ri/eria 2or s,--ess, 3ere /he" 0o,+h/ a/ /he e?pense o2 ,n!,e res/ri-/ion o2 ran+eL ere 'earners 0ein+ o.er/raine! in /he ,se o2 an i1po.erishe! 'an+,a+eL as /he 3ho'e pro-ess !e1o/i.a/in+ 2or a'' 0,/ an in/e''e-/,a' e'i/e, 1ar+ina'isin+ /he 0roa!er 1ass o2 "o,n+ peop'e 3ho 3o,'! in 2,/,re nee! /o 0e prepare! 2or in/erna/iona' -o11,ni-a/ionL On /he o/her han!, -o11,ni-a/i.e e22e-/i.eness as a -ri/erion 1e/ resis/an-e) The hi+h re!,n!an-" o2 'an+,a+e 1ean/ /ha/ a pi!+inise! 'an+,a+e eke! o,/ 0" para'in+,is/i- +es/,res 1i+h/ 0e e22e-/i.e in +e//in+ a -o11,ni-a/i.e in/en/ion a-ross /o a s"1pa/he/i- 'is/ener) as /ha/ e!,-a/iona''" a--ep/a0'eL ha/ 3o,'! 0e i/s e22e-/ on /he :,a'i/" o2 in/erna/iona' in/er-o,rseL as /his A,s/ ano/her e?a1p'e o2 !e-'inin+ s/an!ar!s, /he eas" a--ep/an-e o2 'o3 a-hie.e1en/ in a spiri/ o2 Jan"/hin+ +oesJL There is a'so a /e-hni-a' ar+,1en/ in 2a.o,r o2 error0ase! assess1en/) Error e.a',a/ion is 3e''-,n!ers/oo! an! pra-/i-a0'e) Ho3 e'se -an re'a/i.e pro2i-ien-" 0e 1eas,re!, pro+ress 1oni/ore! an! pro0'e1s i!en/i2ie!L A/ /he presen/ /i1e a//i/,!es, opinions an! pra-/i-es .ar" +rea/'") The op/ions presen/e! in /his se-/ion are in/en!e! /o assis/ ,sers in re2'e-/in+ ,pon an! repor/in+ /heir a//i/,!es an! pra-/i-es in 3ha/ is s/i'' a hi+h'" -on/en/io,s area)

"art 4 $ asks and their ro*e in *anguage teaching

This -hap/er !e.e'ops in +rea/er !e/ai' an! !ep/h iss,es o2 -en/ra' i1por/an-e /o -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/ !ea'/ 3i/h /a?ono1i-a''" in se-/ion >)=) 4sers 1a" a'so rea! /his -hap/er in -onne-/ion 3i/h /he op/ions presen/e! in se-/ion 6)>)> o2 /his +,i!e) 4(# ask description

Task-0ase! 'earnin+ is, na/,ra''", a s/ron+ an! +ro3in+ /en!en-" 3i/hin /he -o11,ni-a/i.e approa-h) This se-/ion !is-,sses /he -hara-/eris/i-s o2 !i22eren/ /ask /"pes in e.er"!a" 'an+,a+e ,se an! in /he 'an+,a+e-/ea-hin+ -'assroo1) 4(, ask performance: competences, task conditions and constraints and strategies 4() ask difficu*t6

These se-/ions, 3hi-h are -'ose'" re'a/e!, en/er in/o /he i1p'i-a/ions o2 a n,10er o2 se-/ions in -hap/er > 2or /he per2or1an-e o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks o2 .ar"in+ !e+rees o2 !i22i-,'/", espe-ia''" in an e!,-a/iona' -on/e?/) The iss,es raise! are !ea'/ 3i/h in a 3a" /ha/ re:,ires no 2,r/her -o11en/ar") The" 3i'' ena0'e ,sers o2 &EF /o re2'e-/ ,pon an! p'an /he ,se o2 /ask-orien/e! 1e/ho!s in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! /o repor/ /heir ans3ers /o /he :,es/ions repro!,-e! a0o.e /o o/her pra-/i/ioners)

"art 1 $ Linguistic di-ersification and the curricu*um

E,ropean so-ie/" is an! 3i'' re1ain 1,'/i'in+,a' an! 1,'/i-,'/,ra') To 1o.e 3i/h in-reasin+ 2ree!o1 an! in!epen!en-e 3i/hin i/, in!i.i!,a's as so-ia' a+en/s nee! /o 0e-o1e in-reasin+'" p',ri'in+,a' an! p',ri-,'/,ra') 4sers sho,'! no/e /ha/ mu*ti> is ,se! here 2or /he -o-e?is/en-e o2 a =5

n,10er o2 'an+,a+es an! -,'/,res in a so-ie/", 3hereas p*uri> is ,se! 2or /he kno3'e!+e o2 a n,10er o2 'an+,a+es an! -,'/,res 0" an in!i.i!,a') An in!i.i!,a' 1a" 0e p',ri'in+,a' in a 1ono'in+,a' so-ie/" an! -on.erse'" an in!i.i!,a' 1a" re1ain ,ni'in+,a' in a 1,'/i'in+,a' so-ie/") F,r/her1ore, a p',ri'in+,a' in!i.i!,a' !oes no/ keep !i22eren/ 'an+,a+es in 3a/er/i+h/ -o1par/1en/s, 0,/ in/e+ra/es /he1 in/o an enri-he! -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e, as 2irs/ e?p'aine! in se-/ion8)= o2 &EF) O,r -on-ern is 3i/h /he p',ri'in+,a' !e.e'op1en/ o2 presen/ an! 2,/,re -i/iBens in o,r 1,'/i'in+,a' E,ropean so-ie/") #ar/s > 7 6 are 1ain'" -on-erne! 3i/h 3ha/ is re:,ire! o2 a ,ser /o -o11,ni-a/e /hro,+h one 'an+,a+e 3i/h o/her ,sers o2 /ha/ 'an+,a+e, an! 3i/h ho3 /ha/ a0i'i/" -an 0e !e.e'ope! an! 2a-i'i/a/e!) Se-/ion 6)8)= !ea's 3i/h /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 in!i.i!,a' p',ri'in+,a'is1 an! p',ri-,'/,ra'is1) &hap/er 9 no3 /,rns /o /he i1p'i-a/ions 2or e!,-a/iona' po'i-") The ar+,1en/ is -'ear'" an! -o+en/'" presen/e!, so /ha/ 'i//'e !e/ai'e! -o11en/ar" is re:,ire!) 1(# &efinition and initia* approach

The 2irs/ para+raph o2 /his se-/ion 'ea!s on 2ro1 /he !is-,ssion in se-/ion 6)8)= o2 /his +,i!e) I/ sa"s, p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-e is Fno/ seen as /he s,perposi/ion or A,?/aposi/ion o2 !is/in-/ -o1pe/en-es, 0,/ ra/her as /he e?is/en-e o2 a -o1p'e? or e.en -o1posi/e -o1pe/en-e on 3hi-h /he ,ser 1a" !ra3G) I1p'i-a/ions 2or e!,-a/iona' approa-hes an! o0Ae-/i.es are /hen !ra3n) 1(, Options for curricu*ar design

A//en/ion no3 passes /o /he i1p'i-a/ions o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1 2or e!,-a/iona' p'annin+) The !e.e'op1en/ o2 a "o,n+ personJs o.era'' -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e sho,'! 0e p'anne! as a -oheren/ pro-ess an! no/ as a 1ere A,?/aposi/ion o2 separa/e!, ,nre'a/e! -,rri-,'ar s,0Ae-/s) A--or!in+ /o &EF, one i1p'i-a/ion is /ha/ -o-opera/ion a1on+ -o''ea+,es in a 3ho'e-s-hoo' po'i-" -on/e?/ is ne-essar" in or!er F/o a!op/ a /ransparen/ an! -oheren/ approa-h 3hen i!en/i2"in+ op/ions an! 1akin+ !e-isionsG) 1() owards curricu*um scenarios

This se-/ion !is-,sses /he prin-ip'es in a--or!an-e 3i/h 3hi-h in/e+ra/e! -,rri-,'a -an 0e !e.ise!, -o.erin+ a n,10er o2 'an+,a+es in a p',ri'in+,a' perspe-/i.e) E?a1p'es are +i.en on /he 0asis o2 /he in.o'.e1en/ o2 /hree 2orei+n 'an+,a+es) The -,rri-,'a -o.er pri1ar", 'o3er se-on!ar" an! ,pper se-on!ar" e!,-a/ion an! /here2ore re:,ire -o-or!ina/e! p'annin+ a/ a hi+her 'e.e' /han /he in!i.i!,a' s-hoo' sin-e no/ on'" !oes ea-h s/a+e o2 s-hoo'in+ ha.e i/s o3n re1i/, 3i/h i1por/an-e a//a-hin+ /o /he in/er2a-es 0e/3een s,--essi.e p'a-es, 0,/ a'so, in .ie3 o2 /he 2a-/ /ha/ one se-on!ar" s-hoo' 1a" ser.i-e a -ons/i/,en-" -on/ainin+ a n,10er o2 pri1ar" s-hoo's an! vice versa) &,rri-,',1 p'annin+ 3i'' /hen ha.e /o 0e on a 'o-a' or re+iona' 0asis, 0,/ in a 3a" /ha/ 'ea.es roo1 2or !i.ersi2i-a/ion -'oser /o /he poin/ o2 'earnin+) 1(/ Assessment and schoo*, out>of>schoo* and post>schoo* *earning

This se-/ion !is-,sses 2,r/her /he e!,-a/iona' i1p'i-a/ions o2 a p',ri'in+,a' perspe-/i.e, s,-h as< /he nee! /o re-o+nise /he .a'i!i/" o2 !i22eren/ia/e! pro2i'es a/ /he en! o2 s-hoo' s/,!iesD /he nee! 2or s-hoo' as an ins/i/,/ion /o !e2ine i/s ro'e in a -on/e?/ o2 'i2e'on+ e!,-a/ionD /he a!.an/a+es o2 a por/2o'io -o.erin+ par/ia' -o1pe/en-es as a 1eans o2 repor/in+ p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-eD an! /he .a',e o2 a 1o!,'ar 0asis 2or -er/i2i-a/ion) The -hap/er -on-',!es< F/he 3a" 2or3ar! is -'ear'" /o i1p'e1en/ proAe-/s an! e?peri1en/a' 3ork in /he s-hoo' en.iron1en/ an! in a .arie/" o2

>I

-on/e?/sG) &EF ,sers are -or!ia''" in.i/e! /o ,n!er/ake s,-h e?peri1en/a' 3ork an! /o repor/ /heir 2in!in+s /o /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope)

>8

"art 5 $ Assessment
&EF is a -o11on E,ropean 2ra1e3ork 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/) 4p /o /his poin/, /he 2o-,s has 0een ,pon /he na/,re o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e ,ser an! /he i1p'i-a/ions 2or 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) In /his 2ina' -hap/er, a//en/ion is -on-en/ra/e! on /he 2,n-/ions o2 &EF in re'a/ion /o /he assess1en/ o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-") 5(# %ntroduction

This shor/ se-/ion !e2ines /he s-ope o2 /he -hap/er) 5(, A resource for the de-e*opment and0or description of assessment too*s

This se-/ion o,/'ines /hree 1ain 3a"s in 3hi-h &EF -an 0e ,se!< 8) 2or /he spe-i2i-a/ion o2 /he -on/en/ o2 /es/s an! e?a1ina/ions) ;) 2or s/a/in+ /he -ri/eria 2or /he a//ain1en/ o2 a 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.e) =) 2or !es-ri0in+ /he 'e.e's o2 pro2i-ien-" in e?is/in+ /es/s an! e?a1ina/ions /h,s ena0'in+ -o1parisons /o 0e 1a!e a-ross !i22eren/ s"s/e1s o2 :,a'i2i-a/ions) 5() 6pes of assessment

This se-/ion 'a"s o,/ in so1e !e/ai' /he -hoi-es /ha/ ha.e /o 0e 1a!e 0" /hose -on!,-/in+ assess1en/ pro-e!,res) The -hoi-es are presen/e! in /he 2or1 o2 -on/ras/in+ pairs) In ea-h -ase /he /er1s ,se! are -'ear'" !e2ine! an! /he re'a/i.e a!.an/a+es an! !isa!.an/a+es are !is-,sse! in re'a/ion /o /he p,rpose o2 /he assess1en/ in i/s e!,-a/iona' -on/e?/) The i1p'i-a/ions o2 e?er-isin+ one or ano/her o2 /he a'/erna/i.e op/ions are a'so s/a/e!) The presen/a/ion is -'ear an! !oes no/ re:,ire a !e/ai'e! -o11en/ar") 5(/ Feasi;*e assessment and a metas6stem

This se-/ion is 0ase! on /he o0ser.a/ion /ha/ a pra-/i-a' s-he1e o2 assess1en/ -anno/ 0e o.er e'a0ora/e) J,!+e1en/ 1,s/ 0e ,se! as /o /he a1o,n/ o2 !e/ai' /o 0e in-',!e!, 2or ins/an-e, in a p,0'ishe! e?a1ina/ion s"''a0,s, in re'a/ion /o /he .er" !e/ai'e! !e-isions /ha/ ha.e /o 0e 1a!e in se//in+ an a-/,a' e?a1ina/ion paper or es/a0'ishin+ a /es/ 0ank) Assessors, par/i-,'ar'" o2 ora' per2or1an-e, ha.e /o 3ork ,n!er -onsi!era0'e /i1e press,re an! -an on'" han!'e a s/ri-/'" 'i1i/e! n,10er o2 -ri/eria) Learners 3ho 3ish /o assess /heir o3n pro2i-ien-", sa" as a +,i!e /o 3ha/ /he" sho,'! /a-k'e ne?/, ha.e 1ore /i1e, 0,/ 3i'' nee! /o 0e se'e-/i.e -on-ernin+ /he -o1ponen/s o2 o.era'' -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e re'e.an/ /o /he1) This i'',s/ra/es /he 1ore +enera' prin-ip'e /ha/ &EF 1,s/ 0e -o1prehensi.e, 0,/ a'' i/s ,sers 1,s/ 0e se'e-/i.e) Se'e-/i.i/" 1a" 3e'' in.o'.e /he ,se o2 a si1p'er -'assi2i-a/or" s-he1e 3hi-h, as 3e ha.e seen in re'a/ion /o -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/ies 1a" 3e'' -o''apse -a/e+ories separa/e! in /he +enera' s-he1e) On /he o/her han!, /he ,serJs p,rposes 1a" 3e'' 1ean e?pan!in+ so1e -a/e+ories an! /heir e?ponen/s in areas o2 spe-ia' re2eren-e) The se-/ion !is-,sses /he iss,es raise! an! i'',s/ra/es /he !is-,ssion 0" presen/in+ /he s-he1e a!op/e! 0" a n,10er o2 e?a1inin+ 0o!ies 2or pro2i-ien-" assess1en/ -ri/eria) These in-',!e /he S3iss %a/iona' Resear-h &o,n-i'Js #roAe-/ 2or /he Assess1en/ o2 Vi!eo #er2or1an-es, on 3hi-h 1,-h o2 -hap/ers 9 an! 5 an! /he appen!i? are 0ase!) Ta0'e 8= /hen

>;

presen/s a proposa' 2or /he -ri/erion !es-rip/ors /o 0e ,se! in assessin+ o.era'' pro2i-ien-" a/ /he si? 'e.e's a'rea!" s,++es/e! as /he 0asis 2or /he .er/i-a' !i1ension o2 /he re2eren-e 2ra1e3ork) &hap/er 5 3i'' ena0'e 1an" ,sers /o approa-h p,0'i- e?a1ina/ion s"''a0,ses in a 1ore insi+h/2,' an! -ri/i-a' 1anner, raisin+ /heir e?pe-/a/ions o2 3ha/ in2or1a/ion e?a1inin+ 0o!ies sho,'! pro.i!e -on-ernin+ /he o0Ae-/i.es, -on/en/, -ri/eria an! pro-e!,res 2or :,a'i2"in+ e?a1ina/ions a/ na/iona' an! in/erna/iona' 'e.e' (2or ins/an-e, ALTE, I&&*) Tea-her /rainers 3i'' 2in! i/ ,se2,' 2or raisin+ a3areness o2 assess1en/ iss,es a1on+ /ea-hers in ini/ia' an! in-ser.i-e /rainin+) Ho3e.er, /ea-hers are 0e-o1in+ in-reasin+'" responsi0'e 2or /he assess1en/ o2 /heir p,pi's an! s/,!en/s a/ a'' 'e.e's, 0o/h 2or1a/i.e an! s,11a/i.e (-2) 5)=)@*) Learners, /oo, are in-reasin+'" -a''e! ,pon /o -arr" o,/ se'2-assess1en/, 3he/her /o -har/ an! p'an /heir 'earnin+ or /o repor/ /heir a0i'i/" /o -o11,ni-a/e in 'an+,a+es 3hi-h /he" ha.e no/ 0een 2or1a''" /a,+h/, 0,/ 3hi-h -on/ri0,/e /o /heir p',ri'in+,a' !e.e'op1en/ (-2) -hap/er K*) The European Language 1ortfolio 1akes i/ possi0'e 2or 'earners /o !o-,1en/ /heir pro+ress /o3ar!s p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-e 0" re-or!in+ 'earnin+ e?perien-es o2 a'' kin!s o.er a 3i!e ran+e o2 'an+,a+es, 1,-h o2 3hi-h 3o,'! 0e ,na//es/e! an! ,nre-o+nise!) The #or/2o'io en-o,ra+es 'earners /o in-',!e a re+,'ar'" ,p!a/e! s/a/e1en/ o2 /heir se'2-assesse! pro2i-ien-" in ea-h 'an+,a+e) I/ is o2 +rea/ i1por/an-e 2or /he -re!i0i'i/" o2 /he !o-,1en/ 2or en/ries /o 0e 1a!e responsi0'" an! /ransparen/'") Here, /he re2eren-e /o &EF is par/i-,'ar'" .a',a0'e) The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope 3i'' 0e +'a! o2 in2or1a/ion 2ro1 a'' /hose in.o'.e! in assess1en/ a/ an" 'e.e' -on-ernin+ /heir e?perien-e in app'"in+ &EF an! par/i-,'ar'" -hap/er 5 an! /he appen!i? in /heir 3ork) Taken /o+e/her 3i/h -hap/er =, as 3e'' as /he s-a'es an! -an-!o s/a/e1en/s -on/aine! in -hap/ers > an! @ an! appen!i-es A 7 D, /he e?p'i-i/ness o2 -hap/er 5 in re'a/ion /o &EF 1akes a separa/e -hap/er on assess1en/ in /his +,i!e ,nne-essar") Those pro2essiona''" in.o'.e! in /es/ !e.e'op1en/ an! in /he a!1inis/ra/ion an! -on!,-/ o2 p,0'i- e?a1ina/ions 3i'' 3ish /o -ons,'/ -hap/er 5 in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h /he 1ore spe-ia'ise! !o-,1en/< Language E,a&ining and Test 2evelop&ent, prepare! ,n!er /he !ire-/ion o2 M) Mi'ano.i- (ALTE*) This p,0'i-a/ion o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope, 3hi-h !ea's in !e/ai' 3i/h /es/ !e.e'op1en/ an! e.a',a/ion, an! is -o1p'e1en/ar" /o -hap/er 5, a'so -on/ains s,++es/ions 2or 2,r/her rea!in+, an appen!i? on i/e1 ana'"sis an! a +'ossar" o2 /er1s) This +,i!e is separa/e'" a.ai'a0'e 2ro1 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope ,n!er /he /i/'e FLan+,a+e e?a1inin+ an! Tes/ De.e'op1en/G an! i/ has no/ /here2ore appeare! ne-essar" /o in-',!e a -hap/er on assess1en/ in /his +,i!e)

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Genera* ;i;*iograph6
The 0i0'io+raph" -on/ains< 8) ;) orks -ons,'/e! in /he prepara/ion o2 &EF orks ,sers 1a" 2in! ,se2,' 2or 2,r/her -ons,'/a/ion

The +enera' 0i0'io+raph" is !i.i!e! in/o se-/ions) The 2irs/ -on/ains +enera' 3orks o2 re2eren-e, 3hi-h ,sers 1a" 3ish /o -ons,'/ on a 3i!e ran+e o2 /opi-s) orks par/i-,'ar'" re'e.an/ /o ea-h &EF -hap/er are /hen 'is/e! in a'pha0e/i- or!er -hap/er 0" -hap/er) F,r/her spe-ia'ise! re2eren-es are /o 0e 2o,n! in appen!i-es A an! &) %o 0i0'io+raph" -an 0e -o1p'e/e) O/her -o1pi'ers 3o,'! ha.e !ra3n ,p a !i22eren/ 'is/) Moreo.er, .a',a0'e -on/ri0,/ions /o /he kno3'e!+e an! ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he 1an" iss,es /rea/e! in &EF are appearin+ "ear on "ear) One or /3o ha.e 0een re2erre! /o a0o.e) To keep a0reas/ o2 !e.e'op1en/s, ,sers are en-o,ra+e! /o 3a/-h 2or /he appearan-e o2 ne3 3orks as anno,n-e! in p,0'ishersE an! 0ookse''ersE -a/a'o+,es, /o 0ro3se in 0ookshops an! a/ e?hi0i/ions he'! in -onne-/ion 3i/h /he 1ee/in+s o2 /ea-hersE asso-ia/ions, /o rea! re.ie3s in Ao,rna's)

>>

Appendi+ A: &e-e*oping proficienc6 descriptors This appen!i? +i.es a!.i-e an! +,i!e'ines 2or ,sers 3ishin+ /o !e.e'op pro2i-ien-" s-a'es 2or /heir o3n p,rposes, perhaps 0e-a,se o2 a nee! /o s,0!i.i!e /heir -ons/i/,en-" 1ore 2ine'" /han in/o /he 6 'e.e's on 3hi-h /he +enera' p,rpose s"s/e1 is 0ase!, as in!i-a/e! in se-/ion =)@) The appen!i? sho,'! 0e rea! in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h -hap/ers = an! 5, as 3e'' as 3i/h /he s-a'es -on/aine! in -hap/ers > an! @ an! in /he 2o''o3in+ appen!i-es) An anno/a/e! 0i0'io+raph" is +i.en 2or 2,r/her -ons,'/a/ion) Appendi+ A: he i**ustrati-e sca*es of descriptors

The s-a'es -on/aine! in &EF ha.e 2or /he 1os/ par/ 0een pro!,-e! in -onne-/ion 3i/h a #roAe-/ o2 /he S3iss %a/iona' S-ien-e Resear-h &o,n-i') This appen!i? -on/ains an a--o,n/ o2 /he 1e/ho!o'o+" o2 /he #roAe-/ an! /he 3a" /ha/ /he se/ o2 s-a'es an! /he !es-rip/ors ,se! 3ere -o''e-/e!, /es/e! an! se'e-/e!) A shor/ 0i0'io+raph" is +i.en, 2o''o3e! 0" an o.er.ie3 o2 /he s-a'es /o 0e 2o,n! in -hap/ers > an! @) Fina''", /he 1an" e?is/in+ s-a'es o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" ,se! as so,r-e 1a/eria' 2or /he S3iss proAe-/ are 'is/e!) Appendi+ C: he &%ALANG sca*es

This appen!i? +i.es a 0rie2 a--o,n/, 3i/h re2eren-es, o2 /he DIALA%G proAe-/, 3hi-h has !e.e'ope! se'2-assess1en/ s-a'es 2or 2o,r/een 'an+,a+es -'ose'" re'a/e! /o &EF s-a'es) Appendi+ &: he AL E FCan>doG statements

ALTE is The Asso-ia/ion o2 Lan+,a+e Tes/ers in E,rope) I/ 0rin+s /o+e/her one or 1ore or+anisa/ions in a 'ar+e ran+e o2 E,ropean -o,n/ries responsi0'e 2or /he p,0'i- e?a1ina/ion o2 pro2i-ien-" in /he 'an+,a+e o2 /he -o,n/r" -on-erne!) I/ -on/ri0,/es /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 -o11on s/an!ar!s in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ a-ross E,rope 0" a'i+nin+ /he e?a1ina/ions o22ere! 0" i/s 1e10ers 3i/hin a -o11on 2ra1e3ork o2 ke" 'e.e's o2 'an+,a+e per2or1an-e) These 'e.e's are !e2ine! in /er1s o2 -an-!o s/a/e1en/s an! -orre'a/e 3e'' 3i/h /he !es-rip/ors in &EF) The s/a/e1en/s are !i22eren/ia/e! as 8* so-ia' an! /o,ris/D ;* 3orkD an! =* s/,!", an! 3i'' 0e o2 par/i-,'ar in/eres/ /o ,sers -on-erne! 3i/h /hese 2ie'!s) %nde+ An in!e? o2 ke" -on-ep/s an! /er1s is pro.i!e! /o 2a-i'i/a/e re2eren-e)

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'EC %ON %%

FOR !O'E &%REC LH ENGAGE& %N !E LEARN%NG0 EAC!%NG "ROCE''

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>K

C!A" ER , $ GU%&E FOR A&UL LEARNER'

prepared ;6 "h( Ri*e6, '( Aai**6 and :(>B( Gremmo Centre de Recherches et dGApp*ications "Idagogi@ues en *angues 7CRA"EL8, Uni-ersitI de Nanc6 , Content: In/ro!,-/ion 8) %ee!s ana'"sis ;) &o1prehension an! e?pression ski''s =) ork or+anisa/ion >) Me/ho!o'o+" @) Assess1en/ 6) Learnin+ s/"'es

%ntroduction
This -hap/er is !ire-/'" ai1e! a/ a!,'/ 'earners o2 2orei+n 'an+,a+es) I/s p,rpose is /o i1pro.e /heir 'earnin+ a0i'i/" (&EF @)8)> H 6)=)@*, as 3e'' as he'p /he1 /o 'earn 2orei+n 'an+,a+es) I/ is 0ase! on /he -on/en/s o2 Modern Languages% Learning, Teaching, +ssess&ent# + Co&&on European Fra&ewor$ of reference an! /hose o2 /he .ario,s p,0'i-a/ions o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeJs Mo!ern Lan+,a+es #roAe-/) I/ in-',!es so1e C/heore/i-a'C par/s in /he 2or1 o2 +enera' 'earnin+ a!.i-e or 1a?i1s /o 0e 0orne in 1in!D 0,/ /e-hni-a' /er1s are a.oi!e! as 2ar as possi0'e, an! pra-/i-a' e?a1p'es re'a/in+ /o ,sersJ o3n e?perien-e as 'earners are +i.en in a'' -ases)

"art # $ Needs Ana*6sis 7see CEF / 0 3(#(#8

hen "o, se/ o,/ on a pro+ra11e o2 'an+,a+e s/,!" o2 so1e kin! (3he/her 0" enro''in+ 2or a -o,rse or /hro,+h pri.a/e s/,!", 2or e?a1p'e*, i/ is 3or/h askin+ "o,rse'2 3h" "o, 3an/ /o 1as/er /ha/ 'an+,a+e or, ra/her, 3ha/ !o "o, 3an/ /o !o 3i/h i/L In o/her 3or!s, in 3ha/ kin!s o2 si/,a/ions are "o, +oin+ /o -o11,ni-a/e 3i/h i/L &'ear'", 3ha/ peop'e nee! /o 0e a0'e /o sa" or ,n!ers/an! !epen!s on /he si/,a/ions /he" /ake par/ in as speakers or hearers) In an" +i.en -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ion, /he" p'a" a par/i-,'ar so-ia' ro'e an! ha.e /o !o a n,10er o2 /hin+s 3i/h /he 'an+,a+e< /here are /hin+s /o sa" an! /hin+s /o ,n!ers/an! 3hi-h are no/ ne-essari'" /he sa1e) For e?a1p'e, i2 "o, 3an/ /o 'earn En+'ish 2or /o,ris1, "o, ha.e /o re1e10er /ha/ a /o,ris/ !oes no/ nee! /o 'earn /he sa1e /hin+s as so1eone 3orkin+ in /he /o,ris1 0,siness (a 3ai/er, +,i!e, -ha10er1ai!, /ra.e' a+en/, e/-*) Yo, !o no/ nee! /o sa" /he sa1e /hin+s as /he" !o< 2or e?a1p'e, as a /o,ris/ in a 2orei+n -o,n/r" i/ is ,n'ike'" /ha/ "o, 3i'' nee! /o kno3 ho3 /o !es-ri0e an an-ien/ 1on,1en/ in his/ori-a' !e/ai' in 2ron/ o2 a +ro,p, in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) B,/ i2 "o, 3ere /he +,i!e /ha/ 3o,'! -er/ain'" 0e one o2 /he /hin+s "o, 3o,'! nee! /o 0e a0'e /o !o) Si1i'ar'", a /o,ris/ an! a /o,ris/ +,i!e !o no/ nee! /o ,n!ers/an! /he sa1e /hin+s< /he /o,ris/ has /o ,n!ers/an! /he +,i!e 3hen he or she is o,/'inin+ /he !a"Js pro+ra11e or e?p'ainin+ /he si+ni2i-an-e o2 a si/e) Moreo.er, i2 /he +,i!e is no/ a na/i.e speaker o2 En+'ish, /he /o,ris/ 3i'' >9

ha.e /o ,n!ers/an! En+'ish spoken 3i/h a 2orei+n a--en/) As 2or /he +,i!e, he or she 3i'' ha.e /o 0e a0'e /o ,n!ers/an! /he /o,ris/sE :,es/ions (so as /o 0e a0'e /o ans3er /he1* or /heir -o1p'ain/s (so as /o 0e a0'e /o !ea' 3i/h /he1*) A 2,r/her poin/ is /ha/ in /his kin! o2 si/,a/ion /he so-ia' s/a/,s o2 /he par/i-ipan/s in2',en-es /he 3a"s /he" speak< /his is espe-ia''" /r,e o2 +,i!es, 3ho ha.e /o 0e 0o/h p'easan/ an! po'i/e 0,/ a/ /he sa1e /i1e no/ /oo !is/an/ in /heir !ea'in+s 3i/h /he /o,ris/s, 3ho are /heir -'ien/s) &onse:,en/'", /he" 3i'' /r" /o a.oi! ,sin+ e?pressions /ha/ are ei/her /oo 2or1a' or /oo in2or1a', or /ones o2 .oi-e /ha/ 1i+h/ 0e 1is,n!ers/oo!) For e?a1p'e, 3hen /a'kin+ /o En+'ish /o,ris/s /he" !o no/ kno3, +,i!es 3i'' pro0a0'" /r" /o a.oi! s,-h /hin+s as<

,sin+ s'an+ (CSee "o, in 2ron/ o2 /he 0ooBer a/ 2i.e)C*D ,sin+ 2irs/ na1es, espe-ia''" 3i/h o'!er -'ien/sD ,sin+ /,rns o2 phrase 3hi-h 1i+h/ 0e 1is/aken 2or i1po'i/eness (CH,rr" ,p, or 3eJ'' 0e 'a/ePC ins/ea! o2 C eJ! 0e//er /r" /o h,rr" a 0i/ i2 3e !onJ/ 3an/ /o 0e 'a/e 2or /he sho3C, 2or e?a1p'e)*D so,n!in+ i1pa/ien/, sar-as/i- or -,r/ (see &EF @););*

hen 3e speak o,r 1o/her /on+,e, 3e ,s,a''" kno3 ins/in-/i.e'" ho3 /o a!ap/ /o /he si/,a/ion, so /ha/ 3e se'e-/ /he ri+h/ C3a.e'en+/hC 2or /he peop'e 3e are a!!ressin+, a--or!in+ /o ho3 3e'' 3e kno3 /he1, 3ha/ /he /opi- o2 -on.ersa/ion is an! 3ha/ 1eans o2 -o11,ni-a/ion is 0ein+ ,se! (/e'ephone, 'e//er, pos/-ar!, e/-*) hen 3e speak a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, 3e na/,ra''" /en! /o -o11,ni-a/e 0" /rans2errin+ o,r ,s,a' ha0i/s /o /he se-on! 'an+,a+e) So 3e sa" /hank "o, or apo'o+ise in si/,a/ions /ha/ rese10'e /hose in 3hi-h 3e 3o,'! /hank or apo'o+ise in o,r o3n -,'/,re) B,/ i/ is 0" no 1eans a'3a"s /he -ase /ha/ s,-h 0eha.io,r is appropria/e in /he 2orei+n -,'/,re) In 2a-/, /his -an e.en +i.e rise /o 1is,n!ers/an!in+s) For e?a1p'e, Spaniar!s /en! /o 2in! Fren-h peop'e o0se:,io,s, 0e-a,se /he" a'3a"s see1 /o 0e apo'o+isin+ or /hankin+ ,nne-essari'"D /he Fren-h, on /he o/her han!, 1a" 2in! Spaniar!s o.er-2a1i'iar, or e.en i1po'i/e, 0e-a,se /he" ,se /he C/,C 2or1 3i/h peop'e /he" har!'" kno3, 3hereas /he Spaniar!s are si1p'" app'"in+ /heir o3n r,'es, 3hi-h 3ork in Spain 0,/ no/ in Fran-e) (see &EF @)8)8* 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< - 3he/her /he" -an 2oresee ei/her ro,+h'" or pre-ise'" 3ha/ /he" 3i'' pro0a0'" nee! /o 0e a0'e /o sa" an! ,n!ers/an!D - 3ha/ kin!s o2 si/,a/ions /he" are 'ike'" /o 2in! /he1se'.es inD - 3he/her /he /e?/0ook or -o,rse /he" -hoose 1ee/s /heir -o11,ni-a/i.e nee!s, as 3e'' as prepares /he1 2or -,'/,ra' !i22eren-esL

"art , $ Comprehension and e+pression ski**s 7see CEF ,(#() 0 /(/(# /(/(,8
In or!er /o 0e a0'e /o -o11,ni-a/e 2a-e-/o-2a-e, 3he/her in o,r 1o/her /on+,e or in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, 3e o0.io,s'" ha.e /o 0e a0'e /o ,n!ers/an! 3ha/ o,r in/er'o-,/or is sa"in+ an! /o e?press 3ha/ 3e 3an/ /o sa" o,rse'.es in an in/e''i+i0'e 1anner) As 3e ha.e a'rea!" seen in /he 2irs/ par/ o2 /his 0ook'e/, 3ha/ 3e nee! /o ,n!ers/an! in /he 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 1a" 3e'' 0e !i22eren/ 2ro1 /he sor/ o2 /hin+s 3e nee! /o sa", a--or!in+ /o /he so-ia' ro'e 3e are p'a"in+ (2or ins/an-e, +,i!e or /o,ris/*, an! /his has i1p'i-a/ions 2or 'earnin+) In /his se-/ion, "o, 3i'' 2in!

>5

2,r/her in2or1a/ion on /hese /3o ski''s, -o1prehension an! e?pression, so /ha/ "o, -an 3ork 1ore e22i-ien/'") #( Men/a' 1e-hanis1s in.o'.e! in -o1prehension an! e?pression are !i22eren/) The 0rain !oes no/ 2,n-/ion in /he sa1e 3a" 3hen 3e are in/erpre/in+ a 1essa+e as i/ !oes 3hen 3e are e?pressin+ o,r in/en/ions, i!eas or 2ee'in+s) A kno3'e!+e o2 /hese 1e-hanis1s is no/ ne-essar" in or!er /o 'earn a 'an+,a+e, 0,/ i/ 1a" 0e ,se2,' in -hoosin+ 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies /ha/ /ake a--o,n/ o2 /he !i22eren-e A,s/ 1en/ione!) The pro-ess o2 -o1prehension in.o'.es re-o,rse /o h"po/heses< 3hen 3e are /r"in+ /o ,n!ers/an! 3ha/ so1eone e'se is sa"in+ 3e -ons/r,-/ h"po/heses a0o,/ 3ha/ is 0ein+ sai! on /he 0asis o2 o,r kno3'e!+e o2 /he si/,a/ion or o2 /he /opi- o2 -on.ersa/ion) This kno3'e!+e a''o3s ,s /o 1ake pre!i-/ions o2 .ar"in+ !e+rees o2 pre-ision a0o,/ 3ha/ is 0ein+ sai!, 3ha/ 1i+h/ ha.e 0een sai! ear'ier or 3ha/ 1i+h/ 2o''o3) &',es pi-ke! ,p a'on+ /he 3a" 3hi'e o,r in/er'o-,/or is speakin+ he'p /o pro.e or !ispro.e /hese h"po/heses) These -',es 1a" 0e ei/her 'in+,is/i- (3or!s 3e re-o+nise, phrases or 3ho'e sen/en-es* or .is,a' (/he person 3ho is speakin+ see1s p'ease!, anno"e!, 0ore!, /hrea/enin+ an! so on*) In 2a-/, /o ,n!ers/an! i/ is no/ ne-essar" /o +rasp e.er" sin+'e so,n! or e.er" 3or!) (see &EF >)>); H >)@);)8* E?pressin+ onese'2, on /he o/her han!, in.o'.es p,//in+ in/o opera/ion in a +i.en si/,a/ion a'' /he -o11,ni-a/i.e reso,r-es a.ai'a0'e /o an in!i.i!,a' 3ho nee!s or 3an/s /o e?press an i!ea or 2ee'in+, or /o o0/ain so1e/hin+ 2ro1 so1eone, or /o +e/ /o kno3 so1eone) The priori/" is 1akin+ onese'2 ,n!ers/oo! 0" oneJs in/er'o-,/ors 0e-a,se 3e nee! /o keep in 1in! /he si1p'e 2a-/ /ha/ e?pression is no/ a ,ni'a/era' 0,/ a /3o-3a" pro-ess< i/ in.o'.es /akin+ in/o a--o,n/ 3ha/ o,r in/er'o-,/ors sa", ,sin+ /heir rea-/ions /o -on/in,a''" a!A,s/ 3ha/ 3e sa" an! ho3 3e sa" i/) For e?a1p'e, i2 one o2 /he in/er'o-,/ors -'ear'" !isa+rees 3i/h 3ha/ ano/her is sa"in+, or -anno/ ,n!ers/an! i/, /his 3i'' ,s,a''" -a,se /he speaker /o -han+eHi1pro.eHsi1p'i2"H1o!i2" or +i.e ,p (perhaps 1o1en/ari'"* 3ha/ he is sa"in+) (see &EF >)>)8 H >)@););* The 2irs/ priori/" o2 a speaker is a'3a"s /o a-hie.e his or her en!s, an! so1e/i1es e.en /he 1os/ 'i1i/e! 1eans 1a" s,22i-e) A 2i2/een-1on/h-o'! -hi'! -an 1ake i/s 1o/her ,n!ers/an! :,i/e -o1p'i-a/e! /hin+s 3i/h a sin+'e 3or!, pro.i!e! /he 3or! in :,es/ion is re'e.an/ /o /he si/,a/ion an! /o 3ha/ /he -hi'! 3an/s /o sa"< 2or e?a1p'e, /he 3or! CshoeC a'one 1a" 0e eno,+h 2or /he -hi'! /o e?p'ain /o i/s 1o/her a'' sor/s o2 !i22eren/ /hin+s, s,-h as<

/ha/ he -anno/ 2in! his shoeD /ha/ he has A,s/ p,/ his Te!!" 0earJs shoe onD /ha/ he has hi!!en his shoe an! 3an/s /o p'a" a/ 2in!in+ i/ 3i/h his 1o/herD /ha/ he has p,/ on one o2 his 1o/herJs shoesD /ha/ his 2oo/ h,r/sD /ha/ he 3an/s his 1o/her /o /ake his shoes o22, or /ha/ he 3an/s his 1o/her /o p,/ his shoes on)

,( e o2/en -o1e ,p a+ains/ !i22i-,'/ies in ,n!ers/an!in+ or in e?pressin+ o,rse'.es in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) Ho3e.er, i2 3e s/op /o /hink, 3e rea'ise /ha/ e.en in o,r 1o/her /on+,e /here are /hin+s /ha/ 3e ,n!ers/an! 1ore easi'" /han o/hers, or /ha/ 3e ha.e +rea/er !i22i-,'/" in e?pressin+ /han o/hers) I/ is +enera''" /he -ase /ha/ in o,r 1o/her /on+,e 3e -an ,s,a''" ,n!ers/an! 1ore kin!s o2 !is-o,rse /han 3e -an a-/,a''" pro!,-e) For e?a1p'e, pa/ien/s -an 2o''o3 /he 1e!i-a' !is-o,rse o2 /heir 2a1i'" !o-/or 3i/ho,/ 0ein+ !o-/ors /he1se'.es, an! s/,!en/s -an ,n!ers/an! a /ea-herJs !is-o,rse e.en /ho,+h /he" -o,'! no/ /ea-h a -'ass) e -an ,n!ers/an! -hi'!ren an! 2orei+ners, /oo, e.en /ho,+h /he" !o no/ /a'k 'ike ,s) In a'' /hese -ases, @I

3e ,n!ers/an! 3i/ho,/ ne-essari'" 0ein+ a0'e /o speak in /he sa1e 3a") O,r a0i'i/" /o ,n!ers/an!, ho3e.er, has i/s 'i1i/s) I/ !epen!s, 2or e?a1p'e, on ho3 2a1i'iar 3e are 3i/h /he 2ie'! o2 kno3'e!+e in :,es/ion (see &EF @)8)8)8 H K)=)8)8*) Si1i'ar'", o,r a0i'i/" /o e?press o,rse'.es in o,r 1o/her /on+,e a'so has i/s 'i1i/s) Here are a 2e3 e?a1p'es 3hi-h sho3 ho3 o,r -o1pe/en-e in e?pression or -o1prehension 1i+h/ 0e 'i1i/e!, e.en in o,r 1o/her /on+,e) D,rin+ an e.enin+ o,/, "o, 2in! "o,rse'2 'is/enin+ /o a -on.ersa/ion 0e/3een 1,si-ians) I2 "o, are no/ a 1,si-ian "o,rse'2, 3hen /he -on.ersa/ion /,rns /o 1,si-a' /heor" or har1on", or /o /he 3orks o2 -o1posers "o, ha.e ne.er hear! o2, "o, 1a" 3e'' 0e+in /o 2ee' 'os/ an! ,na0'e /o 2o''o3, an! 3i/h /he i1pression /ha/ peop'e are speakin+ C!o,0'e D,/-hC) Yo, !o no/ ha.e an" !o,0/s a0o,/ "o,r a0i'i/" /o ,n!ers/an! "o,r 1o/her /on+,e, 0,/ "o, ha.e /o a!1i/ /ha/ "o, !o no/ ,n!ers/an! 3ha/ peop'e are sa"in+) Yo, 1a" 0e a re+,'ar rea!er o2 0ooks an! ne3spapers o2 a'' kin!s, 0,/ ,n'ess "o, are a pro2essiona' "o, 3o,'! pro0a0'" ha.e +rea/ !i22i-,'/" in 3ri/in+ a 1a+aBine ar/i-'e or a no.e' "o,rse'2) E.er" !a" 3hen "o, 'is/en /o /he ra!io or 3a/-h TV, "o, hear pro2essiona' 0roa!-as/ers rea!in+ /he ne3s or +i.in+ /he 3ea/her 2ore-as/) I2 "o, ha! /o s/an! in 2or one o2 /he1 a/ a 1o1en/Js no/i-e, ,n'ess "o, 3ere a 0orn 1i1i- "o, 3o,'! 2in! i/ .er" har! /o -ope, 0e-a,se ne3srea!ers ha.e /heir o3n spe-ia' 3a" o2 speakin+ 3hi-h has 'i//'e in -o11on 3i/h or!inar" -on.ersa/ion, or a 1ee/in+ a/ 3ork, a sa'es 1ee/in+, an! so on) These e?a1p'es 3i'' he'p "o, /o rea'ise /ha/ kno3in+ a 'an+,a+e or 1as/erin+ i/ !oes no/ 1ean /ha/ "o, -an ,n!ers/an! or e?press "o,rse'2 sa/is2a-/ori'" in e.er" kin! o2 si/,a/ion) An! i2 /his is /r,e in "o,r 1o/her /on+,e, i/ is e.en 1ore so in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) So !o no/ 0e /oo !e1an!in+< !o no/ e?pe-/ /o 0e a0'e /o !o /hin+s in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e /ha/ "o, -anno/ 1ana+e in "o,r 1o/her /on+,e) )( Ano/her !i22eren-e 0e/3een -o1prehension an! e?pression -on-erns /he 3a" /he /3o ski''s are ,se! in e.er"!a" 'i2e) hi's/ 3e rare'" speak ,n'ess 'is/eners are presen/, 3e 2re:,en/'" -arr" o,/ so1e kin! o2 -o1prehension a-/i.i/" 3hen 3e are on o,r o3n) In an a+e 3here /he 1e!ia are e.er"3here, 3e pro0a0'" 2in! o,rse'.es 'is/enin+ or rea!in+ 7 ,n!ers/an!in+ 7 1ore o2/en /han in si/,a/ions 3here 3e nee! /o e?press o,rse'.es) hen 3e +e/ ,p in /he 1ornin+, 3e 'is/en /o /he 3ea/her 2ore-as/ /o kno3 3ha/ kin! o2 !a" i/ 3i'' 0eD on /he 3a" /o 3ork 3e 1i+h/ 'is/en /o /he ne3s in /he -ar or rea! on /he 0,s, /rain or /,0eD in /he e.enin+ 3e 3a/-h /e'e.ision or rea! in 0e!) hen 3e are o--,pie! in !oin+ an" o2 /hese /hin+s, 3e are en+a+e! in a -o1prehension a-/i.i/" 3hi-h !oes no/ ne-essari'" in.o'.e e?pression o2 an" kin!) /( The poin/s 1en/ione! a0o.e ha.e i1por/an/ i1p'i-a/ions 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) In /he -'assroo1, /ea-hers an! 'earners ,s,a''" 3an/ /o !o a -onsi!era0'e a1o,n/ o2 e?pression 3ork, 0e-a,se /he" 0e'ie.e /ha/ 'earnin+ /o speak is 0o/h 1ore i1por/an/ (one has /hin+s one 3an/s /o sa"* an! 1ore !i22i-,'/ (/here are so 1an" !i22eren/ /hin+s /o !ea' 3i/h*) So 3ork on -o1prehension is o2/en ne+'e-/e! a/ /he e?pense o2 3ork on e?pression) B,/ 3hen 'earners a-/,a''" -o1e in/o -on/a-/ 3i/h peop'e 3hose 'an+,a+e /he" are s/,!"in+, /he" rea'ise /3o /hin+s< 2irs/'", /ha/ i/ is o2/en easier /o e?press onese'2 /han /he" ha! /ho,+h/ 0e-a,se, as 3e ha.e seen, one -an o2/en C1,!!'e /hro,+hC or C1ake onese'2 ,n!ers/oo!C 3i/h .er" 'i1i/e! reso,r-es in!ee!, 0,/, se-on!'", /ha/ i/ is 1,-h 1ore !i22i-,'/ /han /he" /ho,+h/ /o ,n!ers/an! /heir @8

in/er'o-,/ors) The" 2in! /ha/ /he" speak C/erri0'" 2as/C, /ha/ /he" ha.e Cs/ron+ a--en/sC or /ha/ /he" Cs3a''o3 /heir 3or!sC, an! so on (see &EF K)=););*) %o3 i2 'earners ha.e !i22i-,'/" in ,n!ers/an!in+ na/i.e speakers 3hen /he" are in /he -o,n/r" 3here /he 'an+,a+e is spoken, i/ is 0e-a,se /he" ha.e no/ 0een a!e:,a/e'" or appropria/e'" prepare! (see se-/ion >*) ork 3hi-h 2o-,ses spe-i2i-a''" on -o1prehension (s/,!"in+ a,/hen/i- re-or!in+s o2 na/i.e speakers, 2or e?a1p'e* -an a'so he'p /o i1pro.e e?pression, 0e-a,se /he 1ore "o, are a0'e /o ,n!ers/an!, /he 1ore easi'" "o, -an +rasp ho3 /he 'an+,a+e 3orks an! ho3 /hin+s are sai!) I1pro.in+ oneJs a0i'i/" /o e?press onese'2 in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e !epen!s /o a +rea/ e?/en/ on a0i'i/" /o o0ser.e an! assi1i'a/e /he 3a" na/i.e speakers /a'k (see &EF @)8)>)>*) To s,1 ,p< -o1prehension an! e?pression are /3o separa/e a-/i.i/ies 3hi-h -an 0e -arrie! o,/ a/ !i22eren/ /i1es an! 3hi-h in.o'.e /heir o3n spe-i2i- 1en/a' pro-esses) There are 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 1a/eria's an! e?er-ises 3hi-h /rain 'earners spe-i2i-a''" in ei/her o2 /he ski''s) This /rainin+ -an 0e ,n!er/aken on one ski'' or /he o/her, a--or!in+ /o /he nee!s o2 /he 1o1en/, 0,/ i/ is i1por/an/ /o re1e10er /ha/ i2 "o, on'" pra-/ise speakin+, "o, are ,n'ike'" /o i1pro.e "o,r -apa-i/" /o ,n!ers/an!) Tr" no/ /o ne+'e-/ ei/her ski'', e.en i2 "o, ha.e a pre2eren-e 2or one or /he o/her, an! re1e10er /ha/ i/ is i1por/an/ /o -hoose 1a/eria's an! /asks re'e.an/ /o /he ski'' "o, 3an/ /o i1pro.e (see &EF >)6); H >)6)=*) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" !e.o/e 1ore /i1e /o e?pression or /o -o1prehensionD 3he/her /he 1a/eria's an! /e-hni:,es ,se! are appropria/e /o /he ski'' in :,es/ionL (see &EF 6)>)=*

The a!.i-e +i.en in se-/ion > o2 /his 0ook'e/ 3i'' he'p /he ,ser /o ans3er /hese :,es/ions)

"art ) $ 9ork organisation

Firs/ o2 a'', i/ is 3or/h pa,sin+ 2or a 1o1en/ /o /hink a0o,/ 3ha/ 'earnin+ is) This is 0e-a,se /he 3or! has a n,10er o2 !i22eren/ 1eanin+s, 3hi-h -an so1e/i1es 'ea! /o -on2,sion (see &EF 6);)8*) JLearningK and Jac@uisitionK A'/ho,+h e.er"one sa"s CI 3an/ /o 'earn En+'ishC (or Fren-h, or Ara0i- or S3ahi'i*, i/ 3o,'! in 2a-/ 0e 1ore a--,ra/e /o sa" CI 3an/ /o a-:,ire En+'ishC) h"L O,r ai1 is /o 0e a0'e /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e 3e are 'earnin+, /o !o so1e/hin+ 3i/h i/< /o 3ri/e, /o ask 2or an appoin/1en/, /o 'is/en /o /he ne3s, /o sa" 3ha/ i/ 3as 3e 'ike! a0o,/ a 2i'1, /o 0e a1,se! 0" a 2rien!Js s/or") e 3o,'! 'ike no/ /o ha.e /o keep /hinkin+ a0o,/ ho3 /hin+s are sai!, 3i/h 3or!s an! phrases -o1in+ /o ,s 1ore or 'ess a,/o1a/i-a''", so /ha/ on'" -er/ain -ons-io,s -hoi-es re1ain /o 0e 1a!e (-hoosin+ oneJs 3or!s -are2,''" /o a.oi! +i.in+ o22en-e, askin+ onese'2 i2 one has proper'" ,n!ers/oo! /he speakerJs i!eas, e/-*) hen 3e 2in! o,rse'.es ,sin+ 'an+,a+e ,n-ons-io,s'" /his 3a", 3e -an sa" /ha/ 3e ha.e ac3uired a s,22i-ien/ a1o,n/ o2 /he ne-essar" kno3'e!+e an! ski''s, sin-e /his kno3'e!+e an! /hese ski''s are a/ o,r !isposa' in o,r 0rain, rea!" 2or ,se 3hen 3e 2in! o,rse'.es in a -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ion)

@;

B,/ i2 /his is so, 3ha/ is learning, /henL e are +oin+ /o keep /he /er1 C'earnin+C /o re2er /o a'' /he a-/i.i/ies 3e -arr" o,/ -ons-io,s'" an! in an or+anise! 3a", in or!er /o in-rease /he kno3'e!+e an! ski''s a/ o,r !isposa' (3hi-h, in /his par/i-,'ar -ase, 1eans kno3in+ an! 0ein+ a0'e /o ,se 1ore En+'ish or Fren-h, e/-*) I1a+ine, 2or e?a1p'e, /ha/ "o, ha.e A,s/ !one 2i.e e?er-ises on /he ,se o2 /he pas/ /ense in En+'ish) Yo, ha.e A,s/ 0een 'earnin+ ho3 /o ,se /his /ense) La/er, /ho,+h, !,rin+ a -on.ersa/ion 3i/h an En+'ish speaker, "o, no/i-e /ha/ "o, are s/i'' 1akin+ 1is/akes, so "o, ha.e no/ "e/ -o1p'e/e'" a-:,ire! /he ,se o2 /his /ense) This !oes no/ 1ean /ha/ "o,r a//e1p/ a/ 'earnin+ is a 2ai',re, or /ha/ "o, are a 0a! 'earner, i/ si1p'" 1eans /ha/ /here is a 0i+ !i22eren-e 0e/3een 'earnin+ an! a-:,isi/ion, an! /ha/ i/ is in /he in/eres/s o2 e22i-ien-" /o !is/in+,ish 0e/3een /he /3o) I/ is a'so i1por/an/ /o re1e10er /ha/ a/ one /i1e or ano/her 3e ha.e a'' a-:,ire! -er/ain kin!s o2 kno3'e!+e in2or1a''", 3i/ho,/ 'earnin+ /he1 as i2 3e 3ere a/ s-hoo') 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" re1e10er i2 /he" rea''" 'earn/ ho3 /o ri!e a 0i-"-'eL Or /o ironL Or /o sin+L 3he/her /he" !i! e?er-ises, or -a''e! on e?per/ he'pL

The ans3ers +i.en /o /hese :,es/ions 3i'' in!i-a/e 3hi-h o2 /hese ski''s ha.e 0een a-:,ire! 3i/ho,/ .er" 1,-h 'earnin+) he ac@uisition process Yo, 1i+h/ 2in! i/ ,se2,' /o ha.e a -'earer i!ea o2 /he 1o!ern approa-h /o /he a-:,isi/ion pro-ess (see &EF 6););*) In or!er /o a-:,ire ne3 kno3'e!+e an! ski''s, 3e ha.e /o 0e -on2ron/e! 3i/h a ne3 si/,a/ion, 3here /he kno3'e!+e 3e a'rea!" possess pro.es ina!e:,a/e so /ha/ i/ !oes no/ a''o3 ,s /o 2,n-/ion proper'", 2or e?a1p'e, /o so'.e /he .ario,s pro0'e1s pose! 0" /he si/,a/ion) This -an happen in a'' kin!s o2 si/,a/ions, 3he/her i/ is a 1a//er o2 ri!in+ a 0i-"-'e, openin+ a ne3 kin! o2 pa-ka+in+ or ,sin+ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) Firs/ o2 a'', /here2ore, 3e ha.e /o rea'ise /ha/ o,r pre.io,s kno3'e!+e !oes no/ a''o3 ,s /o so'.e /he pro0'e1s in :,es/ion, an! 3e ha.e /o 3an/ /o re1e!" /his !e2i-ien-" in a per1anen/ 3a") (A2/er a'', 3e 1a" 3e'' 2ee' /ha/ i/ is no/ ne-essar" /o a-:,ire ne3 kno3'e!+e, 0e-a,se 3e -an +e/ a'on+ 0", 2or e?a1p'e, rippin+ /he ne3 pa-ka+in+ open, or ,sin+ +es/,res)*) %e?/, i/ is /he 0rain 3hi-h +e/s /o 3ork< i/ 3i'' /r" /o i1pose so1e kin! o2 or+anisa/ion on /his no.e'/", /o a//ri0,/e 1eanin+ /o i/) I/ 3i'' /r" /o 2in! ne3 o0Ae-/s (/he par/s o2 a 0i-"-'e, /he 3or!s o2 /he 'an+,a+e* an! /o !is-o.er /he r,'es 3hi-h +o.ern ho3 /he" 3ork) To !o /his, /he 0rain 3i'' -a'' on 3ha/ i/ a'rea!" kno3s) So, 2or e?a1p'e, 3hen 3e are 2a-e! 3i/h a ne3 'an+,a+e, 3e /r" /o 2in! 3or!s 0e-a,se, as 3e kno3 /ha/ /here are 3or!s in -er/ain o/her 'an+,a+es, 3e /hink /here are 3or!s in a'' 'an+,a+es) A+ain, 3e 3i'' /r" /o 2in! so1e kin! o2 -onne-/ion 0e/3een /he si/,a/ion an! 3ha/ is 0ein+ sai!, 0e-a,se 3e are a3are /ha/ in /he 'an+,a+es 3e kno3 s,-h a re'a/ionship e?is/s, so 3e i1a+ine /ha/ e.en in a 'an+,a+e 3e !o no/ kno3 peop'e !o no/ +o aro,n! sa"in+ an" o'! /hin+) S-ien/is/s -a'' /his !a/a pro-essin+ an! es/a0'ishin+ /he opera/in+ r,'es (see &EF 6););)8*) In per2or1in+ /his 2,n-/ion, /he 0rain -ons/r,-/s ne3 kno3'e!+e, 0,/ /he pro-ess o2 a-:,isi/ion has on'" A,s/ 0e+,n< i2 i/ is /o 0e-o1e rea''" re'e.an/ an! 2,n-/iona', /his ne3 kno3'e!+e has /o 0e @=

/es/e! an! /rie! o,/ in o/her si/,a/ions) In o/her 3or!s, /he 0rain 0,i'!s ,p a -onsi!era0'e a1o,n/ o2 kno3-ho3 aro,n! /his ne3 kno3'e!+e< 3ha/ -on/e?/s i/ -an 0e ,se! in, ho3 i/ .aries an! ho3 3e -an a!ap/ i/ /o s,i/ o,rse'.es (0" /akin+ in/o a--o,n/ /he 3a"s 3e pre2er /o !o /hin+s or /hose 3hi-h 3e 2in! !i22i-,'/, 2or e?a1p'e*) On-e /he r,'es ha.e 0een app'ie! 3i/ho,/ +i.in+ rise /o 2,r/her -o1p'i-a/ions, /ha/ is, /rie! o,/ s,--ess2,''", 3e 1e1orise /he1 an! /he" 0e-o1e ne3 2or1s o2 kno3'e!+e an! ski''s 3hi-h 3e are +oin+ /o 0e a0'e /o ,se) A/ /his poin/, 3e ha.e /he i1pression o2 0ein+ a0'e /o 2,n-/ion 3i/ho,/ !i22i-,'/" in /he si/,a/ion in :,es/ion) A-:,isi/ion has /aken p'a-e, an! 3e $now i/) A *itt*e Doke ;6 wa6 of i**ustration An inha0i/an/ o2 /he p'ane/ Ven,s, 3hose na1e is M,n+o #err" an! 3ho on'" speaks Ven,sian, -o1es on a .isi/ /o Fran-e) He p,/s ,p a/ a s1a'' ho/e', 3here he ea/s e.er" e.enin+) On /he 2irs/ e.enin+, ano/her ho/e' +,es/, a Fren-h1an, -o1es in/o /he res/a,ran/ an! si/s !o3n a/ /he /a0'e ne?/ /o o,r Ven,sian, /,rnin+ /o3ar!s hi1 an! sa"in+ 3i/h a s1i'e CBon app/i/C) CAha,C /hinks o,r hero (3ho, "o, 3i'' re1e10er, !oes no/ ,n!ers/an! Fren-h*, C/his 1an is in/ro!,-in+ hi1se'2D he is po'i/e, so I 3i'' 0e /ooC, an! s1i'in+ 0a-k, he sa"s CM,n+o #err"C /o hi1) The 2o''o3in+ e.enin+, 3hen /he Fren-h1an arri.es, he a+ain +ree/s /he Ven,sian 3i/h a -heer2,' CBon app/i/C, /o 3hi-h o,r Ven,sian i11e!ia/e'" rep'ies CM,n+o #err"C in /he 2rien!'ies/ possi0'e 3a") This 'i//'e s-ene is repea/e! 2or se.era' e.enin+s, ,n/i' /he !a" 3hen o,r hero, 3ho has /o'! a 0i'in+,a' 2rien! a0o,/ /he -o,r/eo,s Mr Bonap/i, 'earns /he /r,/h< CBon app/i/ isnJ/ /he +en/'e1anJs na1e, i/Js /he 3a" Fren-h peop'e 3ish one ano/her an enAo"a0'e 1ea'PC Tha/ .er" e.enin+, o,r Ven,sian, keen /o p,/ his ne3 kno3'e!+e in/o pra-/i-e, /akes /he ini/ia/i.e) The Fren-h1an has har!'" /aken his p'a-e 0e2ore o,r hero +ree/s hi1 3i/h a /ri,1phan/ CBon app/i/C, 3hi-h is per2e-/'" -o1prehensi0'e, !espi/e s'i+h/ !i22i-,'/ies in pron,n-ia/ion) here,pon /he Fren-h1an, no/ 3ishin+ /o see1 /o 'a-k in/er-,'/,ra' +oo! 1anners, rep'ies in a .er" 2rien!'" 3a"< CMon+opriCP As 3e ha.e A,s/ seen, /he opera/in+ r,'es 3hi-h /he 0rain !e!,-es 2ro1 a si/,a/ion are no/ a'3a"s -orre-/, so i/ is i1por/an/ /o /es/ /he1 o,/ in o/her si/,a/ions) This is 3h" spe-ia'is/s /a'k a0o,/ /he i1por/an-e o2 1akin+ 1is/akes, 0e-a,se (pro.i!e! 3e are a3are o2 /he1, o2 -o,rse* /hese 1is/akes a''o3 ,s /o .eri2" /he opera/in+ r,'es 3e ha.e es/a0'ishe!, as 3e'' as see i2 /he" are 0ein+ sa/is2a-/ori'" app'ie!) This i1por/an/ poin/ is re2erre! /o in /he assess1en/ se-/ion, par/ @) !ow to organise onese*f 7or from *earning to ac@uisition8 Learnin+, /hen, -an 0e seen as a 3a" o2 -ons-io,s'" or+anisin+ a-/i.i/ies in s,-h a 3a" /ha/ /he" 3i'' para''e' /he 0rainJs ,n-ons-io,s 2,n-/ionin+, /here0" op/i1isin+ i/) hen 3ha/ is /o 0e a-:,ire! is .er" -o1p'i-a/e!, i/ 1a" 3e'' 0e /ha/ 'earnin+ he'ps ,s /o a-:,ire i/ 1ore easi'" an! 1ore /horo,+h'") For ins/an-e, /o a-:,ire a 'an+,a+e, i/ is o2/en -onsi!ere! ne-essar" /o 'earn i/, e.en /ho,+h i/ is possi0'e /o a-:,ire a 'an+,a+e 3i/ho,/ 'earnin+ i/ in a -ons-io,s, or+anise! 3a" (as is o2/en /he -ase 3i/h i11i+ran/s, 2or e?a1p'e*) Doin+ !ri''s an! e?er-ises, 'earnin+ r,'es o2 +ra11ar or 1e1orisin+ .o-a0,'ar" 'is/s are a'' -ons-io,s a-/i.i/ies 3hi-h 3e or+anise in or!er /o 'earn) One /ra!i/iona' 3a" o2 'earnin+ in an or+anise! 2ashion is 0" 0ein+ /a,+h/) #eop'e o2/en 'earn 'an+,a+es 0" arran+in+ /o ha.e /he1se'.es /a,+h/< /he" si+n ,p 2or a 'an+,a+e -o,rse (e.en i2 i/ is a pri.a/e one 0" /e'ephoneP* Ho3e.er, i/ is i1por/an/ /o rea'ise /ha/ /he /ea-her -an on'" help to learnD /he a-/,a' a-:,isi/ion is !one 0" /he 'earner) Moreo.er, i/ is no/ a'3a"s possi0'e /o 0e @>

/a,+h/ 3ha/ one 3an/s /o a-:,ire) On /he o/her han!, /here are 1ore an! 1ore 2a-i'i/ies a.ai'a0'e 2or 'earnin+ 3i/ho,/ 0ein+ /a,+h/) So i/ is -'ear'" .er" ,se2,' 2or e.er" 'earner /o kno3 ho3 /o +o a0o,/ 'earnin+ (see &EF 6)=)@ H 6)>*) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3ha/ 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies /he" kno3D 3hi-h ones /he" -onsi!er ,se2,', or 0orin+D 3he/her /he" e.er 3on!er a0o,/ /he .a',e o2 par/i-,'ar a-/i.i/iesD 3he/her /he" -an /e'' /he !i22eren-e 0e/3een /asks 3hi-h are he'p2,' 2or i1pro.in+ -o1prehension an! /hose he'p2,' 2or i1pro.in+ e?pression)

In or!er /o or+anise "o,r 'earnin+ pro+ra11e 0e//er, /hree i1por/an/ phases nee! /o 0e kep/ in 1in!< here are different phases 7see CEF 3(/(# 0 3(/(,8 As 3e ha.e A,s/ seen, a-:,isi/ion o--,rs in s/a+es) I/ is i1por/an/ /o p'an "o,r 3ork so /ha/ i/ -orrespon!s /o /hese s/a+es) e 0e'ie.e /ha/ /his 1eans /ha/ /here 3i'' 0e /hree phases, /ho,+h /he" 3i'' no/ 0e o2 /he sa1e 'en+/h 2or -o1prehension an! e?pression, sin-e, as 3e sa3 in se-/ion ;, ,n!ers/an!in+ an! speakin+ in.o'.e !i22eren/ 1en/a' opera/ions) First phase: Discovery D,rin+ /his phase, "o, are +oin+ /o !is-o.er A,s/ 3ha/ i/ is "o, ha.e /o 'earn, +i.en /he -o11,ni-a/i.e ai1s 3hi-h "o, ha.e se/ "o,rse'2 (see se-/ions 8 an! ; o2 /his -hap/er*) For e?a1p'e, i2 "o, 3an/ /o kno3 ho3 /o !isa+ree po'i/e'", "o, are +oin+ /o ha.e /o 2in! appropria/e 3or!s an! e?pressions, !is-o.er 3hi-h ones are ,se! in -er/ain kin!s o2 si/,a/ion, e/-) Yo, -an 'earn /hese /hin+s 2ro1 /e?/0ooks an! +ra11ars or 0" askin+ /ea-hers, 2or e?a1p'e, 0,/ a0o.e a'' 0" s/,!"in+ a,/hen/i- !o-,1en/s) These are !o-,1en/s (in-',!in+ .i!eo an! a,!io -asse//es, as 3e'' as prin/e! /e?/s* 3hi-h ha.e no/ 0een pro!,-e! 2or /he p,rpose o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ (as is /he -ase 3i/h /e?/0ooks*, 0,/ 2or /he p,rpose o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) In an a,/hen/i- !o-,1en/, /hen, "o, 3i'' 2in! e?a1p'es o2 ho3 /he 'an+,a+e is ,se! 2or -o11,ni-a/ion (ho3 /his or /ha/ +ra11a/i-a' /ense -an 0e ,se! /o /a'k a0o,/ /he pas/ or /he presen/, 2or e?a1p'e, or ho3 /o /hank so1eone 2or !oin+ "o, a 2a.o,r*) In /his 3a", "o, -an s/,!" ho3 /he 'an+,a+e rea''" 3orks in rea' -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions) In o,r .ie3, /his phase -orrespon!s /o /he !a/a-pro-essin+ an! r,'e-1akin+ phases o2 /he a-:,isi/ion pro-ess) I/ is .er" i1por/an/ 2or !oin+ 3ork on e?pression, 0e-a,se i/ is essen/ia' /o -o''e-/ /he .ario,s i/e1s one 3ishes /o 'earn /o han!'e) Ho3e.er, i/ is no/ so i1por/an/ 2or -o1prehension, 3here i/ is possi0'e /o s/ar/ i11e!ia/e'" on /he se-on! phase) Second phase: Systematic practice D,rin+ /his phase "o, 3ork on /he i/e1s "o, nee! /o a-:,ire one a2/er /he o/her) In /er1s o2 /he a-:,isi/ion pro-ess, /his is s/i'' par/ o2 r,'e-2or1in+, an! i/ a'so in.o'.es a 2irs/ s/a+e o2 .eri2"in+ an! app'"in+ /he kno3'e!+e -on-erne!) S"s/e1a/i- 3ork o2 /his kin! 3i'' so1e/i1es -a,se "o, /o -arr" o,/ a-/i.i/ies 3hi-h 1a" see1 /o 0e on'" 'oose'" -onne-/e! 3i/h kno3in+ ho3 /o speak a 'an+,a+e (so1e rea!ers 1a" 2in! /his /o 0e /he -ase 3i/h -er/ain kin!s o2 +ra11ar e?er-ise, 2or e?a1p'e*, 0,/ i/ is /hro,+h -on-en/ra/in+ on spe-i2i- poin/s /ha/ /his phase 3i'' pro.e 2r,i/2,') I/ -an 0e -o1pare! /o a /ennis p'a"er 3ho 3an/s /o i1pro.e an! 3ho /here2ore +oes o,/ Ao++in+ in

@@

/he 2ores/, an a-/i.i/" 3hi-h !oes no/ see1 /o 0e 1,-h 'ike /ennis 0,/ 3hi-h he'ps hi1 /o i1pro.e his s/a1ina, 3hi-h is /he -apa-i/" he nee!s in or!er /o p'a" /ennis) D,rin+ /his phase, 3orkin+ on "o,r o3n sho,'! no/ -a,se an" pro0'e1s, 0e-a,se "o, 3i'' 0e s/,!"in+ i/e1s 3hi-h are +oin+ /o 0e ne-essar" /o "o, in!i.i!,a''") B,/ a/ /he sa1e /i1e "o, 1,s/ no/ 2or+e/ /o 3ork on a'' aspe-/s o2 /he kno3'e!+e "o, 3ish /o a-:,ire< 3hen "o, are 3orkin+ on e?pression, "o, !o no/ 3an/ A,s/ /o 0e a0'e /o pro!,-e +ra11a/i-a''" -orre-/ sen/en-esD "o, 3an/ a0o.e a'' /o ,se /he1 appropria/e'" in /he -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions in 3hi-h "o, are +oin+ /o 2in! "o,rse'2 (see se-/ion >*) An! 3hen "o, are 3orkin+ on -o1prehension, "o, 1,s/ no/ 2or+e/ /o 3ork on a'' /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 !o-,1en/s "o, are +oin+ /o ha.e /o !ea' 3i/h (shor/ /e?/s, 'on+ /e?/s, re-or!in+s 3here peop'e /a'k 3i/h par/i-,'ar kin!s o2 a--en/s, an! so on* as 3e'' as on /he !i22eren/ /"pes o2 rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+ "o, 3i'' ha.e /o !o (kno3in+ ho3 /o 'ook 2or par/i-,'ar pie-es o2 in2or1a/ion, ,n!ers/an!in+ so as /o 0e a0'e /o -ri/i-ise, e/-)*) %or sho,'! "o, 2or+e/ /o a''o3 /i1e 2or 1e1orisa/ion !,rin+ /his phase) Third phase% Non'systematic practice This phase -orrespon!s /o /he par/s o2 /he a-:,isi/ion pro-ess 3here 3e .eri2" o,r kno3'e!+e an! ,se i/ in a-/,a' -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions) This is +oin+ /o he'p "o, /o -'ari2" "o,r i!eas an! 1e1orise /hin+s 0e//er as 3e'' as !e.e'op /he kno3-ho3 ne-essar" /o app'" /he kno3'e!+e /o pra-/i-a' si/,a/ions) Yo, are +oin+ /o 'earn ho3 /o rea-/ /o /he ,ne?pe-/e! or /he ,n,s,a', ho3 /o han!'e a'' /he a3k3ar! 'i//'e -o11,ni-a/i.e pro0'e1s 3hi-h no a1o,n/ o2 s"s/e1a/i- 3ork -an prepare "o, 2or, an" 1ore /han ph"si-a' /rainin+, ho3e.er 3e'' p'anne!, -an repro!,-e /he -on!i/ions o2 an a-/,a' 1a/-h) D,rin+ /his phase, i/ is i1por/an/ no/ /o spe-i2" /he 'in+,is/i!e/ai's o2 /he 3ork "o, are +oin+ /o !o (/he pas/ /ense, /he .o-a0,'ar" o2 /he 2a1i'", e?pressin+ !isa+ree1en/ po'i/e'", e/-)*) Ins/ea!, "o, 3i'' spe-i2" /he si/,a/ion< 3ho "o, are speakin+ /o, 3h", e/-) (see se-/ion 8 a0o.e*, so /ha/ "o, -an see 3he/her "o, -an no3 ,se e22i-ien/'" /he kno3'e!+e "o, ha.e /rie! /o 1e1orise !,rin+ /he s"s/e1a/i- phase o2 "o,r 3ork) For /his reason, /his 3ork -anno/ rea''" 0e !one a'one) I2 "o, are 3orkin+ on e?pression, "o, ha.e /o ha.e a par/ner) I!ea''", o2 -o,rse, /his sho,'! 0e a na/i.e speaker, 0,/ ano/her 'earner 3i'' !o, pro.i!e! he or she p'a"s /he +a1e in -o11,ni-a/i.e /er1s) I2 "o, are 3orkin+ on -o1prehension, "o, 1,s/ ha.e a,/hen/i- !o-,1en/s, an! i/ is i1por/an/ 2or "o, /o 'is/en or rea! in /he sa1e -on!i/ions as /hose in 3hi-h "o, are +oin+ /o 2in! "o,rse'2< i2 "o, are s,ppose! /o 0e a0'e /o ,n!ers/an! a re-or!in+ s/rai+h/ o22, /here -an no 'on+er 0e an" :,es/ion o2 'is/enin+ /o i/ /en /i1esD 0,/ i2 "o, -an ,se a !i-/ionar", /here is no :,es/ion o2 !oin+ 3i/ho,/ one ei/herP Se-/ion > o2 /his -hap/er -on/ains i!eas 2or a-/i.i/ies "o, -an ,se in /hese !i22eren/ phases) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" /ake /hese /hree phases in/o a--o,n/ 3hen or+anisin+ 3orkL I2 so, in 3ha/ 3a"L (see &EF 6)>);)8* 3he/her /he" /en! /o -on-en/ra/e on one phase a/ /he e?pense o2 /he o/hersL

So1e/i1es -er/ain 'earners !o 'ar+e n,10ers o2 +ra11ar e?er-ises (phase ;* 3i/ho,/ .eri2"in+ 3he/her 3ha/ /he" are 'earnin+ is ha.in+ an" e22e-/ on /heir per2or1an-e in -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions (phase =*) O/hers 'ike -on.ersa/ion 'essons (phase =* 0,/ 2ai' /o no/i-e /ha/ /he" are 1akin+ no rea' pro+ress 0e-a,se /he" are no/ 3orkin+ on /heir par/i-,'ar pro0'e1s (phase ;*) An! "e/ o/hers spen! a'' /heir /i1e 'ookin+ ,p e.er" sin+'e 3or! in /he !i-/ionar" 3hen /he" are rea!in+ a /e?/ (phase 8*, 3hi-h 'ea.es /he1 no /i1e 2or 3orkin+ on -o1prehension in /he rea' sense (phase ;*) @6

Do not be afraid to change your mind In se-/ion 8, 3e -onsi!ere! /he nee! /o re'a/e /he 'an+,a+e i/e1 one 3ishes /o a-:,ire /o /he -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions in 3hi-h one 1a" 0e -a''e! on /o ,se /he1) The .ario,s 'earnin+ /asks /ha/ "o, are +oin+ /o or+anise 2or "o,rse'2 3i'' /here2ore !epen! !ire-/'" on 3ha/ 3e -a''e! ana'"sis o2 "o,r nee!s (se-/ion 8*) This 1eans "o, are +oin+ /o es/a0'ish "o,r priori/ies) ha/ are "o,r 1os/ i1por/an/ ai1sL ha/ 'an+,a+e i/e1s are "o, +oin+ /o s/ar/ 3i/hL Are "o, +oin+ /o 3ork on e?pression or -o1prehension 2irs/L e /hink /ha/ /his ana'"sis is .er" i1por/an/< in par/i-,'ar i/ 3i'' he'p "o, /o see 3he/her "o, are 1akin+ an" pro+ress (/his 3i'' 0e !is-,sse! in 1ore !e/ai' in se-/ion @*) Ho3e.er, on-e "o, are in /he pro-ess o2 'earnin+ a 'an+,a+e, -er/ain 2a-/ors 1a" -o1e in/o p'a" 3hi-h 1ean /ha/ "o, sho,'! no/ 2ee' a0so',/e'" o0'i+e! /o 2o''o3 "o,r ori+ina' p'an) - our needs may change The si1p'e 2a-/ /ha/ one is a-:,irin+ ne3 kno3'e!+e 1eans /ha/ oneJs nee!s are !e.e'opin+) Learnin+ is no/ 'ike 0,i'!in+ a 3a'', 0ri-k 0" 0ri-k, 3i/h a'' /he 0ri-ks rea!" 0e2ore one s/ar/s) I/ is 1ore 'ike -ons/r,-/in+ one o2 /hose 1o!,'ar ho,ses, 3i/h e?/ensions 0ein+ a!!e! an! roo1s 0ein+ ,se! 2or !i22eren/ p,rposes a--or!in+ /o /he si/,a/ion) hen 0,i'!in+ 0e+ins, "o, -anno/ sa" e?a-/'" 3ha/ i/ 3i'' 'ook 'ike in a 2e3 "earsE /i1eD "o, A,s/ ha.e a +enera' i!ea) As /he pro+ressi.e a-:,isi/ion o2 ne3 kno3'e!+e an! kno3-ho3 -a,ses nee!s /o e.o'.e, i/ is no/ ne-essar" /o an/i-ipa/e in e.er" 'as/ !e/ai' /he -on/en/s an! or!er o2 /he 3ho'e pro+ra11e o2 3ork) The 1ain /hin+ is /o ha.e a -'ear i!ea o2 3ha/ "o, 3an/ /o a-hie.e in a +i.en s/,!" session) hen "o, assess 3ha/ "o, ha.e a-:,ire!, "o, 3i'' 0e a0'e /o -hoose ne3 ai1s an!, /here2ore, ne3 i/e1s /o 3ork on) - Learning is not !ust a matter of pure logic or of "eeping one#s nose to the grindstone Takin+ p'eas,re in oneJs 3ork is i1por/an/ in a-:,irin+ a 'an+,a+e< 3e 'earn 1ore easi'" i2 3e enAo" !oin+ /he /ask in :,es/ionD an! i2 3e 2in! /he !o-,1en/ 3e are 3orkin+ on in/eres/in+, i/ 1akes ,s 1ore 3i''in+ /o /a-k'e an" !i22i-,'/ies i/ 1a" -on/ain) B" -hoosin+ a-/i.i/ies an! !o-,1en/s a--or!in+ /o o,r /as/es, 3e in-rease /he 1o/i.a/ion 3hi-h is ne-essar" i2 3e are /o 'earn) Here, /he i1por/an/ /hin+ is /o 0e a0'e /o s/eer a 1i!!'e -o,rse 0e/3een 0,siness an! p'eas,re< kno3in+, 2or e?a1p'e, /ha/ 3ha/ "o, are !oin+ !oes no/ 2,''" -oin-i!e 3i/h /he res,'/s o2 "o,r nee!s ana'"sis (/rans-ri0in+ a son+, 2or ins/an-e, 3hen 3ha/ "o, rea''" 3an/ /o 0e a0'e /o !o is 'is/en /o /he ne3s on /he ra!io* 0,/ /ha/ "o, are !oin+ i/ 2or p'eas,re, 3hi-h 1eans /ha/ "o, 3i'' +e/ so1e/hin+ o,/ o2 i/) A/ /i1es "o, are 0o,n! /o 2ee' /ire! or !is-o,ra+e!D "o, 3i'' o.er-o1e /hese 2ee'in+s 1ore easi'" i2 "o, a''o3 "o,rse'2 a 0i/ o2 2,n) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< - 3he/her /he" !e2ine /heir ai1s in !e/ai' 3hen 0e+innin+ a ne3 /ask or a-/i.i/"D - 3he/her /he" spen! a 2e3 1in,/es a/ /he en! o2 ea-h e?er-ise /hinkin+ a0o,/ 3ha/ has 0een 'earn/ an! ho3 i/ 3i'' -han+e 3ha/ is /o 2o''o3D - 3he/her /he" kno3 3hi-h /asks /he" enAo" an! 3ha/ /he" -an 0e ,se! /o 3ork onD - 3he/her /he" 2ee' +,i'/" a0o,/ !oin+ so1e/hin+ 3hi-h is a1,sin+D - 3he/her /he" 2ee' o0'i+e! /o !o /asks /he" 2in! 0orin+) (See &EF > H Do-,1en/s &8, &;, &=*

@K

here is no idea* work tempo For 1an" peop'e, 'earnin+ is a0o.e a'' a 1a//er o2 or+anisin+ a re+,'ar /i1e-/a0'e o2 3ork) The i!ea o2 re+,'ari/" is o2/en -onsi!ere! a .er" i1por/an/ in+re!ien/ in s,--ess2,' a-:,isi/ion) Ho3e.er, /his is no/ a'3a"s /he -ase) Firs/'", 3hen "o, are 'earnin+ so1e/hin+, i/ is si1p'" no/ a'3a"s possi0'e /o 3ork re+,'ar'", espe-ia''" 2or a!,'/s) So1e 3eeks "o, 1a" ha.e p'en/" o2 2ree /i1e, 0,/ /here are a'so 3eeks 3hen "o, are -o1p'e/e'" sno3e! ,n!er 3i/h Ao0s) hen "o, 3an/ /o 'earn so1e/hin+, "o, A,s/ ha.e /o a--ep/ /hese /hin+s as /he" are, an! so1e/i1es /ha/ -an e.en /,rn o,/ /o 0e an a!.an/a+e) The 1ain /hin+ is /o re-on-i'e /he /i1e a.ai'a0'e 3i/h "o,r o0Ae-/i.es, an! /o -hoose a-/i.i/ies 3hi-h -an 0e 2i//e! in/o /he a1o,n/ o2 /i1e a/ "o,r !isposa') hen "o, ha.e p'en/" o2 /i1e ahea! o2 "o,, "o, -an 0e+in 3orkin+ on /he !e/ai'e! -o1prehension o2 an ar/i-'e, 'ookin+ ,p a'' /he ,nkno3n 3or!s in /he !i-/ionar") hen "o, ha.e on'" a shor/ spe'' o2 /i1e, i/ is 1ore e22i-ien/ /o -hoose /o !o so1e/hin+ 'ike :,i-k +ra11ar !ri''s) Here a+ain, persona' pre2eren-es 3i'' ha.e an in2',en-e< so1e peop'e 3i'' !o,0/'ess pre2er /o 3ork in re'a/i.e'" 'on+ perio!s, 3hi's/ o/hers 3i'' 2in! i/ 0e//er /o 3ork in shor/er, 1ore 2re:,en/ spe''s) O2/en, 3hen 3e /hink a0o,/ 3orkin+ /i1e 3e on'" /ake in/o -onsi!era/ion /hose /i1es 3hen 3e -an +e/ o,/ o,r 0ooks an! -asse//es, si/ !o3n a/ /he /a0'e an! +e/ on 3i/h i/) B,/, in 2a-/, /here are o/her 2ree 1o1en/s 3hi-h -an 0e ,se! /o 3ork< /he /i1e "o, spen! in "o,r -ar, or in /he !en/is/Js or op/i-ianJs 3ai/in+-roo1, 2or e?a1p'e, are po/en/ia' perio!s o2 3ork) Yo, -anJ/ ,se /he1 /o !o e.er"/hin+, 0,/ "o, -an 2in! 3a"s o2 ,sin+ /he1) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" kno3 /heir o3n pre2eren-es as re+ar!s 3ork /e1pos an! /i1esD 3he/her /he" pre2er /o 3ork 2or ha'2 an ho,r e.er" !a", or on e.er" Sa/,r!a" 1ornin+ 2or /hree ho,rs, or A,s/ 3hen /he" 2in! a 2ree 1o1en/D 3he/her /he" so1e/i1es 2in! i/ !i22i-,'/ /o 2inish /he 'earnin+ /ask /he" ha.e -hosen in /he /i1e a.ai'a0'eD 3he/her /he" -an !ra3 ,p a 'is/ o2 /he !i22eren/ /i1es /he" -o,'! ,se, an! o2 /he a-/i.i/ies /he" -o,'! !o !,rin+ /he1)

The 'as/ poin/ /ha/ nee!s /o 0e kep/ in 1in! here is /ha/ perio!s o2 res/ are ,se2,' !,rin+ /he 'earnin+ pro-ess) To p,/ i/ in a n,/she'', e.en 3hen "o, are !oin+ no/hin+, "o, are s/i'' a-:,irin+ /he 'an+,a+e) O0.io,s'", /his i1p'ies /ha/ "o, ha.e !one so1e 3ork 0e2orehan!, 0,/ "o, sho,'! no/ 3orr" /oo 1,-h i2, ha.in+ 3orke! a/ a ra/e 3hi-h s,i/e! "o, 2or /3o 3eeks, "o, /hen 2in! "o,rse'2 2or-e! /o in/err,p/ "o,r 'an+,a+e s/,!" 2or /he ne?/ /3o 3eeks) D,rin+ /his perio! o2 en2or-e! res/ 2ro1 s/,!", "o,r 0rain 3i'' -on/in,e /o 3ork, 1e1orisin+ an! or+anisin+ ne3 kno3'e!+e, so /ha/ 3hen "o, /ake ,p "o,r s/,!ies a+ain, "o, 1a" 0e s,rprise! /o 2in! /ha/ "o, kno3 1ore /han "o, /ho,+h/P Broa!'" speakin+, one -an !o 3ha/ one 3an/s 3hen one 3an/s, an! a/ /he pa-e one 3an/s pro.i!e! /ha/ /hese are in2or1e! -hoi-es) $no3in+ 3ha/ one is !oin+ a/ an" +i.en 1o1en/, 3ha/ nee!s i/ is 1ean/ /o sa/is2", 3here i/ 2i/s in 3i/h /he .ario,s 'earnin+ phases, 3he/her i/ is 1o/i.a/in+ an!, a0o.e a'', 3ha/ -onse:,en-es /hese -hoi-es are +oin+ /o ha.e on /he 'earnin+ pro-ess as a 3ho'e 7 /his is 1,-h 1ore i1por/an/ /han /r"in+ /o 2in! (ine.i/a0'" in .ain* /he so',/ion 3hi-h 3i'' ri! "o, o2 a'' "o,r pro0'e1s 3i/h one 3a.e o2 a 1a+i- 3an!)

@9

"art / $ :ethodo*og6
In se-/ion ; o2 /his -hap/er, 3e -a1e /o /he -on-',sion /ha/ i/ is .er" ,se2,', ne-essar" e.en, /o !is/in+,ish 0e/3een /he 3ork "o, !o /o i1pro.e "o,r -o1prehension an! /he 3ork "o, !o /o i1pro.e "o,r e?pression# In /his se-/ion, "o, 3i'' 2in! 2,r/her !e/ai's on ho3 "o, 1i+h/ +o a0o,/ se'e-/in+ /he a-/i.i/ies, e?er-ises an! 1a/eria's 3i/h 3hi-h "o, are +oin+ /o 'earn) a( Comprehension

Firs/ an! 2ore1os/< i2 "o, 3an/ /o 3ork on ora' -o1prehension (,n!ers/an!in+ /he spoken 'an+,a+e*, "o, 3i'' ha.e /o spen! a/ 'eas/ @IN o2 "o,r s/,!"-/i1e 'is/enin+ /o re-or!in+s on an a,!io- or .i!eo-asse//e) I2 "o, 3an/ /o 3ork on 3ri//en -o1prehension, "o, 3i'' ha.e /o spen! a/ 'eas/ @IN o2 "o,r s/,!"-/i1e rea!in+ 3ri//en !o-,1en/s) This is i1por/an/ (see &EF K););*) $hoosing an activity The a-/i.i/" "o, -hoose /o !o sho,'! -orrespon! /o 3ha/ "o, 3an/ /o 'earn) So "o, sho,'! ask "o,rse'2 2irs/ o2 a'' A,s/ 3ha/ i/ is "o, 3an/ /o i1pro.e, an! /hen ana'"se /he a-/i.i/ies a.ai'a0'e /o "o, /o see i2 /here is one /ha/ is s,i/a0'e) $eepin+ in 1in! /he 2a-/ /ha/ "o, 3an/ /o 'earn /o ,n!ers/an!, s,i/a0'e a-/i.i/ies 3i'' 0e /hose /ha/ sa/is2" se.era' -ri/eria) As 2ar as possi0'e, /he" 3i'' in.o'.e a,/hen/i- !o-,1en/s, 0e-a,se /he" are /he on'" ones in 3hi-h "o, 3i'' 2in! 'an+,a+e ,se! na/,ra''" (see &EF 6)>)=);*) This is 0e-a,se /he" 3ere -rea/e! in or!er /o -o11,ni-a/e so1e/hin+) The peop'e 3ho pro!,-e! /he1 ,se! /he 'an+,a+e na/,ra''", 3i/ho,/ 3orr"in+ a0o,/ ,sin+ on'" /hose 3or!s or r,'es o2 +ra11ar /ha/ par/i-,'ar 'earners are s,ppose! /o kno3) So re-or!e! !o-,1en/s o2 /his kin! a''o3 "o, /o 3ork !ire-/'" on /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e "o, 3an/ /o 'earn /o ,n!ers/an!) E?peri1en/s ha.e sho3n /ha/, as 2ar as ora' -o1prehension is -on-erne!, 'i//'e is /o 0e +aine! 0" ,sin+ si1p'i2ie! re-or!in+s) I/ is ,nne-essar" /o /r" /o ,n!ers/an! e.er"/hin+ in a re-or!in+ ri+h/ 2ro1 /he 0e+innin+) De-i!e, ins/ea!, 3ha/ poin/s "o, are +oin+ /o 3ork on an! s/i-k /o /he1 3i/ho,/ 3orr"in+ a0o,/ e.er"/hin+ "o, ha.e 'e2/ asi!e< "o, -anno/ 'earn e.er"/hin+ in one +o) Moreo.er, so1e a,/hen/i!o-,1en/s in-',!e ai!s o2 .ario,s kin!sD spoken re-or!in+s, 2or e?a1p'e, 1a" 0e pro.i!e! 3i/h a /rans-rip/ (-o1parison /e?/, s,0-/i/'es, e/-)* or e.en a /rans'a/ion (s,0-/i/'es o2 a 2i'1, 2or ins/an-e*) These ai!s 3i'' he'p "o, -orre-/ "o,r 3ork 1ore easi'") One :,es/ion "o, are s,re /o ask "o,rse'2 is 3he/her /he e?er-ise in :,es/ion is eas" or !i22i-,'/ (see &EF K)=);*) The no/ion o2 !i22i-,'/" is a s,0Ae-/i.e one) O2 -o,rse, so1e a-/i.i/ies are 1ore !i22i-,'/ /han o/hers) For e?a1p'e, /rans-ri0in+ a re-or!in+ 3or! 2or 3or! is 1ore !i22i-,'/ /han 'ookin+ 2or o--asiona' 3or!s in iso'a/ion, 1ain'" 0e-a,se i/ re:,ires a 2ar hi+her !e+ree o2 -on-en/ra/ion, 0,/ a'so 0e-a,se /rans-rip/ion is har!'" a na/,ra' a-/i.i/") As 3e sa3 in se-/ion ;, -o1prehension is no/ si1p'" a 1a//er o2 ,n!ers/an!in+ a'' /he 3or!s< a !o-,1en/ 3i'' a'so 0e !i22i-,'/ /o ,n!ers/an! i2 3e !o no/ kno3 an"/hin+ a0o,/ /he s,0Ae-/, or i2 /here are se.era' !i22eren/ speakers, or i2 i/ is -on/ains a kin! o2 'an+,a+e (a hi+h'" 'i/erar" s/"'e, 2or e?a1p'e* 3i/h 3hi-h 3e are ,n2a1i'iar) %o/hin+ is 1ore !i22i-,'/ /han a !o-,1en/ on a /opi- "o, kno3 no/hin+ a0o,/, so /ha/ "o, !o no/ kno3 e.en 3ha/ "o, are /r"in+ /o ,n!ers/an!) This sho3s ho3 i1por/an/ i/ is 2or "o, /o -hoose /e?/s /ha/ s,i/ "o,, 0e-a,se /he" -on/ain /he poin/s "o, 3an/ /o 3ork on, 0e-a,se "o, 'ike /he1 an! 0e-a,se "o, kno3 so1e/hin+ a0o,/ /he s,0Ae-/) This 3i'' he'p "o, /o -'ari2" "o,r o0Ae-/i.es an! 1ake pro+ress) @5

The -o1prehension e?er-ise "o, -hoose 1,s/ re:,ire "o, /o ,n!ers/an! so1e/hin+, so "o, 3i'' ha.e /o +i.e "o,rse'2 an ai1 3hi-h 3i'' +,i!e "o,r rea!in+ or 'is/enin+< CI a1 +oin+ /o 'is/en in or!er /o ) ) )C (o0/ain so1e spe-i2i- pie-e o2 in2or1a/ion, 2or e?a1p'e*) Le/ ,s 'ook in 1ore !e/ai' a/ a 3ri//en -o1prehension e?er-ise 2or 'earners o2 Fren-h, 0ase! on an a,/hen/i/e?/, 3hi-h i'',s/ra/es /he poin/s 3e 3an/ /o 1ake) Les 2U/es !e %oV'< 'es ser.i-es o,.er/s o, 2er1s (2o''o3in+ pa+e* This e?er-ise se/s "o, a n,10er o2 rea'is/i- rea!in+ o0Ae-/i.es) The :,es/ions in /he ri+h/-han! -o',1n re:,ire "o, /o rea! no/ in a 'inear, 3or!-0"-3or! 2ashion, 0,/ in an or+anise! 3a", ,sin+, 2or e?a1p'e, /he hea!in+s, or -er/ain i/e1s 3hi-h are /o 0e 2o,n! in 0o/h /he :,es/ions an! /he /e?/, /o +,i!e "o, /o /he passa+e 3here "o, nee! /o rea! in a 1,-h 1ore !e/ai'e! 3a") Be2ore -hoosin+ a -o1prehension e?er-ise, ,sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3ha/ are /he possi0'e rea!in+ or 'is/enin+ o0Ae-/i.es (no/ A,s/ 3ha/ +ra11a/i-a' poin/s or .o-a0,'ar"* o2 /his e?er-iseD 3ha/ rea!in+ or 'is/enin+ o0Ae-/i.es /he" -an se/ /he1se'.es 2or a /e?/ on /he 0asis o2 i/s hea!in+ or s,0-hea!in+s, or o2 3ha/ /he" a'rea!" kno3 a0o,/ /he s,0Ae-/D 3he/her /he" -an 2or1,'a/e :,es/ions 3hi-h 3i'' se/ /he1 1ore !e/ai'e! rea!in+ or 'is/enin+ o0Ae-/i.es)

$arrying out the tas" On-e "o, ha.e -hosen a /ask 0e-a,se i/ pro.i!es "o, 3i/h s,i/a0'e 'is/enin+ or rea!in+ o0Ae-/i.es, "o, -an 0e+in /o 3ork) This is /he 1o1en/ 3hen "o, a-/,a''" s/ar/ 'earnin+, an! "o, -an no3 0e+in /o prepare "o,r 'is/enin+ or rea!in+ a-/i.i/") $eepin+ in 1in! /he o0Ae-/i.e "o, ha.e -hosen, "o, -an /r" /o pre!i-/ /he o.era'' -on/en/s, or e.en so1e o2 /he spe-i2i- poin/s, o2 3ha/ "o, are a0o,/ /o rea! or hear) This, in /,rn, 1a" he'p "o, /o +,ess so1e o2 /he a-/,a' 3or!s /ha/ 3i'' appear) D,rin+ /his prepara/or" 3ork, "o, are a'rea!" 'earnin+) I2 "o, are 3orkin+ on rea!in+, on-e "o, ha.e /rie! /o pre!i-/ so1e o2 /he i!eas an! /opi-s /ha/ are +oin+ /o appear in "o,r /e?/, "o, -an /,rn !ire-/'" /o /he /e?/ i/se'2) I2 "o, are 3orkin+ on ora' -o1prehension, "o, -an 'ook ,p ne3 /er1s in /he !i-/ionar") hen "o, -hoose an e?er-ise, "o, a'so ha.e /o ask "o,rse'2 A,s/ ho3 "o, are +oin+ /o -arr" i/ o,/) I/ is i1por/an/ /o re1e10er /ha/ ,n!ers/an!in+ is no/ /he sa1e /hin+ as 'earnin+ /o ,n!ers/an!% 0e2ore "o, s/ar/, "o, sho,'! kno3 3he/her "o, 3an/ /o /es/ "o,rse'2 in /he pro-ess (in 3hi-h -ase, o2 -o,rse, i/ is i1por/an/ /o s,--ee! in ,n!ers/an!in+* or 3he/her "o, 3an/ /o 'earn in /he pro-ess (in 3hi-h -ase, "o, 1a" 0e ,ns,--ess2,' in ,n!ers/an!in+ 0,/ s/i'' 'earn so1e/hin+, e.en i2 i/ is on'" /ha/ "o, are no/ "e/ rea!" /o ,n!ers/an! /his kin! o2 !o-,1en/*) For e?a1p'e, !,rin+ 'earnin+ /asks (0,/ no/ /es/in+ /asks* "o, -an rea! /he ans3er-shee/ 0e2ore 'is/enin+ /o /he -asse//e or rea!in+ /he /e?/< /his 3i'' he'p "o, /o i!en/i2" /he poin/s /o prepare an! /o orien/a/e)

6I

WRITTEN COMPREHENSION EXERCISE

A!ap/e! 2ro1< Ecritures 4, &ape''e G), Gre''e/ F), (859I*, Ha-he//e, #aris) IIH5 #a+e ;9 7 LE MO%DE 7 Ven!re!i ;8 !-e10re 85K5 Les f(tes de /o5l < Les ser-ices ou-erts ou fermIs #RESSE 7 Les :,o/i!iens parisiens paraW/ron/ nor1a'e1en/ 'e 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) BA%X4ES 7 Les 0an:,es seron/ 2er1es 'es ',n!i ;> e/ 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) GRA%DS MAGASI%S 7 To,s 'es +ran!s 1a+asins parisiens seron/ 2er1s 'e 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) I's seron/ o,.er/s a,? he,res ha0i/,e''es 'e ',n!i ;>) #)T)T) 7 Le ',n!i ;> !-e10re 'es 0,rea,? !e pos/e seron/ o,.er/s e/ 'e -o,rrier sera !is/ri0,) Les #)T)T) 2on-/ionneron/ !e 'a 1U1e 2aYon :,e 'e sa1e!i) Le 1ar!i ;@ 'es 0,rea,? seron/ 2er1s e/ i' nJ" a,ra pas !e !is/ri0,/ion !e -o,rrier Z !o1i-i'e) To,/e2ois, res/eron/ o,.er/s 'es 0,rea,? :,i 'e son/ ha0i/,e''e1en/ 'e !i1an-he e/ 'e 0,rea, si/, a, -he2-'ie, !e !par/e1en/ (!e 9 he,res Z 8; he,res* :,i ass,reron/ 'es ser.i-es /'phoni:,e e/ /'+raphi:,e, 'a .en/e !es /i10res-pos/e a, !/ai', ainsi :,e, A,s:,JZ 88 he,res, 'a !is/ri0,/ion a, +,i-he/ !es o0Ae/s !e -orrespon!an-e en ins/an-e o, a!resss soi/ pos/e res/an/e, soi/ a,? a0onns !es 0oW/es pos/a'es) R)A)T)#) 7 Ser.i-e r!,i/ !es !i1an-hes e/ Ao,rs 2ris 'e 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) SE&4RITE SO&IALE 7 La -aisse pri1aire !Jass,ran-e 1a'a!ie !e 'a r+ion parisienne in!i:,e :,e 'es +,i-he/s res/eron/ o,.er/s 'e ',n!i ;> !-e10re !ans 'es -en/res !e paie1en/ o, !ans 'es ser.i-es -har+s !e r+'er 'es pres/a/ions a, p,0'i- A,s:,JZ 8> he,res) #o,r 'es prises en -har+e e/ 'es rensei+ne1en/s, ,ne per1anen-e sera ass,re A,s:,JZ 8@h=I) Les -en/res e/ 'es ser.i-es seron/ nor1a'e1en/ o,.er/s a, p,0'i- 'e 1er-re!i ;6 !-e10re) ALLO&ATIO%S FAMILIALES 7 La &aisse !Ja''o-a/ions 2a1i'ia'es !e 'a r+ion parisienne in!i:,e :,e ses +,i-he/s e/ ser.i-es !Ja--,ei' si/,s < 8I-8; e/ 89, r,e Via'a (#aris - 8@[*, 6>69, r,e !, Desso,s-!es-Ber+es (#aris - 8=[*, ;, r,e !e Li\+e (#aris - 5[*, K9, a.en,e !, Gnra'-!e-Ga,''e (Maisons-A'2or/*, /o,r O,es/-&arre2o,r #'e"e' (Sain/-Denis*, =6, a.en,e F)- Jo'io/-&,rie (Gar+es-'es-Gonesse*, 885-8;8 a.en,e J,'es-X,en/in (%an/erre*, /o,r Essor, 8>, r,e S-an!i--i (#an/in*, ;, a.en,e !es #rs (Sain/-X,en/in-en-Y.e'ines* seron/ 2er1s !, ',n!i ;> !-e10re Z 8; he,res a, 1er-re!i 1a/in ;6 !-e10re) &epen!an/, 'e ',n!i ;> !-e10re apr\s-1i!i, 'es -en/res !e !ia+nos/i- e/ !e soins ainsi :,e 'es -'ini:,es !en/aires res/eron/ o,.er/s a,? he,res ha0i/,e''es) M4SEES 7 Le ',n!i ;> !-e10re, 'es 1,ses na/iona,? seron/ o,.er/s, Z 'Je?-ep/ion !, 1,se Jean-Ja-:,es-Henner e/ !, 1,se na/iona' !, -h]/ea, !e Versai''es) Le 1ar!i ;@, /o,s 'es 1,ses na/iona,? seron/ 2er1s, Z 'Je?-ep/ion !, 1,se Jean-Ja-:,es-Henner) Le #a'ais !e 'a !-o,.er/e sera 2er1 'es ',n!i ;> e/ 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) Le &en/re Geor+es-#o1pi!o, sera o,.er/ 'e ',n!i ;>, !e 8; he,res Z ;I he,res e/ 2er1 'e 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) 68

A, 1,se !es ar/s !-ora/i2s, 'e ',n!i ;> !-e10re, 'es e?posi/ions res/eron/ o,.er/es, 'es -o''e-/ions per1anen/es !, 1,se seron/ 2er1es) Le 1ar!i ;@, 'e 1,se e/ 'es e?posi/ions res/eron/ 2er1es) Le 1,se Mar1o//an sera 2er1 'e ',n!i ;> !-e10re e/ o,.er/ 'e 1ar!i ;@) La Bi0'io/h\:,e na/iona'es sera 2er1e 'es ',n!i ;> e/ 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) Les e?posi/ions seron/ 2er1es 'e ;@ !-e10re ,ni:,e1en/) Les 1,ses !e 'Jh^/e' na/iona' !es In.a'i!es (1,ses !e 'JAr1e, !es #'ans-Re'ie2s, D^1e Ro"a' 7 /o10ea, !e 'JE1pere,r* seron/ 2er1s 'e 1ar!i ;@ !-e10re) To,/e2ois, 'Ja--\s Z 'J+'ise Sain/-Lo,is !es In.a'i!es !e1e,rera 'i0re 'e Ao,r !e %oV' A,s:,JZ 8=h=I po,r per1e//re a,? 2i!\'es !Jassis/er Z 'Jo22i-e 1a/ina' (1esse so'enne''e Z 88h=I*) S#E&TA&LES 7 Voir CLe Mon!e !es ar/s e/ !es spe-/a-'es 7 !a/ ;I !-e10re) LOISIRS 7 On pe,/ o0/enir ,ne s'e-/ion !es 'oisirs Z #aris !,ran/ 'a se1aine en appe'an/ 'e K;I-5>-5> (in2or1a/ions en 2ranYais* e/ 'e K;I-99-59 (in2or1a/ions en an+'ais*)

Yo, 'i.e in #aris an! 2rien!s are -o1in+ /o spen! &hris/1as 3i/h "o, (;> an! ;@ De-e10er*, an! "o, 3an/ /o !e-i!e in a!.an-e 3ha/ "o, are +oin+ /o !o /o+e/her) 8) Yo, are s/i'' hesi/a/in+ 0e/3een se.era' possi0i'i/ies< The a2/ernoon o2 ;> De-e10er

M,se Mar1o//an L

M,se !JAr/ Mo!erne L

&h]/ea, !e Versai''es L

&hris/1as Da"

&en/re Geor+es #o1pi!o, L

Lo,.re L

&in1a L

6;

A2/er rea!in+ /his ar/i-'e, 3ha/ are "o, +oin+ /o !e-i!e /o !o on ;> De-e10erL______________________________ on ;@ De-e10erL_____________________________)) ;) Yo, !o no/ rea! /he ne3spaper re+,'ar'", 0,/ "o, 3o,'! 'ike /o kno3 3ha/ 2i'1 /o +o /o see 3i/h "o,r 2rien!s on &hris/1as Da") ha/ -o,'! "o, !o /o 2in! o,/L ____________________________________) =) i'' /he Me/ro 0e open on &hris/1as Da"L (RAT#< Me/ro an! 0,s ser.i-e in /he #aris area* ____________________________________)) >) &an "o, +o /o "o,r 0ank 2or 1one" on /he 1ornin+ o2 ;> De-e10erL ____________________________________)) @) Yo,r 2rien!s 3o,'! 'ike /o +o shoppin+ in /he 0i+ s/ores !,rin+ /heir s/a" in #aris) hen -an /he" +oL ____________________________________) Rea! /he -orre-/ ans3ers 0e2ore 'is/enin+ /o /he -asse//e< /his 3i'' ena0'e "o, /o see /he poin/s 2or 3hi-h "o, nee! /o prepare "o,rse'2 or i/ 3i'' +,i!e "o,r 'is/enin+ or rea!in+) Yo, -an a'so !e-i!e ho3 1an" /i1es "o, are +oin+ /o a''o3 "o,rse'2 /o rea! or 'is/en /o /he !o-,1en/, an! ho3 "o, are +oin+ /o rea! i/ (in/ro!,-/ion 2irs/, or 'as/L The 2irs/ sen/en-es o2 ea-h para+raphL* or 'is/en /o i/ ('i//'e 0" 'i//'e, s/oppin+ 2re:,en/'", ,sin+ /he re3in! s3i/-h, or 'is/enin+ /o /he 3ho'e re-or!in+ ri+h/ /hro,+h /o s/ar/ 3i/hL* To 'earn, "o, ha.e /o 0e rea!" /o !o /hin+s 1ore /han on-e) $no3in+ 3ha/ "o, ha.e /o !o is on'" /he s/ar/in+ poin/ 2or kno3in+ ho3 /o !o i/< /he 1ore one repea/s an e?er-ise, /he 1ore one a-:,ires (in /he sense 3e ha.e ,se! /his /er1 a0o.e* rea' kno3-ho3) So !o no/ hesi/a/e /o !o /he sa1e e?er-ise 1ore /han on-e) In /he sa1e 3a", a sin+'e /ask -an 0e ,se! /3i-e< /o s/ar/ 3i/h, "o, !o i/ /o 'earn) As "o, !o /he e?er-ise, "o, 3i'' !is-o.er /he ne3 i/e1s "o, are /hen +oin+ /o 1e1orise (.o-a0,'ar", e?pressions, 3a"s o2 or+anisin+ a !o-,1en/, e/-)*) B,/ "o, -an !o /he e?er-ise a+ain /o see i2 "o, ha.e 'earn/< /o 3ha/ e?/en/ are "o, no3 a0'e /o ,n!ers/an! i11e!ia/e'" 3ha/ "o, ha.e 0een 'earnin+, or /o 3ha/ e?/en/ !o "o, 2in! i/ easier /o ,n!ers/an!L The 'as/ poin/ /o 0e 1en/ione! here is /ha/ /o i1pro.e "o,r 'e.e' o2 -o1prehension, "o, 3i'' nee! /o ,n!er/ake -er/ain /asks 3hi-h are no/, s/ri-/'" speakin+, -o1prehension a-/i.i/ies) For e?a1p'e, "o, 3i'' nee! /o 1e1orise .o-a0,'ar") Ho3e.er, "o, 3i'' !o so in /er1s o2 -o1prehensionD /ha/ is, "o, ha.e /o 0e a0'e /o re-o+nise /he 3or!s in :,es/ion 3hen /he" are spoken 0" o/her peop'e, 3hi-h 1eans, as 2ar as /he spoken 'an+,a+e is -on-erne!, /ha/ "o, 3i'' ha.e /o re-o+nise /hese 3or!s prono,n-e! 3i/h !i22eren/ a--en/s) To so1e e?/en/, /his is easier /han 2in!in+ 3or!s 3hen "o, 3an/ /o e?press "o,rse'2D 0,/, on /he o/her han!, "o, nee! /o 0e a0'e /o re-o+nise 2ar 1ore 3or!s /han "o, "o,rse'2 3o,'! ,se, 0e-a,se in -o1prehension i/ is no/ "o, 3ho -hooses /he 3or!s, i/ is /he person 3ho is speakin+ /o "o,) Yo, 3i'' a'so nee! /o in-rease "o,r kno3'e!+e on /he .ario,s /opi-s /ha/ "o, 1a" hear or rea! a0o,/) For e?a1p'e, i2 "o, 3an/ /o 'earn /o rea! Fren-h ne3spapers, or /o ,n!ers/an! Ger1ans /a'kin+ a0o,/ /heir !ai'" 'i.es, i/ 3i'' 0e ,se2,' /o kno3 3ha/ sor/ o2 /hin+s are /o 0e 2o,n! in 6=

Fren-h ne3spapers, or /o kno3 !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 /he Ger1an 3a" o2 'i2e) This kin! o2 kno3'e!+e -an o2/en 0e a-:,ire! in "o,r o3n 'an+,a+e, 0" rea!in+ ar/i-'es a0o,/ Ger1an" or Fran-e (see &EF 6)>)6)=*) The 1ore "o, kno3 a0o,/ /he s,0Ae-/ o2 /he !o-,1en/ "o, 3an/ /o ,n!ers/an!, /he 1ore "o, 3i'' 'earn /o ,n!ers/an!) Be2ore 0e+innin+ a -o1prehension e?er-ise, ,sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" nee! /o prepare 2or /he 'is/enin+ e?er-ise 0" 'earnin+ or re.isin+ poin/s o2 .o-a0,'ar"D ho3 /he" 3i'' pro-ee! !,rin+ /he e?er-iseD ho3 1an" /i1es /he" 3i'' rea! or 'is/en /o /he !o-,1en/D 3ha/ /he" 3i'' ,se /o -he-k /heir ans3ersD 3ha/ /he" 3i'' !o a2/er /he" ha.e !one /he e?er-iseD 3he/her /he" 3i'' -hoose /o 1e1orise -er/ain i/e1s o2 .o-a0,'ar"D 3he/her /he" 3i'' !o /he e?er-ise a+ain an!, i2 so, in ho3 1,-h /i1e an! 3he/her in /he sa1e 3a") ;( E+pression

$hoosing activities #eop'e o2/en ha.e 1an" 1ore i!eas 2or e?pression a-/i.i/ies an! /asks /han /he" !o 2or -o1prehension, 'ar+e'" 0e-a,se 3hen 'an+,a+es are /a,+h/ a/ s-hoo' /he e1phasis is o2/en p'a-e! on e?pression, so /ha/ e.er"one has e?perien-e! 1an" !i22eren/ possi0i'i/ies) hen "o, -hoose an" /ask "o,rse'2, /he 1os/ i1por/an/ 2a-/or /o 0ear in 1in! is "o,r o.era'' o0Ae-/i.e, 3hi-h is /o 0e a0'e /o -o11,ni-a/e "o,r i!eas an! e?perien-e /o "o,r in/er'o-,/or) %o3, 1os/ o2 /he /i1e 3e nee! /o e?press /hin+s 3e ha.e ne.er sai! 0e2ore) O2 -o,rse, -er/ain re2'e?es nee! /o 0e-o1e a,/o1a/i-, 0,/ /he" are on'" o2 ,se /o /he e?/en/ /ha/ /he" a''o3 ,s /o -o11,ni-a/e spon/aneo,s'" an! -rea/i.e'") Man" a-/i.i/ies 2or 'earnin+ ora' e?pression -on-en/ra/e on /hese a,/o1a/i- re2'e?es) This is /he -ase 3i/h /he kin!s o2 e?er-ises -a''e! Cs/r,-/,ra' !ri''sC, s,-h as /he one 0e'o3< #,/ /he 2o''o3in+ sen/en-es in/o /he pre/eri/< E?a1p'e< I (s3i1* in /he sea 7 I s3a1 in /he sea He (ea/* an app'e) The" (/a'k* /o /he +ir's) Yo, (3ork* in /he o22i-e) There are 1an" si1i'ar kin!s o2 e?er-ises, an! /he" 3i'' he'p "o, /o 'earn /o pro!,-e +ra11a/i-a''" -orre-/ sen/en-es (see &EF 6)>)K)K* or e.en, in so1e -ases, /he e?pressions 3hi-h are possi0'e in -er/ain kin!s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions<

6>

4se one o2 /he 2o''o3in+ e?pressions /o ask 2or !ire-/ions< E?-,se 1e, -an "o, /e'' 1e_ L &an "o, he'p 1e, p'easeL I nee! /o kno3 ) ) ) Do "o, kno3 ) ) )L For e?a1p'e, /o 2in! o,/ /he /i1e o2 /he ne?/ 0,s /o &hippenha1, "o, -an sa"< &an "o, he'p 1e p'easeL I nee! /o kno3 /he /i1e o2 /he ne?/ 0,s /o &hippenha1) Ask 2or /he 2o''o3in+ pie-es o2 in2or1a/ion) The 3a" /o T3i-kenha1) here Bon! S/) is) Ho3 /o +e/ /o H"!e #ark) These e?pressions are on'" /oo'sD "o, sho,'! a'so 3ork on e?er-ises 3hi-h se/ rea' -o11,ni-a/i.e o0Ae-/i.es) This is /r,e o2 ano/her kin! o2 e?er-ise, o2/en -a''e! ro'e p'a"s, 0e-a,se /he" pro.i!e "o, 3i/h a kin! o2 s-enario 3hi-h "o, ha.e /o a-/ o,/) Ro'ep'a"s -an 0e ei/her .er" shor/< Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< IJ1 sorr" "o, 1isse! /he par/" 'as/ Sa/,r!a") Yo,< (Sa" /ha/ ,n2or/,na/e'" "o, 3ere ,na0'e /o -o1e)* or 1,-h 'on+er< Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< IJ1 sorr" "o, 1isse! /he par/" 'as/ Sa/,r!a") Yo,< (Sa" /ha/ "o, -o,'! no/ -o1e)* Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< Oh !ear, 3ha/ a sha1eP Yo,< (Sa" /ha/ "o,r -ar 0roke !o3n* Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< I hope i/ 3as no/ /oo serio,sP Yo,< (Sa" 3ha/ /he pro0'e1 3as, an! /ha/ i/ has 0een 2i?e!)* Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< Yo, sho,'! ha.e -a''e! 1eP Yo,< (Sa" /ha/ "o, ha! no/ /ho,+h/ o2 /ha/ an! /hank "o,r in/er'o-,/or* Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< I/ 3as a 'o.e'" par/"P Yo,< (Sa" /ha/ "o, are sorr" /o ha.e 1isse! i/)* Yo,r in/er'o-,/or< e'', ne?/ /i1e, 1a"0eP Yo,< (A--ep/ /his s,++es/ion an! /hank "o,r in/er'o-,/or)* These a-/i.i/ies ha.e /he a!.an/a+e o2 'ea.in+ /he or+anisa/ion o2 /he e?pressions ,p /o "o,) So, 2or e?a1p'e, in /he ro'e-p'a" +i.en a0o.e, "o, are s/i'' +oin+ /o ha.e /o ,se /he pre/eri/D 0,/ /his /i1e "o, 3i'' 0e ,sin+ i/ /o sa" /he /hin+s "o, "o,rse'2 3an/ /o sa", 3hereas in /he s/r,-/,ra' !ri'' "o, 3ere 1anip,'a/in+ i/ o,/ o2 -on/e?/)

6@

So1e /asks are easier /han o/hers) I/ is easier /o repea/ a rea!"-1a!e !ia'o+,e /han i/ is /o /a'k on a s,0Ae-/ 3i/ho,/ an" prepara/ion, e.en 2or A,s/ one 1in,/e an! 3hen /he s,0Ae-/ is one "o, kno3 3e'') B,/ 0o/h /"pes o2 e?er-ise ha.e /heir ,ses) Here a+ain, e.er"/hin+ !epen!s on "o,r o0Ae-/i.e) For e?a1p'e, i2 "o, 3an/ /o i1pro.e "o,r in/ona/ion, i/ 1a" 3e'' 0e 1ore e22i-ien/ /o 3ork 3i/h a rea!"-1a!e /e?/ 2or 3hi-h "o, ha.e a re-or!e! 1o!e') Re1e10er, /oo, 3ha/ 3e sa3 in se-/ion =< "o, are +oin+ /o nee! /o !is-o.er /he e?pressions "o, are +oin+ /o 'earn) On-e "o, ha.e 2o,n! /he1 an! -o''e-/e! /he1 /o+e/her, "o, 3i'' 3ork on e?pression in 3a"s /ha/ are 'ess an! 'ess s"s/e1a/i- (see a0o.e*) Ho3e.er, -er/ain kin!s o2 /ask are on'" s,i/a0'e 2or 3orkin+ in a .er" s"s/e1a/i- 3a" on /he i/e1s "o, 3an/ /o a-:,ire (s/r,-/,ra' !ri''s, 2or ins/an-e*, 3hi's/ o/hers (s,-h as ro'e-p'a"s* are 1,-h 1ore 2'e?i0'e) Be2ore s/ar/in+ /o 3ork on an e?pression a-/i.i/" or e?er-ise, ,sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3ha/ spe-i2i- poin/s /he e?er-ise a''o3s /he1 /o 3ork onD ho3 e?a-/'" /hese poin/s -orrespon! /o /heir o0Ae-/i.esD 3ha/ C2ree!o1 o2 e?pressionC /he e?er-ise a''o3s /he1D 3he/her /he" -an -hoose 3hi-h e?pressions /o ,seD 3he/her /he a-/i.i/" is se/ in a -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ionD 3he/her /he sen/en-es /he" ha.e /o -ons/r,-/ are in!epen!en/ o2 one ano/her)

Yo, ha.e 1os/ 2ree!o1 3hen "o,, an! "o, a'one, -an -hoose /o sa" 3ha/ "o, 3an/) This is 3h" "o, sho,'! no/ hesi/a/e /o /a'k /o "o,rse'2) I1a+ine /ha/ "o, are /a'kin+ /o par/i-,'ar peop'e "o, "o,rse'2 ha.e -hosen< /his is ra/her 'ike /hose /op-2'i+h/ spor/s1en an! 3o1en "o, o2/en see on /e'e.ision, 1en/a''" si1,'a/in+ /heir 1o.e1en/s (/he skiers i1a+inin+ /he" are s'a'o1in+ !o3n a s'ope, /he hi+h-A,1pers pra-/isin+ /heir r,n-,p in /heir hea!s, an! so on*) This kin! o2 pra-/i-e -an 0e .er" ,se2,', 0e-a,se 3hen "o, are 0,s" i1a+inin+ /ha/ "o, are /a'kin+, "o, are 0o,n! /o rea'ise 3ha/ "o, -an sa" an! 3ha/ "o, -anno/ "e/ sa", an! /his is +oin+ /o he'p /o +,i!e "o, in "o,r 2,/,re -hoi-e o2 3ork) Moreo.er, /his Ca-/i.i/"C has /he enor1o,s a!.an/a+e /ha/ i/ -an 0e !one an"3here< in /ra22i- Aa1s, in /he !en/is/Js 3ai/in+-roo1, e/This -an 0e /aken 2,r/her, 0e-a,se "o, -an ,se a'' sor/s o2 /hin+s in "o,r s,rro,n!in+s as a 0asis 2or e?pression /asks< s1a'' in-i!en/s /ha/ happen /o "o,, s/ree/ si+ns an! a!.er/ise1en/s, ne3spaper ar/i-'es 7 /he" -an a'' pro.i!e "o, 3i/h /he oppor/,ni/" o2 Csa"in+ 3ha/ "o, 3an/C) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< ha/ /he e.en/s in /heir e.er"!a" 'i.es are /ha/ -o,'! pro.i!e /he1 3i/h /opi-s 2or e?pressionL he/her /he" 3o,'! 0e a0'e /o /a'k a0o,/ /he1 in /he 2orei+n 'an+,a+eL he/her /he" 3an/ /o /r"L) (see &EF >)8);, Ta0'e @*

$arrying out the e%ercises As in /he -ase o2 -o1prehension /asks, /he prepara/or" 3ork "o, !o 0e2ore "o, +e/ !o3n /o /he /ask i/se'2 is i1por/an/) ha/ are /he e?pressions "o, 3ish /o 3ork onL Do "o, nee! /o .eri2" an" r,'es o2 +ra11ar or /he pron,n-ia/ion o2 -er/ain 3or!s 0e2ore "o, s/ar/L Do "o, nee! /o /r" /o an/i-ipa/e 3ha/ "o, are +oin+ /o sa", /o 'ook ,p an" 3or!s in /he !i-/ionar", or /o ask so1eone ho3 /o sa" /his or /ha/L Here a+ain, i/ is 3or/h re1e10erin+ /ha/, 2or so1e /asks, i/ -an 0e .er" ,se2,' /o 'ook a/ /he ans3er-shee/ 0e2ore !oin+ /he e?er-ise< kno3in+ 3ha/ "o, ha.e /o !o he'ps 66

"o, !o i/ 0e//er, espe-ia''" i2 "o, are 'earnin+ so1e/hin+ ra/her /han as-er/ainin+ 3he/her or no/ "o, -an !o so1e/hin+) hi'e "o, are 'earnin+, i/ is i1por/an/ /o !o e?er-ises an! repea/ /he1, 0,/ no/ in A,s/ an" 1anner) Be2ore res/ar/in+, /r" /o assess 3ha/ "o, ha.e !one) This pres,pposes /ha/ 0e2ore "o, !i! /he e?er-ise 2or /he 2irs/ /i1e, "o, !e-i!e! 3ha/ poin/s "o, 3ere +oin+ /o -on-en/ra/e on) In /he -ase o2 /he ro'e-p'a"in+ e?er-ise 3e 'ooke! a/ ear'ier, 2or e?a1p'e, i2 3ha/ "o, 3an/ /o pra-/ise 3as /he ,se o2 /he pre/eri/, /ha/ is /he poin/ "o, 3i'' -on-en/ra/e on 3hen "o, !o /he e?er-ise 2or /he 2irs/ /i1e an! 3hen "o, are preparin+ /o !o i/ a+ain) In or!er /o 0e a0'e /o assess /he 3ork "o, ha.e !one, "o, o0.io,s'" nee! /o keep a re-or! o2 so1e kin!) There are 1an" !i22eren/ 3a"s o2 !oin+ /his< Ao//in+ !o3n ro,+h no/es or askin+ ano/her 'earner /o /ake no/es o2 3ha/ "o, sa", 2or e?a1p'e) B,/, -'ear'", /he 1os/ e22i-ien/ 3a" o2 a'' is /o re-or! onese'2, e.en i2 i/ -an 0e ra/her in/i1i!a/in+, espe-ia''" /o s/ar/ 3i/h) On'" a re-or!in+ a''o3s "o, /o hear 3ha/ "o, rea''" sai! in i/s 2,'', spoken 2or1) Doin+ /he ro'e-p'a" a+ain, on-e "o, ha.e 0een /hro,+h an! -orre-/e! "o,r 2irs/ a//e1p/, 3i'' he'p /o 1ake /hin+s +o 1ore a,/o1a/i-a''" an! in a 1,-h 1ore re3ar!in+ 3a" /han /he s,per2i-ia''" a,/o1a/i- re2'e?es in!,-e! 0" repe/i/ion e?er-ises) Repea/in+ a /ask !oes no/ 1ean !oin+ e?a-/'" /he sa1e /hin+ /3i-e) For e?a1p'e, in /he -ase o2 /he ro'e-p'a", "o, 1i+h/ .ar" so1e aspe-/ o2 /he -on/e?/, 0" i1a+inin+ "o, are speakin+ /o a !i22eren/ person, 0" +oin+ in/o +rea/er !e/ai', or 0" /r"in+ /o speak 'ess 2or1a''", 2or ins/an-e, or in a 1ore re'a?e! 3a", or 1ore rapi!'", 3i/h 2e3er 3or!s or 2e3er hesi/a/ions) An! "o, -an .ar" "o,r 3orkin+ 1e/ho!< /he se-on! /i1e, !o no/ prepare 3ha/ "o, are +oin+ /o sa" in a!.an-e, or prepare i/ on'" in o,/'ine, 2or e?a1p'e) Las/'", repea/in+ an e?er-ise -an 1ean /es/in+ "o,rse'2 0" askin+, CDo I kno3 ho3 /o !o i/L Ho3 !i! I !oLC In /his -ase, i/ -an 0e .er" i1por/an/ /o 3ork in -on!i/ions /ha/ are as rea'is/i- as possi0'e) This is 3hen "o, 3i'' ha.e /o !e-i!e 3he/her "o, 3i'' a''o3 "o,rse'2 /o prepare in a!.an-e or no/, or 3he/her "o, are a''o3e! /o 1ake 1is/akes or no/) Be2ore 0e+innin+ an ora' e?pression e?er-ise, ,sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" nee! /o prepare 2or /he e?er-ise 0" 'earnin+ or re.isin+ -er/ain poin/s o2 .o-a0,'ar" or +ra11ar (see &EF 6)>)K*, or -er/ain 3a"s o2 e?pressin+ /he1se'.esD ho3 /he" are +oin+ /o pro-ee! 3i/h /he e?er-ise< 0" 'ookin+ a/ /he ans3er-shee/ 0e2ore s/ar/in+, 0" 1akin+ ro,+h no/es, or 0" re-or!in+ /he1se'.esD ho3 1an" /i1es 3i'' /he" repea/ /he e?er-ise, an! 3ha/ ai!s 3i'' /he" a''o3 /he1se'.es /o ,se)

"art . $ Assessment 7see CEF, chapter ), a;*e , 0 /, sca*es 0 ., sca*es 0 58

Assess1en/ is an in/e+ra' par/ o2 a-:,irin+ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) In o/her 3or!s, 2ar 2ro1 0ein+ a 2ina' s/ep, a A,!+e1en/ passe! (o2/en 0" so1eone e'se* on so1e/hin+ /he 'earner has 2inishe! !oin+, sho,'! o--,r /hro,+ho,/ /he 'earnin+ pro-ess) As 3e sa3 in se-/ion = a0o.e, errors p'a" an essen/ia' par/ in /he pro-ess< /he i!ea /ha/ a +oo! 'earner ne.er 1akes 1is/akes is -o1p'e/e'" 3ron+) A +oo! 'earner is a 'earner 3ho -an /e'' 3ha/ he or she !oes no/ kno3 ho3 /o !o a/ an" +i.en 1o1en/, an! 3ho ,ses /his assess1en/ /o pro+ress, /o i!en/i2" 3ha/ re1ains /o 0e 'earn/) So assessin+ "o,rse'2 is no/ so 1,-h a 1a//er o2 spo//in+ "o,r 1is/akes an! -orre-/in+ /he1 as o2 6K

re+,'ar'" 1oni/orin+ 3ha/ "o, ha.e 'earn/ or a-:,ire!) %or is assess1en/ an a-/i.i/" /ha/ /akes p'a-e 0e"on! /he 'earnerJs -on/ro'< i/ is ,p /o 'earners /o 1oni/or /heir 3ork -ons/an/'") 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" ha.e a'rea!" A,!+e! /heir 3ork -o1p'e/e'" !i22eren/'" 2ro1 /he 3a" /heir /ea-her has A,!+e! i/D 3ha/ /he !i22eren-es 3ereD 3he/her /he" ha.e a'rea!" 2o,n! s/ra/e+ies 2or i!en/i2"in+ /heir 1is/akes an!, i2 so, 3ha/ kin!s o2 s/ra/e+"D 3he/her /he" app'" /he1 as /he" +o a'on+, or on'" on-e /he e?er-ise is 2inishe!D 3he/her /he" o2/en 1a!e /he sa1e 1is/akes, an! 3ha/ /he" -o,'! !o /o pre.en/ /he1)

For /hese reasons, assess1en/ is no/ a responsi0i'i/" "o, -an 'ea.e /o so1eone e'se) The kin! o2 assess1en/ /ha/ is essen/ia' 2or 'earnin+ an! a-:,isi/ion is ne-essari'" persona' an! in!i.i!,a') This is 3h" i/ is o2/en -a''e! se'2-assess1en/< i/ has /o 0e -arrie! o,/ 0" /he person 3ho is !oin+ /he 'earnin+ (see &EF 5)=)8)=*) hen 'earners assess /he res,'/s o2 /heir o3n 3ork, /he" are in no sense -hea/in+, 0e-a,se /he" are /he on'" peop'e 3ho ha.e /he in2or1a/ion essen/ia' 2or ana'"sin+ /he res,'/s -orre-/'") In "o,r o3n -ase, 2or e?a1p'e, "o, are /he on'" one 3ho kno3s "o,r persona' o0Ae-/i.es an! nee!s (see &EF 5); H 5)=*) Se'2-assess1en/ nee!s /o 0e re+,'ar so /ha/ "o, -an -han+e -o,rse i2 "o, 2in! /here is a 1is1a/-h 0e/3een 3ha/ "o, /ho,+h/ "o, 3ere !oin+ an! 3ha/ "o, 2in! "o, are !oin+) I/ a''o3s "o, -ons/an/'" /o re!e2ine an! -'ari2" "o,r o0Ae-/i.es as "o, pro-ee! 3i/h "o,r 3ork) Learnin+ is no/ a 1a//er o2 0'in!'" 2o''o3in+ a sin+'e pa/hD i/ is /he in2or1a/ion pro.i!e! 0" "o,r se'2-assess1en/ /ha/ ena0'es "o, /o a!A,s/ "o,r ro,/e a--or!in+ /o .aria/ions in "o,r o0Ae-/i.es, nee!s, 3ishes, e/-) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3ha/ /heir o0Ae-/i.es in 'earnin+ 2orei+n 'an+,a+es are an! in 3ha/ si/,a/ions /he" 3i'' 0e ,sin+ /he1 (see se-/ion I, C%ee!s Ana'"sisC*D ho3 /he" 3i'' ,se /heir ans3ers /o /hese :,es/ions /o +,i!e /heir -hoi-e o2 se'2assess1en/ /e-hni:,es an! /opi-s)

As 3e ha.e seen, an" kin! o2 a-:,isi/ion i1p'ies se'2-assess1en/) B,/ 0esi!es se'2-assess1en/, 3hi-h is in/erna' an! persona', /here 1a" 0e o/her /"pes o2 assess1en/) One o2 /he 1os/ -o11on is -er/i2i-a/ion, s,-h as a A,!+e1en/ passe! a/ a +i.en 1o1en/ 0" an ins/i/,/ion ,n-onne-/e! 3i/h /he 'earner) &er/i2i-a/ion is ,s,a''" /he res,'/ o2 an e?a1ina/ion) I2, 3hen "o, are 'earnin+ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, "o,r o0Ae-/i.e is /o pass an e?a1ina/ion, "o, nee! /o /ake in/o a--o,n/ /he -on/en/s o2 /he e?a1ina/ion (/"pes o2 e?er-ise, ski''s /es/e!, e?a1inerJs e?pe-/a/ions, e/-)* in se'e-/in+ "o,r 3orkin+ o0Ae-/i.es, /hen 2o-,s "o,r o3n assess1en/ on ho3 2ar "o, are s,--ee!in+ in 1ee/in+ /he e?a1ina/ion re:,ire1en/s (see &EF 9)= H 9)>*) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" 3ish /o /ake an e?a1ina/ion an!, i2 so, 3ha/ kin! o2 s"''a0,s is in.o'.e!L

Ho3e.er, "o, 1,s/ no/ /hink /ha/ se'2-assess1en/ is si1p'" a 1a//er o2 se//in+ "o,rse'2 an e?a1ina/ion o2 /he kin! 3hi-h ins/i/,/ions an! /ea-hers are responsi0'e 2or or+anisin+) There are 0o,n! /o 0e -onsi!era0'e !i22eren-es, 0e-a,se /he 'earner 3an/s /o kno3 ho3 3e'' he is 'earnin+, 69

no/ si1p'" 3ha/ he has a-:,ire!) CA1 I 0e-o1in+ a 0e//er 'earnerLC is no/ a/ a'' /he sa1e :,es/ion as C ha/ ha.e I 'earn/LC &apa-i/" an! 'e.e' sho,'! no/ 0e -on2,se!) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3he/her /he" are 1akin+ pro+ress in /er1s o2 /heir 'earnin+ a0i'i/"DL 3he/her, as 'earners, /he" are 0e-o1in+ 1ore e22i-ien/ in /er1s o2 /heir 'in+,is/ikno3'e!+e an! ski''s)

Ho3 -an one assess oneJs o3n 3orkin+ 1e/ho!s an! res,'/sL Firs/'", 0" e1p'o"in+ /he 3i!es/ possi0'e ran+e o2 /e-hni:,es an! -ri/eria) There is no one sin+'e /es/ /ha/ -an assess pron,n-ia/ion, .o-a0,'ar", +ra11ar, -o11,ni-a/i.e pra-/i-es, -o1prehension, e?pression, 3ri/in+, speakin+, e/-) Se-on!'", "o, ha.e /o 0e a0'e /o !is/in+,ish 0e/3een a n,10er o2 !i22eren/ poin/s) ha/ e?a-/'" are "o, +oin+ /o assessL Is i/ /he 3a" -er/ain r,'es o2 s/r,-/,re are app'ie!, s,-h as ho3 /o -ons/r,-/ a +ra11a/i-a' sen/en-e ,sin+ C!oCL Or is i/ /he 3a" in 3hi-h -er/ain r,'es o2 ,se are app'ie! in .ario,s -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ions, s,-h as ho3 /o +ree/ so1eone "o, !o no/ kno3, ho3 /o 1ake a pro1ise /o a 2rien!, 0ar+ain in a shop or /e'' a Aoke, ho3 /o 0e po'i/e or ho3 /o /ease, an! so on) &hoosin+ 3ha/ "o, are +oin+ /o assess is no/ so1e/hin+ /ha/ is !one in a .a-,,1< "o, ha.e /o !o i/ on /he 0asis o2 /he o0Ae-/i.es "o, ha.e -hosen) I/ is /here2ore i1por/an/ /o assess 3he/her "o, are ,sin+ /he 'an+,a+e in a 3a" 3hi-h is appropria/e /o /he si/,a/ion, /o "o,r o0Ae-/i.es an! /o /he so-ia' re'a/ionship in :,es/ion) There is 'i//'e poin/ in 'earnin+ a 'is/ o2 ani1a'sJ na1es or preparin+ /o +i.e a p,0'i- 'e-/,re ,n'ess /hese are /hin+s "o, rea''" nee! /o kno3) Conc*usion< For 'earnin+ p,rposes, /he 0es/ assess1en/ is a'3a"s se'2-assess1en/)

"art 3 $ Learning st6*es 7see CEF 3(# 0 4()(#8

%o/ e.er"0o!" 'earns in /he sa1e 3a") There are /hose 3ho 'ike /o ha.e an o.era'' .ie3 0e2ore +e//in+ !o3n /o !e/ai's an! /hose 3ho 'ike /o +o s/ep 0" s/ep, /hose 3ho 'ike r,'es an! /hose 3ho pre2er e?a1p'es, /hose 3ho 'ike /o /ake risks an! /hose 3ho pre2er /o a.oi! /he1, /hose 3ho 'ike /o 2o''o3 a hi+h'" or+anise! -o,rse 3i/h a -are2,''" s/r,-/,re! s"''a0,s an! /hose 3ho 'ike /o i1pro.ise or /o -han+e /opi- or /ask .er" o2/en) An!, o2 -o,rse, /here are /hose (perhaps /he 1aAori/"* 3ho !o a'' /hese /hin+s a/ !i22eren/ /i1es, !epen!in+ on /he 1oo! /he" are in, 3he/her /he" 2ee' /ire! or no/, /heir pre.io,s e?perien-e, /he kin! o2 /ask in :,es/ion, /heir reso,r-es an! /heir o0Ae-/i.es) So i/ is -'ear /ha/ /here are 1an" !i22eren/ approa-hes /o 'earnin+ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, 1an" !i22eren/ 'earnin+ s/"'es) There is no sin+'e i!ea' s/"'e< 1an" !i22eren/ peop'e 1ana+e /o 'earn 2orei+n 'an+,a+es e.en /ho,+h /he" ha.e .er" !i22eren/ 'earnin+ s/"'es) An! an in!i.i!,a' 1a" ha.e a 3i!er or narro3er ran+e o2 'earnin+ s/"'es) B,/ i/ see1s reasona0'e /o /hink /ha/ /he 1ore !i22eren/ approa-hes "o, ha.e, /he +rea/er "o,r -han-es 3i'' 0e o2 2in!in+ one /ha/ is e22i-ien/ or appropria/e 2or a-hie.in+ a par/i-,'ar o0Ae-/i.e)

65

To 0e as s,--ess2,' as possi0'e in 'earnin+ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, "o, ha.e /o kno3 0o/h 3ha/ s,i/s "o, (3ha/ "o,r pre2erre! 'earnin+ s/"'es are* an! 3ha/ kin!s o2 approa-hes e?is/) So "o, 3i'' ha.e /3o 1ain ai1s< i!en/i2"in+ "o,r o3n 'earnin+ s/"'es an! in-reasin+ /he ran+e o2 s/"'es "o, -an -a'' on) As re+ar!s i!en/i2"in+ "o,r o3n pre2eren-es, "o, -o,'! s/ar/ 0" askin+ "o,rse'2 3ha/ kin!s o2 /asks "o, 'ike /o !o, an! 3ha/ kin!s "o, !is'ike) B,/ "o, sho,'! no/ A,s/ s/i-k /o "o,r ,s,a' /asks, 0e-a,se /here 1a" 0e a 1is1a/-h 0e/3een "o,r 3orkin+ ha0i/s (3hi-h are ,s,a''" /hose a-:,ire! a/ s-hoo'* an! "o,r persona' s/"'e) In an" -ase, "o, -anno/ hope /o in-rease /he n,10er o2 approa-hes a.ai'a0'e /o "o, ,n'ess "o, /r" o,/ a'' kin!s o2 !i22eren/ /asks) As /he sa"in+ +oes< pra-/i-e 1akes per2e-/) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ ask /he1se'.es< 3ha/ /asks, a-/i.i/ies or e?er-ises /he" 'ikeH!is'ikeD(See &EF K)=)8);* 3he/her /he" are in /he ha0i/ o2 /hinkin+ a0o,/ /he 3a" in 3hi-h /he" 3orkD 3he/her /he" 'ike 'earnin+ r,'es or e?a1p'esD 3he/her /he" pre2er /o 3ork on one /hin+ a/ a /i1eD 3he/her /he" are 3i''in+ /o !o /asks or a-/i.i/ies /he" 2in! 0orin+D 3he/her /he" /r" /o +e/ an o.era'' .ie3 0e2ore s/ar/in+ an a-/i.i/" or /askD 3he/her /he" 'ike +oin+ in/o !e/ai'sD 3he/her /he" are in /he ha0i/ o2 p'annin+ se.era' s/,!" sessions in a!.an-e, or 3he/her /he" !e-i!e a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 ea-h sessionD 3he/her /he" pre2er /o 3ork in a +ro,p or a'oneD 3he/her /he" 3ork s/ri-/'" a--or!in+ /o /heir i11e!ia/e nee!s, or 3he/her /he" so1e/i1es !o an a-/i.i/" or /ask A,s/ 2or 2,n or 0e-a,se i/ is in/eres/in+) EC!N%?UE':

'O:E 'ELF>A''E'':EN 8) ;)

Yo, -an -hoose /o /ake /es/s, 2i'' in :,es/ionnaires, e/-) /ha/ ha.e 0een prepare! 2or /his p,rpose 0" o/her peop'e) Yo, -an -hoose /o -arr" o,/ an a-/i.i/" or /ask prepare! 0" so1eone e'se 2or a p,rpose o/her /han assess1en/, as i2 i/ 3ere a /es/, e/-)

E,a&ple% Yo, !o a +ra11ar e?er-ise 3i/ho,/ -ons,'/in+ /he r,'es or e?a1p'es pro.i!e!, /hen "o, -orre-/ "o,r 3ork an! +i.e "o,rse'2 a 1ark) =) Yo, -an !e.ise a /es/ "o,rse'2, or prepare a /ask "o, -an ,se 2or se'2-assess1en/, or "o, -an ,se /es/s or /asks pro!,-e! 0" ano/her 'earner)

E,a&ples% Yo, -o.er ,p /he C/rans'a/ionsC o2 a .o-a0,'ar" 'is/) Yo, prepare a /es/ 0" 0'o//in+ o,/ 3or!s on /he pho/o-op" o2 an ar/i-'e or /rans-rip/, an! a 'i//'e 'a/er "o, !o /he e?er-ise an! -o1pare "o,r res,'/s 3i/h /he ori+ina' /e?/) Yo, ans3er ora' -o1prehension :,es/ions /ha/ ha.e 0een prepare! 0" a 2rien!) >) Yo, -an repea/ an e?er-ise /ha/ "o, ha.e a'rea!" !one so1e /i1e ear'ier, /o see i2 i/ no3 see1s easier, or 1ore !i22i-,'/, an! in 3ha/ 3a"s)

KI

@)

Yo, -an keep a !iar", 3here "o, no/e !o3n a'' /he pro0'e1s "o, ha.e en-o,n/ere! !,rin+ "o,r 3ork (3he/her "o, ha.e so'.e! /he1 or no/*, as 3e'' as "o,r o3n A,!+e1en/s, 2ee'in+s an! i1pressions a0o,/ "o,r 3ork) B" re-rea!in+ "o,r !iar" re+,'ar'", "o, 3i'' 0e a0'e /o see ho3 "o,r 3ork is pro+ressin+) Yo, -an arran+e /o ha.e -on.ersa/ions 3i/h a na/i.e speaker (or !o si1,'a/ions 3i/h ano/her 'earner, or e.en a'one* 3hi-h "o, re-or! an! /hen 3ork o.er a+ain 'a/er)

6)

E,a&ple% A 'earner 3ho 3an/s /o i1pro.e his or her pron,n-ia/ion an! e?pression -an e?a1ine re-or!in+s o2 -on.ersa/ions 0" askin+ hi1se'2 or herse'2 s,-h :,es/ions as< C hen !i! I ha.e /o repea/ /hin+sLC C ha/ sor/s o2 /hin+s !i! I ha.e /o repea/LC CHo3 1an" /i1es !i! /he person I 3as speakin+ /o see1 no/ /o ,n!ers/an! 1eLC C ha/ -orre-/ions, -ri/i-is1s or re1arks !i! /he person 1akeLC K) Yo, -an 1eas,re so1e spe-i2i- aspe-/ o2 "o,r 'in+,is/i- or -o11,ni-a/i.e a0i'i/ies)

E,a&ples% Yo, -an /i1e ho3 'on+ i/ /akes "o, /o +e/ /he +is/ o2 a 3ri//en /e?/ or re-or!in+) Yo, -an -o,n/ ho3 1an" /i1es "o, ha! /o ,se /he !i-/ionar" or /he re3in! 0,//on on "o,r -asse//e re-or!er) Yo, -an !ra3 ,p a 'is/ o2 "o,r 2a.o,ri/e 1is/akes) 9) Ra/her /han /r"in+ /o assess "o,r o3n per2or1an-e, "o, -an /r" /o A,!+e /he rep'ies an! rea-/ions o2 "o,r in/er'o-,/ors< 3ere /he" appropria/e, sa/is2a-/or", -'earL

E,a&ples% Di! I +e/ 1" 1one" 0a-kL Di! I 2in! /he s/ree/ I 3as 'ookin+ 2orL Di! /he" /hank 1eL Di! I 1ake hi1 'a,+hL Di! I 1ana+e /o 1ake an appoin/1en/L 5) Yo, -an -o1pare "o,rse'2 3i/h o/her 'earners, or ask o/her 'earners /o assess "o,r 3ork 2or "o,)

E,a&ples% A 'earner 3ho is a 1e10er o2 a +ro,p -an ask hi1se'2 or herse'2< A1 I a/ /he sa1e 'e.e' as Marie-JosL A1 I 0e+innin+ /o -a/-h ,p 3i/h SophieL Is #hi'ip 0e//er /han 1eL In 3ha/ re+ar!sL h"L The +ro,p -an Aoin/'" assess /he +enera' 'e.e' or a spe-i2i- e22or/ o2 one o2 i/s 1e10ers) 8I) In/rospe-/ion< "o, -an ask "o,rse'2 :,es/ions a0o,/ .ario,s e1o/iona' an! ps"-ho'o+i-a' aspe-/s o2 "o,r 3ork or per2or1an-es<

K8

E,a&ples% A1 I s/i'' as ner.o,s 3hen I ,se /he phoneL Do I 2ee' I a1 1akin+ 1"se'2 ,n!ers/oo! 1ore easi'"L Do I /rans'a/e 2ro1 1" 1o/her /on+,e 'ess o2/enL h" is i/ easier 2or 1e /o speak 0e//er Fren-h /o Jean /han /o MarieL

K;

K=

C!A" ER ) $ GU%&ANCE O EAC!ER' AN& LEARNER'

A6 'ean &e-itt The +,i!e a/ /his poin/ 1o.es i/s 2o-,s on/o /ea-hers in /he -'assroo1 an! /heir 'earners) These are, a2/er a'', /he peop'e a/ /he hear/ o2 /he 3ho'e 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess) I/ 3as !e-i!e! /o prepare /he se-/ion 2or 0o/h +ro,ps /o+e/her, 3i/h /he 1ain p,rpose 0ein+ /o pro.i!e /ea-hers 3i/h s,++es/ions as /o ho3 /o 1e!ia/e /he i!eas o2 &EF /o /heir 'earners) The 3ho'e +,i!e, in 2a-/, is 1ean/ /o 0e rea! 0" /ea-hers in /he -'assroo1, as 3e'' as 0" /ea-her /rainers) I/ is in/en!e! 2or a'' sor/s o2 /ea-hers 3orkin+ in a'' sor/s o2 -on!i/ions ,n!er a +rea/ .arie/" o2 -ons/rain/s an! 3i/h 3i!e'" !i22eren/ se/s o2 o0Ae-/i.es) The a//a-he! :,es/ions an! /asks -anno/ /here2ore a'' app'" /o a'' /ea-hers a'' /he /i1e) Ho3e.er, /he :,es/ions pose! an! /he /asks se/ 1a" he'p /o i!en/i2" pro0'e1 areas in /he s"s/e1s in 3hi-h /ea-hers 3ork so /ha/ /he" -an 1ake represen/a/ions 2or re2or1) Tea-hers 1,s/ !e-i!e 2or /he1se'.es 3hi-h par/s are re'e.an/ /o /he1 an! 3hi-h :,es/ions an! /asks are appropria/e) I/ is possi0'e /ha/ /here 3i'' 0e 1an" /ea-hers 3ho 3i'' no/ ha.e /he /i1e /o rea! &EF , or 3ho 2ee' /ha/ &EF is A,s/ /oo -o1p'e?# I/ 1a" a'so 0e /he -ase /ha/ /he" si1p'" !o no/ ha.e /he /i1e /o re2'e-/ on /heir o3n 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+, on what the6 are doing, or on how or wh6 /he" are !oin+ i/) For /hese /he +,i!e 1a" a-/ as a kin! o2 vade&ecu&# This se-/ion o2 i/ is spe-i2i-a''" !esi+ne! in s,-h a 3a" as /o en-o,ra+e an! he'p /ea-hers /o re2'e-/ 1ore on 3ha/ /he" are !oin+ an! so 1ake /heir o0Ae-/i.es -'ear an! /heir 1e/ho!s an! assess1en/ -onsis/en/ 3i/h /he1) I/ se/s o,/ /o re!,-e as 1,-h as possi0'e o2 &EFEs apparen/ -o1p'e?i/" 0" pro.i!in+ /asks an! :,es/ions in a n,10er o2 ke" areas /ha/ 3i'' he'p /ea-hers /o 3ork o,/ 2or /he1se'.es in a!.an-e /he -o1ponen/sH2a-e/s o2 'an+,a+e ,se /ha/ are 0ein+ !is-,sse! in /he 1ain !o-,1en/) Ha.in+ !one /ha/ /he" 1a" 0e in a 0e//er posi/ion /o !is-,ss /hese iss,es 3i/h /heir 'earners) I/ is -er/ain'" ,n'ike'" /ha/ 'an+,a+e *earners 3i'' ha.e ei/her /he /i1e or /he oppor/,ni/" /o rea! &EFD in an" -ase /he" 3o,'! pro0a0'" 2in! 1,-h o2 i/ /oo !i22i-,'/ an! /e-hni-a') For /his reason, a se/ o2 3orkshee/s8 re'a/e! /o /he !i22eren/ iss,es 3i'' 0e 2o,n! a/ /he en! o2 /he se-/ion) These !ea' 3i/h 0o/h 'earnersE 2irs/ 'an+,a+e an! /he 'an+,a+e(s* /he" are 0ein+ /a,+h/ in s-hoo') The p,rpose o2 /he 3orkshee/s is /o ena0'e /ea-hers /o he'p 'earners /o 0e-o1e a3are o2 3ha/ /he" !o 3hen /he" ,se /heir o3n 'an+,a+e, so /ha/ /he" 3i'' 0e 1ore a3are o2 /he iss,es in.o'.e! 3hen /he" se/ a0o,/ 'earnin+ ano/her 'an+,a+e) This a3areness o2 'an+,a+e an! o2 'an+,a+e ,se is s/resse! ri+h/ /hro,+ho,/ &EF as par/ o2 /he o.era'' !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he person) The se-/ion is 1a!e ,p o2 a n,10er o2 s,0se-/ions, ea-h o2 3hi-h -an 0e -onsi!ere! as a ,ni/) On'" a 'i1i/e! n,10er o2 /he iss,es !ea'/ 3i/h in &EF are -o.ere!;) Ea-h ,ni/ 0e+ins 3i/h a !is-,ssion o2 /he re'e.an/ se-/ion(s* o2 &EF) This is 2o''o3e! 0" an ana'"sis o2 oneEs o3n 'an+,a+e in so1e !e/ai', ,sin+ /he /er1s o2 &EF) There 2o''o3s a si1i'ar ana'"sis o2 /he sa1e iss,es as /he" re'a/e /o a se-on! or 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) This se-/ion is !i22eren/ 2ro1 /he res/ o2 /he +,i!e in /ha/, as 3e'' as :,es/ions, -er/ain /asks are propose! as a 1eans o2 re2'e-/in+ 1ore 1eanin+2,''" on /he iss,es 0ein+ !is-,sse!) I/ is s,++es/e! /ha/, ha.in+ !one /hose /asks /ha/ heHshe -onsi!ers re'e.an/Hhe'p2,', /he rea!er sho,'! +o /o /he re'e.an/ se-/ion o2 &EF an! -onsi!er /he :,es/ions /ha/ appear a/ /he en! o2 i/) A/ /ha/ poin/ i/ 1a" 0e 2easi0'e /o /ake /i1e /o !is-,ss /he iss,es in.o'.e! 3i/h /he 'earners, ,sin+ /he 3orkshee/s as par/ o2 /he pro-ess) I2, as a
8

The 3orkshee/s are in/en!e! as pho/o-opia0'e 1a/eria's /ha/ 3i'' +i.e 'earners a--ess /o /he i!eas an! -on-ep/s !e.e'ope! in /he Fra&ewor$) O0.io,s'" "o, 3i'' nee! /o a!ap/ an! e!i/ /he1 2or "o,r par/i-,'ar se/ o2 'earners) ; In /his shor/ se-/ion o2 /he +,i!e &hap/ers >, @, 9, an! 5 are !ea'/ 3i/h in !e/ai' as ha.in+ /he 1os/ i11e!ia/e re'e.an-e /o e.er"!a" /ea-hin+H'earnin+) &hap/ers 8 /o =, an! 6, on /he o/her han!, 1,s/ 0e -onsi!ere! essen/ia' pre'i1inar" rea!in+)

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res,'/ o2 /his pro-ess, /ea-hers an! 'earners !e-i!e /o e?a1ine /heir .ie3s a0o,/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ an! ho3 /he" +o a0o,/ i/, /hen /his se-/ion o2 /he +,i!e 3i'' ha.e 2,'2i''e! i/s p,rpose)

"art # $ Aspects of communication 7CEF /, sections /(# to /(/8

CEF, -hap/er >, !ea's 3i/h 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e ,serH'earner) This ,ni/ -o.ers /he 2irs/ 2o,r se-/ions o2 /he -hap/er< /he -on/e?/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se, -o11,ni-a/ion /he1es, -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks an! p,rposes, an! -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies an! s/ra/e+ies=) The 3or! -o11,ni-a/ion, has /3o par/s, &OM 3hi-h 1eans /o+e/her an! 4%I 3hi-h 1eans one, so -o11,ni-a/ion nor1a''" in.o'.es a/ 'eas/ /3o peop'e, 1e an! /he o/her, 0ein+ 0ro,+h/ /o+e/her in/o one share! spa-e) O0.io,s'", 2or -o11,ni-a/ion in 3hi-h 3e are in.o'.e!, 3e are one o2 /he ke" -o1ponen/sD so a'so is /he o/her, 7 /he person(s* 3i/h 3ho1 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+, -a''e! /he in/er'o-,/or(s*) B,/ /he share! spa-e is a'so i1por/an/D 0o/h par/ners 1,s/ 0e on /he sa1e 3a.e'en+/h) So, i/ is no/ A,s/ 3ho /he par/ners in -o11,ni-a/ion are in +enera' /ha/ is i1por/an/, 0,/ 3ha/ ea-h is /hinkin+, 2ee'in+, re1e10erin+, e/-) a/ /he 1o1en/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) Se-/ion >)8 o2 -hap/er > +i.es !e/ai's o2 /he conte+ts in 3hi-h -o11,ni-a/ion /akes p'a-e - /he 3here an! /he 3ho) e +enera''" /hink o2 si/,a/ions as asso-ia/e! 3i/h par/i-,'ar p'a-es, s,-h as ho1e, s/ree/, s-hoo', 0ank, pos/-o22i-e, e/-) Ho3e.er, /hese -an 0e +ro,pe! /o+e/her in/o 0roa!er !o1ains 7 pri.a/e, p,0'i-, 3ork, e!,-a/iona', e/-) i/hin ea-h o2 /hese !o1ains /here are !i22eren/ ins/i/,/ions, 2or e?a1p'e, /he 2a1i'" in /he pri.a/e !o1ain, /he s-hoo' a,/hori/ies in /he e!,-a/iona' !o1ain) In ea-h !o1ain an! 2or ea-h ins/i/,/ion, /here are !i22eren/ peop'e an! !i22eren/ o0Ae-/s in.o'.e! (in s-hoo', 2or e?a1p'e, /ea-hers, -'ass1a/es, on /he one han!, an! 0ooks, s-hoo' 2,rni/,re, on /he o/her*) e kno3 a'' o2 /his is /he -ase, 0,/ 3ha/ 3e 1a" no/ rea'ise is /ha/ -er/ain -ri/i-a' e'e1en/s o2 /he *anguage we use can -ar6 considera;*6, !epen!in+ on 3here -o11,ni-a/ion is /akin+ p'a-e an! 3ho is in.o'.e!) A se-on! aspe-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion is /he theme or topic) Se-/ion >); o2 &EF ,ses an e?a1p'e (/aken 2ro1 Threshold Level 199 * /o i'',s/ra/e ho3 /he /he1es o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/s -an 0e -'assi2ie!) In /he persona' !o1ain, possi0'e /he1es are< persona' i!en/i2i-a/ion, ho,se an! ho1e, en.iron1en/, !ai'" 'i2e, 2ree /i1e an! en/er/ain1en/, /ra.e', e/-) i/hin /he /he1e o2 2ree /i1e an! en/er/ain1en/ /here are /he s,0-/he1es o2 'eis,re, ho00ies an! in/eres/s, ra!io an! TV, -ine1a, /hea/re, spor/, e/-) Spor/ -an 0e s,0!i.i!e! in/o /he p'a-es 3here i/ /akes p'a-e, /he peop'e in.o'.e!, /he e.en/ in :,es/ion, /he a-/ions, s,-h as p'a"in+, 3a/-hin+, e/-) Ano/her aspe-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion is /he tasks in.o'.e! an! /he p,rposes ea-h par/ner in /he -o11,ni-a/ion has) I/ is a'1os/ i1possi0'e /o 'is/ a'' /he possi0'e /asks one -o,'! per2or1 ,sin+ 'an+,a+e) T3o e?a1p'es are +i.en in &EF se-/ion >)= (a+ain /aken 2ro1 Threshold Level 199 *, /he 2irs/ 2ro1 /he !o1ain o2 3ork, /he se-on! 2ro1 /he persona' !o1ain) The" sho,'! 0e eno,+h /o +i.e so1e i!ea o2 3ha/ is 1ean/ 0" /asks an! p,rposes in -o11,ni-a/ion)
Do1ain o2 3ork< FAs /e1porar" resi!en/s, 'earners sho,'! 0e a0'e /o seek 3ork per1i/s e/-, ) ) en:,ire a0o,/ /he na/,re, a.ai'a0i'i/" an! -on!i/ions o2 e1p'o"1en/ ) ) ), rea! e1p'o"1en/ a!.er/ise1en/s, 3ri/e 'e//ers o2 app'i-a/ion an! a//en! in/er.ie3s, _G #ersona' !o1ain< FThe 'earners -an sa" 3ho /he" are, spe'' /heir na1e, s/a/e /heir a!!ress,
=

I/ 3i'' 0e no/e! /ha/ 1an" o2 /he !is/in-/ions 1a!e here are re2'e-/e! in re-en/ -o,rse 1a/eria's, 1an" o2 3hi-h ha.e 0een in2',en-e! 0" /he &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeEs 3ork in /his area)

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+i.e /heir /e'ephone n,10er, sa" 3hen an! 3here /he" 3ere 0orn, s/a/e /heir a+e, ) ) ) na/iona'i/", sa" 3here /he" are 2ro1, ) ) ) !es-ri0e /heir 2a1i'", ) ) ) s/a/e /heir 'ikes an! !is'ikes ) ) )G

The 2ina' aspe-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion /o 0e -onsi!ere! in /his ,ni/ is communicati-e *anguage acti-ities) This re2ers /o ho3 one is in.o'.e! in a -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/< 3he/her one is pro!,-in+ a /e?/ on oneEs o3n (speakin+ or 3ri/in+*, re-ei.in+ i/ 3i/ho,/ -han+in+ i/, ('is/enin+ or rea!in+*, in/era-/in+ 3i/h so1eone, or passin+ on 1essa+es 2or so1eone) #(# Aspects of communication: oneGs own *anguage

&ho' (ith (hom' and (here) *participants and situation+ &o11,ni-a/ion !epen!s -ri/i-a''" on /he peop'e in.o'.e! an! 3here /he" are) To ,se 'an+,a+e 1eans kno3in+ 3ho 3e are, 3ho /he person is /ha/ 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+ 3i/h, an! 3here 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+) A'' o2 /hese /hin+s 3i'' 1ake a !i22eren-e /o /he 'an+,a+e 3e ,se) To appre-ia/e /hese !i22eren-es, 3e -an /hink, 2or e?a1p'e, o2 /he 'an+,a+e 3e 1i+h/ ,se in /hese /3o -ir-,1s/an-es< a* in /he s/a22 roo1 -ha//in+ 3i/h a -o''ea+,eD 0* 1akin+ a spee-h /o asse10'e! p,pi's, /ea-hers an! paren/s a2/er /he s-hoo' 2oo/0a'' /ea1 has 3on an i1por/an/ 1a/-h) Tas" ,a: -o( language changes because of (ho' (ith (hom and (here you are communicating *participants' situation+
Make

a 'is/>, o2 a/ 'eas/ /en peop*e "o, ,se! 'an+,a+e 3i/h /o!a" (or "es/er!a"*) &o'or -o!e /he /en peop'e 'is/e! a--or!in+ /o 3he/her /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 3i/h /he1 3as /he sa1e or !i22eren/) ha/ 3ere /he !i22eren-es in /he 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 2or /he !i22eren/ se/s o2 peop'eL a 'is/ o2 a/ 'eas/ /en p*aces "o, ,se! 'an+,a+e in /o!a" (or "es/er!a"*) &o'or -o!e /he /en p'a-es 'is/e! a--or!in+ /o 3he/her /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! in /he1 3as /he sa1e or !i22eren/) ha/ 3ere /he !i22eren-es in /he 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 2or /he !i22eren/ se/s o2 p'a-esL a 'is/ o2 a/ 'eas/ 2i.e ro*es "o, p'a"e! 3hen ,sin+ 'an+,a+e /o!a" (or "es/er!a"* (2or ins/an-e, /ea-her, -,s/o1er, -o''ea+,e, e/-)*) &o'or -o!e /he ro'es 'is/e! a--or!in+ /o 3he/her /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 3as /he sa1e or !i22eren/) ha/ 3ere /he !i22eren-es in /he 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 2or /he !i22eren/ se/s o2 ro'esL

Make

Make

.bout (hat) *communication themes+ To do (hat) &hy) *tas"s and purposes+ Ano/her i1por/an/ aspe-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion is 3ha/ 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+ a0o,/) This /oo -an 1ake a !i22eren-e /o /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e 3e ,se) e 3i'' a'so a'1os/ in.aria0'" ha.e so1e reason 2or o,r -o11,ni-a/ionD 3e 3i'' 0e per2or1in+ so1e /ask or o/her) I/ is o0.io,s /ha/ on-e a+ain /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e 3e ,se 3i'' .ar" !epen!in+ on /he /ask) I2 3e are askin+ a -o''ea+,e /o s/an! in 2or ,s on a Fri!a" a2/ernoon, /he 'an+,a+e 3e ,se is 'ike'" /o 0e 1arke!'" !i22eren/ /o 3ha/ 3e 3o,'! ,se i2 3e 3ere A,s/ askin+ hi1 or her /o 1ee/ 2or a !rink a2/er 3ork)

>

Yo, 1a" 'ike /o ,se #os/i/s (re-,sa0'e se'2-a!hesi.e 'a0e's* 2or /his /ask, sin-e /his 3i'' a''o3 "o, /o +ro,p /he i/e1s /o+e/her)

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Tas" ,b: $hanges in language because of (hat you communicate about *themes+ and (hat you are doing *tas"s+

Make a 'is/ o2 a/ 'eas/ /en things "o, -o11,ni-a/e! a0o,/ /o!a" (or "es/er!a"*) &o'or -o!e /he /he1es 'is/e! a--or!in+ /o 3he/her /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 3as /he sa1e or !i22eren/) ha/ 3ere /he !i22eren-es in /he 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 2or /he !i22eren/ se/s o2 /hin+s "o, -o11,ni-a/e! a0o,/L Make a 'is/ o2 a/ 'eas/ /en things "o, !i! 3i/h 'an+,a+e /o!a" (or "es/er!a"*) &o'or -o!e /he /asks 'is/e! a--or!in+ /o 3he/her /he kin! o2 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 3as /he sa1e or !i22eren/) ha/ 3ere /he !i22eren-es in /he 'an+,a+e "o, ,se! 2or /he !i22eren/ se/s o2 /asksL

Tas" ,c: $hanges in language in comple% conte%ts

%o3 p'a-e "o,r 'is/s 0esi!e one ano/her) Se'e-/ in!i.i!,a' i/e1s 2ro1 ea-h 'is/ an! -o10ine /he1 /o+e/her in s,-h a 3a" as /o ha.e a 3ho'e -o1p'e? -on/e?/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) ha/ kin!s o2 -han+es in 'an+,a+e 3ere in.o'.e! (2or e?a1p'e, -han+es in .o-a0,'ar", in -are 3i/h +ra11ar or s"n/a?, in pron,n-ia/ion, in/ona/ion, in re+is/er, e/-)*L ere /here so1e -on/e?/s in 3hi-h -han+es 3ere 1a!e as a res,'/ o2 1ore /han one i/e1L

&ith (hat "ind of involvement on our part) As /ea-hers 3e 2re:,en/'" /en! /o !i.i!e 'an+,a+e ,p in/o a se/ o2 2o,r ski''s< /3o pro!,-/i.e (speakin+ an! 3ri/in+* an! /3o re-ep/i.e ('is/enin+ an! rea!in+*) Ho3e.er, &EF s,++es/s an a'/erna/i.e 3a" o2 !i.i!in+ ,p /he ,se o2 'an+,a+e, a--or!in+ /o /he 3a" peop'e are in.o'.e! in /he -o11,ni-a/ion) /nteraction% 1,-h o2 o,r ,se o2 'an+,a+e !,rin+ /he !a" in.o'.es 2a-e /o 2a-e -o11,ni-a/ion 3i/h so1e o/her personD /here are a/ 'eas/ /3o peop'e in.o'.e!, 0o/h pro!,-in+ an! re-ei.in+ 'an+,a+e in /,rns) Production% 3e speak (or 3ri/e or si+n* 2or so1e 'en+/h 3i/ho,/ in/err,p/ion) 0eception@% 3e 'is/en /o so1eone e'se speakin+, or 3a/-h so1eone e'se si+nin+, or rea! 3ha/ so1eone e'se has 3ri//en) 1ediation% 3e so1e/i1es ha.e /o ,se 'an+,a+e /ha/ !oes no/ in.o'.e ,s !ire-/'", 3here 3e ha.e /o pass 1essa+es 0a-k an! 2or/h 0e/3een /3o peop'e 3ho -anno/ -o11,ni-a/e !ire-/'"D 2or e?a1p'e, 3hen 3e ha.e /o pass 1essa+es 0e/3een so1eone on /he phone an! a son or !a,+h/er 3ho happens /o 0e in /he sho3er)

FRe-ep/ionG here !oes no/ 1ean /ha/ 3e are no/ a-/i.e) hen 3e 'is/en /o or rea! so1e/hin+, 3e are in/era-/in+ 3i/h /he person 3ho is speakin+ or has 3ri//en /he /e?/) This is a .er" a-/i.e pro-ess) Re-ep/i.e pro-essin+ here si1p'" 1eans /ha/ 3e !o no/ ha.e an" -on/ro' o.er /he /e?/ /ha/ 3e are 'is/enin+ /o or rea!in+) The sa1e is /r,e, in-i!en/a''", o2 Fpro!,-/ionG< 3hen 3e are +i.in+ a spee-h or 3ri/in+ an essa" 3e are a'so in/era-/in+ 3i/h o,r a,!ien-e or rea!er, e.en i2 /he" !o no/ ha.e /o possi0i'i/" o2 respon!in+)

KK

In ea-h o2 /hese 2o,r -ases o,r in.o'.e1en/ in /he -o11,ni-a/ion is !i22eren/) This is 'ike'" /o ha.e an e22e-/ on /he /"pe o2 'an+,a+e 3e ,se) /n (hat medium) Mos/ o2 /he e?a1p'es ,se! so 2ar ha.e in.o'.e! speakin+ an! 'is/enin+ on'") The 1e!i,1 3as spoken) There are, o2 -o,rse, o/her 1e!ia 7 3ri//en, (on paper, on -o1p,/er or TV s-reens, e/-)*, si+ne! (Si+n 'an+,a+e*, /o,-he! (Brai''e*) O,r -hoi-e o2 1e!i,1 3i'' -er/ain'" ha.e an e22e-/ on /he /"pe o2 'an+,a+e 3e ,se) Tas" ,d: $hanges in language because of ho( you are communicating For ea-h -o1p'e? -on/e?/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion !es-ri0e! in Task 8-, a!! in /he ne3 e'e1en/s (a* /he /"pe o2 in.o'.e1en/ "o, ha!, an! (0* /he 1e!i,1 "o, ,se!) %o3 /ake one or /3o o2 /hese -',s/ers an! i1a+ine /he -han+es in 'an+,a+e /ha/ 3o,'! /ake p'a-e< (i* i2 "o, -han+e! /he na/,re o2 "o,r in.o'.e1en/ in /he -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/" (2or ins/an-e, 2ro1 in/era-/i.e /o 1e!ia/iona'*DIIIIIIII (ii* i2 /he 1e!i,1 o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 3as !i22eren/D (iii* i2 "o, or /he person "o, 3ere -o11,ni-a/in+ 3i/h 3as !ea2 or 0'in!)

'ummar6 of aspects of communication in oneGs own *anguage: e ha.e 'ooke! so 2ar a/ se.en !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion< o,r ro'e, /ha/ o2 /he peop'e 3i/h 3ho1 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+, /he p'a-e, /he s,0Ae-/, /he /ask, /he na/,re o2 o,r in.o'.e1en/, an! /he 1e!i,1) e 1a" 2ee' /ha/ 3e are ,sin+ /he sa1e 'an+,a+e a'' /he /i1e, 0,/ ea-h o2 /hese aspe-/s -an -han+e in so1e 3a" /he na/,re o2 /he 'an+,a+e 3e ,se) #(, Aspects of communication: the new *anguage

In +enera', -o11,ni-a/ion in a ne3 'an+,a+e !ea's 3i/h 1ore or 'ess /he sa1e pro0'e1s an! iss,es as -o11,ni-a/ion in oneEs o3n 'an+,a+e, e?-ep/ /ha/ in /he ne3 'an+,a+e one is 1ore -ons-io,s o2 -er/ain pro0'e1s) e nee! /o 0e a0'e /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e in /he sa1e kin!s o2 p'a-es, in /he sa1e kin!s o2 ro'es 3i/h /he sa1e kin!s o2 peop'e, per2or1 /he sa1e kin!s o2 /asks an! so on) There are, ho3e.er, so1e i1por/an/ !i22eren-es) In /he ne?/ 2e3 para+raphs 3e 3i'' nee! /o i1a+ine 3e are 'earners o2 a ne3 'an+,a+e in a -'assroo1 en.iron1en/) The role of learner The 2a-/ /ha/ 3e are 'an+,a+e 'earners 1eans /ha/, 3hen -o11,ni-a/in+ in /he ne3 'an+,a+e, 3e ha.e /o a!! /his ro'e /o /he 'is/ 3e 1a!e o,/ in /he pre.io,s se-/ion) In /his ne3 ro'e 3e 3i'' ha.e /o per2or1 so1e /asks /ha/ 3e !o no/ nor1a''" ha.e /o per2or1 in o,r na/i.e 'an+,a+e 7 /o in!i-a/e /o so1eone /ha/ 3e !o no/ ,n!ers/an!, /o re:,es/ /he1 /o speak 1ore s'o3'" an! -'ear'", /o ask /he1 /o repea/, /o ask /he 1eanin+ o2 a 3or!, /o ask ho3 3e sa" so1e/hin+ in /he ne3 'an+,a+e, e/-) The classroom as the situation in (hich communication ta"es place One ph"si-a' si/,a/ion 3i'' !o1ina/e /he ,se o2 /he ne3 'an+,a+e< /he -'assroo1) i/hin /his -on/e?/ -o11,ni-a/ion 1a" 0e in /he ne3 'an+,a+e or in /he na/i.e 'an+,a+e, or in 0o/h) The na/,re o2 /he /asks 3e ha.e /o per2or1 /hro,+h 'an+,a+e 3i'' a'so -han+e so1e3ha/) Tasks 1a" in.o'.e rea' -o11,ni-a/ion (/he sa1e as i2 /he" 3ere in o,r 2irs/ 'an+,a+e*, or /he" 1a" 0e K9

si1p'" rehearsa's 2or -o11,ni-a/ion a/ a 2,/,re /i1e, or /he" 1a" no/ in.o'.e an" rea' -o11,ni-a/ion 3ha/soe.er) F,r/her1ore, /asks 1a" ha.e a 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 2o-,s ins/ea! o2, or as 3e'' as, a -o11,ni-a/i.e one) The ne( language as a topic in communication A 2,r/her ne3 e'e1en/ is /ha/ /here 3i'' 0e 1ore 2o-,s /han in o,r na/i.e 'an+,a+e on /he 2or1s o2 'an+,a+e i/se'2) These 2or1s 1a" 2re:,en/'" 0e /he /opi- o2 /he -o11,ni-a/ion) e 1a", /here2ore, ha.e /o 'earn ho3 /o /a'k a0o,/ 'an+,a+e in a ne3 3a") orkshee/ 8a !ra3s /o+e/her /hese se.en aspe-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion in one /a0'e 2or 'earners, an! asks /he1 /o i!en/i2" /he -han+es /ha/ o--,r in 'an+,a+e 3hen an" one aspe-/ -han+es) orkshee/ 80 'ooks a/ /he sa1e aspe-/s 2or /he 'earnersE ne3 'an+,a+e an! asks /he1 /o -onsi!er 3ha/ /he" are a0'e /o !o, an! 3ha/ /heir 'ike'" pro0'e1 areas are) orkshee/ 8- !ea's 3i/h /he -'assroo1 as a -on/e?/, spe-i2i-a''" 3i/h /he /asks an! /he1es /ha/ are 2o,n! /here) On /he 0asis o2 /heir responses /o /hese 3orkshee/s, "o, 1a" 0e+in /o he'p /he1 /o -rea/e a pro2i'e o2 /he1se'.es as 'an+,a+e 'earners, as a prepara/ion 2or ,sin+ a .ersion o2 EL# re2erre! /o in -hap/er ;# ?uestions for ref*ection: Gi.en /ha/ -han+es in an" o2 /he areas !is-,sse! a0o.e 1a" 'ea! /o -han+es in /he 'an+,a+e ,se!, "o, 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er no3 /hese iss,es 2ro1 &EF poin/ o2 .ie3 an! e?a1ine 3he/her "o,r s-he1e o2 3orkHs"''a0,s s/a/es -'ear'"< - /he -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks in /he persona', p,0'i-, o--,pa/iona' an!Hor e!,-a/iona' !o1ains 3hi-h "o,r 'earners 3i'' 0e re:,ire! /o /a-k'e an! /he reasons 2or /he -hoi-es 1a!eD - /he /"pes o2 a-/i.i/ies "o,r 'earners 3i'' 0e in.o'.e! in, in or!er /o a-hie.e par/i-,'ar o0Ae-/i.es - /he /he1es, s,0-/he1es an! spe-i2i- no/ions 3i/h 3hi-h "o,r 'earners 3i'' nee! /o opera/eD - 2or 3ha/ 3ri/in+ p,rposes "o, in/en! /he1 /o 0e e:,ippe!D - 2or 3ha/ sor/s o2 rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+ "o, in/en! /he1 /o 0e e:,ippe!D - 3ha/ kin!s o2 in/era-/ions 3i'' 0e re:,ire! o2 "o,r 'earnersD - 3ha/ 1e!ia/in+ a-/i.i/ies, i2 an", "o,r 'earners 3i'' 0e re:,ire! /o en+a+e in) #() 'trategies

A/ /he en! o2 ea-h se-/ion in -hap/er > !ea'in+ 3i/h 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies /here is a !is-,ssion o2 s/ra/e+ies /ha/ peop'e ,se in or!er /o +e/ aro,n! pro0'e1s /ha/ /he ,se o2 'an+,a+e -a,ses) FThe ,se o2 -o11,ni-a/ion s/ra/e+ies -an 0e seen as /he app'i-a/ion o2 /he 1e/a-o+ni/i.e prin-ip'es< "re>p*anning, E+ecution, :onitoring, an! Repair Action /o /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/"< Re-ep/ion, In/era-/ion, #ro!,-/ion an! Me!ia/ionG (CEF, >)>*) The s/ra/e+ies 2or /he !i22eren/ /"pes o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/ies ha.e 0een +ro,pe! here 2or ease o2 re2eren-e) The strategies (e use in producing language *including in interaction+ O0.io,s'" /he /"pe o2 in.o'.e1en/ 3e ha.e in /he -o11,ni-a/ion 3i'' a'/er /he !e/ai's o2 /hese +enera' s/ra/e+iesD 2a-e-/o-2a-e in/era-/ion 3i'' in.o'.e !i22eren/ app'i-a/ions o2 /hese s/ra/e+ies /o /hose 3e re:,ire i2 3e 1,s/ pro!,-e so1e/hin+ on o,r o3n) K5

For e?a1p'e, i2 3e ha.e /o 0reak so1e 0a! ne3s /o a -o''ea+,e (s,-h as /ha/ heHshe has 0een ,ns,--ess2,' in a Ao0 in/er.ie3* 3e nee! /o or+aniBe in a!.an-e 3ha/ 3e ha.e /o sa") This is /he p'annin+ phase) I1a+ine /ha/ 3e are no3 in /he -o''ea+,eEs ho1e, an! a-/,a''" -arr"in+ o,/ /he /askD /his is /he e?e-,/ion phase) As 3e speak, 3e 3i'' 0e 3a/-hin+ -are2,''" /he rea-/ions /ha/ o,r s/a/e1en/s pro!,-e, an! -he-kin+ /ha/ /he" are a0o,/ ri+h/D so 3e 1oni/or o,r pro+ress -are2,''") I2 so1e/hin+ +oes 3ron+, 3e /r" /o repair i/) %o3, 'e/ ,s s,ppose /ha/ 3e 3ish /o 0reak /he 0a! ne3s o.er /he phone) In /ha/ -ase 3e 1a" ha.e a si1i'ar p'an as 2or a 2a-e-/o-2a-e 1ee/in+) Ho3e.er, i2 3e 2in! /ha/ /he ans3erin+ 1a-hine is on, 3ha/ /henL e ha.e /o +o 0a-k /o /he !ra3in+ 0oar!, 0e-a,se an e?/en!e! spee-h 3i'' re:,ire !i22eren/ p'annin+ /o one in 3hi-h 3e -an 1oni/or rea-/ions) I2 3e -han+e /he 1e!i,1 /o 3ri/in+ (a 2a?, 2or e?a1p'e*, /he p'annin+, e?e-,/ion, 1oni/orin+, an! repair 3i'' a'' ha.e /o 0e !one in a!.an-e) The strategies (e use in receiving language The sa1e +enera' prin-ip'es o2 p'annin+, e?e-,/ion, 1oni/orin+, an! repair -an 0e app'ie! /o re-ep/i.e -o11,ni-a/ion, 0,/ !i22eren/ ski''s are in.o'.e!< 2ra1in+, in2errin+, h"po/hesis /es/in+, re.isin+ h"po/heses) These are -'ear'" i'',s/ra/e! in se-/ion >)>);)> o2 &EF# So1e o2 /he 3orkshee/s -on/ain se-/ions /ha/ re'a/e /o s/ra/e+ies, no/a0'" orkshee/s 80 an! 8-) ?uestions for ref*ection: Does "o,r s-he1e o2 3ork s/a/e -'ear'" 3hi-h s/ra/e+ies are re'e.an/ /o 3hi-h 'earners a/ 3hi-h 'e.e'L ho3 /he" are 0es/ /o 0e presen/e! /o 'earnersL ho3 /he" are /o 2i+,re in assess1en/L

"art , $ 'ki**s and competences 7CEF /(., parts of /(48

,(# he ski**s we ha-e in our own *anguage

Se-/ion >)@ o2 &EF 'is/s /he pro-esses /ha/ -o1e in/o p'a" 3hen 3e -o11,ni-a/e) e are ,n'ike'" /o ha.e rea'iBe! A,s/ ho3 -o1p'i-a/e! /he pro-ess o2 -o11,ni-a/ion is, 3ha/ /he .ario,s s/eps are, an! 3ha/ ea-h s/ep in.o'.es) For e?a1p'e, 3hen 3e are pro!,-in+ 'an+,a+e, 3e ha.e /o p'an 3ha/ 3e 3an/ /o sa", 3ri/e, or si+nD +e/ /he ri+h/ 1,s-'es 3orkin+ /o e?press /his (/hese are !i22eren/ 2or ea-h 1e!i,1*D -he-k /ha/ e.er"/hin+ -o1es o,/ as 3e p'anne! i/D 3here ne-essar" a!! ph"si-a' a-/ions, ,se 0o!" 'an+,a+e, in/ona/ion, e/-), ,se i'',s/ra/ions, pi-/,res, !ia+ra1s, /"pes o2 prin/ or 3ri/in+, or a!! spe-ia' si+ns) Rea!in+ a'so in.o'.es a -o1p'e? se/ o2 pro-esses) hen 3e rea! e22i-ien/'" 3ha/ 3e are rea''" !oin+ is -o1parin+ /he in2or1a/ion -o1in+ /o ,s 2ro1 /he prin/e! pa+e 3i/h in2or1a/ion 3e a'rea!" ha.e in o,r hea!s) This in2or1a/ion is o2 .ario,s /"pes< /he a0i'i/" /o re-o+niBe +ro,ps o2 'e//ers as 3or!s an! /o -he-k o,/ /heir 1eanin+ (.o-a0,'ar" kno3'e!+e*, /o -o10ine 3or!s in/o +ro,ps /ha/ 1ake sense (kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'!*, /o -he-k o,/ /he 3a" /he 3or!s are p,/ /o+e/her (kno3'e!+e o2 +ra11ar*, /o -o10ine /he +ro,ps (sen/en-es* in/o 'ar+er ,ni/s an! 1ake sense o2 /he1 (kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! an! o2 ho3 /hin+s happen nor1a''"*, e/-) e -an +enera''" !o /he -o1parin+ o2 /he in-o1in+ in2or1a/ion a0o,/ 3or!s an! 0asi- sen/en-es 3i/h /he in2or1a/ion in o,r hea!s a/ s,-h a 2as/ ra/e /ha/ 3e !o no/ e.en no/i-e i/D i/ is a'1os/ a,/o1a/i-) Different "inds of general and specific "no(ledge *$EF section 23,+

9I

These pro-esses in.o'.e /he ,se o2 !i22eren/ -o1pe/en-es, or /"pes o2 kno3'e!+e) &EF speaks o2 2o,r !i22eren/ /"pes o2 savoir) e 3i'' 2o-,s on A,s/ one or /3o here) Ea-h o2 ,s has a ran+e o2 !i22eren/ /"pes o2 kno3'e!+e 3hi-h -o1e in/o p'a" 3hen 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+) Firs/ o2 a'' /here is o,r kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'!, 3hi-h he'ps ,s /o in/erpre/ 3ha/ 3e see an! hear) e a'so ha.e a +enera' kno3'e!+e o2 ho3 a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion are s/r,-/,re!) e a'so ha.e spe-i2i- /"pes o2 kno3'e!+e re'a/e! /o /he so-ie/" 3e 'i.e in 7 ho3 peop'e 'i.e, re'a/e /o one ano/her, 3ha/ /heir .a',es are, e/-) The 2irs/ /3o /"pes o2 kno3'e!+e are s/i'' .er" ,se2,' 3hen 3e are !ea'in+ 3i/h a ne3 'an+,a+e an! -,'/,re) e a'so ha.e /he kno3'e!+e o2 ho3 /o or+aniBe o,r 'an+,a+e /o 1a/-h 3ha/ 3e 3an/ /o !o) 4ur "no(ledge of the (orld' and of ho( acts of communication are structured As 3e 0,i'/ ,p o,r e?perien-e o2 /he 3or'! 2ro1 -hi'!hoo! 3e -rea/e! 2or o,rse'.es s-enarios or s-rip/s o2 /he 3a" /he 3or'! is or+aniBe!, o2 3ha/ is 'ike'" /o happen in +i.en -ir-,1s/an-es an! in 3ha/ or!er) These s-enarios 3ere an! are essen/ia' 2or o,r s,r.i.a'D A,s/ /hink o2 ho3, 3hen -rossin+ a roa!, o,r a0i'i/" /o pre!i-/ /he spee! an! +enera' 0eha.io,r o2 /ra22i- is .er" i1por/an/) This a0i'i/" /o pre!i-/ is par/i-,'ar'" i1por/an/ 3hen 3e -o11,ni-a/e 3i/h o/hers) e -an pre!i-/ 3or!s one 2i2/h o2 a se-on! a2/er hearin+ /he 0e+innin+) e -an pre!i-/ a 'o/ o2 3ha/ is /o 0e sai! or 3ri//en a0o,/ so1e/hin+ 0e2ore 3e e.en s/ar/ 'is/enin+ or rea!in+, 0e-a,se 3e are pro0a0'" 2a1i'iar 3i/h a0o,/ 9IN o2 /he -on/en/s) In 2a-/, 1,-h o2 /he in2or1a/ion 3e +e/ in rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+ -o1es no/ 2ro1 /he 3or!s or 2ro1 /he so,n! 3a.es, 0,/ 2ro1 /he s-enarios 3e a'rea!" ha.e in o,r hea! 3hi-h /hese s"10o's a-/i.a/e) e ha.e ano/her i1por/an/ /"pe o2 kno3'e!+e, /ha/ o2 ho3 par/i-,'ar a-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion are s/r,-/,re!) e are a0'e /o pre!i-/, 2or e?a1p'e, ho3 a ne3s 0roa!-as/ 3i'' 0e s/r,-/,re!, ho3 3ea/her 2ore-as/s are +i.en in ne3spapers, ho3 2air"/a'es are /o'!, an! ho3 in/er.ie3s are -on!,-/e!) 4ur "no(ledge of ho( to use language appropriately in society *$EF 23535+ In 4ni/ 8 a0o.e 3e e?a1ine! /he !i22eren/ si/,a/ions in 3hi-h 3e ,se 'an+,a+e, an! s,++es/e! /ha/ o,r 'an+,a+e 1i+h/ -han+e in -hara-/er !epen!in+ on 3here 3e are, 3ho 3e are -o11,ni-a/in+ 3i/h, an! 3ha/ o,r ro'e is in re'a/ion /o /ha/ person) This a0i'i/" /o 1ake /he appropria/e -han+es /o o,r 'an+,a+e is -a''e! so-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e) This -o1pe/en-e is !epen!en/ on /he spe-i2i- kno3'e!+e 3e ha.e o2 o,r so-ie/" an! -,'/,re 7 ho3 peop'e !o /hin+s, s,-h as so-ia'iBin+, 3orkin+, an! enAo"in+ 'eis,re a-/i.i/ies 7 an! kno3'e!+e o2 o,rse'.es, o,r a//i/,!es, .a',es, 0e'ie2s, 3ha/ 1o/i.a/es ,s, an! ho3 3e -o1e /o /er1s 3i/h ne3 e?perien-es) This kno3'e!+e is 'ar+e'" ,n-ons-io,sD 3e /ake 1os/ o2 i/ 2or +ran/e!) I/ is +enera''" on'" 3hen 3e ha.e reason /o :,es/ion i/ /ha/ 3e 0e+in /o no/i-e i/) Bein+ a0'e /o a!ap/ o,r 'an+,a+e /o /he so-ia' -ir-,1s/an-es in 3hi-h 3e 2in! o,rse'.es 1eans /ha/ 3e kno3 no/ one 0,/ se.era' na/i.e 'an+,a+es) O2 -o,rse, i/ is /r,e /ha/ so1e ha.e a-:,ire! +rea/er kno3'e!+e an! ski'' in /his area /han o/hers, 0,/ e.er"0o!" has /he a0i'i/" /o so1e 'e.e')

98

Tas" 5a: Loo"ing at your specific "no(ledge of your society Lis/ /he 2o''o3in+ 2or "o,r -o,n/r"< - /he 1eans o2 i!en/i2i-a/ion "o, -arr" aro,n! 3i/h "o, (i2 an"*D -IIIIIIII 3ha/ ra-ia' an! re'i+io,s +ro,ps are /o 0e 2o,n! in "o,r -o,n/r"D - 3ha/ /i1e 1ea's are /akenD - 3ha/ kin! o2 presen/ is a--ep/a0'e 3hen "o, are aske! /o !inner) These 1a" 0e 0ana' an! or!inar" /hin+s 2or "o,, 0,/ 3hen "o, see /he pro0'e1s 2orei+ners ha.e 3i/h /he1 "o, 0e+in /o rea'iBe /ha/ /he" -an 0e :,i/e i1por/an/) The sa1e 3i'' ho'! 2or +eo+raphi-a', his/ori-a' an! po'i/i-a' in2or1a/ion) 4ur "no(ledge of ho( to organi6e (hat (e do (ith language *pragmatic competences+ *$EF 23537+ #ra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-e -an 0e !es-ri0e! as o,r a0i'i/" /o pi-k /he appropria/e 0i/s o2 'an+,a+e an! /o pa-ka+e /he1 appropria/e'" /o !o 3ha/ i/ is 3e 3an/) For e?a1p'e, i2 3e ha.e /o e?p'ain /o o,r 0ank 1ana+er /ha/ 3e nee! a 'oan 2or a so1e3ha/ :,es/iona0'e proAe-/, 3e kno3 /ha/ 3e -anno/ 0e+in in /he sa1e 3a" as i2 3e 3ere askin+ a -o''ea+,e 2or /he 'oan o2 a 0ook) e 3i'' 0e .er" -are2,' a0o,/ ho3 3e or+aniBe 3ha/ 3e ha.e /o sa", an! ho3 3e phrase /he a3k3ar! 0i/s) As in /he -ase o2 so-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e, so1e ha.e a-:,ire! 0e//er ski''s in /his area /han o/hers) Tha/ is 3h", i2 se.era' peop'e are in.o'.e! in /he proAe-/, i/ is ,s,a''" /he one 3ho has /he 0es/ pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-e /ha/ 3i'' 0e -hosen /o per2or1 /he !i22i-,'/ /ask o2 e?p'ainin+ o,r i!eas) ,(, 'ki**s and competences in a new *anguage

8sing our different types of "no(ledge in a ne( language I2 3e 'ook 0a-k a/ 3ha/ 3as sai! a0o,/ /he ski'' o2 rea!in+ a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 /his ,ni/ 3e 3i'' no/i-e /ha/ /3o /"pes o2 in2or1a/ion are in.o'.e!< /he in2or1a/ion -o1in+ /o ,s 2ro1 /he prin/e! pa+e an! /he in2or1a/ion 3e a'rea!" ha.e in o,r hea!s) e kno3 2ro1 o,r a0i'i/" /o rea! in o,r o3n 'an+,a+e /ha/ /hese /3o /"pes o2 in2or1a/ion or inp,/ ha.e /o 0e -o1pare! so /ha/ 3e -an +e/ /he 1essa+e in /he /e?/) In a ne3 'an+,a+e, so1e o2 /his in2or1a/ion 1a" 0e 1issin+< 3e 1a" no/ ha.e /he a0i'i/" /o re-o+niBe +ro,ps o2 'e//ers as 3or!sD 3e 1a" no/ 0e a0'e /o -he-k o,/ /heir 1eanin+, 0e-a,se 3e !o no/ ha.e /he ne-essar" .o-a0,'ar" kno3'e!+e, an! 3e 1a" no/ 0e a0'e /o -o10ine 3or!s in/o +ro,ps /ha/ 1ake sense, 0e-a,se 3e !o no/ ha.e eno,+h +ra11ar) Ho3e.er, i2 3e kno3 3ha/ /he /e?/ is a0o,/, 3e 1a" 0e a0'e /o +,ess a/ /he 1eanin+s o2 ,n2a1i'iar 3or!s, an! so 0e a0'e /o -o10ine /he +ro,ps o2 3or!s (sen/en-es* in/o 'ar+er ,ni/s an! 1ake sense o2 /he1 (kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! an! o2 ho3 /hin+s happen nor1a''"*, e/-) E.en 3hen 3e !o no/ kno3 e?a-/'" 3ha/ a /e?/ is a0o,/, a kno3'e!+e o2 3ha/ /he 3or!s 1ean 1a" 0e eno,+h 2or ,s /o 0e a0'e /o 1ake i/ o,/ /o so1e e?/en/) ha/ /his in!i-a/es is /ha/ 1,-h o2 /he kno3'e!+e 3e a'rea!" possess is /rans2era0'e /o /he ne3 'an+,a+e) This is par/i-,'ar'" /he -ase 3i/h /he 2irs/ /3o /"pes o2 kno3'e!+e 1en/ione!< kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! an! kno3'e!+e o2 ho3 /e?/s are s/r,-/,re!) The" a-/ as a kin! o2 s-a22o'!in+ 2or 3orkin+ o,/ /he 1eanin+ an! 2or /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess)

9;

Tas" 5b: 8sing different types of "no(ledge for a language you do not "no( *see &or"sheet 5. for a related tas" for learners+ Fin! a shor/ /e?/ in a 'an+,a+e "o, !o no/ kno3 a0o,/ a /opi- 3i/h 3hi-h "o, are 2a1i'iar) This 1a" 0e a ne3spaper or In/erne/ /e?/ a0o,/ an e.en/ or person o2 in/erna/iona' i1por/an-e, or a 2air" s/or", or e.en a re'i+io,s /e?/ or pra"er)

Hi+h'i+h/ or ,n!er'ine an" 3or!s "o, a'rea!" kno3, in-',!in+ na1es o2 p'a-es or peop'e) IIIIIIIIDra3 a 1in!-1ap or s-he1a o2 3ha/ /he /e?/ is a0o,/) 4sin+ /he 3or!s "o, kno3 an! /he s-he1a "o, ha.e !ra3n, /r" /o 3ork o,/ /he 1eanin+ o2 an" o/her 3or!s in /he /e?/) Look a/ /he 3a" /he 3or!s are -o10ine!) Do "o, no/i-e an" pa//ernsL &an "o, 3ork o,/ r,'esL

Yo,r s/,!en/s 3i'' ha.e /he sa1e kin!s o2 kno3'e!+e) Bein+ a0'e /o ,se /his kno3'e!+e in.o'.es ha.in+ /he appropria/e s/ra/e+ies) The" 1a" nee! /o 0e /raine! /o !e.e'op /hese s/ra/e+ies)

. problem area: using language appropriately in society Ho3e.er, /he kno3'e!+e o2 a ne3 so-ie/" an! -,'/,re is a !i22eren/ 1a//er) I/ has /o 0e 'earne! spe-ia''") &EF 3arns in se-/ion @)8)8);, F) ) ) /ha/ kno3'e!+e o2 /he so-ie/" an! -,'/,re o2 /he -o11,ni/" or -o11,ni/ies in 3hi-h a 'an+,a+e is spoken is ) ) ) o2 s,22i-ien/ i1por/an-e /o /he 'an+,a+e 'earner /o 1eri/ spe-ia' a//en/ion, espe-ia''" sin-e ,n'ike 1an" o/her aspe-/s o2 kno3'e!+e i/ is 'ike'" /o 'ie o,/si!e /he 'earnerJs pre.io,s e?perien-e an! 1a" 3e'' 0e !is/or/e! 0" s/ereo/"pes)G #ar/ o2 /his kno3'e!+e in.o'.es kno3in+ ho3 /o ,se 'an+,a+e appropria/e'" in so-ie/", 2or e?a1p'e, /o 1ark so-ia' re'a/ions (-hoosin+ /he ri+h/ 3a" /o +ree/ so1eone !epen!in+ on 3ho he or she is an! 3here 3e are*, /o sho3 po'i/eness, /o re+is/er !i22eren-es o2 a//i/,!e, an! /o re-o+niBe !i22eren-es o2 a--en/ an! 3ha/ /he" 1ean) One o2 /he ke" areas /o 3hi-h 3e nee! /o pa" par/i-,'ar a//en/ion in /he ne3 'an+,a+e is /his so-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e) I/ is .er" eas" /o ,se a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e inappropria/e'" in so-ie/", /o 1iss /he so-ia' i1p'i-a/ions o2 3ha/ 3e !o an! sa", an! -onse:,en/'" /o -rea/e 1is,n!ers/an!in+s an! 2ri-/ion) Lan+,a+e is 2ar 1ore /han si1p'" a 1eans o2 -o11,ni-a/in+D i/ is one o2 /he ke" 3a"s in 3hi-h peop'e e?press /heir i!en/i/") The 2a-/ /ha/ peop'e in !i22eren/ -o,n/ries ,se 'an+,a+e /o !o /he sa1e /hin+s in /he sa1e si/,a/ions !oes no/ 1ean /ha/ /he" !o /hese /hin+s in /he sa1e 3a") Ea-h -,'/,re han!'es 'an+,a+e in i/s o3n ,ni:,e 3a", an! 3e ha.e, as 'earners, /o 'earn /he hi!!en 1eanin+s an! i1p'i-a/ions o2 3ha/ o/hers sa", as 3e'' as ho3 3ha/ 3e sa" an! !o 3i'' 0e in/erpre/e!)

9=

Tas" 5c: our sociolinguistic competence in the language you are teaching *see &or"sheet 59 for a related tas" for learners+ ri/e o,/ /he !ia'o+,e "o, 1i+h/ ha.e i2 "o, 3ere approa-hin+ a 0ank or a 0,i'!in+ so-ie/" 2or a 'oan 2or an apar/1en/, 3hen "o, ha.e on'" =IN o2 /he pri-e) Then ans3er /he 2o''o3in+ :,es/ions< - Di! "o, ha.e an" pro0'e1s in /he area o2 appropria/eness o2 'an+,a+e (2or e?a1p'e, in +ree/in+ /he 1ana+er, in 'ea!in+ ,p /o /he /opi-, e/-)*L - IIIIIIIII2 "o, ha! /o !is-,ss /he 'oan o.er /he phone ins/ea!, 3o,'! "o, kno3 ho3 /o 0e+in an! en! /he -a''L - I2 "o, ha! /o sen! a 2a? or e1ai', 3o,'! "o, kno3 ho3 /o 0e+in an! en! i/L ?uestions for ref*ection: To 3ha/ e?/en/ -an so-io'in+,is/i- an! pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-es in 'earners an! /he ,se o2 s/ra/e+ies 0e ass,1e! or 'e2/ /o !e.e'op na/,ra''"L ha/ 1e/ho!s !o "o, ,se /o 2a-i'i/a/e /heir !e.e'op1en/L

"art ) $ =now*edge of how to use *anguage 7CEF .(,(#8

This ,ni/ !ea's 3i/h .ario,s aspe-/s o2 o,r 'in+,is/i- kno3'e!+e, 0e+innin+ 3i/h o,r o3n 'an+,a+e an! 'ookin+ a/ ho3 /his kno3'e!+e -an or -anno/ 0e /rans2erre! /o a 'an+,a+e 3e are 'earnin+) )(# Our know*edge of *anguage itse*f 7*inguistic competence8

O,r kno3'e!+e o2 'an+,a+e -on-erns a 3i!e ran+e o2 /hin+s< 3or!s, 3or! -han+es, p,//in+ 3or!s /o+e/her -orre-/'", kno3in+ /he 1eanin+ o2 3or!s an! sen/en-es, kno3in+ ho3 /o prono,n-e an! re-o+niBe /he so,n!s o2 o,r 'an+,a+e6) Ea-h o2 /hese is /rea/e! separa/e'" in &EF in se-/ion @);) I2 3e are rea!in+ /he ori+ina', 3e 1a" 2in! /his se-/ion !i22i-,'/ /o 2o''o3 0e-a,se i/ ,ses a 'o/ o2 /e-hni-a' /er1s) In 2a-/ i/ is no/ near'" as /e-hni-a' as i/ 1i+h/ 0e) #eop'e 3ho s/,!" /he na/,re o2 'an+,a+e ar+,e a0o,/ /he pre-ise 1eanin+ o2 1an" o2 /hese /er1s, an! a0o,/ /he .er" na/,re o2 1an" aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e i/se'2 in a 3a" /ha/ is 2ar 1ore /e-hni-a' /han 3ha/ 3e 2in! here) Ins/ea! o2 +i.in+ a s,11ar" a/ /his poin/, /he re1ain!er o2 /he ,ni/ 3i'' !ea' 3i/h pron,n-ia/ion, 3ri/in+ a0i'i/", .o-a0,'ar", an! +ra11ar in /,rnK) )(, =now*edge of sound 7phono*ogica* competence: CEF .(,(#(/8

One o2 /he /hin+s /ha/ is 1os/ !i22i-,'/ 2or a 'an+,a+e 'earner o.er a -er/ain a+e is +e//in+ /he so,n!s, rh"/h1 an! in/ona/ion ri+h/) e are so ,se! /o /hese in o,r o3n 'an+,a+e /ha/ 3e !o no/ rea'iBe ho3 -o1p'i-a/e! /his /"pe o2 -o1pe/en-e is) For e?a1p'e, 2orei+n speakers o2 En+'ish ha.e !i22i-,'/" 3i/h /he th' so,n!s, 3i/h .o3e's an! !iph/hon+s, 3i/h /he s/ress pa//ern (3here !o 3e p,/ /he s/ress in /he 2o''o3in+< telephone, telephonist, telephonicL* an! 3i/h ,n!ers/an!in+ /he !i22eren-es in 1eanin+ /ha/ in/ona/ion -an -on.e" (6e C+/7T be serious, 1eanin+, FHe 1,s/ 0e Aokin+D /his -anno/ possi0'" 0e /r,eG, .ers,s 6e can7t be serious sai! 3i/h nor1a' in/ona/ion*)
6

As 3e'' as /ha/ 3e ha.e /he a0i'i/" /o ,se 'an+,a+e appropria/e'" in so-ie/" (so-io'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e* an! a kno3'e!+e o2 ho3 /o or+aniBe 3ha/ 3e !o 3i/h 'an+,a+e (pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-e*) K The or!er 2o''o3e! here is s'i+h/'" !i22eren/ 2ro1 /ha/ 2o,n! in /he Fra1e3ork)

9>

Ver" o2/en pro0'e1s in /he area o2 so,n!s, rh"/h1 an! in/ona/ion 1ake a +rea/ !i22eren-e /o ,n!ers/an!in+) Take /he 3or! develop&ent, 2or e?a1p'e) A 3ron+ s/ress 3i'' -a,se a na/i.e speaker /o 3on!er 3ha/ 3or! is 0ein+ ,se! an! 1a" -a,se a 0reak!o3n in -o11,ni-a/ion, 3hereas so1e0o!" 3ho prono,n-es /he v as a w, 0,/ has /he -orre-/ s/ress, 3i'' 0e ,n!ers/oo!) )() =now*edge of written s6m;o*s 7orthographic and orthoepic competence: CEF .(,(#(., 38 Rea!in+ an! 3ri/in+ in o,r o3n 'an+,a+e in.o'.e ski''s o2 3hi-h 3e are no/ -ons-io,s) In /he 2irs/ p'a-e, /here is /he si1p'e !e-ipherin+ o2 a se/ o2 s"10o's, or /he -rea/in+ o2 /he s"10o's) e !o no/ ,s,a''" e.en /hink o2 /hese ski''s ,n/i' 3e 2a-e so1e !i22i-,'/" 3i/h /he1, 2or ins/an-e, /he s"10o's are no/ -'ear 0e-a,se o2 s1,!+es, or 3e ha.e inA,re! /he han! 3i/h 3hi-h 3e nor1a''" 3ri/e) orkshee/ ;& has an a-/i.i/" 3i/h phone/i- s-rip/ /ha/ 3i'' +i.e so1e s1a'' sense o2 /he ski''s 3e /ake 2or +ran/e! in rea!in+ or 3ri/in+ o,r o3n 'an+,a+e # hi'e i/ is !esi+ne! 2or 'an+,a+e 'earners, i/ 1a" 0e a ,se2,' a-/i.i/" 2or /ea-hers /o !o as 3e'', par/i-,'ar'" i2 /he" are no/ .er" 2a1i'iar 3i/h phone/i- s-rip/) )(/ =now*edge of words 7*e+ica* competence: CEF .(,(#(#8

In 8ords in the Mind (p,0'ishe! 0" Basi' B'a-k3e'', O?2or!, 859K* pa+e K, Jean Ai/-hison speaks a0o,/ /he n,10er o2 3or!s peop'e kno3 in /heir na/i.e 'an+,a+e an! /he spee! a/ 3hi-h /he" re-o+niBe /he1) %a/i.e speakers o2 a 'an+,a+e +enera''" es/i1a/e /heir o3n .o-a0,'ar" a/ on'" a propor/ion o2 /he rea' 'e.e') The n,10er o2 3or!s kno3n 0" an e!,-a/e! a!,'/ is ,n'ike'" /o 0e 'ess /han @I,III an! 1a" 0e as hi+h as ;@I,III) These hi+h 2i+,res s,++es/ /ha/ /he 1en/a' 'e?i-on is arran+e! on a s"s/e1a/i- 0asis) The se-on! reason 3h" 3or!s are 'ike'" /o 0e 3e'' or+aniBe! in /he 1in! is /ha/ /he" -an 0e 'o-a/e! so 2as/, 'i/era''" in a sp'i/ se-on!) This is apparen/ a0o.e a'' 2ro1 /he spee! o2 nor1a' spee-h, in 3hi-h si? s"''a0'es a se-on!, 1akin+ /hree or 1ore 3or!s, is 2air'" s/an!ar!) An! e?peri1en/s ha.e -on2ir1e! /his 2i+,re, sho3in+ /ha/ na/i.e speakers -an re-o+niBe a 3or! o2 /heir 'an+,a+e in ;II 1s (1i''ise-on!s* or 'ess 2ro1 i/s onse/, /ha/ is appro?i1a/e'" one 2i2/h o2 a se-on! 2ro1 i/s 0e+innin+) In 1an" -ases /his is 3e'' 0e2ore a'' /he 3or! has 0een hear!) Storing (ords e 1,s/ ha.e a .er" e22i-ien/ s/ora+e s"s/e1 2or 3or!s i2 3e on'" nee! one 2i2/h o2 a se-on! /o re-o+niBe a 3or! in o,r o3n 'an+,a+e) or!s are s/ore! in /3o 1ain 3a"s, 0" 1eanin+ an! 0" so,n!) e +enera''" s/ore 3or!s in 1eanin+ +ro,ps (-a''e! se1an/i- 2ie'!s*) These 1eanin+ +ro,ps o2/en o.er'ap, an! /he sa1e 3or! -an 0e'on+ /o se.era' 1eanin+ +ro,ps) Ra/her /han one s"s/e1 3e ha.e a 3e0 or ne/3ork o2 s"s/e1s) Th,s /he 3or! wine 3i'' 0e s/ore! in /he F!rinksG +ro,p, in /he Fa+ri-,'/,ra' pro!,-eG +ro,p, in /he F-o'o,rsG +ro,p, an! 3i'' ha.e 'inks 3i/h o/her 1eanin+ +ro,ps s,-h as Fpar/iesG, Fres/a,ran/sG, e/-) Besi!es 0ein+ s/ore! 0" 1eanin+, 3or!s are a'so s/ore! 0" so,n!) e -an, 2or e?a1p'e, re-a'' 3or!s :,i-k'" 0" /heir 2irs/ 'e//er(s* or 0" /he pa//ern o2 /heir rh"/h1) This 1eans o2 s/ora+e see1s /o 0e :,i/e in!epen!en/ o2 /he s/ora+e 0" 1eanin+)

9@

Tas" 7a: Loo"ing at ho( (ords are stored in your memory *this tas" is replicated for learners as &or"sheet 7a+ See 2or "o,rse'2 ho3 "o, s/ore 3or!s in "o,r na/i.e 'an+,a+e) In /he spa-e o2 6I se-on!s 2or ea-h se/ 0e'o3, -o,n/ a'' /he 3or!s "o, -an /hink o2 /ha/< - 0e'on+ /o /he 1eanin+ +ro,p foodD IIIIIIII- are asso-ia/e! in "o,r 1in! 3i/h chair, (or chaise in Fren-h*D - 0e+in 3i/h /he so,n! pl9: - ha.e /he rh"/h1Hs/ress pa//ern o2 bicycle, (or t;l;vision in Fren-h*D ere /here an" 3or!s /ha/ o--,rre! in 1ore /han one se/L )(. =now*edge of meaning 7semantic competence: CEF .(,(#()8 Ho3e.er, kno3in+ /he 1eanin+ o2 3or!s is no/ a si1p'e /hin+) or!s ha.e 0een -a''e! /he 0,i'!in+ 0'o-ks o2 'an+,a+e) The" -an 0e ,se! as 0,i'!in+ 0'o-ks 0e-a,se /he" -o10ine 2or1 an! 1eanin+D /he" pin 2or1s on/o aspe-/s o2 /he 3or'! aro,n! ,s) The" ha.e, /here2ore, /3o 2a-es) One 2a-e is /he 2or1 an! /he o/her 2a-e is /he 1eanin+) The 2or1 o2 a 3or! !oes no/ -han+e .er" 1,-h) Ho3e.er, i/s 1eanin+ is !i22eren/D i/ is s'ipper", har! /o pin !o3n, i/ shi2/s, i/ 0'en!s in/o o/her 1eanin+s, an! /here -an 0e se.era' 1eanin+s /o one 2or1) To /ake 0,/ one e?a1p'e, in En+'ish, 3ha/ is /he pre-ise 1eanin+ o2 /he 3or! cupL I/ -an re2er /o a so1e/hin+ 3e !rink 2ro1, 0,/ i/ -an a'so re2er /o so1e/hin+ 3e p'a" 2or in a -o1pe/i/ion) In /he 2irs/ sense a -,p is 'ike a 1,+ or a 0o3', 3hi'e in /he se-on! i/ is 1ore 'ike a .ase) e ha.e seen a0o.e /ha/ 3or!s are s/ore! in o,r 1e1or" a--or!in+ /o 1eanin+) e ha.e /his a0i'i/" /o -ope 3i/h /he s'ipperiness, 2,BBiness o2 3or!-1eanin+s) e a'so ha.e /he a0i'i/" /o re'a/e 3or!s /o /heir opposi/es (an/ono1"* an! /o o/her 3or!s 3hose 1eanin+s are in-',!e! in /he1 (h"pono1", 2or e?a1p'e, ani&al 3i/h cat*) -o( (ell (e "no( (ords e 1,s/ no3 ask o,rse'.es ho3 3e +o/ /hose 3or!s in/o o,r 1e1or" in /he 2irs/ p'a-e) In or!er /o s/ore 3or!s in o,r 1e1or" 3e 1,s/ 2irs/ o2 a'' kno3 /he1) B,/ 3ha/ e?a-/'" !o 3e 1ean 0" kno3in+ a 3or!L I/ is no/ si1p'" a :,es/ion o2 kno3in+ or no/ kno3in+D 3e -an kno3 3or!s a/ .er" 1an" !i22eren/ 'e.e's) Le/ ,s -onsi!er ho3 3e kno3 /he p,pi's in o,r o3n s-hoo') So1e 3e si1p'" !o no/ kno3 0e-a,se 3e 1a" ne.er ha.e no/i-e! /he1) O/hers 3e re-o+niBe 2or ha.in+ seen /he1 0e2ore, 0,/ i2 3e 1e/ /he1 o,/ o2 s-hoo', 3e 3o,'! no/ re1e10er 3here 3e kne3 /he1 2ro1 or 3ho /he" 3ere) O/hers 3e kno3 0o/h in an! o,/ o2 s-hoo', 0,/ 3e -anno/ re1e10er /heir na1es) O/hers 3e -an p,/ a na1e on, 0,/ -anno/ sa" 3ha/ /he" !o) An! so on, ,n/i' 3e rea-h /hose 3e kno3 0es/< 3e kno3 /heir na1es, 3ha/ /he" !o, a'1os/ e.er"/hin+ a0o,/ /he1) or!s are 'ike /ha/) e -an kno3 /he1 a/ !i22eren/ 'e.e's) e s/ar/ 0" 0ein+ a3are /ha/ 3e ha.e seen /he1 0e2ore, 0,/ 3i/ho,/ kno3in+ 3hereD /hen 3e re-o+niBe /he1 3hen 3e 1ee/ /he1 in -on/e?/, 0,/ no/ o,/ o2 i/) E.en/,a''" 3e +e/ /o kno3 /he1 in an" -on/e?/, kno3in+ a'' /heir 1eanin+s, an! ho3 /o ,se /he1) This a'so happens in o,r na/i.e 'an+,a+e 2or 3or!s a0o,/ /opi-s 3e are no/ 2a1i'iar 3i/h, s,-h as, 2or e?a1p'e, 1e!i-ine or 'in+,is/i-s)

96

Tas" 7b: The different levels of our "no(ledge of (ords *corresponding (or"sheet for students+ Tr" /o -'assi2" "o,r kno3'e!+e o2 /he 2o''o3in+ 3or!s (/aken 2ro1 a 0ook a0o,/ 1e1or"*< psychogenic, confabulation, a&nesia, connectionis&, blindsight, refractoriness Arran+e /he1 in a +raph, /hose "o, kno3 'eas/ 3e'' a/ 0o//o1 'e2/, /hose "o, kno3 0es/ on /op ri+h/, an! 'a0e' /he1 as< ha.e ne.er seen i/ 0e2ore, ha.e seen i/ 0,/ !onE/ kno3 i/, e/-) B,/ kno3in+ ho3 /o han!'e 1eanin+ !oes no/ s/op 3i/h in!i.i!,a' 3or!s) I/ in-',!es, a1on+ 1an" o/her /hin+s, kno3in+ 3hi-h 3or!s nor1a''" +o /o+e/her, 0ein+ a0'e /o see /he !i22eren-es o2 1eanin+s -rea/e! 0" !i22eren/ 3or! or!ers, rea'iBin+ /ha/ 3ha/ is sai! o2/en i1p'ies a 'o/ 1ore /han /he a-/,a' 3or!s see1 /o 0e sa"in+) )(3 =now*edge of grammar 7grammatica* competence: CEF .(,(#(,8

O,r kno3'e!+e o2 +ra11ar 0asi-a''" -on-erns o,r a0i'i/" /o p,/ 3or!s /o+e/her in /he proper 3a") This 1eans kno3in+ /he !i22eren/ -a/e+ories o2 3or!s s,-h as no,ns, .er0s, a!Ae-/i.es, e/-) an! ho3 /he" re'a/e /o one ano/her, ho3 /he" -han+e in -er/ain -ir-,1s/an-es (2or e?a1p'e, a .er0, 3hen i/ re2ers /o a pas/ e.en/*, in 3ha/ or!er /he" 1,s/ 0e p,/, an! so on) M,-h o2 /his kno3'e!+e 2or o,r o3n 'an+,a+e is ,n-ons-io,s, 0,/ 3e are 'ike'" /o 0e .er" -ons-io,s o2 /he 2or1a' r,'es o2 /he 'an+,a+e 3e are /ea-hin+, 1,-h 1ore so /han na/i.e speakers) e 1a" a'so 2ee' /ha/ one o2 /he pro0'e1s o,r s/,!en/s ha.e is /ha/ /he" !o no/ ha.e a s,22i-ien/ +rasp o2 +ra11ar +enera''") I/ is a !e0a/e! :,es/ion 3he/her 2or1a' kno3'e!+e o2 /he +ra11ar o2 a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e is a ne-essar" re:,isi/e 2or 0ein+ a0'e /o -o11,ni-a/e in i/) Ho3e.er, i/ is pro0a0'" .er" i1por/an/ an! ,se2,' 2or 'earners /o rea'iBe /ha/ /he" a-/,a''" !o ,se +ra11ar r,'es in /heir 2irs/ 'an+,a+e, e.en i2 /hese r,'es 1a" 0e :,i/e !i22eren/ /o /hose 2o,n! in /he s/an!ar! 'an+,a+e) Tas" 7c: our a(areness of the formal rules of your o(n language E?a1ine /he 2o''o3in+ se/ o2 sen/en-es in En+'ish) O'i.er 'e2/ 2or &ana!a) ho 3en/ 3i/h hi1L hen !i! he 'ea.eL He !i!nE/ 'ea.e "es/er!a") He a'3a"s /ra.e's on a Mon!a") He !oesnE/ /ake his 3i2e) She isnE/ 3e'') Is she s/a"in+ a/ ho1eL &an she /ake /i1e o22L 4n2or/,na/e'", she -anE/ 'ea.e /he -hi'!ren) Gi.e /he r,'es 2or 2or1in+ ne+a/i.e sen/en-es an! or!inar" :,es/ions in En+'ish) Make s,re /ha/ "o, -o.er a'' /he e?a1p'es +i.en a0o.e) here !oes /he ne+a/i.e e'e1en/ -o1e, 0e2ore or a2/er /he .er0L Does in.ersion a'3a"s o--,r in :,es/ionsL ha/ e'e1en/s +e/ in.er/e!L Look a/ /he pa/h o2 a-:,isi/ion o2 /he .er0a' s"s/e1 o2 En+'ish 0" 'earners in Ta0'e 8) &an "o, e?p'ain 3h" /his pa/h is /he 3a" i/ isL

9K

"art / $ asks and te+ts 7CEF 4, />/(38

/(# asks

The e.er"-!a", non-/e-hni-a' 1eanin+ o2 /ask is a pie-e o2 3ork /ha/ -an 0e ,n!er/aken 0" a person) Tasks are /he /ho,san! an! one /hin+s 3e !o e.er" !a", ei/her 2or o,rse'2 or 2or o/hers, ei/her 2ree'", or 2or re3ar!, or 0e-a,se 3e 2ee' o0'i+e!) Br,shin+ o,r /ee/h, 3ri/in+ an essa", 0orro3in+ a 0ook, are a'' e?a1p'es o2 /asks) Man", i2 no/ 1os/, /asks 3e per2or1 in.o'.e pro-essin+ 'an+,a+e in so1e shape or 2or1) I/ is /asks in /his sense /ha/ are /he /opi- o2 -hap/erK o2 &EF# #er2or1in+ a /ask proper'" !epen!s on /3o /hin+s< /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 -o1pe/en-es 3e ha.e a.ai'a0'e, an! /he !i22i-,'/" an! -o1p'e?i/" o2 /he /ask i/se'2) Le/ ,s /ake /he e?a1p'e o2 1akin+ an o1e'e/) This /ask in.o'.es a n,10er o2 s,0/asks, 7 rea!in+ /he re-ipe, -o''e-/in+ /he in+re!ien/s, 0reakin+ an! 3hiskin+ /he e++s, hea/in+ /he 2r"in+ pan, e/-) I/ is, /here2ore, a 1o!era/e'" -o1p'e? /ask in i/se'2) O,r ski''s a/ ea-h o2 /he s,0/asks 1a" .ar") E.en i2 3e ha.e ne.er 1a!e an o1e'e/, 3e 1a" 0e a0'e /o 0reak an e++ -o1pe/en/'") Ho3e.er, 3e 1a" ha.e o/her -o1pe/en-es a.ai'a0'e in /he 2or1 o2 ano/her person or persons /o he'p ,s) The 1o!era/e !i22i-,'/" o2 /he /ask 1a" 0e in-rease! 0" /i1e press,re, or 0" /he kno3'e!+e /ha/ /he pro!,-/ is /o 0e assesse!) Th,s /he inheren/ !i22i-,'/" o2 /he /ask an! /he -o1pe/en-es 3e ha.e a.ai'a0'e p'a" a ke" ro'e in ho3 3e 3i'' per2or1 /he /ask) hen /he /ask is a p,re'" 'in+,is/i- one, /he sa1e ho'!s, e?-ep/ /ha/ /his /i1e a'' /he !i22eren/ 'an+,a+e-re'a/e! -o1pe/en-es 'is/e! in /he pre.io,s ,ni/s -o1e in/o p'a") hen /he /ask is in a 'an+,a+e /ha/ 3e are 'earnin+, o,r -o1pe/en-e in /he 'an+,a+e, (an! /ha/ o2 /he o/hers in.o'.e! 3i/h ,s in /he /ask* an! /he !i22i-,'/" o2 pro-essin+ /ha/ 'an+,a+e 3i'' ha.e a 1aAor e22e-/ on ho3 3e'' 3e per2or1 /he /ask) As 3e ha.e seen 1ore /han on-e a'rea!", a'' /he !i22eren/ aspe-/s in.o'.e! in -o11,ni-a/ion p'a" a ro'e in /he /"pe o2 'an+,a+e /o 0e ,se!, an! /here2ore in /he !i22i-,'/" o2 pro-essin+ 'an+,a+e) /(, e+ts

On-e 3e pro!,-e 'an+,a+e, 3e ha.e pro!,-e! a /e?/ /ha/ is in!epen!en/ o2 ,s) hen 3e are -ha//in+ /o so1eone, 3ha/ 3e sa" is a /e?/, or a/ 'eas/ par/ o2 a 'ar+er /e?/, A,s/ as a no.e' or a poe1 pro!,-e! in /he 3ri//en 1e!i,1 0" a 3ri/er is a /e?/)9 A /e?/ ser.es as inp,/ /o 0e pro-esse! 0" so1e o/her 'an+,a+e ,serD 3hen 3e are -ha//in+, /he /e?/ 3e pro!,-e is pro-esse! 0" o,r 2rien!, 3ho in /,rn pro!,-es a /e?/ 3hi-h 3e pro-ess) e 1a" 0e /he pro!,-er, or /he re-ei.er, or 0o/h a/ /he sa1e /i1e, 0,/ 0o/h par/ners in -o11,ni-a/ion 1,s/ pro-ess i/) So, 3ha/ 3e an! o,r -o''ea+,es sa" /o one ano/her on /he /rain on /he 3a" /o 3ork is a /e?/, e.en /ho,+h /he so,n! is +one as soon as i/ is pro!,-e! (,n'ess 3e are re-or!in+ i/*) The -on.ersa/ions o2 o/her peop'e in /he /rain (in-',!in+ /ha/ o2 /he +ir' in 2ron/ o2 ,s ,sin+ her 1o0i'e phone* are a'so /e?/s, as are /he a!.er/ise1en/s, /he /i-ke/ or pass 3e ,se, /he anno,n-e1en/s, /he '"ri-s on /he hea!se/ o2 /he person 0ehin! ,s /o 3hi-h 3e are ha'2-'is/enin+) As &EF sa"s< FThe /e?/ is -en/ra' /o an" a-/ o2 'in+,is/i- -o11,ni-a/ion, /he e?/erna', o0Ae-/i.e 'ink 0e/3een pro!,-er an! re-ei.er, 3he/her /he" are -o11,ni-a/in+ 2a-e /o 2a-e or a/ a !is/an-e)G O0.io,s'" /he re'a/ionship 0e/3een /he pro!,-er(s* an! re-ei.er(s* o2 a /e?/ on /he one han!, an! /he /e?/ i/se'2 on /he o/her, 3i'' .ar" !epen!in+ on /he in.o'.e1en/ o2 ea-h o2 /he
9

This 1a" -o1e as a s,rprise /o so1e as i/ !i! /o Monsie,r Jo,r!ain, in Mo'i\reEs p'a", Le <ourgeois =entilho&&e, 3hen he !is-o.ere! /ha/ he ha! 0een speakin+ prose a'' his 'i2eP

99

par/ners in /he -o11,ni-a/ion) hen -ha//in+ 3i/h a 2rien!, 3e 0o/h /ake par/ in /he pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion o2 /he 0i/s o2 /he 'ar+er /e?/ (or !is-o,rse*, 3hereas, 3hen 3e are /rans'a/in+ a 'e//er 2or a re-ei.er 3ho ,ses ano/her 'an+,a+e, 3e ha.e no rea' sa" in /he a-/,a' -on/en/ o2 /he /e?/) Si1i'ar'", /he 1e!i,1 in 3hi-h a /e?/ is -arrie! 3i'' a22e-/ /he na/,re o2 /he /e?/) ri//en /e?/s !o no/ ,se /he sa1e 1eans o2 e1phasis as spoken /e?/s) 5 Di22eren/ kin!s o2 3ri//en /e?/s a'so .ar" in i1por/an/ 3a"s) &EF -o1pares /he !,ra0i'i/", s,--in-/ness an! so'e1ni/" o2 a s/one ins-rip/ion 3i/h /he !isposa0i'i/" an! ephe1era' na/,re o2 an air-'e//er) Te?/s an! /asks are re'a/e! in /ha/ 1an" /asks in.o'.e pro-essin+ /e?/s 2or /heir proper per2or1an-e, 0,/ /he per2or1an-e o2 a /ask 2re:,en/'" a'so in.o'.es /he pro!,-/ion o2 2,r/her /e?/s 7 /hose in.o'.e! 3i/h /he 1ana+e1en/ an! or+aniBin+ o2 /he /ask i/se'2 /ha/ is /o 0e per2or1e!) The kin! o2 /e?/ pro!,-e! or re-ei.e! 3i'', /here2ore, .ar" in :,i/e i1por/an/ 3a"s !epen!in+ on a 3ho'e series o2 aspe-/s o2 /he -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/, s,-h as 3here i/ is /akin+ p'a-e, 3ho is in.o'.e!, /he 1e!i,1 0ein+ ,se!, e/-) Be-a,se /asks an! /e?/s are so in/i1a/e'" re'a/e!, 3i/h 1os/ /asks 3e per2or1 re:,irin+ so1e /"pe o2 /e?/, an! a'' /e?/s in.o'.in+ so1e /ask or o/her, 3e 1a" nee! /o 'ook in so1e !e/ai' a/ ho3 /asks an! /e?/s re'a/e in o,r !ai'" 'i2e) E.en in /he re'a/i.e'" si1p'e /ask o2 +e//in+ /o 3ork 0" p,0'i- /ranspor/ in /he 1ornin+, a n,10er o2 /e?/s are in.o'.e!< a 0,s or /rain /i1e/a0'e, /he in!i-a/ion o2 /he !es/ina/ion, a 0,s- or /rain-pass or /i-ke/, an in/era-/ion 3i/h /he 0,s-!ri.er, a si+na' /o /he !ri.er /o s/op) e are ,n'ike'" /o ha.e pro-esse! 1os/ o2 /hese 'in+,is/i- /e?/s 2or so1e /i1e) For e?a1p'e, 3hen 3as /he 'as/ /i1e 3e rea! 3ha/ 3as on o,r 0,s or /rain /i-ke/L Ho3e.er, /he /ask o2 /akin+ a 0,s or /rain /akes on a /o/a''" !i22eren/ perspe-/i.e i2 3e are in a 2orei+n -o,n/r" 3hose 'an+,a+e 3e !o no/ kno3 .er" 3e'') An" one o2 /he /e?/s 'is/e! a0o.e is a po/en/ia' so,r-e o2 !i22i-,'/") e 1a" ha.e /o -a'' 2or assis/an-e 0e2ore or !,rin+ /he per2or1an-e o2 /his :,i/e 0ana' /ask) /() asks and te+ts in c*assrooms

&'assroo1s are spe-ia' /"pes o2 -on/e?/s an! in.o'.e /asks an! /e?/s o2 a /"pe /ha/ is o2/en !i22eren/ /o /he Frea' 3or'!G) S/,!en/s in -'assroo1s !o no/ a'3a"s ha.e -on/ro' o.er /he /asks /he" are re:,ire! /o per2or1, or o2 /he /e?/s /he" ha.e /o pro-ess) This is /r,e 2or 'essons in o/her s,0Ae-/s 0esi!es /hose -on-erne! 3i/h 'an+,a+e per se) I/ is 3or/h 'ookin+ a/ so1e o2 /hese in !e/ai' 0e2ore -onsi!erin+ 'an+,a+e 'essons proper in /he ne?/ se-/ion) /() as" :a: Loo"ing at the tas"s and te%ts of the classroom

&onsi!er a /"pi-a' 'esson in a non-'an+,a+e s,0Ae-/ (2or e?a1p'e, his/or", -he1is/r", ar/, e/-)* - Lis/ /he kin!s o2 /asks /ha/ a s/,!en/ has /o per2or1 in s,-h a 'esson) - IIIIIIIIFor ea-h /ask 'is/ /he /e?/s /ha/ ha.e /o 0e pro-esse!) - Look a/ one o2 /hese /e?/s in !e/ai' an! e?a1ine in 3ha/ 3a"s i/ is si1i'ar /o, an! in 3ha/ 3a"s i/ is !i22eren/ 2ro1, a* /e?/s ,se! in /he Frea' 3or'!GD 0* /e?/s ,se! in a 'an+,a+e 'esson) - Do an" o2 /he /asks rese10'e /hose 2o,n! in a 'an+,a+e 'esson, s,-h as, 2or e?a1p'e, -o''a0ora/in+ 3i/h o/her s/,!en/sL o,'! 'earners ha.e /o re:,es/ assis/an-e 2ro1 /he /ea-her 2or an" o2 /hese /asksL ha/ are /he o.era'' ai1s an! o0Ae-/i.es o2 s,-h a 'essonL Do /he" rese10'e /hose o2 a 'an+,a+e 'essonL
5

For e?a1p'e, 3ri/in+ in a'' -api/a's in a /e?/ on /he In/erne/ is -onsi!ere! as i1po'i/e as sho,/in+ in /he spoken 1e!i,1)

95

/(/

e+ts in the new *anguage

In 4ni/ 8 -er/ain aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e 3ere seen /o 0e spe-i2i- /o 'an+,a+e 'earners) A1on+ /hese 3ere /he ro'e o2 'an+,a+e 'earner i/se'2, 3hi-h 1eans /ha/, 3hen -o11,ni-a/in+ in /he ne3 'an+,a+e, 'earners ha.e /o per2or1 so1e /asks /ha/ /he" !o no/ nor1a''" ha.e /o per2or1 in /heir na/i.e 'an+,a+e, s,-h as in!i-a/in+ /ha/ /he" ha.e no/ ,n!ers/oo!, an! askin+ 2or repe/i/ion or he'p) A se-on! aspe-/ -onsi!ere! 3as /he ph"si-a' si/,a/ion o2 /he -'assroo1 in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ nor1a''" /akes p'a-e) I/ 3as a'so no/e! in 4ni/ 8 /ha/ /he na/,re o2 /he /asks 'earners ha.e /o per2or1 in /he 'an+,a+e -'assroo1 1a" o2/en 0e !i22eren/ 2ro1 /hose in rea' 'i2e, or e.en 2ro1 /hose in 'essons 3hose s,0Ae-/ is so1e/hin+ o/her /han 'an+,a+e, 0e-a,se /asks in /he 'an+,a+e -'assroo1 3i'' +enera''" ha.e so1e kin! o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 2o-,s) Tasks in !ai'" 'i2e are ,s,a''" A,!+e! /o ha.e 0een s,--ess2,' i2 /he pie-e o2 3ork is -o1p'e/e! -orre-/'") Lan+,a+e is ,se! +enera''" on'" as one -o1ponen/ in /he s,--ess2,' -o1p'e/ion o2 /he /ask) In a 'an+,a+e -'assroo1, on /he o/her han!, 'an+,a+e /akes on a !i22eren/ ro'e 3i/hin a /ask) Learners 3i'' 2re:,en/'" 0e e?pe-/e! no/ on'" /o per2or1 a +i.en /ask, 0,/ /o !o so ,sin+ appropria/e an! -orre-/ 'an+,a+e) This is /he -ase e.en 3i/hin /hose /ea-hin+ approa-hes 3here /asks in /he 'an+,a+e -'assroo1 are e?pe-/e! /o 1irror rea'-'i2e /asks -'ose'", 0e-a,se /he p,rpose o2 'an+,a+e 'essons is, a2/er a'', /he 'earnin+ o2 /he ne3 'an+,a+e) E.en 3i/hin s,-h an approa-h /here has /o 0e a 2o-,s on /he 2or1 o2 'an+,a+e as 3e'' as on /he -on/en/ o2 /he /ask) Th,s, in a -'assroo1 3hi-h in.o'.es so--a''e! /ask-0ase! /ea-hin+, a 0a'an-e 1,s/ 0e rea-he! 0e/3een /he nee! /o per2or1 a /ask -orre-/'", an! /he nee! 2or /he 'earner /o 'earn an! ,se /he appropria/e 'an+,a+e /o !o so) I/ so1e/i1es happens /ha/ /he ne3 'an+,a+e 2ossi'ises a/ a -er/ain poin/, 0e-a,se /he 'earner is 1ore -on-erne! /o per2or1 a +i.en /ask s,--ess2,''" e.en 3i/h ina!e:,a/e 'an+,a+e) In o/her -'assroo1s /he /o/a' 2o-,s 1a" 0e on /he 2or1s o2 /he 'an+,a+e an! /he /asks re'a/e! /o /his 2o-,s 1a" ha.e no rea' -o11,ni-a/i.e p,rpose) In /his -ase /he 'earner 1a" 'earn /he 2or1s, 0,/ no/ 0e a0'e /o app'" /he1 /o /he s,--ess2,' -o1p'e/ion o2 rea''i2e /asks) Re'a/e! /o /he /"pe o2 /ask is /he /"pe o2 /e?/ /ha/ is ,se! in 'an+,a+e -'assroo1s) These -an 0e a,/hen/i- 7 pro!,-e! in /he 2irs/ ins/an-e no/ 2or 'earners o2 a 'an+,a+e, 0,/ 2or rea' -o11,ni-a/ion 0e/3een na/i.e speakers or +ra!e! 7 pro!,-e! in s,-h a 3a" as /o 1ake /he1 s,i/a0'e 2or 'earners o2 a par/i-,'ar 'e.e') Tas" :b: Loo"ing at the tas"s and te%ts of the language classroom &onsi!er a re-en/ 'an+,a+e 'esson "o, ha.e +i.en) - Lis/ so1e /asks /ha/ "o,r s/,!en/s ha! /o per2or1 in /his 'esson) - IIIIIIIIFor ea-h /ask 'is/ /he /e?/s /ha/ /he" ha! /o pro-ess) - Look a/ one o2 /hese /e?/s in !e/ai' an! e?a1ine in 3ha/ 3a"s i/ 3as si1i'ar /o, an! in 3ha/ 3a"s i/ 3as !i22eren/ 2ro1 a* /e?/s ,se! in /he Frea' 3or'!GD 0* /e?/s ,se! in a -on/en/ s,0Ae-/ 'esson) - Di! /he /asks in.o'.e rea' -o11,ni-a/ion, e.en 3i/h e1phasis on 'an+,a+e 2or1sL - Di! an" o2 /he /asks 2o-,s co&pletely on 'an+,a+e 2or1sL - ha/ 3ere /he o.era'' ai1s an! o0Ae-/i.es o2 /he 'essonL Ho3 !i! /he" -o1pare 3i/h /hose o2 /he -on/en/ s,0Ae-/ 'essonL ha/e.er /he approa-h "o, ,se in "o,r 'an+,a+e -'assroo1, "o,r 'earners s/i'' nee! /o 0e a0'e /o per2or1 /asks in /he rea' 3or'! 3i/h /heir ne3 'an+,a+e) 5I

"art . $ Language *earning and teaching 7CEF 3(#04()(#8

&hap/er 6 o2 &EF !ra3s /he ear'ier -hap/ers /o+e/her, +oin+ 0a-k o.er /he ran+e o2 iss,es !is-,sse!, an! re'a/in+ /he1 /o /he 'earnin+ -on/e?/) The iss,e here is ho3 0es/ /he 'an+,a+e -'assroo1 -an he'p /o ena0'e 'earners F/o -arr" o,/ /he /asks, a-/i.i/ies, an! pro-esses, an! 0,i'! ,p /he -o1pe/en-es ne-essar" 2or -o11,ni-a/ionG) In or!er /o par/i-ipa/e in spee-h e.en/s, /he" 1,s/ ha.e 'earne! or a-:,ire! /he !i22eren/ -o1pe/en-es 'is/e! in 4ni/ ; a0o.e, /he a0i'i/" /o p,/ /hese -o1pe/en-es in/o a-/ion in /he pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion o2 spoken or 3ri//en /e?/s, an! /he a0i'i/" /o e1p'o" p'an, e?e-,/e, 1oni/or an! repair /heir -o11,ni-a/ion as appropria/e) I/ has 0een s/resse! in /he ear'ier par/ o2 /his +,i!e /ha/ &EF pro.i!es !es-rip/ors o2 'e.e's o2 per2or1an-e 2or a'' o2 /he ski''s 'is/e!) This 1eans /ha/ 'earners -an 0e +i.en (or -an 1ake o,/ 2or /he1se'.es* a pro2i'e o2 /heir per2or1an-e ,n!er 1os/ o2 /he hea!in+s !ea'/ 3i/h in /his +,i!e) I/ a'so 1eans /ha/ 'earners -an ha.e !i22eren/ pro2i'es 2or !i22eren/ 'an+,a+es, an! a/ /he sa1e /i1e an o.era'' Fp',ri'in+,a'G pro2i'e) The !is-,ssion o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1 in &EF is par/i-,'ar'" in/eres/in+ an! s/i1,'a/in+, an! sho,'! -er/ain'" 0e rea! in /he ori+ina' !o-,1en/) (In 2a-/ a'' o2 -hap/er 6 sho,'! 0e rea! 3i/h +rea/ -are)* Learners 1a" 2ee' /ha/ /he" !o no/ nee! or 3an/ /o 0e a0'e /o !o a'' /he /hin+s 'is/e! so 2ar, an! 1a" pre2er /o -on2ine /he1se'.es /o -er/ain aspe-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion on'") The" 1a" 2ee', 2or e?a1p'e, /ha/ /he" are 'ike'" /o ha.e 'i//'e nee! /o speak /he ne3 'an+,a+e, 0,/ on'" /o rea! an! 3ri/e i/) Ho3e.er, i/ is 'ike'" /ha/ /he" 3i'' 2in! /ha/ /he !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e s,ppor/ one ano/her, an! /ha/ /heir 'earnin+ 3i'' 0e 1ore e22i-ien/ i2 /he" /ake e.er" aspe-/ in/o -onsi!era/ion) Th,s, 2or e?a1p'e, /he" are 'ike'" /o 2in! /ha/ 0ein+ a0'e /o prono,n-e 3or!s is a-/,a''" a +rea/ he'p in re1e10erin+ /he1 (see /he se-/ion a0o.e on kno3in+ 3or!s*, an! -an e.en enhan-e /heir si'en/ rea!in+ ski''s) Ho3e.er, /he 2ina' !e-ision a0o,/ 3ha/ /heir nee!s are has /o 0e /heir o3n, in -ons,'/a/ion 3i/h a /ea-her "o,) &hap/er 6 a'so raises a n,10er o2 i1por/an/ iss,es re'a/e! /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) Firs/ o2 a'', /here is /he :,es/ion o2 3he/her 'an+,a+e is a-:,ire! s,0-ons-io,s'" or 'earne! -ons-io,s'") e a-:,ire o,r 2irs/ 'an+,a+e 'ar+e'" in a s,0-ons-io,s 1anner) So1e resear-hers 0e'ie.e /ha/ 3e a'so a-:,ire o/her 'an+,a+es s,0-ons-io,s'", an! /ha/ 3e si1p'" nee! /o 0e e?pose! /o 'an+,a+e /ha/ is 1eanin+2,', an! /ha/ is a/ a 'e.e' A,s/ 0e"on! o,r -,rren/ a0i'i/", 2or a-:,isi/ion /o happen) The" +o so 2ar as /o -'ai1 /ha/ 2or1a' 'earnin+ o2 'an+,a+es !oes no/ 'ea! /o rea' 'an+,a+e !e.e'op1en/) O/hers 0e'ie.e /ha/ 3e nee! 1ore /han A,s/ e?pos,reD 3e nee! /o /ake an a-/i.e par/ in -o11,ni-a/i.e in/era-/ion in /he ne3 'an+,a+e 2or 'an+,a+e !e.e'op1en/ /o o--,r) A/ /he o/her e?/re1e, so1e 0e'ie.e /ha/ 'earnin+ /he .o-a0,'ar" o2 a 'an+,a+e an! i/s r,'es o2 +ra11ar is s,22i-ien/ /o prepare one 2or ,sin+ /he 'an+,a+e in -o11,ni-a/i.e -on/e?/s 3hen /he nee! arises) Mos/ 'earners an! /ea-hers 3i'' /ake a posi/ion so1e3here 0e/3een /hese /3o e?/re1es, an! 3i'' /r" /o ha.e a--ess /o /asks an! /e?/s /ha/ are 1eanin+2,') Ho3e.er, i/ is :,i/e possi0'e /ha/ 2or so1e 'earners one or /he o/her o2 /he e?/re1e posi/ions re2'e-/s /heir pre2erre! 3a" o2 -opin+ 3i/h a ne3 'an+,a+e) For ea-h aspe-/ o2 /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ si/,a/ion &EF +oes on /o +i.e /he 3ho'e ran+e o2 possi0'e approa-hes /o 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+, 2ro1 'earnin+ o2 3or!s 0" ro/e /o 'earnin+ /he1 /hro,+h e?pos,re /o a,/hen/i- 1a/eria'sD 2ro1 /he 'earnin+ o2 +ra11ar /hro,+h 2or1a' e?p'ana/ion /o pi-kin+ i/ ,p 2ro1 rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+) This is no/ an a//e1p/ /o !o!+e /he iss,e, 0,/ si1p'" a re-o+ni/ion /ha/ 'earners are !i22eren/ an! 3ha/ s,i/s one 3i'' no/ ne-essari'" s,i/ ano/her, or 3ha/ 1a" s,i/ a 'earner a/ one /i1e 1a" no/ s,i/ /he sa1e 'earner ano/her /i1e)

58

In /his ,ni/ /he 3ho'e 2o-,s 3i'' 0e on /he 'earnin+ (an! /ea-hin+* o2 /he ne3 'an+,a+e) The 2irs/ par/ !ea's 3i/h ho3 'an+,a+e is a-:,ire! na/,ra'is/i-a''"D /he se-on! par/ !ea's 3i/h ho3 oneEs 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ is or+aniBe!D /he /hir! par/ +oes on /o 1ake so1e pra-/i-a' s,++es/ions 2or 'earnin+ 'an+,a+es) .(# Learning words

In 4ni/ = 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e 3as !is-,sse! ,n!er a n,10er o2 hea!in+s) One o2 /he ke" -o1pe/en-es 3e ha.e is o,r kno3'e!+e o2 3or!s) Men/ion 3as 1a!e o2 /he !i22eren/ 'e.e's o2 kno3'e!+e 3e ha.e o2 3or!s in o,r o3n 'an+,a+e) In a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e o,r kno3'e!+e o2 3or!s is a'so +oin+ /o 0e e?/re1e'" .aria0'e) The :,es/ion /o 0e !is-,sse! here is ho3 3e 'earn 3or!s) Ho3 is .o-a0,'ar" 'earne!L As 2ar as 2irs/ 'an+,a+e is -on-erne!, /here are /3o s-hoo's o2 /ho,+h/) One ar+,es /ha/ 3or!s 1,s/ 0e 'earne! na/,ra''" in -on/e?/, 3hi'e /he o/her a!.o-a/es 2or1a' .o-a0,'ar" /ea-hin+, espe-ia''" 2or 3eaker 'earners) The resear-h e.i!en-e s,ppor/s 0o/h +ro,ps) On /he one han!, .o-a0,'ar" +ro3/h o--,rs via rea!in+, 0,/ in .er" s1a'' in-re1en/sD 3or!s 1o.e s'o3'" a'on+ /he -on/in,,1 !es-ri0e! in /he 'as/ ,ni/) Ho3e.er, /he 1ore /he 'earner rea!s, /he :,i-ker /his pro-ess 0e-o1es an! /he +rea/er /he n,10er o2 3or!s on /he -on/in,,1) On /he o/her han!, 2or1a' .o-a0,'ar" /ea-hin+ has a'so 0een sho3n /o 0e .er" e22e-/i.e, espe-ia''" 2or 1o.in+ -er/ain ke" 3or!s 1ore rapi!'" a'on+ /he -on/in,,1) In par/i-,'ar i/ has 0een 2o,n! /ha/ .o-a0,'ar" is 'earne! 1ore rapi!'" 3hen i/ is /a,+h/ in se1an/i2ie'!s re'a/e! /o /he kin! o2 /e?/s /ha/ 'earners nee! /o 0e a0'e /o rea!) A--or!in+'", /he 1os/ e22i-ien/ 3a" o2 !e.e'opin+ /he .o-a0,'ar" s/ore 3o,'! appear /o 0e one /ha/ -o10ines 0o/h approa-hes) I!ea''", e?p'i-i/ /ea-hin+ o2 a 3or! sho,'! -o10ine /he -i/a/ion 2or1 3i/h e?a1p'es o2 /he 3or! in ,se so as /o ai! re-o+ni/ion an! 0e+in /o !e.e'op a sense o2 ho3 i/ 0eha.es s"n/a-/i-a''") .(, Learning the grammatica* s6stem

The poin/ is 1a!e in &EF /ha/ /here is .er" 'i//'e -onsens,s a1on+s/ resear-hers a0o,/ ho3 'an+,a+es are 'earne!) There are 1an" /heore/i-a' posi/ions on /his iss,e) There is, ho3e.er, :,i/e a s,0s/an/ia' 0o!" o2 !a/a a0o,/ /he 2a-/s o2 'an+,a+e a-:,isi/ion, an! /he pa/hs /ha/ 'earners 2o''o3 in 'earnin+ (or a-:,irin+* a 'an+,a+e) ha/ 3e ha.e !one here is /o presen/ so1e o2 /he 2in!in+s o2 resear-hers an! /o s,++es/ -he-kin+ /hese a+ains/ o,r o3n e?perien-e /o see i2 /he 2in!in+s 1a/-h 3ha/ 3e ha.e 2o,n! o,/ a0o,/ o,r s/,!en/s (an! a0o,/ o,rse'.es*) Mos/ o2 /he resear-h !one in /he area o2 'an+,a+e a-:,isi/ion has e?a1ine! 'earners in na/,ra'is/i- -on/e?/s, /ha/ is, 'earners 3ho are 'earnin+ /he 'an+,a+e si1p'" 0" 0ein+ e?pose! /o i/ in /he -o,n/r" 3here i/ is spoken) hi'e /hese are !i22eren/ 2ro1 'earners 'ike o,rs (in a -'assroo1 in a -o,n/r" 3here /he 'an+,a+e is no/ spoken*, ne.er/he'ess 3ha/ has 0een 2o,n! 2or /he1 is re'e.an/ in a n,10er o2 3a"s !is-,sse! 0e'o3) The 2o''o3in+ +enera' pa//erns ha.e 0een !is-o.ere! in /he spee-h o2 s,-h 'earners a/ /he ear'ier s/a+es) The 2ea/,res 'is/e! 0e'o3 !o no/ +enera''" -o1e in s,!!en 0,rs/s, 0,/ !e.e'op o.er an e?/en!e! perio!) One o2 /he 1os/ s/rikin+ /hin+s a0o,/ /his pro+ression is /he :,i/e 'a/e appearan-e o2 2ea/,res /ha/ one 3o,'! /ake /o 0e reasona0'" eas", espe-ia''" /he re+,'ar pas/ >ed, an! /he /hir! person sin+,'ar >s# ha/ na/i.e speakers !o no/ rea'iBe is A,s/ ho3 -o1p'i-a/e! /hese 2or1s are< /he" appear on'" in /he !e-'ara/i.e 2or1sD in ne+a/i.e an! in/erro+a/i.e 2or1s /he .er0s are s/rippe!, an! /he en!in+s are p,/ on a F!,11"G .er0, do8I#
8I

See /he !is-,ssion o2 /he ,se o2 :,es/ions 2or !i22eren/ p,rposes 0e'o3)

5;

So1e resear-hers 0e'ie.e /ha/ /hese 2ea/,res a'so ho'! 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in /he -'assroo1, in o/her 3or!s, /ha/ o,r s/,!en/s 3i'' 'earn a 'an+,a+e in /he -'assroo1 in /he sa1e 3a" as so1eone 'i.in+ in /he 2orei+n -o,n/r" 3o,'!) Mos/ 3o,'! a--ep/, ho3e.er, /ha/ /his is /r,e on'" /o a -er/ain e?/en/, an! /ha/ 2or1a' 'earnin+ !oes 1ake a !i22eren-e) In /he en!, o,r 'earners are /he on'" ones 3ho -an /e'' 3he/her /ha/ is /he -ase 2or /he1 as /he" 'earn /he ne3 'an+,a+e)

5=

AALE #: !o&e general patterns of gra&&atical develop&ent in a second language ?@ou &ay wish to photocopy this for your learners and get their co&&ents about their own e,perienceA 8or$sheet B is related to this table# Ear*iest stage: or!s are a 1aAor pro0'e1D /he 'earner si1p'" !oes no/ ha.e eno,+h o2 /he1 an! -o11,ni-a/ion 0reaks !o3n -ons/an/'" 0e-a,se o2 /his) ha/ 3or!s /he 'earner has are s/r,n+ /o+e/her, 3i/ho,/ -on-ern 2or 'ink 3or!s or -han+es /ha/ sho,'! 0e 1a!e, s,-h as, 2or e?a1p'e, /he 's in /he =r! person sin+,'ar o2 /he En+'ish .er0, or /he 'ed in /he pas/ /enseD in 2a-/ in /he ear'" s/a+es /here are .er" 2e3 .er0s) 4//eran-es are s/r,n+ /o+e/her in /he 1os/ o0.io,s or!erD 2or e?a1p'e, in /e''in+ a s/or", e.en/s are /o'! in /he or!er in 3hi-h /he" happene!) IIIIIIIIThere is a hea." !epen!en-e on /he person(s* /o 3ho1 /he 'earner is speakin+ 2or he'p in pro.i!in+ 3or!s, an! 2or ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 3ha/ he or she is /r"in+ /o sa")

%ntermediate stage: There is a +ra!,a' !e.e'op1en/ o2 +ra11a/i-a' 2ea/,res) Th,s, 2or e?a1p'e, in En+'ish, - /he 'ing o2 /he #resen/ &on/in,o,s 0e+ins /o appear, 3i/ho,/ /he .er0 to beD - so1e pas/ /enses (1os/'" irre+,'ar* appearD - /he ne+a/i.e is e?presse! 0" no, not, or don7t 0e2ore /he .er0 2or 1os/ .er0s, 0,/ 1a" so1e/i1es 0e e?presse! -orre-/'" 3i/h 1o!a' .er0s an! /he .er0 to be, 2or e?a1p'e, cannot, is notD - :,es/ions are 2or1e! 3i/ho,/ in.ersion, e?-ep/ 2or /he 1o!a' .er0s an! /he .er0 to be# :ore ad-anced stage: As /he 'earner a!.an-es he or she +ra!,a''" +e/s 1ore -on/ro' o.er /he !i22eren/ par/s o2 /he s"s/e1) Th,s, 2or e?a1p'e, in En+'ish, - /he ne+a/i.e is e?presse! -orre-/'" 3i/h 1o!a' .er0s an! 3i/h /he .er0 to beD /he ,se o2 do /o 2or1 /he ne+a/i.e o2 1ain .er0s 0e+ins /o sprea! 7 he does not co&es, he did not ca&e, /hen 'a/er /he -orre-/ 2or1s, he does not co&e, he did not co&eD - :,es/ions are 2or1e! 3i/h in.ersion, ,sin+ /he a,?i'iar" doD - /he re+,'ar >ed o2 /he pas/ /ense o2 /he .er0 an! /he /hir! person sin+,'ar >s are

.()

he wa6 *anguage *earning is organiLed

A/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 4ni/ 8 /he !is/in-/ion 3as 1a!e 0e/3een -o11,ni-a/ion in i/s .ario,s aspe-/s on /he one han! an! /he 1eans 0" 3hi-h /his -o11,ni-a/ion is rea'iBe!) ha/ 3e 3i'' no3 0e a3are o2 is /ha/ 1an" o2 /he 2ea/,res o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 3i'' no/ -han+e !ras/i-a''" 0e/3een /3o 'an+,a+es, an! /ha/ 1,-h o2 /he kno3'e!+e an! 1an" o2 /he ski''s a 'earner a'rea!" possesses -an 0e ,se! 2or /he ne3 'an+,a+e) ha/ /he" ha.e /o 'earn is, /o a 'ar+e e?/en/, a ne3 1eans o2 !oin+ 3ha/ /he" a'rea!" !o in /heir o3n 'an+,a+e)

5>

ha/ has no/ 0een s/resse! /o :,i/e /he sa1e e?/en/ is /he 2a-/ /ha/ /he sa1e 2ea/,res o2 'an+,a+e -rop ,p in a'' -o11,ni-a/i.e -on/e?/s) hi'e 3e !o 1ake -hoi-es in /he 'an+,a+e 3e ,se !epen!in+ on 2ea/,res o2 /he -on/e?/, ne.er/he'ess o,r -hoi-es are 'i1i/e! /o 3ha/ is a''o3a0'e in /he 'an+,a+e) A si1p'e e?a1p'e sho,'! 1ake /his -'ear) To ask a :,es/ion in En+'ish 3i/h one o2 /he so--a''e! wh'3or!s (who, what, when, where, how, e/-)* 3e p,/ /he :,es/ion 3or! a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 /he ,//eran-e, an! i2 /his :,es/ion 3or! is no/ /he s,0Ae-/, 3e in.er/ /he .er0 an! /he s,0Ae-/, 3here ne-essar" ,sin+ /he a,?i'iar" do 2or /he in.ersion) Th,s, in /he :,es/ion 8hat did he eatC what has 0een 1o.e! /o /he 2irs/ posi/ion in /he sen/en-e, /he a,?i'iar" do is ,se!, an! /he s,0Ae-/ he an! /he a,?i'iar" do ha.e 0een in.er/e!) (%o/i-e a'so /ha/ /he 1ain .er0 has 0een -han+e! 2ro1 /he pas/ 2or1 ate /o /he ne,/ra' 2or1 eat#* These r,'es 3i'' app'" no 1a//er 3ha/ /he 2ea/,res o2 /he a-/ o2 -o11,ni-a/ion happen /o 0e) So 3e 3i'' +ree/ so1eone 3i/h 6ow are youC (so1e/i1es shor/ene! /o 6ow7re yeC in 2a1i'iar se//in+s* or, 1ore 2or1a''", 6ow do you doC e 1a" ask 2or he'p 3i/h 6ow do you fi, thisC e 1a" ask 2or !ire-/ions 3i/h 6ow do D get to the city centreC The sa1e 'an+,a+e s/r,-/,re is 2o,n! in /hese /hree :,i/e !i22eren/ -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/s) In o/her 3or!s, 'an+,a+e as a s"s/e1 is /o a 'ar+e e?/en/ in!epen!en/ o2 'an+,a+e as i/ is ,se!) M,-h o2 3ha/ 3e ha.e /o 'earn -on-erns /his s"s/e1 7 3or!s, an! r,'es 2or p,//in+ 3or!s /o+e/her) Bearin+ /his in 1in! 3e -an see /ha/ /here are /3o 0asi- approa-hes 3e -an /ake /o /he /ask o2 'earnin+ a ne3 'an+,a+e, ei/her< a* 'earn /he s"s/e1 (/he 'an+,a+e 2or1s an! r,'es* 2irs/, an! /hen app'" /he1 /o !i22eren/ -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/sD or 0* 'earn ho3 /o per2or1 -er/ain -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/s 2irs/ an! /hen /rans2er /he 'an+,a+e s"s/e1 3e ha.e 'earne! /o ne3 e.en/s) The a!.an/a+e o2 /he 2irs/ approa-h is /ha/ 3e 'earn so1e/hin+ /ha/ is ,sa0'e in a 3i!e .arie/" o2 -on/e?/s, 0,/ /he !isa!.an/a+e is /ha/ 3e !o no/ rea''" 'earn ho3 /o s/r,-/,re an" -o1p'e/e -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/) e 1a" 0e a0'e /o ask a :,es/ion 0,/ no/ ask 2or !ire-/ions, 2or e?a1p'e, or 3e 1a" 0e a0'e /o /a'k o2 -ars, 0,/ no/ o2 -o1p,/ers) The a!.an/a+e o2 /he se-on! approa-h is /ha/ 3e 'earn ho3 /o per2or1 in a 2,'' -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/, (s,-h as, 2or e?a1p'e, /he 0,"in+ o2 -'o/hes in a shop, or apo'o+iBin+ 2or an a--i!en/*, 0,/ /he !isa!.an/a+e is /ha/ i/ is !i22i-,'/ /o kno3 3ha/ an! ho3 1,-h -an 0e /rans2erre! /o ne3 si/,a/ions, an! so 3e 1a" no/ 'earn /he +enera' prin-ip'es o2 /he 'an+,a+e so 3e'') There is a /hir! approa-h< a''o3 o,rse'.es /o 0e e?pose! /o /he 'an+,a+e, e?p'ore i/, /r" /o per2or1 an! -o11,ni-a/e, e?peri1en/ 3i/h i/, +ra!,a''" s/r,-/,re Fo,r o3nG 'an+,a+e /hro,+h s/,!"in+ /he r,'es an! /he s"s/e1, -o1pare no/es 3i/h o/her 'earners, 3i/h /he /ea-her an! 3i/h na/i.e speakers) A 2o,r/h approa-h is /o 'earn a 'an+,a+e /hro,+h 'earnin+ ano/her s,0Ae-/, 2o-,sin+ 1ore on /he -on/en/ or 1essa+e, an! 'ess on /he 2or1) Lan+,a+e 'earners 3i'' !i22er in 3hi-h approa-h /he" pre2er) In 2a-/, 2or a!e:,a/e 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ so1e -o10ina/ion o2 a'' /hree or 2o,r approa-hes see1s /o 0e 0es/) ha/e.er /he approa-h, 'earners sho,'! 0e en-o,ra+e! /o 0ear in 1in! /he poin/s 1a!e a0o,/ /he +enera' pa/h /ha/ 1os/ 'earners see1 /o 2o''o3) One /hin+ 'earners -o,'! s/ar/ 3i/h, /here2ore, is a /"pe o2 nee!s ana'"sis< /he" 3ork o,/ 2or /he1se'.es 3ha/ si/,a/ions an! ro'es are 'ike'" /o 0e /he 1os/ i1por/an/ 2or /he1 3hen ,sin+ /he ne3 'an+,a+e, 3ha/ /asks /he" 3ish /o 0e a0'e /o per2or1, 3ha/ /opi-s /he" 3an/ /o 0e a0'e /o !ea' 3i/h, 3ha/ /"pe o2 in.o'.e1en/ /he" 3ish /o ha.e in -o11,ni-a/ion an! 3ha/ 1e!ia /he" are 'ike'" /o ,se) Ea-h 'earner has a !i22eren/ pro2i'e o2 nee!s) I/ is ,p /o ea-h one /o es/a0'ish his or her o3n) S/,!en/s 1i+h/ /hen, 3i/h /heir /ea-her, e?a1ine /he o22i-ia' ins/r,-/ions an! o0Ae-/i.es an! see ho3 /he" 1i+h/ 0,i'! /heir o3n persona' -,rri-,',1 3i/hin /he 2ra1e3ork o2 /he o22i-ia' one) hen /he" ha.e !one /his, /he" 1i+h/ 0e aske! /o e?a1ine /he /e?/0ook /he" are ,sin+ /o see on 3ha/ 0asis i/ is or+aniBe!) The /i/'es o2 /he 'essons or ,ni/s are ,s,a''" ins/r,-/i.e in /his re+ar!) 5@

Do /he" re2er /o si/,a/ions (2or e?a1p'e, in the ban$A or /asks ?as$ing for directionsA or /he1es ?petsA, or /o 'an+,a+e as a s"s/e1 ?present tenseA# The" are 'ike'" /o 2in! /ha/ so1e3here in ea-h 'esson or ,ni/ /here is a s,11ar" o2 3ha/ /he 'esson -on/ains) In 3ha/ 3a" is /his e?presse!L The" 1i+h/ /hen -o1pare /he pro2i'e o2 nee!s /ha/ /he" !re3 ,p 3i/h 3ha/ is in /heir /e?/0ook) The ana'"sis /ha/ /he" ha.e !one 3i'' +i.e /he1 an i!ea o2 /heir nee!s as /he" see /he1, 0,/ /here 1a" 0e o/her aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e /ha/ /he" ha.e no/ 'is/e! /ha/ i/ 3o,'! 0e ,se2,' /o kno3) So1e/i1es i/ 1a" 0e ,se2,' /o 'earn /o !o /hin+s /ha/ are no/ in /heir pro2i'e o2 nee!s si1p'" in or!er /o 'earn 0e//er so1e/hin+ on /heir 'is/) For e?a1p'e, /he" 1a" no/ ha.e 'is/e! 3ri/in+ an! spe''in+ as i1por/an/ e'e1en/s, "e/ /he" 1a" 2in! /ha/ /he" nee! /o see 3or!s 3ri//en !o3n in or!er /o 0e a0'e /o re1e10er /he1) The sa1e 1a" 0e /r,e in re.erse< i2 /he" nee! /he 'an+,a+e on'" 2or rea!in+, /he" 1a" s/i'' 2in! /ha/ i/ 3o,'! 0e ,se2,' /o ha.e /he pron,n-ia/ion as a he'p /o 1e1or") I/ is a'so i1por/an/ /o keep re-e?a1inin+ /heir nee!s pro2i'e, 0e-a,se as /he" 'earn /he 'an+,a+e, /heir nee!s are 'ike'" /o -han+e) For e?a1p'e, in /he area o2 pron,n-ia/ion, /he" 1a" 0e happ" a/ an ear'" s/a+e 3i/h a pron,n-ia/ion /ha/ is 2ar 2ro1 3ha/ a na/i.e speaker 3o,'! ha.e, 0,/ as /he" 0e+in /o 1i? 3i/h na/i.e speakers, /he" 1a" +e/ e10arrasse! 3i/h ho3 /he" sa" /hin+s an! 2ee' /he nee! 2or a 'o/ o2 3ork on /he so,n! s"s/e1) .(/ 'ome practica* suggestions for *anguage *earning

The in/ro!,-/ion /o /his ,ni/ 1a!e /he poin/ /ha/ /here is .er" 'i//'e -onsens,s a1on+ resear-hers a0o,/ ho3 'an+,a+es are 'earne!) %ei/her is /here a+ree1en/ a1on+ /ea-hers an! -o,rse 1a/eria' 3ri/ers a0o,/ /he 0es/ 3a" /o /ea-h 'an+,a+es) I/ 1akes sense, /here2ore, /o keep an open 1in! on !i22eren/ approa-hes /o 'earnin+) The 2o''o3in+ +enera' poin/s are 3or/h no/in+) Learners should use a range of techni3ues for learning vocabulary# The" sho,'! no/ si1p'" /hink /ha/ 3or!s -an 0e 'earne! on-e an! 2or a'') or!s nee! /o 0e 3orke! 3i/h in/ensi.e'" in or!er 2or /he1 /o re1ain in o,r 'on+-/er1 1e1or") So1e s,++es/ions 2o''o3<

The ,se o2 1ne1oni-s has 0een sho3n /o 0e .er" ,se2,' a/ /he ear'" s/a+esD 'earners -o,'! e?a1ine /he 1ne1oni-s /he" ,se 2or re1e10erin+ 3or!s an! -o1pare /he1 3i/h /hose o2 o/her 'earners) These 1ne1oni-s -an 0e pro.i!e! 0" /ea-hers or +enera/e! 0" 'earners /he1se'.es) The 1ore ,n,s,a' an! s/rikin+ /he" are, /he 1ore ,se2,' /he" are 'ike'" /o 0e) I2 3or!s are 0ein+ 'earne! in a se1an/i- se/ i/ is .er" he'p2,' /o /r" /o -a/e+oriBe /he1 in a .arie/" o2 3a"s) For e?a1p'e, 3hen /r"in+ /o 'earn /he 3or!s 2or !i22eren/ 1eans o2 /ranspor/, /he" -an -a/e+oriBe /he1 in /he 2o''o3in+ 3a"s< a--or!in+ /o /heir spee!, a--or!in+ /o /he n,10er o2 3hee's, a--or!in+ /o /heir 'e.e' o2 po'',/ion, a--or!in+ /o siBe, a'pha0e/i-a''", an! so on) Doin+ /his /"pe o2 a-/i.i/" in +ro,ps +enera/es !is-,ssion a0o,/ /he 2ea/,res o2 /he 1eans o2 /ranspor/, an! in.o'.es 1eanin+2,' ,se o2 /he 3or!s, 3hi-h in /,rn he'ps /o 1ake /he1 s/a" in /he 1e1or"88) I2 ke" 3or!s 2ro1 a /e?/ are /o 0e 'earne!, /he" 1i+h/ 0e -a/e+oriBe! a--or!in+ /o /he -a/e+ories o2 who, (/he peop'e*, what, (/he o0Ae-/s an! e.en/sL*, where, (/he p'a-es*, or when (/he /i1e*D i2 /his is !one in a Venn !ia+ra1, i/ 3i'' 0e 2o,n! /ha/ -er/ain 3or!s 2i/ in /he in/erse-/ion o2 /he se/s) I/ is /hen ,se2,' /o /ake o,/ -er/ain 3or!s an! see 3hi-h o/her 3or!s -an 0e ,se! 3i/h /he1) Fina''", 'earners 1i+h/ 0e aske! /o ,se /he 3or!s /o -rea/e a ske'e/a' /e?/, in o/her 3or!s /o 0,i'! a possi0'e s-enario 3i/h /hese 3or!s) This -an /hen a-/ as a prepara/ion 2or 3orkin+ on /he ori+ina' /e?/)

88

An in/eres/in+ !e.e'op1en/ o2 /his is /o ask !i22eren/ +ro,ps in a -'ass /o -a/e+oriBe /he 3or!s a--or!in+ /o so1e prin-ip'e /ha/ "o, as a /ea-her pro.i!e /he1 3i/h or 3hi-h /he" -o1e ,p 3i/h /he1se'.es, an! ha.in+ o/her +ro,ps /r" /o 3ork o,/ 3ha/ /ha/ prin-ip'e is)

56

These s,++es/ions are 0ase! on /he prin-ip'e /ha/ ne3 3or!s nee! /o 0e pro-esse! in/ensi.e'" i2 /he" are /o 0e re/aine! in /he 'on+-/er1 1e1or") The 'as/ se/ o2 s,++es/ions a0o.e !ea'in+ 3i/h 3or!s 2ro1 a /e?/ -an 0e ,se! a/ a .er" ear'" s/a+e in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, an! -an 'ea! /o 1eanin+2,' rea!in+ o2 si1p'e /e?/s 0" 'earners 3ho 1i+h/ 0e on'" a/ /he .er" 0asi- s/a+e o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) I/ -o10ines /he /3o 2ea/,res o2 in/ensi.e 3ork on in!i.i!,a' 3or!s 3i/h 1ee/in+ /hese 3or!s in /heir na/,ra' -on/e?/) Learners should increase their e,posure to their new language# I2 3e -o,n/ ,p /he n,10er o2 ho,rs o2 -on/a-/ o,r 'earners ha.e 3i/h /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e in /he -'assroo1, 3e 3i'' 2in! /ha/ i/ 3i'' 0e .er" 'i//'e -o1pare! /o 3ha/ /he" 3o,'! +e/ i2 /he" 3ere in /he -o,n/r" 3here i/ is spoken) Learnin+ 'an+,a+e in 1an" -'assroo1s is s/i'' 'ike 0ein+ !rip-2e!D 'earners +e/ on'" a s1a'' a1o,n/ o2 no,rish1en/) The" 3i'' nee! /o in-rease /heir e?pos,re /o /he ne3 'an+,a+e 0" e.er" 1eans a/ /heir !isposa' o,/si!e o2 /he 'an+,a+e -'assroo1) They should use language &eaningfully with native spea$ers through receptive processing#8; I2 /he" are no/ in !ire-/ -on/a-/ 3i/h speakers o2 /he 'an+,a+e, 1eanin+2,' ,se 1a" ha.e /o 0e -on2ine! /o re-ep/i.e pro-essin+ ('is/enin+ or rea!in+*) This re-ep/i.e pro-essin+ 3i'' pro.i!e /he1 3i/h .er" i1por/an/ 'in+,is/i- !a/a) In 4ni/ > 3e sa3 /ha/ rea!in+ a /e?/ in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 3hen 3e a'rea!" kno3 /he /opi- 1akes /he 3or!s an! +ra11ar 1ore rea!i'" ,n!ers/an!a0'e) This !oes no/ ne-essari'" 1ean /ha/ 'earners 3i'' 'earn /hese 3or!s an! /his +ra11ar i11e!ia/e'", 0,/ a/ 'eas/, ha.in+ 1e/ /he1 in -on/e?/, 2or1a' s/,!" o2 /he1 3i'' 0e 1ore 1eanin+2,') Rea!in+, 'is/enin+ /o ra!io, an! 3a/-hin+ /e'e.ision sho,'! 0e a 1aAor par/ o2 an" 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro+ra11e) They should use language &eaningfully with native spea$ers through productive and interactive processing# i/h 1o!ern /e-hno'o+", i/ is no3 possi0'e 2or 1an" 'earners /o en/er in/o !ire-/ -on/a-/ 3i/h na/i.e speakers o2 /he 'an+,a+e /he" are s/,!"in+) O,r 'earners no 'on+er ha.e /o 3ai/ /o +o /o /he -o,n/r" 3here /he 'an+,a+e is spoken or /o 3ai/ 2or an ans3er /o "o,r 'e//er /o +e/ in /o,-h 3i/h na/i.e speakers) The" -an -ha/ on /he In/erne/ 3i/h peop'e o2 /heir o3n a+e an! in/eres/s) This is 0o,n! /o 1ake a 1aAor !i22eren-e /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) I/ is espe-ia''" i1por/an/ in he'pin+ /he1 /o +e/ in /o,-h 3i/h /he so-ia' aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e ,se a/ 2irs/ han!) They should reflect on their language learning# Bein+ a3are o2 3ha/ /he" are !oin+ as /he" 'earn a 'an+,a+e is a'so +enera''" re+ar!e! as 0ein+ he'p2,' /o 'earnin+) Re2'e-/in+ on /he s/ra/e+ies /he" ,se as /he" 'earn, an! e.a',a/in+ /heir e22e-/i.eness, 3i'' a''o3 /he1 /o a'/er or i1pro.e /he1) $eepin+ a Ao,rna' o2 /heir 'earnin+ is one 3a" /ha/ 1a" ena0'e "o, /o !o /his 1ore e22e-/i.e'") EL# is an e?-e''en/ /oo' 2or /his) In 1os/ -'assroo1 'earnin+ en.iron1en/s 'earners !o no/ /ake an a-/i.e ro'e in !e-isions a0o,/ 3ha/ is /o 0e 'earne! or ho3) Tea-hers, -o,rse 0ooks, s"''a0,ses an! e?a1ina/ions !i-/a/e 1,-h o2 3ha/ has /o 0e 'earne!, "e/ 'earners are /he ones 3ho ha.e /o !o /he 'earnin+) The" are /he on'" ones 3ho -an ,'/i1a/e'" !e-i!e 3ha/ is 0es/ 2or /he1se'.es) I/ is i1por/an/, /here2ore, /ha/ /he" 0e a''o3e! an! en-o,ra+e! /o !e.e'op /heir in!epen!en-e, /ha/ /he" -an 1ake !e-isions a0o,/ /heir o3n 'earnin+) On-e a+ain, EL# is an e?/re1e'" ,se2,' /oo') Ha.in+ re2'e-/e! on /hese :,es/ions /he" sho,'! ha.e a -'earer pi-/,re o2 /he1se'.es as 'earners, an! 0e in a posi/ion /o /ake !e-isions a0o,/ /heir o3n 2,/,re) ?uestions for ref*ection:
8;

See 2oo/no/e ; a0o.e

5K

Eoca;u*ar6 Is /he .o-a0,'ar" /o 0e a-:,ire! 0" 'earners s/ip,'a/e! as s,-h or are /opi- areas !esi+na/e! 3i/hin 3hi-h .o-a0,'ar" is 'ar+e'" i1p'ie!L On 3ha/ -ri/eria are /he -hoi-es i1p'ie! in /he pre.io,s :,es/ion 1a!eL In 3ha/ 3a"s !o "o, presen/ .o-a0,'ar" i/e1s 2or 'earnin+ 2or re-ep/ionHpro!,-/ionL ha/ is /he siBe an! ran+e o2 .o-a0,'ar" nee!e! a/ .ario,s 'e.e's an! 3ha/ is e?pe-/e! /o 0e 'earn/ 2or re-ep/ionHpro!,-/ionL B" 3ha/ 1eans is 1eanin+ -on.e"e! /o or e'i-i/e! 2ro1 'earners< 0" /rans'a/ionD 0" !e2ini/ionHe?p'ana/ion in /he L8 or /he L;D 0" in!,-/ion 2ro1 -on/e?/L Do 3e /ea-h o,r s/,!en/s s/ra/e+ies 2or 'earnin+ .o-a0,'ar"L Are /he" a3are o2 !i22eren/ 'e.e's o2 kno3'e!+e o2 3or!sL Grammar Is /he ran+e o2 +ra11ar /ha/ 'earners are /o a-:,ire a/ !i22eren/ 'e.e's !e2ine!L ha/ -ri/eria +o.ern /he or!er in 3hi-h +ra11a/i-a' e'e1en/s are presen/e! /o 'earnersL ha/ is /he re'a/i.e i1por/an-e "o, a//a-h /o ran+e, 2',en-" an! a--,ra-" in +ra11a/i-a' -ons/r,-/ionsL To 3ha/ e?/en/ is /he +ra11ar o2 /he 1o/her /on+,e or o/her 'an+,a+e(s* ,se! /o 2a-i'i/a/e 'earnin+ o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+eL To 3ha/ e?/en/ are 'earners 1a!e a3are o2 /he -on/ras/s 0e/3een /he L8 an! L; +ra11ars an! 3ha/ ,se is 1a!e o2 /he1L Are 3e a3are o2 s/a+es in !e.e'op1en/ o2 +ra11ar in o,r s/,!en/sL Do 3e /rain /he1 /o !e.e'op /his a3areness in /he1se'.esL "rononciation, intonation, etc( ha/ so,n! ,ni/s an! in/ona/ion pa//erns !o 'earners nee! /o a-:,ireL ha/ !e+ree o2 a--,ra-" an! 2',en-" is re:,ire! a/ 3ha/ 'e.e'sL Do 3e !e.e'op o,r s/,!en/sE s/ra/e+ies 2or 'earnin+ pron,n-ia/ion, in/ona/ion, e/-)L 'ome fina* remarks: Assessing *earnersG progress E.er" 'earnin+ /ask has /o ha.e 0,i'/ in/o i/ so1e /"pe o2 assess1en/) 4n'ess 'earners ha.e so1e 3a" o2 -he-kin+ 3he/her /he" ha.e s,--ess2,''" 'earn/ so1e/hin+, /he" 3i'' easi'" +e/ !is-o,ra+e!) %o3 /ha/ 3e are a3are o2 a'' /he !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e /ha/ are in.o'.e! in -o11,ni-a/ion in o,r o3n 'an+,a+e an! in a ne3 'an+,a+e, i/ sho,'! -o1e as no s,rprise /o ,s /ha/ an" rea' assess1en/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3i'' ha.e /o 0ear a 'o/ o2 /hin+s in 1in!) &hap/ers 9 an! 5 an! /he appen!i? in &EF !ea' 3i/h e.a',a/ion an! assess1en/ in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in a re1arka0'" /horo,+h 3a") &hap/er = !ea's 3i/h /he pro0'e1 o2 es/a0'ishin+ 'e.e's o2 'an+,a+e, 3hi'e -hap/er 5 !ea's 3i/h assess1en/ in +enera') Ri+h/ /hro,+h &EF ea-h o2 /he 'e.e's es/a0'ishe! is re'a/e! /o a'' /he !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e) The 3a" in 3hi-h /he !i22eren/ 'e.e's are es/a0'ishe! is /hro,+h< (i* /he ran+e an! (ii* /he :,a'i/" o2 /he 'earnersE -o11,ni-a/ion) The 1ore /asks /he" -an per2or1 in a 'an+,a+e, /he hi+her /heir 'e.e'D 0,/ /his 'e.e' 3i'' 0e re2'e-/e! a'so in /he :,a'i/" o2 /heir per2or1an-e o2 par/i-,'ar /asks) So, a/ a .er" 0asi- 'e.e' (-a''e! here +1'<rea$through* a 'earner -an, 2or e?a1p'e, ,n!ers/an! 2a1i'iar :,es/ions a0o,/ hi1- or herse'2 an! his or her 2a1i'", an! (in /he 3ri//en 1e!i,1* re-o+niBe 2a1i'iar na1es an! 3or!s on si1p'e no/i-esD he or she -an ,n!ers/an! .er" si1p'e :,es/ions or -o11an!s, an! ask peop'e 2or /hin+sD his or her .o-a0,'ar" 3i'' 0e 'i1i/e! /o a .er" 59

0asi- ran+e, an! /he :,es/ion o2 his or her +ra11ar is ,n'ike'" /o arise) As /he 'earner +oes ,p /he s-a'e, he or she 3i'' 0e a0'e /o 'is/en /o, an! rea! a0o,/, 1ore /opi-s 3i/h +rea/er ease, an! /o /a'k a0o,/ /he1 3i/h 1ore a--,ra-" an! 2',en-") Three 1ain 'e.e's are i!en/i2ie!< 0asi- ,ser, in!epen!en/ ,ser an! pro2i-ien/ ,ser) Ea-h o2 /hese 1ain 'e.e's -an in /,rn 0e 0roken !o3n in/o /3o, /hree, or 1ore s,0'e.e's !epen!in+ on ho3 2ine'" one 3an/s /o 1ake !is/in-/ions) The e1phasis in &EF is on 3ha/ /he 'earner -an !o, ra/her /han on /hin+s he or she +e/s 3ron+) I/ 3as sai! a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 /his +,i!e /ha/ /he ke" o0Ae-/i.e o2 &EF is /o ena0'e a'' /hose in.o'.e! in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ /o ,se a -o11on se/ o2 /er1s, so /ha/ 3e a'' kno3 3ha/ 3e are /a'kin+ a0o,/ 3hen 3e re2er /o /he !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, an! /ha/ 3e are a'' /a'kin+ a0o,/ 'an+,a+e an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in a 3a" /ha/ 1akes sense /o e.er"one) One o2 /he -onse:,en-es o2 /his sho,'! 0e /o es/a0'ish a se/ o2 +,i!e'ines 2or /es/in+ /ha/ 3o,'! 0e ,sa0'e 0" a'' 'an+,a+e /ea-hers an! 'earners) hi'e a 'o/ o2 pro+ress has 0een 1a!e in /his !ire-/ion, 3e are s/i'' so1e 3a" 2ro1 a+ree1en/) So1e /es/in+ 0o!ies s/ress -er/ain aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e 1ore /han o/hers) In o/her -ases, /here is a 'a-k o2 -'ari/" in /he -ri/eria re:,ire! in par/i-,'ar /es/s) On /he o/her han!, 'earners -an 0ene2i/ +rea/'" 2ro1 'earnin+ ho3 /o assess /heir o3n pro+ress) Resear-h has sho3n /ha/ 'earners -an 0e as +oo! A,!+es o2 /heir o3n pro+ress as /heir /ea-hers, pro.i!e! (i* s/an!ar!s o2 pro2i-ien-" are -'ear'" !es-ri0e!D (ii* assess1en/ is re'a/e! /o a spe-i2ie?perien-e, (e.en a 2or1a' /es/*D an! (iii* /he" re-ei.e so1e /rainin+ in se'2-assess1en/) The 0asi- prin-ip'e 2or /his /rainin+ in se'2-assess1en/ in.o'.es -o1parin+ oneEs i1pressions o2 3ha/ one -an !o 3i/h /he rea'i/"D 2or e?a1p'e, i2 one /i-ks o22 on a -he-k'is/ /ha/ one -an ,n!ers/an! 3ea/her 2ore-as/s, -he-kin+ 3i/h a /ea-her or a na/i.e speaker 3he/her one a-/,a''" +o/ /he in2or1a/ion ri+h/ 3i'' he'p /o sharpen oneEs a0i'i/" /o A,!+e per2or1an-e) This is a par/ o2 !e.e'opin+ 'earnersE in!epen!en-e in 'earnin+) The" are, a2/er a'', /he on'" peop'e 3ho ha.e /he 2,'' pi-/,re a0o,/ 3ha/ aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e /he" 3an/ /o 2o-,s on, an! 3ha/ 'e.e' (in.o'.in+ 0rea!/h as 3e'' as !ep/h o2 -o.era+e* /he" 3an/ /o rea-h) Moni/orin+ /heir pro+ress 3i'' he'p /he1 in 1an" 3a"s /he" 1a" no/ rea'iBe) One 1a" 0e a person 3ho !oes no/ 'ike /o /ake a -han-e in p,0'i-< he or she 1a" no/ ha.e /he -o,ra+e /o speak, or 1a" 0e re',-/an/ /o 1ake 1is/akes) Bein+ a0'e /o assess hi1- or herse'2 is 'ike'" /o he'p /he1 rea'iBe /ha/ /he" are a-/,a''" pro+ressin+, an! /ha/, e.en i2 /he" -on/in,e /o 1ake 1is/akes, /his !oes no/ 1ean /he" are no/ 'earnin+) In 2a-/, i2 one re1e10ers 3ha/ 3as sai! a0o,/ 'earnin+ in a na/,ra' en.iron1en/, 1akin+ 1is/akes is no/ /he 3a" /o e?press 3ha/ is happenin+, 0,/ ra/her /ha/ oneEs 'an+,a+e is !e.e'opin+ na/,ra''") Si1i'ar'", 3hen 'earners ha.e /he i1pression /ha/ /he" are no/ 'earnin+ si1p'" 0e-a,se /he /ea-her or a na/i.e speaker is no/ presen/ /o 1oni/or /he1, se'2assess1en/ sho,'! sho3 /he1 /ha/ /his is no/ /r,e) Fina''", se'2-assess1en/ is so1e/hin+ /he" -an -on/in,e /o !o insi!e an! o,/si!e o2 s-hoo'D i/ re'a/es /o /he 2,'' e?/en/ o2 /heir 'an+,a+e !e.e'op1en/, no/ A,s/ /o 3ha/ is +oin+ /o 0e /es/e! in e?a1ina/ions)

55

Conc*usion This +,i!e is in/en!e! /o 0e rea! as an a--o1pani1en/ /o /he Modern Languages% Learning, Teaching, +ssess&ent# + Co&&on European Fra&ewor$ of Reference# &EF 3as 3ri//en /o a''o3 a'' o2 /hose in.o'.e! in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ /o Fspeak /he sa1e 'an+,a+eG, /ha/ is, /o ha.e a -o11on ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 3ha/ is in.o'.e! in 'an+,a+e ,se an! in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) Man" :,es/ions are raise! in /his !o-,1en/, an! 1an" are 'e2/ ,nans3ere!) This is 0e-a,se 3e s/i'' kno3 .er" 'i//'e a0o,/ 'an+,a+e an! espe-ia''" a0o,/ 'earnin+ 'an+,a+es) As o,r 'earners se/ a0o,/ /he /ask o2 'earnin+ a ne3 'an+,a+e, /he" 3i'' 0e in a -er/ain sense e?per/s) The" 3i'' ha.e /hin+s /o sa" a0o,/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /ha/ no one e'se -an sa") I/ is i1por/an/ /o 'e/ /he1 share 3ha/ /he" 'earn a0o,/ /he pro-ess 3i/h o/hers in.o'.e! in i/, espe-ia''" 3i/h "o,, /heir /ea-her) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ has 0e-o1e a 1aAor iss,e in /he ne3 E,rope) I/ is i1por/an/ /ha/ i/ is !one in /he 1os/ e22e-/i.e 1anner possi0'e) This +,i!e 3as in/en!e! /o he'p 1ake /heir 'earnin+ an! "o,r /ea-hin+ 1ore e22e-/i.e, 0,/ /heir e?perien-e an! "o,rs 3i'' in /,rn he'p /o 1ake /his /"pe o2 +,i!e 1ore ,se2,')

8II

8I8

C!A" ER / $ GU%&ANCE FOR EAC!ER' AN& EAC!ER RA%NER' 7"R%:ARH AN& 'ECON&ARH8
A6 Aarr6 Bones

%ntroduction
The &o11on E,ropean Fra1e3ork o2 Re2eren-e 2or Lan+,a+es (&EF* se/s o,/ /o<

pro1o/e an! 2a-i'i/a/e -oopera/ion a1on+ e!,-a/iona' ins/i/,/ions in !i22eren/ -o,n/riesD pro.i!e a so,n! 0asis 2or /he 1,/,a' re-o+ni/ion o2 'an+,a+e :,a'i2i-a/ionsD assis/ 'earners, /ea-hers, /ea-her /rainers (_* /o si/,a/e an! -oor!ina/e /heir e22or/s)

&EF, /here2ore, en.isa+es !i22eren/ rea!ers, ea-h o2 3ho1 1a" -ons,'/ i/ 3i/h a par/i-,'ar 2o-,s) The ai1s, ho3e.er, re1ain /he sa1e) This -hap/er ass,1es a rea!ership responsi0'e 2or or en+a+e! in /he e!,-a/ion an! /rainin+ o2 1o!ern 2orei+n 'an+,a+e /ea-hers an! /he /ea-hers /he1se'.es) I/s in/en/ion is /o e?p'ore ho3 /rainin+ an! /ea-hin+ pro+ra11es -an 0e !e.e'ope! /o pro1o/e -oheren/, e22i-ien/, e22e-/i.e 1o!ern 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 2or a'' /"pes o2 'earners in pri1ar" an! se-on!ar" s-hoo's) The -hap/er !ra3s on /hree p,0'i-a/ions in /he pre.io,s series o2 ,ser +,i!es /o &EF, na1e'"<

G,i!e 2or Tea-her Trainers (#ri1ar" E!,-a/ion* 0" Ri/a Ba'0i G,i!e 2or Tea-her Trainers (Se-on!ar" S-hoo'* 0" Barr" Jones G,i!e 2or Tea-hers 0" Brian #a+e

The !is-,ssion /akes -hap/ers o2 &EF an! -onsi!ers ea-h 2ro1 /he perspe-/i.e o2 a /ea-her /rainer an! /ea-her e!,-a/or, an! a /ea-her in /he -'assroo1) Rea!ers are en-o,ra+e! /o si/,a/e /he1se'.es an! /heir o3n /rainin+ an! /ea-hin+ pro+ra11es, :,es/ion /heir o3n pra-/i-es an! re2'e-/ on 3ha/ is in.o'.e! in /he /rainin+ an! /ea-hin+ pro-ess) raining programmes The pa//ern o2 a 1aAori/" o2 /rainin+ pro+ra11es is /ha/ /he" ei/her< (i* (ii* (iii* r,n para''e' 3i/h 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ (-on-,rren/ -o,rses*D or o--,r a2/er 2or1a', ins/i/,/ion-0ase! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ has /aken p'a-e a/ a ,ni.ersi/" or an ins/i/,/ion o2 hi+her e!,-a/ion (-onse-,/i.e -o,rses*D or are or+anise!, on-e a person has o0/aine! a /ea-hin+ pos/, in a pro+ra11e o2 in-ser.i-e /rainin+)

This -hap/er 3i'' app'" e:,a''" /o a'' s,-h /rainin+ pro+ra11es, no 1a//er 3hen /he" /ake p'a-e) I/ 3i'' a'so -onsi!er< (i.* /he re'a/ionship o2 &EF /o a 1o!ern 'an+,a+e /ea-herJs pro2essiona' !e.e'op1en/ a2/er a perio! o2 ini/ia' /rainin+ has /aken p'a-e) This 3i'' 0e re2erre! /o as in-ser.i-e e!,-a/ion o2 /ea-hers) 8I;

The -on/en/ o2 /rainin+ pro+ra11es 1a" a'so 0e 2,r/her !e/er1ine! 0"< (i* (ii* (iii* (i.* a na/iona''" a+ree! !es-rip/ion o2 /he -o1pe/en-es or s/an!ar!s re:,ire! o2 a 1o!ern 'an+,a+e /ea-her, a !es-rip/ion o2 /he ai1s o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ in a par/i-,'ar -o,n/r"D /his 1a" e?is/ in /he 2or1 o2 +,i!an-e or i/ 1a" 0e a na/iona' re:,ire1en/, +,i!e'ines or re:,ire1en/s 2or /ea-her /rainin+ a/ 'o-a', re+iona' or na/iona' 'e.e', -ons/rain/s 3i/hin a /ea-her /rainin+ pro+ra11e i1pose! na/iona''", 'o-a''" or 3i/hin an ins/i/,/ionD 3here /he /rainin+ /akes p'a-e, in s-hoo' or in a /rainin+ -o''e+e, /he n,10er o2 ho,rs a.ai'a0'e, oppor/,ni/ies 2or 'in+,is/i- /rainin+ or enhan-e1en/, re-orien/a/ion pro+ra11es, e/-)

The rea!er is in.i/e! /o si/,a/e hi1se'2 or herse'2 3i/hin a par/i-,'ar -on/e?/ 2ro1 /he o,/se/ /o !e/er1ine /he !e+ree o2 re'e.an-e o2 3ha/ 2o''o3s) I/ is 'ike'" /ha/ a'' aspe-/s 3i'' app'" 0,/ a/ .ar"in+ 'e.e's o2 i1por/an-e) In -o11on 3i/h &EF /he +,i!an-e +i.en in /his -hap/er seeks /o 0e<

1,'/i-p,rpose< ,sa0'e 2or /he 2,'' .arie/" o2 p,rposes in.o'.e! in /he p'annin+ an! pro.ision o2 2a-i'i/ies 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+D 2'e?i0'e< a!ap/e! 2or ,se in !i22eren/ -ir-,1s/an-esD open< -apa0'e o2 2,r/her e?/ension an! re2ine1en/D !"na1i-< in -on/in,o,s e.o',/ion in response /o e?perien-e in i/s ,seD ,ser-2rien!'"< presen/e! in a 2or1 rea!i'" ,n!ers/an!a0'e an! ,sa0'e 0" /hose /o 3ho1 i/ is a!!resse!D non-!o+1a/i-< no/ irre.o-a0'" an! e?-',si.e'" a//a-he! /o an" one o2 a n,10er o2 -o1pe/in+ approa-hes)

"art # $ he CEF in its po*itica* and educationa* conte+t

This se-/ion se/s o,/ /he in/en!e! 2,n-/ions o2 &EF, in /he 'i+h/ o2 /he 'in+,is/i- an! -,'/,ra' !i.ersi/" in /he 2ie'! o2 e!,-a/ion) A--or!in+'", &EF is no/ in/en!e! /o pro1o/e an" sin+'e s"s/e1 o2, or approa-h /o, 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! /ea-her /rainin+ 0,/ /o pro.i!e a -o1prehensi.e 2ra1e3ork 3hi-h 3i'' he'p pra-/i/ioners ('earners, /ea-hers, /ea-her /rainers* /o si/,a/e an! orien/a/e /heir e?er-ise o2 op/ions an! /o in2or1 ea-h o/her a--or!in+'" in a /ransparen/ an! -oheren/ 3a") The ai1s o2 &EF 2or 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ are /o o.er-o1e 0arriers in or!er /o< in-rease persona' 1o0i'i/"D in-rease /he e22e-/i.eness o2 in/erna/iona' -oopera/ionD in-rease respe-/ 2or i!en/i/" an! -,'/,ra' !i.ersi/"D i1pro.e a--ess /o in2or1a/ionD in/ensi2" persona' in/era-/ionD i1pro.e 3orkin+ re'a/ionsD a-hie.e a !eeper 1,/,a' ,n!ers/an!in+) 8I=

X,es/ions o2 re'e.an-e /o a /ea-her /rainer an! /o /ea-hers 1a" 0e< &onsi!er /he /ea-hin+ or /ea-her-/rainin+ pro+ra11e 2or 3hi-h "o, are responsi0'e, or in 3hi-h "o, are in.o'.e!) Do "o, as /ea-her or !o "o,r /rainees ha.e a si1i'ar 'is/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ ai1s 2or a'' 'earnersL Are /hese ai1s 1a!e e?p'i-i/L Do "o,r /rainees an! !o "o, as /ea-her -onsi!er so1e o2 /hese ai1s 1ore i1por/an/ or 1ore re'e.an/ /han o/hersL Is /here a pre2erre! hierar-h"L Are so1e o2 /hese 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ ai1s 1ore app'i-a0'e /o "o,n+er 'earners, an! so1e /o o'!erHa!,'/ 'earnersL Do a'' /hose 3ho 3ork 3i/h "o, share /he sa1e 'an+,a+e-'earnin+ ai1sL I2 s,-h :,es/ions are aske! an! !e0a/e!, /hen /he -hap/er 3i'' ha.e 2,'2i''e! i/s pri1e 2,n-/ion, as o,/'ine! in &EF< /o s/i1,'a/e pra-/i/ioners /o re2'e-/ ,pon an!, i2 /he" -onsi!er i/ appropria/e, /o re/hink or res/a/e /heir -,rren/ pra-/i-e) The /rea/1en/ is 0" no 1eans e?ha,s/i.e o2 /he iss,es raise!) E?perien-e! pra-/i/ioners 3i'' no !o,0/ 0e -on-erne! 3i/h so1e iss,es 3hi-h ha.e 0een passe! o.er, an! 1a" 3e'' 0e !issa/is2ie! 3i/h /he op/ions as /he" are se/ o,/) In 1an" -ases /he" 1a" 2ee' /he1 /o 0e /oo -r,!e /o e?press a posi/ion 3hi-h 1a" 0e 1ore nuanc;e or !eser.in+ o2 a 2,''er /rea/1en/)

"art , $ Approach adopted

This par/ o2 &EF e?p'ains /he approa-h a!op/e!) I/s 0asis is an ana'"sis o2 'an+,a+e !es-ri0e! as< ,(# FLan+,a+e ,se, e10ra-in+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, -o1prises /he a-/ions per2or1e! 0" persons 3ho as in!i.i!,a's an! as so-ia' a+en/s !e.e'op a ran+e o2 competences, 0o/h genera* an! in par/i-,'ar communicati-e *anguage competences) The" !ra3 on /he -o1pe/en-es a/ /heir !isposa' in .ario,s -on/e?/s ,n!er .ario,s -on!i/ions an! ,n!er .ario,s -ons/rain/s /o en+a+e in *anguage acti-ities in.o'.in+ *anguage processes /o pro!,-e an!Hor re-ei.e te+ts in re'a/ion /o themes in spe-i2i- domains, a-/i.a/in+ /hose strategies 3hi-h see1 1os/ appropria/e 2or -arr"in+ o,/ /he tasks /o 0e a--o1p'ishe!) The 1oni/orin+ o2 /hese a-/ions 0" /he par/i-ipan/s 'ea!s /o /he rein2or-e1en/ or 1o!i2i-a/ion o2 /heir -o1pe/en-esG) (&EF, pa+e 5*

The 3or!s in 0o'! !esi+na/e /he para1e/ers 2or /he !es-rip/ion o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he ,serH'earnerJs a0i'i/" /o ,se 'an+,a+e) #ro+ress in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -an /hen 0e -a'i0ra/e! in /er1s o2 a 2'e?i0'e series o2 'e.e's o2 a//ain1en/ !e2ine! 0" appropria/e !es-rip/ors) This appara/,s sho,'! 0e -o1prehensi.e eno,+h /o a--o11o!a/e /he 2,'' ran+e o2 'earner nee!s an! /h,s /he o0Ae-/i.es p,rs,e! 0" !i22eren/ pro.i!ers, or re:,ire! o2 -an!i!a/es 2or 'an+,a+e :,a'i2i-a/ions) Ter1ino'o+" is i1por/an/ in a'' !is-,ssion an! !e0a/e a0o,/ 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+) ) In or!er /ha/ &EF is 1,/,a''" -o1prehensi0'e, -hap/er ; !e2ines /he /er1ino'o+" 3hi-h is ,se! 3i/hin /he !o-,1en/) Tea-her-/rainin+ pro+ra11es an! /ea-hers -o,'! perhaps a!op/ s,-h !e2ini/ions an! ,se /he sa1e or si1i'ar /er1ino'o+" an! -on-ep/s 3i/h /heir /rainees an! a1on+s/ /he1se'.es) This 3o,'! 1ean, in pra-/i-e, /ha/ /rainees an! /ea-hers ha! a -o11on ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he 2o''o3in+< 8) ;) =) +enera' -o1pe/en-es -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-es -on/e?/s 8I>

>) @) 6) K)

9) 5) 8I) 88) 8;) 8=) 8>) 8@) 86) 8K) 89) 85) ;I)

'an+,a+e a-/i.i/"Ha-/i.i/ies 'an+,a+e pro-esses /e?/ !o1ain 7 /he p,0'i- !o1ain 7 /he persona' !o1ain 7 /he e!,-a/iona' !o1ain 7 /he o--,pa/iona' !o1ain s/ra/e+" /ask e?is/en/ia' -o1pe/en-e 7 savoir'(tre !e-'ara/i.e kno3'e!+e 7 savoir ski''sHkno3-ho3 7 savoir faire a0i'i/" /o 'earn 7 savoir apprendre a 'in+,is/i- -o1ponen/ a so-io-'in+,is/i- -o1ponen/ a pra+1a/i- -o1ponen/ re-ep/ion 7 re-ep/i.e pro!,-/ion 7 pro!,-/i.e in/era-/ion 7 in/era-/i.e 1e!ia/ion

Gi.en /ha/ /here are on'" /3en/" /er1s on /his 'is/, 3o,'! "o,, as /ea-her or as /ea-her-/rainer, 3ish /o ,se /his -ore /er1ino'o+"L o,'! no/ /ea-hers, /ea-her-/rainers an! /rainees +ain 2ro1 ,sin+ a -o11on /er1ino'o+"L For /hose rea!ers 3ho !o no/ ,se En+'ishHFren-h as /heir 1e!i,1 o2 !is-,ssion, are /here pro0'e1s o2 /rans'a/ion in "o,r na/i.e 'an+,a+eL A'/ho,+h /his an! 'a/er -hap/ers in &EF !is-,ss 1an" o2 /hese -on-ep/s in +rea/er !e/ai', rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o 0e+in /o -'ari2" an! e?e1p'i2" ea-h o2 /he /er1s 'is/e!) ,(#(# he genera* competences of an indi-idua* 7section .(#8

Fa-/ors s,-h as persona'i/", -er/ain -hara-/er /rai/s, 3i''in+ness, se'2 -on2i!en-e, e?p'i-i/ e?pe-/a/ions, 3or'! kno3'e!+e, e/-) are 0e'ie.e! 0" 'an+,a+e-'earnin+ /heoris/s an! pra-/i/ioners /o a22e-/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) &EF, 3hi's/ no/ -o11en/in+ on ho3 3e'' 2o,n!e! /hese 0e'ie2s 1a" 0e, 1en/ions -on!i/ions 3hi-h 1a" 2a.o,r 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! o/hers 3hi-h 1a" no/)

8I@

Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er< 8) ;) =) >) Ho3 /o he'p /ea-hers an! /rainees !is-o.er 1ore a0o,/ 'earners, /heir 'earnin+ s/"'es, /heir a0i'i/ies, /heir -,'/,ra' J0a++a+eJ an! 0e'ie2s, an! /heir 3or'! kno3'e!+eL The -on!i/ions 3hi-h see1 /o s,ppor/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /hose 3hi-h !o no/, an!, on-e !e2ine!, ho3 /o -rea/e 2a.o,ra0'e -on!i/ions 2or !i22eren/ +ro,ps o2 'earners) Ba-k+ro,n! kno3'e!+e (/e-hni-a', s-ien/i2i-, a-a!e1i-, e/-)* or !e-'ara/i.e kno3'e!+e 7 les savoirs 7 3hi-h 'earners 1a" 0rin+ /o /heir 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) E'e1en/s o2 !ai'" ro,/ine 7 !ai'" pro+ra11es, 1ea's an! 1ea'/i1es, /ranspor/a/ion /o an! 2ro1 s-hoo', ins/i/,/ion, or p'a-e o2 3ork 7 3hi-h pro.i!e a -o11on an! share! ,n!ers/an!in+ 0e/3een pro+ra11e p'anner an! 'earner, or o/her3ise) he/her 'an+,a+e-'earnin+ is a 1eans /o o/her kin!s o2 'earnin+, as happens, 2or e?a1p'e, in i11ersion pro+ra11es, se-/ions-0i'in+,es, or 'earnin+ (2or e?a1p'e +eo+raph"* /hro,+h /he 1e!i,1 o2 a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e, e/-) he/her 'an+,a+e-'earnin+ is or -an 0e 0ase! on pro-e!,ra' opera/ions, s,-h ski''s an! kno3-ho3 as in per2or1in+ so1e kin! o2 se:,en/ia' a-/ion (!ri.in+ a -ar, 1akin+ a 1ea' 2ro1 a re-ipe, e/-)* savoir'faire a'rea!" kno3n /o /he 'earner, or 3hi-h /he 'earner nee!s or 3ishes /o per2or1) he/her 'an+,a+e-'earnin+ pres,1es or !e.e'ops /he a0i'i/" /o 'earn 7 savoir'apprendre 7 an! a pre!isposi/ion /o 2in! o,/ a0o,/ ano/her 'an+,a+e, ano/her -,'/,re, o/her peop'e, e/-) he/her /he 'earners are risk-/akers in 2a-e-/o-2a-e 'an+,a+e en-o,n/ers, an! are prepare! /o seek -'ari2i-a/ion, ask 2or 1ore in2or1a/ion or repe/i/ion, e/-)

@)

6)

K)

9)

Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e !e.e'op s/ra/e+ies /o he'p /rainees 2in! o,/ 1ore a0o,/ /he 'earnin+ s/"'es, kno3'e!+e, e?pe-/a/ions, an! ski''s 3hi-h 'earners 0rin+ /o /he /askL Do /ea-hers !o /hisL ,(#(, Communicati-e *anguage competence 7section .(,8

To !e.e'op -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e /rainees an! /ea-hers nee! /o< 8) ,n!ers/an! /ha/ s,-h -o1pe/en-e is -o1pose! o2< (i* a so-io'in+,is/i- -o1ponen/ 7 2or e?a1p'e, sensi/i.i/" /o so-ia' -on.en/ions, 'in+,is/iri/,a's 3i/hin a so-ie/", e/-)D_ (ii* a 'in+,is/i- -o1ponen/ 7 2or e?a1p'e, 'e?i-a', phono'o+i-a', s"n/a-/i-a' kno3'e!+e an! ski''sD (iii* a pra+1a/i- -o1ponen/ 7 2or e?a1p'e, rea-/in+ 3i/hin in/era-/iona' e?-han+es, 1as/erin+ !is-o,rse, -ohesion, i!en/i2"in+ iron", e/-) 8I6

;)

e?e1p'i2" an! !e.e'op s,-h -o1ponen/s in /heir -'assroo1 pra-/i-e)

Do "o,r pro+ra11es ana'"se /hese -o1ponen/s an! pro.i!e oppor/,ni/ies 2or /rainees /o !e.e'op /hese 2or1s o2 kno3'e!+e an! /hese ski''s in /heir 'earnersL Do /ea-hers share /hese ,n!ers/an!in+sL ,(#() Language acti-ities 7section /(/8

The 'an+,a+e 'earnerH,serJs -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e is a-/i.a/e! /hro,+h .ario,s 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies, re'a/e! /o reception, production, interaction, or mediation (in par/i-,'ar in/erpre/in+ or /rans'a/in+*, ea-h o2 /hese a-/i.i/ies 0ein+ possi0'e in ora' or 3ri//en 2or1, or 0o/h) Gi.en /he e?e1p'i2i-a/ion o2 /hese 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies in &EF, (see ;)8); 7 ;)8)=* rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er 3he/her /heir /rainin+ pro+ra11es seek /o !e.e'op /heir /raineesJ -o1pe/en-e /o, or 3he/her /he" as /ea-hers, !e.ise< 8) ;) =) Finteracti-e 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies, 3here a/ 'eas/ /3o a-/ors par/i-ipa/e in an ora' or 3ri//en e?-han+e in 3hi-h pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion a'/erna/eD recepti-e an! producti-e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies, 3here /he s/,!en/ a-/s a'one, rea!in+, 'is/enin+, speakin+ or 3ri/in+ 3i/ho,/ a par/nerD 3ri//en an!Hor ora' a-/i.i/ies o2 mediation, /hro,+h /rans'a/ion or in/erpre/a/ion, a s,11ar" or a re-or!, /o pro!,-e 2or a /hir! par/" a (re* 2or1,'a/ion o2 a so,r-e /e?/ /o 3hi-h /his /hir! par/" !oes no/ ha.e !ire-/ a--ess)

I/ 1a" 0e he'p2,' /o -onsi!er /he 2or1s 3hi-h /hese !i22eren/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies -an /ake 2or !i22eren/ a+es an! a0i'i/" o2 'earner, an! ho3 ea-h -an 0e or+anise! an! -arrie! o,/ 0" 0o/h /ea-her an! 'earner in a ran+e o2 !i22eren/ si/,a/ions (in s-hoo', a/ ho1e, 3i/h o/hers, a'one, e/-)*) ,(#(/ CEF Language acti-ities within domains 7section /(#(#8

CEF s,++es/s /ha/ a'/ho,+h domains 1a" 0e .er" !i.erse, in re'a/ion /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /he" -an 0e 0roa!'" -'assi2ie! as< /he public do&ain, /he personal do&ain, /he educational do&ain an! /he occupational do&ain) The public do&ain re2ers /o e.er"/hin+ -onne-/e! 3i/h or!inar" so-ia' in/era-/ion (0,siness an! a!1inis/ra/i.e 0o!ies, p,0'i- ser.i-es, -,'/,ra' an! 'eis,re a-/i.i/ies o2 a p,0'i- na/,re, re'a/ions 3i/h /he 1e!ia, e/-)*) &o1p'e1en/ari'", /he personal do&ain -o1prises 2a1i'" re'a/ions an! in!i.i!,a' so-ia' pra-/i-es) The occupational do&ain e10ra-es e.er"/hin+ -on-erne! 3i/h an a+en/Js a-/i.i/ies an! re'a/ions in /he e?er-ise o2 his or her o--,pa/ion) The educational do&ain is -on-erne! 3i/h /he 'earnin+H/rainin+ -on/e?/ (+enera''" o2 an ins/i/,/iona' na/,re* 3here /he ai1 is /o a-:,ire spe-i2ikno3'e!+e or ski''s)

8IK

Does "o,r /ea-her-/rainin+ pro+ra11e prepare /rainees in s,-h a 3a" /ha/ /he" -an, or !o /ea-hers< 8) ;) -hoose 3hi-h !o1ain is, or 3hi-h !o1ains are appropria/e 2or /heir /ar+e/ 'earnersL !e.ise 'earnin+ 1a/eria's 3hi-h re'a/e /o ea-h o2 /he !o1ains !e2ine! in &EF (;)8)>*L

Do "o, -onsi!er so1e !o1ains /o 0e 1ore appropria/e 2or !i22eren/ a+es or a0i'i/" o2 'earners, or 2or 'earners 3ho ha.e spe-i2i- nee!s or p,rposesL ,(#(. asks 7CEF 48, strategies 7section /(/8 and te+ts 7section /(38

F&o11,ni-a/ion an! 'earnin+ in.o'.e /he per2or1an-e o2 tasks 3hi-h are no/ so'e'" 'an+,a+e /asks e.en i2 /he" in.o'.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies an! 1ake !e1an!s ,pon /he in!i.i!,a'Js -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e) To /he e?/en/ /ha/ /hese /asks are nei/her ro,/ine nor a,/o1a/i-, /he" re:,ire /he ,se o2 strategies in -o11,ni-a/in+ an! 'earnin+) In so 2ar as -arr"in+ o,/ /hese /asks in.o'.es 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies, /he" ne-essi/a/e /he pro-essin+ (/hro,+h re-ep/ion, pro!,-/ion, in/era-/ion or 1e!ia/ion* o2 ora' or 3ri//en te+ts)G (&EF, pa+e 8@* Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e +i.e /rainees oppor/,ni/ies /o, an! !o /ea-hers !e.e'op in /heir 'earners< 8) ;) appropria/e s/ra/e+ies +i.en /he na/,re o2 /he /askL appropria/e s/ra/e+ies +i.en /he na/,re o2 a ran+e o2 /asksL

Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er ho3 he'p2,' i/ is 2or s/,!en/s an! 2or /ea-hers in pre-ser.i-e or inser.i-e /rainin+ /o 0e +i.en /asks an! /e?/s, 3hi-h !e1an! /he sa1e 'earnin+ s/ra/e+ies /ha/ /he", /he /ea-hers, 3ish /o !e.e'op in /heir 'earners) For e?a1p'e, in or!er /o i'',s/ra/e rea!in+ s/ra/e+ies, /rainees an! /ea-hers -an /r" /o rea! /e?/s presen/e! in an ,nkno3n 'an+,a+e) The" -an 0e aske! -o''e-/i.e'" /o 'is/ an! !es-ri0e /he rea!in+ s/ra/e+ies /he" ha.e ,se! /o per2or1 a ran+e o2 /asks on ea-h /e?/) S,-h 2irs/-han! e?perien-e an! ana'"sis -an o2/en e?e1p'i2" -on.in-in+'" /he re'a/ionship 0e/3een /ask, s/ra/e+" an! /e?/) ,(, &EF so 2ar (;)8* has pro.i!e! a !es-rip/i.e s-he1e) Tea-hers an! /rainees -an -onsi!er ho3 /o p'an 2or an! /ake a--o,n/ o2 'earner pro+ression) The .er/i-a' !i1ension re2erre! /o here is ,se2,' in /his respe-/) I/ -an 0e ,se! in<

!e2inin+ 'earner pro2i-ien-" o.er /i1eD p'annin+ /ransparen/ an! rea'is/i- 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.esD or+anisin+ 'earnin+ ,ni/sD 1appin+ pro+ressionD pro.i!in+ -on/in,i/"D assessin+ +ains in pro2i-ien-")

8I9

There sho,'!, ho3e.er, 0e oppor/,ni/ies, 3hen -onsi!erin+ a 'earnerEs pro+ression, 2or<

/akin+ a--o,n/ o2 in-i!en/a' 'earnin+D re-o+nisin+ ,ne.en pro2i'es an! par/ia' -o1pe/en-iesD se//in+ an! assessin+ appropria/e s/an!ar!sD

?uestion: Ho3 3i/hin a /ea-her-/rainin+ -o,rse or a /ea-hin+ pro+ra11e -an pro+ression an! -on/in,i/" 2or !i22eren/ +ro,ps an! a+e ran+es o2 'earners 0e p'anne!, or+anise! an! assesse!L Ho3 !o "o, !e.e'op /hese aspe-/sL

"art ) $ Common reference *e-e*s

In an" kin! o2 /ea-hin+ /here 3i'' 0e assess1en/ o2 'earnin+) This 1a" ha.e /3o 1ain orien/a/ions<

9hat /he 'earner -an !o< 2or ,se 0" /he 'earner an!Hor 0" /he /ea-her) !ow 3e'' heHshe per2or1s< 2or ,se in a !ia+nos/i- an!Hor assess1en/ -on/e?/ 2or 'earner an!Hor /ea-her)

&hap/er = is -on-erne! 3i/h !es-rip/ion an! 1eas,re1en/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ per2or1an-e, an! proposes -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's /o ena0'e p,0'i- re-o+ni/ion o2 a-hie.e1en/) )() The /a0'es here i'',s/ra/e /hese /3o aspe-/s) Ta0'e 8 presen/s -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's 1akin+ -o11,ni-a/ion o2 'earner per2or1an-e re'a/i.e'" si1p'e in /he 2or1 o2 +'o0a' represen/a/ions) Ta0'e ; is an e?a1p'e o2 se'2-assess1en/ an! 3i'' he'p 'earners Fpro2i'e /heir 1ain 'an+,a+e ski''s _ an! se'2 assess /heir 'e.e' o2 pro2i-ien-"G) (&EF, pa+e ;@* )(/ Ta0'e = se/s o,/ /o !es-ri0e a 'earnerEs -o1pe/en-e, in /er1s o2 ran+e, a--,ra-", 2',en-", in/era-/ion an! -oheren-e, 1a/-he! /o a se/ o2 -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's) ?uestion: Ho3, 3i/hin a /ea-her-/rainin+ -o,rse or a /ea-hin+ pro+ra11e !o "o, i'',s/ra/e !es-rip/ion an! 1eas,re1en/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L I2 "o, i'',s/ra/e /he /he1e 3i/h a na/iona''" a+ree! s"s/e1 ho3 2ar !oes /his re'a/e /o /he /hree /a0'es sho3n in &EFL Do /he /a0'es pro.i!e a ,se2,' 0asis 2or !is-,ssion o2 s"s/e1s 3hi-h a'rea!" e?is/ in "o,r -on/e?/ or o2 inno.a/i.e pra-/i-es 3i/h 3hi-h /rainees an! /ea-hers -o,'! e?peri1en/L

"art / $ Language use and the *anguage user0*earner

This -hap/er is par/i-,'ar'" i1por/an/ 2or /hose responsi0'e 2or, or en+a+e! in p'annin+, !e'i.erin+ an!Hor e.a',a/in+ pre-ser.i-e or in-ser.i-e /rainin+ pro+ra11es) I/ is a'so essen/ia' 2or /ea-hers sin-e i/ 2o-,ses on /he 'earner an! -onsi!ers -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies an! pro-esses, /e?/s, as 3e'' as ,serH'earner -o1pe/en-es an! s/ra/e+ies) Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er /hese as 1ain hea!in+s 2or a /ea-her-/rainin+ pro+ra11e or 2or pro2essiona' 8I5

!e.e'op1en/) Ea-h aspe-/ re:,ires !is-,ssion, i'',s/ra/ion an! i1p'e1en/a/ion, in or!er /ha/ /he 'earners, 2or 3ho1 3e are responsi0'e, !e.e'op /heir 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -o1pe/en/'" an! -on2i!en/'") /(#(# &omains

FEa-h a-/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se is se/ in /he -on/e?/ o2 a par/i-,'ar si/,a/ion 3i/hin one o2 /he !o1ains (spheres o2 a-/ion or areas o2 -on-ern* in 3hi-h so-ia' 'i2e is or+anise!) The -hoi-e o2 /he !o1ains in 3hi-h 'earners are 0ein+ prepare! /o opera/e has 2ar-rea-hin+ i1p'i-a/ions 2or /he se'e-/ion o2 si/,a/ions, p,rposes, /asks, /he1es an! /e?/s 2or /ea-hin+ an! /es/in+ 1a/eria's an! a-/i.i/ies)G Tea-her-/rainers 3i'' nee! /o !is-,ss 3i/h /heir /rainees, an! /ea-hers 1a" nee! /o -onsi!er /he F1o/i.a/iona' e22e-/s o2 -hoosin+ !o1ains o2 presen/ re'e.an-e in re'a/ion /o /heir 2,/,re ,/i'i/") For ins/an-e, -hi'!ren 1a" 0e 0e//er 1o/i.a/e! 0" a -on-en/ra/ion on /heir presen/ -en/res o2 in/eres/, 3hi-h 1a" 'ea.e /he1 i''-prepare! /o -o11,ni-a/e 'a/er in an a!,'/ en.iron1en/)G (&EF, pa+e >@* For +enera' p,rposes o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ i/ 1a" 0e ,se2,' /o !is/in+,ish a/ 'eas/ /he 2o''o3in+<

/he persona* !o1ain, in 3hi-h /he person -on-erne! 'i.es as a pri.a/e in!i.i!,a', -en/re! on ho1e 'i2e 3i/h 2a1i'" an! 2rien!s, /he pu;*ic !o1ain, in 3hi-h /he person -on-erne! a-/s as a 1e10er o2 /he +enera' p,0'i-, or o2 so1e or+anisa/ion an! is en+a+e! in /ransa-/ions o2 .ario,s kin!s 2or a .arie/" o2 p,rposes, /he occupationa* !o1ain, in 3hi-h /he person -on-erne! is en+a+e! in his or her Ao0 or pro2ession, /he educationa* !o1ain, in 3hi-h /he person -on-erne! is en+a+e! in or+anise! 'earnin+, espe-ia''" (0,/ no/ ne-essari'"* 3i/hin an e!,-a/iona' ins/i/,/ion)

I/ sho,'! 0e no/e! /ha/ in 1an" si/,a/ions 1ore /han one !o1ain 1a" 0e in.o'.e!, 2or e?a1p'e, /here is o2/en so1e persona' aspe-/ /o shoppin+, ea/in+ o,/, e/-) For a /ea-her /he o--,pa/iona' an! e!,-a/iona' !o1ains 'ar+e'" -oin-i!e) Tea-hers an! /ea-her-/rainers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er 3he/her /heir -o,rse p'annin+< 8) ;) in-',!es !is-,ssion an! i'',s/ra/ion o2 /he -on-ep/ o2 domain) re'a/es /he -on-ep/ o2 !o1ain as ana'"se! in &EF !o-,1en/ /o na/iona' po'i-ies, pres-ri0e! na/iona' -,rri-,'a, -o,rse 0ook -on/en/, s-hoo'sJ pro+ra11es o2 s/,!" or s-he1es o2 3ork, an! 'esson -on/en/) i'',s/ra/es ho3 /he -on-ep/ o2 domains has an e22e-/ on an! -an 0e /rans'a/e! in/o 'earnin+ -on/en/ 2or !i22eren/ a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earner)

=)

88I

/(#(,

'ituations

In ea-h !o1ain, /he si/,a/ions 3hi-h arise 1a" 0e !es-ri0e! in /er1s o2<

/he *ocations in 3hi-h, an! /he times a/ 3hi-h, /he" o--,rD /he institutions or organisations, /he s/r,-/,re an! pro-e!,res o2 3hi-h -on/ro' 1,-h o2 3ha/ -an nor1a''" o--,rD /he persons in-o*-ed, espe-ia''" in /heir re'e.an/ so-ia' ro'es in re'a/ion /o /he ,serH'earnerD /he o;Dects (ani1a/e an! inani1a/e* in /he en.iron1en/D /he e-ents 3hi-h /ake p'a-eD /he operations per2or1e! 0" /he persons in.o'.e!D /he te+ts en-o,n/ere! 3i/hin /he si/,a/ion)

Ta0'e @ sho3s -'ear'", as a he'p2,' s,11ar", ho3 !o1ains -an 0e i'',s/ra/e! in pra-/i-e in re'a/ion /o 'o-a/ions, ins/i/,/ions, persons in.o'.e!, o0Ae-/s, e.en/s, opera/ions an! /e?/s) Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r pro+ra11e o2 /rainin+ in-',!e !is-,ssion an! ana'"sis o2 situations /o he'p s/,!en//ea-hers or /ea-hers in /rainin+ p'an 'earnin+ -on/en/ in 3a"s 3hi-h are re'e.an/ /o 'earnersJ nee!s, in/eres/s, e?perien-es, preo--,pa/ions an! aspira/ionsL Tea-hers< Ho3 !o "o, 1ake 'earnin+ -on/en/ re'e.an/ /o 'earnersJ nee!s, in/eres/s, e?perien-es, preo--,pa/ions an! aspira/ionsL

Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r pro+ra11e 1ake "o,r /rainees a3are o2 /a0'es s,-h as /ha/ sho3n in &EF Ta0'e @< E+terna* Conte+t of Use, an!Hor si1i'ar /a0'es 3hi-h 1a" 0e p,0'ishe! in na/iona' -,rri-,'a, or in e?a1ina/ion 0oar!sJ s"''a0iL ha/ ,se are s,-h /a0'es in in-ser.i-e or pre-ser.i-e /rainin+L In !is-,ssion o2 s,-h a /a0'e /rainees -an 0e en-o,ra+e! /o e?p'ore /he e22e-/ on /heir 'esson p'annin+ an! /ea-hin+ o2 a -,rri-,',1 or+anise! aro,n! /he -on-ep/ o2 i!en/i2ie! !o1ains an! e?/erna' si/,a/ions, an! one or+anise! aro,n! +ra11a/i-a' 2ea/,res an! +ra11a/i-a' pro+ression) Tea-hers< ha/ is /he e22e-/ on 'esson p'annin+ an! /ea-hin+ o2 a -,rri-,',1 or+anise! aro,n! /he -on-ep/ o2 i!en/i2ie! !o1ains an! e?/erna' si/,a/ions, an! one or+anise! aro,n! +ra11a/i-a' 2ea/,res an! +ra11a/i-a' pro+ressionL /(#() Conditions and constraints

The e?/erna' -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h -o11,ni-a/ion o--,rs i1pose .ario,s -ons/rain/s on /he ,serH'earner an! hisHher in/er'o-,/ors, 2or e?a1p'e<

888

ph"si-a' -on!i/ions so-ia' -on!i/ions /i1e press,res

Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e -onsi!er, an!, 3here appropria/e, 8) ;) =) >) @) s/a/e ho3 /he ph"si-a' -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h 'earners 3i'' ha.e /o -o11,ni-a/e 3i'' a22e-/ 3ha/ /he" are re:,ire! /o !oL s/a/e ho3 /he n,10er an! na/,re o2 /he in/er'o-,/ors 3i'' a22e-/ 3ha/ /he 'earner is re:,ire! /o !oL s/a/e ,n!er 3ha/ /i1e press,re /he 'earner 3i'' ha.e /o opera/eL ana'"se 3ha/ -ons/i/,/es !i22i-,'/" +i.en a ran+e o2 -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/sL !e.ise 'earnin+ 1a/eria'sHsi/,a/ions in 3hi-h s,-h !i22i-,'/ies are presen/, 2or 'earners o2 !i22eren/ a+es an! a0i'i/iesL

Tea-her-/rainers< Do "o, +i.e /rainees /he possi0i'i/" /o e?perien-e 2irs/-han!, an! /hen /o ana'"se a ran+e o2 e?/erna' -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h -o11,ni-a/ion o--,rsL /(#(/ and /(#(. inter*ocutor7s8 he user0*earner2s menta* conte+t and the menta* conte+t of the

There 3o,'! see1 /o 0e se.era' e'e1en/s o2 /his se-/ion in &EF 3hi-h are re'e.an/ /o /ea-hers an! /rainee-/ea-hers an! /heir ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he 'an+,a+e 'earners /he" /ea-h) Lesson p'annin+ an! !e'i.er" 3o,'! 0e enhan-e! i2 /he" ha.e an ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /heir 'earnersE nee!s, !ri.es, 1o/i.a/ions, as 3e'' as 3ha/ 2ee'in+s, i!eas, i1pressions /he" 0rin+ /o -o11,ni-a/in+ in /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e) Tea-hers an! /rainees nee! /o 1ake /heir 'earners a3are /ha/ an in/er'o-,/or 1a" or 1a" no/ share si1i'ar .a',es, 0e'ie2s, po'i/eness -on.en/ions, 1o/i.a/ions, e/-) F,n'ess /he" ha.e a-:,ire! /he re'e.an/ in/er-,'/,ra' a3arenessG) (&EF, pa+e @8* The" 1a" 0e en-o,ra+e! /o re2'e-/ on /ea-her-'earner re'a/ions an! -'assroo1 -o11,ni-a/ion +enera''") Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e e?p'ore 3a"s o2 he'pin+ "o,r s/,!en/-/ea-hers or /ea-hers in /rainin+ /o< 8) ;) =) /ake in/o a--o,n/ /he 'earnerJs 1en/a' -on/e?/ an!Hor /he 1en/a' -on/e?/ o2 /he in/er'o-,/orL en-o,ra+e 'earners /o re2'e-/ on /heir e?perien-eL prepare /heir 'earners /o 1ake a!A,s/1en/s 3here appropria/eL

Tea-hers< Ho3 !o "o, as /ea-hers respon! /o /hese /hree :,es/ionsL

88;

/(,

Communication themes

#ri1ar" an! se-on!ar" s-hoo' 'earnin+ pro+ra11es 2re:,en/'" in-',!e a n,10er o2 i!en/i2ia0'e /he1es or /opi-s) These 1a" 2or1 /he -a/e+ories 0" 3hi-h a pro+ra11e or s-he1e o2 3ork is or+anise!, or 1a" 0e in/e+ra/e! in 'ess s/r,-/,re! 3a"s in/o 3ha/ is /a,+h/) i/hin domains 3e 1a" !is/in+,ish a n,10er o2 themes or /opi-s) These o2/en in-',!e< 8) ;) =) >) @) persona' i!en/i2i-a/ion ho,se an! ho1e, en.iron1en/ !ai'" 'i2e 2ree /i1e, en/er/ain1en/ /ra.e', e/-)

A'' o2 /hese 1a" 0e s,0!i.i!e!) &EF +i.es /he e?a1p'e o2 2ree /i1e an! en/er/ain1en/ 3hi-h -an 0e s,0!i.i!e! in/o< 8) ;) =) >) 'eis,re ho00ies an! in/eres/s ra!io an! TV -ine1a, /hea/re, -on-er/, e/-)

F,r/her -a/e+orisa/ion -an 0e 1a!e in /er1s o2 spe-i2i- no/ions) For spor/, 2or e?a1p'e, /here -an 0e< 8) ;) =) >) 'o-a/ions< 2ie'!, +ro,n!, s/a!i,1 ins/i/,/ions an! or+anisa/ions< spor/, /ea1, -',0 persons< p'a"er o0Ae-/s< -ar!s, 0a'', e/-)

The /he1es, s,0-/he1es, e/-) 'is/e! in &EF (persona' i!en/i2i-a/ion, ho,se an! ho1e, en.iron1en/ an! !ai'" 'i2e, 2ree-/i1e, en/er/ain1en/, e/-)* re'a/e /o pres,1e! -o11,ni-a/i.e nee!s o2 'earners) Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e< 8) ;) =) en-o,ra+e an! he'p /rainees /o in.es/i+a/eH!e2ine /heir 'earnersJ nee!sL !e1ons/ra/e ho3 /o 0,i'! a 'earnin+ pro+ra11e on /he res,'/s o2 s,-h an ana'"sisL i'',s/ra/e an! e?peri1en/ 3i/h se'2-a--ess as 3e'' as /a,+h/ 'earnin+ pro+ra11esL

Tea-hers< Do "o,< 8) in.es/i+a/eH!e2ine 'earnersJ nee!sL ;) 0,i'! a 'earnin+ pro+ra11e on /he res,'/s o2 s,-h an ana'"sisL =) i'',s/ra/e an! e?peri1en/ 3i/h se'2-a--ess as 3e'' as /a,+h/ 'earnin+ pro+ra11esL

88=

hen preparin+ /rainees /o /ea-h, or 3hen /ea-hin+ !i22eren/ "ear +ro,ps or 'earners i/ 1a" 0e he'p2,' i2 /here is /ho,+h/ +i.en /o< 8) 3hi-h /he1es, s,0-/he1es, an! spe-i2i- no/ions 'earners 1i+h/ nee! or 0e re:,ire! /o han!'e in /he se'e-/e! !o1ains, espe-ia''" i2, as is /he -ase in so1e na/iona' -on/e?/s, /here is s-ope 2or 'earner -hoi-e an! /ea-her ini/ia/i.e) ho3 /he 'earners /he1se'.es rea-/ /o an!Hor 1a" 3ish /o a!ap/ or -han+e /he /he1a/i-on/en/ o2 /he 'an+,a+e(s* /a,+h/)

;)

/()

Communicati-e tasks and purposes /()(, Learners, i/ is -'ai1e!, 2in! M-on-re/e /ask spe-i2i-a/ions .er" 1eanin+2,' an! 1o/i.a/in+ as 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es (_*) I/ is 2or pra-/i/ioners /o re2'e-/ ,pon /he -o11,ni-a/i.e nee!s o2 /he 'earners 3i/h 3ho1 /he" are -on-erne! an! /hen (_* /o spe-i2" /he -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks /he" sho,'! 0e e:,ippe! /o 2a-e)E

Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e< 8) ;) =) >) en-o,ra+e -on-re/e /ask spe-i2i-a/ion 2or /ar+e/ 'earnersL 1ake s,-h /ask spe-i2i-a/ion an e?p'i-i/ or i1p'i-i/ e'e1en/ in 'esson p'annin+, or in se//in+ ,p 'earnin+ a-/i.i/iesL e?p'ore 3a"s in 3hi-h s,-h spe-i2i-a/ion, i2 /ho,+h/ re'e.an/, -an 0e i1p'e1en/e! ,sin+ /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e, i2 /his is -onsi!ere! appropria/eL ana'"se /he e22e-/ o2 /ask spe-i2i-a/ion i* 0" /he 'earner, ii* 0" /he /ea-her 3i/h or 3i/ho,/ re2eren-e /o an assess1en/ o2 'earner nee!sL /()() asks 7see a*so notes on CEF 48

There is an i1por/an/ !is/in-/ion 1a!e 0e/3een M/he /asks 3hi-h 'earners are e:,ippe!Hre:,ire! /o /a-k'e as 'an+,a+e ,sers an! /hose in 3hi-h /he" en+a+e as par/ o2 /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess i/se'2)E Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e< 8) ;) -'ari2" /his !is/in-/ionL i'',s/ra/e /asks 3hi-h 'earners 3i'' nee! or 0e e:,ippe! /o ,n!er/ake in /he e!,-a/iona' !o1ain a* as par/i-ipan/s in +,i!e!, +oa'-orien/e! in/era-/ions, proAe-/s, si1,'a/ions, ro'e-p'a"s, e/-) 0* in o/her 3a"s 3hen /he L; is ,se! as /he 1e!i,1 o2 ins/r,-/ion in /ea-hin+ o2 i* /he 'an+,a+e i/se'2, ii* o/her -,rri-,'ar s,0Ae-/s, e/-)L in-',!e i'',s/ra/ion o2 /he ,se an! e.a',a/ion o2 s,-h /asks L 88>

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/()(/ $ /()(.

Ludic and aesthetic acti-ities and uses of *anguage

Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e en-o,ra+e "o,r /rainees /o, or !o "o, as /ea-her, !e.ise, e?peri1en/ 3i/h an! e.a',a/e /ea-hin+ si/,a/ions, +a1es, p,BB'es, 1e!ia +a1es, .er0a' Aokes, i1a+ina/i.e an! ar/is/i- ,ses o2 'an+,a+e, e/-)L

/(/

Communicati-e *anguage acti-ities and strategies

&o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies /ra!i/iona''" 3ere !e2ine! as rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+ (re-ep/i.e ski''s*, an! speakin+ an! 3ri/in+ (pro!,-/i.e ski''s*) /(/(# $ /(/(/ producti-e< hese di-isions are defined more he*pfu**6 in CEF as:

ora' pro!,-/ion (speakin+* 3ri//en pro!,-/ion (3ri/in+* pro!,-/ion s/ra/e+ies a,ra' re-ep/ion ('is/enin+* .is,a' re-ep/ion (rea!in+* a,!io-.is,a' re-ep/ion re-ep/ion s/ra/e+ies spoken in/era-/ion 3ri//en in/era-/ion in/era-/ion s/ra/e+ies (a-/in+ as a -hanne' o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 0e/3een persons 3ho -anno/ -o11,ni-a/e !ire-/'", o2/en, 0,/ no/ ne-essari'", in !i22eren/ 'an+,a+es* 1e!ia/in+ a-/i.i/ies an! s/ra/e+ies

recepti-e<

interacti-e<

mediating<

88@

Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e in-',!e !e.e'opin+ /he /raineesJ a0i'i/" /o, or !o "o, as /ea-her< 8) ;) =) !e.ise H se'e-/ a ran+e o2 ora* production (speakin+* a-/i.i/ies 2or spe-i2i- a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earnersD !e.iseHse'e-/ a ran+e o2 writing acti-ities 2or spe-i2i- a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earners, 3i/h a !e2ini/ion o2 /heir pres,1e! rea!ershipD !e.iseHse'e-/ a ran+e o2 recepti-e acti-ities ('is/enin+ an! rea!in+, an! a,!io-.is,a' re-ep/ion* 2or spe-i2i- a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earners, /o in-',!e /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 appropria/e 'is/enin+Hrea!in+ ski''s, +i.en a ran+e o2 'is/enin+Hrea!in+ 1o!es an! p,rposesD !e.iseHse'e-/ a ran+e o2 interacti-e 7spoken8 acti-ities 2or spe-i2i- a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earners, /o in-',!e /he !e.e'op1en/ o2< i* re-ep/ion an! pro!,-/ion s/ra/e+ies ii* -o+ni/i.e an! -o''a0ora/i.e s/ra/e+ies an! a re-o+ni/ion o2 ro'es 0ein+ p'a"e! in /he in/era-/ionD !e.iseHse'e-/ a ran+e o2 in/era-/i.e (3ri//en* a-/i.i/ies 2or spe-i2i- a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earners, /o in-',!e in/era-/i.e h,1an 7 1a-hine -o11,ni-a/ion, ,sin+ a ran+e o2 -o1p,/er so2/3areD !e.iseHse'e-/ a ran+e o2 mediating a-/i.i/ies 2or spe-i2i- a+es an! a0i'i/ies o2 'earners, /o in-',!e ora' 1e!ia/ion an! 3ri//en 1e!ia/ionL

>)

@)

6)

Ho3 3o,'! "o, ,se /he i'',s/ra/i.e s-a'es in a /ea-her-/rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11eL o,'! /hese 2or1 /he 0asis o2 !e/ai'e! p'annin+ an! s,0se:,en/ 2ee!0a-k /o 'earners o2 !i22eren/ a+es an! a0i'i/ies an!Hor se'2 e.a',a/ionL /(/(. Non>-er;a* communication

Do "o, -onsi!er /ha/ aspe-/s o2 non-.er0a' -o11,ni-a/ion sho,'! 2ea/,re in /ea-her/rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11esL I2 so, 3hi-h an! in 3hi-h -on/e?/s 3o,'! "o, 3ish /o !e.e'op /he1L /(. Communicati-e *anguage processes

These pro-esses are s,11arise! in &EF (>)@)8 7 >)@)=* as< 8) ;) p'annin+ e?e-,/ion - pro!,-/ion - re-ep/ion - in/era-/ion 1oni/orin+

=)

886

A'/ho,+h no/ a'' -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses are 2,''" ,n!ers/oo!, /he o0ser.a0'e s/a+es o2 -er/ain pro-esses, ho3e.er, are 3e'' ,n!ers/oo!) Tea-her-/rainers< 8) ha/ !oes "o,r pro+ra11e !o /o raise /he /raineesE a3areness an! ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he ps"-ho'o+i-a', ph"sio'o+i-a' an! ph"si-a' pro-esses in.o'.e! in /he pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion o2 spee-h an! 3ri/in+L ;) =) Does "o,r pro+ra11e e:,ip /rainees /o !ia+nose an! -orre-/ 2a,'/s in /heir 'earnersE (a* per-ep/ion an! (0* ar/i-,'a/ion o2 spee-h so,n!s in /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+eL ha/ i1por/an-e !o "o, a//a-h /o /his aspe-/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L

Tea-hers< Does "o,r /ea-hin+ pro+ra11e< 8) ;) =) /ake a--o,n/ o2 /he ps"-ho'o+i-a', ph"sio'o+i-a' an! ph"si-a' pro-esses in.o'.e! in /he pro!,-/ion an! re-ep/ion o2 spee-h an! 3ri/in+L se/ o,/ /o !ia+nose an! -orre-/ 2a,'/s in 'earnersE (a* per-ep/ion an! (0* ar/i-,'a/ion o2 spee-h so,n!s in /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+eL ha/ i1por/an-e !o "o, a//a-h /o /his aspe-/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L

/(3

e+ts

Te?/, 3he/her spoken or 3ri//en, is 2,n!a1en/a' /o -o11,ni-a/ion) I/ -an 0e !e'i.ere! 0" !i22eren/ 1e!ia (.oi-e, /e'ephone, ra!io 0roa!-as/s, TV, -ine1a 2i'1s, e-1ai', 1an,s-rip/s, e/-)*) Te?/ i/se'2 1a" 0e -'assi2ie! in/o a n,10er o2 /e?/ /"pes< spoken< p,0'i- anno,n-e1en/s, -o11en/aries, !e0a/es, e/-) 3ri//en< 0ooks, 1an,a's, 'ea2'e/s, si+ns, e/-)

88K

Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r pro+ra11e in-',!e +,i!an-e 2or /rainees on< 8) ;) =) /he se'e-/ionH-rea/ion o2 spokenH3ri//en /e?/ /"pesL /he re-ep/i.eHpro!,-/i.eHin/era-/i.e ,se an! /he ,se in 1e!ia/ion o2 spokenH3ri//en /e?/ /"pesL ,sin+ re-ep/i.e'"Hpro!,-/i.e'"Hin/era-/i.e'"Hin 1e!ia/ion a ran+e o2 1e!ia 2or 'earners o2 !i22eren/ a+es an! a0i'i/iesL

Tea-hers< 8) Do "o, -rea/e an! ,se a ran+e o2 spokenH3ri//en /e?/ /"pesL B" 3ha/ -ri/eria are /hese se'e-/e!L ;) =) Do "o, in-',!e /he re-ep/i.eHpro!,-/i.eHin/era-/i.e ,se an! /he ,se in 1e!ia/ion o2 spokenH3ri//en /e?/ /"pesL Do "o, in-',!e re-ep/i.e'"Hpro!,-/i.e'"Hin/era-/i.e'"Hin 1e!ia/ion a ran+e o2 1e!ia 2or 'earners o2 !i22eren/ a+es an! a0i'i/iesL

The !i22eren/ /e?/ /"pes, sho3n in >)6)>)8 7 >)6)>);, an! /he 1e!ia 3hi-h -arr" /he1 (>)6);* 1a" he'p /rainees an! /ea-hers p'an 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies 2or a ran+e o2 'earners) Tea-her-/rainers an! /ea-hers 1a" 'ike /o -onsi!er 3hi-h 1e!ia 'earners 3i'' nee! or 0e re:,ire! /o han!'e (a* re-ep/i.e'" (0* pro!,-/i.e'" (-* in/era-/i.e'" (!* in 1e!ia/ion) Tea-her-/rainers 1a" 'ike /o -onsi!er ho3 /o 2a1i'iarise /heir /rainees 3i/h /heir ran+e an! ,se)

889

Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e seek /o< 8) !e.e'op in 'earners appropria/e ski''s, s,-h as< ` 1e1or" ` !e-o!in+ ski''s ` in2eren-in+ ` pre!i-/in+ ` rapi! s-annin+ ` -o1prehension, ,sin+ !i-/ionaries, +ra11ars, e/-)

sin-e a'' /hese ski''s -anno/ 0e pres,1e!L (see >)@* ;) =) !e.e'op in 'earners /he a0i'i/" /o 1a/-h a-/ions /o 3or!s, an! .i-e-.ersa, 0ein+ a3are, a/ /i1es, o2 -,'/,ra' !i22eren-esL (see >)>)@)8* !e.e'op in 'earners para'in+,is/i- 0eha.io,rD 0o!" 'an+,a+e, e?/ra 'in+,is/i- spee-hso,n!s, proso!i- :,a'i/ies, 3hi's/ 0ein+ a3are /ha/ /here 1a" 0e -,'/,ra' !i22eren-es 3hi-h -han+e 1eanin+L (see >)>)@);* !e.e'op in 'earners /he a0i'i/" /o (a* re-o+nise an! respon! /o, an! (0* ,se para/e?/,a' 2ea/,res in 3ri//en /e?/sL (see >)>)@)=*

>)

"art . $ he user0*earner2s competences

&hap/er > 3as -on-erne! 3i/h 3ha/ 'an+,a+e ,sers ha.e /o 'earn /o !o in or!er /o -o11,ni-a/e) &hap/er @ no3 /,rns /o /he kno3'e!+e an! a0i'i/ies (-o1pe/en-es* 3hi-h ena0'e /he1 /o a-/) %o/ a'' /hese -o1pe/en-es ha.e /o 0e /a,+h/) .(#( Genera* competences

Learners 0rin+ a ran+e o2 -o1pe/en-es /o /he 'earnin+ /ask) &EF !es-ri0es /hese as< .(#(# &ec*arati-e know*edge 7savoir8 i* ii* iii* kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e in/er-,'/,ra' a3areness

Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e or /ea-hin+ -rea/e oppor/,ni/ies /o< 8) ;) =) !is-o.er 1ore a0o,/ 'earner -o1pe/en-esL assess 3ha/ ne3 e?perien-e an! kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'! 'earners nee! /o a-:,ire in or!er /o 1ee/ /he re:,ire1en/s o2 L; -o11,ni-a/ionL !e.e'op in 'earners an a3areness o2 /he re'a/ion 0e/3een ho1e an! /ar+e/ -,'/,res, so as /o !e.e'op an appropria/e in/er-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-eL

885

.(#(,

'ki**s and know>how 7savoir-faire8

&EF a'so in-',!es 3i/hin i/s !e2ini/ion o2 ,serH'earnerJs -o1pe/en-es< i.* pra-/i-a' ski''s an! kno3-ho3 7 savoir'faire .* in/er-,'/,ra' ski''s an! kno3-ho3 Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e or /ea-hin+ -rea/e oppor/,ni/ies 2or 'earners /o< 8) ;) =) !e.e'op pra-/i-a' ski''s, in/er-,'/,ra' ski''s an! appropria/e kno3-ho3L e?perien-e /he /ar+e/ -,'/,reL a-/ as -,'/,ra' in/er1e!iar"L .(#() E+istentia* competence 7savoir-;tre8

Learners a'so ha.e a//i/,!es, 1o/i.a/ions, .a',es, 0e'ie2s, -o+ni/i.e s/"'es, an! persona'i/" 2a-/ors, 3hi-h a22e-/ no/ on'" /heir ro'es in -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/s, 0,/ a'so /heir a0i'i/" /o 'earn) Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11eH/ea-hin+ -onsi!er 'earner -hara-/eris/i-sL Does i/ a--ess ho3 /hese -hara-/eris/i-s 1a" a22e-/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! ho3 /he" 1a" 0e pro.i!e! 2or in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/L Do "o, -onsi!er 3he/her 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ sho,'! /r" /o -on/ri0,/e /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he 'earnerEs persona'i/" an!, i2 so, ho3 /his sho,'! 0e !oneL .(#(/ A;i*it6 to *earn 7savoir apprendre+

The a0i'i/" /o 'earn is /he Fa0i'i/" /o o0ser.e an! par/i-ipa/e in ne3 e?perien-es an! /o in-orpora/e ne3 kno3'e!+e in/o e?is/in+ kno3'e!+e, 1o!i2"in+ /he 'a//er 3here ne-essar"G (&EF, pa+e 8I6*) I/ has se.era' -o1ponen/s< 8) ;) =) >) 'an+,a+e an! -o11,ni-a/ion a3areness (@)8)>)8* +enera' phone/i- ski''s (@)8)>);* s/,!" ski''s (@)8)>)=* he,ris/i- ski''s (@)8)>)>*

Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e or /ea-hin+ -rea/e oppor/,ni/ies /o !e.e'op /hese 2o,r se/s o2 ski''s as 3e'' as in-rease in!epen!en-e in 'earnersJ 'earnin+ an! ,se o2 'an+,a+eL A/ 3ha/ a+es !o "o, 0e'ie.e a pro+ra11e o2 a3areness-raisin+ -an 0e+inL Ho3 3o,'! "o, p'an /o !e.e'op /hese se/s o2 ski''s in 'earnersL

8;I

.(,

Communicati-e *anguage competences

This se-/ion in &EF 3o,'! appear /o 0e o2 ke" i1por/an-e 2or /ea-hers an! in /ea-her-/rainin+ 3he/her /his is pre-ser.i-e or inser.i-e, pri1ar" or se-on!ar") I/s 2o-,s is on Mi!en/i2"in+ an! -'assi2"in+ /he 1ain -o1ponen/s o2 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e !e2ine! as kno3'e!+e o2, an! a0i'i/" /o ,se, /he 2or1a' reso,r-es 2ro1 3hi-h 3e''-2or1e!, 1eanin+2,' 1essa+es 1a" 0e asse10'e! an! 2or1,'a/e!)E Trainees an! /ea-hers 1,s/ ha.e an ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 3ha/ is 1ean/ 0" 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e in or!er /o p'an, -oheren/'" an! o.er /i1e, 3ha/ /he" are /o /ea-h an! 3ha/ 'earners are /o 'earn) The" a'so nee! /his ,n!ers/an!in+ /o 0e a0'e /o !es-ri0e 'earnersE -o1pe/en-e an! 2or pro+ress /o 0e 'o++e! an! s-a'e! in a !e/ai'e! an! -o1prehensi.e 3a") De-isions a0o,/ shor/- an! 'on+-/er1 o0Ae-/i.es -an 0e 0ase! on ,n!ers/an!in+s 3hi-h are i'',s/ra/e! here) The -hap/er, 3i/h -hap/er >, !oes, ho3e.er, se/ o,/ 3ha/ a M2,''" -o1pe/en/ ,ser o2 'an+,a+e is a0'e /o !o an! 3ha/ kno3'e!+e, ski''s an! a//i/,!es 1ake /hese a-/i.i/ies possi0'eE) These -hap/ers pro.i!e a -o1prehensi.e 1ap 0" 3hi-h !i22eren/ 'earners 3i/h !i22eren/ nee!s, a0i'i/ies an! 1o/i.a/ions -an 0e +,i!e! a--or!in+ /o /heir in!i.i!,a' or -o''e-/i.e o0Ae-/i.es) So1e ro,/es 1a" re1ain ,ne?p'ore!, so1e par/ia''" e?p'ore! an! so1e e?p'ore! in !ep/h)

8;8

Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er< 8) ho3 an! /o 3ha/ e?/en/ /rainin+ an! /ea-hin+ pro+ra11es sho,'! in-',!e !e2ini/ion, !is-,ssion an! e?e1p'i2i-a/ion o2 'e?i-a' -o1pe/en-e, +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e, se1an/i- -o1pe/en-e, an! phono'o+i-a' -o1pe/en-e (@);)8)8 7 @);)8)>*D 3hi-h 'e?i-a' e'e1en/s /he /rainee or /ea-her in-',!es 2or 'earners /o re-o+nise an!Hor ,se (@);)8)8*D 3hi-h +ra11a/i-a' e'e1en/s, -'asses (@);)8);*, s/r,-/,res, pro-esses an! re'a/ions, s"n/a?, /he /rainee or /ea-her in-',!es 2or 'earners /o re-o+nise an!Hor ,se, an!Hor e?p'ain, ,sin+ L8 or L;D 3ha/< se1an/i- -o1pe/en-e (s"non"1s, an/on"1s, /rans'a/ion e:,i.a'en-e, e/-)* phono'o+i-a' -o1pe/en-e (sen/en-e s/ress, rh"/h1, in/ona/ion, e/-)* or/ho+raphi- -o1pe/en-e (proper spe''in+ o2 3or!s, p,n-/,a/ion ,se, e/-)* or/hoepi- -o1pe/en-es (kno3'e!+e o2 spe''in+ -on.en/ions, a0i'i/" /o ,se a !i-/ionar", e/-)* (@);)8)= 7 @);)8)6* /he /rainee or /ea-her in-',!es 2or 'earners /o 0,i'! ,pH!e1ons/ra/e an! a/ 3hi-h s/a+e in /heir 'earnin+D @) /o 3ha/ e?/en/ /rainees an! /ea-hers sho,'! 1ake /heir 'earners a3are o2 /he +ra11ar o2 (a* /he 1o/her /on+,e (0* /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e (-* /heir -on/ras/i.e re'a/ions, an! 3ha/ 1e/a'an+,a+e sho,'! 0e ,se! in e?p'ana/ions 0" /rainee, /ea-her an!Hor 'earner, an! 3he/her /his sho,'! 0e !one in L8 or L;D 6) 3hi-h 1arkers o2 so-ia' -on.en/ions, po'i/eness -on.en/ions, re+is/er !i22eren-es, e?pressions o2 2o'k3is!o1, !ia'e-/s an! a--en/s /rainees an! /ea-hers sho,'! he'p /heir 'earners (a* re-o+nise (0* ,se (@););)8 7 @););)@*D 3hi-h aspe-/s o2 !is-o,rse -o1pe/en-e (or!erin+ sen/en-es, a-hie.in+ -oheren-e an! -ohesion, ,sin+ appropria/e s/"'e an! re+is/er, e/-)* /rainees an! /ea-hers sho,'! he'p 'earners -on/ro' an!Hor !e1ons/ra/eD 3hi-h aspe-/s o2 2,n-/iona' -o1pe/en-e (@);)=);* ` 1i-ro 2,n-/ions (i!en/i2"in+, repor/in+, -orre-/in+, e/-D* ` 1a-ro-"/aires (!es-rip/ion, narra/ion, -o11en/ar", e?posi/ion, e/-)* ` in/era-/ion s-he1a/a (pa//erns o2 so-ia' in/era-/ion* /rainees an! /ea-hers sho,'! he'p 'earners -on/ro' an!Hor !e1ons/ra/e)

;) =)

>)

K)

9)

8;;

"art 3 $ Language *earning and *anguage teaching

This se-/ion -onsi!ers /he pro-esses o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ an! !ea's 3i/h /he re'a/ion 0e/3een a-:,isi/ion an! 'earnin+, as 3e'' as 3i/h 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' op/ions o2 a +enera' or 1ore spe-i2i- kin!) Those /rainin+ /o 0e /ea-hers, an! /ea-hers /he1se'.es, nee! /o ,n!ers/an! 3a"s in 3hi-h 'earners M-o1e /o 0e a0'e /o -arr" o,/ /asks, a-/i.i/ies an! pro-esses an! 0,i'! ,p /he -o1pe/en-es ne-essar" 2or -o11,ni-a/ionE) I/ is 2ro1 s,-h an ,n!ers/an!in+ /ha/ /hese pro-esses -an /he 1ore e22e-/i.e'" 0e pro1o/e! an! 2a-i'i/a/e!) 3(# 9hat is it that *earners ha-e to *earn or ac@uireC

Learnin+ an! a-:,isi/ion are !epen!en/ on 2a-/ors a'rea!" !es-ri0e! -o1prehensi.e'" in -hap/ers > an! @) This is 3h", as has 0een s,++es/e! in /his -hap/er, i/ see1s 3or/h3hi'e /o he'p /rainees an! /ea-hers /o in.es/i+a/e an! !e2ine, as 2ar as possi0'e, 'earnersJ in/en/ions, nee!s, prior kno3'e!+e, -o+ni/i.e s/"'es, as 3e'' as /he 1a/-h 0e/3een L8 an! /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e) Ho3e.er, as &EF a-kno3'e!+es, /he 'on+er /er1 -areer nee!s o2 "o,n+er 'earners in pri1ar" or se-on!ar" s-hoo' -anno/ 0e 2oreseen) There2ore, 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ has /o ha.e a 3i!er A,s/i2i-a/ion) Tea-hers an! /rainees sho,'! ha.e prin-ip'e! 3a"s o2 2or1,'a/in+ s,-h a A,s/i2i-a/ion an! o2 !es-ri0in+ 'earnin+ ai1s an! o0Ae-/i.es 3hi-h re'a/e /o i/) The" sho,'! 0e a0'e /o s/a/e /he -ri/eria ,se! 3hen !e-i!in+ 3hi-h /asks, a-/i.i/ies an! s/ra/e+ies are o0Ae-/i.es in /he1se'.es, or 1eans /o a-hie.in+ /he1, an! 3hi-h sho,'! 0e in-',!e! in or o1i//e! 2ro1 a 'earnin+ pro+ra11e) There 3i'', o2 ne-essi/", 0e !is-,ssion o2 ho3 /o -har/ 'earnersE pro+ress, 0o/h :,an/i/a/i.e'" an! :,a'i/a/i.e'", in or!er /ha/ 'earners ha.e a 1eas,re o2 /heir -o1pe/en-e an! per2or1an-e an! 'earnin+ -an 0e p'anne! s"s/e1a/i-a''" 3i/hin a !e/ai'e!, 'o+i-a' an! -oheren/ 2ra1e3ork) This -hap/er o2 &EF o22ers !is-,ssion o2 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es 3i/h ke" iss,es i!en/i2ie! 2or -onsi!era/ion) I/ a'so e?p'ores ho3 'earners 'earn an! ho3 /ea-hers -an he'p /he 'earnin+ pro-ess) De/ai'e! s-a'in+ has a'rea!" 0een i'',s/ra/e! in Ta0'es 8 an! ; in -hap/er =, an! in -hap/ers > an! @ o2 &EF so 1oni/orin+, assess1en/, repor/in+ an! re-or!in+ are no/ !is-,sse! in !e/ai' here) Ho3e.er, /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 pro2i'es o2 p',ri'in+,a' an! p',ri-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-es (6)8)=* 1a" 0e ,se2,''" !e0a/e! an! i'',s/ra/e! i2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ ai1s in-',!e<

an i1pro.e! a3areness o2 i!en/i/" (6)8)=)8* !e.e'opin+ a -hoi-e o2 s/ra/e+ies 2or /ask a--o1p'ish1en/ (6)8)=);* !e.e'opin+ 'in+,is/i- an! -o11,ni-a/ion a3areness (6)8)=)=*

I/ 3o,'! see1 o2 /he +rea/es/ i1por/an-e in a /ea-her-/rainin+ pro+ra11e an! in a /ea-herEs p'annin+ /ha/ /here 0e -onsi!era/ion o2 !e.e'opin+ 'earner -o1pe/en-es 3hi-h 1a" M /o so1e !e+ree a--e'era/e (_* 'earnin+ in 'in+,is/i- an! -,'/,ra' areasE, an! Mpro1o/e /he respe-/ 2or /he !i.ersi/" o2 'an+,a+es an! o2 'earnin+ 1ore /han one 'an+,a+e in s-hoo'E) I/ is, as &EF s/a/es, Ma 1a//er o2 he'pin+ 'earners<

/o -ons/r,-/ /heir 'in+,is/i- an! -,'/,ra' i!en/i/" /hro,+h in/e+ra/in+ in/o i/ a !i.ersi2ie! e?perien-e o2 o/hernessD /o !e.e'op /heir a0i'i/" /o 'earn /hro,+h /his sa1e !i.ersi2ie! e?perien-e o2 re'a/in+ /o se.era' 'an+,a+es an! -,'/,res)E

8;=

Tea-her-/rainers 1a" 3ish /o !e-i!e 3i/h /heir /rainees, an! /ea-hers 3i/h /heir -o''ea+,es< 8) ho3 /he" 3o,'! A,s/i2" 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3i/hin /heir par/i-,'ar -on/e?/ (pri1ar" or se-on!ar" s-hoo'* an! 3ha/ /heir +enera' an! spe-i2i- ai1s 3o,'! 0e 2or /heir 'earners an! /heir 'earnin+ pro+ra11eD /he i1p'i-a/ions o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /ea-hin+ an! assess1en/D ho3 /ea-hers o2 o/her 2orei+n 'an+,a+es an! /ea-hers o2 /he 1o/her/on+,e -an 3ork /o+e/her /o !e.e'op /he 'earnersE p',ri'in+,a' -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e) 3(#(/ Eariation in o;Decti-es

;) =)

The 2o,r /"pes o2 o0Ae-/i.es 2or /ea-hin+ an! 2or 'earnin+ as o,/'ine! here nee! -are2,' -onsi!era/ion 0" /ea-hers an! /rainees) The 2irs/ is !e2ine! in /er1s o2 !e.e'opin+ a 'earnerEs genera* competences (see se-/ion @)8*) This 1a" 2o-,s on Mi1par/in+ !e-'ara/i.e kno3'e!+e /o /he 'earnerE e?e1p'i2ie! as M(kno3'e!+e* o2 /he +ra11ar, or /he 'i/era/,re or -er/ain -,'/,ra' -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /he 2orei+n -o,n/r"E) The se-on! is -onsi!ere! in /er1s o2 /he e?/ension an! !i.ersi2i-a/ion o2 communicati-e *anguage competence (see @);* 3here /he 1ain ai1 1a" 0e -o1pe/en/ ,se o2 s"n/a?, phone/is"s/e1, e/-), or -on-ern 3i/h /he pra+1a/i- or so-io'in+,is/i- -o1ponen/s) A /hir! /"pe o2 o0Ae-/i.e 1a" 0e !e2ine! Min /er1s o2 /he 0e//er per2or1an-e in one or 1ore spe-i2i- *anguage acti-itiesE (see -hap/er >)>* 3i/h a 2o-,s on reception, production, interaction or mediation) S,-h an o0Ae-/i.e 3i'' a22e-/ -hoi-e o2 -on/en/ an! 'earnin+ /asks, !e-isions a0o,/ ho3 pro+ression 3i'' 0e s/r,-/,re!, -hoi-e an! se'e-/ion o2 /"pes o2 /e?/, e/-) A 2o,r/h /"pe 1a" -on-ern i/se'2 3i/h 'earners opera/in+ s,--ess2,''" in a +i.en domain (see -hap/er >)8)8*, a 2ea/,re o2, 2or e?a1p'e, /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ 1a/eria's 3hi-h o2/en 1ake s,-h o0Ae-/i.es e?p'i-i/) Sin-e 2or1,'a/in+ /his /"pe o2 o0Ae-/i.e has -onse:,en-es 2or /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ /rainees nee! /o ,n!ers/an! 3ha/ is in.o'.e!) For o0Ae-/i.es /o 0e 1e/ 'earners nee! /o !e.e'op appropria/e strategies) Tea-hers an! /rainees 1a" 0ene2i/ 2ro1 a !is-,ssion an! e?e1p'i2i-a/ion o2 s/ra/e+ies an! ho3 /hese -an 0e !e.e'ope! an! i1pro.e! /o 1ake 'earnin+ 1ore e22i-ien/ an! e22e-/i.e) asks -an 0e -onsi!ere! as o0Ae-/i.es M/o 0e a-hie.e! in re'a/ion /o a +i.en !o1ainE) To 2or1,'a/e o0Ae-/i.es in /er1s o2 /asks has /he a!.an/a+e o2 Mi!en/i2"in+ in pra-/i-a' /er1s 3ha/ /he e?pe-/e! res,'/s are)E Trainees an! /ea-hers 3i'' 0e :,i-k /o appre-ia/e /he a!.an/a+es o2 /his 2or1,'a/ion 3hen 'earnersE shor/ /er1 1o/i.a/ion 1a" 0e one o2 /heir pe!a+o+i-a' -on-erns)

8;>

Tea-her-/rainers an! /ea-hers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er /he 2o,r /"pes o2 o0Ae-/i.es o,/'ine! in 6)8)>) Dis-,ssion 3i/h /rainees an! /ea-hin+ -o''ea+,es -an 2o-,s on ho3 s,-h !e2ini/ions i'',s/ra/e /he Mpossi0'e !i.ersi/" o2 'earnin+ ai1s an! /he !i.ersi/" /o 0e 2o,n! in /he pro.ision o2 /ea-hin+)E The e?a1p'e o2 /he 3ai/er in /he res/a,ran/ (6)8)>);* 1a" 0e a ,se2,' s/ar/in+ poin/ /o i'',s/ra/e< ` a 2o-,s on a par/i-,'ar !o1ain ` ora' in/era-/ion ` -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e 3i/h a 2o-,s on< - -er/ain 'e?i-a' 2ie'!s - -er/ain so-io'in+,is/i- nor1s - -er/ain aspe-/s o2 savoir'(tre) Dis-,ssion 3i/h /rainees or -o''ea+,es 1i+h/ !e.e'op o/her e?a1p'es /hro,+h 3hi-h /he" -an i'',s/ra/e /heir ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 !i22eren/ kin!s o2 o0Ae-/i.es an! ho3 /o 2or1,'a/e /hese in a s"s/e1a/i- an! in2or1e! 3a") 3(, he processes of *anguage *earning

&EF ai1s /o 0e -o1prehensi.e, open, !"na1i- an! non-!o+1a/i-) For /ha/ reason i/ -anno/ /ake ,p a posi/ion on one si!e or ano/her o2 -,rren/ /heore/i-a' !isp,/es on /he na/,re o2 'an+,a+e a-:,isi/ion an! i/s re'a/ion /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, nor !oes i/ e10o!" a par/i-,'ar approa-h /o 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+) Resear-h i/se'2 !oes no/ pro.i!e a -onsens,s .ie3 on ho3 'earners 'earn) %e.er/he'ess, /here are /heories, an! pra-/i-e is 0ase! on /hese) For /he 0ene2i/ o2 /rainees /here is a nee! 2or /rainin+ pro+ra11es /o 0e e?p'i-i/ a0o,/ /he /heore/i-a' 0asis on 3hi-h /heir pra-/i-a' pro-e!,res are 2o,n!e!D 3i/ho,/ s,-h /ransparen-", /rainees 3i'' 0e ,na0'e /o 2or1 /heir o3n A,!+e1en/s in a so,n! an! prin-ip'e! 3a") I/ is i1por/an/, /here2ore, /ha/, 3i/hin a par/i-,'ar /rainin+ pro+ra11e, /he /er1s M'an+,a+e a-:,isi/ionE an! M'an+,a+e 'earnin+E are !e2ine! /o a.oi! a10i+,i/" an! 1isin/erpre/a/ion) 3(,(, !ow do *earners *earnC

Gi.en !i22erin+ .ie3s on ho3 'earners 'earn, an! /he 2a-/ /ha/ 'earners !o no/ a'3a"s 'earn 3ha/ /ea-hers /ea-h, i/ is i1por/an/ /ha/ /ea-hers an! /rainees respon! /o 'earnersJ nee!s 2or Ms,0s/an/ia' -on/e?/,a'ise! an! in/e''i+i0'e 'an+,a+e inp,/ as 3e'' as oppor/,ni/ies /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e in/era-/i.e'"E) The" nee! a'so /o re-o+nise in /heir p'annin+ /ha/ M'earnin+ is 2a-i'i/a/e!, espe-ia''" ,n!er ar/i2i-ia' -'assroo1 -on!i/ions 0" a -o10ina/ion o2 -ons-io,s 'earnin+ an! s,22i-ien/ pra-/i-e /o re!,-e or e'i1ina/e /he -ons-io,s a//en/ion pai! /o 'o3-'e.e' ph"si-a' ski''s o2 speakin+ an! 3ri/in+ as 3e'' as /o 1orpho'o+i-a' an! s"n/a-/i- a--,ra-", /h,s 2reein+ /he 1in! 2or hi+her 'e.e' s/ra/e+ies o2 -o11,ni-a/ion)E Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er ho3 -an /his 0es/ 0e a-hie.e! 3i/hin a /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e, 3ha/ kin!s o2 oppor/,ni/ies -an 0e -rea/e! in an! o,/ o2 -'assroo1s, an! 3ha/ e?a-/'" is 1ean/ 0" 'o3-'e.e' ph"si-a' ski''s_L

8;@

3()

'ome methodo*ogica* options for modern *anguage *earning and teaching

The &o,n-i' o2 E,rope has 2or 1an" "ears Mpro1o/e! an approa-h 0ase! on /he -o11,ni-a/i.e nee!s o2 'earners an! /he ,se o2 1a/eria's an! 1e/ho!s 3hi-h 3i'' ena0'e 'earners /o sa/is2" /hese nee!s)E Ho3e.er, &EF !oes no/ pro1o/e one par/i-,'ar 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!o'o+"D i/ is 2or ea-h ,ser 7 here /ea-hers an! /ea-her-/rainers 7 /o !e/er1ine /heir o3n 1e/ho!o'o+" an! o0Ae-/i.es) 3()(# Genera* approaches

Tea-hers are +enera''" aske! /o pro.i!e e?pos,re /o a,/hen/i- ,se o2 'an+,a+e, ,se /e?/0ooks, !e.ise spe-ia''" -ons/r,-/e! /asks an! -o,rse 1a/eria's, pro!,-e an! a!1inis/er /es/s, 1ake !e-isions a0o,/ -'assroo1 a-/i.i/ies an! ,n!ers/an! /heir 'earnersJ 'earnin+ pro-esses) I/ 1a" 0e he'p2,' i2, 0e2ore s,-h pra-/i-es are -onsi!ere!, /he" !e-i!e ho3 /he" are e?pe-/in+ /heir 'earners /o 'earn a se-on! or 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) &EF here pro.i!es a ,se2,' -he-k'is/) Are /he 'earners 2or 3ho1 "o, are responsi0'e e?pe-/e! /o 'earn a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 0"< a* 0* -* !* e* 2* +* h* i* !ire-/ e?pos,re /o a,/hen/i- ,se o2 L;D !ire-/ e?pos,re /o se'e-/e! /e?/s (ora' or 3ri//en*D !ire-/ par/i-ipa/ion in a,/hen/i- -o11,ni-a/i.e in/era-/ionD !ire-/ par/i-ipa/ion in spe-ia''" !e.ise! /asks in L;D se'2 s/,!"D presen/a/ion, e?p'ana/ion, !ri'' an! e?p'oi/a/ion 3i/h so1e ,se o2 L8D presen/a/ion, e?p'ana/ion, !ri'' an! e?p'oi/a/ion 3i/h e?-',si.e ,se o2 L;D so1e o2 /he a0o.e 3i/h a re!,-/ion in /he ,se o2 L8 an! in-reasin+ se'2 s/,!"D -o10inin+ /he a0o.e 3i/h +ro,p an! in!i.i!,a' p'annin+, ne+o/ia/ion a--or!in+ /o in!i.i!,a' nee!s, /ea-her s,ppor/, e/-)

The 'is/ !oes no/ !o A,s/i-e /o /ha/ sho3n in 6)>)8) I/ !oes, ho3e.er, 0e+in /o ask i1por/an/ :,es/ions, /he responses /o 3hi-h 3i'' !e/er1ine pe!a+o+i- pra-/i-es) In +enera', 'earners 1a" 0e e?pe-/e! /o 'earnHa-:,ire an L; 0"< a* 0* -* !ire-/ e?pos,re /o a,/hen/i- ,se o2 'an+,a+e in L;D !ire-/ e?pos,re /o spe-ia''" se'e-/e! spoken ,//eran-es an! /e?/sD e?pos,re /o -on/en/ an! par/i-ipa/ion in a-/i.i/ies ne+o/ia/e! a--or!in+ /o in!i.i!,a' nee!s)

8;6

Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er ho3 /o he'p /rainees or ho3 /he", as /ea-hers< 8) prepare a ran+e o2 -'assroo1 a-/i.i/ies 3hi-h re2'e-/< 7 a,/hen/i- ,ses o2 'an+,a+e an! /hose 3hi-h are spe-ia''" se'e-/e! spoken ,//eran-es an! 3ri//en /e?/s in L;) ;) =) >) se'e-/, a!ap/, -o1pose, or!er an! presen/ /e?/s, an! a--or!in+ /o 3ha/ prin-ip'esL are 2'e?i0'e in 'esson p'annin+ /o a!A,s/ /o p,pi' responsesL i!en/i2" an! ana'"se 'earnin+ pro0'e1s as en-o,n/ere! 0" in!i.i!,a's, an! !e.e'op 'earnin+ s/ra/e+ies /o s,i/ in!i.i!,a'sL

So1e -'assroo1 a-/i.i/ies, as has 0een sai!, 1a" 0e a -o10ina/ion o2 presen/a/ions, e?p'ana/ions, (!ri''* e?er-ises an! e?p'oi/a/ion a-/i.i/ies, a'' -on!,-/e! in L, on'", an! so1e a si1i'ar -o10ina/ion o2 a-/i.i/ies, 0,/ 3i/h L# as /he 'an+,a+e o2 -'assroo1 1ana+e1en/, e?p'ana/ion, e/-) Do "o,, as /ea-her or as /ea-her-/rainer, -onsi!er< 8) ;) 3ha/ is 1ore appropria/e'" !one in L8HL;L ho3 /o 2or1,'a/e ins/r,-/ions, e?p'ana/ions, r,0ri-s an! /o ,se -'assroo1 'an+,a+e e22e-/i.e'" in L;L 3(/(, Ro*e of teachers, *earners and media

Tea-hers an! 'earners ea-h ha.e ro'es an! responsi0i'i/ies in /he 'earnin+ pro-ess) Tea-hers 1ake !e-isions a0o,/ ho3 -'ass /i1e is spen/) The" are a'so a ro'e 1o!e' 2or 'earners sin-e /heir a-/ions re2'e-/ /heir a//i/,!es an! 0e'ie2s) Learners are e?pe-/e! /o 0eha.e in -er/ain 3a"sD so1e/i1es /he" 1a" 3ork -o''a0ora/i.e'" 3i/h /he /ea-her, so1e/i1es 3i/h /heir peers, so1e/i1es in!epen!en/'") Ins/r,-/iona' 1e!ia are ,se! in !i22eren/ 3a"s a'' o2 3hi-h are /he res,'/ o2 !e-isions e.en i2 /hese in.o'.e no/ ,sin+ -er/ain reso,r-es) Does "o,r p'annin+ as a /ea-her, or "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e, -'ari2" /he !i22eren/ ro'es a /ea-her ass,1es 3hen en+a+in+ 'earners in !i22eren/ kin!s o2 a-/i.i/"L Is 3ha/ is e?pe-/e! o2 /he 'earners 1a!e -'ear /o /he1L ha/ ,se is 1a!e o2 ins/r,-/iona' 1e!ia an! 2or 3ha/ p,rposesL 3(/() he use of te+ts

Spoken an! 3ri//en /e?/s -an /ake a n,10er o2 2or1sD /he" -an 0e a,/hen/i- or spe-ia''" -o1pose! 2or ,se in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+) The" -an a'so 0e ,se! in a .arie/" o2 3a"s) Learners -an a'so pro!,-e /e?/s as 3e'' as pro-ess /he1)

8;K

Ha.e "o, or "o,r /rainees e?p'i-i/ -ri/eria /o< 8) ;) =) >) @) se'e-/ !i22eren/ /"pes o2 /e?/sL ana'"se /e?/0ooks an! 1a/eria'sL a!ap/ or -o1pose "o,r o3n /e?/sL sa" ho3 'earners are /o respon! /o a ran+e o2 /e?/ /"pes, an! !e.e'op !i22eren/ 'is/enin+ an! rea!in+ s/"'esL 0e 2'e?i0'e in 'esson p'annin+ /o a!A,s/ /o p,pi' responsesL 3(/(/ Learning from tasks and acti-ities

De-isions ha.e /o 0e 1a!e a0o,/ ho3 'earners are e?pe-/e! /o 'earn 2ro1 /asks an! a-/i.i/ies) Tea-hers !e-i!e 3he/her si1p'e par/i-ipa/ion is s,22i-ien/ or 3he/her so1e in.o'.e1en/ in prep'annin+ or pos/-/ask ana'"sis an! e.a',a/ion is he'p2,' or 3he/her e?p'i-i/ a3areness-raisin+ 3i/h re2eren-e /o M+oa's, /he na/,re an! s/r,-/,re o2 /asks, re:,ire1en/s o2 par/i-ipan/ ro'es, e/-)E is ne-essar") Si1i'ar'", /o ,se -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+ies 'earners 1a" nee! e?p'i-i/ he'p) Tea-hers 1a" -hoose /asks /o 2a-i'i/a/e /he opera/ion o2 -er/ain s/ra/e+ies, or e1p'o" a3arenessraisin+ /e-hni:,es or re:,ire 'earners /o 2o''o3 e?p'i-i/ s/ra/e+i- pro-e!,res) Do "o, -onsi!er /he p'a-e o2 a-/i.i/ies, /asks an! s/ra/e+ies in /he 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+H'earnin+ pro+ra11eL 3(/(3 Genera* competences

Genera' -o1pe/en-es (see -hap/er @)8* in-',!e kno3'e!+e o2 /he 3or'!, so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e an! in/er-,'/,ra' ski''s, e?is/en/ia' -o1pe/en-e, an! s/,!" ski''s) These nee! /o 0e o,/'ine! in or!er /ha/ /heir !e.e'op1en/ in 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, an! 'earnin+ in o/her par/s o2 /he -,rri-,',1 are -o-or!ina/e!) A'so, an approa-h /o /heir !e.e'op1en/ nee!s /o 0e 1a!e e?p'i-i/) Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e -onsi!er 3a"s /o !e.e'op +enera' -o1pe/en-es o2 'earnersL Tea-hers< Ho3 !o "o, pro.i!e 2or /he 2,r/her !e.e'op1en/ o2 re'e.an/ +enera' -o1pe/en-esL Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r pro+ra11e pro.i!e 2or /he 2,r/her !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he re'e.an/ +enera' -o1pe/en-es o2 /he /raineesL In 3ha/ respe-/s is /his 'ike'" /o 0e nee!e!L 3(/(3(. 'tud6 ski**s and *earning to *earn

#ro1o/in+ /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 p,pi'sHs/,!en/s as responsi0'e in!epen!en/ 'an+,a+e 'earners is perhaps one o2 /he 1os/ 2,n!a1en/a' areas 3i/hin a /ea-hin+ pro+ra11e) This is a'so /r,e 3i/hin a /rainin+ pro+ra11e) De.e'opin+ /he /raineesJ o3n a0i'i/" 2or 'earnin+ /o 'earn an! /ha/ o2 /heir 'earners -an 0e -onsi!ere! in /an!e1) A ran+e o2 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' op/ions an! a3areness raisin+ as 3e'' as /he /rans2er o2 responsi0i'i/" -an 0e in/e+ra/e! in/o an e?perien/ia' approa-h !e.e'ope! 0" 0o/h /ea-hers an! 0" /rainees /o3ar!s /heir o3n 'earnin+) S,-h approa-hes 3o,'! nee! /o 0e !o-,1en/e! an! e.a',a/e! so /ha/ -o1parisons are 1a!e, an! 1os/ e22e-/i.e 1o!e's !e.e'ope!) 8;9

Ho3 !o "o, he'p pro1o/e 'earnersJ in!epen!en/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L Tea-her-/rainers< Ho3 !o "o, he'p /rainees !e.e'op /heir o3n in!epen!en/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L Do "o, ,se an e?perien-e-0ase! approa-h 3i/hin "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11eL 3(/(3(. Autonomous *earning

A,/ono1o,s 'earnin+ 1,s/ 0e /he ,'/i1a/e +oa' o2 /ea-hin+) Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e !e.e'op /he /raineesJ ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 ho3 /o !e.e'op 'earnersJ a0i'i/" in 'earnin+ /o 'earn, proa-/i.e'", ra/her /han rea-/i.e'" 0"< 8) !e.e'opin+ an a3areness o2 op/ions a.ai'a0'eL ;) he'pin+ 'earners ar/i-,'a/e /he -hoi-es /he" 1akeL Yo, 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er 3hi-h 1e/ho!s an! /e-hni:,es "o, 3o,'! ,se /o he'p /rainees 0e-o1e a3are o2, an! 2,r/her !e.e'op, /heir o3n s/ra/e+ies 0e2ore /he" !e.e'op a si1i'ar a3areness in /he 'earners /he" /ea-h) Tea-hers< Ho3 !o "o, !e.e'op 'earnersJ a0i'i/" in 'earnin+ /o 'earnL 3(/(4 Linguistic competences

De.e'opin+ 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es is /he essen-e o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) This 3i'' 2o-,s on !i22eren/ aspe-/s< 3(/(4(# Learning -oca;u*ar6

Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e !e.e'op 'earnersJ s/ra/e+ies 2or 'earnin+ .o-a0,'ar" i/e1sL Is i/ 0ase! on an" kin! o2 -'assroo1 resear-hL 3(/(4(/ Grammatica* competence

A//en/ion 1,s/ 0e +i.en in /rainin+ pro+ra11es an! in /ea-hin+, espe-ia''" 3hen p'annin+ 'essons, /o 3ha/ is /he hi+h M-o11,ni-a/i.e "ie'!E o2 (so1e* +ra11a/i-a' -a/e+ories) Trainees an! /ea-hers ha.e /o 1ake !e-isions a0o,/< 8) ;) 3hi-h e'e1en/s o2 +ra11ar /he", as /ea-hers, 1i+h/ 3ish /o -on-en/ra/e on an! 3hi-h /he" sho,'! e1phasise 'essD /he re'a/ion 0e/3een +ra11a/i-a' pro+ression an! /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-eD 2or ins/an-e, !e'a"in+ /he a0i'i/" o2 'earners o2 Ger1an /o /a'k a0o,/ /he pas/ ,n/i' /he 2or1a' -o1p'e?i/" o2 s/ron+ .er0s is rea!" /o 0e /a,+h/D /he par/ -on/ras/i.e 2a-/ors 1i+h/ /ake in a 'earnin+ pro+ra11e 7 2or e?a1p'e, hin!ran-es 2or En+'ish speakers in 'earnin+ Ger1anD 8;5

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>) @) 6)

3ha/ -ons/i/,/es ('an+,a+e 'earnin+* !i22i-,'/"D 3he/her so1e 'an+,a+eH+ra11a/i-a' 2ea/,res are inheren/'" 1ore !i22i-,'/ /han o/hersD an! 3ha/ is 0asi-D 3he/her 'earners 1a" 0e e?pe-/e!Hre:,ire! /o !e.e'op /heir +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e in!,-/i.e'" or !e!,-/i.e'"D 3hi-h 2or1a' e?er-ises (6)>)K)9* are /o 0e ,se!)

Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e< 8) ;) =) -onsi!er ho3 'earnersJ +ra11a/i-a' -o1pe/en-e -an 0e 2a-i'i/a/e!L !is-,ss an! e.a',a/e /he ro'e o2 -on/ras/i.e +ra11arL -onsi!er /he :,es/ion o2 +ra11a/i-a' /er1ino'o+" an! 3ha/ 1i+h/ -ons/i/,/e a -o11on -ore 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+e /ea-hers an! 'earnersL 3(/(4(5 "ronunciation

Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e< 8) ;) =) e.a',a/e 3a"s o2 he'pin+ 'earners !e.e'op /heir a0i'i/" /o prono,n-e /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+eL in-',!e ear-/rainin+ an! phone/i- !ri''in+L in-',!e e?p'i-i/ /rainin+ 2or 'earners o2 !i22eren/ a+esL Is so1e /rainin+ 1ore e22e-/i.e in ear'" "ears, or 3hen 'earners are o'!erL 3(/(4(#< Orthograph6 Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e in.es/i+a/e an! e?e1p'i2"< 8) ;) =) ho3 'earners 1a" 0e he'pe! /o han!'e /he 3ri/in+ s"s/e1 o2 (na1e!* 'an+,a+es in-',!in+ -,rsi.e han!3ri/in+L pro0'e1s 2or 'earners in /he or/ho+raph" o2 (na1e!* 'an+,a+esL ho3 1e1orisa/ion -an 0e !e.e'ope!L 3(/(1 'ocio*inguistic competence

Trainin+ an! /ea-hin+ pro+ra11es 1i+h/ in-',!e /e?/s, se'e-/e! or -ons/r,-/e!, /o sho3 so-io'in+,is/i- -on/ras/s 0e/3een /he so-ie/" o2 ori+in an! /he /ar+e/ so-ie/") Trainin+ pro+ra11es -an a'so 2o-,s on an! !is-,ss< 8) ;) e?a1p'es o2 1arkin+ an! s,0se:,en/ ana'"sesD !i22eren/ approa-hes /o /he e?p'i-i/ /ea-hin+ o2 so-io--,'/,ra' -o1ponen/s)

8=I

Tea-hers an! /ea-her-/rainers< Do "o, a+ree /ha/ /rainees 3o,'! 0ene2i/ 2ro1 s,-h !is-,ssion or sho,'! /his 0e 'e2/ ,n/i' a2/er pre-ser.i-e /rainin+L 3(/(5 "ragmatic competences

Tea-her-/rainers< Do "o, a+ree /ha/, in a /rainin+ pro+ra11e, i/ is he'p2,' /o ask /rainees /o ana'"se /he -o1p'e?i/" o2 !is-o,rse s/r,-/,re so /ha/ /he" -an he'p 'earners !e.e'op pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-esL Tea-hers< Do "o,, as pra-/isin+ /ea-hers, he'p 'earners !e.e'op pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-esL 3(. Errors and mistakes

Yo, 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er 3he/her a !is-,ssion o2 a//i/,!es /o, an! a-/ion in response /o, 'earner errors (6)@)8 an! 6)@);* sho,'! 2or1 par/ o2 a /rainin+ pro+ra11e (6)@)=*) Tea-hers< ha/ is "o,r a//i/,!e an! response /o 'earner errorsL

"art 4 > asks and their ro*e in *anguage teaching

4(# ask &escription

&EF 1akes a si+ni2i-an/ !is/in-/ion 0e/3een /hree -a/e+ories o2 task in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e 'earners en+a+e< 8) ;) rea*>*ife, target or rehearsa* tasks, -hosen on /he 0asis o2 'earnersJ nee!s o,/si!e /he -'assroo1, or 'earnin+ en.iron1en/) communicati-e, pedagogic tasks, 3hi-h ha.e /heir 0asis in /he so-ia' an! in/era-/i.e na/,re an! i11e!ia-" o2 /he -'assroo1, 3here 'earners en+a+e in a 3i''in+ s,spension o2 !is0e'ie2 an! a--ep/ /he ,se o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e) S,-h -o11,ni-a/i.e pe!a+o+i- /asks ha.e i!en/i2ia0'e o,/-o1es) pre>communicati-e pedagogic tasks, 3hi-h are e?er-ises 2o-,sin+ spe-i2i-a''" on !e-on/e?/,a'ise! pra-/i-e o2 2or1s)

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Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e a//e1p/ /o !e2ine -a/e+ories o2 /asksL Rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er< 8) ;) =) ho3 an ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he na/,re an! 2,n-/ion o2 /asks he'ps 3hen p'annin+ 'essons, 'earnin+ se:,en-es an!Hor se'2-a--ess pa-ka+esD ho3 /ea-hers an! /rainees -an 1ake /he p,rposes o2 !i22eren/ -a/e+ories o2 /ask -'ear /o /heir 'earnersD ho3 /he" -an a-hie.e an e22e-/i.e 0a'an-e 0e/3een 2',en-"Ha--,ra-" an! -on/en/H2or1) 8=8

4(, ask performance: competences, task, conditions and constraints, and strategies Learners ha.e a .arie/" o2 -o1pe/en-es, an! are -on2ron/e! 3i/h !i22eren/ /ask-re'a/e! -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/s) Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e e?p'ore 3a"s /o< 8) ;) =) a-/i.a/e appropria/e ski''s an!Hor kno3'e!+e in 'earners, so /ha/ /he 'a//er are 1ore 'ike'" /o -o1p'e/e /asks s,--ess2,''"L see ho3 /o 1ake -o1prehension, in/era-/ion an! pro!,-/ion /asks easier or 1ore !i22i-,'/L !e.e'op an a3areness in 'earners o2 !i22eren/ s/ra/e+ies 3hi-h 1a" he'p /he1 in /he per2or1an-e o2 !i22eren/ /asksL 4() ask difficu*t6

The !i22i-,'/" o2 a /ask is a -o1p'e? re'a/ionship 0e/3een 'earner -o1pe/en-es an! -hara-/eris/i-s, /he -on!i/ions ,n!er 3hi-h /asks are -arrie! o,/ an! /he na/,re o2 /he /asks /he1se'.es) Di22i-,'/", /here2ore, -anno/ 0e pre!i-/e! 3i/h -er/ain/")

8=;

Tea-her-/rainers< Do "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11es he'p /rainees< 8) ;) =) >) i* ,n!ers/an! /he -o1p'e?i/" o2 /ask !i22i-,'/"L -onsi!er 3a"s o2 he'pin+ 'earners /o -o1p'e/e /asks s,--ess2,''", ,sin+ a -are2,''" p'anne! prepara/or" phaseL !e.e'opin+ -ri/eria, so /ha/ /he" -an 1o!i2" /he 'e.e' o2 /ask !i22i-,'/"L p'an 2or !i22eren/ia/e! /asks, 3hi-h /ake in/o a--o,n/< cogniti-e characteristics o2 'earners< (a* /"pe o2 /ask, /he1e, /"pe o2 /e?/, ne-essar" 0a-k+ro,n! kno3'e!+e, e/-) an! /he e?/en/ /o 3hi-h /he 'earner is 2a1i'iar 3i/h /hese (0* 'earnersJ ski''s< or+anisa/iona', in/erpersona', in/er-,'/,ra', e/-) (-* 'earnerJs a0i'i/" /o opera/e 3i/h /he -on-re/e or a0s/ra-/, e/-) ii* iii* i.* .* .i* .ii* .iii* i?* ?* ?i* ?ii* affecti-e characteristics o2 'earners 0" !e.isin+ /asks 3hi-h -onsi!er a 'earnerJs se'2 es/ee1, in.o'.e1en/, 1o/i.a/ion, ph"si-a' or e1o/iona' s/a/e, an! a//i/,!es *inguistic !e1an!s, 'an+,a+e -o1p'e?i/", /e?/ /"pes, presen/a/ion, 'en+/h o2 /e?/, re'e.an-e /o 'earner, /"pe o2 response re:,ire! /he presen-e or a0sen-e o2 support< a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 'an+,a+e assis/an-e, -on/e?/,a' 2ea/,res, /ask rehearsa', re2eren-e 3orks, re'e.an/ 1o!e's, an! assis/an-e 2ro1 o/hers time a.ai'a0'e /he na/,re o2 /he /ask goa*< /ask o,/-o1es 3hi-h ha.e /o 0e ne+o/ia/e!, in -on/ras/ /o /hose 3hi-h !o no/ /he presen-e or a0sen-e o2 /he predicta;*e an!Hor /he ,ne?pe-/e! ph6sica* conditions< 0a-k+ro,n! noise, s/,!io re-or!in+s, an! na/,ra' se//in+s /he na/,re o2 participants< -oopera/i.e, s"1pa/he/i- in/er'o-,/ors, .ar"in+ spee!s o2 spee-h, an! -oheren-e task support< /he presen-eHa0sen-e o2 ins/r,-/ions, 3hi-h are ,n-o1p'i-a/e!, s,22i-ien/, -o1p'e?, /asks 3hi-h are /o 0e !one 3i/h o/hers or a'one te+t characteristics - 'in+,is/i- -o1p'e?i/", /e?/ /"pe, !is-o,rse s/r,-/,re, ph"si-a' presen/a/ion, 'en+/h, re'e.an-e /o /he 'earner t6pe of response re@uired

Tea-hers< Ho3 1,-h o2 /he a0o.e is re2'e-/e! in "o,r /ea-hin+ pro+ra11eL

8==

"art 1 > Linguistic di-ersification and the curricu*um

This -hap/er is -on-erne! 3i/h /he i1p'i-a/ions o2 'in+,is/i- !i.ersi2i-a/ion 2or -,rri-,',1 !esi+n an! -onsi!ers s,-h iss,es as< 1,'/i'in+,a'is1 an! 1,'/i-,'/,ra'is1D !i22eren/ia/e! 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.esD prin-ip'es o2 -,rri-,',1 !esi+nD -,rri-,'ar s-enariosD 'i2e-'on+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+D 1o!,'ari/" an! par/ia' -o1pe/en-es) &,rri-,'a seek /o !e.e'op 1,'/i'in+,a' an! 1,'/i-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-es) S,-h -o1pe/en-es 1a" .ar" 0e/3een 'an+,a+es 'earne! an! 1a", :,i/e 'e+i/i1a/e'", 2o-,s 1ore on !e.e'opin+ -,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-es in one 'an+,a+e an! pre!o1inan/'" 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es in ano/her) &,rri-,',1 !esi+n i1p'ies -hoi-es 0e/3een kin!s an! 'e.e's o2 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es 3i/hin !i22erin+ -on/e?/s o2 /ea-hin+) Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e -onsi!er /he ai1s an! o0Ae-/i.es o2 /he -,rri-,',1 an! i/s !esi+nL Do "o, 0e'ie.e s,-h !is-,ssion is an i1por/an/ e'e1en/ in pre-ser.i-e e!,-a/ion or !oes i/ 0e'on+ on'" in an in-ser.i-e pro+ra11eL I2 in 0o/h, 3hi-h iss,es sho,'! a'rea!" 0e !is-,sse! pre-ser.i-eL 1()(, &ifferentiated curricu*um scenarios

The /3o e?a1p'es sho3n in &EF re'a/e /o pri1ar" s-hoo', 'o3er se-on!ar" s-hoo' an! ,pper se-on!ar" s-hoo') Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e -onsi!er -,rri-,',1 !esi+nL Does i/ !is-,ss /he in/erre'a/ionship 3i/hin "o,r na/iona' s"s/e1 0e/3een pri1ar" an! se-on!ar" phasesL Sho,'! "o,r /rainees /rainin+ 2or pri1ar" s-hoo' ha.e an" kno3'e!+e an!Hor e?perien-e o2 se-on!ar" s-hoo' an! .i-e .ersaL Tea-hers< Does "o,r -,rri-,',1 or -,rri-,',1 p'annin+ /ake a--o,n/ o2 /he in/erre'a/ionship 3i/hin "o,r na/iona' s"s/e1 0e/3een pri1ar" an! se-on!ar" phasesL hi-h e'e1en/s 3ork /o "o,r a!.an/a+e an!Hor 3hi-h -o,'! 0e !e.e'ope! 2,r/her in "o,r par/i-,'ar phaseL 1(/ Assessment and schoo*, out>of>schoo* and post>schoo* *earning

&EF 0e'ie.es i/ is M,se2,' /o /hink o2 /he s-hoo' -,rri-,',1 as par/ o2 a 1,-h 0roa!er -,rri-,',1E an! /ha/ i/ sho,'! +i.e 'earners Man ini/ia' !i22eren/ia/e! p',ri'in+,a' an! p',ri-,'/,ra' reper/oire (_* an! a 0e//er a3areness o2, kno3'e!+e o2 an! -on2i!en-e in /heir -o1pe/en-es an! -apa-i/ies) ))E) The !e.e'op1en/ o2 EL# is a 3a" in 3hi-h an in!i.i!,a'Es 'an+,a+e pro2i'e an! 'an+,a+e Ao,rne" -an 0e o22i-ia''" re-o+nise!) Does "o,r /rainin+H/ea-hin+ pro+ra11e re2er /o an!Hor ,se EL#L Do "o, or "o,r /rainees e?peri1en/ 3i/h re-or!in+ an" 'earnersE 'an+,a+e e?perien-e in a #or/2o'io o2 /his kin! 2or o22i-ia' re-o+ni/ionL

8=>

"art 5 $ Assessment
&hap/er 5 !is-,sses /he .ario,s p,rposes o2 assess1en/ an! -orrespon!in+ assess1en/ /"pes, in 'i+h/ o2 /he nee! /o re-on-i'e /he -o1pe/in+ -ri/eria o2 -o1prehensi.eness, pre-ision an! opera/iona' 2easi0i'i/") Assess1en/ in /his -hap/er o2 &EF is ,se! in /he sense o2 M/he assess1en/ o2 /he pro2i-ien-" o2 /he 'an+,a+e ,serE) I/ !is-,sses /he -on-ep/s o2 .a'i!i/" an! re'ia0i'i/" an! a--,ra-" o2 !e-isions (5)8*, a!!in+ a he'p2,' !is/in-/ion 0e/3een 3ha/ is assesse!, ho3 per2or1an-e is in/erpre/e! an! ho3 -o1parisons -an 0e 1a!e) There is no ass,1p/ion /ha/ /ea-her assess1en/ is in2erior /o p,0'i- e?a1ina/ionsD 0o/h -an 0e re'a/e! /o /he &o11on Re2eren-e Le.e's 3i/hin &EF) 5(,(, he criteria for the attainment of a *earning o;Decti-e

In -onsi!erin+ assess1en/ i/ is ,se2,' /o ask 3ha/ p,rpose i/ is /o ser.e) I2 a /ea-her or a 'earner 3an/s or re:,ires a !e/ai'e! pi-/,re o2 /he 'earnerEs 'an+,a+e a0i'i/" 0,i'/ ,p !,rin+ a -o,rse o2 ins/r,-/ion, /hen o2 re'e.an-e are /he !es-rip/ors o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/ies (5););)8* i'',s/ra/e! in -hap/er >) I2, on /he o/her han!, a !ia+nos/i- pro2i'e o2 pro2i-ien-" is re:,ire!, !es-rip/ors are nee!e! 3hi-h ser.e Mas a share! 2ra1e o2 re2eren-e a1on+ /he +ro,p o2 assessors -on-erne!ED o2 ,se in /his ins/an-e 3i'' 0e /he !es-rip/ors o2 aspe-/s o2 pro2i-ien-" re'a/e! /o par/i-,'ar -o1pe/en-es (5);););* !e/ai'e! in -hap/er @) 5() 6pes of assessment

#ra-/i-a' s"s/e1s o2 assess1en/ /ake a n,10er o2 !i22eren/ 2or1s) &EF 'is/s /hir/een /"pes< 8) ;) =) >) @) 6) K) 9) 5) 8I) 88) 8;) 8=) a-hie.e1en/ 7 pro2i-ien-" nor1 re2eren-in+ (%R* 7 -ri/erion re2eren-in+ (&R* 1as/er" 'earnin+ &R 7 -on/in,,1 &R -on/in,o,s assess1en/ 7 2i?e! poin/ assess1en/ 2or1a/i.e 7 s,11a/i.e !ire-/ 7 in!ire-/ per2or1an-e 7 kno3'e!+e s,0Ae-/i.e 7 o0Ae-/i.e ra/in+ on a s-a'e 7 ra/in+ on a -he-k'is/ i1pression 7 +,i!e! A,!+e1en/ ho'is/i- 7 ana'"/iseries 7 -a/e+or" assess1en/ 0" o/hers 7 se'2 assess1en/

8=@

Tea-her-/rainers< Gi.en /he s"s/e1 an! -on/e?/ 2or 3hi-h "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e is !esi+ne!, "o, 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er< 8) ;) =) 3hi-h /"pes o2 assess1en/ are re'e.an/ /o /he nee!s o2 'earners 3i/hin "o,r par/i-,'ar -on/e?/ or s"s/e1D ho3 /o he'p /rainees 0e-o1e 2a1i'iar 3i/h /hese /"pes o2 assess1en/D ho3 /o -rea/e oppor/,ni/ies 2or /rainees /o p,/ re'e.an/ /"pes o2 assess1en/ in/o pra-/i-e, e?p'ore a ran+e o2 /e-hni:,es, an! e.a',a/e, 2or ea-h, J0a-k3ashJ e22e-/s on /ea-hin+)

Yo, 1a" a'so 3ish /o in.es/i+a/e 3i/h /rainees 1ore +enera''"< >) @) 6) K) 9) ho3 -o11,ni-a/i.e per2or1an-e -an 0e assesse! as 3e'' as 'in+,is/i- kno3'e!+eD /o 3ha/ e?/en/ assess1en/ -an 0e ,se! as a s/i1,',s /o 'earnin+ an! /o /ea-hin+D ho3 /o ,se !i22eren/ assess1en/ /e-hni:,es an! ho3 /o in/erpre/ res,'/sD ho3 an! 3hen /o ,se -on/in,o,s assess1en/HH2i?e! poin/ assess1en/, an! 2or 3ha/ reasonsD ho3 /o in.o'.e 'earners in assess1en/ an! ho3 /o he'p /he1 assess /heir o3n pro2i-ien-" an! 'earnin+)

Tea-hers< hi-h o2 /he :,es/ions a0o.e are i1por/an/ 2or "o,L 5(/ Assessment and the use of sca*es of *anguage proficienc6

&EF i'',s/ra/es, in i/s appen!i-es, Fs-a'es 2or /asks 3hi-h 'earners -an !o) S,-h s-a'es in -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/ies, 2or e?a1p'e, -an 0e ,se! /o +i.e a pro2i'e o2 /ar+e/ a//ain1en/ 2or /he person, +ro,p or 1o!,'e -on-erne!G) An o0.io,s ,se 2or s-a'es o2 !es-rip/ors is /o he'p 1ake s,0Ae-/i.e ra/in+ o2 par/i-,'ar per2or1an-es 1ore re'ia0'e) Tea-her-/rainers< Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e -onsi!er an! e?e1p'i2" s-a'es 2or -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/iesL Is /here a -oheren/ 2ra1e o2 re2eren-e in "o,r s"s/e1 3i/h 3hi-h /rainees nee! /o 0e 2a1i'iarL Do "o,r /rainees ha.e an oppor/,ni/" /o ,se s-a'es o2 !es-rip/ors an! /o e.a',a/e ho3 eas"H!i22i-,'/ /he" are /o app'"L hi-h o2 /he s-a'es in /he appen!i? /o &EF 3o,'! "o,r /rainees 0e a0'e /o ,seL Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e -onsi!er !i22eren/ 3a"s o2 -rea/in+ s-a'es, an! /he a!.an/a+esH!isa!.an/a+es o2 a!op/in+ e?is/in+ s-a'es or !e.e'opin+ in!i.i!,a' s"s/e1sL Does "o,r /rainin+ pro+ra11e he'p /rainees -onsi!er an! 1eas,re 'earnersJ pro+ressionL Tea-hers< Do "o, ,se s-a'es 2or -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/iesL Ho3 eas"Hho3 !i22i-,'/ are /he" /o app'"L hi-h o2 /he s-a'es in /he appen!i? /o &EF are "o, a0'e /o ,seL Ha.e "o, -onsi!ere! !i22eren/ 3a"s o2 -rea/in+ s-a'es, an! /he a!.an/a+esH!isa!.an/a+es o2 a!op/in+ e?is/in+ s-a'es or !e.e'opin+ in!i.i!,a' s"s/e1sL Do "o, -onsi!er an! 1eas,re 'earnersJ pro+ressionL 8=6

9OR='!EE ': 9orksheet #a $ !ow 6ou use 6our own *anguage

In /his /a0'e, /he 2irs/ -o',1n 'is/s se.en !i22eren/ aspe-/s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion) &o',1n ; +i.es an e?a1p'e o2 /he se.en aspe-/s in.o'.e! in one -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/, 7 e?p'ainin+ /o /he hea! /ea-her a0o,/ a 0roken 3in!o3) Fi'' in ea-h o2 /he o/her -o',1ns 2or !i22eren/ -on/e?/s) So1e -e''s ha.e 0een 2i''e! in /o res/ri-/ "o,r -hoi-eP Then, 2or ea-h -o',1n in!i-a/e 3ha/ kin!s o2 -han+es in 'an+,a+e 3o,'! 0e in.o'.e!) Conte+t # Conte+t , Conte+t ) Conte+t / 9hereC S-hoo' Hour ro*eC #,pi' &,s/o1er

%nter*ocutorC Hea! /ea-her 7the person 6ou are ta*king to8 &oing whatC E?p'ainin+ A;out whatC Breaka+e

Askin+ per1ission

%n-o*-ement in In/era-/i.e communicationC :ediumC Spoken

Me!ia/in+ (2or ins/an-e, passin+ no/es*

Changes in *anguage
Conte+t # Conte+t , Conte+t ) Conte+t /

8=K

9orksheet #; $ !ow 6ou use 6our new *anguage

This 3orkshee/ is essen/ia''" si1i'ar /o orkshee/ 8) In &o',1ns ; an! = "o, 2i'' in /he !i22eren/ aspe-/s in.o'.e! in /3o -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/s /ha/ "o, 2ee' "o, are a0'e /o per2or1 in "o,r ne3 'an+,a+e)

Fi** in each of the co*umns for different conte+ts( hen, for each co*umn indicate: 7i8 what 6ou can do, and 7ii8 what kinds of pro;*ems 6ou fee* 6ou wou*d ha-e(
Conte+t # 9hereC Hour ro*eC %nter*ocutorC &oing whatC A;out whatC %n-o*-ement in communicationC :ediumC Conte+t ,

9hat 6ou can do with reasona;*e ease

Conte+t # Conte+t ,

"ro;*ems 6ou think 6ou wi** ha-e with *anguage

Conte+t # Conte+t ,

!ow 6ou wou*d get around the pro;*em right now Conte+t # Conte+t ,

8=9

9orksheet #c $ !ow 6ou get he*p in 6our new *anguage and how 6ou ta*k a;out *anguage
This 3orkshee/ is a+ain si1i'ar /o orkshee/ 8) This /i1e 0o/h -o',1ns are 2i''e! in 2or "o,) For ea-h -o',1n in!i-a/e< (i* ho3 1,-h "o, -an a'rea!" !o in /he ne3 'an+,a+e, an! (ii* 3ha/ "o, 2ee' "o, nee! /o 'earn) Conte+t # Conte+t , 9hereC &'assroo1 &'assroo1 Hour ro*eC Learner Learner %nter*ocutorC Tea-her (or o/her 'earner* Tea-her (or o/her 'earner* &oing whatC Asking for he*p (s,-h as askin+ 3ha/ &iscussing *anguage so1e/hin+ 1eans* A;out whatC Yo,r ,se o2 'an+,a+e For1s o2 'an+,a+e (sen/en-es, no,ns an! .er0s, e/-)* %n-o*-ement in In/era-/i.e In/era-/i.e communicationC :ediumC Spoken (or 3ri//en* Spoken (or 3ri//en*

9hat 6ou can do with reasona;*e ease

Conte+t # Conte+t ,

9hat 6ou wou*d need to *earn

Conte+t # Conte+t ,

!ow 6ou % wou*d get around the pro;*em right now Conte+t # Conte+t ,

8=5

9orksheet ,a "art #:Hour ski** of using 6our genera* know*edge when reading Take a 'ook a/ a ne3spaper or 1a+aBine /ha/ "o, ha.e 0o,+h/ re-en/'") - #i-k an i/e1 /ha/ "o, ha.e no/ "e/ rea!, 0,/ one "o, kno3 a 0i/ a0o,/) ri/e !o3n 3ha/ "o, kno3 a0o,/ /he s,0Ae-/ 1a//er in a!.an-e) - Tr" /o -rea/e a 1in!-1ap 2or 3ha/ one ar/i-'e is a0o,/) - Rea! /he ar/i-'e an! see i2 "o, 3ere ri+h/) "art ,:Hour ski** of using 6our know*edge when reading in another *anguage In /he 'an+,a+e "o, are 'earnin+ 2in! a shor/ /e?/ a0o,/ a /opi- 3i/h 3hi-h "o, are 2a1i'iar) This 1a" 0e a ne3spaper or In/erne/ /e?/ a0o,/ an e.en/ or person o2 in/erna/iona' i1por/an-e, or a 2air" /a'e, or e.en a re'i+io,s /e?/ or pra"er) - Hi+h'i+h/ or ,n!er'ine an" 3or!s "o, a'rea!" kno3, in-',!in+ na1es o2 p'a-es or peop'e) - IIIIIIIIDra3 a 1in!-1ap or s-he1a o2 3ha/ /he /e?/ is a0o,/) - 4sin+ /he 3or!s "o, kno3 an! /he s-he1a "o, ha.e !ra3n, /r" /o 3ork o,/ /he 1eanin+ o2 an" o/her 3or!s in /he /e?/) - Look a/ /he 3a" /he 3or!s are -o10ine!) Do "o, no/i-e an" pa//ernsL &an "o, 3ork o,/ r,'esL Yo, sho,'! /r" /o !e.e'op /his s/ra/e+" o2 1akin+ /he 1os/ o2 3ha/ "o, a'rea!" ha.e in !ea'in+ 3i/h /e?/s in ano/her 'an+,a+e)

9orksheet ,;: Hour know*edge of how to organise 6our *anguage I1a+ine "o, ha.e /o e?p'ain a 1inor !isas/er (s,-h as 0reakin+ a 3in!o3* /o a person in a,/hori/" (s,-h as a s-hoo' prin-ipa'*) i/h a 2rien!, - 3ri/e o,/ /he a-/,a' !ia'o+,e "o, ha.e 3i/h /he prin-ipa' in /ha/ -on/e?/D - 1ake /he ne-essar" -han+es 2or 'ea.in+ /he 1essa+e on an ans3erin+ 1a-hineD - re3ri/e /he 1essa+e as a 2a?)

9orksheet ,c#: Looking at 6our specific know*edge of 6our own societ6 Lis/ /he 2o''o3in+ 2or "o,r -o,n/r"< - /he 1eans o2 i!en/i2i-a/ion "o, -arr" aro,n! 3i/h "o, (i2 an"*D -IIIIIIII 3ha/ ra-ia' an! re'i+io,s +ro,ps are /o 0e 2o,n! in "o,r -o,n/r"D - 3ha/ /i1e 1ea's are /akenD - 3ha/ kin! o2 presen/ is a--ep/a0'e 3hen "o, are aske! /o !inner) These 1a" 0e 0ana' an! or!inar" /hin+s 2or "o,, 0,/ 3hen "o, see /he pro0'e1s 2orei+ners ha.e 3i/h /he1 "o, 0e+in /o rea'iBe /ha/ /he" -an 0e :,i/e i1por/an/) The sa1e 3i'' ho'! 2or +eo+raphi-a', his/ori-a' an! po'i/i-a' in2or1a/ion) 8>I

9orksheet ,c,: Looking at 6our know*edge of the societ6 of 6our new *anguage Tr" 3ri/in+ o,/, in /he 'an+,a+e "o, are 'earnin+, /he sa1e !ia'o+,e as in orkshee/ ;0 7 e?p'ainin+ a 1inor !isas/er (s,-h as 0reakin+ a 3in!o3* /o a person in a,/hori/" (s,-h as a s-hoo' prin-ipa'*) Then ans3er /he 2o''o3in+ :,es/ions< - Di! "o, ha.e an" pro0'e1s in /he area o2 appropria/eness o2 'an+,a+e (2or e?a1p'e, in +ree/in+ /he prin-ipa', in apo'o+iBin+, e/-)*L - IIIIIIIII2 "o, ha! /o 'ea.e a phone 1essa+e ins/ea!, 3o,'! "o, kno3 ho3 /o 0e+in an! en! i/L - I2 "o, ha! /o sen! a 2a? or e1ai', 3o,'! "o, kno3 3ha/ -han+es /o 1akeL - Do "o, kno3 3ha/ 3o,'! 0e /he appropria/e a//i/,!e o2 a p,pi' o2 "o,r a+e /o3ar!s a s-hoo' prin-ipa' in /he -o11,ni/" 3hose 'an+,a+e "o, are 'earnin+L - Ho3 3o,'! "o, +o a0o,/ 'earnin+ /hese /hin+sL 9orksheet ,d: Looking at 6our know*edge of the sounds of 6our *anguage Tr" /he 2o''o3in+ /ask /o 2in! o,/ 1ore a0o,/ /he so,n!s o2 "o,r o3n 'an+,a+e) - Lis/ /he -o10ina/ions o2 -onsonan/s /ha/ -an s/ar/ 3or!s in "o,r 'an+,a+e) ha/ pa//ern is /here in /hese -o10ina/ions (2or ins/an-e, in En+'ish, cl, cr, gl, gr, pl, pr, bl, br, tr, dr a'' ha.e /he 'e//ers l or r a2/er /he 2irs/ -onsonan/, 3hi-h is i/se'2 o2 a -er/ain /"pe*) - IIIIIIIILis/ an" -o10ina/ions o2 -onsonan/s /ha/ -anno/ s/ar/ 3or!s in "o,r 'an+,a+e (s,-h as pf in En+'ish*) ha/ is /he 'ar+es/ n,10er o2 -onsonan/s /ha/ -an 0e 2o,n! a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 a 3or! in "o,r 'an+,a+eL (Three in En+'ish, pro.i!e! /he 2irs/ one is s*)

- Are /here are an" -onsonan/s, or -o10ina/ions o2 -onsonan/s, in "o,r 'an+,a+e /ha/ -er/ain 2orei+ners ha.e !i22i-,'/" 3i/hL (s,-h as th in En+'ish*L h" !o "o, /hink /his isL - Are /here are an" .o3e' so,n!s in "o,r 'an+,a+e /ha/ -er/ain 2orei+ners ha.e !i22i-,'/" 3i/hL - Do 2orei+ners ha.e pro0'e1s 3i/h s/ress, rh"/h1, in/ona/ion, e/-), in "o,r 'an+,a+eL

8>8

9orksheet )a: Looking at how words are stored in 6our memor6 See 2or "o,rse'2 ho3 "o, s/ore 3or!s in "o,r na/i.e 'an+,a+e) In /he spa-e o2 si?/" se-on!s 2or ea-h se/ 0e'o3, -o,n/ a'' /he 3or!s "o, -an /hink o2 /ha/< 0e'on+ /o /he 1eanin+ +ro,p FfoodGD 0e+in 3i/h /he so,n! pl9: ha.e /he rh"/h1Hs/ress pa//ern o2 bicycle, (or t;l;vision in Fren-h*) ere /he n,10ers o2 3or!s in ea-h IIIIIIII- are asso-ia/e! in "o,r 1in! 3i/h chair, (or chaise in Fren-h*D

ere /here an" 3or!s /ha/ o--,rre! in 1ore /han one se/L &o1pare "o,r res,'/s 3i/h /hose o2 o/hers in "o,r +ro,p) se/ ro,+h'" e:,i.a'en/L ere /here si1i'ari/ies o2 -hoi-eL %o3 !o /he sa1e a-/i.i/" 2or /he 'an+,a+e "o, are 'earnin+)

9orksheet );: Looking at the *e-e*s of 6our know*edge of words Tr" /o -'assi2" "o,r kno3'e!+e o2 /he 2o''o3in+ 3or!s (/aken 2ro1 a 'in+,is/i-s 0ook*< acoustic, articulatory, proposition, co&ple&ent, words, conte,t Arran+e /he1 in a +raph, /hose "o, kno3 'eas/ 3e'' a/ 0o//o1 'e2/, /hose "o, kno3 0es/ a/ /op ri+h/) Then !o a si1i'ar +raph 2or 3or!s in "o,r ne3 'an+,a+e

Enow it perfectly

6ave seen it, but don7t $now it 6ave never seen it before

8>;

9orksheet )c: Looking at 6our know*edge of different aspects of word meaning - Take /he 3or! soft in En+'ish, or dou, in Fren-h) - &o10ine i/ 3i/h as 1an" 3or!s as "o, -an) (T3o e?a1p'es< a soft chair, un te&ps dou,#* IIIIIIII- ha/ is /he opposi/e o2 soft or dou, in ea-h -aseL - ha/ is -o11on /o /he 1eanin+s o2 soft or dou, in /he -o10ina/ions "o, ha.e /ho,+h/ o2L - I2 "o, ask so1eone in En+'ish< FIs /he i-e--rea1 so2/ "e/LG 3ha/ are "o, i1p'"in+L ha/ kin!s o2 kno3'e!+e !i! "o, nee! /o 0e a0'e /o !o /his /askL

9orksheet )d: Looking at 6our know*edge of the grammar of 6our own *anguage For /he sen/en-e< The visiting student ca&e to school this &orning on a &otorbi$e, or Mon frFre a achet; un nouveau v;lo - i/ho,/ -han+in+ /he sense, /r" p,//in+ /he 3or!s in a !i22eren/ or!er) - &rea/e as 1an" sen/en-es as "o, -an 3i/h an" or a'' o2 /he 3or!s in /he sen/en-e, an! no o/hers) (O0.io,s'" /he sense 3i'' 0e !i22eren/P* IIIIIIII- #,/ /he 3or!s in an or!er /ha/ is no/ a''o3a0'e in En+'ish, or Fren-h, as appropria/e) - Then /r" /o 1ake ,p a r,'e 2or 3or! or!er in /he 'an+,a+e) - Make a series o2 :,es/ion 0ase! on /his sen/en-e) ha/ kin!s o2 -han+es !i! "o, ha.e /o 1ake in or!er /o -rea/e /he :,es/ionsL - Then /r" /o 3ri/e o,/ /he r,'e 2or 1akin+ a :,es/ion) - Ho3 1an" !i22eren/ 2or1s -an "o, /hink o2 2or /he .er0 wal$ or acheterL - &an "o, /hink o2 an" o/her .er0s /ha/ ha.e 2or1s si1i'ar /o wal$ or acheterL

8>=

9orksheet /: Looking at the ski**s in-o*-ed in reading and writing The In/erna/iona' #hone/i- A'pha0e/ is a se/ o2 s"10o's !esi+ne! /o represen/ so,n!s as /he" a-/,a''" o--,r in spoken 'an+,a+e) Be'o3 is a sen/en-e in En+'ish 3i/h i/s phone/i- e:,i.a'en/) Reading the guide is sheer drudgery and a waste of thin$ing ti&e#
[ridi giId iz i: drri nd weist v ii taim]

i/h /his in2or1a/ion 3ri/e o,/ /he En+'ish 3or!s /he phone/i- s"10o's s/an! 2or<
rit________lgwi__________ br __________

uznd __________

- Lis/ /he pro0'e1s "o, ha! in !e-ipherin+ /hese 3or!s) - %o3 /r" writing /he 2o''o3in+ 3or!s in phone/i- s-rip/< - !having GGGGGGGG with GGGGGGGGG this GGGGGGGGGG

Ho3 3as 3ri/in+ in phone/i- s-rip/ !i22eren/ 2or "o,L

In 3ri/in+ or rea!in+ in nor1a' s-rip/, "o, +enera''" ,se ski''s /ha/ are se-on! na/,re /o "o,) Doin+ /his /ask 3as 'ike ha.in+ /hese ski''s 3ork in s'o3 1o/ion)

8>>

9orksheet /a: Looking at the kinds of te+ts that 6ou ha-e produced toda6 Lis/ as 1an" as "o, -an o2 /he !i22eren/ /e?/s /ha/ "o, ha.e pro-esse! so 2ar /o!a") Then /r" /o +ro,p /he1 a--or!in+ /o - 3he/her /he" 3ere spoken, 3ri//en, si+ne! or /o,-he!D - IIIIIIII3here /he" o--,rre!D - 3ho e'se 3as in.o'.e! in pro!,-in+ an!Hor re-ei.in+ /he1D - 3ha/ ph"si-a' 1e!i,1 3as ,se!D - 3ha/ /heir p,rpose 3as)

9orksheet /;: Looking at the te+ts in-o*-ed in taking pu;*ic transport from A to A - Make a 'is/ o2 a** /he /e?/s /ha/ are in.o'.e! in ,sin+ p,0'i- /ranspor/ in a -i/" in "o,r -o,n/r") here possi0'e -o''e-/ rea' sa1p'es) i/h a +ro,p o2 2rien!s, 3ri/e o,/ ea-h o2 /hese /e?/s in 2,'') - Make a 'is/ o2 /he po/en/ia' so,r-es o2 !i22i-,'/" /ha/ /hese /e?/s 1i+h/ -a,se 2or so1eone 3ho !oes no/ kno3 "o,r 'an+,a+e .er" 3e'') - IIIIIIIIFor ea-h po/en/ia' so,r-e o2 !i22i-,'/", 'is/ /he a!!e! /asks /he .isi/or 1a" ha.e /o per2or1 in or!er /o so'.e /he pro0'e1) - For ea-h o2 /hese a!!e! /asks, i1a+ine /he /e?/ /ha/ /he .isi/or 1,s/ pro!,-e an!Hor re-ei.e)

9orksheet /c: Looking at 6our a;i*it6 to process te+ts in the new *anguage - &hoose three -o11on /asks "o, per2or1 in /he rea' 3or'! e.er" !a") -IIIIIIII Break ea-h one !o3n in/o i/s !i22eren/ 0i/s) - Lis/ /he /e?/s /ha/ ha.e /o 0e pro-esse! 2or ea-h s,0/ask) - O2 /he /hree /asks, 3hi-h one 3o,'! "o, 0e a0'e (a* /o per2or1 1os/ s,--ess2,''" in /he ne3 'an+,a+e, an! (0* /o per2or1 'eas/ s,--ess2,''") E.a',a/e "o,r a0i'i/" /o ,se -orre-/ an! appropria/e 'an+,a+e 2or ea-h o2 /he /asks -hosen) 9orksheet .a: Looking at the sounds, words and grammar of 6our new *anguage Tr" /he 2o''o3in+ /ask 2or /he 'an+,a+e "o, are 'earnin+) Ge/ a na/i.e (or a 2',en/ non-na/i.e* speaker o2 /he 'an+,a+e "o, are 'earnin+ /o re-or! an in/er.ie3 3i/h "o, in 3hi-h "o, /a'k a 0i/ a0o,/ "o,rse'2, an! /e'' a s/or") Trans-ri0e 2i.e 1in,/es o2 /he in/er.ie3) - Lis/en /o "o,rse'2, an! no/e /he so,n!s /ha/ -a,se! "o, pro0'e1s) - IIIIIIIILis/ /he /"pes o2 3or!s /ha/ -a,se! "o, pro0'e1s) - Look a/ /he /rans-rip/) ere /here r,'es "o, 2o''o3e! 2or /he !i22eren/ .er0 2or1s "o, ,se!L ha/ 3ere /he 1ain /hin+s "o, s,--ee!e! in !oin+ in /he in/er.ie3L 8>@

9orksheet .;: Looking at 6our *anguage needs, course ;ook, and s6**a;us - Make a /a0'e 2or "o,r ne3 'an+,a+e, si1i'ar /o /he one in orkshee/ 8, 0,/ 'ar+er, on 3hi-h "o, spe-i2" /he p'a-es 3here "o, hope /o 0e a0'e /o ,se /he ne3 'an+,a+e, 3ho "o, 3i'' 0e -o11,ni-a/in+ 3i/h an! in 3ha/ ro'e, 3ha/ "o, 3i'' 0e !oin+ /hro,+h /he -o11,ni-a/ion, 3ha/ "o, 3i'' 0e -o11,ni-a/in+ a0o,/, 3ha/ kin!s o2 in.o'.e1en/ "o, 3i'' ha.e in /he -o11,ni-a/ion an! in 3ha/ 1e!ia) - &rea/e a si1i'ar /a0'e 2or "o,r 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -o,rse 0ook or o/her 1a/eria's) Tr" /o 3ork o,/ on 3ha/ prin-ip'es /he 1a/eria's are or+aniBe!, ,sin+, 3here possi0'e, /he -a/e+ories o2 'an+,a+e ,se +i.en in &EF# - Fina''", -rea/e a si1i'ar /a0'e 2or /he 'an+,a+e s"''a0,s "o, ha.e /o 2o''o3) - &o1pare /he /hree /a0'es) Ho3 -'ose'" !o /he" -orrespon!L

9orksheet .c: Ref*ecting on 6our *earning of a new *anguage Tr" /he 2o''o3in+ a-/i.i/ies, 3hi-h in.o'.e re2'e-/ion on /he 'earnin+ pro-ess as i/ a22e-/s "o,) - E?a1ine "o,r ,se o2 /he 2orei+n 'an+,a+e o.er a perio! o2 /i1e) - Does i/ sho3 an" o2 /he 2ea/,res o2 /he /"pe 'is/e! in 4ni/ = a0o.e 2or 0e+inner or in/er1e!ia/e 'earnersL Is "o,r ,se o2 .er0s, 2or e?a1p'e, -onsis/en/, or !o "o, 2in! /ha/ i/ .aries a'' /he /i1eL Are /here an" -on/e?/s in 3hi-h i/ .aries 1ore /han o/hersL h" 3o,'! /his 0e soL - $eep a re-or! o.er a perio! o2 /i1e o2 /he s/ra/e+ies "o, ,se 2or 'earnin+) hi-h approa-h !o "o, pre2er, rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+ /o 'ar+e a1o,n/s o2 /he 'an+,a+e, or s/,!"in+ a /e?/0ook or +ra11ar an! 'earnin+ /he s"s/e1 in a 2or1a' 3a"L Do "o, ,se a 1i?/,re o2 0o/h approa-hesL - IIIIIIIIE?a1ine ho3 !epen!en/ "o, are on /e?/0ooks an! /ea-hers 2or +,i!an-e in "o,r 'earnin+) Are /here an" !e-isions "o, -onsis/en/'" 1ake on "o,r o3n ini/ia/i.e, 0e-a,se "o, kno3 /ha/ -er/ain /hin+s 3ork or !o no/ 3ork 2or "o,L - Ho3 i1por/an/ 2or "o, are /es/s an! e?a1ina/ionsL - IIIIIIII ha/ 1o/i.a/es "o, /o -on/in,e 'earnin+ /he ne3 'an+,a+eL Yo,r in/eres/ in /he 'an+,a+e an! /he peop'e 3ho speak i/L Yo,r in/eres/ in 'an+,a+es +enera''"L Yo,r s,--ess /o !a/e in 'earnin+ 'an+,a+esL The en/h,sias1 o2 "o,r /ea-her, paren/s, 2rien!sL

8>6

'EC %ON %%%

FOR !O'E CONCERNE& 9% ! !E "LANN%NG, ORGAN%'A %ON, &EL%EERH AN& ?UAL% H A''E'':EN OF LANGUAGE E&UCA %ON

8>K

8>9

%ntroduction
This se-/ion is in/en!e! 2or /hose responsi0'e in !i22eren/ 3a"s 2or /he 1ana+e1en/ o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion) A'/ho,+h 1os/ o2 /hose in.o'.e! in /his ei/her are or ha.e 0een !ire-/'" in.o'.e! in /ea-hin+, /his -hap/er !ea's 3i/h iss,es 3hi-h nee! /o 0e a!!resse! o,/si!e /he -'assroo1) These in-',!e !e-isions -on-ernin+ p'annin+ 7 espe-ia''" 3i/h re+ar! /o -,rri-,',1 !esi+n a/ na/iona', re+iona' an! ins/i/,/iona' 'e.e'sD -on-ernin+ /he !e'i.er" an! or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies, an! -on-ernin+ /he pro-esses an! pro-e!,res o2 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e an! :,a'i/" -on/ro') I/ is hope!, /here2ore, /ha/ i/ 3i'' 0e re'e.an/ an! ,se2,' /o 1e10ers o2 -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ees, a-a!e1i- 1ana+ers in s-hoo's, inspe-/ors an! o/hers in.o'.e! in /he a!1inis/ra/ion o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion, hea!s o2 'an+,a+e !epar/1en/s, an! /ea-hers 3ho 3ish /o +ain a 2,''er ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 /he -on/e?/ in 3hi-h /heir /ea-hin+ /akes p'a-e an! o2 /he -onsi!era/ions 3hi-h in2',en-e /he !e-isions 3hi-h a22e-/ /heir 3ork) This +,i!e !ra3s on 2o,r pre.io,s 3orks in /he series o2 ,ser +,i!es /o /he &EF<

Educational 1olicy 2ecision Ma$ers, 0" An!r Bae"en T R,ne Ber+en/o2/ Curriculu& 2evelopers, 0" G S/oks +dult Educational 1roviders, 0" Ton" Fi/Bpa/ri-k T Mike Makos-h Huality +ssurance and Huality Control, 0" #e/er Bro3n T Frank He"3or/h

The iss,es !es-ri0e! in /hese ,ser +,i!es are presen/e! here as an e!,-a/iona' an! 1ana+e1en/ pro-ess 3hi-h is, or sho,'! 0e, -oheren/) De-isions on na/iona' -,rri-,'a are /aken in a 0roa! -on/e?/ o2 po'i/i-a' an! e!,-a/iona' ai1s) De-isions on re+iona', ins/i/,/iona' or 'o-a' -,rri-,'a are 1ain'" in2',en-e! 0" :,es/ions -on-ernin+ /he pra-/i-a'i/ies o2 !e'i.er" an! or+anisa/ion, s,-h as /ea-ha0i'i/" an! 'earna0i'i/", /he a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 s,i/a0'" /raine! e!,-a/ors an! appropria/e reso,r-es, an! /he op/i1a' ,se o2 /he /i1e !e.o/e! /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) Si1i'ar'", p'annin+ !e-isions nee! /o /ake a--o,n/ o2 1eas,res /aken /o ass,re an! assess :,a'i/" 7 are /he ai1s 0ein+ a-hie.e!L Are /he nee!s an! 3ishes o2 /he -'ien/ -ons/i/,en-ies 7 'earners, paren/s, e1p'o"ers, e/-) 7 0ein+ 1e/L The -on-erns -o,'! 0e seen as 'inear< 0e2ore > /he p'annin+ pro-ess an! -,rri-,',1 !esi+nD !,rin+ > iss,es o2 or+anisa/ion an! !e'i.er"D an! a2/er > /he assess1en/ o2 /he o,/-o1es an! /he -on/ro' o2 :,a'i/") This, in 2a-/, is /he or!er in 3hi-h /he" are /rea/e! in /he !i22eren/ se-/ions o2 /his +,i!e, 0,/ on'" 2or /he sake o2 -on.enien-e) The !i22eren/ e'e1en/s 2or1 par/ o2 a -on/in,o,s pro-ess in 3hi-h a 2ee!0a-k 'oop sho,'!, 2or e?a1p'e, per1i/ /he res,'/s o2 :,a'i/" assess1en/ pro-e!,res /o in2',en-e /he p'annin+, !esi+n an! !e'i.er" o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! /he !e-isions an! -,rri-,',1 o0Ae-/i.es /o !e/er1ine /he -ri/eria app'ie! in :,a'i/" ass,ran-e pro-esses)

8>5

#LA%%I%G

DELIVERY

X4ALITY ASSESSME%T

The +,i!e is or+anise! in /hree se-/ions an! ea-h se-/ion -onsis/s o2 /3o par/s) se-/ion 8 +enera' iss,es re2eren-es /o re'e.an/ &EFse-/ions se-/ion ; or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e +enera' iss,es 'earnin+ re2eren-es /o re'e.an/ &EFse-/ions se-/ion = :,a'i/" ass,ran-e T +enera' iss,es -on/ro' re2eren-es /o re'e.an/ &EFse-/ions There are 3orkshee/s a/ /he en! o2 ea-h se-/ion The 2irs/ se-/ion is a !es-rip/ion o2 /he 1ain prin-ip'es an! iss,es in.o'.e! in, respe-/i.e'", -,rri-,',1 !esi+n an! re.ision, 1ain'" 2o-,se! a/ /he s-hoo' se-/or) In /he se-on! se-/ion /he !e'i.er" an! or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies 3i'' 0e -onsi!ere!, 0,/ in a 0roa!er perspe-/i.e, a'so /akin+ in/o a--o,n/ o/her 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -on/e?/s s,-h as pri.a/e 'an+,a+e ins/i/,/ions) Se-/ion /hree !ea's 3i/h aspe-/s o2 :,a'i/" assess1en/ an! -on/ro' o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion) The se-on! par/ o2 ea-h se-/ion 3i'' pro.i!e re2eren-es an! poin/ers /o par/s o2 &EF par/i-,'ar'" re'e.an/ /o /he prin-ip'es an! iss,es !es-ri0e! in se-/ion one) This !oes no/ i1p'" /ha/ /he 3ho'e o2 &EF is no/ o2 re'e.an-e, 0,/ a//e1p/s ra/her /o i'',s/ra/e /he ,se o2 /he +,i!e /o i'',1ina/e par/i-,'ar prin-ip'es an! -on/ri0,/e /o in2or1e! -onsi!era/ion o2 /he op/ions a.ai'a0'e an! /he !e-isions /o 0e /aken) In ea-h se-/ion /he 2irs/ par/ 3i'' pro.i!e a +enera' orien/a/ion an! -an 0e rea! 3i/ho,/ -ons/an/ re2eren-e /o &EF) In /he se-on! par/ /he rea!er is re2erre! /o /he re'e.an/ &EF se-/ions) In a!!i/ion /o /he iss,es raise! a/ /he en! o2 /he se-/ions in &EF, a n,10er o2 o/her :,es/ions per/inen/ /o /he p'annin+, or+anisa/ion, !e'i.er" an! :,a'i/" assess1en/ o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion 3i'' 0e pro.i!e! 2or re2'e-/ion) A/ /he en!, a n,10er o2 3orkshee/s ha.e 0een in-',!e!) The" e?pan! on /he :,es/ions 2or re2'e-/ion -on/aine! in &EF an! /he ori+ina' ,ser +,i!es) The 3orkshee/s pro.i!e a 2ra1e3ork 2or s/r,-/,re! -onsi!era/ion o2 /he iss,es an! prin-ip'es in.o'.e! an! s,++es/ions 2or 3a"s in 3hi-h /he" 1i+h/ 0e app'ie! /o /he ,sersJ pro2essiona' en.iron1en/) The" are !esi+ne! /o 0e ,se! 0" +ro,ps in in-ser.i-e /rainin+ a-/i.i/ies, or as par/ o2 a p'annin+ pro-ess, 2or ins/an-e 3hen a -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ee s/ar/s i/s 3ork 0,/ -an, o2 -o,rse, a'so ser.e as a 0asis 2or in!i.i!,a' re2'e-/ion) The +,i!e is in/en!e! /o -o1p'e1en/ /he -on/en/s o2 &EF an! /o in/ro!,-e /opi-s 3hi-h are ei/her no/ in-',!e! or on'" -,rsori'" !ea'/ 3i/h in /ha/ /e?/) 8@I -,rri-,',1 !esi+n T re.ision

C!A" ER . $ CURR%CULU: &E'%GN AN& REE%'%ON FOR !E 'C!OOL 'EC OR

A6 GI 'toks

"art # $ %ntroduction
This -hap/er -onsis/s o2 /hree 1ain par/s< In se-/ion 8, /he 1ain iss,es re'a/e! /o -,rri-,',1 !esi+n, re.ision an! ,p!a/in+ 3i'' 0e !is-,sse!) I/ is a !is-,ssion o2 /he 1aAor iss,es /ha/ ha.e /o 0e a!!resse! 0" 1inis/ries, -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ees, or o/her 0o!ies en/r,s/e! 3i/h /he /ask o2 re.ie3in+ or ,p!a/in+ -,rri-,'a 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es 2or /he s-hoo' s"s/e1) The !e2ini/ion o2 /he /er1 -,rri-,',1 ,se! in /his +,i!e is /ha/ o2 R) a'ker an! !oes no/ on'" in-',!e /he 3ri//en !o-,1en/ 0,/ a'so /he 3i!er perspe-/i.es o2 e!,-a/iona' pro-esses< MThe -,rri-,',1 re2ers /o /he content an! purpose o2 an e!,-a/iona' pro+ra1 /o+e/her 3i/h /heir organi0ationE ( a'ker 855I*) &,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ se'!o1 s/ar/s 2ro1 s-ra/-h) E.en 3hen 1aAor re2or1s in /he e!,-a/ion s"s/e1 are /o 0e i1p'e1en/e!, /here is a'3a"s a /ra!i/ion an! peop'e responsi0'e 2or /he -,rri-,',1 !esi+n 3i'' /ake /he pre.io,s .ersions an! /he /ra!i/ions in/o a--o,n/) I/ is, /here2ore, perhaps, 1ore appropria/e /o ,se /he /er1s re.ision an! ,p!a/in+ o2 -,rri-,'a) In a!!i/ion /o /hese +enera' iss,es, 3e 3i'' a'so 0rie2'" e?a1ine /he ro'e an! 2,n-/ion o2 -,rri-,'a 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es) A'/ho,+h /his se-/ion is 1ean/ 2or +enera' orien/a/ion, o--asiona' re2eren-e 3i'' 0e 1a!e /o re'e.an/ se-/ions o2 &EF) This se-/ion is 1ean/ /o +i.e /he rea!er a +enera' in/ro!,-/ion 3hi-h -an 0e rea! 3i/ho,/ -ons/an/'" re2errin+ /o &EF) In se-/ion ;)8 /he iss,es a!!resse! in se-/ion 8 3i'' 0e !ea'/ 3i/h in 1ore !e/ai') %o3 /he rea!er is in.i/e! /o -ons,'/ /he se-/ions o2 &EF 1en/ione! an! /o -onsi!er /he1) A 2e3 :,es/ions, in a!!i/ion /o /he ones pose! a/ /he en! o2 /he se-/ion o2 &EF, 3i'' +,i!e /he rea!er in hisHher re2'e-/ions) Se-/ion = -on/ains a n,10er o2 3orkshee/s or assi+n1en/s) The" are 1ean/ /o 0e ,se! ei/her 2or in!i.i!,a' re2'e-/ion or in +ro,p a-/i.i/ies, 2or ins/an-e, 3hen a -o11i//ee s/ar/s 3ork on a -,rri-,',1 re.ision) The" are 1ean/ /o raise a3areness, /o sho3 /he .a',e /ha/ ,sin+ &EF 3i'' a!! /o /he -,rri-,',1 3ork an! +i.e prospe-/i.e ,sers a han!s-on e?perien-e 3i/h &EF) #( he main issues and princip*es in-o*-ed in curricu*um design, re-ision and updating

=eneral trends

In a so-ie/" /ha/ is -han+in+ a/ an e.er-in-reasin+ pa-e, e!,-a/iona' a,/hori/ies are 2a-e! 3i/h /he nee! /o ,p!a/e /he e!,-a/iona' pro.isions /o prepare "o,n+ peop'e 2or /heir 2,/,re ro'es in so-ie/") These !e.e'op1en/s a'so 1ake i/ ne-essar" 2or -,rri-,'a 2or s-hoo's /o 0e re+,'ar'" a!ap/e! /o /he -han+in+ nee!s o2 so-ie/") The area o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+es is no/ ,na22e-/e! 0" /hese !e.e'op1en/s) Fro1 /he 1an" -han+es 3e ha.e 3i/nesse! o.er /he pas/ !e-a!es, /he 2o''o3in+ are o2 par/i-,'ar re'e.an-e /o /he p'annin+ an! !esi+n o2 -,rri-,'a 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es< 8@8

The changing population in schools

In 1an" -o,n/ries, /he s-hoo' pop,'a/ion has -han+e! o.er /he pas/ 2or/" "ears 2ro1 a re'a/i.e'" e/hni-a''" ho1o+eneo,s s-hoo' pop,'a/ion in/o a hi+h'" !i.ersi2ie! 1,'/i'in+,a' pop,'a/ion) This is !,e /o s,-h 2a-/ors as 1i+ra/ion as a res,'/ o2 2a1i'" re,ni2i-a/ion, /he arri.a' o2 'ar+e n,10ers o2 re2,+ees, an! /he in/erna/iona'isa/ion o2 /he 3or'! o2 3ork) Man" s-hoo's are no3 2a-e! 3i/h /he enor1o,s -ha''en+e o2 pro.i!in+ e!,-a/ion /o -hi'!ren 3i/h hi+h'" !i.erse 'an+,a+e 0a-k+ro,n!s an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pre2eren-es) This has a'rea!" 'e! /o a re-onsi!era/ion o2 /he L8 -,rri-,',1, sin-e /he -hi'!ren no 'on+er ha.e /he sa1e 1o/her /on+,e, 0,/ i/ a'so 1akes a re-onsi!era/ion o2 /he 'an+,a+es on o22er in /he s-hoo' -,rri-,',1 ne-essar") hi's/ /akin+ in/o a--o,n/ /he p',ri'in+,a' 0a-k+ro,n!s, an! /he 3ish /o 2,r/her !e.e'op /his p',ri'in+,a'is1, a -oheren/ an! -o-or!ina/e! approa-h is nee!e!) &EF -an +i.e +,i!an-e 3hen /hese iss,es are a!!resse! in a -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ee, or 3hen /hese prin-ip'es, on-e /he" ha.e 0een a--ep/e!, are i1p'e1en/e!)

Dnternational &obility

&'ose'" re'a/e! /o /he pre.io,s iss,e is /he +ro3in+ a3areness /ha/ in e.er" se-/or o2 'i2e, /here is a nee! 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+e ski''s) The +'o0a'isa/ion o2 /he e-ono1" 3i'' en/ai' /ha/ 1ore an! 1ore peop'e 3i'' 3ork in an in/erna/iona' en.iron1en/ in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e ski''s are o2 .i/a' i1por/an-e) In /he %e3 Me10er S/a/es o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope, in /he -o,n/ries o2 &en/ra' an! Eas/ern E,rope, 1,-h e22or/ an! ener+" has a'rea!" 0een +i.en /o /he re2or1 o2 -,rri-,'a 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es, 2ro1 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ s/ron+'" !o1ina/e! 0" R,ssian /o a 1ore !i.ersi2ie! approa-h /o 'earnin+ 1o!ern 'an+,a+es) B,/ a'so in /he so--a''e! o'! Me10er S/a/es, 'an+,a+es ha.e 0een hi+h on /he po'i/i-a' a+en!a) Man" -o,n/ries ha.e /aken a-/ion /o pro1o/e /he 'earnin+ o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+es) &EF 1a" o22er s,ppor/ an! +,i!an-e -on-ernin+ 1a//ers s,-h as ho3 /o -a/er 2or /he ne3 nee!s o2 so-ie/" an! in!i.i!,a' 'earners, ho3 /o -rea/e a /ransparen/ s"s/e1 o2 'an+,a+e :,a'i2i-a/ions, an! ho3 /o -rea/e spa-e in /he -,rri-,',1 /hro,+h par/ia' :,a'i2i-a/ions, 2or1s o2 0i'in+,a' e!,-a/ion or -re!i/in+ o,/-o2-s-hoo' 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es)

/ew infor&ation and co&&unication technologies

In /he area o2 in2or1a/ion an! -o11,ni-a/ion /e-hno'o+ies, !e.e'op1en/s ha.e 0een 0rea/h/akin+) Less /han /en "ears a+o, /he In/erne/ 3as a -o11,ni-a/ion ne/3ork 1ain'" ,se! 0" a-a!e1i-s) %o3 i/ is ,se! 0" 1i''ions o2 peop'e) Go.ern1en/s an! 1inis/ries -onsi!er i/ o2 .i/a' i1por/an-e /o 2a1i'iarise s/,!en/s 3i/h /hese ne3 /e-hno'o+ies) In a!!i/ion, /hese ne3 /e-hno'o+ies ha.e opene! ,p enor1o,s possi0i'i/ies 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, /hro,+h ne3 1,'/i1e!ia -o,rses !e'i.ere! on &D-Ro1, DVD or /he In/erne/, 0" e-1ai', -ha/ 0o?es an! 'ar+e a1o,n/s o2 !a/aH/e?/s a.ai'a0'e in a'1os/ an" 'an+,a+e) Man" o2 /hese ne3 /e-hno'o+ies ha.e no/ "e/ 0een 2,''" e?p'oi/e! 2or /he p,rposes o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) The 'earnin+ o2 'an+,a+es in a !i+i/a' 'earnin+ en.iron1en/ 1akes ne3 !e1an!s on /he /ea-her, /he -o,rse !esi+ner an! /he 'earner) &EF 1a" a+ain o22er +,i!an-e 3hen /hese !e.e'op1en/s are /aken in/o a--o,n/)

Less govern&ent interference

hereas in so1e -o,n/ries 3e 2in! !e/ai'e! r,'es an! re+,'a/ions 2or s-hoo's in a 1ain'" -en/ra'ise! e!,-a/ion s"s/e1, in o/hers, /here is /he /en!en-" o2 +o.ern1en/s an! 1inis/ries /o s/ep 0a-k an! +i.e 1ore a,/ono1" /o s-hoo's) I/ is 2e'/ /ha/ a -en/ra'ise! s"s/e1 is no 'on+er e:,a' /o /he /ask o2 -en/ra''" or+anisin+ 1eas,res 2or a s-hoo' s"s/e1 3i/h .er" !i22eren/ 'o-a' 8@;

nee!s an! pro0'e1s) Ins/ea! o2 pro.i!in+ ear-1arke! 0,!+e/s 2or spe-ia' p,rposes, s-hoo's no3 /en! /o +e/ ',1p-s,1 2,n!in+ an! are en-o,ra+e! /o 1ake /heir o3n !e-isions) S-hoo's -an spen! /he 1one" in !i22eren/ 3a"s an! -rea/e spe-i2i- s-hoo' pro2i'es, 2or ins/an-e 3i/h spe-ia' e1phasis on 1o!ern 'an+,a+es, s-ien-e, /he ar/s or ne3 /e-hno'o+ies) This po'i-" a22e-/s -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/, sin-e i/ a22e-/s /he !e+ree o2 !e/ai' 3i/h 3hi-h a na/iona' -,rri-,',1 is !es-ri0e! an! /he re'a/ionship 0e/3een /he -,rri-,',1 a/ /he na/iona' 'e.e' an! /he -,rri-,',1 /ha/ is e'a0ora/e! a/ /he re+iona', 'o-a' or s-hoo' 'e.e') &EF -an o22er +,i!an-e in /ha/ i/ -an he'p /o -onsi!er /he -hoi-es /o 0e 1a!e a/ /he !i22eren/ 'e.e's)

Curricula for &odern languages

This se-/ion a!!resses /he -,rri-,'a !ra3n ,p 0" +o.ern1en/ -on/ro''e! or +o.ern1en/-2,n!e! e!,-a/iona' ins/i/,/ions, 2or e?a1p'e re+,'ar s-hoo's 2or pri1ar", se-on!ar" an! .o-a/iona' e!,-a/ion, -hi'!ren 0e/3een /he a+es o2 @ an! 89, 3i/h a spe-ia' e1phasis on /he se-on!ar" e!,-a/ion se-/or, 8IH8; 7 89H85) &,rri-,'a 2or /his e!,-a/ion se-/or 3i'' +enera''" spe-i2" /he 2o''o3in+ -o1ponen/s<

The 'an+,a+es /ha/ are o22ere!) O2/en a !is/in-/ion is 1a!e 0e/3een 2irs/ an! se-on!, /hir! an! e.en 2o,r/h 'an+,a+es) In pri1ar" s-hoo' so1e -o,n/ries o22er a -hoi-e o2 'an+,a+es, o/hers pres-ri0e one) In se-on!ar" e!,-a/ion, En+'ish is /he !o1inan/ 2orei+n 'an+,a+e in a'' -o,n/ries o,/si!e /he 4ni/e! $in+!o1 an! Ire'an!, 0,/ 1os/ -o,n/ries o22er a 3i!e ran+e o2 a!!i/iona' 'an+,a+es) 4n2or/,na/e'", /here is o2/en a 0roa! -hoi-e in /heor", 0,/ in pra-/i-e i/ is no/ a'3a"s eas" /o /ea-h a 'ess-3i!e'" /a,+h/ 'an+,a+e !,e /o /he 'a-k o2 /ea-hers or o2 a s,22i-ien/'" 'ar+e n,10er o2 s/,!en/s in/eres/e! in 'earnin+ s,-h a 'an+,a+e) Ano/her iss,e o2 'an+,a+e po'i-" is a'so /he posi/ion o2 'an+,a+es ,se! 0" 1inori/ies in a +i.en -o,n/r") Are /he -hi'!ren 3ho speak /ha/ 'an+,a+e o22ere! an oppor/,ni/" /o s/,!" /he 'an+,a+e a/ s-hoo' an! +e/ -re!i/s 2or i/L Is /he /i1e spen/ on 1o/her /on+,e 1ain/enan-e o22ere! on'" a/ /he e?pense o2 2orei+n 'an+,a+esL Or is /he o22er e.en e?/en!e! in /he sense /ha/ -hi'!ren 3ho !o no/ 0e'on+ /o /he 1inori/" are ena0'e! /o 'earn /ha/ 'an+,a+eL For e?a1p'e, are T,rkish -hi'!ren ena0'e! /o -hoose T,rkish, as an a'/erna/i.e 2or, sa", Ger1an, 3here 1os/ -hi'!ren in /he -'ass 3o,'! op/ 2or Ger1an, or are /he pro.isions e?/en!e! /o /he !e+ree /ha/ a'so non-T,rkish -hi'!ren -an 'earn T,rkishL Man" -o,n/ries no3 a'so /ea-h /he 'an+,a+es o2 nei+h0o,rin+ -o,n/ries) %e3 approa-hes are 0ein+ !e.e'ope! 2or /ea-hin+ nei+h0o,rin+ 'an+,a+es an! /heir posi/ion in re'a/ion /o o/her 'an+,a+es in /he -,rri-,',1 sho,'! 0e 1a!e -'ear, espe-ia''" 3hen /hese are a'rea!" /a,+h/ a/ pri1ar" 'e.e' so as /o ens,re proper -on/in,i/" a/ se-on!ar" 'e.e') Fina''", in or!er /o !i.ersi2" /he 1o!ern 'an+,a+es -,rri-,',1 an! /o pro1o/e /he 'earnin+ o2 se.era' 'an+,a+es, so',/ions 2or /he /i1e pro0'e1 are so,+h/ 0" o22erin+ par/ia' :,a'i2i-a/ions an! 2or1s o2 0i'in+,a' e!,-a/ion) A'' /hese iss,es are a!!resse! in -hap/er 9 o2 &EF)

%a/iona' -,rri-,'a ,s,a''" pro.i!e a -er/ain -o11on -ore an! a spe-i2i-a/ion o2 'e.e's /o 0e a//aine!) &EF -an he'p re-onsi!er /he -hoi-es 1a!e in /he pas/) I/ is i1por/an/ /ha/ one -oheren/ -,rri-,',1 2or a'' 'an+,a+es /a,+h/ a/ s-hoo' 0e !e.e'ope!, so /ha/ -o-or!ina/ion 0e/3een /he /ea-hers o2 'an+,a+es in a s-hoo' is en-o,ra+e! an! 'earners -an 0ene2i/ 2ro1 /he ski''s a-:,ire! in ea-h 'an+,a+e -'ass) &hap/er > o2 &EF !es-ri0es /he -a/e+ories /o 0e -onsi!ere!, an! poin/s o,/ 3hi-h -a/e+ories ha.e 'en/ /he1se'.es /o 8@=

s-a'in+) In /ha/ sense, &EF o22ers a hi+h'" -oheren/ 2ra1e3ork 2or !es-ri0in+ 0o/h +enera' 'e.e's as 3e'' as a se/ o2 -a'i0ra/e! s-a'es 2or a n,10er o2 s,0-a/e+ories) The 'e.e' o2 spe-i2i-i/" re1ains /o 0e !e-i!e! in ea-h -ase) Genera''", /he s-hoo' s"s/e1 3i'' nee! 1ore !e/ai'e! 'e.e' !es-rip/ions /han /he si? 0roa! 'e.e's presen/e! in &EF -hap/er =) O/her3ise, i/ 3o,'! 0e !i22i-,'/ /o !i22eren/ia/e 3i/hin -'asses or e.en sho3 pro+ress 3i/hin an a--ep/a0'e perio! o2 /i1e) &EF a'so pro.i!es +,i!an-e on ho3 /o s,0!i.i!e /he 'e.e's 2or s-hoo'-in/erna' p,rposes (see e?a1p'e 8 in =)@*)

A na/iona' -,rri-,',1 ,s,a''" a'so -on/ains a kin! o2 ra/iona'e, a s/a/e1en/ in 3hi-h /he approa-h -hosen, /he -hoi-es o2 'e.e's, an! -a/e+ories are a--o,n/e! 2or) There 0ein+ no ,ni.ersa''" a--ep/e! /heor" o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+, &EF "e/ o22ers an o.er.ie3 o2 /he -,rren/'" he'! .ie3s in /his 1a//er) 4sers o2 &EF are re2erre! /o -hap/er 6 on /his iss,e) Sin-e a -,rri-,',1 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es ,s,a''" 2or1s par/ o2 a 'ar+er -,rri-,',1 2or a spe-i2i- s-hoo' se-/or, i/ is i1por/an/ /o !es-ri0e in 3ha/ 3a" /he 1o!ern 'an+,a+es -,rri-,',1 -an -on/ri0,/e /o 0roa!er e!,-a/iona' +oa's s,-h as /he pro1o/ion o2 'earner a,/ono1", /he a-:,isi/ion o2 so-ia' ski''s an! 'earnin+ /o 'earn) S,++es/ions are /o 0e 2o,n! in /he se-/ion on +enera' -o1pe/en-es, &EF se-/ion @)8 an! 6)>)6) Fina''", i/ is i1por/an/ /o 0e a3are o2 /he 2a-/ /ha/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ is no/ res/ri-/e! /o s-hoo's an! /ha/ i/ !oes no/ en! 3hen s-hoo' en!s) I!ea''", s-hoo' sho,'! a'so ena0'e s/,!en/s /o 1ake 2,'' ,se o2 /he oppor/,ni/ies /o 'earn 'an+,a+es, in /he 2a1i'", /hro,+h 1e!ia, in2or1a/ion an! -o11,ni-a/ion /e-hno'o+ies (i-/*, e?-han+es, /ra.e' a0roa!, e/-) an! /o 2in! 3a"s o2 -re!i/in+ /hese 'earnin+ e?perien-es) EL# is a /oo' /ha/ -an p'a" an i1por/an/ ro'e in /his) This por/2o'io is 0rie2'" 1en/ione! in -hap/er 9) ,( Curricu*um design, re-ision and updating: guide*ines for the use of CEF

This se-/ion 'ooks a/ /he iss,es presen/e! in se-/ion 8 in 1ore !e/ai' an! re2ers 1ore !ire-/'" /o /he re'e.an/ se-/ions in &EF) The 1ain iss,e 3i'' 0e 0rie2'" s,11arise!) The rea!er is re2erre! /o a se-/ion o2 &EF an! in.i/e! /o -onsi!er 0o/h /he :,es/ions raise! /here an! /o /he a!!i/iona' :,es/ions in-',!e! in /his +,i!e)

The -hoi-e o2 'an+,a+es in /he -,rri-,',1 or ho3 /o -rea/e oppor/,ni/ies /o !e.e'op an! enhan-e p',ri'in+,a'is1 &o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's an! /he s-hoo' s"s/e1 &a/e+ories 2or !es-ri0in+ 'an+,a+es in /he -,rri-,',1 A ra/iona'e 2or a 1o!ern 'an+,a+es -,rri-,',1 Lan+,a+es an! in2or1a/ion an! -o11,ni-a/ion /e-hno'o+ies &re!i/in+ o,/-o2-s-hoo' 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ ,(# "*uri*ingua*ism and the curricu*um

One o2 /he ke" prin-ip'es o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope is /he pro1o/ion o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1) In a!!i/ion /o /heir 1o/her /on+,e, E,ropean -i/iBens sho,'! 0e ena0'e! /o 'earn 1ore /han one o/her 'an+,a+e) Ho3e.er, /his is no/ a'3a"s eas" in .ie3 o2 /he press,res e?er/e! on /he -,rri-,',1 in 3hi-h 1an" s,0Ae-/s -'ai1 /i1e) In -hap/er 9 o2 &EF, /he no/ion o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1 is !e.e'ope!) I/ is ar+,e! /ha/ 'earnin+ se.era' 'an+,a+es sho,'! no/ 0e seen as a pro-ess 3here0" an in!i.i!,a' a-:,ires one 'an+,a+e a2/er /he o/her or ne?/ /o /he o/her, 0,/ /ha/ p',ri'in+,a'is1 is a -o1posi/e -o1pe/en-e on 3hi-h /he ,ser 1a" !ra3) 8@>

I/ is i1por/an/ /o 0ear /his in 1in! 3hen -,rri-,'a 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es are 'ai! !o3n an! /o !esi+n a s"s/e1 in 3hi-h /he /ea-hin+ o2 one 'an+,a+e sho,'! a'3a"s 0e seen in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h /he /ea-hin+ o2 o/her 'an+,a+es) I/ is a'so 3or/h3hi'e -onsi!erin+ ho3 /he 'in+,is/i- !i.ersi/" a'rea!" presen/ in 1an" s-hoo's as a res,'/ o2 /he 1,'/i-e/hni- s-hoo' pop,'a/ion -an 0e e?p'oi/e! in /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 p',ri'in+,a'is1) In a!!i/ion /o /he :,es/ions raise! a/ /he en! o2 -hap/er 9, rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ iss,es< 8) ;) =) >) Ho3 -an /he 'in+,is/i- !i.ersi/" a'rea!" presen/ in s-hoo's 0e e?p'oi/e! /o !e.e'op p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-eL Ho3 -an /ea-hers 0e en-o,ra+e! /o 'ook 0e"on! /he -on2ines o2 /heir o3n 'an+,a+e an! /o -o-opera/e in !e.e'opin+ p',ri'in+,a' -o1pe/en-eL Ho3 -an /ea-hers 0e a!e:,a/e'" prepare! 2or -opin+ 3i/h /he 'in+,is/i- !i.ersi/" in 1an" s-hoo'sL ha/ are /he -onse:,en-es o2 par/ia' -o1pe/en-e or 0i'in+,a' e!,-a/ion on /he sa/is2a-/ion /ea-hers e?perien-e in /heir 3orkL Common reference *e-e*s and the schoo* s6stem

,(,

In 1os/ -,rri-,'a, in!i-a/ions o2 'e.e's /o 0e a-hie.e! are in-',!e!) The pro0'e1 is /ha/ o2/en /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ions are no/ -'ear /o peop'e o,/si!e /he s"s/e1) Gra!,a''" e.er"0o!" 3i/hin /he s"s/e1 7 /ea-hers, paren/s, an! s/,!en/s 7 +e/ so1e i!ea o2 /he 'e.e' a//aine! 0" an a.era+e s/,!en/ in, sa", ,pper se-on!ar" e!,-a/ion, 0,/ a +i.en 1ark 1eans 'i//'e o,/si!e o2 /he s"s/e1) hen a s/,!en/ +oes a0roa! 3i/h his s-hoo'-'ea.in+ -er/i2i-a/e 3hi-h 1en/ions FEn+'ish 1ark KG, an e1p'o"er in ano/her -o,n/r" 3i'' ha.e no i!ea o2 3ha/ /ha/ K 1eans) As 1o0i'i/" has in-rease!, so has /he nee! 2or a 1ore /ransparen/ s"s/e1 o2 !es-ri0in+ 'e.e's) In -hap/er = o2 &EF, 0,/ a'so in se-/ion ;);, /he 0a-k+ro,n!s /o /hese !e.e'op1en/s are !es-ri0e!) More /e-hni-a' !e/ai's an! e?a1p'es o2 s-a'es are presen/e! in -hap/er 5 an! /he appen!i-es) The -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's are in/erna/iona''" re-o+nisa0'e re2eren-e poin/s) The" -an 0e ,se! in !i22eren/ 3a"s) The" -an 0e in-',!e! in a por/2o'io an! 0e ,se! 2or se'2-assess1en/) The se'2assess1en/ 2,n-/ion is i1por/an/ 3hen 'earners ha.e a-:,ire! ski''s 2or 3hi-h /he" ha.e no 2or1a' -er/i2i-a/ion) The" -an ,se /he re2eren-e 'e.e's an! /he !es-rip/ors /o assess /heir o3n pro2i-ien-" an! /o see ho3 +oo! /heir 'an+,a+e ski''s are) Ho3e.er, na/iona' a,/hori/ies -an -a'i0ra/e 2or1a' :,a'i2i-a/ions a+ains/ /he1 an! /h,s a'so in!i-a/e 3ha/ 'e.e' a +i.en 1ark in!i-a/es on /he -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's) In /his 3a", 'earners 'ea.in+ se-on!ar" e!,-a/ion -an !es-ri0e /heir -o1pe/en-e in an in/erna/iona''" /ransparen/ 1anner) In a!!i/ion, i2 'earners 3ish /o -on/in,e /heir s/,!ies a/ a pri.a/e ins/i/,/ion, /he" -an a'so 1ake -'ear 3ha/ 'e.e' /he" ha.e a'rea!" a//aine!) Ho3e.er, /he si? 'e.e's are no/ a'3a"s s,22i-ien/ 2or /he p,rposes o2 /he s-hoo'-s"s/e1, in 3hi-h 2iner !is/in-/ions are re:,ire! /o sho3 pro+ress o.er a shor/er perio! o2 /i1e) &EF +i.es +,i!e'ines on ho3 /o 1ake /hese 2iner !is/in-/ions in se-/ions =)> an! =)@) 8@@

In a!!i/ion /o /he :,es/ions raise! in -hap/er =, /he rea!er 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ iss,es< 8) ;) =) To 3ha/ e?/en/ !o "o, /hink, are /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ions ,se! in "o,r -on/e?/ /ransparen/ 2or peop'e o,/si!e o2 /he s"s/e1L Do "o, 2in! i/ !esira0'e 2or "o,r na/iona' :,a'i2i-a/ions /o 0e 'inke! /o /he -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e'sL Do "o, /hink /he si? re2eren-e 'e.e's are sa/is2a-/or" or /ha/ 2iner !is/in-/ions or s,0!i.isions are nee!e! 2or "o,r s"s/e1L ,() Categories for descri;ing *anguages in the curricu*um

hen a -,rri-,',1 is !ra2/e!, /he peop'e in -har+e are 2a-e! 3i/h a 3i!e ran+e o2 op/ions 2ro1 3hi-h /he" 1a" -hoose) The -a/e+ories are se'e-/e! !epen!in+ on /he 2,n-/ion o2 /he !o-,1en/) A !o-,1en/ 1ean/ /o 0e pres-rip/i.e 3i'' ha.e !i22eren/ -a/e+ories /han a !o-,1en/ /ha/ is 1ean/ /o o22er +,i!an-e or -ri/eria /o 0e e'a0ora/e! a/ /he re+iona' or 'o-a' 'e.e') &EFEs 1ain 2,n-/ion is /o assis/ !e.e'opers in 1akin+ in2or1e! -hoi-es) B" +oin+ /hro,+h /he !i22eren/ -hap/ers, /he" are -ons/an/'" in.i/e! /o re2'e-/ on a par/i-,'ar aspe-/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ an! /o -onsi!er /he re'e.an-e o2 i/ 2or /heir -on/e?/s an! p,rposes) Fro1 /he e?perien-e +aine! so 2ar, 3e kno3 /ha/ i/ is no/ eas" /o +o /hro,+h i/ an! /o ha.e an opinion on ea-h se-/ion o2 &EF) The i11ense ran+e o2 op/ions -an 0e !a,n/in+, e.en 2or e?perien-e! pra-/i/ioners) Besi!es, /he 3ork o2 -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ees is a'1os/ a'3a"s -arrie! o,/ ,n!er /i1e press,re) An ini/ia' !ra2/ is ,s,a''" 3ri//en an! sen/ o,/ 2or e?/ensi.e -ons,'/a/ions) 4sers o2 &EF 1i+h/ 0e+in 0" re-onsi!erin+ /he -a/e+ories in 3hi-h /heir presen/ !o-,1en/ is 3ri//en) In a!!i/ion, /he" 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er a 'i1i/e! n,10er o2 :,es/ions, ra/her /han askin+ /he1 a'') To 0e+in 3i/h, /he 2o''o3in+ se'e-/ion o2 iss,es is s,++es/e!<

!oes i/ 1ake sense /o in-',!e /he -on/e?/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se in /he -,rri-,',1L is i/ appropria/e /o 1ake /he 2iner !is/in-/ions 1a!e in &EF an! !is/in+,ish 2or ins/an-e 0e/3een ora' in/era-/ion an! ora' pro!,-/ion or /o in-',!e 1e!ia/ionL are /he /he1es as 1en/ione! in !o-,1en/s s,-h as Threshold Level 199 re'e.an/ 2or /he -,rri-,',1 /o 0e !ra2/e!L sho,'! /e?/-/"pes 0e 1en/ione!L sho,'! /asks 0e spe-i2ie!L 3ha/ is /he ro'e o2 s/ra/e+ies an! sho,'! /he" 0e spe-i2ie!L

A2/er !is-,ssin+ /hese iss,es, rea!ers 1a" 3ish /o +o /hro,+h -hap/ers > an! @ an! -onsi!er /he :,es/ions a/ /he en! o2 ea-h se-/ion) The" 1a" /hen !e-i!e 3he/her /o in-',!e /he -a/e+ories in /heir -,rri-,',1) ,(/ A rationa*e for a modern *anguages curricu*um

hen a -,rri-,',1 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es is re.ise! or ,p!a/e!, /his is !one 0e-a,se /he o'! .ersion is no 'on+er 2e'/ /o 0e a!e:,a/e) In se-/ion 8 3e ha.e o,/'ine! so1e !e.e'op1en/s /ha/ 1ake i/ ne-essar" /o ,p!a/e -,rri-,'a s,-h as /he -han+in+ s-hoo' pop,'a/ion an! !e.e'op1en/s in /he 2ie'! o2 in2or1a/ion an! -o11,ni-a/ion /e-hno'o+ies)

8@6

Ho3e.er, .ie3s on /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ 1o!ern 'an+,a+es a'so -han+e) Tho,+h F/here is a/ presen/ no s,22i-ien/'" s/ron+ resear-h-0ase! -onsens,s on ho3 'earners 'earn 2or /he Fra1e3ork /o 0ase i/se'2 on an" one 'earnin+ /heor"G (&EF, se-/ion 6););)8*, "e/ /here are !e.e'op1en/s, so1e/i1es -on/ro.ersia', /ha/ a -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ee 1a" 3ish /o i1p'e1en/) Tea-hers 3ho ha.e /a,+h/ 1o!ern 'an+,a+es o.er /he pas/ /hir/" "ears are so1e/i1es 2r,s/ra/e! 0" /his 'a-k o2 -onsens,s an! /he in-on-',si.eness o2 1,-h resear-h) The" ha.e seen 2ashions -o1e an! +o an! are s-ep/i-a' 3hen in a ne3 -,rri-,',1 ne3 approa-hes /o /he /ea-hin+ o2 'an+,a+e are presen/e!) There is 1,-h ,n-er/ain/" a0o,/ s,-h aspe-/s as /he ro'e o2 +ra11ar (ho3 1,-h an! 3hen*, pron,n-ia/ion (0ein+ /o'eran/ 3i/h respe-/ /o error a/ /he ini/ia' s/a+es or 0ein+ s/ri-/*, s/ra/e+ies (/he p'a-e o2 -o1pensa/ion s/ra/e+ies*, 'earner a,/ono1" (ho3 -an /he /ea-her !e.e'op 'earner a,/ono1", ho3 1,-h 2ree!o1 -an /he /ea-her +i.e s/,!en/s, e/-*) There2ore, a ra/iona'e 2or /he -hoi-es in /he -,rri-,',1 is o2/en +i.en, an e?p'ana/ion o2 /he op/ions -hosen an! s,++es/ions or +,i!e'ines 2or /he pra-/i-a' i1p'e1en/a/ion in /he -'assroo1) This !oes no/ ne-essari'" ha.e /o 0e in-',!e! in one -,rri-,',1 !o-,1en/) In an e!,-a/iona' re2or1 pro-ess, 1an" in/er.en/ions are ne-essar" an! /he aspe-/s 1en/ione! here are o2/en a!!resse! in s,ppor/in+ !o-,1en/s, in ini/ia' or in-ser.i-e /ea-her /rainin+ or 3orkshops) Rea!ers are re2erre! /o &EF -hap/er 6, an! par/i-,'ar'" /o se-/ion 6);an! 6)>) In a!!i/ion /o /he :,es/ions raise! in /hese se-/ions o2 -hap/er 6, /he rea!er 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ iss,es< 8) ;) =) ha/ are /he 1ain inno.a/ions in /he ne3 -,rri-,',1L In 3ha/ areas is resis/an-e /o 0e e?pe-/e!L ha/ are s/ra/e+ies /o i1p'e1en/ /he -ri/i-a' inno.a/ion poin/s o2 /he re2or1L ,(. Languages, information and communication techno*ogies

Se-/ion 8 1en/ions /he ,se o2 i-/ as one o2 /he 2a-/ors a22e-/in+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) I-/-'i/era-" 1a" 0e seen as one o2 /he non-'an+,a+e spe-i2i- -o1pe/en-es 1en/ione! in se-/ion 6)>)6)= o2 &EF) i/hin /he s-ope o2 /his +,i!e 3e -anno/ +o in/o !e/ai' !is-,ssin+ /he possi0'e ,ses o2 i-/ 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ 0,/ res/ri-/ o,rse'.es /o /he 2o''o3in+ ,ses<

e-1ai' 2or e?-han+es or -on/a-/in+ in!i.i!,a's /hro,+h /he in/erne/ 2or ins/an-e /o ask spe-i2i- in2or1a/ionD -ha/0o?es or ne/-1ee/in+s /o e?-han+e in2or1a/ion in a 3ri//en 2or1 o2 'an+,a+e /ha/ -'ose'" rese10'es spoken 'an+,a+e (0,/ so1e/i1es 3i/h hi+h'" spe-ia'ise! -o!es, a00re.ia/ions or so--a''e! s1i'e"s*D .i!eo--on2eren-in+< a 3a" /o ha.e 2a-e-/o-2a-e -o11,ni-a/ionD /he ,se o2 /he In/erne/ /o +e/ a--ess /o a'' kin!s o2 !a/a s,-h as a,!io- an! .i!eo enhan-e! /e?/s, non-'inear Fh"perG /e?/s, !a/a0ases, 'i0raries, e/-)D /he ,se o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -o,rses on &D-Ro1, DVD or a'so on-'ine /hro,+h /he In/erne/D /he ,se o2 e'e-/roni- 3ri/in+ /oo's s,-h as 3or! pro-essors, on-'ine !i-/ionaries, spe''in+ an! +ra11ar -he-kers, e/-)

#eop'e in.o'.e! in -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er 3he/her an! /o 3ha/ !e+ree /he 'earners -an or sho,'! ha.e a--ess /o i-/ 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) In .ie3 o2 &EF, /he 2o''o3in+ iss,es 1a" 0e -onsi!ere!< 8@K

8) Sho,'! 'earners 0e 2a1i'iarise! 3i/h so--a''e! ne/i:,e//e, /he -o!e o2 -on!,-/ 2or -o11,ni-a/ion on /he In/erne/L ;) Sho,'! 'earners 0e 2a1i'iarise! 3i/h h"per/e?/ an!Hor o/her kin!s o2 a,!io an! .i!eo enri-he! /e?/sL =) Ho3 are e'e-/roni- 3ri/in+ /oo's /o 0e in/e+ra/e! in/o /he 3ri/in+ -,rri-,',1L >) Ho3 -an 'earners 0e en-o,ra+e! /o e?p'ore /he In/erne/ /o he'p /he1 ,se /his 1e!i,1 2or a,/ono1o,s 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L In a!!i/ion /o /hese iss,es, -,rri-,',1 !e.e'opers -an ,se &EF 2or re2eren-e p,rposes in a'' /hose ins/an-es 3here !i+i/ise! 1a/eria's are ,se! ins/ea! o2 paper) ,(3 Crediting out>of>schoo* *anguage *earning

Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ -anno/ en! a/ /he en! o2 s-hoo'in+, 0,/ is a 'i2e-'on+ pro-ess) Besi!es, 1an" s/,!en/s 'earn 'an+,a+es o,/si!e o2 s-hoo'< 0e-a,se /he" +ro3 ,p in a p',ri'in+,a' 2a1i'"D 0e-a,se /he" ha.e oppor/,ni/ies /o /ra.e' a0roa!D 0e-a,se /he" -an spen! a "ear a/ a s-hoo' in ano/her -o,n/r") The pro0'e1 is ho3 /o +i.e !,e -re!i/ /o /hese 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es) S/,!en/s 3ho ha.e spen/ a "ear a/ an A1eri-an hi+h s-hoo' -an a-:,ire 'an+,a+e ski''s a/ a 'e.e' no/ a//aina0'e 0" hisHher -'ass1a/es 3ho !o no/ ha.e s,-h an oppor/,ni/") In &EF a s1a'' se-/ion is !e.o/e! /o EL# (se-/ion 9)>);*) This is a !o-,1en/, -,rren/'" 0ein+ pi'o/e! in 2i2/een E,ropean -o,n/ries, 3hi-h ena0'es 'earners /o !o-,1en/ /heir 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es) EL# -onsis/s o2 /hree par/s< a 'an+,a+e 0io+raph", a passpor/ an! a !ossier) In /his !o-,1en/ 'earners -an re-or! /heir 2or1a' an! in2or1a' 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es, /he ones 2or 3hi-h o22i-ia' re-o+ni/ion is +i.en an! /he ones /ha/ 3ere in2or1a''" 'earn/) In EL#, /he -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's o2 &EF (-hap/er =* are in-',!e!, so /ha/ /he repor/in+ 2,n-/ion has in/erna/iona' -,rren-") The !ossier par/ has a 1ain'" pe!a+o+i-a' 2,n-/ion in /ha/ i/ a''o3s /he 'earner /o s/ore spe-i1ens o2 3ork -arrie! o,/ in /he area o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! in/er-,'/,ra' e?perien-es) Se.era' 1o!e's o2 EL# pi'o/e! 3i/hin /he 2ra1e3ork o2 /he EL# proAe-/ o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope are a.ai'a0'e /hro,+h /he In/erne/) Re2eren-es /o na/iona' por/2o'io si/es are /o 0e 2o,n! a/ /he 3e0si/e o2 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope a/ h//p<HH-,'/,re)-oe)in/Hpor/2o'io In a!!i/ion /o /he :,es/ions raise! a/ /he en! o2 -hap/er 9, /he rea!er 1a" 3ish /o -onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ iss,es< 8) Ho3 -an -re!i/ 0e +i.en /o s/,!en/s 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es o,/si!e o2 /he s-hoo'L ;) Are spe-ia' pro.isions /aken 2or s/,!en/s 3ho a'rea!" ha.e a +oo! 1as/er" o2 /he 'an+,a+es /a,+h/ a/ s-hoo'L = ho is responsi0'e 2or -re!i/in+ o,/-o2-s-hoo' 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es, espe-ia''" in /he -ase o2 'an+,a+es no/ /a,+h/ a/ s-hoo'L

8@9

)()

CEF in practice

This se-/ion -on/ains a n,10er o2 pra-/i-a' assi+n1en/s 2or ,se ei/her 2or se'2-re2'e-/ion or 2or ,se in +ro,p 3ork s,-h as /o 2a1i'iarise /he 1e10ers o2 a -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ee 3i/h &EF an! /o sho3 i/s app'i-a/ion 2or -on-re/e pra-/i-a' p,rposes) The 2or1 -hosen is /ha/ o2 3orkshee/s 3i/h pra-/i-a' assi+n1en/s) So1e o2 /hese ha.e 0een pi'o/e! a/ a se1inar on &EF an! -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ 3hi-h /ook p'a-e a/ /he E,ropean &en/re 2or Mo!ern Lan+,a+e (E&ML* in GraB, A,s/ria in Ma" 8559) Ai;*iograph6 a'ker, D), Funda&entals of curriculu&, San Die+o< Har-o,r/ Bra-e Jo.ano.i/s-h, 855I

8@5

9orksheet # &e-e*oping a curricu*ar scenario for de-e*oping p*uri*ingua* competence Conte,t E.en /ho,+h !e-isions -on-ernin+ /he -hoi-e o2 'an+,a+es /ha/ sho,'! 0e a.ai'a0'e in /he -,rri-,',1 are ,s,a''" /aken a/ /he po'i/i-a' 'e.e', i/ 3o,'! 0e in/eres/in+ /o /r" an! !esi+n a s-enario 2or !i.ersi2ie! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 2or "o,r par/i-,'ar si/,a/ion) Ass,1e /ha/ /he -,rri-,',1 is open an! sho,'! en-o,ra+e s-hoo's /o e?peri1en/ 3i/h .ario,s 'an+,a+e o22erin+s an! +i.e +,i!e'ines 2or !i.ersi2ie! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) Rea! -hap/er 9 o2 &EF on Linguistic diversification and the curriculu& an! -onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ assi+n1en/) Tas$ Desi+n a s-enario 2or !i.ersi2ie! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in "o,r s-hoo' s"s/e1, /akin+ in/o a--o,n/ s,-h 2a-/ors as< /he -hoi-e o2 'an+,a+es /he a1o,n/ o2 /i1e /ha/ -an reasona0'" 0e e?pe-/e! /o 0e a.ai'a0'e 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es a/ /he !i22eren/ 'e.e's o2 /he s"s/e1 (pri1ar", A,nior se-on!ar", ,pper se-on!ar"* pra-/i-a' -onse:,en-es s,-h as /he a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 /ea-hers) &onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ op/ions< - 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in pri1ar" s-hoo' one -en/ra''" pres-ri0e! 'an+,a+e or a -hoi-e o2 'an+,a+es or 2ree!o1 /o -hoose an" 'an+,a+e /he ro'e o2 nei+h0o,rin+ 'an+,a+es in 0or!er areas a -o,rse o2 'an+,a+e a3areness /he ro'e o2 /he p,pi'sE na/i.e 'an+,a+e 0a-k+ro,n! an! /he possi0i'i/" /o 2,r/her !e.e'op /his na/i.e -o1pe/en-e - 'an+,a+es a/ se-on!ar" 'e.e' 3hi-h 'an+,a+es !is/in-/ion 0e/3een 2irs/ an! se-on!H/hir! an! 2o,r/h 1o!ern 'an+,a+esL 'e.e's /o 0e a-hie.e! ho3 /o -re!i/ o,/-o2-s-hoo' 'an+,a+e 'earnin+L 1eans o2 !i.ersi2"in+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ (0i'in+,a' e!,-a/ion, par/ia' -o1pe/en-e*) Yo, 1a" ,se /he 2o''o3in+ +ri!< Language primar6 *essons status Dunior secondar6 *essons status upper secondar6 *essons status -ocationa* *essons status

86I

status< Yo, 1a" ,se /he 2o''o3in+ -a/e+ories, 0,/ 2ee' 2ree /o a!! -a/e+ories o2 "o,r o3n) a< 1an!a/or" O< op/iona' #X< par/ia' :,a'i2i-a/ion B< 0e+innerEs -o,rse BE< 0i'in+,a' e!,-a/ion %L< nei+h0o,rin+ 'an+,a+e ML< 1inori/" 'an+,a+e

#ra-/i-a' -onse:,en-es 2or /ea-hers<

868

9orksheet , Linking nationa* @ua*ifications to the common reference *e-e*s Conte,t #eop'e are no/ a'3a"s a3are o2 /he !i22i-,'/" o2 !es-ri0in+ 'e.e's a!e:,a/e'") An eas" a3areness-raisin+ a-/i.i/" is /o /ake /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ions in ,se in "o,r e!,-a/ion s"s/e1, p,/ /he1 in ran!o1 or!er, an! ask 1e10ers o2 /he 3orkin+ par/" /o p,/ /he1 0a-k in /he ri+h/ or!er) This e?er-ise -an a'so 0e !one 3i/h /he !es-rip/ors ,se! in /he s-a'es in -hap/er >) Be2ore !oin+ /his, one 1a" ask /he 1e10ers o2 /he 3orkin+ par/" /o assess /heir o3n 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e 0" re2errin+ /o /he s-a'e in se-/ion =)= o2 &EF) Yo, 1a" -onsi!er -o''e-/in+ /he !a/a, i1por/in+ /he1 in/o a his/o+ra1 or +raph, an! ,sin+ a #o3er#oin/ presen/a/ion /o presen/ /he o,/-o1es) 4se /his as a 0asis 2or !is-,ssion) Tas$s 8) Look a/ se-/ion =)=) o2 &EF an! rea! /he !es-rip/ors -are2,''") Assess "o,r o3n ski''s in /he 'an+,a+es "o, ha.e 'earn/ on /he s-a'es A8, A;, B8, B;, &8, &;) Yo, 1a" ,se /he +ri! 0e'o3 /o 2i'' i/ in) A# Listening 'poken interaction 'poken production 9riting A, A# A, C# C,

;) =)

Se'e-/ a s-a'e (2or ins/an-e, o.era'' spoken in/era-/ion se-/ion >)>)=)8*, p,/ /he !es-rip/ors in ran!o1 or!er an! p,/ /he1 0a-k in/o /he ri+h/ se:,en-e) Look a/ se-/ion >)>)8 (pro!,-/i.e a-/i.i/ies an! s/ra/e+ies* an! see ho3 /he 2iner 'e.e' !is/in-/ions 3ere 1a!e) Look a/ /he s,0!i.ision a/ 'e.e' A; an! ho3 /his 'e.e' -an 0e 0roken !o3n in/o A;)8 an! A;);) Ana'"se /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ions ,se! in "o,r s"s/e1 an! -o1pare /he1 3i/h /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ors in &EF) To s/ar/ 3i/h, se'e-/ one a-/i.i/"Hski'' an! /r" /o i1pro.e /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ions o2 "o,r s"s/e1 an! re'a/e /he1 /o &EF-'e.e's)

>)

86;

9orksheet ) %dentif6ing curricu*ar categories for modern *anguages Conte,t E.er"one in.o'.e! in -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+es has e?perien-e! /he 'earnin+ o2 a/ 'eas/ one 1o!ern 'an+,a+e) The p,rpose o2 /his a-/i.i/" (/ask 8* is /o 1ake 1e10ers o2 a 3orkin+ par/" re2'e-/ on possi0'e -a/e+ories 2or /he -,rri-,',1 /o 0e !e.e'ope! 0" re2'e-/in+ on pas/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es) A'/erna/i.e'", par/i-ipan/s 1a" 0e in.i/e! /o /ake /he e?is/in+ -,rri-,',1 as poin/ o2 !epar/,re an! !o /ask ;) Tas$ 1 8) Share "o,r 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es in /he +ro,p) hi-h 'an+,a+es ha.e "o, 'earn/ an! in 3ha/ 3a"L ha/ are "o,r e?perien-esL ha/ 3as /he approa-hL ha/ !i! /he /e?/0ooks 'ook 'ikeL ha/ kin! o2 a-/i.i/ies an! e?er-ises !i! "o, !oL In ho3 2ar !o /he" !i22er 2ro1 /he approa-h 2a.o,re! no3L ;) Look a/ /he /a0'e o2 -on/en/s o2 -hap/er > o2 &EF an! see i2 /he -a/e+ories 1en/ione! in -hap/er 2o,r -an 0e i!en/i2ie! in "o,r o3n e?perien-es) hi-h -a/e+ories !o "o, /hink sho,'! 0e in-',!e! in /he ne3 -,rri-,',1 /o 0e !ra2/e!L

Tas$ 4 8) Take /he e?is/in+ -,rri-,',1 !o-,1en/ /ha/ is /o 0e re.ise! or ,p!a/e!) Se'e-/ one or /3o -a/e+ories 1en/ione! in i/ an! 2in! /he se-/ion o2 &EF /ha/ a!!resses /hese -a/e+ories) ;) =) ha/ !o "o, /hink o2 /he -hoi-es in /he ori+ina' !o-,1en/L o,'! "o, 'ike /o -han+e an"/hin+ on /he 0asis o2 /he op/ions o22ere! 0" &EFL

So1e i!eas an! e?a1p'es<

Does i/ 1ake sense /o in-',!e !o1ains, si/,a/ions, /he1es (se-/ion >)8 an! >);* Tra!i/iona''" 2o,r ski''s 7 'is/enin+, rea!in+, speakin+ an! 3ri/in+ 7 3ere !is/in+,ishe!) In &EF, 2,r/her !is/in-/ions are 1a!e, in-',!in+ ora' in/era-/ion, ora' pro!,-/ion, 1e!ia/ion, 3ri//en in/era-/ion, 3ri//en pro!,-/ion, e/-) (se-/ion >)>*) o,'! i/ 0e ,se2,', in "o,r -on/e?/, /o e?/en! /he 2o,r /ra!i/iona' -a/e+ories in/o 1oreL sho,'! /e?/-/"pes 0e 1en/ione!L (se-/ion >)6* sho,'! /asks 0e spe-i2ie!L (2or an e?/ensi.e !is-,ssion on /asks see -hap/er K* 3ha/ is /he ro'e o2 s/ra/e+ies an! sho,'! /he" 0e spe-i2ie!L (se-/ion >)>*

86=

9orksheet / %dentif6ing curricu*ar categories for modern *anguages Conte,t Me10ers o2 a -,rri-,',1 re2or1 -o11i//ee 1a" ha.e !i22eren/ .ie3s on /he 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+es in s-hoo's) M,-h o2 /he resear-h a.ai'a0'e is in-on-',si.e, 0,/ 1e10ers o2 /he -o11i//ee (or 1e10ers o2 /he 1o!ern 'an+,a+es se-/ion o2 a s-hoo' or e!,-a/iona' ins/i/,/ion* 1a" 3ish /o e?p'i-i/'" s/a/e, share /heir .ie3s an! perhaps arri.e a/ a -o11on approa-h /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) The p,rpose o2 /his a-/i.i/" is /o +,i!e /he !is-,ssion /hro,+h a n,10er o2 pro.o-a/i.e s/a/e1en/s) Tas$ &onsi!er /he 2o''o3in+ s/a/e1en/s< 8) ;) =) >) @) 6) K) 9) Lan+,a+es are 'earn/ 0es/ 0" +i.in+ /he 'earner as 1,-h e?pos,re /o /he 'an+,a+e as possi0'e) The a'1os/ e?-',si.e ,se o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e in /he -'assroo1 is one o2 /he 1os/ e22e-/i.e aspe-/s o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+) A,/hen/i-i/" o2 /e?/s an! -o11,ni-a/ion e.en/s is a'3a"s /o 0e pre2erre! o.er -ons/r,-/e! 1a/eria's) A/ /he ini/ia' s/a+es, 'earners sho,'! 0e en-o,ra+e! /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e as 1,-h as possi0'e e.en i2 /he" 1ake errors 3i/h respe-/ /o +ra11ar an! pron,n-ia/ion) &o1pensa/ion s/ra/e+ies are 0es/ /a,+h/ 3hen /he 'earners ha.e a'rea!" 'earn/ /he 'an+,a+e 2or so1e /i1e) Espe-ia''" a/ /he ear'" s/a+es, /he ,se o2 !ri''s is in!ispensa0'e) Vo-a0,'ar" 0ooks are /he 0es/ 3a" /o ens,re /ha/ 'earners a-:,ire a 0asi- .o-a0,'ar") E-1ai' e?-han+es /ake ,p /oo 1,-h /i1e an! har!'" -on/ri0,/e /o /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess)

86>

C!A" ER 3 $ ORGAN%'A %ON AN& &EL%EERH OF !E CURR%CULU:

A6 :ike :akosch #( "rincip*es and issues

Or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion are -o1p'e? ,n!er/akin+s) I/ is ,se2,' /o .ie3 /he res,'/s o2 s,-h ,n!er/akin+s as a//e1p/s /o in/erpre/ -,rri-,',1 po'i-" so as /o !e.e'op an opera/iona' 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro+ra11e) I/ is ,s,a' /o !e2ine s,-h pro+ra11es in /er1s o2 /he para1e/ers 'is/e! ,n!er Cs-opeC 0e'o3) B,/ o/her para1e/ers an! -on-erns a'so p'a" a ro'e in !e.e'opin+, in/ro!,-in+ an! 1ana+in+ an" +i.en pro+ra11e) The 2o''o3in+ prin-ip'es an! -on-ep/s are -o11on'" re'a/e! /o or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion< Learner-orientation The i1pro.e1en/ o2 /he 'earnerJs -o1pe/en-e in one or 1ore 2orei+n 'an+,a+es is /he 2,n!a1en/a' ai1 o2 a'' pro.ision o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ oppor/,ni/ies) A'' e22or/s a/ or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ s,-h 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ oppor/,ni/ies nee! /o 0e A,s/i2ie! in /er1s o2 ho3 /he" 0ene2i/ /he 'earner) In /his -on/e?/ i/ is ne-essar" /o a!!ress /he iss,e o2 /he 'earna0i'i/" o2 /ha/ 3hi-h is 0ein+ propose! /o an" +i.en 'earnin+ pop,'a/ion) Teacher-orientation The +rea/ 1aAori/" o2 'earners are /o a 'ar+e e?/en/ !epen!en/ on /ea-hers /o pro.i!e /he1 3i/h +,i!an-e, inp,/ an! en-o,ra+e1en/ 3i/hin /he -,rri-,',1) Tea-hers p'a" /he -en/ra' ro'e in or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ oppor/,ni/ies an! sho,'! /here2ore 0e a/ /he -en/re o2 a'' a//e1p/s /o -o11,ni-a/e or -han+e /he -,rri-,',1) On /he one han! /his 0e+s /he :,es/ion o2 /he a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 s,i/a0'" /raine! /ea-hers an! /heir !e.e'op1en/) On /he o/her han! i/ pres,1es /ha/ /he iss,e o2 /ea-ha0i'i/" o2 an" +i.en s"''a0,s has 0een a!!resse!) Scope An" +i.en 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ -,rri-,',1 ne-essari'" a!!resses one +i.en -ross se-/ion o2 so-ie/", a +i.en ran+e o2 'an+,a+es an! 'e.e's an! se/ o2 'earner nee!s 3i/h re+ar! /o a+e, /i1e, 'earnin+ s/"'es, 'e.e's o2 -o1pe/en-e, o0Ae-/i.es an! -er/i2i-a/ion) I/ is ne-essar" 2or a,/hori/ies an!Hor ins/i/,/ions /o !es-ri0e /heir pro+ra11es 3i/h respe-/ /o /hese para1e/ers in or!er /o 0e a0'e /o 2o-,s /heir a-/i.i/ies e22e-/i.e'") Transparency #ar/ners in 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion are n,1ero,s< 'earners, /ea-hers, paren/s, s-hoo' 1ana+ers, p,0'ishers, o/her se-/ors o2 e!,-a/ion, e1p'o"ers, p,0'i- a,/hori/ies, e?a1ina/ion 0oar!s, e/-) In or!er 2or /he n,1ero,s par/nerships /o 2,n-/ion, /ransparen-" is re:,ire! in /er1s o2 pro+ra11es, -o,rses, o0Ae-/i.es, -on/en/s, /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!o'o+", e.a',a/ion an! possi0'e -er/i2i-a/ion) $oherence i/hin a ne/3ork o2 par/nerships as 'is/e! a0o.e an! 0e-a,se pro+ra11es an! -o,rses nee! /o 0e orien/e! -'ear'" /o 'earnersE per-ei.e! an! a-/,a' nee!s, pro.i!ers o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion nee! /o ens,re -oheren-e in /er1s o2 /he ar/i-,'a/ion 0e/3een 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ o0Ae-/i.es, -on/en/s, 1e/ho!o'o+", e.a',a/ion an! -er/i2i-a/ion 3i/hin /heir ins/i/,/ion an! in /er1s o2 -o-or!ina/ion 3i/h o/her e!,-a/iona' se-/ors) 86@

Fle%ibility The per-ei.e! an! a-/,a' nee!s o2 in!i.i!,a' 'earners, o/her e!,-a/iona' se-/ors an! so-ie/" as a 3ho'e are s,0Ae-/ /o -ons/an/ -han+e) The re:,ire1en/ /ha/ 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro+ra11es sho,'! 0e 2'e?i0'e is espe-ia''" per/inen/ in .ie3 o2 /heir presen-e in an!Hor in/er2a-e 3i/h pra-/i-a''" a'' o/her e!,-a/iona' a-/i.i/ies) Evaluation E.a',a/ion p'a"s a par/i-,'ar'" -r,-ia' ro'e in ens,rin+ -on/in,i/" in phases (-"-'es* o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3hi-h are o2/en or+anise! an! !e'i.ere! 0" !i22erin+ s-hoo's or se-/ions o2 'ar+er ins/i/,/ions) E.a',a/ion o2 pro+ra11es, -o,rses an! /ea-hers o--,rs a/ re+,'ar in/er.a's an! is pra-/ise! !ire-/'" an! in!ire-/'" 0" a'' /he par/ners 1en/ione! a0o.e) #(# From the formu*ation of po*ic6 through to *earning and ;ack: the curricu*um as a non>*inear process

An iss,e 3hi-h re+,'ar'" o--,pies -,rri-,',1 !e.e'opers is /he apparen/ opposi/ion 0e/3een /op-!o3n approa-hes on /he one han! an! 'earner--en/re! 1o!e's an! per-ep/ions o2 -,rri-,',1 !esi+n on /he o/her) Top-!o3n or spe-ia'is/ approa-hes ass,1e a 'inear C-hain o2 -o11an!C in 3hi-h ro'es an! responsi0i'i/ies 2or !e-isions 1a!e a/ .ario,s s/a+es o2 -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ are -'ear'" !e2ine! an! a!here! /o) Learner--en/re! approa-hes ass,1e no C-hain o2 -o11an!C 0,/ ra/her par/i-ipa/ion o2 a'' par/ners in a'' !e-isions) The ,n!er'"in+ ass,1p/ion in /his +,i!e an! one o2 /he ke" 2ea/,res o2 &EF is /ha/ i/ is open, i/ is no/ in an" 3a" pres-rip/i.e 3i/h re+ar! /o an" par/i-,'ar approa-h /o -,rri-,',1 !esi+n) A -onse:,en-e o2 /his openness is /ha/ i/ pro.i!es -,rri-,',1 p'anners, !e.e'opers, a!1inis/ra/ors, 1ana+ers, /ea-hers an! 'earners a'ike 3i/h a -o11on 2ra1e o2 re2eren-e 3i/hin 3hi-h /he" -an opera/e a--or!in+ /o /he se//in+ /he" are 3orkin+ in) The -,rri-,',1 is seen as a pro-ess in 3hi-h 1an" 2a-/ors an! s/a+es in/era-/) &EF /hen, is no/ 1ere'" -on-erne! 3i/h one-3a" /ra22i-< 3i/h ho3 /ha/ 3hi-h has 0een p'anne! -an 0e 0ro,+h/ /o 0ear on a-/s o2 'earnin+) Ra/her, i/ is -on-erne! 3i/h /he op/ions open /o /hose 3ho are -har+e! 3i/h /he or+anisa/ion an! !e'i.er" o2 /he -,rri-,',1 an! /he -ons/rain/s /he" 2a-e) he/her 3e are /a'kin+ a0o,/ a na/iona' e!,-a/iona' se//in+ s,-h as p'annin+ a re2or1 o2 /he -,rri-,',1 2or se-on!ar" s-hoo's or 3he/her 3e are a!!ressin+ /he pro0'e1s 2a-in+ one sin+'e ins/i/,/ion, /he or+anisa/ion an! !e'i.er" o2 an" +i.en -,rri-,',1 i1p'ies /ha/ a +enera' po'i-" has a'rea!" 0een 2or1,'a/e!, an! /ha/ in 2or1,'a/in+ /his po'i-" a--o,n/ has 0een /aken o2 /he 3a" in 3hi-h /he -,rri-,',1 is /o 0e i1p'e1en/e! an! e.a',a/e!) As 1en/ione! in /he in/ro!,-/ion /o /his se-/ion, p'annin+, i1p'e1en/a/ion an! assess1en/ -anno/ 0e seen as /hree !is-re/e phases o2 /he -,rri-,',1 pro-ess, 0,/ ra/her /hree in/era-/in+ aspe-/s o2 one pro-ess) #(, 9ho is organising and de*i-eringC

&o11i//ees o2 e?per/s, a!1inis/ra/ors, /es/ers, /ea-her /rainers, hea! /ea-hers, senior /ea-hers, a,/hors, inspe-/ors an! 1an" o/hers are in.o'.e! in or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ /he -,rri-,',1) In a'' se-/ors o2 e!,-a/ion /he 'as/ !e-a!e has 3i/nesse! an in-rease! pro2essiona'is1 an! a -on-o1i/an/ in-reasin+ n,10er o2 pro2essiona's in i1p'e1en/in+ 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro+ra11es) La++in+ 0ehin! /his po/en/ia' i1pro.e1en/ has 0een a sense o2 -o11on p,rpose -hara-/erise! 0" e22i-ien/ an! e22e-/i.e -o11,ni-a/ion 0e/3een /hese pro2essiona's) Ea-h ne3 pro2ession (1a/eria's a,/hors, /ea-her /rainers, a-a!e1i- 1ana+ers, /es/ers, :,a'i/" -on/ro''ers, e/-)* has 2irs/ ha! /o es/a0'ish i/se'2 or is s/i'' in /he pro-ess o2 !oin+ so) A/ /he sa1e /i1e /he ai1s 866

an! -ons/rain/s in ea-h e!,-a/iona' se-/or are ,ni:,e an! /en! ea-h /o 0e pop,'a/e! 0" /heir o3n e?per/s) De1o+raphi- /ren!s, 0roa!er po'i/i-a' an! e!,-a/iona' ai1s, /he ro'e o2 'an+,a+es in /he -,rri-,',1 as a 3ho'e, reso,r-es in /er1s o2 /raine! /ea-hers, /i1e a.ai'a0'e an! in2ras/r,-/,re, /he !e1an!s o2 /ra!e an! in!,s/r" as 3e'' as 'earner an! /ea-her nee!s are a'' .er" !i22eren/ !epen!in+ on 3he/her 3e are !is-,ssin+ pri1ar" s-hoo's or a!,'/ e!,-a/ion, se-on!ar" or /er/iar" se-/ors o2 e!,-a/ion) Be2ore e10arkin+ on an" -,rri-,',1 proAe-/ ro'es an! responsi0i'i/ies nee! /o 0e -'ear'" !o-,1en/e! as sho,'! /he 2ra1e o2 re2eren-e 3i/hin 3hi-h /hese are /o 0e ena-/e!) &EF pro.i!es a 2ra1e3ork 3i/hin 3hi-h s,-h -'ari2i-a/ion -an /ake p'a-e) #() CEF as a s6stem of points of reference

The !e'i.er" o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion -an 0e !es-ri0e! an! s/eere! 2ro1 a n,10er o2 !i22eren/ an+'es) The -on-erns o2 /ea-her /rainers are no/ /he sa1e as /hose 3ho are in.o'.e! in preparin+ /i1e/a0'es or /hose se'e-/in+ 1a/eria's or /hose in.o'.e! in /es/in+) One o2 /he 1aAor iss,es in i1p'e1en/in+ re.isions /o or inno.a/ion in /he -,rri-,',1 is /he !an+er /ha/ /he -on-erns o2 /he .ario,s par/ners in /he pro-ess /en! ei/her /o 1i'i/a/e a+ains/ ea-h o/her or, a/ 0es/, /o 0e 2or1,'a/e! 0,/ no/ ,n!ers/oo! 0" o/hers) #ro+ra11es are in/erpre/e! an! i1p'e1en/e! in-onsis/en/'" 0" /he !i22eren/ par/ners in.o'.e!) &EF pro.i!es a -o1prehensi.e 2ra1e o2 re2eren-e 2or a'' par/ners in /he -,rri-,',1 pro-ess) As s,-h i/ a''o3s 2or a si/,a/ion in 3hi-h areas o2 responsi0i'i/" -an 0e 1appe! o,/, in/er2a-es 0e/3een par/i-ipan/s in /he pro-ess -an 0e !e'inea/e! an! +enera' +oa's Aoin/'" 2or1,'a/e!) Th,s /he /3o prin-ip'es o2 /ransparen-" an! -oheren-e as !es-ri0e! a0o.e -an, /heore/i-a''" a/ 'eas/, 0e ,phe'!) #(/ :anaging or coping with change

Or+anisin+, i1p'e1en/in+ an! !e'i.erin+ /he -,rri-,',1 i1p'ies -han+e) &han+e ine.i/a0'" in.o'.es risks, 0,/ i/ a'so in.o'.es /he oppor/,ni/" /o -rea/e an! 0ene2i/ 2ro1 -han-es) he/her /hose in.o'.e! in s/eerin+ /hese pro-esses a-/,a''" 1ana+e /he1, -rea/in+ oppor/,ni/ies 2or i1pro.e1en/ an! +,i!in+ /he1 /hro,+h /o s,--ess, or 3he/her /he" are re!,-e! /o a 1ore passi.e ro'e o2 1ere'" -opin+ 3i/h 3ha/e.er !e.e'op1en/s are p,/ in/o 1o/ion, !epen!s on a n,10er o2 2a-/ors< Partners<.gents The .ario,s par/ners in.o'.e! in or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ an" +i.en 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro+ra11e nee! /o share a -o11on ,n!ers/an!in+ as /o 3ha/ nee!s i1pro.e1en/ an! 3h", as 3e'' as a share! .ision 3i/h re+ar! /o ho3 -han+e -an 0e 0ro,+h/ a0o,/ s,--ess2,''") Sho,'! /he !issa/is2a-/ion 3i/h /he s/a/,s :,o no/ 0e share! 0" one or 1ore par/ners in /he pro-ess /hen resis/an-e /o -han+e -o,'! 3e'' ,n!er1ine /he 0es/ !esi+ne! pro+ra11e) A/ /he sa1e /i1e, +i.en /he -en/ra' ro'e /ea-hers p'a" in !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion, a//en/ion 1,s/ 0e +i.en /o pro.i!in+ appropria/e oppor/,ni/ies an! en-o,ra+e1en/ 2or /ea-her !e.e'op1en/) 0esources &,rri-,'ar !e.e'op1en/ 1ore o2/en /han no/ i1p'ies an in.es/1en/ in /er1s o2 h,1an, 2inan-ia' an! s/r,-/,ra' reso,r-es) Rea!iness an! -o11i/1en/ /o -han+e s/i'' ha.e /o o,/3ei+h /he -os/ o2 s,-h reso,r-es 2or an" pro+ra11e /o 0e s,--ess2,') A ne3 pro+ra11e o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ !esi+ne! 2or a se-on! 'an+,a+e a/ pri1ar" 'e.e' 2or e?a1p'e, is har!'" 'ike'" /o s,--ee! i2 /he 86K

-os/ o2 /rainin+ /ea-hers an! pro.i!in+ 2or s,ppor/ s/a22 'ies 0e"on! /he 2inan-ia' -apa-i/" o2 /he a,/hori/ies -on-erne!) I/ is /he Ao0 o2 /hose in -har+e o2 !esi+nin+ pro+ra11es an! !e'i.erin+ /he1 /o 1arsha' no/ on'" /he -o11i/1en/ o2 a'' in.o'.e! 0,/ a'so /he 2inan-ia' an! s/r,-/,ra' reso,r-es nee!e! 2or s,--ess) 1ethod of change<Level of intervention The -hoi-e o2 1e/ho! as /o ho3 an" +i.en pro-ess is /o 0e ini/ia/e! an! p,rs,e! is A,s/ as -r,-ia' /o /he s,--ess o2 s,-h a pro-ess as are /he re:,ire! -o11i/1en/ an! reso,r-es) The -hoi-e o2 'e.e' o2 in/er.en/ion (3here an! ho3 -an 3e 1os/ e22e-/i.e'" !e'i.er o,r 1essa+eL* in.o'.es s,-h 2a-/ors as< se'e-/ion o2 1a/eria's, /he !e+ree o2 o0'i+a/ion on /he par/ o2 /ea-hers /o !e'i.er -er/ain 1a/eria's, /he i1posi/ion or no/ o2 a +i.en /es/ a/ /he en! o2 a pro+ra11e, /he !e'i.er" o2 /ea-her /rainin+ /hro,+h e?/erna' Ce?per/sC or /hro,+h 'o-a' Cin2or1an/sC, /he a1o,n/ o2 /i1e !e.o/e! /o /he s,0Ae-/H'an+,a+e -on-erne! .ers,s /i1e !e.o/e! /o o/her s,0Ae-/s, e/-) S,-h -hoi-es o2/en re2'e-/ /he -,'/,ra' pre2eren-es an! /ra!i/ions o2 /he a,/hori/", ins/i/,/ion or s-hoo' in :,es/ion) In or!er /o a.oi! /he risk o2 1ere'" -opin+H2o''o3in+ /he pro-ess, s,-h -hoi-es nee! /o 0e aire! open'" an! ,n!ers/oo! an! a+ree! /o 0" a'' par/ners) In /he 2o''o3in+ se-/ion /he op/ions a.ai'a0'e 3i/h re+ar! /o 'e.e's o2 in/er.en/ion in or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ -,rri-,',1 -han+e are !is-,sse! an! /he 3a" in 3hi-h &EF -an in2or1 /hese -hoi-es are o,/'ine!) ,( Le-e*s of inter-ention and uses of CEF in the organisation and de*i-er6 of the curricu*um hi-he.er 'e.e' o2 in/er.en/ion is -hosen /o a-/ ,pon in /he or+anisa/ion an! !e'i.er" o2 /he -,rri-,',1, a'' par/ners in /he pro-ess -an !ra3 on &EF 2or s,ppor/ in an! inp,/ in /he 2or1 o2 -he-k'is/s, s,11aries an! s"s/e1a/i- a--o,n/s o2 areas /o 0e -o.ere!) This se-/ion pro.i!es re2eren-es an! poin/ers 2ro1 &EF a--or!in+ /o /he !i22eren/ possi0'e 'e.e's o2 in/er.en/ion) ,(# "rogramme design

&hap/er ; o2 &EF ass,1es /ha/ !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion in.o'.es spe-i2"in+ s"''a0,ses in-',!in+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es in /er1s o2 /asks, /he1es, -o1pe/en-es, e/-)<

/he !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he 'earnerEs +enera' persona' -o1pe/en-es (kno3'e!+e, ski''s, a//i/,!es an! kno3in+ ho3 /o 'earn*D i1pro.in+ -o11,ni-a/i.e 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-eD /he 0e//er rea'isa/ion o2 one or 1ore 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies (re-ep/ion, pro!,-/ion, in/era-/ion or 1e!ia/ion*D i1pro.e1en/ 3i/hin a +i.en !o1ain (p,0'i-, o--,pa/iona', e!,-a/iona' or persona'*D enri-h1en/ an! !i.ersi2i-a/ion o2 'earnersJ -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+ies an! /he a0i'i/" /o /a-k'e a +rea/er ran+e o2 /asks) In 3ha/ 3a"s !o "o,r pro+ra11es e1phasise one or 1ore o2 /hese areas ('an+,a+e 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es* a0o.e o/hersL Ho3 is /his 1a!e -'ear /o "o,r 'earners an! /ea-hersL

&EF 'a"s o,/ /he op/ions a.ai'a0'e /o /hose -har+e! 3i/h /akin+ !e-isions on or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion 3i/hin /he -on/e?/ o2 an o.era'' o0Ae-/i.e o2 pro1o/in+ 'in+,is/i!i.ersi/") This 1eans /ha/ pro+ra11es o2 'an+,a+e -o,rses sho,'! 0e e?a1ine! in -onA,n-/ion 3i/h /he possi0'e pa/hs 3hi-h 'earners ha.e a'rea!" /aken an! 1i+h/ -hoose /o 2o''o3 in /he

869

2,/,re in /heir e22or/s /o !e.e'op a .arie/" o2 'an+,a+e ski''s in 1ore /han one 'an+,a+e) The -onse:,en-es o2 /hese -onsi!era/ions are n,1ero,s<

pro+ra11es o2 'an+,a+e -o,rses o22ere! 0" an" +i.en ins/i/,/ion sho,'! 1ake re2eren-e /o an! -o1p'e1en/ pro.ision in /he res/ o2 /he e!,-a/ion s"s/e1 (1o!,'ari/"*D an in/erna/iona' !i1ension is !esira0'e (!i.ersi/", 1o0i'i/"*D a 0roa! o22er o2 possi0i'i/ies in /er1s o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pa/hs is ne-essar" (!i22eren/ 'an+,a+es, 'e.e's, o0Ae-/i.es, 1o!es o2 !e'i.er", e/-)*D a--re!i/a/ion o2 prior (po/en/ia''" o,/-o2-s-hoo'* 'an+,a+e 'earnin+)

Ho3 are /he 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es o2 "o,r ins/i/,/ion si/,a/e! 3i/h respe-/ /o o/her pro.i!ers o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ in /he e!,-a/ion s"s/e1L Does "o,r pro+ra11e an! i/s s/a/e1en/ o2 o0Ae-/i.es 1ake e?p'i-i/ /he !i1ension o2 1o0i'i/"L Is /his re'e.an/ 2or "o,r 'earnersL Does /he 3a" in 3hi-h "o,r pro+ra11es are !e'i.ere! pro.i!e 'earner-+,i!an-eL Ho3L

&hap/er ; o2 &EF proposes a se/ o2 para1e/ers 3i/hin 3hi-h !is-,ssion, -o1parison an! -oor!ina/ion o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ s"''a0,ses -an /ake p'a-e< Lan+,a+e ,se, e10ra-in+ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, -o1prises /he a-/ions per2or1e! 0" persons 3ho as in!i.i!,a's an! as so-ia' a+en/s !e.e'op a ran+e o2 competences, 0o/h genera* an! in par/i-,'ar communicati-e *anguage competences) The" !ra3 on /he -o1pe/en-es a/ /heir !isposa' in .ario,s -on/e?/s ,n!er .ario,s conditions an! ,n!er .ario,s constraints /o en+a+e in *anguage acti-ities in.o'.in+ *anguage processes /o pro!,-e an!Hor re-ei.e te+ts in re'a/ion /o themes in spe-i2i- domains, a-/i.a/in+ /hose strategies 3hi-h see1 1os/ appropria/e 2or -arr"in+ o,/ /he /asks /o 0e a--o1p'ishe!) The 1oni/orin+ o2 /hese a-/ions 0" /he par/i-ipan/s 'ea!s /o /he rein2or-e1en/ or 1o!i2i-a/ion o2 /heir -o1pe/en-es)

Ho3 -an "o,r ins/i/,/ionJs 2ra1e3ork 0e !es-ri0e! in /he /er1s o2 &EF, so /ha/ /he ai1s o2 1o0i'i/" an! por/a0i'i/" -an 0e a-hie.e!L Ho3 !oes "o,r ins/i/,/ionJs 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ s"''a0,s -o1pare /o /hose o2 o/her ins/i/,/ions in /he sa1e or o/her e!,-a/iona' se-/orsL ,(, eachers

To or+anise an! !e'i.er -han+es /o 'an+,a+e -,rri-,'a, /ea-hers nee! /o 0e in-orpora/e! in /he pro-ess) Ho3e.er, 0rin+in+ a0o,/ -han+e an! ini/ia/in+ !e.e'op1en/ 3i/h /he /ea-hin+ 0o!" o2 a +i.en ins/i/,/ion is a !e'i-a/e /ask) Tea-hers are /he 2,nne' /hro,+h 3hi-h /he -,rri-,',1 2'o3s) Tea-hers are e?pe-/e! /o ha.e a -o1prehensi.e ,n!ers/an!in+ o2 'an+,a+e ,se, 'earnin+ pro-esses, /he ra/iona'e 2or an! !esi+n o2 /he -o,rse /he" are /ea-hin+ /o+e/her 3i/h /he 1a/eria's /he" are ,sin+ an! /he 2or1(s* o2 e.a',a/ion app'ie! /o /heir -o,rse, as 3e'' as /o 0e a0'e /o /ake an! app'" 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' !e-isions 0o/h in preparin+ /heir /ea-hin+ an! 1in,/e-0"-1in,/e !,rin+ i/) This /a'' or!er 2or /ea-hers is i1p'i-i/ in &EFJs /rea/1en/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ an! /he ro'e o2 /asks /herein (-hap/ers 6 an! K*) Rea!ers are in.i/e! /o e?a1ine /hese op/ions in !e/ai' in &EF)

Does "o,r ins/i/,/ion ha.e a -'ear, pro2essiona' pro2i'e 2or /ea-hersL ha/ is /he 1ini1,1 e?pe-/e! o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hers en/erin+ "o,r ins/i/,/ionL Ho3 is /his 1oni/ore! an! 1eas,re!L

865

The so-io-e-ono1i- si/,a/ion o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hers, /he a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 re-o+nise! :,a'i2i-a/ions an! /he !e'e+a/ion o2 responsi0i'i/" 2or /he /"pes o2 !e-isions !es-ri0e! a0o.e !i22er 2ro1 ins/i/,/ion /o ins/i/,/ion, 2ro1 'an+,a+e /o 'an+,a+e, 2ro1 'e.e' /o 'e.e' an! 2ro1 /ea-her /o /ea-her) Tea-hers o2 'ess 3i!e'" /a,+h/ 'an+,a+es o2/en 2in! /he1se'.es a'one in p'annin+, e?e-,/in+ an! e.a',a/in+ /heir /ea-hin+) Tea-hers a/ hi+her 'e.e's are o2/en ei/her 0o,n! /o a /e?/0ook preparin+ 2or an e?a1ina/ion or, in a!,'/ e!,-a/ion si/,a/ions, -o1p'e/e'" 2ree in /heir -hoi-e o2 1a/eria's an! 1e/ho!s 2or so--a''e! -on.ersa/ion -'asses) So1e ins/i/,/ions pro.i!e re+,'ar pro+ra11es 2or /ea-hers, o/her ins/i/,/ions -anno/ !o /his 2or 2inan-ia' reasons or -onsi!er s,-h in.es/1en/ ,nne-essar") So1e /ea-hers /ake a!.an/a+e o2 -han-es /o -o''a0ora/e 3i/h /heir -o''ea+,es, o/hers !o no/ share /heir e?perien-e)

In 3ha/ 3a"(s* -an /ea-hers !e.e'op pro2essiona''" in "o,r ins/i/,/ionL Do "o,r /ea-hers 3ork /o+e/her or a'oneL Do "o, en-o,ra+e /hisL

&EF 0o/h i1p'i-i/'" an! e?p'i-i/'" ai1s a/ 1akin+ -er/ain op/ions an! -hoi-es /ransparen/ an! -oheren/) Ho3e.er, +oin+ 0e"on! &EF, /he !e'i.er" o2 an" +i.en -,rri-,',1 !e1an!s -oheren-e no/ on'" 0e/3een /he .ie3s o2 'an+,a+e, 'an+,a+e ,se an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, 0,/ a'so 0e/3een /hese approa-hes an! /he .ie3s o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+, an! /here2ore ho3 /ea-hers are /o 0e a!!resse!) Tea-her !e.e'op1en/ -an ai1 a/ /rainin+ /ea-hers /o 2o''o3 a +i.en s"''a0,s as -'ose'" as possi0'e, ,sin+ pres-ri0e! 1a/eria's 3i/hin a +i.en /i1e/a0'e) Tea-her !e.e'op1en/ -an +o 2,r/her an! pro1o/e e.er hi+her !e+rees o2 1as/er" o2 /he -ra2/ o2 /ea-hin+ (2or e?a1p'e, ,n!ers/an!in+ /ea-hin+ as a se/ o2 -'ear'" !e2ine! ski''s an! kno3'e!+e /o 0e e?pan!e! an! per2e-/e!* or i/ -an 0e ai1e! /o3ar!s !e.e'opin+ /ea-hers as resear-hers in /heir o3n -'assroo1s (h"po/hesisin+, /es/in+ an! e.a',a/in+ -on/in,o,s'" /heir o3n /ea-hin+ an! /heir 'earnersE 'earnin+*)

In in/erpre/in+ /he re'e.an-e o2 &EF /o /ea-her !e.e'op1en/, !o "o, .ie3 i/ as< a* a!!i/iona' s,ppor/ in spe-i2"in+ 3ha/ /ea-hers are e?pe-/e! /o /ea-h, 0* a 2,r/her s,ppor/ in a-hie.in+ 1as/er" o2 /he -ra2/ o2 /ea-hin+, or -* a /oo' 2or /ea-hers as resear-hersL ,() '6**a;us and materia*s design

S"''a0,s an! 1a/eria's !esi+ners 1ake -on-re/e !e/ai'e! !e-isions on /he se'e-/ion an! or!erin+ o2 'an+,a+e, /asks, /e?/s an! a-/i.i/ies /o 0e presen/e! /o /he 'earner) The" ,s,a''" pro.i!e !e/ai'e! ins/r,-/ions 2or /he -'assroo1 an!Hor in!i.i!,a' /asks an! a-/i.i/ies /o 0e ,n!er/aken 0" 'earners) Their pro!,-/s in2',en-e /he 'earnin+H/ea-hin+ pro-ess an! 1,s/ ine.i/a0'" 0e 0ase! on a s/rin+ o2 ass,1p/ions as /o /he na/,re o2 'an+,a+e, i/s ,se an! /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro-ess) In shor/, /he" are 0ase! ,pon 3ha/ is -onsi!ere! /o 0e /ea-ha0'e an! 'earna0'e 0" /he +i.en /ar+e/ +ro,p in /he /i1e +i.en) As s,-h, -,rri-,'ar !e.e'op1en/ is o2/en !e'i.ere! /hro,+h -han+es /o /he s"''a0,s an! /hro,+h ne3 1a/eria's) &EF a!op/s a -o1prehensi.e approa-h /o !e2inin+ 'an+,a+e ,se an! pro.i!es a -o11on 3orkin+ 1o!e' o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! 'earnin+ 3i/hin /he para1e/ers spe-i2ie! a0o.e) In !oin+ so, -hap/ers > an! @ o2 &EF es/a0'ish in so1e !e/ai' -a/e+ories o2 !es-rip/ion o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he -o1pe/en-es o2 /he 'earner per se 3hi's/ -hap/er K +oes on /o !is-,ss in +rea/er !e/ai' /he ro'e o2 /asks as a 1eans o2 ana'"sin+ an! pa-ka+in+ 'an+,a+e ,se in a 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ -on/e?/) A'' /hese areas are 2,n!a1en/a' /o 'an+,a+e -o,rse !esi+n, pro.i!in+ a 0asis 2or /he ana'"sis or !e.e'op1en/ o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 1a/eria's) 8KI

4n!er'"in+ /he ana'"sis an! !e.e'op1en/ o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 1a/eria's are a'so ass,1p/ions re+ar!in+ /he pro-ess o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) &hap/er 6 o2 &EF !is-,sses /hese iss,es an! en-o,ra+es pra-/i/ioners /o 1ake /heir ass,1p/ions e?p'i-i/) &hap/er = o2 &EF a!!resses /he iss,e o2 'e.e's o2 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e, /heir !es-rip/ion an! ,se) Le.e' !es-rip/ors pro.i!e s"''a0,s an! 1a/eria's !esi+ners 3i/h 0ooken!s 2or /heir 3ork) Or+anisin+ an! !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion re:,ires -are2,' -onsi!era/ion o2 /he 'e.e's o2 -o1pe/en-e 0ein+ aske! o2 'earners an! ai1e! a/ 0" an" +i.en pro+ra11e)

Are /he ass,1p/ions ,n!er'"in+ "o,r s"''a0,s an!Hor 1a/eria's 3i/h re+ar! /o /he .ie3 o2 'an+,a+e, i/s ,se, /he 3a" i/ is 'earne! an! 3i/h re2eren-e /o &EF s-a'e o2 'e.e's /ransparen/L I2 so, are /he" -oheren/ 3i/h /he approa-h a!op/e! 0" /he +enera' -,rri-,',1L ,(/ Learner support

In /heir 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -areer, s/,!en/s 3i'' pass /hro,+h a n,10er o2 e!,-a/iona' se-/ors an! ins/i/,/ions o22erin+ 'an+,a+e ser.i-es as 3e'' as +ainin+ o,/-o2-s-hoo' 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ e?perien-es) This i1p'ies /ha/, as 3e'' as 0ein+ a0'e /o 1ap o,/ para1e/ers o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' op/ions in /heir -o,rse an! 1a/eria' !esi+n, /hose -har+e! 3i/h !e'i.erin+ 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion sho,'! a'so 0e a0'e /o 1ap o,/ a C.er/i-a' !i1ensionC, o,/'inin+ an as-en!in+ series o2 'e.e's 2or !es-ri0in+ 'earner pro2i-ien-") I/ is /he proAe-/ion o2 possi0'e 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es an! pa/hs on /o a s-a'e o2 'e.e's 3hi-h a''o3s 'earners /o +ain so1e sor/ o2 perspe-/i.e on 3ha/ /he" are !oin+) A'' ins/i/,/ions or+anise /heir -o,rses a--or!in+ /o a .arie/" o2 s"s/e1s o2 'e.e's) S,-h s"s/e1s are o2/en arran+e! a'1os/ 0" !e2a,'/ aro,n! n,10ers o2 /ea-hin+ ho,rs, /e?/0ooks in a series, en/r" /es/s or e?/erna' e?a1ina/ions) The or+anisa/ion o2 -o,rse pro+ra11es in 3a"s s,-h as /hese (3hi-h, a'/ho,+h no/ .er" ri+oro,s, !o ,s,a''" 0e-o1e in so1e 3a" a--essi0'e or 1eanin+2,' /o 'earners 3i/hin an" +i.en ins/i/,/iona' se//in+* is ne-essar" in or!er /o o22er 'earners, /ea-hers an! 1ana+ers poin/s o2 orien/a/ion) &hap/er = an! /he appen!i-es o2 &EF 'a" o,/ a -o1prehensi.e se/ o2 op/ions 2or s-a'in+ an! 'e.e's an! in !oin+ so pro.i!e /he 0asis ,pon 3hi-h ins/i/,/ions -an re.ie3 /heir o3n s-a'in+ 3i/h a .ie3 /o o22erin+ /ransparen/ an! 1eanin+2,' s,ppor/ /o /heir 'earners) &EF se/s o,/ /he op/ions a.ai'a0'e 2or /he !e.e'op1en/, orien/a/ion an! presen/a/ion o2 s-a'es o2 pro2i-ien-", /h,s pro.i!in+ an e?-e''en/ reso,r-e /o /hose or+anisin+ /he pro.ision o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion)

o,'! a s-a'e re'a/in+ /o /he -a/e+ories o2 !es-rip/ion o22ere! 0" &EF he'p "o,r 'earnersL Do "o, share &EF .ie3 /ha/ a -o11on s-a'e 3o,'! 0e a!.an/a+eo,s /o "o, an! /o "o,r 'earners in /er1s o2< se//in+ o0Ae-/i.es, -o-or!ina/in+ s"''a0,ses, assess1en/ o2 pro2i-ien-", assess1en/ o2 in-i!en/a' 'earnin+, re-o+ni/ion o2 'an+,a+e pro2i-ien-" pro2i'es or -o11,ni-a/in+ 0e/3een !i22eren/ e!,-a/iona' se-/orsL

EL# -an 0e seen as a 'o+i-a' !e.e'op1en/ o,/ o2 &EF an! i/s -on-ern /o pro.i!e s,ppor/ 2or 'earners 3hi-h is -oheren/ 3i/h /he prin-ip'es o2 'earner-orien/a/ion, /ransparen-" an! 2'e?i0i'i/") The +,i!e'ines an! /e1p'a/es 3hi-h are a.ai'a0'e 2or /he EL# 2ro1 /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope pro.i!e /he 0asi- /oo's 2or in!i.i!,a' ins/i/,/ions an! 3ho'e se-/ors o2 e!,-a/ion /o pro.i!e /heir 'earners an! /ea-hers 3i/h /he s,ppor/ /he" nee! /o 1ap o,/ /heir 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a-hie.e1en/s 8K8

an! p'ans) As s,-h, /he EL# represen/s a ne3 !epar/,re, o22erin+ an ins/r,1en/ 3hi-h in!epen!en/'" o2 an" +i.en s"''a0,s or an" +i.en se/ o2 1a/eria's is a .ehi-'e 2or -o11,ni-a/in+ /o /ea-hers an! 'earners a0o,/ /heir 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ an! en-o,ra+in+ /he1 /o 2or1,'a/e /heir o3n .ie3s, ai1s an! pa/hs)

o,'! /he EL# 2i/ in /o "o,r 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro.ision 3i/ho,/ an" 1aAor in/er.en/ion a/ /he 'e.e' o2 -o,rse p'annin+, /ea-her-/rainin+ an!Hor s"''a0,s an! 1a/eria's !esi+nL ,(. Assessment of *earning and teaching

&EF as a 3ho'e, an! spe-i2i-a''" -hap/er = on Le.e's, i1p'i-i/'" pro.i!es a -o1prehensi.e se/ o2 assess1en/ -ri/eria) &hap/er 5 !is-,sses /he n,1ero,s p,rposes /o 3hi-h assess1en/ 1a" 0e p,/D i/ !es-ri0es !i22eren/ /"pes o2 assess1en/ an! o22ers a!.i-e an! e?a1p'es 3i/h re+ar! /o app'"in+ /hese 2easi0'" in a 1e/as"s/e1) In !oin+ so, i/ pro.i!es a ri-h so,r-e o2 op/ions 2or /he or+anisa/ion an! !e'i.er" o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion) For e?a1p'e, in -hap/er 5 o2 &EF, e?a1p'es are +i.en o2 pra-/i-a' so',/ions /o /he pro0'e1 o2 re!,-in+ /he 1ass o2 po/en/ia' assess1en/ -a/e+ories /o 1ana+ea0'e ins/r,1en/s 2or assessors an! /ransparen/ 1eas,res 2or 'earners) #ro0a0'" one o2 /he 1os/ -o11on (an! e22e-/i.eL* 3a"s o2 0rin+in+ a0o,/ -han+e in response /o -,rri-,',1 !e.e'op1en/ is /o re.ise or ,p!a/e /he 3a"s in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e a-hie.e1en/ is assesse!) B" !es-ri0in+ s,-h assess1en/ op/ions &EF 'ea!s rea!ers /o re2'e-/ on /he ro'e o2 assess1en/ in /heir ins/i/,/ions)

hi-h /"pes o2 assess1en/ are pra-/ise! in "o,r ins/i/,/ionL B" 3ho1L To 3ha/ e?/en/ are "o,r 1e/ho!s o2 assess1en/ -oheren/ 3i/h< a* "o,r -o,rse o0Ae-/i.es an! 0* "o,r 'earnersJ pre.io,s e?perien-e an! 2,/,re nee!sL

A'/ho,+h i/ is i1por/an/ no/ /o 'i1i/ /he s-ope o2 assess1en/ /o /he prepara/ion 2or p,0'ie?a1ina/ions, /he re'a/ionship 0e/3een an" ins/i/,/ionJs pro+ra11e an! e?/erna' e?a1ina/ions has /o 0e a!!resse!)

Does "o,r s"s/e1 o2 assess1en/ re2'e-/ a /ransparen/ 2ra1e o2 re2eren-eL o,'! i/ 0e !esira0'e an!Hor 2easi0'e /o re'a/e p,0'i- e?a1ina/ion s"s/e1s /o a -o11on 2ra1e o2 re2eren-eL

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9orksheet # :ateria*s se*ection and use Conte,t E22or/s /o en+en!er a 1ore posi/i.e a//i/,!e /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in an" +i.en pop,'a/ion o2 'earners o2/en -on-en/ra/e on 1akin+ 1a/eria's 1ore re'e.an/ an! a//ra-/i.e 2or 'earners) i/h "o,n+ 'earners, 2or e?a1p'e, /his o2/en res,'/s in 1a/eria's !esi+ne! aro,n! 3ha/ a!,'/s 0e'ie.e /o 0e "o,n+ /he1es (s,-h as pop -,'/,re, re'a/ionships, spor/s, e/-), a'' se/ in /he /ar+e/ -,'/,re* 0,/ 3hi-h o/her3ise 2o''o3 /ra!i/iona' s"''a0,ses) A -ri/i-a' e?a1ina/ion o2 1a/eria's o2/en re.ea's !eeper, -o.er/ reasons as /o 3h" 'an+,a+e 'earners 1a" 3e'' 2ee' 'ess /han en/h,sias/ia0o,/ 'earnin+ 3i/h /he1) On -'oser e?a1ina/ion, i/ 0e-o1es e.i!en/ /ha/ i/ is -o11on 2or 1a/eria's /o a!op/ an apa/he/i- approa-h /o 'earnersE kno3'e!+e, 2ee'in+s an! e?perien-es, ass,1in+ /ha/ /he" nee! spoon-2ee!in+ or, as in /he -ase o2 1a/eria's 2or "o,n+s/ers -i/e! a0o.e 1o/i.a/e! 3i/h pa'e i1i/a/ions o2 "o,/h -,'/,re) Tas$ i/h re2eren-e /o &EF 6)>)6 -ri/i-a''" e?a1ine /he ass,1p/ions re+ar!in+ 'earnersE so-io-,'/,ra', e?is/en/ia' an! 'earnin+ -o1pe/en-e ,n!er'"in+ /he 1a/eria's in ,se in "o,r ins/i/,/ion) Are 'earners ser.e! -,'/,ra' s/ereo/"pes, or are /he" in.i/e! /o e?p'ore /he -,'/,re(s* o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e 2or /he1se'.esL Are 'earners /rea/e! as kno3'e!+ea0'e par/ners 3i/h /heir o3n persona'i/ies, e?pe-/e! /o -on/ri0,/e /o /he s,0Ae-/ 1a//er 0ein+ !ea'/ 3i/h, or !o /he 1a/eria's pres-ri0e 3ha/ 'earners are /o !o, 'ea!in+ an! +,i!in+ /he1 s/ep 0" s/epL ha/ -ri/eria 3o,'! "o, 2or1,'a/e an! app'" in /he se'e-/ion o2 ne3 1a/eria's 3i/h re+ar! /o /heir approa-h /o 'earnersL ha/ +,i!e'ines 3o,'! "o, +i.e "o,r /ea-hers 3i/h re+ar! /o respe-/in+ an! 3orkin+ 3i/h /heir 'earnersE o3n 3or'! kno3'e!+e, e?perien-e an! 2ee'in+sL

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9orksheet , 'trategies: definition and de*i-er6C Conte,t &EF >)> s/a/es /ha/ FTo -arr" o,/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks, ,sers ha.e /o en+a+e in -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies an! opera/e -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+iesG) This se-/ion o2 &EF -on/in,es /o spe-i2" an! i'',s/ra/e 3hi-h s/ra/e+ies are 1ean/ here a--or!in+ /o /he 2o''o3in+ s-he1e< "*anning "roduction Reception %nteraction :ediation E?perien-e /h,s 2ar 3i/h &EF has sho3n /ha/ e?pan!in+ /he /ra!i/iona' 2o,r ski''s 1o!e' /o in-orpora/e /he !i1ensions i1p'i-i/ in /his /a0'e -an pro.oke 2r,i/2,' !is-,ssions an! en-o,ra+e 2resh insi+h/s in/o /he -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+ies an! a-/i.i/ies in 3hi-h o,r 'earners en+a+e) Tas$ To 3ha/ e?/en/ are -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+ies !e2ine! an! e?p'i-i/'" s/a/e! in "o,r s"''a0,s spe-i2i-a/ionsL 4sin+ /he s-a'e! !es-rip/ors an! ,sin+ a'' 2o,r -a/e+ories (pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion an! 1e!ia/ion* in &EF >)>, !ra3 ,p a pro2i'e o2 /he 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es 2or a spe-i2i- +ro,p o2 'earners 2or 3ho1 "o, are responsi0'e) i/h re2eren-e /o &EF K)=);, 3ha/ re-o11en!a/ions 3o,'! "o, +i.e 3i/h re+ar! /o /he !esi+n o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /asks !esi+ne! /o a-hie.e /he o0Ae-/i.es "o, ha.e !es-ri0e! a0o.eL E+ecution :onitoring Repair

8K>

9orksheet ) eacher profi*es and de-e*opment Conte,t FTea-hers are +enera''" -a''e! ,pon /o respe-/ an" o22i-ia' +,i!e'ines, ,se /e?/0ooks an! -o,rse 1a/eria's (3hi-h /he" 1a" or 1a" no/ 0e in a posi/ion /o ana'"se, e.a',a/e, se'e-/ an! s,pp'e1en/*, !e.ise an! a!1inis/er /es/s an! prepare p,pi's an! s/,!en/s 2or :,a'i2"in+ e?a1ina/ions) The" ha.e /o 1ake 1in,/e-/o-1in,/e !e-isions a0o,/ -'assroo1 a-/i.i/ies, 3hi-h /he" -an prepare in o,/'ine 0e2orehan!, 0,/ 1,s/ a!A,s/ 2'e?i0'" in /he 'i+h/ o2 p,pi'Hs/,!en/ responses) The" are e?pe-/e! /o 1oni/or /he pro+ress o2 p,pi'sHs/,!en/s an! 2in! 3a"s o2 re-o+nisin+, ana'"sin+ an! o.er-o1in+ /heir 'earnin+ pro0'e1s, as 3e'' as !e.e'opin+ /heir in!i.i!,a' 'earnin+ a0i'i/ies) I/ is ne-essar" 2or /he1 /o ,n!ers/an! 'earnin+ pro-esses in /heir +rea/ .arie/", /ho,+h /his ,n!ers/an!in+ 1a" 3e'' 0e an ,n-ons-io,s pro!,-/ o2 e?perien-e ra/her /han a -'ear'" 2or1,'a/e! pro!,-/ o2 /heore/i-a' re2'e-/ion, 3hi-h is /he proper -on/ri0,/ion /o /he par/nership 2or 'earnin+ /o 0e 1a!e 0" e!,-a/iona' resear-hers an! /ea-her /rainers)G This :,o/e 2ro1 &EF 6)= !es-ri0es a /a'' or!er 2or "o,r /ea-hers) Tas$ Does /his !es-rip/ion app'" /o "o,r /ea-hersL o,'! "o, a+ree 3i/h a'' aspe-/s o2 i/L I2 no/, 3ha/ is 1issin+, or 3ha/ !oes no/ app'" /o "o,r si/,a/ionL ha/ oppor/,ni/ies !o "o,r /ea-hers ha.e /o !e.e'op 2,r/her in /he 2o''o3in+ areas< /ea-hin+ ski''s -'assroo1 1ana+e1en/ ski''s a0i'i/" /o en+a+e in a-/ion resear-h an! /o re2'e-/ on e?perien-e /ea-hin+ s/"'es ,n!ers/an!in+ an! a0i'i/" /o han!'e /es/in+, assess1en/ an! e.a',a/ion kno3'e!+e o2 an! a0i'i/" /o /ea-h so-io-,'/,ra' !i1ensions o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e in/er--,'/,ra' a//i/,!es an! ski''s kno3'e!+e an! a0i'i/" /o !e.e'op s/,!en/sE aes/he/i- appre-ia/ion o2 'i/era/,re a0i'i/" /o !ea' 3i/h in!i.i!,a'isa/ion 3i/hin he/ero+eneo,s -'asses

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8K6

C!A" ER 4 $ ?UAL% H A''URANCE AN& ?UAL% H CON ROL %N LANGUAGE LEARN%NG AN& EAC!%NG
A6 Frank !e6worth #( ?ua*it6 issues in *anguage education

CAre 3e !oin+ /he ri+h/ /hin+sLC an! CAre 3e !oin+ /hin+s ri+h/LC are ke" /3in :,es/ions in /he app'i-a/ion o2 :,a'i/" pro-e!,res in an" !o1ain o2 a-/i.i/") The 2irs/ se-/ion o2 /his -hap/er, on p'annin+ an! -,rri-,',1 !esi+n, a!!resses /he iss,es -on/aine! in /he 2irs/ :,es/ion 7 /he prin-ip'es in.o'.e! in !e-i!in+ 3ha/ 'an+,a+es sho,'! 0e /a,+h/, a/ 3ha/ a+e an! 3i/h 3ha/ ai1s an! o0Ae-/i.es) The se-on! se-/ion, on /he !e'i.er" an! or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion, !ea's 3i/h /he i1p'e1en/a/ion o2 /he -,rri-,',1, 3i/h C!oin+ /hin+s ri+h/C) &EF pro.i!es a -on-ep/,a' 0asis 2or 2in!in+ ans3ers /o 0o/h o2 /hese :,es/ions 7 no/ pres-rip/i.e'", 0,/ 0" in!i-a/in+ /he op/ions a1on+ 3hi-h /hose !e-i!in+ on /he na/,re o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies 1,s/ 1ake /heir -hoi-e) The /hir! se-/ion 3i'' !ea' 3i/h /he nee! 2or pro-esses an! pro-e!,res /o assess :,a'i/" an! /heir app'i-a/ion /o 0o/h /he p'annin+ an! !e'i.er" phases) I/ 3i'' !es-ri0e iss,es re'a/e! /o :,a'i/" ass,ran-e an! :,a'i/" -on/ro'D an! 0" re2eren-e /o /he +enera' 2ie'! o2 /he 1ana+e1en/ o2 :,a'i/" o,/si!e /he !o1ain o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 3i'' e?a1ine ho3 2ar /he pro-e!,res -an 0e app'ie! /o i/) I/ 3i'' i'',s/ra/e ho3 /he app'i-a/ion o2 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e an! :,a'i/" -on/ro' -an he'p i!en/i2" s,--ess2,' pra-/i-e an! s,++es/ 3here -han+e is re:,ire!) In /he 2ie'! o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion /here is a nee! /o ha.e a -'ear an! -oheren/ i!ea o2 3ha/ are /he Cri+h/ /hin+sC /ha/ 3e are !oin+, an! pro-e!,res 2or -he-kin+ /ha/ 3e are C!oin+ /hin+s ri+h/C) This 1eans /ha/ a1on+ 1an" iss,es, /he 2o''o3in+ 1,s/ 0e a!!resse!<

ha/ -ri/eria -an 0e app'ie! /o /he !e-ision-1akin+ pro-ess /o ens,re /ha/ -,rri-,'a /ake a--o,n/ o2 re'e.an/ 2a-/orsL ha/ are /he 1o!e's a+ains/ 3hi-h /he :,a'i/" o2 /ea-hin+H'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies are /o 0e 1eas,re!L ha/ are /he pro-esses 0" 3hi-h /ea-hin+H'earnin+ is p'anne!, or+anise! an! !e'i.ere!L Ho3 are /hese 1o!e's an! pro-esses !es-ri0e! an! -o11,ni-a/e! in s,-h a 3a" /ha/ /hose in.o'.e! are a3are o2 /he1 an! -on/ri0,/e /o /heir !e2ini/ion an! !e.e'op1en/L ha/ are /he responsi0i'i/ies 3i/h re+ar! /o :,a'i/" o2 /he !i22eren/ a-/ors 7 /ea-hers, 'earners, a!1inis/ra/ors, paren/s, e/-) 7 par/i-ipa/in+ in /he 'earnin+ a-/i.i/iesL ha/ are /he pro-e!,res 2or o0ser.in+ an! +e//in+ 2ee!0a-k on /he /ea-hin+ H'earnin+ a-/i.i/iesL ha/ are /he pro-e!,res 2or :,a'i/" -on/ro'L ho ,n!er/akes i/L Ho3 -an /he res,'/s o2 /he :,a'i/" -on/ro' 0e 2e! 0a-k in/o /he p'annin+ an! !e'i.er" pro-essesL

In or!er /o a!!ress iss,es o2 /his kin! 3e nee! /o e?a1ine ho3 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e an! -on/ro' pro-e!,res are /"pi-a''" app'ie! /o /ea-hin+ in +enera' an! /o 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion in par/i-,'ar, an! /o -o1pare /hese 3i/h /he approa-hes -o11on'" ,se! in o/her 2ie'!s) This 1a" s,++es/ /he app'i-a/ion o2 !i22eren/ approa-hes /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ a-/i.i/ies)

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#(#

?ua*it6 assurance and @ua*it6 contro* in genera*

The -on-ep/s an! 1e/ho!s 3hi-h are /he 0asis o2 :,a'i/" pro-e!,res 3ere !e.e'ope! 1ain'" in /he 4ni/e! S/a/es an! Japan in in!,s/ria' en.iron1en/s !,rin+ an! a2/er /he Se-on! or'! ar) The ai1 3as /o 1ake pro!,-/ion pro-esses 1ore e22i-ien/ 0" re!,-in+ 2a,'/s an! errors 7 one o2 /he 3a/-h3or!s 3as CBero /o'eran-e o2 errorC 7 an! /o pro!,-e +oo!s o2 -onsis/en/'" hi+h, an! s/an!ar!ise! :,a'i/") In or!er /o a-hie.e /his, a n,10er o2 pro-e!,res an! prin-ip'es 3ere !e.e'ope!< a nee! /o ana'"se /he 2,n-/ion o2 /he 2inishe! pro!,-/ an! o2 /he -ons/i/,en/ par/sD -are2,' !esi+n o2 /he -o1ponen/s /o !o 3ha/ /he" 3ere in/en!e! /o !oD -'ear s/an!ar!s 2or /he per2or1an-e o2 /he 2inishe! pro!,-/s)

I/ 3as rea'ise! /ha/ i1pro.e! :,a'i/" 3as no/ /o 0e a-hie.e! /hro,+h /e-hni-a' pro+ress a'one) Espe-ia''" in Japan i/ 3as e1phasise! /ha/ /he responsi0i'i/" 2or /he :,a'i/" o2 /he pro!,-/ sho,'! 'ie 3i/h /hose pro!,-in+ i/, no/ 3i/h o,/si!e inspe-/ors, an! /ha/ peop'e 3orke! 0es/ i2 /he" 2or1e! /ea1s a0'e /o or+anise /heir o3n 3ork 2'e?i0'" an! in/e''i+en/'") X,a'i/" -ir-'es, s1a'' /ea1s 3ho 3ere en-o,ra+e! /o pro.i!e s,++es/ions an! /o /ake :,a'i/" ini/ia/i.es, 3ere !e.ise! as a 3a" o2 pro1o/in+ /he !esire! approa-h an! a//i/,!e) I/ 3as s/resse! /ha/ -orre-/in+ 1is/akes 3as e?pensi.e an! /i1e--ons,1in+ an! /ha/ /he ai1, /here2ore, 3as /o +e/ i/ ri+h/ /he 2irs/ /i1e, e.er" /i1e) The -on-ep/ o2 :,a'i/" 1ana+e1en/ is a'so app'ie! /o /he pro.ision o2 ser.i-es as 3e'' as /he pro!,-/ion o2 +oo!s) Sin-e /hese are no/ /an+i0'e in /he sa1e 3a" as +oo!s, /he i!ea o2 -,s/o1er sa/is2a-/ion has 0een in/ro!,-e! an! :,a'i/" has 0een e:,a/e! 3i/h /his 7 s'o+ans s,-h as C:,a'i/" 1eans 1ee/in+ -,s/o1er e?pe-/a/ionsC or C:,a'i/" 1eans e?-ee!in+ -,s/o1er e?pe-/a/ionsC ha.e 0een ,se!) In /he pro.ision o2 ser.i-es /he -on/ra-/ 0e/3een /he pro.i!er an! /he -ons,1er o2 ser.i-es is a re'a/iona' one an! /he :,a'i/" o2 /he ser.i-e is o2/en !e2ine! /hro,+h /he keepin+ o2 pro1ises 3hi-h are e?presse! in /he 2or1 o2 -,s/o1er -har/ers or ser.i-e +,aran/ees) For e?a1p'e, a rai'3a" pro1ises /ha/ i2 i/s /rains !o no/ arri.e 3i/hin ? 1in,/es o2 /he anno,n-e! /i1e, /he -,s/o1ers 3i'' ha.e par/ o2 /heir 2are re-i10,rse!D or a ho/e' -hain 3i'' +i.e +,aran/ees a0o,/ /he spee! or ran+e o2 ser.i-es pro.i!e!) An essen/ia' e'e1en/ o2 :,a'i/" in ser.i-es is /o es/a0'ish a -'ear !es-rip/ion o2 3ha/ is o22ere! 7 Csa" 3ha/ "o, !oH!o 3ha/ "o, sa" "o, !oC) The i!ea o2 :,a'i/" as an i1por/an/ 2ea/,re o2 /he pro!,-/ion o2 +oo!s an! /he pro.ision o2 ser.i-es has 'e! /o i/s 0ein+ an i1por/an/ 2a-/or in /he 1ana+e1en/ o2 -o1panies an! o/her or+anisa/ions) The pro-e!,res are !i.i!e! in/o C:,a'i/" ass,ran-eC 7 /he s/eps 3hi-h nee! /o 0e /aken /o pro!,-e +oo!s or pro.i!e ser.i-es o2 hi+h :,a'i/"D an! C:,a'i/" -on/ro'C 7 /he pro-e!,res !e.ise! /o -he-k /ha/ /he ai1e! 2or or pro1ise! :,a'i/" is a-hie.e!) The i!ea o2 :,a'i/" has 0een in/ro!,-e! in/o /he p,0'i- !o1ain, 3i/h +o.ern1en/s pro1isin+ spe-i2is/an!ar!s in /he pro.ision o2 hea'/h ser.i-es or e!,-a/ion) There ha.e a'so 0een a//e1p/s /o !e2ine a'' 3orkin+ re'a/ionships as 0ein+ in2',en-e! 0" -'ien/ sa/is2a-/ion, 3i/h e.er" person in an or+anisa/ion ha.in+ -'ien/s, ei/her in/erna' or e?/erna', 3hose nee!s sHhe 1,s/ sa/is2", an! pro.i!ers, 3ho pro.i!e ser.i-es 3hi-h ena0'e peop'e /o -arr" o,/ /heir /asks e22i-ien/'") Vario,s or+anisa/ions ha.e 0een se/ ,p /o es/a0'ish s/an!ar!s, ei/her +enera' or 2or a par/i-,'ar a-/i.i/", an! /o .a'i!a/e /ha/ /he s/an!ar!s are 0ein+ kep/) The In/erna/iona' S/an!ar!s Or+anisa/ion (ISO* has a series o2 nor1s 7 2or e?a1p'e, ISO 5III, 3hi-h is app'ie! /o ser.i-e in!,s/ries, in-',!in+ a ran+e o2 s-hoo's o2 !i22eren/ kin!s) The ISO -er/i2i-a/ion -he-ks /ha/ proper pro-e!,res 2or ens,rin+ :,a'i/" s/an!ar!s are app'ie!, 0,/ 1akes no A,!+e1en/ o2 /he 8K9

:,a'i/" o2 /he pro!,-/ or ser.i-e i/se'2) In an e!,-a/iona' -on/e?/, i/ 3o,'! -he-k /ha/ /here 3ere pro-e!,res 2or o0ser.in+ an! assessin+ /he :,a'i/" o2 /he /ea-hin+, 0,/ i/ 3o,'! no/ 1ake an assess1en/ o2 /he 3ork in /he -'assroo1) There is a +enera' a3areness o2 /hese -on-ep/s o2 :,a'i/" as a 2ea/,re in 1os/ areas o2 a-/i.i/" /he" /ake par/ in, -er/ain'" 3here.er /here is pro.ision o2 +oo!s an! ser.i-es ei/her pro.i!e! 0" /he s/a/e or 0" -o11er-ia' en/erprises) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ -an a'so 0e .ie3e! 2ro1 /he aspe-/ o2 :,a'i/" an! i/s ass,ran-e an! -on/ro') "ause for ref*ection Think o2 e.er" !a" /ransa-/ions an! a-/i.i/ies "o, -arr" o,/) ha/ -ri/eria !o "o, app'" /o A,!+in+ +oo! :,a'i/" an! 'o3 :,a'i/" in +oo!s an! ser.i-esL

#(,

?ua*it6 assurance and @ua*it6 contro* in educationa* conte+ts

In s/a/e e!,-a/ion /he 1ana+e1en/ o2 :,a'i/" has +enera''" 0een ine?p'i-i/ an! o2/en ,ns"s/e1a/i-) In 1an" -o,n/ries /he responsi0i'i/" 2or :,a'i/" -on/ro' has 'ain 3i/h 1inis/r" o2 e!,-a/ion inspe-/ors 3hose Ao0s ha.e in.o'.e! 0o/h /he inspe-/ion o2 s-hoo's an! /heir a--re!i/a/ionD in so1e -o,n/ries /he" ha.e a'so inspe-/e! in!i.i!,a' /ea-hers, +ra!in+ /he1 in 3a"s 3hi-h in2',en-e! /heir sa'aries an! -areers) In re-en/ "ears /he e1phasis o2 inspe-/orsJ 3ork has 0een 1ore on a!.isin+ s-hoo's an! on pro1o/in+ +oo! pra-/i-e /han on -on/ro' an! san-/ions) The pro-e!,res 2or in/erna' :,a'i/" ass,ran-e ha.e .arie! 3i!e'") T"pi-a''" /here has 0een re'a/i.e'" 'i//'e -'ose o0ser.a/ion o2 /he /ea-hin+ a-/i.i/ies an! in 1an" en.iron1en/s i/ has 0een possi0'e 2or /ea-hers /o 3ork a'one in /he -'assroo1 2or "ears on-e /he" ha.e +one /hro,+h /heir pro0a/ionar" perio!) In so1e s-hoo's /here is pro.ision 2or o0ser.a/ion o2 -'asses 0" hea!s o2 !epar/1en/ or 2or peer o0ser.a/ion, 0,/ /his is 2ar 2ro1 0ein+ +enera'ise! an! is 1ore -o11on in pri.a/e e!,-a/ion /han in s/a/e s"s/e1s) In re-en/ "ears, ne.er/he'ess, /here has 0een in-rease! -on-ern 3i/h /he nee! 2or s-hoo's /o 0e a--o,n/a0'e 2or s/an!ar!s an! :,a'i/" an! in a n,10er o2 -o,n/ries s-hoo's ha.e 0een en-o,ra+e! /o pro!,-e s-hoo' pro+ra11es 7 s/a/e1en/s o2 /heir ai1s an! /he 1eans 0" 3hi-h /he" p'an /o a-hie.e /he1) A s1a'' n,10er o2 ins/i/,/ions ha.e o0/aine! /he ISO 5II8 -er/i2i-a/e) In /he 2ie'! o2 pri.a/e 'an+,a+e s-hoo's, 1ore -on-erne! 3i/h /he nee! /o 2in! an! keep s/,!en/s in -o1pe/i/ion 3i/h o/her s-hoo's, /here has 0een -onsi!era0'e !e.e'op1en/ o2 inspe-/ion s-he1es /o -he-k an! a--re!i/ +oo! pra-/i-e) The Bri/ish &o,n-i' a!1inis/ers /he En+'ish in Bri/ain a--re!i/a/ion s"s/e1 an! has 0een -arr"in+ o,/ inspe-/ions 2or 0o/h pri.a/e an! 2,r/her e!,-a/ion ins/i/,/ions) There are a n,10er o2 na/iona' asso-ia/ions pro1o/in+ :,a'i/" /hro,+h a--re!i/a/ion an! +ran/in+ o2 :,a'i/" 'a0e's 2or s-hoo'sD SO4FFLE 2or Fren-h, IXDe,/s-h 2or Ger1an, &EELE 2or Spanish, X4EST 2or s-hoo's in Ro1ania are A,s/ a 2e3 e?a1p'es o2 /hese ini/ia/i.es) EAX4ALS (/he E,ropean Asso-ia/ion 2or X,a'i/" Lan+,a+e Ser.i-es* has an inspe-/ion s"s/e1 0ase! on a -o!e o2 pra-/i-e 3i/h -har/ers 2or 'earners, s/a22 an! 2or in2or1a/ion, an! has a--re!i/e! s-hoo's in e'e.en !i22eren/ -o,n/ries an! 2or a 3i!e ran+e o2 'an+,a+es)

8K5

#()

he app*ication of @ua*it6 assurance and @ua*it6 contro* in *anguage teaching and *earning

I/ is in no 3a" /he in/en/ion /o s,++es/ /ha/ :,a'i/" 1o!e's 2ro1 in!,s/ria' an! -o11er-ia' -on/e?/s -an 0e app'ie! en 0'o- /o e!,-a/iona' a-/i.i/ies, nor /ha/ a-hie.e1en/ o2 /he ai1s o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ -an 0e 1eas,re! 0" a si1p'e -ri/erion o2 -,s/o1er sa/is2a-/ion) %e.er/he'ess, 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion, 'ike 1os/ 2ie'!s o2 a-/i.i/", 1,s/ sa/is2" /he nee!s o2 i/s -'ien/e'e 7 'earners, paren/s, e1p'o"ers, an! so-ie/" in +enera' in s/a/e e!,-a/ion, an! /hose 3ho are p,r-hasin+ 'an+,a+e -o,rses in /he pri.a/e se-/or) There2ore, i/ is ,se2,' /o /ake a--o,n/ o2 e?perien-e o,/si!e /he 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 2ie'! an! /o assess ho3 2ar i/ -an 7 or -anno/ 7 0e ,se2,''" app'ie!) Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ are -o1p'e? 1a//ers an! -anno/ 0e re!,-e! /o a sin+'e, si1p'is/i- 1o!e' o2 :,a'i/") The" are in2',en-e! 0" /he persona'i/ies o2 'earners an! /ea-hers an! 0" /he re'a/ionships 0e/3een /he1) The -on/en/ is a'so !e2ine! 0" 3ha/ is happenin+ in /he 3or'! aro,n! /he1 an! /he /opi-s /he" -hoose /o !is-,ss) %e.er/he'ess, i/ is i1por/an/ /o ai1 2or hi+h s/an!ar!s an! /o se/ -ri/eria 0" 3hi-h /he :,a'i/" o2 /ea-hin+ 'earnin+ opera/ions 3i'' 0e A,!+e!) Fa-/ors 3hi-h 1i+h/ 0e /aken in/o a--o,n/ in se//in+ :,a'i/" -ri/eria in-',!e<

The 0asi- e!,-a/iona' prin-ip'es an! 0e'ie2s ,n!er'"in+ s-hoo' s"s/e1s

Is /here a -onsens,s on /he ai1s o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+L &EF is !e'i0era/e'" no/ pres-rip/i.e 7 C e !o %OT se/ o,/ /o /e'' pra-/i/ioners 3ha/ /o !o, or ho3 /o !o i/ ) ) )C, 0,/ a/ /he sa1e /i1e -'ear'" se/s o,/ 0roa! prin-ip'es) &EF Cs,ppor/s 1e/ho!s 3hi-h he'p 'earners 0,i'! ,p a//i/,!es, kno3'e!+e an! ski''s /he" nee! /o 0e-o1e 1ore in!epen!en/ in /ho,+h/ an! a-/ion an! 0e 1ore responsi0'e an! -o-opera/i.e in re'a/ion /o o/her peop'eC)

89I

%or/h, Lasnier, Mor2e'!, Borne/o T SpZ/h in /he Huality =uide for the evaluation and design of language progra&&es8= propose a n,10er o2 :,a'i/" prin-ip'es, sho3n in /he /a0'e 0e'o3< "rincip*es Re'e.an-e 'u;>princip*es Learner -en/re!ness A--o,n/a0i'i/" Appropria/eness Transparen-" &'ari/" o2 Ai1s &'ari/" a0o,/ A-hie.e1en/ &'ari/" o2 #resen/a/ion &'ari/" o2 Ra/iona'e Re'ia0i'i/" &onsis/en-" In/erna' &oheren-e Me/ho!o'o+i-a' In/e+ri/" Lin+,is/i- In/e+ri/" Te?/,a' In/e+ri/" #ra-/i-a'i/" A//ra-/i.eness 4ser 2rien!'iness In/era-/i.i/" Varie/" Sensi/i.i/" F'e?i0i'i/" In!i.i!,a'isa/ion A!ap/a0i'i/" Genera/i.eness (!oes /he Trans2era0i'i/" 'earnin+ +enera/e 2,r/her In/e+ra/ion 'earnin+ or !e.e'op1en/L* &o+ni/i.e !e.e'op1en/ #ar/i-ipa/ion E22i-ien-" So-ia'isa/ion In.o'.e1en/ #ersona' In/eres/ #ar/nership &os/ e22e-/i.eness Er+ono1" So-ia' ski''s In/er-,'/,ra' a3areness

A pro-ess-orien/e! 1o!e' o2 /he or+anisa/ion o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+

Is /here a -'ear'" s/a/e! -,rri-,',1 3i/h -'ear 'e.e' !es-rip/orsL Is i/ app'ie! 3i/h s,i/a0'e reso,r-esL Is /here appropria/e assess1en/ /o p'a-e 'earners in +ro,ps, /o e.a',a/e pro+ress an! /o -er/i2" a-hie.e1en/L Are /here s"s/e1s 2or o0ser.a/ion o2 /ea-hin+ an! 2or +e//in+ 2ee!0a-k 2ro1 'earners so /ha/ /he e22i-ien-" o2 /he pro-ess -an 0e 1oni/ore!L

A -'ien/--en/re! .ie3 o2 /ea-hin+H'earnin+

This in-',!es ana'"sis 0o/h o2 /he ,ses /o 3hi-h 'earners 3i'' p,/ /he 'an+,a+e /he" ha.e 'earn/ an! o2 /heir 'earnin+ nee!s an! pre2eren-es) I/ 3i'' a'so ana'"se o/her s/akeho'!ers in /he 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion s"s/e1 7 paren/s, po/en/ia' e1p'o"ers, /he nee!s o2 /he so-ie/", e/-) The

8=

A G,i!e 2or /he E.a',a/ion an! Desi+n o2 X,a'i/" Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ #ro+ra11es an! Ma/eria's, E,ropean &o11ission ;III

898

s"s/e1 3i'' in-',!e pro-e!,res, s,-h as :,es/ionnaires or 2o-,s +ro,ps, /o as-er/ain -'ien/sJ sa/is2a-/ion 3i/h /he 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies) &ri/eria 2o-,ssin+ on /he 1ana+e1en/ o2 h,1an reso,r-es in.o'.e! in /he /ea-hin+H'earnin+ pro-ess)

Are /here proper oppor/,ni/ies 2or /he /rainin+ an! !e.e'op1en/ o2 /ea-hersL Are /here arran+e1en/s 2or peer o0ser.a/ion an! re2'e-/ion on /he /ea-hin+ pro-essL Are /here appropria/e reso,r-es a.ai'a0'eL
E.a',a/ion o2 /he res,'/s o2 /he /ea-hin+H'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies Are o0Ae-/i.es se/ 2or pro+ress an! a-hie.e1en/L Are /hese o0Ae-/i.es a//aine!L Are /he res,'/s in p,0'i- e?a1ina/ions sa/is2a-/or"L

Ins/i/,/ions in.o'.e! in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 3i'' nee! /o /ake 2a-/ors s,-h as /hese in/o a--o,n/ in or!er /o !e2ine /he -ri/eria /he" 3i'' app'" /o assessin+ 3he/her /he" are !oin+ /hin+s ri+h/ an! /he s/an!ar!s /he" se/ 2or /he1se'.es) "ause for ref*ection ha/ 1o!e'(s* !o "o,, e?p'i-i/'" or i1p'i-i/'", app'" /o assessin+ /he :,a'i/" o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion in "o,r ins/i/,/ionL Is /his 1o!e' re'e.an/L &,s/o1er sa/is2a-/ion E!,-a/iona' prin-ip'es E22i-ien/ pro-ess 1ana+e1en/ E.a',a/ion o2 res,'/s Fo-,s on h,1an reso,r-es #(/ ha/ s/an!ar!s !o "o, app'"L

he app*ication of @ua*it6 assurance in *anguage teaching

B" :,a'i/" ass,ran-e 3e 1ean /he s/eps /o 0e /aken /o ens,re /ha/ hi+h s/an!ar!s are se/ an! 1e/D -he-kin+ /ha/ /he s/an!ar!s are 1ain/aine! is /he !o1ain o2 :,a'i/" -on/ro') CSa" 3ha/ "o, !oC Transparen-" an! -oheren-e are essen/ia' 2ea/,res o2 se//in+ s/an!ar!s) A/ /he 'e.e' o2 a na/iona' -,rri-,',1, /his 3i'' 1ean /ha/ -'ear s/a/e1en/s o2 /he p,rpose an! -on/en/ o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion, /o+e/her 3i/h /he 3a"s in 3hi-h i/ is /o 0e or+anise!, 1,s/ 0e a.ai'a0'e an! -o11,ni-a/e!) This 1eans /ha/ !e-isions 1,s/ 0e /aken on 3ha/ 'an+,a+es are /o 0e /a,+h/ in s-hoo's, a/ 3ha/ a+e an! 3i/h 3ha/ ai1s) The 'e.e' o2 a//ain1en/ re:,ire! /o pass 2ro1 one par/ o2 /he s-hoo' s"s/e1 /o /he ne?/ 1,s/ 0e !e2ine! as 1,s/ /he 1eans 2or assess1en/ o2 /his) In or!er /o ens,re /ha/ /hese !e-isions are /aken in a reasone! 3a", i/ 3i'' 0e ne-essar" /o ha.e s"s/e1s 2or /akin+ a--o,n/ 0o/h o2 paren/sJ 3ishes, o2 /he nee!s o2 so-ie/" an! o2 e!,-a/iona' an! 'in+,is/i- e?per/s) I/ 3i'' a'so 0e ne-essar" /o !e2ine 2easi0'e o0Ae-/i.es an! /o a.oi! ,nrea'is/ie?pe-/a/ions) &EF 3i'' 0e an ins/r,1en/ o2 1aAor i1por/an-eD /he !e2ini/ion o2 o0Ae-/i.es 2or 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ a/ so1e poin/ 1,s/ in-',!e s/a/e1en/s o2 /he 'e.e' so,+h/) COne o2 /he ai1s o2 /he Fra1e3ork is /o he'p par/ners /o !es-ri0e /he 'e.e's o2 pro2i-ien-" re:,ire! 0" e?is/in+

89;

s/an!ar!s, /es/s an! e?a1ina/ions in or!er /o 2a-i'i/a/e -o1parison 0e/3een !i22eren/ s"s/e1s o2 :,a'i2i-a/ions) For /his p,rpose /he Des-rip/i.e S-he1e an! /he &o11on Re2eren-e Le.e's ha.e 0een !e.e'ope!) Be/3een /he1 /he" pro.i!e a -on-ep/,a' +ri! 3hi-h ,sers -an e?p'oi/ /o !es-ri0e /heir s"s/e1)C (&EF* In 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ /his 3i'' 1ean /ha/ -,rri-,'a sho,'! no/ on'" e?is/ 0,/ /ha/ /he" sho,'! 0e 1a!e a.ai'a0'e /o 'earners an! /ea-hers an! -o1p'e1en/e! 0" s"''a0i, s-he1es o2 3ork, 3eek'" p'ans, e/-) &'ear an! ,n!ers/an!a0'e 'e.e' !es-rip/ors pro.i!e a ne-essar" 2ra1e3ork 2or se//in+ o0Ae-/i.es an! 1eas,rin+ pro+ress) The &o11on E,ropean S-a'e o2 Re2eren-e o2 &EF is a 1eans o2 'inkin+ /he 'e.e's !e2ine! 0" o2 a par/i-,'ar ins/i/,/ion or s"s/e1 /o a ri+oro,s'" !ra2/e! s-a'e e?presse! in /er1s o2 rea' 3or'! -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e) Bo/h p,0'i- an! pri.a/e se-/or ins/i/,/ions ha.e so,+h/ /o -o11,ni-a/e /heir s/an!ar!s /hro,+h p,0'i- s/a/e1en/s o2 /heir e!,-a/iona' prin-ip'es an! o2 /he pro1ises /he" 1ake /o /heir -'ien/s) The p,0'i- s/a/e1en/ -an 0e 1a!e in 1an" 2or1s an! a/ 1an" 'e.e's 7 o2 na/iona' -,rri-,'a, 2or e?a1p'e, or in s-hoo' prospe-/,ses) I/ is, ho3e.er, an essen/ia' par/ o2 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e /ha/ /here sho,'! 0e so1e .isi0'e s/a/e1en/) Here is an e?/ra-/ 2ro1 a s/,!en/ -har/er 8> :em;ers of the association upho*d the fo**owing 'tudent Charter: .ll schools guarantee% hi+h /ea-hin+ an! e!,-a/iona' s/an!ar!s pro2essiona' -on!,-/ an! in/e+ri/" re+,'ar in!epen!en/ inspe-/ions /o 1ain/ain s/an!ar!s /o/a' a--,ra-" an! .era-i/" o2 a'' in2or1a/ion an! p,0'i-i/" e22i-ien/ a!1inis/ra/ion an! a,?i'iar" ser.i-es s,i/a0'e pre1ises an! 2a-i'i/ies 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a--,ra/e p'a-e1en/-/es/in+ /o !e/er1ine 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-e a s/r,-/,re! -o,rse o2 s/,!ies /ha/ is !i.i!e! in/o 'e.e's an! appropria/e /o s/,!en/sE nee!s appropria/e an! e22e-/i.e /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!s appropria/e, re+,'ar assess1en/s, repor/s an! en!-o2--o,rse assess1en/ pro-e!,res 'ea!in+ /o a -er/i2i-a/e o2 a//ain1en/ e?perien-e! an! -o1pe/en/ /ea-hers 3orkin+ ,n!er /he s,per.ision o2 an appropria/e'" :,a'i2ie a-a!e1i- 1ana+er re+,'ar o0ser.a/ion o2 /he /ea-hin+ a-/i.i/" oppor/,ni/ies 2or o0/ainin+ in2or1a/ion an! a!.i-e a0o,/ /he -o,rse o2 s/,!ies)

"ause for ref*ection Ho3 !oes "o,r ins/i/,/ion -o11,ni-a/e i/s :,a'i/" s/an!ar!s /o 'earners an! o/her s/akeho'!ersL B" a -har/er or +,aran/ee In a p,0'ishe! s-hoo' pro+ra11e or p'an In /he -,rri-,',1 %one o2 /hese Do "o, /hink /ha/ /he pro1ises in /he s/,!en/ -har/er are appropria/e 2or "o,r /ea-hin+ en.iron1en/L ha/ 3o,'! "o, a!! or /ake a3a"L

8>

2ro1 a !o-,1en/ 2ro1 EAX4ALS, /he E,ropean Asso-ia/ion o2 X,a'i/" Lan+,a+e Ser.i-es

89=

<ench&ar$ing 7 s/an!ar!s -anno/ 0e !one p,re'" on /he 0asis o2 /he ins/i/,/ionJs o3n s/an!ar!s) I/ is ne-essar" /o see s/an!ar!s in /he -on/e?/ o2 a 1ore +enera' en.iron1en/) Ben-h1arkin+ is an approa-h 3hi-h a//e1p/s /o i!en/i2" C0es/ pra-/i-eC 7 in ano/her ins/i/,/ion !oin+ /he sa1e /hin+, in o/her -on/e?/s, an! /o app'" /hese s/an!ar!s as a 1eas,re, a 0en-h1ark 2or 3ha/ is !one in oneJs o3n ins/i/,/ion) For e?a1p'e, a s-hoo' 1i+h/ se/ /ar+e/s 2or res,'/s in p,0'i- e?a1ina/ion 0ase! on 3ha/ /he 1os/ s,--ess2,' s-hoo's are a-hie.in+ 7 /akin+ in/o -onsi!era/ion /he 'o-a' en.iron1en/ an! -ons/rain/s) CDo 3ha/ "o, sa"C The -oro''ar" o2 a /ransparen/ s"s/e1 2or -o11,ni-a/in+ s/an!ar!s is /he se//in+ ,p o2 s"s/e1s 2or 1akin+ s,re /ha/ /he" are 1ain/aine!) There are a n,10er o2 approa-hes /o !oin+ /his in a s-hoo' se//in+) !elf'assess&ent 7 Fro1 /i1e /o /i1e i/ is ,se2,' 2or an ins/i/,/ion /o +o /hro,+h a pro-ess o2 se'2-assess1en/) B" ,sin+ a s/r,-/,re! :,es/ionnaire or -he-k'is/, 2irs/ in!i.i!,a''" an! /hen in +ro,ps, i/ is possi0'e /o +e/ an i!ea o2 3he/her s/an!ar!s are 0ein+ app'ie! an! 1ain/aine!) There are 2re:,en/'" !i22eren-es o2 per-ep/ion 0e/3een, 2or e?a1p'e, /ea-hers an! 1ana+e1en/ or /he s-hoo's an! i/s 'earners, so i/ is ,se2,' /o 1ake s,re /ha/ a'' s/akeho'!ers ha.e oppor/,ni/ies /o /ake par/ in /he se'2-assess1en/ pro-ess) Here is an e?/ra-/ 2ro1 a se'2-assess1en/ :,es/ionnaire 2or /ea-hers< Course "*anning 7 eachers8 8@ 5 ha/ /oo's !o "o, ,se 2or -o,rse p'annin+L 8I Is /here a -,rri-,',1 or -o,rse pro+ra11eL Yes %o &o11en/ 88 Do "o, ha.e a -op", or kno3 3here /o 2in! oneL Yes %o &o11en/ 8; Do "o, re2er /o i/ 3hen p'annin+ "o,r /ea-hin+L Yes %o &o11en/ 8= Do "o, +e/ s,22i-ien/ in2or1a/ion a0o,/ "o,r -'asses 0e2ore /he" s/ar/L Yes %o &o11en/ 8> In +enera', are /he s/,!en/sE e?pe-/a/ions o2 /he -o,rse -on/en/ rea'is/i-L Yes %o &o11en/ 8@ In +enera', are /he s/,!en/sE e?pe-/a/ions o2 /he /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!s ,se! rea'is/i-L Yes &o11en/ %o

8@

2ro1 A G,i!e /o Se'2-Assess1en/, Hi'ar" Ma?3e'' H"s'op, Lon!on ;III

89>

an! 2ro1 a :,es/ionnaire 2or 'earners in a 'an+,a+e s-hoo'< 86 8 ; = > @ 6 K 9 ha/ are /hree /hin+s "o, 'ike a0o,/ /he s-hoo'L as i/ eas" /o +e/ in2or1a/ion a0o,/ /he s-hoo' an! /o enro'L &o,'! "o, !o /he -o,rse "o, 3an/e! a/ a -on.enien/ /i1eL Is /he s-hoo' as "o, e?pe-/e! (2or e?a1p'e, /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!s ,se!, 2e''o3 s/,!en/s, e/-)*L ha/ /hin+s are !i22eren/L Is /here an"/hin+ "o, 3o,'! ha.e 'ike! /o ha.e kno3n a0o,/ /he s-hoo' 0e2ore "o, enro''e! 3hi-h "o, kno3 no3L (2or e?a1p'e, e?a1ina/ions a.ai'a0'e* a hen "o, arri.e!, 3as i/ eas" /o 2in! "o,r 3a" aro,n! /he s-hoo'L 0 ha/ 1a!e i/ eas"L - I2 no/, 3h"L Is i/ eas" /o +e/ in2or1a/ionL Fro1 s/a22L Fro1 3ri//en !o-,1en/a/ionL Fro1 /he no/i-e-0oar!s 7 3hi-h ones !o "o, 'ook a/ re+,'ar'"L Do "o, 2in! /he s/a22 2rien!'" an! approa-ha0'eL Do "o, kno3 3ha/ /o !o i2 (or 3here /o 2in! o,/ 3ha/ "o, sho,'! !o i2* "o, 3ere 3orrie! /ha/ "o, 3erenE/ 1akin+ pro+ressL 3an/e! /o /ake an e?a1ina/ionL 3an/e! /o -han+e /he /i1e o2 "o,r -'assL 3an/e! /o enro' 2or ano/her -o,rseL ha! a :,er" a0,/ "o,r -o,rse 2eesL ha! a -o1p'ain/) hear! /he a'ar1 0e'' +o) Do "o, kno3 3ha/ 1i+h/ happen i2 "o, 3ere persis/en/'" 'a/e 2or -'assL "o, 3ere a0sen/ 2or a n,10er o2 'essons 3i/ho,/ +i.in+ a!.an-e no/i-eL

5 8I

88

I2 /he s/,!en/s +enera''" kno3 /he ans3ers /o /hese :,es/ions, ask /he1 ho3 /he" 2o,n! o,/ (2or e?a1p'e, 3ri//en in2or1a/ion, /o'! on 2irs/ !a" e/-*) 8; 8= Do "o, /hink /he pre1ises an! -'assroo1s are s,i/a0'e 2or "o,r -'assesL (2or e?a1p'e, 0i+ eno,+h, s,i/a0'" e:,ippe!, e/-)* Do "o, ha.e an" s,++es/ions 2or /he s-hoo'L

X,a'i/" ass,ran-e is no/ possi0'e 3i/ho,/ /he in.o'.e1en/ o2 a'' /hose -on-erne! an! /his 1akes re+,'ar se'2-assess1en/ a par/i-,'ar'" i1por/an/ ins/r,1en/ in se//in+ ,p s"s/e1s 2or 1ain/ainin+ s/an!ar!s) &'ear'", ho3e.er, a3areness o2 pro0'e1s an! ho3 /he 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies are per-ei.e! 1,s/ 0e -o1p'e1en/e! 0" pro-e!,res 2or p,//in+ /hin+s ri+h/) Tea-hin+ is /he -ore a-/i.i/" o2 s-hoo's an! /here2ore i/ is essen/ia' /ha/ /here are s"s/e1s 2or re+,'ar o0ser.a/ion o2 /ea-hin+ a-/i.i/ies) The i!ea o2 /ea-hin+ o0ser.a/ion is o2/en -on2,se! 3i/h inspe-/ion an! san-/ions, 0,/ /here are n,10ers o2 3a"s in 3hi-h i/ -an 0e or+anise! /o 0e 1ore -ons/r,-/i.e an! posi/i.e<

86

2ro1 A G,i!e /o Se'2-Assess1en/, Hi'ar" Ma?3e'' H"s'op

89@

peer observation 7 3here /ea-hers o0ser.e ea-h o/herJs -'asses an! e?-han+e 2ee!0a-k) This -an 0e or+anise! 3i/hin a 1en/orin+ s"s/e1 3i/h a 1ore e?perien-e! /ea-her pro.i!in+ he'p an! a!.i-e /o a 'ess e?perien-e! one, or /ea-her /an!e1s, 3here /3o /ea-hers 3ork /o+e/her -oopera/i.e'" 2or a si? 1on/h perio!) #eer o0ser.a/ion 3orks 0es/ i2 i/ is !esi+ne! /o pro.i!e in2or1a/ion ra/her /han e.a',a/ion, an! -he-k'is/s -an 0e !e.ise! 3hi-h pro.i!e 2ra1es 2or o0ser.in+ spe-i2i- areas o2 /ea-hin+ 7 /he par/i-ipa/ion o2 1e10ers o2 /he -'ass, /he a1o,n/ o2 /ea-herH'earner /a'kin+ /i1e e/-) #eer o0ser.a/ion nee!s proper /i1e a''o-a/ion /o 2ree /ea-hers /o 0e a0'e /o o0ser.e an! /o a''o3 /i1e 2or proper 2ee!0a-k) observation by a teacher trainer 3ho a-/s in a -o,nse''in+ an! /rainin+ 1o!e an! /akes /i1e /o 0,i'! ,p /ea-hin+ ski''s) observation of video lessons in /rainin+ a-/i.i/ies -an 0e a ,se2,' 3a" o2 2o-,ssin+ on /e-hni:,esD /here are p,0'ishe! se/s o2 e?/ra-/s 2ro1 'essons or /he" -an 0e 2ro1 'essons .i!eoe! in /he ins/i/,/ion) I2 /his is !one, i/ is +oo! pra-/i-e /o 'e/ /he /ea-her -on-erne! -hoose an! e!i/ 3ha/ sHhe 3an/s /o sho3 /o -o''ea+,es) observation by the academic manager responsi0'e 2or /ea-hin+ s/an!ar!s is a ne-essar" par/ o2 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e) S/an!ar!s 2or o0ser.a/ion pro-e!,res 3o,'! ,s,a''" in-',!e +oo! a!.an-e no/i-e o2 /he o0ser.a/ion, a -he-k'is/ seen in a!.an-e 0" /he /ea-her -on-erne! an! eno,+h /i1e 2or s"s/e1a/i- 2ee!0a-k a2/er3ar!s) S"s/e1a/i- o0ser.a/ion 3i'' 'ea! /o -on/in,e! 3ork /o 1ain/ain an! !e.e'op s/an!ar!s) I/ 1a" a'so 'ea! /o a rea'isa/ion /ha/ s/eps 1,s/ 0e /aken /o 1ake -han+es or i1pro.e1en/s) This 3i'' 'ea! /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 proAe-/s, a--o1panie! 0" in-ser.i-e /rainin+) There is 2re:,en/'" resis/an-e /o -han+e in s-hoo's an! i/ is i1por/an/ /ha/ -han+e proAe-/s sho,'! 0e proper'" or+anise! an! /he -os/ o2 -han+e assesse!) The -os/ o2 -han+e is no/, o2 -o,rse, si1p'" /o 0e seen in /er1s o2 1one", 0,/ in e22or/, ,se o2 reso,r-es, e/-) An ins/i/,/ion app'"in+ s/eps 2or :,a'i/" ass,ran-e is 'ike'" /o 0e one /ha/ is a'3a"s 'earnin+ an! seekin+ /o i1pro.e -on/in,o,s'") I/ is, ne.er/he'ess, !an+ero,s /o 0e in a s/a/e o2 -ons/an/ -han+e an! ,se2,' /o -on2ir1 an! rein2or-e /he /hin+s 3hi-h are 0ein+ !one 3e'') A possi0'e pro-e!,re is< &he-k 3ha/ "o, are !oin+ Is i/ O$L I2 "es, -on2ir1 i/ I2 no, inno.a/e

The -on2ir1a/ion o2 +oo! pra-/i-e is as i1por/an/ as /he inno.a/ion phase) + =uide for the Evaluation and 2esign of Huality Language 8K learning and teaching 1rogra&&es and Materials, o2 /he E,ropean &o11ission !i.i!es /he pro-ess o2 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e in/o /he /hree phases o2 Desi+n, I1p'e1en/a/ion an! O,/-o1e an! pro.i!es series o2 -he-k'is/s, in prin/ an! in/era-/i.e'" on &D-ROM, /o assess pra-/i-e a+ains/ s/a/e1en/s o2 +oo! pra-/i-e)

8K

A G,i!e 2or /he E.a',a/ion an! Desi+n o2 X,a'i/" Lan+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ #ro+ra11es an! Ma/eria's, E,ropean &o11ission ;III

896

"ause for ref*ection ha/ arran+e1en/s !o "o, ha.e in "o,r ins/i/,/ion 2or< o0ser.in+ /he /ea-hin+ a-/i.i/iesL pro.i!in+ he'p 2or 'ess e?perien-e! /ea-hersL re+,'ar re.ie3 /hro,+h or+anise! se'2-assess1en/L inno.a/in+ /hro,+h proAe-/sL 2o-,se! in-ser.i-e /rainin+L -o1parin+ pra-/i-e 3i/h 0es/ pra-/i-eL #(. he app*ication of @ua*it6 contro* in *anguage teaching

The !is/in-/ion 0e/3een :,a'i/" -on/ro' an! :,a'i/" ass,ran-e is /ha/ /he 2or1er 2re:,en/'" p'a-es /he e1phasis on /he e?/erna' assess1en/ o2 :,a'i/" an! is o2/en 'inke! /o /he a--re!i/a/ion o2 ins/i/,/ions or /he .a'i!a/ion o2 -o,rses) There are, ho3e.er, in/erna' ins/r,1en/s 2or :,a'i/" -on/ro') Too's 2or +e//in+ s"s/e1a/i- an! re+,'ar 2ee!0a-k 2ro1 'earners in-',!e :,es/ionnaires /o 0e -o1p'e/e! !,rin+ -o,rses or a2/er a /ea-hin+ -"-'e) The" are o2 1os/ ,se i2 app'ie! o.er a perio! o2 /i1e an! i2 /he" in-',!e :,es/ions 3hi-h -an 0e ana'"se! s/a/is/i-a''" /o pro.i!e -o1para/i.e a--o,n/s o2 i1pro.e1en/ or !e/eriora/ion) Fo-,s +ro,ps 3here a s1a'' n,10er o2 'earners are aske! /o +i.e a 1ore !e/ai'e! a--o,n/ o2 /heir .ie3s on /he ins/i/,/ion an! i/s -o,rses, pro.i!e 2reer, 1ore :,a'i/a/i.e in2or1a/ion) A/ an ins/i/,/iona' 'e.e', /he 1ain ins/r,1en/ 2or e?/erna' :,a'i/" -on/ro' 3i'' 0e /hro,+h /he app'i-a/ion, .o',n/ar" or -o1p,'sor", o2 s"s/e1s 2or a,!i/ or inspe-/ion) These nor1a''" -onsis/ o2 .isi/s 2ro1 e?/erna' a,!i/ors 3ho -arr" o,/ a !e/ai'e! s/,!" o2 /he ins/i/,/ionEs a-/i.i/ies an! repor/ 0a-k on i/, re-o11en!in+ or -on2ir1in+ a--re!i/a/ion 3here /his is re'e.an/) Goo! inspe-/ion s"s/e1s ai1 /o 0e 0o/h /ransparen/ an! -oheren/, 0asin+ /heir A,!+e1en/s on -'ear'" s/a/e! s/an!ar!s an! /he ins/i/,/ionJs s/a/e! ai1s an! o0Ae-/i.es) The" 3o,'! -o11on'" 3ork on a s"s/e1 o2 -he-k'is/s an! o2 a+ree! 3a"s o2 .eri2"in+ /ha/ s/an!ar!s are 0ein+ 1ain/aine!) Here is an e?/ra-/ 2ro1 s,-h a 2ra1e3ork89<

89

So,r-e - !ra2/ !o-,1en/ 2ro1 EAX4ALS

89K

CO&E OF "RAC %CE 8)@)8(a* hi+h /ea-hin+ an! e!,-a/iona' s/an!ar!s 8)@)8(i* appropria/e an! e22e-/i.e /ea-hin+ 1e/ho!s

RE?U%RE& ' AN&AR& -'ear'" 3ri//en e.i!en-e o2 a so,n! pe!a+o+i- approa-h (one 3hi-h 1akes sense /o /he inspe-/ors +i.en /he -on/e?/*, o2 3hi-h 0o/h s/a22 an! s/,!en/s are a3are
e22i-ien/ or+anisa/ion o2 'essons, 3i/h 3ri//en p'ans an!Hor re-or!s, a 'o+i-a' 2'o3 in 3hi-h s/,!en/s ,n!ers/an! 3ha/ /he" are !oin+ an! ho3 i/ 3i'' he'p /he1 'earnD /ea-hersE a0i'i/" /o ,se a .arie/" o2 /ea-hin+ /e-hni:,es, an! /o or+anise s/,!en/s in !i22eren/ 3orkin+ +ro,ps (in!i.i!,a', pairs, +ro,ps* as 3e'' as /o presen/ in2or1a/ion, 1oni/or an! pro.i!e s,ppor/, an! 1ana+e -han+es o2 a-/i.i/" e22i-ien/'" an! -'ear'"D a//en/ion /o /he nee!s an! in/eres/s o2 in!i.i!,a' s/,!en/s as 3e'' as o2 /he 3ho'e +ro,p, 2or ins/an-e, 0" ens,rin+ /ha/ !i22eren/ nee!s an! a0i'i/ies 3i/hin /he +ro,p are -a/ere! /o 3i/ho,/ a22e-/in+ /he 3ork o2 /he +ro,pD ,se o2 .ario,s !i22eren/ /ea-hin+ 1e!ia 3hi-h are appropria/e /o /he a+e, /"pe, an! 'e.e' o2 /he +ro,p an! /o /he ai1s o2 /he 'essons< /e?/0ook, 0oar!, han!o,/s, a,!io -asse//es e/-D a-hie.e1en/ o2 'earnin+ 0" a'' or 1aAori/" o2 s/,!en/sD a +oo! 'e.e' o2 s/,!en/ sa/is2a-/ion, in/eres/, in.o'.e1en/, par/i-ipa/ion)

'OURCE' OF EE%&ENCE 'esson o0ser.a/ion, !o-,1en/s (2or e?a1p'e, -,rri-,',1*, !is-,ssion 3i/h /ea-hers, 2o-,s+ro,p 1ee/in+ 3i/h s/,!en/s s-he1es o2 3ork (2or e?a1p'e, p'an 2or a 1on/hEs 'essons, s,per.ise! 0" a-a!e1i1ana+er an! p,/ on -'ass no/i-e0oar!* an! 'esson re-or!s 'esson p'ans, 'esson o0ser.a/ion, !is-,ssion 3i/h /ea-hers, 2o-,s-+ro,p 1ee/in+ 3i/h s/,!en/s

'esson o0ser.a/ion, 2o-,s+ro,p 1ee/in+ 3i/h s/,!en/s, a-a!e1i- re-or!-keepin+ 2or in!i.i!,a' s/,!en/s 'esson p'ans, 'esson o0ser.a/ion, re.ie3 o2 :,a'i/", appropria-" an! ran+e o2 /ea-her reso,r-es 'esson o0ser.a/ion, 2o-,s +ro,ps 3i/h s/,!en/s, s/,!en/ re-or!s an! repor/s, e/-) 2ee!0a-k s"s/e1s an! re-or!s, 2o-,s-+ro,p 1ee/in+ 3i/h s/,!en/s, 'esson o0ser.a/ion)

In /he pri.a/e se-/or, an! in so1e -ases in /he p,0'i- se-/or, /he a,!i/ +i.es a--re!i/a/ion 3hi-h +i.es /he ins/i/,/ion a sea' or 'a0e' 3hi-h i/ -an ,se as e.i!en-e /ha/ /he :,a'i/" o2 i/s ser.i-es has 0een .eri2ie! an! .a'i!a/e!) #ro-e!,res 2or :,a'i/" -on/ro' are a'so app'ie! /o o/her areas o2 'an+,a+e e!,-a/ion) ALTE (/he Asso-ia/ion o2 Lan+,a+e Tes/ers in E,rope* has !e.e'ope! -ri/eria 2or a &o!e o2 #ra-/i-e 2or p,0'i- e?a1ina/ions an! is in /he pro-ess o2 har1onisin+ 0o/h 'e.e's an! /he -ons/r,-/ion o2 /es/s an! e?a1ina/ions) X,a'i/" -on/ro' is a'so app'ie! /o proAe-/ 1ana+e1en/ an! -ri/eria 2or proAe-/ assess1en/ ha.e 0een 3orke! o,/) Here is an e?a1p'e 2ro1 one approa-h /o proAe-/ 1ana+e1en/<

899

The 2o''o3in+ 2ra1e3ork 2or e.a',a/in+ e!,-a/iona' proAe-/s has 0een !e.e'ope! 0" &har'es A'!erson85 !O9 %:"OR AN %N&%CA OR' CAN A''U:" %ON' AE ?UAN %F%E& OR A''E''E& 9%&ER 7 s,-h as on ha/ are /he ha/ so,r-es o2 ha/ -on!i/ions a na/iona' 'e.e' 7 3ha/ :,an/i/a/i.e 3a"s o2 in2or1a/ion e?is/ or e?/erna' /o /he proAe-/ are /he 3i!er pro0'e1s 1eas,rin+, or -an 0e pro.i!e! -os/- are ne-essar" i2 /he 3i/h 3hi-h /he proAe-/ :,a'i/a/i.e 3a"s o2 e22e-/i.e'"L i11e!ia/e o0Ae-/i.es 3i'' he'pL A,!+in+ 3he/her /hese are /o -on/ri0,/e /o /he 0roa! o0Ae-/i.es ha.e 3i!er o0Ae-/i.esL 0een a-hie.e!L %::E&%A E ha/ are /he ha/ so,r-es o2 ha/ are /he 2a-/ors OABEC %EE' 7 :,an/i/a/i.e 3a"s o2 in2or1a/ion e?is/ or no/ 3i/hin -on/ro' o2 3ha/ are /he in/en!e! 1eas,rin+, or -an 0e pro.i!e! -os/- /he proAe-/ (2or i11e!ia/e e22e-/s on :,a'i/a/i.e e.i!en-e e22e-/i.e'"L e?a1p'e, a.ai'a0i'i/" /he /ar+e/ +ro,p or 0" 3hi-h a-hie.e1en/ Does pro.ision 2or o2 s/a22 an! reso,r-es* ins/i/,/ionL an! !is/ri0,/ion o2 -o''e-/ion nee! /o 0e 3hi-h are 'ia0'e /o ha/ i1pro.e1en/s e22e-/s an! 0ene2i/s 1a!eL res/ri-/ a-hie.e1en/ o2 or -han+es 3i'' 0e -an 0e A,!+e!L /he i11e!ia/e 0ro,+h/ a0o,/ 0" /he o0Ae-/i.esL proAe-/L OU "U ' ha/ are /he so,r-es ha/ e?/erna' 2a-/ors ha/ o,/p,/s (kin!, :,an/i/", 0" 3hen* are /o o2 in2or1a/ionL 1,s/ 0e rea'ise! /o 0e pro!,-e! /o a-hie.e /he i11e!ia/e o0/ain p'anne! o,/p,/s o0Ae-/i.esL (2or e?a1p'e, ne3 -,rri-,',1 on s-he!,'eL i1p'e1en/e!, peop'e /raine!* %N"U ' ha/ are /he so,r-es ha/ !e-isions o,/ o2 ha/ 1a/eria'sHe:,ip1en/ or ser.i-es (peop'e o2 in2or1a/ionL /he -on/ro' o2 /hose /raine!, e/-)* are /o 0e pro.i!e! a/ 3ha/ -os/, 1ana+in+ /he proAe-/ o.er 3ha/ perio!, 0" 3ho1L are ne-essar" 2or i/ /o 0e -arrie! /hro,+hL "ROBEC ' RUC URE %N&%CA OR' OF AC!%EEE:EN

85

In E.a',a/in+ Se-on! Lan+,a+e E!,-a/ion - A'!erson T Bere//a 855;

895

"ause for ref*ection 9hat @ua*it6 contro* s6stems are app*ied to 6our institutionC Feature O,/si!e inspe-/ion o2 /he ins/i/,/ionL Does i/ +i.e a--re!i/a/ion or a :,a'i/" 'a0e'L Fee!0a-k :,es/ionnaires 2or 'earnersL Are /he in/erna' an! e?/erna' e?a1ina/ions -he-ke! /o see /ha/ /he" 1ee/ :,a'i/" s/an!ar!sL I2 proAe-/s are ,n!er/aken are /here s"s/e1s 2or -on/ro''in+ /he :,a'i/"L ,( -o( is it applied Are /he -ri/eria -'earL Are /here -he-k'is/s on 3ha/ 3i'' 0e o0ser.e!L Are /he res,'/s -o''e-/e! an! -o1pare!L

ha/ -ri/eria are ,se!L Are /he" -'ear a/ /he 0e+innin+ o2 /he proAe-/L

he re*e-ance of the CEF to @ua*it6 issues

The &o,n-i' o2 E,ropeEs &EF pro.i!es a -oheren/ an! -o1prehensi.e !es-rip/ion o2 /he 2ie'! o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ 3hi-h -an 0e app'ie! /o /he i1pro.e1en/ o2 :,a'i/" in /he 2o''o3in+ areas< ,(# For ana*6sing *earner needs and setting o;Decti-es

A /ransparen/ s"s/e1 o2 !es-ri0in+ p,rpose, -on/en/ an! 'e.e's is essen/ia' 2or se//in+ s/an!ar!s an! 2or 1eas,rin+ /he1) &hap/er = !ea's 3i/h s-a'in+ an! 'e.e's an! e?a1ines /he iss,es re'a/e! /o !es-ri0in+ 'earner pro2i-ien-") I/ !es-ri0es /he !i22i-,'/ies in.o'.e! in pro!,-in+ 'e.e' !es-rip/ors 3hi-h -'ear'" !is/in+,ish 0e/3een !i22eren/ 'e.e's, 3hi-h are -o1prehensi0'e /o /he 'earners an! o/her ,sers an! 3hi-h -on/ri0,/e posi/i.e'" /o /he 'earnin+ pro-ess) A !is/in-/ion is 1a!e 0e/3een ,ser-orien/e! s-a'es, 3hi-h are !esi+ne! 2or 'earners, e1p'o"ers an! o/her A,!+es o2 'e.e' rea-he! 7 /he" /e'' ,s 3ha/ /he 'earner -an !o 7 an! assessor-orien/e! s-a'es, 3hi-h +,i!e /he e.a',a/or an! /e'' ,s ho3 3e'' /he 'earner per2or1s) The -hap/er e?p'ores /he iss,e o2 /he op/i1a' n,10er o2 'e.e's 2or !i22eren/ p,rposes) I/ -on-',!es /ha/ i/ is possi0'e /o pro!,-e ,n!ers/an!a0'e, 1eanin+2,', 1eas,ra0'e s-a'e !es-rip/ors an! proposes a se/ o2 -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's, !e2inin+ 0asi- ,sers, in!epen!en/ ,sers an! pro2i-ien/ ,sers, ea-h !i.i!e! in/o /3o 'e.e's) &hap/er > o2 /he re.ise! .ersion o2 &EF +i.es a -o1prehensi.e a--o,n/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se an! /he nee!s o2 /he 'an+,a+e 'earner) O2 par/i-,'ar re'e.an-e /o nee!s ana'"sis is /he !ia+ra1 in &EF >)8 -on-ernin+ /he -on/e?/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se, 3hi-h pro.i!es -a/e+ories 2or !es-ri0in+ ho3 'earners ,se 'an+,a+e an! /here2ore ho3 /he" -an se/ 'earnin+ o0Ae-/i.es) The -on-ep/s o2 !o1ain 7 persona', p,0'i-, o--,pa/iona', e!,-a/iona' 7 an! /he !es-rip/i.e -a/e+ories o2 'o-a/ion, ins/i/,/ion, person, o0Ae-/, e.en/, opera/ion an! /e?/ pro.i!e a 2ra1e3ork 2or /he !esi+n o2 nee!s ana'"sis :,es/ionnaires an! 2or /he !e2ini/ion o2 o,/-o1es) Se-/ion >)= !es-ri0es -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks an! p,rposes an! +i.es -o1prehensi.e a--o,n/s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks a/ !i22eren/ 'e.e's o2 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e) Se-/ion >)@ !es-ri0es /he -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses an! /he /hree 1aAor pro-esses o2 pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion an! 1e!ia/ion) Se-/ion @)8 o,/'ines /he +enera' -o1pe/en-es re:,ire! 0" a 'an+,a+e 'earner) 85I

"ause for ref*ection Do /he 'e.e' !es-rip/ors o2 &EF pro.i!e a s,i/a0'e 0asis 2or !e2inin+ 'earnersJ o0Ae-/i.es an! a 2ra1e3ork 2or assessin+ /heir nee!sL Do /he si? 'e.e's pro.i!e eno,+h s/eps /o sho3 pro+ress /hro,+h /he 'earnin+ -,rs,s or !o "o, nee! /o a!! 2,r/her 'e.e'sL ,(,

&esigning high @ua*it6 *anguage courses

X,a'i/" ass,ran-e prin-ip'es in +enera' re:,ire /ha/ -'ose a//en/ion 0e pai! /o /he !esi+n o2 /he -o1ponen/s 3hi-h 1ake ,p a pro!,-/ or a-/i.i/", an! 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a -o1prehensi.e approa-h /o -,rri-,',1 !esi+n is re:,ire!) &EF pro.i!es /his -o1prehensi.e !es-rip/ion o2 /he -a/e+ories 3hi-h nee! /o 0e /aken in/o a--o,n/) &hap/er ; o2 &EF o,/'ines an a-/ion-orien/e! approa-h /o /he -a/e+ories in.o'.e! in 'an+,a+e ,se an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) &EF !e2ines 2i.e 1aAor 2ea/,res o2 'an+,a+e ,se 7 spe-i2i'an+,a+e a-/i.i/", /e?/, !o1ain, s/ra/e+", an! /ask (!ea'/ 3i/h in -hap/ers > an! K* 7 re'a/e! /o 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3hi-h are -r,-ia' /o /he !e2ini/ion o2 /he -o1ponen/s o2 'an+,a+e ins/r,-/ion a-/i.i/ies)

&EF a'so !is/in+,ishes a1on+ !i22eren/ -o1pe/en-es 7 e?is/en/ia' -o1pe/en-e (savoir'(tre*, !e-'ara/i.e kno3'e!+e (savoir* an! ski''s an! kno3-ho3 (savoir faire*) &EF @); !e2ines /hese +enera' -o1pe/en-es 2,r/her an! spe-i2ies /he -o1ponen/s o2 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e ('e?i-a', +ra11a/i-a', 1orpho'o+i-a', se1an/i-, phono'o+i-a'*D so-io-'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e (so-ia' 1arkers, po'i/eness -on.en/ions, re+is/er, !ia'e-/ an! a--en/*D pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-e (!is-o,rse, 2,n-/iona' an! s-he1a/i- !esi+n -o1pe/en-e*) &EF >)> !ea's 3i/h s/ra/e+ies an! s/ra/e+i- -o1pe/en-e ,n!er /he 2o,r 1ain -a/e+ories re-ep/ionD pro!,-/ionD in/era-/ionD 1e!ia/ionD ea-h in.o'.in+ 2o,r 1ain pro-esses 7 p'annin+, e?e-,/ion, e.a',a/ion an! repair) &EF -hap/er 9 !ea's 3i/h /he 1ore po'i/i-a' e'e1en/s o2 -,rri-,',1 !esi+n, askin+ :,es/ions s,-h as< A/ 3ha/ 'e.e' o2 -o1pe/en-e is i/ reasona0'e /o ai1L ha/ !o 3e 1ean 0" p',ri'in+,a'is1L hen !o par/ia' -o1pe/en-es pro.i!e s,i/a0'e o0Ae-/i.es 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ pro+ra11esL Ho3 -an /he 'earnin+ o2 !i22eren/ 'an+,a+es 0e 1a!e -o1p'e1en/ar"L Ho3 -an pro2i'es an! por/2o'ios he'p pro1o/e 1o/i.a/ion 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /he por/a0i'i/" o2 a-:,ire! 'an+,a+e ski''s an! kno3'e!+eL &hap/er 9 is par/i-,'ar'" re'e.an/ /o /hose p'annin+ -,rri-,'a in /he -on/e?/ o2 s/a/e s-hoo' s"s/e1s)

858

The ana'"ses an! !es-rip/ions in &EF -hap/ers =, >, @, K an! 9 pro.i!e a se/ o2 +,i!e'ines an! ins/r,1en/s 3hi-h per1i/ a !e/ai'e! !e2ini/ion o2 /he -o1p'e? pro-esses re:,ire! 2or 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ an! in /his 3a" /he" pro.i!e a 0asis 2or pro!,-in+ a -,rri-,',1 3hi-h 1ee/s hi+h s/an!ar!s o2 :,a'i/" an! 3hi-h -an 0e /ransparen/ an! spe-i2i- in i/s ai1s) ,() %mp*ementing the teaching processes

&EF -hap/er 6 !ea's 3i/h /he pro-esses o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) I/ !is/in+,ishes 0e/3een 'earnin+ an! a-:,isi/ion an! poin/s o,/ /ha/ /he 'earnin+ pro-ess in.o'.es 0o/h /he 'earnin+ an! a-:,irin+ o2 -o1pe/en-es an! a'so !e.e'opin+ /he Fa0i'i/" /o p,/ /hese -o1pe/en-es in/o a-/ion in /he pro!,-/ionHre-ep/ion o2 spoken ,//eran-esH3ri//en /e?/s /o e?press an! ,n!ers/an! 1eanin+s, /o in/erpre/ an! ne+o/ia/e 1eanin+ in -on/e?/ an! /o en+a+e in -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/iesG) I/ o,/'ines in 6)@ /he .ario,s /heories o2 ho3 'an+,a+es are 'earne! 7 in-',!in+ /he !e0a/e as /o 3he/her i/ is a 1ore or 'ess inna/e h,1an in2or1a/ion-pro-essin+ a-/i.i/" re:,irin+ on'" e?pos,re /o 'an+,a+e or 3he/her e?p'i-i/ /ea-hin+ an! s/,!" are nee!e! /o a--e'era/e /he pro-ess) The p'a-e o2 -ons-io,s 'earnin+ an! s/r,-/,re! pra-/i-e is !is-,sse!) I/ is -'ear /ha/ /he ana'o+" 3i/h :,a'i/" -ri/eria in o/her !o1ains app'ies 3i/h 2ar 1ore re'e.an-e i2 /he .ie3 is /aken /ha/ ins/r,-/iona' pro+ra11es -an 0e !esi+ne! 3hi-h -on/ri0,/e /o /he e22i-ien-" o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) Se-/ion 6)K !es-ri0es 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' op/ions 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) I/ e?a1ines 0o/h +enera' approa-hes, in-',!in+ /he ,ses o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e a'one or a -o10ina/ion o2 /he 'earnerEs 2irs/ 'an+,a+e an! /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e in /ea-hin+, an! spe-i2i- aspe-/s o2 /he 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ pro-ess) These in-',!e /he 2o''o3in+ e'e1en/s<

/e?/s /asks an! a-/i.i/ies ro'es o2 /ea-hers, 'earners an! 1e!ia +enera' -o1pe/en-es 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es so-io-'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-es s/ra/e+ies

Ea-h se-/ion !es-ri0es /he op/ions open /o /ea-hers an! 'earners in /he area -on-erne! an! /he para1e/ers 3hi-h -an in2',en-e /ea-hin+H'earnin+ s,--ess or 2ai',re) Se-/ion 6)@ !ea's spe-i2i-a''" 3i/h errors an! 1is/akes an! /he !i22eren/ op/ions open /o /ea-hers in /rea/in+ errors an! 1is/akes as /oo's /o pro1o/e 'earnin+) &EF -hap/er 6 pro.i!es a ,se2,' +,i!e /o /ea-hin+ pro-esses an! /he op/ions open /o /ea-hers) I/ is -'ose'" re'a/e! /o /he !es-rip/ions an! -a/e+ories 3hi-h 3i'' ha.e !e2ine! /he nee!s ana'"sis an! /he !esi+n o2 /he -o1ponen/s) I/ !oes no/, ho3e.er, +i.e s/ron+ +,i!e'ines on ho3 /he !i22eren/ op/ions -an 0e -o10ine! in a -oheren/ pro-ess 7 &EF !oes no/ seek /o 0e pres-rip/i.e 7 an! /hose responsi0'e 2or ens,rin+ :,a'i/" in /he i1p'e1en/a/ion o2 /he /ea-hin+H'earnin+ pro-esses 3i'' nee! /o -hoose /heir op/ions in spe-i2i- areas, an! a'so /o ar/i-,'a/e /he .ario,s pro-esses in/o a ,ni2ie! an! 2'e?i0'e approa-h) This re:,ires -'ear -ri/eria 2or !es-ri0in+ an! assessin+ /he :,a'i/" o2 /he /ea-hin+)

85;

"ause for ref*ection Ho3 2ar !oes "o,r ins/i/,/ion in-',!e /he 'earnin+ H/ea-hin+ o2 -o1pe/en-es o/her /han 'in+,is/i-o1pe/en-eL $ompetence -o( is it provided for) so-io-'in+,is/iin/er--,'/,ra' s/ra/e+i- -o1pe/en-es pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-es Do "o, /hink /ha/ /he !i.ision o2 'an+,a+e ,se in/o pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion an! 1e!ia/ion o22ers a!.an/a+es o.er /he ,s,a' !i.ision in/o 'is/enin+, speakin+, rea!in+, 3ri/in+L Has /he ins/i/,/ion a /ea-hin+ s/ra/e+" 3i/h re+ar! /o /he 0a'an-e 0e/3een inp,/ an! o,/p,/, an! 0e/3een oppor/,ni/ies 2or a-:,isi/ion an! s/r,-/,re! 'earnin+L ,(/ Assessing the outcomes of *earning0teaching programmes

Assess1en/ is /he 2ina' e'e1en/ in /he :,a'i/" -"-'e) The nee!s /o 0e a!!resse! ha.e 0een ana'"se!D /he -o1ponen/s ha.e 0een !e2ine! an! !esi+ne!D /he" ha.e 0een app'ie! in a -oheren/, /ransparen/ pro-ess) e no3 nee! /o kno3 3he/her /he 3ho'e pro-ess 3orke!) Di! 'earners 'earn 3ha/ /he" nee!e! /o kno3L &o,'! /he" app'" /heir kno3'e!+eL as /he pro-ess e-ono1i-a' in /he ,se o2 /i1e an! reso,r-esL In or!er /o ans3er /hese :,es/ions 3e nee! /o ha.e -ri/eria 2or 1eas,re1en/ an! ins/r,1en/s /o !o /he 1eas,rin+) &hap/er 5 !ea's 3i/h assess1en/ an! !es-ri0es in !e/ai' /he !i22eren/ op/ions 3hi-h nee! /o 0e /aken in/o a--o,n/ in /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+H/ea-hin+ a-/i.i/ies) I/ !is/in+,ishes 0e/3een nor1-re2eren-e! an! -ri/erion-re2eren-e! assess1en/, 0e/3een a-hie.e1en/ an! pro2i-ien-" /es/in+, 0e/3een 2or1a/i.e an! s,11a/i.e assess1en/) I/ raises /he pro0'e1s o2 ho3 /o 1eas,re -o11,ni-a/i.e as 3e'' as 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e an! :,o/es e?a1p'es o2 !i22eren/ approa-hes /o /hese) The -o11on re2eren-e 'e.e's are ke" e'e1en/s /o3ar!s /he a-hie.e1en/ o2 a -o11on .o-a0,'ar" an! a -o11on se/ o2 s/an!ar!s 2or /a'kin+ a0o,/ 'an+,a+e kno3'e!+e, ski''s an! a-hie.e1en/) As s,-h /he" are i1por/an/ 2a-/ors in ass,rin+ proper :,a'i/" an! 1eas,re1en/ o2 i/) The appen!i? pro.i!es an i1por/an/ se/ o2 spe-i2i- s-a'es 3i/h -o1prehensi.e -o.era+e o2 /he !i22eren/ -o1ponen/s o2 -o1pe/en-e in 'an+,a+e kno3'e!+e an! ,se) These -o,'! 0e ,se! 2or assess1en/ o2 presen/ 'e.e' an! ai1s, 2or spe-i2"in+ /he o0Ae-/i.es an! assessin+ /he o,/-o1es o2 a -o,rse) The se'2-assess1en/ +ri! on pp) ;6-;K 3i/h !es-rip/ors 0e+innin+ CI -an ) ) )C -an 0e ,se! 2or 'earners /o si/,a/e /heir o3n -o1pe/en-es on /he s-a'e) Taken /o+e/her, -hap/ers = an! 5 pro.i!e a -o1prehensi.e +,i!e /o a-hie.in+ 1eanin+2,', ri+oro,s an! -o1prehensi.e assess1en/ o2 'an+,a+e a-hie.e1en/ an! pro2i-ien-") The Asso-ia/ion o2 Lan+,a+e Tes/ers in E,rope (ALTE* has -arrie! o,/ -onsi!era0'e !e.e'op1en/ o2 :,a'i/" -ri/eria re'a/e! /o 'an+,a+e an!, 2or /he 1os/ -o11on'" 'earn/ 'an+,a+es a/ 'eas/, /here are no3 se/s o2 re'ia0'e an! .a'i! e?a1ina/ion an! /es/in+ s"s/e1s) The ALTE F&an !oG s/a/e1en/s o2 'an+,a+e per2or1an-e pro.i!e a .a',a0'e /oo' /o he'p !e2ine an! re2ine !es-rip/ions o2 'an+,a+e o0Ae-/i.es, 'e.e's an! assess1en/ an! are in appen!i? D)

85=

"ause for ref*ection Lis/ /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 assess1en/ ,se! in "o,r ins/i/,/ion< "urpose of assessment 6pe of assessment used 2or p'a-e1en/ in 'earnin+ +ro,ps /o -he-k pro+ress /o 1eas,re a-hie.e1en/ /o !ia+nose 'earnin+ nee!s 2or en!-o2--o,rse -er/i2i-a/ion o/her p,rposes Does /his pro.i!e a hi+h :,a'i/" assess1en/ an! e.a',a/ion s"s/e1L 'ummar6 &EF pro.i!es !es-rip/ions o2 :,a'i/" iss,es an! !es-ri0es /he op/ions a.ai'a0'e as 2o''o3s< %''UE Ana'"sis o2 'earner nee!s Desi+nin+ -o,rses I1p'e1en/in+ /he /ea-hin+ pro-esses Assessin+ /he o,/-o1es CEF &hap/ers = an! > (passi1* &hap/ers =, >)6 /o >)9, K &hap/er 6 (passi1* &hap/ers = an! 5

In -on-',sion, &EF pro.i!es an in!ispensa0'e se/ o2 prin-ip'es an! !es-rip/ors) These 1ake a 1ore s"s/e1a/i- approa-h /o :,a'i/" ass,ran-e in 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ 2easi0'e) I2 /he -o11on -ri/eria, !es-rip/i.e -a/e+ories an! proposa's 2or s-a'es o2 re2eren-e -an 0e +enera''" a!op/e!, i/ 3i'' 0e-o1e possi0'e /o -arr" o,/ sensi0'e s/an!ar!isa/ion o2 nee!s ana'"ses an! !e2ini/ion o2 /he -o1ponen/s o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ a-/i.i/ies) I/ 3i'' 2a-i'i/a/e in2or1e! -hoi-e o2 op/ions in /he i1p'e1en/a/ion o2 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+ pro-esses an! es/a0'ish a -o11on .o-a0,'ar" 2or !es-ri0in+ a-hie.e1en/ an! i/s 1eas,re1en/) I/ !oes no/, ho3e.er, !ea' 3i/h /he pra-/i-a' aspe-/s o2 :,a'i/" ass,ran-e 7 ho3 /o pro1o/e 3orkin+ en.iron1en/s in 3hi-h /he a-/ors -an -on/ri0,/e /o se'2-he'p in a-hie.in+ :,a'i/", ho3 asso-ia/ions o2 /ea-hers an! s-hoo's -an pro1o/e s/an!ar!s in /he pro2ession, an! ho3 e?/erna' :,a'i/" -on/ro' an! inspe-/ions s-he1es -an 0e i1p'e1en/e! an! i1pro.e! /o enhan-e s/an!ar!s in /he pro2ession)

85>

9orksheet # 9hat do 6ou mean ;6 @ua*it6C An essen/ia' 2irs/ s/ep in :,a'i/" ass,ran-e is /o 1ake a s/a/e1en/ o2 "o,r s/an!ar!s) One 3a" o2 !oin+ i/ is /o pro!,-e a -har/er or 1ission s/a/e1en/ 2or "o,r ins/i/,/ion o2 3ha/ "o, pro1ise /o /he .ario,s s/akeho'!ers) Make a 'is/ o2 /he 2i.e 1os/ i1por/an/ pro1ises "o, 3o,'! 3an/ "o,r ins/i/,/ion /o 1ake< __) s-hoo'H'an+,a+es !epar/1en/ 1akes /he 2o''o3in+ pro1ises /o i/s *earners< 8) ;) =) >) @) __)s-hoo'H'an+,a+es !epar/1en/ 1akes /he 2o''o3in+ pro1ises /o i/s teachers< 8) ;) =) >) @) __)s-hoo'H'an+,a+es !epar/1en/ 1akes /he 2o''o3in+ pro1ises /o societ6< 8) ;) =) >) @)

85@

9orksheet , Checking @ua*it6 &he-k'is/s are ,se2,' /oo's 2or :,a'i/" ass,ran-e an! :,a'i/" -on/ro') 4se /he 2ra1e3ork 0e'o3 /o sa" ho3 "o, 3o,'! se/ an! -he-k s/an!ar!s 7 an e?a1p'e is +i.en 2or poin/ 8) Area of acti-it6 8 hi+h /ea-hin+ an! e!,-a/iona' s/an!ar!s) 'tandards -'ear'" 3ri//en e.i!en-e o2 a so,n! pe!a+o+i- approa-h (one 3hi-h 1akes sense /o /he inspe-/ors +i.en /he -on/e?/*, an! o2 3hi-h 0o/h s/a22 an! s/,!en/s are a3are E-idence 'esson o0ser.a/ion, !o-,1en/s (2or e?a1p'e, -,rri-,',1*, !is-,ssion 3i/h /ea-hers, 2o-,s-+ro,p 1ee/in+ 3i/h s/,!en/s

;) #'annin+ 'essons

=) &he-kin+ 'earner pro+ress

>) Goo! a!1inis/ra/ion

@) In-ser.i-e /rainin+ 2or /ea-hers 6) Yo, -hoose /he area

856

9orksheet ) ?ua*it6 assurance and @ua*it6 contro* Here are so1e o2 /he pro-e!,res 2or :,a'i/" ass,ran-e an! :,a'i/" -on/ro') #,/ /he1 in /he re'e.an/ -o',1ns in /he /a0'e 0e'o3 an! re2'e-/ on 3ha/ 3o,'! 0e ,se2,' s"s/e1s 2or "o,r o3n ins/i/,/ion)

e?/erna' inspe-/ions se'2-assess1en/ :,es/ionnaires s/,!en/ 2o-,s +ro,ps peer o0ser.a/ion o2 /ea-hin+ s/,!en/ -har/ers en!-o2--o,rse :,es/ionnaires 1en/orin+ 0en-h1arkin+ s-hoo' 1ission s/a/e1en/ proAe-/s 2or inno.a/ion :,a'i/" 'a0e's

?ua*it6 assurance

?ua*it6 contro*

85K

859

'EC %ON %E

FOR !O'E ENGAGE& %N !E "RO&UC %ON AN& 'ELEC %ON OF EAC!%NG :A ER%AL'

855

;II

C!A" ER 1 $ U'ER'2 GU%&E FOR EM AOO= AN& :A ER%AL' 9R% ER'

A6 And6 !opkins

%ntroduction
9h6 thisC 9h6 hereC 9h6 nowC This is rea''" a one-sen/en-e s,11ar" o2 e.er"/hin+ /ha/ 2o''o3s in /his !o-,1en/< #ro2essiona' 1a/eria's 3ri/ers (/hose 3ho 3ri/e 1a/eria's in a pro2essiona' 3a"* sho,'! -onsi!er an! 0e a0'e /o A,s/i2" e.er" sin+'e e'e1en/ o2 /heir 1a/eria's in /er1s o2 /hese :,es/ions) At an6 point in the writing process 6ou shou*d ;e a;*e to pro-ide satisfactor6 answers to these @uestions too: ha/ are /he 'earnersE ai1sL Does 3ha/ I ha.e pro.i!e! he'p /he1 a-hie.e /hose ai1sL Is 3ha/ I ha.e pro.i!e! s,22i-ien/ /o a''o3 /he1 /o a-hie.e /hose ai1sL I2 "o, -an 'ook a/ 3ha/ "o, ha.e pro!,-e! an! ans3er a'' /hese :,es/ions /o "o,r sa/is2a-/ion, "o, are pro0a0'" an e?perien-e! /e?/0ook 3ri/erP I2 "o, are no/ sa/is2ie! 3i/h "o,r ans3ers, 3e hope /his +,i!e 3i'' 0e o2 .a',e) Aims The 1ain ai1s o2 /his spe-i2i- -hap/er are /o hi+h'i+h/ ke" areas o2 !e-ision-1akin+ in 3hi-h /e?/0ook 3ri/ers are ne-essari'" en+a+e!, an! /o !es-ri0e /o !e.e'opers, !esi+ners an! 3ri/ers o2 /e?/0ooks an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 1a/eria's spe-i2i- op/ions 2or 3orkin+ 3i/h /he !o-,1en/%# + Co&&on European Fra&ewor$ of reference for languages% Learning, Teaching, +ssess&ent (&o,n-i' o2 E,rope ;II8* an! 3a"s in 3hi-h i/ -an assis/ 3i/h /he 1a/eria's !e.e'op1en/ pro-ess) I/ 3i'' a'so 0e o2 .a',e /o /ea-hers 3ho en+a+e in s1a''er-s-a'e !e.e'op1en/ o2 in-ho,se 1a/eria's an! /o /hose 3ho ha.e /o 1ake !e-isions a0o,/ /e?/0ook se'e-/ion) This -hap/er is or+anise! aro,n! so1e o2 /he ke" :,es/ions an! !e-isions /ha/ an" serio,s 1a/eria's 3ri/er, an! par/i-,'ar'" /e?/0ook 3ri/er, nee!s /o -onsi!er) I/ is no/ a !es-rip/ion o2 /he o.era'' Fra1e3ork, 0,/ an orien/a/ion /o &EF as a 2'e?i0'e reso,r-e 2or 1a/eria's 3ri/ers) 9hat ke6 @uestions do materia*s writers need to addressC These are /he 1ain areas o2 !e-ision-1akin+ /ha/ are !ea'/ 3i/h in /his !o-,1en/< 8) ha/ -hara-/erises /he -on/e?/s in 3hi-h /he 1a/eria's 3i'' 0e ,se!L ;) In 3ha/ /er1s 3i'' /he ai1s o2 /he 1a/eria's 0e !es-ri0e!L =) ha/ in2or1a/ion is a.ai'a0'e re+ar!in+ 'earnersE nee!s an! 3an/sL >) ha/ 1e!ia are !esira0'e an! pra-/i-a' 2or /he 1a/eria'sL @) Ho3 3i'' /he 1a/eria's 0e 3ei+h/e!, +ro,pe! an! se:,en-e!L 6) ha/ kin!s o2 approa-h are appropria/eL K) ha/ ran+e o2 /asks sho,'! /he 1a/eria's -on/ainL 9) Ho3 3i'' /e?/s 0e se'e-/e! 2or in-',sionL ;I8

Appen!i? A< Tips on /he 1a/eria's 3ri/in+ pro-ess Appen!i? B< An e?a1p'e o2 s/a+es in a 3ri/in+ pro-ess Appendix C: A checklist for selection of textbooks #( 9hat characterises the conte+ts in which the materia*s wi** ;e usedC

Ma/eria's 3ri/ers are a'1os/ a'3a"s in /he posi/ion o2 pro!,-in+ 1a/eria's 2or par/i-,'ar /"pes o2 'earners an! 'earnin+ si/,a/ions, an! i/ is o0.io,s /ha/ 3e sho,'! /ake /he si+ni2i-an/ -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /hese in/o a--o,n/) &onsi!er, 2or e?a1p'e, ho3 /he -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /he 2o''o3in+ -on/e?/s are 'ike'" /o a22e-/ /e?/0ook !esi+n< a -o,rse pro!,-e! 0" an in/erna/iona' p,0'isher ai1e! a/ a!,'/ 'earners o2 Spanish a'' o.er /he 3or'!D a -o,rse pro!,-e! in Ger1an" ai1e! a/ preparin+ 2irs/-"ear B,siness S/,!ies s/,!en/s in Ger1an" 2or a//en!in+ /he se-on! "ear o2 /heir -o,rse in Bri/ain 3here /he" 3i'' 0e /a,+h/ /hro,+h /he 1e!i,1 o2 En+'ishD a -o,rse pro!,-e! in Es/onia ai1e! a/ preparin+ resi!en/s o2 2orei+n ori+in 3ishin+ /o 0e-o1e Es/onian -i/iBens 2or an Es/onian 'an+,a+e /es/D a Fren-h pri1ar" -o,rse pro!,-e! in Bri/ain 2or Bri/ish -hi'!ren) As /ea-hers, 3e are perhaps 1os/ 2a1i'iar 3i/h /he 3a"s in 3hi-h /he -hara-/eris/i-s o2 !i22eren/ /"pes o2 'earners a22e-/ -o,rse !esi+nD 0,/ o/her 2a-/ors a'so nee! /o 0e /aken in/o a--o,n/) For e?a1p'e, 'earners an! /ea-hers a'1os/ a'3a"s opera/e 3i/hin so1e kin! o2 ins/i/,/iona' s"s/e1 3hi-h spe-i2ies or i1p'ies possi0i'i/ies an! -ons/rain/s 3i/hin 3hi-h a 1a/eria's 3ri/er has /o 3ork) S"s/e1s o2/en 2ea/,re e?p'i-i/ or i1p'i-i/ spe-i2i-a/ions or +,i!e'ines re'a/in+ /o, 2or e?a1p'e, -,rri-,'a, assess1en/ pro-e!,res an! approa-hes, an! are -hara-/erise! 0" /he a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 par/i-,'ar reso,r-es /o !o 3i/h 1e!ia, spa-e, /i1e, -'ass siBe an! s/a22in+) There 1a" a'so 0e ins/i/,/iona' re:,ire1en/s 2or -o,rses /o 0e ,se! 'inear'" or in a 1o!,'ar 3a", /o 0e ,se! in -'ass 3i/h a /ea-her or in a se'2-s/,!" or !is/an-e 1o!e) A 3e''-re-ei.e! /e?/0ook 3i'' 0e one /ha/ /akes a'' o2 /hese ins/i/,/iona' -hara-/eris/i-s in/o a--o,n/) Ma/eria's 3ri/ers sho,'! a'so 0,i'! ,p as -'ear a pi-/,re as possi0'e o2 /he -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /ea-hers 3ho 3i'' 3ork 3i/h /he -o,rse) Is /heir kno3'e!+e o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e +oo!L Are /he" hi+h'" e?perien-e!L Do /he" e?pe-/ s/ep-0"-s/ep +,i!an-e 2or 3orkin+ 3i/h /he 1a/eria's or !o /he" see /e?/0ooks as pro.i!in+ 2'e?i0'e reso,r-esL Do "o, nee! /o 0,i'! /ea-her !e.e'op1en/ a-/i.i/ies in/o /he s,ppor/ 1a/eria's in or!er /o orien/a/e /ea-hers /o so1e o2 /he 1ore inno.a/i.e aspe-/s o2 /he -o,rseL Fi+,re 8 0e'o3 'is/s so1e o2 /hese .aria0'es an! s,++es/s so1e o2 /he i1p'i-a/ions 2or /e?/0ook !esi+n) &EF re-o+nises .aria/ion in a'' o2 /hese areas an! o22ers a 2'e?i0'e, -'ear'" 2or1,'a/e! an! -oheren/ reso,r-e /ha/ -an 0e a!ap/e! /o an" par/i-,'ar 'earnin+ -on/e?/) This !esire /o re/ain 2'e?i0i'i/" is s/a/e! 1os/ -'ear'" in one o2 /he -on-',sions o2 /he repor/ o2 /he In/er+o.ern1en/a' S"1posi,1 he'! in ROs-h'ikon, S3i/Ber'an! (Transparency and coherence in language learning in Europe, &o,n-i' o2 E,rope 855;, =);*< FThe -ons/r,-/ion o2 a -o1prehensi.e, /ransparen/ an! -oheren/ Fra1e3ork 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ !oes no/ i1p'" /he i1posi/ion o2 one sin+'e ,ni2or1 s"s/e1) On /he -on/rar", /he 2ra1e3ork sho,'! 0e open an! 2'e?i0'e, so /ha/ i/ -an 0e app'ie!, 3i/h s,-h a!ap/a/ions as pro.e ne-essar", /o par/i-,'ar si/,a/ions#G

;I;

Figure #) So1e .aria0'es in 'earnin+ -on/e?/s an! /heir i1p'i-a/ions 2or /e?/0ooks Learners "ariable A+e Mono'in+,a'H1,'/i'in+,a' +ro,ps &,'/,ra' 0a-k+ro,n!s an! aspira/ions Gen!er Genera' e!,-a/ion E!,-a/iona' an! pro2essiona' aspira/ions Fa1i'iari/" 3i/h /"pes o2 'earnin+ 1e!ia an! 1o!es &,rren/ a0i'i/" in /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e %nstitutiona* '6stems "ariable &,rri-,',1, s"''a0,s an! e?a1ina/ion 2ra1e3orks, /ea-hin+ an! 'earnin+ -,'/,res, -o,rse 'en+/h an! in/ensi/", -'ass siBes, s/a22in+, a.ai'a0i'i/" o2 1e!ia an! reso,r-es, in-ser.i-e !e.e'op1en/ possi0i'i/ies ) ) ) eachers "ariable A0i'i/" in 'earnersE /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e, 'e.e' o2 pe!a+o+i- /rainin+, !e+ree o2 2a1i'iari/" 3i/h /"pes o2 'earnin+ 1e!ia an! 1o!es, /ea-hin+ -,'/,re an! !e+ree o2 2'e?i0i'i/", e?pe-/a/ions o2 1a/eria's an! a//i/,!es /o inno.a/ion ) ) ) Learning mode "ariable &'assroo1 0ase!D !is/an-e (/ra!i/iona'H In/erne/* open 'earnin+ 3i/h /ea-her a.ai'a0'e 2or -ons,'/a/ionD 1i?e! 1o!esD se'2-s/,!"D 1o!,'arH'inear -o,rses 1ossible i&plications for ?e,a&plesA Topi-, -hara-/ers, kno3'e!+e 4se o2 1o/her /on+,e Topi-, se//in+s, ro'es, /asks Separa/e /e?/0ooks or'! kno3'e!+e &o,rse ai1s, /opi-s, ro'es, se//in+s, /asks Learner !e.e'op1en/H/rainin+ &o,rse ai1s, /asks, 'e.e' 1ossible i&plications for ?e,a&plesA &o,rse ai1s, 'en+/h, s/r,-/,re, 'earnin+ 1e!ia an! 1o!es

1ossible i&plications for ?e,a&plesA De+ree o2 s,ppor/ an! +,i!an-e in Tea-herJs Book an! ease o2 ,se o2 -'assroo1 1a/eria'sD 0a'an-e 0e/3een inno.a/ion an! 1ee/in+ /ea-hersJ e?pe-/a/ions

1ossible i&plications for ?e,a&plesA &o,rse 'en+/h, /ask /"pes, 1e!ia, !e+ree o2 3ri//en s,ppor/, 'earner /rainin+, /ea-her !e.e'op1en/

;I=

?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ho are /he in/en!e! 'earnersL Ho3 spe-i2i-a''" -an /he" 0e -hara-/erise! in /er1s o2< a+e, +en!er, 1o/her /on+,e, -,'/,ra' 0a-k+ro,n!, e!,-a/iona' an! pro2essiona' aspira/ions, nee!s an! 3an/s, 'ike'" 2a1i'iari/" 3i/h !i22eren/ 'earnin+ 1e!ia an! 1o!es, an! -,rren/ a0i'i/" in /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+eL ha/ are /he si+ni2i-an/ 2ea/,res o2 /he ins/i/,/iona' s"s/e1(s* 3i/hin 3hi-h /he 1a/eria's are 'ike'" /o 0e ,se!L Ho3 3i'' /he 1a/eria's re'a/e /o e?is/in+Hp'anne! -,rri-,'a, assess1en/ pro-e!,res an! approa-hesL To 3ha/ e?/en/ 3i'' /he 1a/eria's a-kno3'e!+e pra-/i-a' rea'i/ies /o !o 3i/h 1e!ia, spa-e, /i1e, s/a22in+, -'ass siBe, e/-)L Is /he -o,rse /o 0e ,se! 'inear'"H1o!,'ar'", 3i/h or 3i/ho,/ a /ea-her, in a +ro,pHin!i.i!,a' se//in+L Are /here an" si+ni2i-an/ +enera'isa/ions one -an 1ake a0o,/ /he /ea-hers 3ho are 'ike'" /o 3ork 3i/h /he -o,rseL ha/ !e+ree o2 s,ppor/ an! re2eren-e 3i'' /he" e?pe-/Hre:,ire 2ro1 /he 1a/eria'sL

;)

=)

,(

%n what terms wi** the aims of the materia*s ;e descri;edC

I/ 1a" see1 o!! /o s/ar/ 3i/h /his :,es/ionD sho,'!nJ/ o,r 2irs/ -onsi!era/ion 0e 7 3ha/ !o o,r 'earners nee! an! 3an/ /o 'earnL The pro0'e1 is, o2 -o,rse, /ha/ 3e -anno/ a!!ress /his se-on! :,es/ion ,n/i' 3e ha.e /he -a/e+ories 3i/h 3hi-h /o 2ra1e o,r ans3ers) An! i/ is 3i/h /hese -a/e+ories /ha/ &EF o22ers 1os/ he'p) One o2 /he ear'ies/ !e-isions /ha/ a /e?/0ook 3ri/er nee!s /o 1ake -on-erns /he 2ea/,res /ha/ 3i'' or+anise /he -o,rse) 4r (8556* i!en/i2ies /en /"pes o2 s"''a0,s in /er1s o2 /heir !ri.in+ 2ea/,res) The" are< +ra11a/i-a', 'e?i-a', +ra11a/i-a'-'e?i-a', si/,a/iona', /opi--0ase!, no/iona', 2,n-/iona'-no/iona', 1i?e! or 1,'/i-s/ran!, pro-e!,ra' (!e2ine! in /er1s o2 /asks*, an! pro-ess (ne+o/ia/e!*) One -o,'! a!! o/hers, 2o-,sin+ on !is-o,rse, +enresH/e?/-/"pes, 'an+,a+e ski''s, pro2essiona'Ha-a!e1i- ski''s, so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e an! ski''s, 'earner s/ra/e+ies, e/-) ha/ 3i'' /he ,n!er'"in+ or+anisin+ prin-ip'es 0ehin! "o,r s"''a0,s 0eL i'' i/ 0e or+anise! in /er1s o2 a +ra11a/i-a' se:,en-eL i'' i/ 0e 0ase! on /he1es !ee1e! /o 0e o2 .a',e /o /he 'earnersL i'' i/ 0e pri1ari'" 'e?i-a''"-!ri.en, perhaps 0ase! on 2re:,en-" o2 ,seL i'' i/ 0e or+anise! in /er1s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e /asksL i'' i/ 0e arran+e! in /er1s o2 ,se2,' +enres an! /e?/-/"pesL #erhaps "o, 3o,'! 'ike i/ /o in-',!e a'' o2 /hese e'e1en/s) A'/ho,+h i/ is 0e-o1in+ -o11on 2or 1o!ern 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /e?/0ooks /o -'ai1 /o 0e 0ase! on a 1,'/i-s/ran! s"''a0,s, one -o,'! ar+,e /ha/ /he pro-ess o2 !esi+nin+ 1a/eria's is, 0" ne-essi/", !ri.en 0" one or /3o ke" s"''a0,s e'e1en/s /ha/ or+anise /he -o,rse) The se'e-/ion o2 /hese ke" e'e1en/s o2 or+anisa/ion has a serio,s e22e-/ on ho3 o/her e'e1en/s 2ea/,re) Le/Es /ake an e?a1p'e o2 a +ra11ar-!ri.en -o,rse) e 1a" !e-i!e (as 1an" -o,rse 3ri/ers ha.e o.er /he "ears* /o se:,en-e o,r -o,rse in /er1s o2 3ha/ 3e 0e'ie.e /o 0e in-reasin+'" !i22i-,'/ aspe-/s o2 /he 2or1s an! ,ses o2 sen/en-e an! /e?/ +ra11ar) The ra/iona'e 2or se:,en-in+ 1i+h/ 0e /ha/ so1e e'e1en/s o2 +ra11ar are easier /o ,n!ers/an!, 'earn an! ,se, an! sho,'! /here2ore 0e en-o,n/ere! 2irs/, 3hi'e o/hers are 2e'/ /o 0e 1ore !i22i-,'/) I2 o,r 2o-,s is on +ra11ar an! 3e 3ork 3i/hin o,r o3n s-rip/e! /e?/s an! 'an+,a+e e?a1p'es, 3e ine.i/a0'" 2in! o,rse'.es /o so1e !e+ree in/ro!,-in+ 'e?is as a +ra11a/i-a' s'o/-2i''er /o e?e1p'i2" a par/i-,'ar s/r,-/,re) I2, on /he ;I>

o/her han!, 3e ha.e /he pa/ien-e an! ener+" /o seek rea' e?a1p'es o2 /e?/s 3here /he +ra11ar o--,rs in a 3a" /ha/ 1a/-hes o,r re:,ire1en/s (an! /his is e?/re1e'" !i22i-,'/* 3e -er/ain'" 3o,'! ha.e no -on/ro' o.er /he 'e?i-a' -on/en/, or /he -o11,ni-a/i.e :,a'i/ies o2 /he /e?/s) E:,a''", i2 3e s/ar/ 3i/h +en,ine -o11,ni-a/ion, 3e en-o,n/er /he sa1e pro0'e1) Se'e-/in+ rea' pie-es o2 'an+,a+e 2or /heir -o11,ni-a/i.e :,a'i/ies 3i'' in /,rn ren!er i/ !i22i-,'/ /o ha.e -on/ro' o.er +ra11a/i-a' or 'e?i-a' -on/en/) ha/ /his see1s /o s,++es/ is /ha/ 3hi'e i/ is .er" eas" /o !esi+n a 1,'/i-s/ran! s"''a0,s in /he a0s/ra-/, i/ is e?/re1e'" !i22i-,'/ /o pro!,-e 1,'/i-s/ran! 1a/eria's) In rea'i/" 3e ha.e /o !e-i!e 3hi-h s/ran!s 3i'' !ri.e o,r -o,rse) I/ is no/ /he 2,n-/ion o2 /his +,i!e nor o2 &EF /o s/a/e a pre2eren-e 2or one s/ran! o.er ano/her) The -hoi-e o2 !ri.in+ s/ran!s 3i'' !epen! on "o,r o3n 0e'ie2s an! pre2eren-es a0o,/ 'an+,a+e an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+) Ho3e.er, &EF !oes s,++es/ a n,10er o2 3a"s in 3hi-h 'earnersE nee!s an! 3an/s -an 0e !es-ri0e!) For 1an" /ea-hers an! 1a/eria's 3ri/ers i/ 1a" 0e ,se2,' /o re2er /o /he hi+h'" in2',en/ia' Thresho'! an! a"s/a+e !o-,1en/a/ion pro!,-e! 0" /he &o,n-i' o2 E,rope, 3hi-h 0e+an /o appear in 85K@ in 2irs/ .ersions an! 3as re.ise! an! e?/en!e! in 855I) Threshold Level 199 'is/s a series o2 -a/e+ories /ha/ 1i+h/ 2ea/,re in s"''a0,ses) An" or a'' o2 /hese -an 0e ,/i'ise! as or+anisin+ 2ea/,res o2 a /e?/0ook) The" in-',!e< 'an+,a+e 2,n-/ions +enera' no/ions (se1an/i-o-+ra11a/i-a' -a/e+ories* spe-i2i- no/ions (o2/en a'so re2erre! /o as /opi-s or /he1es* .er0a' e?-han+e pa//erns (-o11on 2,n-/iona' se:,en-es* !ea'in+ 3i/h /e?/s< rea!in+ an! 'is/enin+ 3ri/in+ so-io-,'/,ra' -o1pe/en-e -o1pensa/ion s/ra/e+ies 'earnin+ /o 'earn +ra11ar .o-a0,'ar" pron,n-ia/ion an! in/ona/ion I/ is i1por/an/ /o no/e /ha/ /hese 'is/in+s !o no/ in /he1se'.es -ons/i/,/e a s"''a0,s) The" !o, ho3e.er, pro.i!e -a/e+ories 3hi-h -an he'p in !e-i!in+ 3ha/ /o se'e-/ as s"''a0,s s/ran!s, an! in-',!e in2or1a/ion a0o,/ 3ha/ /he 1ain 2ea/,res o2 /hese s"''a0,s s/ran!s 1i+h/ 0e) B,/ 3ha/ is /he re'a/ionship 0e/3een a !e/ai'e! !o-,1en/ 'ike Threshold Level 199 an! &EFL The Fra1e3ork en-o,ra+es 1a/eria's 3ri/ers /o /hink /hro,+h an! -o''e-/ in2or1a/ion on re'e.an/ :,es/ions re'a/in+ /o /he nee!s an! 3an/s o2 /heir 'earners in /er1s o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e) The Threshold Level 199 spe-i2i-a/ion is one 3a" o2 ans3erin+ /he :,es/ions &EF se/s) I/ is a par/i-,'ar in/erpre/a/ion an! pro.i!es a ,se2,', par/ia' 1o!e' 2or a 3a" o2 3orkin+ 3i/h &EF) The re1ain!er o2 /his -hap/er is !e.o/e! /o /he :,es/ions an! -a/e+ories /ha/ &EF se/s ,p in or!er /o he'p ,s /hink /hro,+h 3ha/ 3e 1i+h/ 3ish /o in-',!e as 'earnin+ ai1s in o,r 'an+,a+e -o,rses an! /e?/0ooks) These :,es/ions are presen/e! in 1ore !e/ai' in &EF, 0,/ i/ is 3or/h e?a1inin+ here /he -a/e+ories /ha/ are o22ere! /o assis/ /his /hinkin+ on /he par/ o2 /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er)

;I@

,(#

he conte+t of *anguage use

One o2 /he 2irs/ :,es/ions a /e?/0ook 3ri/er nee!s /o ask is, 3ha/ are /he -on/e?/s in 3hi-h /he 'earners are 'ike'" /o ,se /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+eL ,(#(# &omains 7CEF /(#(#8

This :,es/ion -an 0e -onsi!ere! in /er1s o2 3ha/ &EF -a''s !o1ains) Are /hese !o1ains< persona' 7 -on-ernin+ 'i2e as a pri.a/e in!i.i!,a', -en/re! on ho1e 'i2e 3i/h 2a1i'" an! 2rien!sD p,0'i- 7 -on-ernin+ 'earners as 1e10ers o2 /he +enera' p,0'i- en+a+e! in /ransa-/ions o2 .ario,s kin!sD o--,pa/iona' 7 -on-ernin+ 'earners en+a+e! in /heir Ao0s or pro2essionsD e!,-a/iona' > -on-ernin+ 'earners en+a+e! in or+anise! 'earnin+L The !o1ains in 3hi-h 'an+,a+e ,se /akes p'a-e 1a" 0e !i22i-,'/ /o pre!i-/ 2or +enera' 'earners, 3hi'e 2or spe-ia'ise! 'earners (2or e?a1p'e, on LS# -o,rses* /he" 1a" 0e .er" par/i-,'ar in!ee!) &EF s,++es/s /ha/ 1a/eria's 3ri/ers -onsi!er ho3 /he -on/e?/ o2 'an+,a+e ,se 1i+h/ 0e !es-ri0e! ,n!er /he 2o,r 2,n!a1en/a' !o1ain hea!in+s a0o.e, an! ho3 ea-h 3i'' ha.e a 0earin+ on /he ai1s o2 /he 1a/eria's) E%amples e -an i1a+ine /ha/ 2or /he 1aAori/" o2 "o,n+er s-hoo' s/,!en/s, /he e1phasis 3i'' 0e on /he persona' an! p,0'i- !o1ains, 3hi'e 2or s/,!en/s preparin+ /o s/,!" /hro,+h /he 1e!i,1 o2 ano/her 'an+,a+e, possi0'" in ano/her -,'/,ra' se//in+, /he e!,-a/iona' !o1ain 3i'' ha.e par/i-,'ar re'e.an-e) O--,pa/iona' !o1ains 1a" 0e hi+h'" spe-i2i- an! 2o-,se! on -,rren/ 3orkin+ si/,a/ions, or 'ess spe-i2i- (s,-h as -o11er-e* 2o-,sin+ on +enera' pre!i-/a0'e 2,/,re nee!s (2or e?a1p'e, opera/in+ in a -o11er-ia' -apa-i/" in o/her E,ropean -o,n/ries an! 0e"on!*) ,(#(, 'ituations 7CEF /(#(,8

hen 3e ha.e !e-i!e! on /he re'e.an/ !o1ains 3e -an +o in/o 1ore !e/ai' an! -onsi!er /he .ario,s si/,a/ions /ha/ are 'ike'" /o arise 3i/hin /hese !o1ains, !es-ri0e! in /er1s o2< 'o-a/ions, ins/i/,/ions an! or+anisa/ions, /he so-ia' ro'es o2 peop'e in.o'.e!, re'e.an/ o0Ae-/s in /he en.iron1en/, e.en/s 3hi-h are 'ike'" /o /ake p'a-e, opera/ions /o 0e per2or1e!, an! /e?/s 'ike'" /o 0e en-o,n/ere!) E%amples Fi+,re ; +i.es e?a1p'es o2 /"pi-a' si/,a/ions an! /heir possi0'e -o1ponen/s (&EF >)8);, Ta0'e @*) The 'is/ pro.i!e! is i'',s/ra/i.e on'")

;I6

Table 1 EXTERNAL CONTEXT OF USE

&omain "ersona* Locations Ho1e< o3n * ho,se o2 2a1i'" * roo1s o2 2rien!s * +ar!en o2 s/ran+ers * O3n spa-e in hos/e', ho/e' The -o,n/r"si!e, seasi!e, e/-) %nstitutions The Fa1i'" So-ia' ne/3orks "ersons (Gran!*#aren/s, O22sprin+, Si0'in+s, A,n/s, 4n-'es, &o,sins, In-'a3s, Spo,ses In/i1a/es, Frien!s, A-:,ain/an-es O;Dects F,rnishin+ T 2,rni/,re &'o/hin+ Ho,seho'! e:,ip1en/ To"s, /oo's, persona' h"+iene O0Ae/s !Jar/, Books, #e/s, H!o1es/i- ani1a's, Trees, #'an/s, La3n, #on!s, Ho,seho'! +oo!s, Han!0a+s, 'eis,reHspor/s e:,ip1en/ E-ents Fa1i'" o--asions En-o,n/ers In-i!en/s, a--i!en/s, %a/,ra' pheno1ena #ar/ies, .isi/s a'kin+, -"-'in+, 1o/orin+ Ho'i!a"s, e?-,rsions Spor/s e.en/s #,0'i- spa-es< s/ree/, s:,are, park, e/-) #,0'i- /ranspor/ Shops (s,per*1arke/s Hospi/a's, s,r+eries, -'iniSpor/s s/a!ia, 2ie'!s, ha''s Thea/re, -ine1a, en/er/ain1en/ Res/a,ran/, p,0, ho/e' #'a-es o2 3orship #,0'i- a,/hori/ies #o'i/i-a' 0o!ies The 'a3 #,0'i- Hea'/h Ser.i-es -',0s So-ie/ies #o'i/i-a' par/ies Deno1ina/ions Me10ers o2 /he #,0'iO22i-ia's Shop personne' #o'i-e, ar1", se-,ri/" Dri.ers, -on!,-/ors, #assen+ers #'a"ers, 2ans, spe-/a/ors A-/ors, a,!ien-es ai/ers, 0arpersons Re-ep/ionis/s #ries/s, &on+re+a/ion E1p'o"ersHees Mana+ers &o''ea+,es S,0or!ina/es ork1a/es &'ien/s &,s/o1ers Re-ep/ionis/s, Se-re/aries &'eaners, e/-) &'ass /ea-hers Tea-hin+ s/a22 &are/akers Assis/an/ s/a22 #aren/s &'ass1a/es #ro2essors, 'e-/,rers (Fe''o3* S/,!en/s Li0rar" T 'a0ora/or" s/a22 Mone", p,rse, 3a''e/ For1s, Goo!s eapons R,-ksa-ks &ases, Grips Ba''s #ro+ra11es Mea's, Drinks, Sna-ks #asspor/s, Li-en-es B,siness 1a-hiner" In!,s/ria' 1a-hiner" In!,s/ria' T -ra2/ /oo's In-i!en/s A--i!en/s, I''nesses #,0'i- 1ee/in+s La3-s,i/s, &o,r/ /ria's Ra+-!a"s, Fines, Arres/s Ma/-hes, -on/es/s #er2or1an-es e!!in+s, F,nera's Operations Li.in+ ro,/ines (!ressin+, ,n!ressin+ -ookin+, ea/in+, 3ashin+, e/-)* DIY, +ar!enin+ Rea!in+, Ra!io T TV En/er/ainin+ e+ts Te'e/e?/ G,aran/ees Re-ipes Ins/r,-/iona' 1a/eria' %o.e's, 1a+aBines, %e3spapers J,nk 1ai' Bro-h,res #ersona' 'e//ers Broa!-as/ an! re-or!e! spoken /e?/s #,0'i- anno,n-e1en/s an! no/i-es La0e's T pa-ka+in+ Lea2'e/s, Gra22i/i Ti-ke/s, Ti1e/a0'es %o/i-es, Re+,'a/ions #ro+ra11es &on/ra-/s Men,s Sa-re! /e?/s Ser1ons, H"1ns B,siness 'e//er Repor/ Me1oran!,1 Li2e T sa2e/" no/i-es Ins/r,-/iona' 1an,a's Re+,'a/ions A!.er/isin+ 1a/eria' La0e''in+ T pa-ka+in+ Jo0 !es-rip/ion Si+n pos/in+ Visi/in+ -ar!s, e/-) A,/hen/i- /e?/s (as a0o.e* Te?/0ooks, Rea!ers Re2eren-e 0ooks B'a-k0oar! /e?/ O# /e?/ &o1p,/er s-reen /e?/ Vi!eo/e?/ E?er-ise 1a/eria's Jo,rna' ar/i-'es

i'!

Ho00ies Ga1es T spor/s B,"in+ an! ser.i-es o0/ainin+ p,0'i-

"u;*ic

4sin+ 1e!i-a' ser.i-es Jo,rne"s 0" roa!Hrai'sHshipHair #,0'i- en/er/ain1en/ an! 'eis,re a-/i.i/ies Re'i+io,s ser.i-es B,siness a!1in) In!,s/ria' 1ana+e1en/ #ro!,-/ion opera/ions O22i-e pro-e!,res Tr,-kin+ Sa'es opera/ions Se''in+, 1arke/in+ &o1p,/er opera/ion orks o22i-e Main/enan-e Asse10'" Lessons Ga1es #'a"/i1e &',0s T so-ie/ies Le-/,res, Essa" 3ri/in+ La0ora/or" 3ork Li0rar" 3ork Se1inars T /,/oria's ho1e3ork

Occup> pationa*

O22i-es Fa-/ories orkshops #or/s, rai'3a"s Far1s Airpor/s S/ores, shops, e/-) Ser.i-e in!,s/ries Ho/e's S-hoo's< Ha'' &'assroo1s, #'a"+ro,n!, Spor/s 2ie'!s, -orri!ors &o''e+es 4ni.ersi/ies Le-/,re Thea/res Se1inar roo1s S/,!en/ 4nion Ha''s o2 Resi!en-e

Fir1s &i.i' Ser.i-e M,'/ina/iona' &orpora/ions %a/iona'ise! in!,s/ries Tra!e 4nions

Mee/in+s In/er.ie3s Re-ep/ions &on2eren-es Tra!e 2airs &ons,'/a/ions Seasona' sa'es In!,s/ria' a--i!en/s In!,s/ria' !isp,/es Re/,rn /o s-hoo'Hen/r" Breakin+ ,p Visi/s an! E?-han+es #aren/sJ !a"s H e.enin+s Spor/s !a"s, Ma/-hes Dis-ip'inar" pro0'e1s

Educa>> tiona*

S-hoo' &o''e+e 4ni.ersi/" Learne! so-ie/ies #ro2essiona' Ins/i/,/ions A!,'/ e!,-a/ion

ri/in+ 1a/eria' S-hoo' ,ni2or1s Ga1es e:,ip1en/ T -'o/hin+ Foo! A,!io-.is,a' e:,ip1en/ B'a-k-0oar! T -ha'k &o1p,/ers Brie2-ases T S-hoo' 0a+s

La0ora/ories &an/een

0o!ies

Re2e-/or" s/a22, -'eaners #or/ers, Se-re/aries, e/-)

De0a/es T !is-,ssions

A0s/ra-/s Di-/ionaries

;I6

,(#()

Conditions and constraints 7CEF /(#()8

Goin+ !eeper in/o /he spe-i2i-a/ion o2 -on/e?/s o2 ,se, 3e -an -onsi!er /he -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/s o2 ea-h si/,a/ion) For /he 1a/eria's !e.e'oper /hese 3i'' ha.e i1p'i-a/ions 2or /"pes o2 /e?/ an! /ask) The 2o''o3in+ e?/erna' -on!i/ions are 2e'/ /o 0e si+ni2i-an/< ph"si-a' -on!i/ions (s,-h as 0a-k+ro,n! noise*, so-ia' -on!i/ions (s,-h as n,10er an! s/a/,s o2 speakers*, /i1e press,res ('i1i/a/ions on /i1e a.ai'a0'e*) E%amples In/erpre/ers en+a+e! in si1,'/aneo,s in/erpre/a/ion 2or a po'i/i-ian on /o,r in ano/her -o,n/r" 3i'' 0e re:,ire! /o -arr" o,/ /heir 3ork .er" rapi!'", 0e/3een in!i.i!,a's an! +ro,ps, in a .arie/" o2 p'a-es an! o2/en ,n!er e?/re1e s/ress) Airpor/ anno,n-ers, ho3e.er, 1ake /he sa1e ro,/ine 1ono'o+,e anno,n-e1en/s a/ /heir o3n pa-e an! e?pe-/ no 2ee!0a-k) B,siness peop'e en+a+e! in 1ee/in+s on 3hi-h /heir Ao0s 1i+h/ !epen! opera/e ,n!er .er" !i22eren/ -on!i/ions 2ro1 /o,ris/s -ha//in+ 3i/h a-:,ain/an-es 2ro1 o/her -o,n/ries in a ho/e' 0ar) Hi+h'" 1o/i.a/e! 'earners 1a" respon! posi/i.e'" /o 1a/eria's /ha/ 'earners 3i/h 'o3er 1o/i.a/ion 3o,'! no/ 2in! o2 in/eres/) In rea'i/", i/ is o2/en .er" !i22i-,'/ /o +,ess /he 'ike'" 2,/,re -on/e?/s o2 'an+,a+e ,se, no/ on'" 2or -hi'!ren an! se-on!ar" s-hoo' s/,!en/s, 0,/ e.en 2or s/,!en/s 3ho appear /o ha.e :,i/e spe-i2inee!s) %e.er/he'ess, a 1a/eria's 3ri/er has /o 1ake !e-isions a0o,/ 3hi-h -on/e?/s o2 ,se /o presen/ /hro,+h /he 1a/eria's, 2ro1 in2or1a/ion an! in/,i/ions 0ase! on e?perien-e as a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e 'earnerH,ser an! e!,-a/iona'is/) ,(#(/ he user0*earner2s menta* conte+t 7CEF /(#(/8

The e?/erna' -on/e?/ is 2i'/ere! an! in/erpre/e! /hro,+h /he ,serJs per-ep/,a' appara/,s, /he persona' 1en/a' -ons/r,-/s /ha/ a22e-/ 1e1or", asso-ia/ions an! -onno/a/ions, an! /he 3a" in 3hi-h /he ,ser -'assi2ies o0Ae-/s an! e.en/s) O/her re'e.an/ 2a-/ors in-',!e< s/a/e o2 1in!, nee!s, !ri.es, in/eres/s, in/en/ions, an! 'ines o2 /ho,+h/) ,(#(. he menta* conte+t of the inter*ocutor7s8 7CEF /(#(.8

In/er'o-,/ors 1a" share /he sa1e e?/erna' -on/e?/ 0,/ 1a" o0ser.e an! in/erpre/ /ha/ -on/e?/ !i22eren/'") T3o peop'e /a'kin+ /o ea-h o/her on /he phone 1a" no/ on'" 0e s,0Ae-/ /o !i22eren/ -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/s (2or e?a1p'e, a poor 'ine a/ one en! 3hi'e /he person a/ /he o/her is in a h,rr"*, /he" 1a" ha.e :,i/e !i22eren/ p,rposes 2or /he -o11,ni-a/ion, 0e 1o/i.a/e! 0" !i22erin+ nee!s, an! 0e in .er" !i22eren/ s/a/es o2 1in!) E22e-/i.e -o11,ni-a/ion re:,ires in/er'o-,/ors /o a!A,s/ /o ea-h o/herJs 1en/a' -on/e?/s) ,(, Communication themes 7CEF /( ,8

These re'a/e /o /he s,0Ae-/ 1a//er o2 -o11,ni-a/ion 7 o2/en re2erre! /o as /opi-s 0" /ea-hers) In +enera' 'an+,a+e -on/e?/s i/ is in /he area o2 /he1es /ha/ 3e o2/en pa" 1os/ a//en/ion /o 'earnersE 3an/s) I/ is essen/ia' /ha/ /he1es are re'e.an/ /o o,r 'earners 7 an! re'e.an-e arises 2ro1 /he /he1es 0ein+ no/ on'" ,se2,' (in /ha/ /he" are re'e.an/ /o pre!i-/e! -on/e?/s o2 ,se an! -an a-/ as a .ehi-'e 2or essen/ia' 'an+,a+e* 0,/ a'so in/eres/in+) In 2a-/, /he1es in /he1se'.es are o2/en 2air'" 0'an!) e -an 1ake /he1 in/eres/in+ 0" !e-i!in+ /o 2o-,s on /he1 in a par/i-,'ar 3a", an! 0" !i.i!in+ ea-h /he1e in/o s,0-/he1es)

;I9

E%ample Le/Es /ake 3ork as o,r /he1e) e 1a" -hoose a s,0-/he1e 2o-,s o2 ho'i!a" Ao0s in a 2orei+n -o,n/r" 2or s/,!en/s) This 3o,'! 'ea! ,s /o /hink a0o,/ 2,r/her s,0--a/e+ories, 3hi-h &EF re2ers /o as spe-i2i- no/ions, an! 3hi-h i1p'" 3ho'e areas o2 .o-a0,'ar") e 1i+h/ 2o-,s on a par/i-,'ar ho'i!a" Ao0 7 s,-h as 3orkin+ in E,ro Disne" o,/si!e #aris) This 3o,'! +enera/e 3or! +ro,ps re'a/in+ /o 'o-a/ions (ri!es, ea/in+ p'a-es, 2irs/ ai! pos/s, re-ep/ion, -ar parks, e/-)*, persons (-ar/oon -hara-/ers, .isi/ors, -,s/o1ers, +,i!es, e/-)*, o0Ae-/s (/i-ke/s, 2oo! an! !rink, so,.enirs, e/-)*, a-/ions (see, .isi/, 'is/en /o, 3a/-h, +o inHo,/Hro,n!, s/ar/, 2inish, 3in, 'ose, /ake par/ in, ri!e, e/-)*) In /his 3a" /he +enera' i!en/i2i-a/ion o2 /he1a/i- areas -an 'ea! /o :,i/e !e/ai'e! spe-i2i-a/ion o2 ,se2,' 0i/s o2 'an+,a+e /o 0,i'! in /o /he -o,rse) ,() Communicati-e tasks and purposes 7CEF /()8

De-isions a0o,/ -on/e?/s o2 ,se an! re'e.an/ -o11,ni-a/ion /he1es a''o3 ,s /o s/ar/ -onsi!erin+ in 1ore !e/ai' /he 'an+,a+e re:,ire1en/s o2 par/i-,'ar si/,a/ions) ha/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks !o 3e 0e'ie.e o,r 'earners 3i'' nee! /o en+a+e in, an! 2or 3ha/ p,rposesL There has 0een a 'o/ o2 LS# resear-h o.er /he 'as/ /3en/" or so "ears /ha/ -an 0e o2 assis/an-e in /hinkin+ a0o,/ /he 'an+,a+e ,se! /o -arr" o,/ par/i-,'ar -o11er-ia', pro2essiona' an! a-a!e1i- /asks in 2air'" res/ri-/e! se//in+s) There is -o1para/i.e'" 'i//'e a!.i-e a0o,/ 'an+,a+e re'a/e! /o b+enera'E /asks in 'ess pre!i-/a0'e se//in+s) %e.er/he'ess, as 1a/eria's 3ri/ers 3e nee! /o !e-i!e 3ha/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks 3i'' 1os/ 'ike'" 0e en-o,n/ere! 0" an! re:,ire! o2 o,r 'earners) Here is an e?a1p'e 2ro1 Threshold Level 199 < 8)8; &o11,ni-a/in+ a/ ork 8)8;)8 As /e1porar" resi!en/s 'earners sho,'! 0e a0'e /o< seek 3ork per1i/s, e/-), as re:,ire! en:,ire (2or e?a1p'e, 2ro1 e1p'o"1en/ a+en-ies* a0o,/ /he na/,re, a.ai'a0i'i/" an! -on!i/ions o2 e1p'o"1en/ (s,-h as Ao0 !es-rip/ion, pa", ho,rs o2 3ork, 2ree /i1e, ho'i!a"s, 'en+/h o2 no/i-e* rea! e1p'o"1en/ a!.er/ise1en/s 3ri/e 'e//ers o2 app'i-a/ion an! a//en! in/er.ie3s +i.in+ 3ri//en or spoken in2or1a/ion a0o,/ o3n persona' !a/a, :,a'i2i-a/ions an! e?perien-e an! ans3er :,es/ions a0o,/ /he1 ,n!ers/an! an! 2o''o3 Aoinin+ pro-e!,res ,n!ers/an! an! ask :,es/ions -on-ernin+ /he /asks /o 0e per2or1e! on s/ar/in+ 3ork ,n!ers/an! sa2e/" an! se-,ri/" re+,'a/ions an! ins/r,-/ions repor/ an a--i!en/ an! 1ake an ins,ran-e -'ai1 1ake ,se o2 3e'2are 2a-i'i/ies -o11,ni-a/e appropria/e'" 3i/h s,periors, -o''ea+,es an! s,0or!ina/es par/i-ipa/e in /he so-ia' 'i2e o2 /he en/erprise or ins/i/,/ion (2or e?a1p'e, -an/een, spor/s an! so-ia' -',0s, e/-)*

R%o/e< /he n,10erin+ here is 2ro1 Threshold Level 199 S

;I5

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Communicati-e *anguage acti-ities and strategies 7CEF /(/8

In or!er /o en+a+e in -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks, ,sers ha.e /o 0e in.o'.e! in -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies an! opera/e -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+ies) This +ro,pin+ o2 a-/i.i/ies an! s/ra/e+ies is o2/en re2erre! /o 0" /ea-hers an! /e?/0ook 3ri/ers ,n!er /he +enera' hea!in+ o2 ski''s) &EF i!en/i2ies 2o,r 1aAor /"pes o2 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/"< productive (spoken an! 3ri//en*, receptive (spoken, 3ri//en an! a,!io-.is,a'*, interactive (spoken an! 3ri//en* an! &ediating (2or e?a1p'e, as an in/erpre/erH/rans'a/or*) An" one o2 /hese -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/" /"pes in-',!es a ran+e o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks /ha/ 3e 3i'' nee! /o 0,i'! in /o o,r 1a/eria's) O2 -o,rse, 1os/ si/,a/ions 3i'' re:,ire a 1i?/,re o2 a-/i.i/" /"pes) E%amples Ora' pro!,-/ion 1i+h/ in.o'.e speakin+ 2ro1 no/esD spoken in/era-/ion 1i+h/ in.o'.e /akin+ par/ in a !is-,ssionD 1e!ia/in+ -o,'! 0e .er" 2or1a' an! 3ri//en (pro.i!in+ an e?a-/ /rans'a/ion o2 'e+a' !o-,1en/s* or :,i/e in2or1a' an! spoken (in/erpre/in+ 1en,s 2or a .isi/or*) &EF e?p'ains s/ra/e+ies as 2o''o3s< FS/ra/e+ies are a 1eans /he 'an+,a+e ,ser e?p'oi/s /o 1o0i'ise or 0a'an-e his or her reso,r-es, /o a-/i.a/e ski''s an! pro-e!,res, in or!er /o 2,'2i' /he !e1an!s o2 -o11,ni-a/ion in -on/e?/ an! s,--ess2,''" -o1p'e/e /he /ask in :,es/ion in /he 1os/ -o1prehensi.e or 1os/ e-ono1i-a' 3a" 2easi0'e !epen!in+ on his or her pre-ise p,rpose)G &o11,ni-a/ion s/ra/e+ies in.o'.e /he app'i-a/ion o2 p'annin+, e?e-,/ion, 1oni/orin+ an! repair a-/ion /o /he !i22eren/ kin!s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/i.i/ies o2 re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion, pro!,-/ion an! 1e!ia/ion) Se-/ion >)9 o2 &EF +i.es !e/ai'e! !es-rip/ions o2 -o11,ni-a/ion s/ra/e+ies /ha/ he'p /o 1a?i1ise e22e-/i.eness) E%ample A 'earner is re:,ire! /o +i.e a shor/ /a'k) e -an -onsi!er /his an e?a1p'e o2 pro!,-/ion) #'annin+ 1i+h/ in.o'.e rehearsin+, /hinkin+ a0o,/ /he e22e-/ o2 !i22eren/ 3a"s o2 presen/in+ (-onsi!erin+ a,!ien-e* an! perhaps 'ookin+ ,p 3or!s or askin+ 2or he'p ('o-a/in+ reso,r-es*# Ha.in+ 1o0i'ise! reso,r-es, /he 'earner 1a" no3 0e 1ore or 'ess a10i/io,s a0o,/ e?e-,/ion o2 /he /ask in /er1s o2 /he na/,re an! e?/en/ o2 /he /a'k (/ask a!A,s/1en/* an! par/i-,'ar'" a0o,/ i/s 'in+,is/i- -on/en/ (1essa+e a!A,s/1en/*# The 'earner is 'ike'" /o en-o,n/er !i22i-,'/ies, 0,/ 3e hope he or she 3i'' -ope 0" ,sin+ 3ha/e.er reso,r-es are a.ai'a0'e /o +e/ /he 1essa+e a-ross 0" -o1pensa/in+, 0,i'!in+ on pre.io,s kno3'e!+e an! /r"in+ o,/) A,!ien-e rea-/ion 3i'' a''o3 /he 'earner /o 1oni/or s,--ess an! /his 1a" 'ea! /o a -er/ain a1o,n/ o2 self'correction as repair a-/ion) The !e.e'op1en/ o2 /hese s/ra/e+ies, an! o/hers -on-erne! 3i/h reception, interaction an! mediation, is an i1por/an/ aspe-/ o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ -o,rses) The" are a'so ,se2,' /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 na/i.e-speaker -o11,ni-a/ion ski''s in a 3i!e ran+e o2 pro2essiona' areas) &o,rses ai1e! spe-i2i-a''" a/ !e.e'opin+ /hese s/ra/e+ies are -o11on in areas 3here /he :,a'i/" an! e22e-/i.eness o2 -o11,ni-a/ion are .i/a', 2or e?a1p'e, in -o,nse''in+, !o-/or-pa/ien/ -o11,ni-a/ion, an! sa'es presen/a/ions) Ho3 !o 3e +i.e /i1e an! spa-e /o /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 s/ra/e+ies 3hen /here is so 1,-h re'e.an/ 'in+,is/i- 2o-,s /ha/ has /o 0e in-',!e!L This is a 'e+i/i1a/e :,es/ion (o2/en in /he 2or1 o2 a -o1p'ain/* 2ro1 /ea-hers an! 1a/eria's 3ri/ers) One ans3er is /ha/ 3e can 3ork on /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'an+,a+e pro-esses, 'earner -o1pe/en-es an! 'earner s/ra/e+ies, an! /ha/ /his -an ;8I

0es/ 0e a--o1p'ishe! /hro,+h /ask !esi+n) The /"pes o2 /asks 3e se'e-/ -an en-o,ra+e /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'earnin+ an! -o11,ni-a/i.e pro-e!,res an! -an a'so raise a3areness a0o,/ 3a"s o2 approa-hin+ an! 1oni/orin+ -o11,ni-a/ion) This is /aken ,p 2,r/her in se-/ion K 0e'o3) &EF -on/ains an e?/re1e'" !e/ai'e! an! ,se2,' se/ o2 per2or1an-e !es-rip/ors a/ si? 'e.e's /ha/ !es-ri0e 'an+,a+e a0i'i/" in /er1s o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/ies an! s/ra/e+ies) ?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ;) hi-h s/ra/e+ies are re'e.an/ /o /he -o11,ni-a/ion nee!s o2 "o,r 'earnersL Ho3 -an /hese s/ra/e+ies 0e !e.e'ope! /hro,+h /he 1a/eria'sL Do /he" re:,ire a spe-i2i-, separa/e a-/i.i/" 2o-,s or are /he" 0es/ !e.e'ope! /hro,+h pro-e!,res en-o,ra+e! 0" /ask !esi+nL ,(. Communicati-e *anguage processes 7CEF /(.8

I/ is no/ eno,+h /o spe-i2" 3ha/ 'earners are re:,ire! /o do 3i/h 'an+,a+e) Tea-hers an! 1a/eria's 3ri/ers a'so ha.e /o -onsi!er ho3 /he" -an prepare 'earners /o -arr" o,/ /hese -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks e22e-/i.e'") These !a"s 1os/ /e?/0ooks o22er 'earners /he oppor/,ni/" /o +rapp'e 3i/h re'e.an/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks) Ho3e.er, one o2 /he 1os/ -o11on o1issions in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /e?/0ooks is a-/i.i/ies /ha/ he'p /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he ,n!er'"in+ -o11,ni-a/i.e pro-esses in.o'.e! in opera/in+ in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) Ma/eria's 3ri/ers 1,s/ o22er no/ on'" pra-/i-e in /he /ask i/se'2, 0,/ assis/an-e /o3ar!s /he s,--ess2,' -o1p'e/ion o2 /ha/ /ask) &EF i!en/i2ies nine ke" 2ea/,res o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses) e nee! /o -onsi!er /he ski''s in.o'.e! in !ea'in+ 3i/h< p'annin+, e?e-,/ion, pro!,-/ion, re-ep/ion, in/era-/ion, 1oni/orin+, pra-/i-a' a-/ions, para'in+,is/i- 0eha.io,r an! para/e?/,a' 2ea/,res) An a3areness o2 /he ski''s in.o'.e! in -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses is 2,n!a1en/a' /o a'' 1a/eria's !e.e'op1en/) Se-/ion >)@ o2 &EF o22ers +,i!an-e -on-ernin+ /he na/,re o2 /hese pro-esses) The -ha''en+e 2or 1a/eria's 3ri/ers is /o in-orpora/e !e.e'op1en/ o2 /hese pro-esses in/o 1a/eria's) E%ample A 3o1an is a/ a rai'3a" s/a/ion an! nee!s /o 2in! o,/ 3hen a par/i-,'ar /rain is 'ea.in+, 0," a /i-ke/ an! +e/ on /he /rain 0e2ore i/ 'ea.es) Fo-,sin+ on A,s/ one aspe-/ o2 /his /ask re.ea's /he i1por/an-e o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses) She 3i'' pro0a0'" 3an/ /o s/,!" a /i1e/a0'e) To +e/ /he in2or1a/ion she 3an/s in.o'.es< 'o-a/in+ an! re-o+nisin+ /he re'e.an/ /e?/ (perhaps 0" ,sin+ para/e?/,a' in2or1a/ion, or 0" askin+ so1eone*D ,n!ers/an!in+ i/D an! re/rie.in+ /he in2or1a/ion she nee!s :,i-k'") This 3i'' in.o'.e ski''s 'ike< 2in!in+, !e-o!in+, in2eren-in+, pre!i-/in+, rapi! s-annin+, re2errin+ 0a-k an! 2or/h, e/-) e -an assis/ 'earners in !ea'in+ 3i/h /e?/s 'ike /his 0" ens,rin+ /ha/ /he /asks 3e 3ri/e in o,r 1a/eria's /ake a--o,n/ o2 /he 'an+,a+e pro-esses in.o'.e!)

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?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ha/ are /he -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses in.o'.e! in /he /asks "o,r 'earners are e?pe-/e! /o -arr" o,/L ;) Ho3 -an "o, in-orpora/e !e.e'op1en/ o2 /hese pro-esses in/o /he 1a/eria'sL i'' /he" 0e a spe-i2i!ire-/ 'earnin+ 2o-,s or 3i'' /he" 0e !ea'/ 3i/h in!ire-/'" /hro,+h, 2or e?a1p'e, a -o10ina/ion o2 /ask !esi+n an! /e?/ se'e-/ionL ,(3 e+ts 7CEF /(38

The /er1 te,t is ,se! here /o re2er /o an" pie-e o2 spoken or 3ri//en 'an+,a+e ,se! as -o11,ni-a/ion) Ma/eria's 3ri/ers nee! /o ha.e a -'ear i!ea o2 /he /"pes o2 /e?/ /heir 'earners are 'ike'" /o ha.e /o !ea' 3i/h in /er1s o2< Me!ia Te?/-/"pe (e)+) 'i.e spoken, prin/, 2i'1, ra!io, /e'ephone, .i!eophone* (e)+) spoken 7 p,0'i- anno,n-e1en/s, p,0'i- !e0a/es, en/er/ain1en/* (e)+) 3ri//en 7 0ooks, 1a+aBines, 0ro-h,res, pa-ka+in+, si+ns*

&'ear'", 1a/eria's sho,'! -on/ain /e?/s /ha/ are si1i'ar /o, or /ha/ he'p /o prepare 'earners 2or, /e?/s /he" 3i'' en-o,n/er in /he rea' 3or'!, in /er1s o2 1e!ia, +enre an! /e?/-/"pe, ro'es o2 in/er'o-,/ors, p,rposes, e/-) ?uestion for materia*s writers hi-h /e?/s 3i'' "o,r s/,!en/s en-o,n/er in /er1s o2 1e!ia an! /e?/-/"peL ,(4 he user0*earnerGs competences 7CEF .8

In se-/ion 8 a0o.e 3e ha.e a'rea!" re2erre! /o /he i1por/an-e o2 -hara-/erisin+ /he 'earners 3ho are 'ike'" /o ,se /he 1a/eria's "o, 3ri/e) &EF +oes in/o +rea/er !e/ai' re+ar!in+ /he -o1pe/en-es /ha/ !i22eren/ 'earners 0rin+ /o a 'an+,a+e -o,rse) I/ !i.i!es -o1pe/en-es in/o /3o 1ain areas) Genera' -o1pe/en-es are /o !o 3i/h< 'i2e e?perien-e, so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e, a0i'i/" /o en+a+e pra-/i-a''" an! s,--ess2,''" 3i/h peop'e an! ins/i/,/ions in /he /ar+e/ -,'/,re, persona'i/" 2ea/,res /ha/ ha.e an e22e-/ on a 'earnerEs ro'es in -o11,ni-a/i.e a-/s, an! 'earnin+ ski''s) &o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-es are -on-erne! 3i/h a0i'i/ies /o 0rin+ 'in+,is/i-, so-io'in+,is/i- an! pra+1a/i- kno3'e!+e an! a0i'i/ies /o 0ear on par/i-,'ar -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks) The" are /o !o 3i/h +ra11ar, .o-a0,'ar", phono'o+", ,n!ers/an!in+ an! ,se o2 1arkers o2 so-ia' si+ni2i-an-e (s,-h as po'i/eness, a--en/*, an! !is-o,rse, 2,n-/iona' an! s-he1a/i- a0i'i/ies) This se-/ion o2 &EF is e?/re1e'" i1por/an/ as i/ +i.es !e/ai'e! 'is/in+s o2 -a/e+ories /ha/ 3ri/ers sho,'! -onsi!er in-',!in+ in /heir 1a/eria's) %o/ on'" !oes i/ -o.er /he 1ore 2a1i'iar areas o2 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-e asso-ia/e! 3i/h +ra11ar, 'e?is an! phono'o+", i/ a'so in-',!es re2eren-e /o areas /ha/ ha.e 0e-o1e si+ni2i-an/ 2ea/,res o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 1a/eria's s,-h as< so-io-,'/,ra' kno3'e!+e, e?is/en/ia' -o1pe/en-e (-on-erne! 3i/h in!i.i!,a' persona'i/" 2a-/ors*, 'an+,a+e a3areness, s/,!" ski''s, pra+1a/i- -o1pe/en-es asso-ia/e! 3i/h !is-o,rse, 2,n-/iona' an! s-he1a/i- !esi+n a0i'i/ies) A'/ho,+h /hese -a/e+ories are in-reasin+'" 2ea/,re! in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 1a/eria's, /heir -o.era+e an! presen/a/ion ha.e o2/en see1e! ra/her ran!o1) &EF a//e1p/s 1ore !e/ai'e! !es-rip/ions) ;8;

?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ;) =) >) To 3ha/ e?/en/ !o "o, 0e'ie.e /ha/ 1a/eria's 3ri/ers -an /ake a--o,n/ o2 /he /"pe o2 +enera' -o1pe/en-es re2erre! /o a0o.eL Is i/ a 'e+i/i1a/e ai1 o2 a 'an+,a+e -o,rse /o /r" /o 1o!i2" persona'i/" 2ea/,res /ha/ 3e 1i+h/ 2ee' a22e-/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! -o11,ni-a/ionL Ho3 !o 3e 1ake !e-isions a0o,/ ai1s 2or /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 'in+,is/i- -o1pe/en-es a/ ea-h 'e.e' (.o-a0,'ar", +ra11ar*L To 3ha/ e?/en/ !o "o, 2ee' 3e nee! /o /ea-h !is-o,rse an! s-he1a/i- or+anisa/ion on a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e -o,rseL

Summary This se-/ion has re2erre! /o a ran+e o2 areas 3here i/ is re'e.an/ /o ask :,es/ions in re'a/ion /o /he 'earners 2or 3ho1 "o, are 3ri/in+) The" -an a'so a'' 0e re+ar!e! as possi0'e -a/e+ories o2 ai1s 2or a 'an+,a+e -o,rse or se/ o2 1a/eria's) The /ask 2or /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er is /o -o''e-/ in2or1a/ion an! 1ake !e-isions in a'' o2 /hese areas) I/ is ,p /o "o, /o !e-i!e 3hi-h se/(s* o2 ai1s 3i'' or+anise "o,r s"''a0,s an! 3hi-h o/hers 3i'' 0e 1ain s/ran!s /ha/ re-ei.e a !ire-/ 2o-,s) The ne?/ s/ep is /o -onsi!er ho3 o/her ai1s 3hi-h -an 0e /ar+e/e! in!ire-/'" (possi0'" /hro,+h /e?/ se'e-/ion an! /ask !esi+n* 3i'' 0e 0,i'/ in/o /he 1a/eria's in a -oheren/ 3a") )( 9hat information is a-ai*a;*e regarding *earnersG needs and wantsC

The -a/e+ories 1en/ione! a0o.e pro.i!e ,s 3i/h 3a"s o2 !es-ri0in+ o,r 'earnersE nee!s an! 3an/s, an! in /,rn, /he ai1s o2 o,r -o,rse) For LS# -o,rses, 3e 1a" no3 3ish /o pro-ee! 3i/h !e/ai'e! nee!s ana'"ses in.o'.in+ o0ser.a/ion an! ana'"sis o2 re'e.an/ -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/s an! -o''e-/ion an! ana'"sis o2 /e?/s an! o/her !a/a) e 1a" a'so 3an/ /o -ons,'/ spe-ia'ise! 'e?i-ons an! -orpora as 3e'' as p,0'ishe! resear-h on 'an+,a+e ana'"sis in /he 2ie'! o2 in/eres/) I/ is a'so e?/re1e'" .a',a0'e /o e?a1ine o/her -o,rse0ooks /ha/ ha.e 0een 3ri//en 2or 'earners 3i/h si1i'ar nee!s) For 'earners 3i/h 1ore +enera' ai1s a si1i'ar approa-h is re-o11en!e!, a'/ho,+h in rea'i/" 3e are 1ore in.o'.e! in e?p'orin+ o,r an! o/hersE in/,i/ions /han in ana'"sin+ !a/a) The :,es/ions in -hap/er = o2 &EF 'ea! one /hro,+h a /hinkin+ pro-ess, 0,/ /he ans3ers /ha/ "o, +i.e sho,'! 0e -he-ke! a+ains/ in2or1a/ion 2ro1 o/her so,r-es 7 2or e?a1p'e, s/a/e! -o,rse ai1s, e?a1ina/ions, o/her e!,-a/iona'is/sE ins/i/,/ions, e?/erna''"-pro!,-e! -he-k'is/s, an! o/her re'e.an/ /e?/0ooks) I/ is no/ /he p,rpose o2 &EF /o s,++es/ a-/,a' .er0a'isa/ions o2 /he re'e.an/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks (in re'e.an/ a-/i.i/ies, /he1es, si/,a/ions, !o1ains*) So, 3hi'e ans3erin+ /he :,es/ions in -hap/er = o2 &EF 1a" 'ea! "o, /o !e-i!e /ha/ "o,r 'earners nee! /o, 2or ins/an-e, en:,ire a0o,/ /he na/,re, a.ai'a0i'i/" an! -on!i/ions o2 a Ao0 (-o11,ni-a/i.e /ask* .ia ora' in/era-/ion (-o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e a-/i.i/"* in a Ao0 -en/re, 3i/h a Ao0 -en/re e1p'o"ee, 3hi'e 'ookin+ a/ Ao0 a!.er/ise1en/s (si/,a/ion* 3here /he !o1ain is o--,pa/iona' (!o1ain* an! /he s,0Ae-/ is e1p'o"1en/ (-o11,ni-a/ion /he1e* in.o'.in+ -er/ain -o11,ni-a/i.e 'an+,a+e pro-esses, -o1pe/en-es an! s/ra/e+ies, i/ 3i'' s/i'' 0e ne-essar" 2or "o, /o !e-i!e ho3 ,sers o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e a-/,a''" .er0a'ise s,-h spoken en:,iries) I/ is /he .er0a'isa/ions o2 a'' o2 /hese -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks /ha/ pro.i!e /he a-/,a' 'an+,a+e /ha/ 'earners nee! /o 'earn) I/ is 2ro1 /he .er0a'isa/ions (spoken an! 3ri//en* o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks /ha/ /he +ra11ar an! 'e?i-a' -on/en/ o2 "o,r -o,rse -an 1os/ o0.io,s'" 0e !eri.e!) ;8=

?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ha/ so,r-es o2 in2or1a/ion -an "o, -ons,'/ a0o,/ 'earnersJ nee!s an! 3an/sL ;) ha/ pro-e!,res 3i'' "o, ,se 2or -o''e-/in+ /his in2or1a/ion an! !a/aL =) hi'e -o''e-/in+ in2or1a/ion, -an "o, a'so -o''e-/ ,se2,' /e?/s /o ,seHa!ap/ 2or "o,r 1a/eria'sL >) I2 "o,r -o,rse is a +enera' one, are /here ,se2,' re2eren-e so,r-es /ha/ -an 0e -ons,'/e! (2or ins/an-e, Threshold Level 199 *L @) Are /here p,0'ishe! +,i!e'ines 2or -o,rse ai1s a.ai'a0'e 2ro1 o22i-ia') Does /he -o,rse 'ea! /o e?a1ina/ions /ha/ ass,1e -er/ain 'an+,a+e 3ork has 0een -o.ere! in par/i-,'ar 3a"sL

/(

9hat media are desira;*e and practica* for the materia*sC

e 3o,'! perhaps a'' 3ish o,r 'earners /o ha.e a--ess /o /he 2,'' ran+e o2 'earnin+ 1e!ia< paper0ase!, a,!io, .i!eo an! /he 'a/es/ -o1p,/er so2/3are an! har!3are) B,/ 1a/eria's 3ri/ers a'3a"s opera/e 3i/hin par/i-,'ar -on/e?/s /ha/ -ons/rain /he -hoi-e o2 1e!ia) E!,-a/iona' ins/i/,/ions a'' o.er /he 3or'! ha.e 0,!+e/ar" -ons/rain/s an! one o2 /he 2irs/ /hin+s /o 0ear in 1in! 3hen /hinkin+ a0o,/ 1e!ia an! -o,rse -o1ponen/s is 7 ho3 3i'' /his par/i-,'ar 1e!i,1 -on/ri0,/e /o /he 'earnin+ ai1s o2 /he -o,rse 7 an! 7 3i'' i/ a!! so1e/hin+ /ha/ is ,ni:,e (/ha/ o/her 1e!ia -anno/ s,pp'"* /o /he o.era'' -o,rse pa-ka+eL This 3a" o2 /hinkin+ is e?/re1e'" he'p2,' /o /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er 0e-a,se i/ is apparen/ 3hen !esi+nin+ 1a/eria's 2or par/i-,'ar 1e!ia /ha/ /he" sho,'! e?p'oi/ /he ,ni:,e possi0i'i/ies /ha/ /hose 1e!ia o22er) For e?a1p'e, /here is no .a',e in ,sin+ a -o1p,/er 2or presen/in+ /e?/s i2 /he re:,ire! in/era-/ion 0e/3een /he 'earner an! /he /e?/ is no !i22eren/ 2ro1 /ha/ 3i/h a /e?/ in a 0ook) There is 'i//'e poin/ in ,sin+ (e?pensi.e* .i!eo ra/her /han (-heaper* a,!io i2 /he .is,a' e'e1en/ o2 /he .i!eo is no/ e?p'oi/e!) E:,a''", o2 -o,rse, /here is no poin/ in ha.in+ par/s o2 /he -o,rse /ha/ !epen! on e?pensi.e har!3are i2 ,sers, 3he/her ins/i/,/iona' or in!i.i!,a', ha.e 'i//'e or no a--ess /o s,-h e:,ip1en/) S,--ess2,' -o,rses /ha/ e?p'oi/ /he 1a?i1,1 ran+e o2 a.ai'a0'e 1e!ia o2/en !o so in s,-h a 3a" /ha/ /he e?pensi.e an! 1ore e?o/i- -o1ponen/s are op/iona' e?/ras an! no/ a0so',/e'" -en/ra' /o /he -o,rse, 3hi'e /he -ore -o1ponen/s are as -heap an! a--essi0'e as possi0'e 7 ,s,a''" paper an! a,!io-0ase!) A -o11on -on2i+,ra/ion 2or an e?/en!e! -'assroo1 pa-ka+e is +i.en 0e'o3) Op/iona' -o1ponen/s are 1arke! 3i/h an as/erisk)
E?a1p'e c 7 op/iona' -o1ponen/s

&'assroo1 Book< -on/ainin+ a'' 1a/eria's 2or ,se in /he -'ass &'assroo1 A,!io (&asse//eH&D*< -on/ainin+ a'' a,!io 1a/eria's re'a/e! /o /he -'assroo1 0ook ork0ook< -on/ainin+ pra-/i-e an! re2eren-e 0" 'earners 3orkin+ a'one, perhaps a/ ho1e ork0ook A,!io (&asse//eH&D*< -on/ainin+ a'' a,!io 1a/eria's re'a/e! /o /he 3ork0ook Tea-herEs Book< pro.i!in+ /ea-her s,ppor/ 1a/eria's s,-h as pho/o-opia0'e /ask shee/s, ro'e -ar!s, in2or1a/ion +ap a-/i.i/ies cVi!eo< -on/ainin+ a!!i/iona' 1a/eria's /ha/ e?/en! /he -'assroo1 1a/eria's cVi!eo ork0ook< -on/ainin+ 1a/eria's re'a/e! /o /he .i!eo cVi!eo Tea-herEs G,i!e< pro.i!in+ /ea-her s,ppor/ 1a/eria's 2or /he .i!eo an! .i!eo 3ork0ook c&D-ROM< -on/ainin+ 2,r/her pra-/i-e, re2eren-e, /es/s, !a/a0ases 2or proAe-/s, e/-)

;8>

cIn/erne/ s,ppor/< on'ine !i-/ionaries, re2eren-e +ra11ars, a!!i/iona' pra-/i-e 1a/eria's, e/-) cIn/erne/ in/era-/ion< !is-,ssion +ro,ps (spokenH3ri//en*, e-pa's, he'p 'ines, e/-)

hi'e /here 1a" 0e -er/ain -o,rses, 2o-,sin+ 1ain'" on rea!in+ an! 3ri/in+ ski''s, 2ro1 3hi-h an a,!io -o1ponen/ 1a" 0e o1i//e!, /he in-rease! in/eres/ in spoken 'an+,a+e !e.e'op1en/ an! a,ra' -o1prehension +enera''" 1akes an a,!io -o1ponen/ essen/ia') This is par/i-,'ar'" /r,e 3hen /he /ea-her is no/ an e?per/ speaker o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e) The -hoi-e o2 -o1ponen/s 2or a -o,rse pa-ka+e !oes, o2 -o,rse, ha.e so1e e22e-/ on 1e/ho!o'o+i-a' op/ions, 0,/ 3e sho,'! no/ e?a++era/e /he -ons/rain/s o2 a si1p'e paper an! a,!io-0ase! pro+ra11e) &er/ain'" /he a!!i/ion o2 o/her 1e!ia o22ers /he po/en/ia' 2or a -o,rse /o ha.e an in-rease! ran+e o2 1o!es o2 'earnin+, an! /here is no !o,0/ /ha/ in/era-/i.e &D-ROM or In/erne/-0ase! -o,rses are 0e+innin+ /o o22er e?-i/in+ oppor/,ni/ies 2or in!i.i!,a' 'earnin+ 1o!es) hen /hinkin+ a0o,/ /he a!!i/ion o2 e?o/i- 1e!ia -o1ponen/s /he 3ri/er 1,s/ a'3a"s 0ear in 1in! /he i1p'i-a/ions /ha/ /heir in/ro!,-/ion 3i'' ha.e 2or /he 'earner, an! in!ee!, 2or /he /ea-her) ha/ ski''s 3i'' /ea-hers an! 'earners nee! /o +e/ /he 0es/ o,/ o2 /he !i22eren/ 1e!ia -o1ponen/sL Ho3 1,-h orien/a/ion /o /he -o,rse i/se'2 an! i/s 'earnin+ 1o!es is 'ike'" /o 0e ne-essar"L ?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ha/ -o1ponen/s !oes /he 'earnin+ -on/e?/ s,++es/ are !esira0'e an! possi0'eL ;) ha/ !e+ree o2 a--ess 3i'' /ea-hersH'earners ha.e /o /he har!3are ne-essar" 2or -er/ain 1e!iaL =) i'' a'' /he -o1ponen/s 0e ne-essar" par/s o2 /he -o,rse, or 3i'' so1e 0e op/iona'L >) Ho3 /ransi/or" !o 3e 0e'ie.e -er/ain hi-/e-h 1o!es are 'ike'" /o 0eL (Ho3 1,-h sho,'! 3e in.es/ in &D-ROML* @) ha/ is /he 'earnin+ .a',e o2 ea-h o2 /he -o1ponen/sL Is /he 'ike'" 'earnin+ pa"-o22 e-ono1i-a''" .ia0'eL 6) Ho3 2,''" !o /he 1a/eria's e?p'oi/ /he ,ni:,e possi0i'i/ies o2 /he !i22eren/ 1e!ia /"pesL K) To 3ha/ e?/en/ 3i'' hi-/e-h 1e!ia -o1ponen/s in.o'.e /ea-hers an! 'earners in !e.e'opin+ ne3 ski''s ne-essar" 2or 3orkin+ 3i/h /he -o,rseL .( !ow wi** the materia*s ;e weighted, grouped and se@uencedC

hen +enera' !e-isions ha.e 0een rea-he! a0o,/ /he ai1s o2 /he 1a/eria's an! /he 1e!ia a.ai'a0'e, i/ is /i1e /o s/ar/ -onsi!erin+ /he !e/ai'e! s/r,-/,re o2 /he !i22eren/ par/s) For /he p,rposes o2 /his !o-,1en/ 3e 3i'' 0e -on-en/ra/in+ on /he -en/ra' 2ea/,re o2 1os/ -o,rses 7 /he -'assroo1, or s/,!en/ 0ook) Yo, 3i'' ha.e !e-i!e! a n,10er o2 /hin+s 0" no3 on /he 0asis o2 "o,r 'earner nee!sH3an/s in2or1a/ionD 2or e?a1p'e, 3hi-h -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks "o, 3an/ s/,!en/s /o 0e a0'e /o !ea' 3i/h in 3ha/ si/,a/ions, 3i/h 3hi-h i1p'i-a/ions 2or 2,n-/ions, +ra11ar, 'e?is, phono'o+", e/-) In o/her 3or!s, "o, 3i'' ha.e 1a!e 'is/s o2 /he -o11,ni-a/ion -o1pe/en-es an! a-/i.i/"Hs/ra/e+"re'a/e! ai1s o2 "o,r -o,rse) A'' o2 /his is essen/ia' prepara/ion, 0,/ /he /ask o2 a-/,a''" 0e+innin+ /o s/r,-/,re /he /e?/0ook 0e+ins here)

;8@

One o2 /he -on/e?/,a' para1e/ers /ha/ 3e 1en/ione! ear'ier re'a/e! /o 'earnin+ /i1e a.ai'a0'e /o s/,!en/s) As an e?a1p'e, 'e/ ,s /ake a /"pi-a' E,ropean se-on!ar" s-hoo' -,rri-,',1 3i/h /hree /o 2o,r ho,rs a 3eek !e.o/e! /o a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) Mos/ ins/i/,/ions re:,ire a -'assroo1 /e?/0ook /o 0e ,se! o.er a 2,'' s-hoo' "ear) In /hese -ir-,1s/an-es, /here2ore, o,r -o,rse 1a/eria's 3i'' nee! /o -o.er appro?i1a/e'" 9I /o 8II -'ass ho,rs p',s ho1e3ork an! se'2-s/,!" /i1e) e 1a" -hoose /o pro!,-e separa/e 'earnin+ 1a/eria's 2or ho1e3ork an! se'2-s/,!" (s,-h as a 3ork0ook*) B,/ ho3 -an 3e 0e+in /o -ons/r,-/ a -'assroo1-0ase! pro+ra11e o2 9I7/o 8II -'ass ho,rsL The 2irs/ s/ep is /o !i.i!e /he -o,rse in/o ,ni/s) These ,ni/s 3i'' .ar" in ai1 an! !,ra/ion !epen!in+ on /he -on/e?/) ha/ !o 3e ,n!ers/an! 0" a b,ni/E o2 'earnin+ 1a/eria'sL Here are so1e /ho,+h/s) A ,ni/ ) ) ) has spe-i2i- (an! o2/en 1,'/ip'e* 'earnin+ ai1s an! ,s,a''" 1o.es /he s"''a0,s 2or3ar! in a'' /he areas i!en/i2ie! in /ha/ s"''a0,s (3hi'e an in!i.i!,a' -'assroo1 'esson is ,n'ike'" /o*D has a 0e+innin+ an! an en!D is in/erna''" -oheren/ an! has a spe-i2ie! re'a/ion 3i/h o/her ,ni/s (perhaps as par/ o2 a 'inear se:,en-e, perhaps as a 1o!,'e in a +ro,p o2 ,ni/s*D is en+a+in+ (in /er1s o2 in/eres/ .a',e*D is ,se2,' (in /er1s o2 'earnin+ o,/-o1es*D is .arie! (in /er1s o2 /"pes o2 s/,!en/ a-/i.i/"*D is seen /o 0e re'e.an/ (has 2a-e .a',e*D is !e.e'op1en/a' an! +enera/i.e (he'ps 'earners /o 1o.e on in /he -o,rse an! in /heir o3n 'earnin+*D is (,s,a''"* e?pe-/e! /o 0e -o.ere! in a spe-i2ie! a1o,n/ o2 -'assroo1 /i1e) Gro,pin+ 'earnin+ ai1s 2or a ,ni/ is a ke" s/ep in 1a/eria's !esi+n, 2or i/ is a/ /his s/a+e /ha/ a -he-k'is/ o2 3ha/ 3e hope s/,!en/s 3i'' 'earn is -ra2/e! in/o a s"''a0,s) Look a/ /his +ro,pin+ /ha/ /he 3ri/ers ,se! 2or a ,ni/ 2ro1 a /"pi-a' +enera' En+'ish 'an+,a+e -o,rse0ook) ?Loo$ +head 1A# E%ample heme: 'hopping 'u;>theme #: 'hops Conte,t #reparin+ /o +o on a /rip "ocabulary T"pes o2 shop O0Ae-/s /o 0," 2or /he /rip (-'o/hes, /oi'e/ries, -on/ainers* =ra&&ar Irre+,'ar p',ra's Geni/i.e Is 2or /"pes o2 shop (s,-h as /he ne3sa+en/Es* Re.ision o2 have got 3i/h a, so&e, any Re.ision o2 presen/ si1p'e /enses 'u;>theme ,: Au6ing things in shops Co&&unicative &arr"in+ o,/ a /ransa-/ion in a shop in.o'.in+ /he 2o''o3in+ 2,n-/ions _ tas$ Askin+ 2or so1e/hin+ ?Can D have_ CA Askin+ a0o,/ pri-es ?6ow &uch is_CA S/a/in+ 3ishes ?D7d li$e_A Askin+ 2or -'ari2i-a/ion ?!orryC 6ow &uchCA Gi.in+ so1eone so1e/hin+ ?6ere you are#A Gree/in+ an! 'ea.e-/akin+ ?=ood &orning_=oodbyeA

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=ra&&ar

#rono,n 7 one, ones X,es/ions 3i/h _which ?oneAC how &anyC _ (3i/h -o,n/a0'e no,ns* how &uchC _ (3i/h ,n-o,n/a0'e no,ns*

'u;>theme ): Au6ing the things 6ou need !pea$ing B,"in+ /hin+s in shops Listening Dis-,ssin+ 3ha/ "o, 3o,'! /ake on a /rip Reading 4n!ers/an!in+ a!.er/ise1en/s 2or shops 8riting ri/in+ a pa-kin+ 'is/ o2 /hin+s /o /ake on ho'i!a" This sho3s ho3 e'e1en/s o2 ai1s -an 0e +ro,pe! in a -oheren/ 1anner) Here /he (si?-pa+e* ,ni/ /akes a /he1e an! 2,r/her !i.i!es i/ in/o /hree (/3o-pa+e* s,0-/he1es) #ro+ression /hro,+h /he ,ni/ 'ea!s /o /he -arr"in+ o,/ o2 par/i-,'ar -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks re'a/e! /o shoppin+, an! /he 'e?is, +ra11ar an! 2,n-/ions nee!e! /o -arr" o,/ /hose /asks 2or1 /he 'an+,a+e ai1s o2 /he ,ni/) The +ro,pin+ o2 'an+,a+e ai1s is !e/er1ine! 0" /he 'an+,a+e -on/en/ o2 /he /ar+e/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks 3i/hin a par/i-,'ar /he1e) This is one op/ion 2or +ro,pin+) There are 1an" o/her op/ions) Le/Es /ake ano/her e?a1p'e o2 a -o,rse /o prepare ,ni.ersi/" s/,!en/s 2or 2o''o3in+ /heir ,n!er+ra!,a/e or +ra!,a/e -o,rse /hro,+h a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) In /his -ase i/ 1a" 0e /ha/ /he1e is no/ a ,se2,' -on-ep/ 2or 'a0e''in+ a ,ni/ o2 'earnin+) Man" a-a!e1i-o,rses 2or s/,!en/s 3i/h a 1i?e! ran+e o2 spe-i2i- s,0Ae-/ in/eres/s are !i.i!e! a'on+ a-a!e1i1a-ro ski'' 'ines s,-h as 'is/enin+ /o 'e-/,res an! 3ri/in+ essa"s# Here /he 2o-,s is on /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 /he ski'', an! -on/en/ areas are o2/en A,s/ .ehi-'es /hro,+h 3hi-h /he ski'' is per-ei.e! an! pra-/ise!) F,r/her, 3e -an i1a+ine /ha/ /he nee! 2or +ra11a/i-a' a--,ra-" in a -o,rse o2 'e-/,re -o1prehension is 2ar 'ess i1por/an/ /han in one on essa" 3ri/in+) In /he 'e-/,re -o1prehension -o,rse 3e 1a" !i.i!e /ea-hin+ 1a/eria' in/o ,ni/s on /he 0asis o2 /"pes o2 -o11,ni-a/i.e -h,nks (o2/en re2erre! /o as 1o.es in +enre ana'"sis 'i/era/,reD see S3a'es 855I* /ha/ /he speaker is 'ike'" /o o22er in a 'e-/,re 1ono'o+,e) Here are so1e o2 /he e'e1en/s /ha/ 1i+h/ 0e in.o'.e! in a s-ien-e-orien/e! -o,rse< s/ar/in+ an! 2inishin+ a 'e-/,re in/ro!,-in+ an! -'osin+ /opi-s !e2inin+ /er1s !es-ri0in+ e:,ip1en/ an! 1a/eria's !es-ri0in+ 1e/ho! /a'kin+ /hro,+h n,1eri-a' -a'-,'a/ion in/erpre/in+ +raphs, /a0'es, e/-) presen/in+ -'assi2i-a/ions !es-ri0in+ resear-h -o1parin+ an! -on/ras/in+ e?p'ainin+ /asks a ran+e o2 in/era-/iona' 2,n-/ions in 1ono'o+,e re'a/e! /o< 2o-,sin+, re-appin+, pres/r,-/,rin+, re.ie3in+, -he-kin+, e'i-i/in+, A,s/i2"in+, !e!,-in+, s,11arisin+, re1in!in+ an! rephrasin+)

A ,ni/ o2 s,-h a -o,rse 1i+h/ 0e or+anise! ,n!er /he hea!in+s a0o.e, an! o,r ana'"sis o2 (or pre!i-/ions a0o,/* /he .er0a'isa/ions o2 /hese -h,nks 3i'' "ie'! ri-h 'in+,is/i- 1a/eria' (-on-ernin+ !is-o,rse or+anisa/ion, in/ona/ion, sen/en-e +ra11ar, /e?/ or+anisa/ion, .o-a0,'ar", ;8K

e/-)* /ha/ 3e -an ,se /o spe-i2" /he 'in+,is/i- ai1s /ha/ 1i+h/ 0e par/ o2 a ,ni/ o2 'earnin+ ,n!er ea-h hea!in+) The -oheren-e o2 /he 1a/eria's in /his -ase re'ies on /he -o11,ni-a/i.e -h,nks an! /heir a--o1pan"in+ 'in+,is/i- 2ea/,res) In s,-h a -o,rse i/ is har! /o see ho3 one -an 0,i'! in a se:,en-in+ ra/iona'e 0ase! on s,ppose! !i22i-,'/" o2 +ra11ar or 'e?is, e?-ep/ as a separa/e, 'inear -o,rse s/ran! 3i/h 'ess i11e!ia/e pa"-o22) ?uestions for materia*s writers 8) Ho3 3i'' "o, !i.i!e /he -o,rse ai1s in/o ,ni/ ai1sL ;) ha/ 'a0e' 3i'' "o, ,se 2or ea-h ,ni/L i'' i/ 0e 0ase! on, 2or e?a1p'e, a /he1e, a 1a-ro-ski'', a -o11,ni-a/i.e /askL =) i'' /he ,ni/ ha.e 2,r/her s,0-!i.isionsL >) Do /he ,ni/s an! /heir s,0-!i.isions nee! /o 0e 2o''o3e! se:,en/ia''" or -an /he" 0e ,se! in a 1o!,'ar 3a"L @) ha/ 2ea/,res o2 'an+,a+e 3i'' 0e hi+h'i+h/e! as ,ni/ ai1sL 6) Ho3 3i'' "o, !e-i!e on /he !i22eren/ 3ei+h/in+s +i.en /o !i22eren/ ai1sL K) ha/ prin-ip'es 3i'' "o, opera/e in or!er /o +ro,p !i22eren/ ai1s /o+e/her in/o a -oheren/ ,ni/L 3( 9hat kinds of approach are appropriateC

&hap/er 6 o2 &EF o,/'ines a ran+e o2 pro-esses o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+) Approa-hes .ar" a--or!in+ /o /ea-her 0e'ie2s an! pre2eren-es, 'earner /"pe, reso,r-e a.ai'a0i'i/" an! ins/i/,/iona' -on/e?/, an! 3ise /e?/0ook 3ri/ers 3i'', a/ /he .er" 'eas/, a-kno3'e!+e a'' /hese 2a-/ors in /he 1a/eria's /ha/ /he" pro!,-e) I/ is pro0a0'" ,n-on/en/io,s /o s/a/e /ha/ 1os/ pra-/i/ioners an! 'earners 0e'ie.e /ha/ a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e -an, /o so1e e?/en/ 0e 'earne! as /he res,'/ o2 a p'anne! pro-ess, s,-h as a -o,rse, an! /ha/ 'an+,a+e -an a'so 0e a-:,ire! ei/her 2ro1 !ire-/ e?pos,re /o /e?/ an!Hor 2ro1 !ire-/ par/i-ipa/ion in -o11,ni-a/i.e e.en/s) The e?/en/ /o 3hi-h /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er +i.es pro1inen-e /o /hese 0e'ie2s 3i'' ha.e a -onsi!era0'e e22e-/ on /he res,'/in+ 1a/eria's) F_ 1os/ b1ains/rea1E 'earners, /ea-hers an! /heir s,ppor/ ser.i-es 3i'' 2o''o3 1ore e-'e-/ipra-/i-es, re-o+nisin+ /ha/ 'earners !o no/ ne-essari'" 'earn 3ha/ /ea-hers /ea-h an! /ha/ /he" re:,ire s,0s/an/ia' -on/e?/,a'ise! an! in/e''i+i0'e 'an+,a+e inp,/ as 3e'' as oppor/,ni/ies /o ,se /he 'an+,a+e in/era-/i.e'", 0,/ /ha/ 'earnin+ is 2a-i'i/a/e!, espe-ia''" ,n!er ar/i2i-ia' -'assroo1 -on!i/ions, 0" a -o10ina/ion o2 -ons-io,s 'earnin+ an! s,22i-ien/ pra-/i-e, /o re!,-e or e'i1ina/e /he -ons-io,s a//en/ion pai! /o 'o3-'e.e' ph"si-a' ski''s o2 speakin+ an! 3ri/in+ as 3e'' as /o 1orpho'o+i-a' an! s"n/a-/i- a--,ra-", /h,s 2reein+ /he 1in! 2or hi+her 'e.e' s/ra/e+ies o2 -o11,ni-a/ion)G (&EF 6);););* Te?/0ook 3ri/ers sho,'! 0e a0'e /o s/a/e /he 0e'ie2s /ha/ ,n!erpin /he 1a/eria's /he" 3ri/e) Se-/ion 6)> o2 &EF pro.i!es he'p 3i/h /he 2or1,'a/ion o2 /hese 0e'ie2s) e per-ei.e approa-hes in 1a/eria's 1os/ -'ear'" /hro,+h /he 3a" in 3hi-h a 'esson is or+anise!) ha/ !o 3e 1ean here 0" a 'essonL Firs/'", i/ is a perio! o2 /i1e, or ,ni/ o2 s/,!", 3i/hin 3hi-h 3e /r" /o a-hie.e spe-i2ie! /ea-hin+H'earnin+ ai1s) Se-on!'", i/ is a s/r,-/,re i1pose! 0" an ins/i/,/iona' s"s/e1, a /ea-her or /e?/0ook 3ri/er on /ha/ /i1e or ,ni/ o2 s/,!") A se:,en-e o2 /asks an! a-/i.i/ies in a +oo! 'esson is arran+e! in /he 3a" i/ is 0e-a,se /he /ea-herHins/i/,/ion 0e'ie.es /ha/ /his approa-h 3i'' 0e e22e-/i.e 2or hisHher 'earners) A 3ri/er se:,en-es 'esson 1a/eria's /o3ar!s /he sa1e en!)

;89

Goo! 1a/eria's 3ri/ers 3i'' 0e a0'e /o 3ri/e a'' kin!s o2 1a/eria's 7 3he/her /ea-herH'earner -en/re!, 3ho'e--'assH+ro,pHin!i.i!,a'-orien/e!, ins/r,-/iona'He?p'ora/or", e/-) This a0i'i/" is an essen/ia' ski'' o2 0ein+ a 3ri/er) B,/ /he appropria/eness o2 /hese approa-hes /o par/i-,'ar par/s o2 /he -o,rse 1,s/ 0e -onsi!ere!) I/ 1a" 0e /ha/ !i22eren/ approa-hes are ,se2,' 2or 1a/eria's in !i22eren/ 1e!ia an!Hor 3i/h !i22eren/ p,rposes) E%ample Yo, 1a" 3ish /o 2o-,s on +ra11ar in /he -'assroo1 /hro,+h a -oopera/i.e !is-o.er" 1o!e, so /ha/ s/,!en/s e?perien-e /he +ra11ar in -on/e?/H,se an! /r" /o +enera'ise a0o,/ r,'es o2 ,se an! ,sa+e 2ro1 /hese sa1p'es in /he presen-e o2 /heir peers an! 3i/h a /ea-her on han!) One 1i+h/ !es-ri0e /his as +,i!e! e?p'ora/ion) Ho3e.er, i2 "o, are preparin+ s,pp'e1en/ar" +ra11ar 1a/eria's 2or ho1e ,se, /he p,rpose o2 3hi-h is /o o22er 2,r/her pra-/i-e an! 0a-k-,p e?p'ana/ions, "o, 1a" 2ee' /here is a ro'e 2or 2'e?i0'e ins/r,-/iona' an! s/rai+h/2or3ar! -'ose!ans3er pra-/i-e 1a/eria's) ?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ;) =) >) @) 6) ha/ 0e'ie2s an! e?pe-/a/ions a0o,/ approa-hes !o "o, 2ee' /ea-hers an! 'earners ,sin+ "o,r 1a/eria's 3i'' ha.eL To 3ha/ e?/en/ !o /he 1a/eria's a-kno3'e!+e /heseL ha/ 0e'ie2s a0o,/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ an! /ea-hin+ ,n!er'ie /he 1a/eria'sL To 3ha/ e?/en/ !o /he 1a/eria's +,i!e 'earnin+ in /he sense ,se! a0o.eL To 3ha/ e?/en/ !o /he 1a/eria's o22er oppor/,ni/ies 2or a-:,isi/ionL ha/ is a 'esson in /er1s o2 "o,r 1a/eria'sL Are /here !is-erni0'e s/r,-/,res /o /he 'essonsL I2 so, -an "o, !es-ri0e /he1 an! re'a/e /he1 /o "o,r 0e'ie2s a0o,/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+H/ea-hin+L Are /here !i22eren/ s/r,-/,resHse:,en-es 2or o/her 1o!es o2 'earnin+ /ha/ /he -o,rse 1i+h/ in.o'.eL &an "o, e?p'ain /he ra/iona'e 0ehin! ea-h pa//ernL

%B) The !is-,ssion a0o,/ approa-hes is !e.e'ope! 2,r/her 0e'o3 ,n!er K)=) 4( 9hat range of tasks shou*d the materia*s containC

I2 "o, ask 'earners 3ha/ a 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /e?/0ook -on/ains, /he" 3i'' pro0a0'" sa" so1e/hin+ 'ike 7 /e?/s an! e?er-ises an! perhaps re2eren-e in2or1a/ion) An! a-/,a''", /he" 3o,'! 0e 1ore or 'ess -orre-/) Lea.in+ asi!e re2eren-e 1a/eria's, /he -o,rse i/se'2 is !e'i.ere! /hro,+h /e?/s (spoken an! 3ri//en* an! /asksD a ke" ski'' o2 a 1a/eria's 3ri/er is /o in-orpora/e a'' /he 1an" -o,rse ai1s an! hisHher 0e'ie2s a0o,/ 'an+,a+e an! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in/o /hese) ha/e.er prin-ip'es 3e opera/e -on-ernin+ /e?/ se'e-/ion, /e?/s re1ain /e?/s) The" ha.e 'i//'e .a',e ,n/i' 3e -rea/e 3a"s 2or 'earners /o in/era-/ 3i/h /he1 7 0" presen/in+ /asks) So /he !e-isions 3e 1ake a0o,/ /asks are -r,-ia') In 2a-/, /ask !esi+n is a'1os/ -er/ain'" /he sin+'e 1os/ i1por/an/ 2ea/,re o2 a /e?/0ook) Ba! /ask !esi+n -an ren!er a /e?/0ook 'i2e'ess an! irre'e.an/D +oo! /ask !esi+n -an 1ake a /e?/0ook a Ao" /o 3ork 3i/h an! 'earn 2ro1) 4n2or/,na/e'", :,a'i/" an! ran+e o2 /asks is no/ rea''" apparen/ ,n/i' /he /e?/0ook is ,se! in /he -'assroo1) Those 3ho se'e-/ /e?/0ooks 0" 'ookin+ a/ /he1 ra/her /han 0" /ria''in+ /he1 rare'" per-ei.e /his ke" aspe-/ o2 a 0ook) I/ is /hro,+h /ask !esi+n /ha/ /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er has an oppor/,ni/" /o in-orpora/e no/ on'" so1e aspe-/s o2 2o-,s 7 perhaps in /he areas o2 'in+,is/i- an! -o11,ni-a/i.e -o1pe/en-e 7 0,/ a'so /o en-o,ra+e /he !e.e'op1en/ o2 par/i-,'ar s/ra/e+ies an! pro-esses)

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4(#

ask t6pes and task focuses

In /er1s o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /e?/0ooks, a /ask is an a-/i.i/" /ha/ is 0,i'/ in/o /he 1a/eria's, /he a--o1p'ish1en/ o2 3hi-h F ) ) ) in.o'.es /he s/ra/e+i- a-/i.a/ion o2 spe-i2i- -o1pe/en-es in or!er /o -arr" o,/ a se/ o2 p,rpose2,' a-/ions in a par/i-,'ar !o1ain 3i/h a -'ear'" !e2ine! +oa' an! a spe-i2i- o,/-o1eG) (&EF K)8*) Tasks 1a" 0e si1i'ar /o /hose /ha/ /he 'earner nee!s /o 0e a0'e /o -arr" o,/ in rea' 'i2e (re2erre! /o in &EF as Jrea' 'i2eJ or J/ar+e/J or Jrehearsa'J /asks s,-h as 0ookin+ a ho/e' roo1 0" 2a?D rea!in+ a 1an,a'D 1akin+ no/es 2ro1 'e-/,res* or /he" 1a" 0e pe!a+o+i- /asks /ha/ ha.e a 1ore in!ire-/ re'a/ion 3i/h 'earner nee!sD -rea/i.e 3ri/in+ /asks -an, 2or e?a1p'e, 0e 1o/i.a/in+ an! ,se2,' in /ha/ /he" he'p 'earners /o e?p'ore /he possi0i'i/ies o2 'an+,a+e, 0,/ -rea/i.e 3ri/in+ is ,n'ike'" /o 0e a rea'-'i2e re:,ire1en/ in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e) One 1,s/ a'so 0ear in 1in! /he .a',e o2 -o11,ni-a/ion /ha/ is +enera/e! a1on+s/ 'earners 3hi'e /he" are en+a+e! in /he pro-ess o2 -arr"in+ o,/ a /ask 7 /hro,+h se'e-/ion, 1ana+e1en/ an! e.a',a/ion) I/ is 3or/h !is/in+,ishin+ in oneEs 1in! 0e/3een /ask 2o-,s (what e'e1en/s o2 'an+,a+e, -on/en/, 'earner !e.e'op1en/, e/-)* an! /ask /"pe (how 'earners are re:,ire! /o en+a+e 3i/h /he 1a/eria's, /heir 2e''o3 'earners, /he /ea-her an! perhaps /he rea' 3or'!*) The se'e-/ion an! -o10ina/ion o2 /ask 2o-,ses an! /ask /"pes a'on+ 3i/h appropria/e /e?/s is a/ /he hear/ o2 /he 1a/eria's 3ri/in+ pro-ess, 2or /he !e-isions an! -hoi-es /ha/ are 1a!e here 2,n!a1en/a''" a22e-/ /he .i/a'i/" an! ,se2,'ness o2 /he 1a/eria's) e nee! /o /hink no/ on'" a0o,/ in!i.i!,a' /asks 0,/ ho3 /he" are A,?/apose! an! se:,en-e! /o 2or1 a ,ni/ o2 'earnin+ or, 2ro1 /he perspe-/i.e o2 /ea-hers an! 'earners 3ho ,se /he1 in -'ass, a 'esson) e -an -'assi2" /asks in a .arie/" o2 3a"s, a--or!in+ /o responses /o /hese :,es/ions< ha/ kin! o2 pro-e!,res !o /he" in.o'.eL Are /he" si1p'e (sin+'e-s/a+e* or -o1p'e? (1,'/i-s/a+e*L Are /he" rea'-'i2e /asks (si1i'ar /o a re'e.an/ -o11,ni-a/i.e /ask in /he rea' 3or'!* or pe!a+o+i- /asks (3here /he A,s/i2i-a/ion is prepara/ion 2or -arr"in+ o,/ rea' -o11,ni-a/i.e /asks*L ha/ -on!i/ions an! -ons/rain/s are presen/L ha/ !e+rees o2 !i22i-,'/" are asso-ia/e! 3i/h /he /asksL ha/ kin! o2 'earner pro-esses !o /he" in.o'.eL ha/ kin! o2 -o1pe/en-es !o /he" in.o'.eL ha/ kin! o2 s/ra/e+ies !o /he" en-o,ra+eL ha/ kin! o2 ro'e is /he 'earner re:,ire! /o /ake in /he !is-o,rse o2 /he /askL Are /he" -'ose! (3i/h one -orre-/ o,/-o1e* or open-en!e! (3i/h 1an" possi0'e a--ep/a0'e o,/-o1es*L Are /he" pro!,-/-2o-,se! (are 3e 1ain'" in/eres/e! in 3ha/ s/,!en/s pro!,-e* or pro-ess2o-,se! (are 3e 1ain'" in/eres/e! in 3ha/ o--,rs !,rin+ /he -arr"in+ o,/ o2 /he /ask* or 0o/hL

&hap/er K o2 &EF in-',!es e?/re1e'" ,se2,' perspe-/i.es on /ask !esi+n an! rea!ers are re2erre! par/i-,'ar'" /o /he se-/ion on /ask !i22i-,'/" (K)=*)

;;I

Ho3e.er, an eas" 3a" /o /hink a0o,/ an! /o so1e e?/en/ -'assi2" /ask /"pes is /o -onsi!er sin+'e 3or!s /ha/ s,++es/ /ask /"pes /o "o,) The 'is/ o2 /ask /"pe 3or!s in Fi+,re = 0e'o3 is par/i-,'ar'" resonan/ 2or so1e) Mos/ o2 /he1 are ins/r,-/iona' 3or!s /ha/ o--,r in /he r,0ri-s o2 /asks in /e?/0ooks) hen -o10ine! 3i/h /ask 2o-,ses s,-h as /hose sho3n, one -an see /ha/ a 1a/ri? is -rea/e! /ha/ a''o3s /he +enera/ion o2 an a'1os/ in2ini/e n,10er o2 par/i-,'ar /asks) O2 -o,rse, no/ a'' /ask /"pes 'en! /he1se'.es /o a'' /ask 2o-,ses) &o11en/a/e, 2or e?a1p'e, is par/i-,'ar'" ,se2,' as a .i!eo /ask 3here 'earners 1i+h/ prepare a .oi-eo.er -o11en/ar" /o a--o1pan" a .is,a' se:,en-e o2 e.en/s) In/err,p/ is ,se2,' as a 'is/enin+ /ask an!Hor 3a/-hin+ /ask, 3here an a,!io or .i!eo -asse//e is s/oppe! an! 'earners are aske! /o pre!i-/ 3ha/ is -o1in+ ne?/) E?pan!H&on/in,e is par/i-,'ar'" ,se2,' in a -rea/i.e 3ri/in+ -on/e?/ 3here s/,!en/s 3ork 2ro1 +i.en 1ini1a' inp,/ an! e?pan! /o /e'' /heir o3n s/or" or !es-ri0e /heir o3n .ision a--or!in+ /o par/i-,'ar -ons/rain/s pro.i!e! 0" /he /ea-her) B,/, o2 -o,rse, /hese par/i-,'ar /asks are persona' e?a1p'es s,++es/e! 0" /hese one-3or! pro1p/s) The pro1p/s 1a" s,++es/ -o1p'e/e'" !i22eren/ /asks /o "o,) There are a n,10er o2 a!.an/a+es /o ,sin+ a /ask 1a/ri? 'ike /his) In !e.isin+ "o,r o3n "o, ne-essari'" -onsi!er /he ran+e o2 2o-,ses 2or /he 1a/eria's an! /he op/ions 2or /"pes o2 /ask) I/ re1in!s "o, o2 possi0i'i/ies 2or /ask !esi+n /ha/ 1a" o/her3ise no/ ha.e o--,rre! /o "o,, in par/i-,'ar 0" A,?/aposin+ a -on.en/iona' /ask 2o-,s 3i/h a s,rprisin+ /ask /"pe) The 'is/ a'so re1in!s /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er a0o,/ .arie/" o2 /ask) Varie/" is .i/a' in /ask !esi+n) Varie/" no/ on'" has in/eres/H1o/i.a/iona' .a',e, i/ a'so a''o3s ,s /o a!!ress s/,!en/sE !i22eren/ pre2erre! 'earnin+ 1o!es, an! he'ps /o !e.e'op a3areness o2 !i22eren/ 'earnin+ ski''s)

;;8

Figure )) + Tas$ =enerator A ' = F O C U ' E ' Gra11ar Lis/enin+ e/-) e/-)

T A S $ T Y # E S

Vo-a0,'ar" #re!i-/ Ans3er X,es/ion In/err,p/ La0e' Ma/-h Trans2er Se'e-/ Fin!HI!en/i2" Gro,pH&'assi2" Or!erHRank &o1pareH&on/ras/ De!,-eHG,essHIn2er Re-a'' &o1p'e/e Inser/ &orre-/ Re1o.eHDe'e/e E?pan!H&on/in,e Trans2or1HA'/er I1pro.e Des-ri0e Dis-,ss E?p'ainHJ,s/i2"HAr+,e De1ons/ra/eHA-/ o,/HDo %arra/e &o11en/a/e

E%ample Look a/ /his /e?/) A 1an sa/ on a 0en-h) He 'ooke! a/ /he sea) He /ho,+h/ o2 his son) The 2irs/ par/ o2 /he /ask is /o -rea/e a persona' pi-/,re o2 3ha/ /he /e?/ s,++es/s /o "o, (/he 'earner*) The se-on! par/ o2 /he /ask is /o e?pan! /he /e?/ in or!er /o -on.e" "o,r pi-/,re as pre-ise'" as possi0'e) B,/ /here are -ons/rain/s< "o, -an a!! an" 3or!s, phrases, -'a,ses "o, 'ike, 0,/ "o, 1,s/ ,se a'' /he 3or!s in /he ori+ina' /e?/ in /heir ori+ina' or!erD "o, 1a" on'" ha.e a /o/a' o2 /hree sen/en-es)

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ha/ !oes /his /ask !oL Firs/'", i/ 2o-,ses on +ra11a/i-a' an! 'e?i-a' -o1pe/en-es 7 /here are -'ear -',es an! res/ri-/ions -on-ernin+ 3hi-h 3or!s an! /"pes o2 3or!s -an 0e a!!e!) Learners 3i'' a'1os/ ine.i/a0'" (!epen!in+ on 'e.e'* 3an/ /o a!! a!Ae-/i.es, a!.er0s, preposi/iona' phrases, re'a/i.e -'a,ses, e/-) There are -o''o-a/iona' -ons/rain/s on /he 'e?i-a' i/e1s /he" -hoose) The /ask 3i'' raise in/eres/in+ -,'/,ra' iss,es, 2ro1 /he /ri.ia' (3ha/ 0en-hes are 'ike a/ /he seasi!e* /o /he 2,n!a1en/a' (/he -,'/,ra' si+ni2i-an-e o2 a 1an 0ein+ par/e! 2ro1 his son*) There 3i'' 0e /e?/ perspe-/i.e< so1e 3i'' ha.e a s,nn" !a" an! a happ" s-ene 3hi'e o/hers 3i'' presen/ a !ark, !epressin+ pi-/,re) Learners 3i'' 0e en-o,ra+e! /o /ake risks 3i/h 'an+,a+e 0e-a,se /here is no -orre-/ ans3er /o /his /ask, 2or ea-h /e?/ is 0ase! on a persona' pi-/,re) B" pro.i!in+ /he 1o/i.a/ion /o !es-ri0e a persona' pi-/,re, 'earners 3i'' s/r,++'e /o -on.e" e?a-/'" 3ha/ /he" are /r"in+ /o 1ean) This Ms/r,++'eE, one -o,'! -'ai1, 1irrors /he s/r,++'e /o 1ean in a +en,ine an! +en,ine'" i1por/an/ -o11,ni-a/i.e si/,a/ion in /he rea' 3or'!) The /ask !ra3s 'earners in/o -onsi!erin+ an! e?p'orin+ 'an+,a+e pro-esses an! -o11,ni-a/i.e s/ra/e+ies 3hi'e /he !ire-/ 2o-,s (3hi-h pro.i!es /he 2a-e .a',e 2or /he /ask* appears /o 0e -on-erne! on'" 3i/h 'in+,is/i-o1pe/en-es) 4(, he se@uencing of tasks

A par/i-,'ar /ask /"pe !oes no/ 0e'on+ /o one kin! o2 approa-h or ano/her) Tasks are si1p'" one o2 /he /oo's 3e ha.e 2or s/r,-/,rin+ 'essons an! 1a/eria's) The 3a" 3e -o10ine an! se:,en-e /asks a22e-/s ho3 /ea-hers /ea-h an! i/ is /he -hoi-e o2 se:,en-e in a 'esson or ,ni/ /ha/ is asso-ia/e! 3i/h /ea-hin+ approa-hes, 0e'ie2s a0o,/ 'earnin+ an! -'assroo1 1e/ho!o'o+ies) Types of lesson structure There has 0een a 'o/ o2 !e0a/e o.er /he "ears a0o,/ /he se:,en-in+ o2 s/a+es in a 'an+,a+e 'esson) This !e0a/e, o2/en 2ier-e, raises 2,n!a1en/a' :,es/ions a0o,/ o,r 0e'ie2s -on-ernin+ ho3 'an+,a+es are 0es/ 'earne! in 2or1a' se//in+s) On /he one e?/re1e /here are /hose 3ho 0e'ie.e in a 1ore /ea-her--en/re! approa-h 3here0" /he /ea-her a-/i.e'" presen/s s1a'' -h,nks o2 +ra!e! 'an+,a+e, en-o,ra+es ri+oro,s pra-/i-e an! /hen re:,ires s/,!en/s /o pro!,-e /he1 in so1e 3a") On /he o/her e?/re1e /here are /hose 3ho 2ee' /ha/ ran!o1 e?pos,re is a'' /ha/ is re:,ire! an! /ha/ 'earners 3i'' pi-k ,p 3ha/ /he" 3an/ an! nee! /o) The 0e'ie2s /ha/ appear /o ,n!er'ie a .as/ 0o!" o2 1o!ern 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /e?/0ooks see1 /o 'ie a/ .ar"in+ poin/s on a -on/in,,1 0e/3een /hese e?/re1es) Ho3e.er, .er" 2e3 /ea-hers 3o,'! !isa+ree 3i/h /he -'ai1 /ha/ /here are ke" e.en/s /ha/ -hara-/erise a +oo! 'an+,a+e 'esson) This is an a//e1p/ a/ a 1ini1a' 'is/ o2 3ha/ 'an+,a+e 'essons sho,'! pro0a0'" -on/ain (in no par/i-,'ar or!er*< so1e re2eren-e /o /he p,rposes o2 /he 'esson a /rans2er o2 in2or1a/ion a0o,/ /he 'an+,a+e a 'ink 3i/h 'essons /ha/ ha.e -o1e 0e2ore an in!i-a/ion o2 2o''o3-,p s/,!", pra-/i-e or e?p'ora/ion an! 2,/,re 'essons

as well as opportunities for learners to _ ,se /he 'an+,a+e /he" a'rea!" kno3 'ook a/, hear an! perhaps see rea' or :,asi-rea' 'an+,a+e in ,se pra-/ise e'e1en/s o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e 3i/h a -er/ain a1o,n/ o2 +,i!an-e an! s,ppor/ ,se /he 'an+,a+e /o -arr" o,/ re'e.an/ rea' an!Hor :,asi-rea' /asks 1ake no/es a0o,/ /he -on/en/ o2 /he 'esson

_all in a conte,t that &otivates learners to ta$e part# ;;=

Ho3 /hese ke" e'e1en/s o--,r in an" par/i-,'ar 'esson, an! 3ho is in.o'.e! in s,-h !e-ision1akin+ ,n!er'ies 1,-h o2 /he re-en/ !e0a/e -on-ernin+ 'an+,a+e /ea-hin+H 'earnin+ se:,en-es) This is no/ /he p'a-e /o +o in/o /he !e/ai' o2 /he !e0a/e) Tra!i/iona' /ea-hin+ se:,en-es s,-h as /he 3i!e'" re2erre!-/o #-#-#, in 3hi-h (in a s/ri-/ in/erpre/a/ion o2 /he /er1* /ea-her presen/a/ion (#* o2 /he /ar+e/ 'an+,a+e is 2o''o3e! 0" -on/ro''e! pra-/i-e (#* an! /hen 0" s/,!en/ pro!,-/ion (#*, -an in-orpora/e /hese e.en/s) So -an .ie3s o22ere! as a'/erna/i.es /o a #-#-# 'esson s/r,-/,re 3here !is-o.er" 'earnin+ an! 'earner--en/re!ness in +enera' are +i.en 1ore pro1inen-e) For e?a1p'e, S-ri.ener (855>* s,++es/s a 1o!i2ie!, 1ore 2'e?i0'e se/ o2 'esson s/a+es /ha/ -an 0e p,/ /o+e/her in !i22eren/ se:,en-es 2or !i22eren/ p,rposes, 0ase! on A (A,/hen/i- 4se*, R (Res/ri-/e! 4se* an! & (&'ari2i-a/ion an! Fo-,s*) i''is (8556* !es-ri0es a 2ra1e3ork 2or /ask-0ase! 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in -'asses< a pre-/ask phase in 3hi-h 'earners are in/ro!,-e! /o a /opi- an! a /askD /he /ask s/a+e, 3hi-h in.o'.es 'earners !oin+ /he /ask i/se'2, /hen /he p'annin+ s/a+e, !,rin+ 3hi-h 'earners, in +ro,ps, re2'e-/ ,pon ho3 /he" a//e1p/e! /o -arr" o,/ /he /ask an! a//e1p/ /o -orre-/, rephrase an! rehearse /he /ask 'an+,a+e) This is 2o''o3e! 0" /he repor/ s/a+e, !,rin+ 3hi-h 'earners repor/ /o /he -'ass an! /he /ea-her +i.es 2ee!0a-k on -on/en/ an! 2or1) In /his 3a", /he a,/hor -'ai1s, a nee! 2or 'an+,a+e inp,/ on /he par/ o2 /he 'earner is -rea/e! an! i/ is /here2ore a/ /his 2ina' s/a+e /ha/ 'an+,a+e 2o-,s is appropria/e an! 1os/ .a',a0'e) The 'is/ a0o.e is e:,a''" re'e.an/ /o a'' /hese !es-rip/ions o2 3ha/ -an happen in 'essons) Fi+,re > 0e'o3 sho3s one 3a" in 3hi-h /asks 1i+h/ 0e se:,en-e! in a ,ni/ o2 3ork) I/ is a /he1e-0ase! ,ni/, /he ai1s o2 3hi-h are< /o presen/ ne3 'an+,a+e /hro,+h e?pos,re /o an in/eres/in+ /e?/D /o he'p 'earners -o10ine /ha/ ne3 'an+,a+e 3i/h 'an+,a+e /he" -an a'rea!" ,seD an! /o ,se /he ne3 'an+,a+e in a p,rpose2,' -o11,ni-a/i.e -on/e?/) $e" 2ea/,res o2 /his se:,en-e are /ha/ 'earners are< prepare! 2or ea-h s/a+eD o22ere! ne3 'an+,a+e in 1o/i.a/in+ /e?/sD en-o,ra+e! /o 'ook a/ /e?/s 2or 1eanin+, as pie-es o2 -o11,ni-a/ion, 0e2ore ha.in+ /heir a//en/ion !ra3n /o 2or1D en-o,ra+e! an! +,i!e! /o !is-o.er r,'es o2 ,se an! ,sa+e an! /o !e.e'op .o-a0,'ar" 0e"on! /he /e?/D o22ere! pra-/i-e o2 /he ke" 'an+,a+eD en-o,ra+e! /o /r" o,/ /he ne3 'an+,a+e in :,asi-rea' -o11,ni-a/i.e -on/e?/s) The !es-rip/ion is 3ri//en 2ro1 /he /ea-herEs perspe-/i.e) One -o,'! A,s/ as easi'" 3ri/e i/ 2ro1 /he 'earnerEs perspe-/i.e) Figure /) + sa&ple lesson se3uence A( "repare for te+t input ;6 A-/i.a/in+ kno3'e!+e A-/i.a/in+ e?pe-/a/ions (o2 +enre, /e?/-/"pe, 'e?is, +ra11ar, e/-)* Re.isin+Hre2errin+ /o re'a/e! 1a/eria' #ersona'isin+ A( Encourage the de-e*opment of strategies for dea*ing with te+t input ;6 Se//in+ 3hi'e-rea!in+H'is/enin+ /asks En-o,ra+in+ !i22eren/ pro-essin+ 1o!es 0" !ea'in+ 3i/h /he /e?/ as a pie-e o2 1eanin+2,' -o11,ni-a/ion 2o-,s on ,n!ers/an!in+ 1eanin+ re-o+nisin+ /e?/ p,rposeH+enreHpar/i-ipan/s rea!in+H'is/enin+ 2or +enera' +is/ rea!in+H'is/enin+ 2or !e/ai's i!en/i2"in+ -o11,ni-a/i.e 2,n-/ion o2 par/s ,n!ers/an!in+Hin2errin+ 3or! 1eanin+ Vie3in+ /he /e?/ in /er1s o2 i/s 2or1a' 2ea/,res 7 2o-,s on re-o+nisin+ ho3 an! 3h" 2ea/,res o2 2or1 o--,r ;;>

i!en/i2"in+ 2or1a' 2ea/,res (s,-h as +ra11ar* re'a/in+ 2or1a' 2ea/,res /o -o11,ni-a/i.e 2,n-/ion C( :o-e out from the te+t ;6 Dis-,ssin+ -on/en/, (0" re'a/in+ i/ /o o3n e?perien-e* Genera'isin+ a0o,/ ,se an! ,sa+e o2 2or1a' 2ea/,res Re'a/in+ /e?/ .o-a0,'ar" /o o/her .o-a0,'ar", re'a/e! in 2or1, 1eanin+ or ,se &( "ractise new *anguage ;6 4sin+ 1eanin+2,' an! 1e-hani-a' !ri''s an! e?er-ises &he-kin+ ,n!ers/an!in+ a+ains/ re2eren-e 1a/eria's E( %ncorporate and use new *anguage in a persona* and producti-e conte+t through &o11,ni-a/i.e /asks 3i/h persona' re'e.an-e, p,rpose, spe-i2ie! A,!ien-e, e/-) ?uestions for materia*s writers 8) hi-h /ask /"pes !o "o, in/en! /o ,se in /he 1a/eria'sL ;) ha/ 3i'' 0e /he 2o-,s o2 /he /asks in ea-h ,ni/ o2 3ork an! ea-h 'essonL =) Do /he /asks in-',!e a'' /he rea'-'i2e (in-',!in+ e?a1ina/ion* /asks /ha/ 'earners are 'ike'" /o 0e re:,ire! /o -arr" o,/L >) Is /here a s,22i-ien/ .arie/" o2 /ask in /er1s o2, 2or e?a1p'e, /ask /"pe, /ask o,/-o1eD n,10ers o2 in/er'o-,/orsD n,10ers o2 /e?/sL @) Do /he /asks re:,ire 'earners /o /ake !i22eren/ ro'es 7 as ini/ia/or an! respon!er in in/era-/ionD as re-ei.er, pro!,-er, 1e!ia/orL 6) Is /here a nee! /o 2o-,s on !e.e'opin+ 'earnersJ a3areness o2 ,se2,' s/ra/e+ies 2or -opin+ 3i/h /he !e1an!s o2 -er/ain /asksL K) Are /he /asks appropria/e in /er1s o2< -o+ni/i.e an! 'in+,is/i- !i22i-,'/"D in/eres/ an! re'e.an-e /o /he 'earnerD s,ppor/ an! /i1e pro.i!e!D -'ari/" o2 /ask-se//in+ an! r,0ri-L 1( !ow wi** te+ts ;e se*ected for inc*usionC

Fin!in+ or pro!,-in+ appropria/e /e?/s 2or in-',sion in a /e?/0ook is an e?/re1e'" -ha''en+in+ /ask 2or /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er an! i/ is a ski'' 3hi-h i/ is i1por/an/ /o !e.e'op) here LS# /e?/0ook 3ri/ers ha.e a -er/ain a1o,n/ o2 he'p 3i/h -hoosin+ appropria/e /e?/s, !,e /o /he -ons/rain/s an! oppor/,ni/ies o2 re'e.an/ s,0Ae-/ 1a//er, /he +enera' /e?/0ook a,/hor has 'i//'e 1ore /han hisHher o3n 0e'ie2s an! in/,i/ions 2or +,i!an-e) The i1por/an-e o2 +oo! /e?/ se'e-/ion -anno/ 0e s/resse! eno,+h) hen /ea-hers 'ook :,i-k'" /hro,+h a ran+e o2 ne3 /e?/0ooks, i/ is /he /e?/s an! /heir s,rro,n!in+ .is,a' 1a/eria' /ha/ a//ra-/ or repe' /he1) An! /his is e:,a''" /r,e 2or 'earners) I/ is 3or/h no/in+ /ha/ a'/ho,+h /he 3ri/er 1a" no/ ha.e -on/ro' o.er /his e'e1en/ o2 0ook !esi+n an! pro!,-/ion, /ha/ /he 3a" /e?/s are presen/e! .is,a''" is o2 .i/a' i1por/an-e) The 'an+,a+e /e?/0ook is a 'earnin+ 3or'! in/o 3hi-h /he 3ri/er 1,s/ !ra3 'earners 0" pers,a!in+ /he1 /ha/ 3ha/ is on o22er is in/eres/in+, re'e.an/ an! s/i1,'a/in+) I'',s/ra/i.e 1a/eria' sho,'! a--o1pan" /e?/ 3here.er possi0'e, an! /he 1ore a /e?/ 'ooks as i2 i/ -o1es 2ro1 an a,/hen/i- so,r-e, /he 0e//er)

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There are, o2 -o,rse, -ons/rain/s on /e?/ se'e-/ion 3hen p'annin+ a 0ook-0ase! -o,rse) Be-a,se p,0'ishers ,s,a''" re:,ire /e?/0ooks /o 0e p'anne! so /ha/ /here is a re'a/ion 0e/3een spa-e a''o-a/e! in /er1s o2 pa+es an! -'assroo1 /i1e, /here is ,n'ike'" /o 0e roo1 in a -o,rse /e?/0ook 2or .er" e?/en!e! rea!in+ passa+es or 1,'/ip'e /e?/s re'a/in+ /o one se/ o2 'earnin+ ai1s) I/ is /here2ore a so1e3ha/ ,n2or/,na/e -ons/rain/ on /e?/ se'e-/ion /ha/ ea-h 'esson 3i'' nor1a''" in-',!e on'" one or /3o /e?/s 3hi-h are 'i1i/e! in 'en+/h) 1(# 'hou*d te+ts ;e rea* or scriptedC

The !e0a/e o.er 3he/her /e?/s sho,'! 0e e?/ra-/s o2 rea' -o11,ni-a/ion or 3ri//en 2or /he p,rposes o2 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ 3i'' ra+e 2ore.er) The !e0a/e, ho3e.er, is a0o,/ /heore/i-a' iss,es ra/her /han /he pra-/i-a' ones 3i/h 3hi-h /he 1a/eria's 3ri/er has /o !ea') Dis-o,rse ana'"sis, +enre ana'"sis an! o/hers s/,!ies 0ase! on -orp,s ana'"sis ha.e pro.i!e!, /o !a/e, a -er/ain a1o,n/ o2 in2or1a/ion a0o,/ na/,ra' 2ea/,res o2 'an+,a+e as ,se! in -o11,ni-a/ion 7 par/i-,'ar'" in En+'ish) In -er/ain LS# -on/e?/s /his in2or1a/ion is :,i/e !e/ai'e! an! pro.i!es insi+h/s in/o /e?/ or+anisa/ion, 'e?i-a' 2ea/,res, +ra11a/i-a' 2ea/,res an! 1i-ro an! 1a-ro 2,n-/iona' 2ea/,res) Ho3e.er, /here is 2ar .a+,er in2or1a/ion a.ai'a0'e a0o,/ +enera' 'an+,a+e ,se, 3here /he .aria0'es o2 si/,a/ion, 'o-a/ion, par/i-ipan/s an! p,rposes presen/ e?ponen/ia''" +rea/er possi0i'i/ies) E.en i2 3e 3ere /o ha.e 1ore in2or1a/ion a0o,/ na/,ra' 2ea/,res o2 'an+,a+e in a'' possi0'e +enera' -on/e?/s 3e 3o,'! s/i'' 2in! i/ .er" !i22i-,'/ /o se'e-/ /e?/s) An" par/i-,'ar rea' /e?/, 2or e?a1p'e, an e?/ra-/ o2 spoken in/era-/ion, 3i'' on'" -on/ain .er" 2e3 e?a1p'es o2 /he na/,ra' 2ea/,res /o 3hi-h 3e 3o,'! 3ish /o e?pose o,r 'earners) e /hen ha.e /o !e-i!e 3he/her /o ,se /his rea' /e?/ an! a--ep/ /ha/ i/ o22ers 1ini1a' e?p'oi/a/ion, or /o pro!,-e a s-rip/e! /e?/ /ha/ -on/ains 1ore o2 /he na/,ra'is/i- 2ea/,res 3e 3an/ /o hi+h'i+h/) A po3er2,' .ie3 is /ha/ 1a/eria's 3ri/ers nee! /o 0e-o1e a3are o2 3ha/ /hese na/,ra' 2ea/,res are, /hen /ake rea' sa1p'es o2 /e?/s an! a!ap/ /he1 in 3a"s /ha/ 'en! /he1 /o +rea/er e?p'oi/a0i'i/" an! 0rin+ /he1 in/o 'ine 3i/h 3ha/e.er para1e/ers 3e 2ee' sho,'! app'" /o o,r /e?/s) Goo! /e?/s -er/ain'" -anno/ 0e a!ap/e! or s-rip/e! 3i/ho,/ a -'ose 'ook a/ a si1i'ar rea' /e?/) I2 1a/eria's 3ri/ers !o no/ -ons,'/ rea' /e?/s /he" 3i'' +enera''" pro!,-e /e?/s /ha/ are no/ on'" !,'' 0,/, 1ore 3orr"in+'", 3i'' !isp'a" 2e3 o2 /he 2ea/,res o2 na/,ra' ,se) This is par/i-,'ar'" /r,e 2or spoken /e?/s 3here s-rip/in+ o2/en 'ea!s /o /he -o1p'e/e o1ission o2 a'' in/era-/i.e 2ea/,res o2, 2or e?a1p'e, a /3o-3a" -on.ersa/ion, an! pro!,-es a ra/her /,r+i! o.er-e?p'i-i/ series o2 :,es/ions an! ans3ers) One 3a" o2 /es/in+ "o,r s-rip/e! -on.ersa/ions is /o ask /3o 2rien!s (an! e.en 0e//er, 2rien!s 3ho are pro2essiona' a-/orsP* /o a-/ /he1 o,/) The" 3i'' no/i-e i11e!ia/e'" ho3 2ar "o,r 3or!s are 2ro1 3ha/ /he si/,a/ion see1s /o in.i/e /he1 /o sa") Ano/her 3e''-/rie! 1e/ho! is /o ask a-/ors /o +enera/e spoken 'an+,a+e 2ro1 no/es ra/her /han s-rip/s) B,/ /his -an 0e !an+ero,s as a-/ors /en! /o o.er-!ra1a/ise in -ir-,1s/an-es 3here 3e 1i+h/ 0e 'ookin+ 2or a 2air'" ro,/ine, na/,ra' e?-han+eP 1(, 9hat te+t -aria;*es shou*d we take into accountC

Te?/s in-',!e! in /e?/0ooks sho,'! 0e re'e.an/ in /er1s o2 /heir -o11,ni-a/i.e .a',e an! 'an+,a+e 2ea/,res an! sho,'! 0e presen/e! in as in/eres/in+ a 3a" as possi0'e /o s/i1,'a/e an! en+a+e 'earners) The ran+e in /he -o,rse sho,'! 0e .arie!, an! 3ri/ers sho,'! /ake in/o a--o,n/ /hese aspe-/s o2 /e?/s< /heir appro?i1a/ion /o rea' /e?/sD /he +enreH/e?/-/"peD /he 1e!i,1D /he 'en+/h, s/r,-/,ra' -o1p'e?i/" an! 'e?i-a' 'oa!D /heir e?p'oi/a0i'i/" as .ehi-'es 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ /asksD 3he/her 'earners are re:,ire! /o !ea' 3i/h /he1 re-ep/i.e'", pro!,-/i.e'", in/era-/i.e'" or in 1e!ia/ion) (&EF >)6* ;;6

Te?/s 1i+h/ a'so 0e in-',!e! as par/ o2 a ',!i- pro-ess 3here a /e?/ inp,/ an!Hor o,/p,/ !oes no/ ne-essari'" -orrespon! /o a rea' /e?/ 0,/ /he in/era-/ion 0e/3een 'earners aro,n! i/s pro-essin+ or pro!,-/ion has rea' 1o/i.a/iona' an! pe!a+o+i- .a',e) Learners p'a" -rea/i.e'" 3i/h 'an+,a+e in /e?/s /o e?p'ore /he para1e/ers o2 3ha/ is possi0'e) I/ is i1por/an/ /o 0ear in 1in! /ha/ 3hen 3e en-o,ra+e -rea/i.e 3ri/in+ in /he -'assroo1 i/ is no/ 0e-a,se 3e 0e'ie.e 'earners 3i'' ha.e /o !o /his in a 2orei+n 'an+,a+e in /he rea' 3or'!) I/s in-',sion is /o !o 3i/h /he pe!a+o+i- .a',e o2 /he pro-ess o2 -rea/ion ra/her /han /he pro!,-/ o2 /he 3ri/in+) ?uestions for materia*s writers 8) ;) =) >) @) 6) K) 9) Is /he /e?/ 'ike'" /o 0e o2 re'e.an-e an! in/eres/ /o /he 'earnersL Is /he /e?/-/"pe one 3i/h 3hi-h 'earners are 'ike'" /o ha.e /o !ea'L Is i/ presen/e! in a 3a" /ha/ is .is,a''" a//ra-/i.eL Does i/ 'ook si1i'ar /o a rea'-'i2e /e?/L Is /he /e?/ appropria/e in /er1s o2 'en+/h, s/r,-/,ra' -o1p'e?i/" an! 'e?i-a' 'oa!L Is /he 1e!i,1 appropria/eL Does /he /e?/ 'en! i/se'2 /o e?p'oi/a/ion 2or 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ p,rposesL Do /he /asks 0ase! on /he /e?/ 1irror /he 3a"s in 3hi-h 'earners ha.e /o !ea' 3i/h /e?/s 'ike /his in rea' 'i2e 7 re-ep/i.e'", pro!,-/i.e'", a-/i.e'", in 1e!ia/ionL

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.ppendi% .3 ips on the materia*s writing process %e.er 0e'ie.e /ha/ "o, -an e!i/ "o,r o3n 3ork a!e:,a/e'") A'3a"s 0a-k ,p 3or!-pro-essor 2i'esP Lis/en /o e!i/ors) The" 1a" no/ kno3 as 1,-h as "o, !o a0o,/ 'an+,a+e 'earnin+, 0,/ /he" ,s,a''" kno3 1ore /han "o, !o a0o,/ e!i/in+ an! 0ook !esi+n) Spa-e in 0ooks is e?pensi.e) DonE/ 3as/e i/) E.er" 1ark "o, 1ake on a pa+e 1,s/ 0e /here 2or a p,rposeP &onsi!er ha.in+ a re+,'ar ,ni/ 'en+/h /o s/r,-/,re "o,r 3ri/in+) &onsi!er 3orkin+ in !o,0'e-pa+e sprea!s 3i/hin a ,ni/, 3here /3o pa+es -orrespon!s /o ei/her one or /3o 'essons) &onsi!er 'a"in+ o,/ /he pa+e in -o',1ns) This is o2/en 1ore 2'e?i0'e an! easier on /he e"e 2or 'ar+er 0ooks) I/ a'so +i.es 1ore 2'e?i0i'i/" 2or ar/3ork) De-i!e 3i/h "o,r e!i/or on ho3 1an" 'ines are a.ai'a0'e per pa+e) Think a0o,/ /he 'a"o,/ o2 /he pa+e as "o, 3ri/e, 'ea.in+ roo1 2or ar/3ork an! o/her /e?/ s,ppor/ 1a/eria') Yo,r 2irs/ !ra2/ 3i'' no/ 0e sa/is2a-/or") Te?/0ooks o2/en +o /hro,+h se.era' !ra2/s) I2 possi0'e ask a -o''ea+,e /o /r" o,/ "o,r 1a/eria's) Re1e10er, "o, are 3ri/in+ 2or o/her /ea-hers, no/ 2or "o,rse'2) hen 3ri/in+ /asks, 3ri/e /he ans3ers a/ /he sa1e /i1e) hen "o, are happ" a0o,/ /he +enera' -on/en/ o2 /he 0ook, rea! i/ /hro,+h a+ain 3i/h par/i-,'ar ai1s s,-h as s/an!ar!isin+ (an! re!,-in+ /he 'en+/h o2* r,0ri-sD s/an!ar!isin+ n,10erin+ an! hea!in+ s"s/e1sD -he-kin+ in-',sion o2 re+,'ar 2ea/,res) I2 "o, are 3ri/in+ a -'assroo1 -o,rse 0ook, /r" /o ens,re so1eone e'se 3ri/es /he a--o1pan"in+ /ea-hersE 0ook) ri/in+ 1a/eria's 2or o/her -o''ea+,es /o ,se -an 0e a 2ri+h/enin+ e?perien-e) Tr" no/ /o 0e-o1e !e2ensi.e an! /rea/ 2ee!0a-k an! -ri/i-is1 as an essen/ia' an! .a',a0'e par/ o2 /he 3ri/in+ pro-ess)

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.ppendi% 93 An e+amp*e of stages in a writing process Es/a0'ish as -'ear'" as possi0'e /he -hara-/eris/i-s o2 /he -ir-,1s/an-es in 3hi-h /he 1a/eria's 3i'' 0e ,se!) Es/a0'ish /he p,0'ishin+ para1e/ers 3i/hin 3hi-h "o, nee! /o 3ri/e 7 1e!ia, -o1ponen/s, 0ook 'en+/h (-o,rse ho,rs an! n,10er o2 pa+es*, pa+e siBe, oppor/,ni/ies 2or ar/3ork an! !esi+n _ Es/a0'ish !ea!'ines, re'a/ions 3i/h e!i/ors an! p,0'ishers, e/-) De-i!e on -o,rse ai1s an! 'is/ /he1) De-i!e on 0ook s,0-!i.isions (s,-h as ,ni/s* Gro,p ai1s /o+e/her in/o ,ni/ ai1s) De-i!e on re'a/ionship 0e/3een pa+es an! -'assroo1 /i1e) &o''e-/ 3ri//en an! spoken /e?/s /ha/ -an 2or1 /he -ore o2 /he inp,/ 1a/eria's 2or /he ,ni/s) Make +enera' !e-isions a0o,/ /he s/r,-/,re o2 a 'esson, an! !i.i!e "o,r ,ni/ ai1s in/o 'essons (2or e?a1p'e, a sin+'e perio! o2 -'assroo1 'earnin+*) Ask "o,rse'2 /hese :,es/ions< ha/ is /he ra/iona'e 2or /his se:,en-e o2 'essons 3i/hin a ,ni/L ha/ is /he ra/iona'e 2or /he se:,en-e o2 /asks in !i22eren/ kin!s o2 'essonsL #ro!,-e sa1p'e 1a/eria's) The 2irs/ ,ni/ an! a 'a/er ,ni/ are re-o11en!e!) Tria' /he sa1p'e 1a/eria's i2 possi0'e) I2 no/, seek -o11en/s 2ro1 /ea-hers 3ho 3i'' ,se /he -o,rse) #ro!,-e 2irs/-!ra2/ 1a/eria's) I2 "o, are 3ri/in+ a /e?/0ook /ha/ is /o 0e ,se! 'inear'", i/ is a'1os/ a'3a"s 0e//er /o 3ri/e 1a/eria's in /ha/ or!er) Re.ise /he 1a/eria's a--or!in+ /o "o,r 2ee'in+s a0o,/ /he 2ee!0a-k "o, ha.e o0/aine!) Learn /o 0e posi/i.e a0o,/ 2ee!0a-k e.en /ho,+h -ri/i-is1 1a" see1 /o 0e harsh 7 i/ 3i'' i1pro.e /he 1a/eria's) Go /hro,+h /he en/ire /e?/ -he-kin+ 2or< .arie/" o2 /ask /"peD -o.era+e an! 3ei+h/in+ o2 2o-,sesD !e+ree o2 persona'isa/ion possi0i'i/iesD ran+e o2 /e?/sD -'ari/" o2 r,0ri-D -oheren-e o2 ,ni/sD re'a/ionship 0e/3een -'assroo1 1a/eria's an! o/hers s,-h as ho1e-0ase! pra-/i-e 1a/eria'sD .is,a' appea') #ro!,-e "o,r se-on! !ra2/ _ an! s,--essi.e !ra2/s) hen "o, -anE/ 0ear /o 'ook a/ /he 1a/eria's an" 1ore 7 -he-k an! re.ise /he1 a+ain) Go /he e?/ra 1i'e 7 i/ is a'3a"s 3or/h i/ 3hen /he 1a/eria's are p,0'ishe!P

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.ppendi% $3 A check*ist for se*ection of te+t;ooks #( ,( )( /( .( 3( 4( Contents Do /he /e?/0ook 3ri/ers s/a/e a -'ear ra/iona'e 2or 3ha/ is in-',!e! in /he 1a/eria'sL Are /he 1ain ai1s o2 /he -o,rse an! /he ,ni/s -'earL Do /he 1a/eria's A,s/i2" /hese ai1sL Do "o, /hink 'earners are 'ike'" /o a-hie.e /hese ai1s ,sin+ /hese 1a/eria'sL Are /he ai1s o2 /he 1a/eria's appropria/e 2or "o,r 'earnersL Is /he 'e.e' o2 /he 1a/eria's appropria/eL Is /he an/i-ipa/e! pa-e o2 'earnin+ appropria/eL Are /he /opi-s 'ike'" /o 0e o2 in/eres/ an! .a',e /o "o,r 'earnersL :edia Is /he -o,rse presen/e! /hro,+h 1e!ia /ha/ are ,se2,' an! pra-/i-a' in "o,r -on/e?/L Are !i22eren/ 1e!ia e?p'oi/e! 2or /heir ,ni:,e possi0i'i/iesL Are a'' /he -o1ponen/s o2 /he -o,rse essen/ia' or are so1e op/iona'L :ethodo*og6 Is /here a pa//ern o2 or+anisa/ion /o /he ,ni/sL Are /he 'essons or+anise! a--or!in+ /o -'ear 'earnin+ prin-ip'esL Do "o, 2ee' /ha/ /he 1a/eria's represen/ 0e'ie2s a0o,/ 'an+,a+e an! 'earnin+ 3i/h 3hi-h "o, 2ee' -o12or/a0'eL Do /he 1a/eria's in-',!e !i22eren/ approa-hes 2or !i22eren/ p,rposes (-o1ponen/sH1e!ia*L Do /he 1a/eria's in-',!e oppor/,ni/ies 2or 'earnin+ an! a-:,isi/ionL Is /here a!e:,a/e re-"-'in+ o2 ne3 'an+,a+eL Learner support Do /he 1a/eria's -on/ain reso,r-es /ha/ a''o3 'earners /o s/,!" on /heir o3n o,/si!e /he -'assroo1L Are /here he'p2,' re2eren-e 1a/eria'sL Are /here ,se2,' 'earner !e.e'op1en/ 1a/eria'sL eacher support Do /he 1a/eria's pro.i!e appropria/e s,ppor/, +,i!an-e an! !e.e'op1en/ 2or /he /ea-hers 3ho 1i+h/ 3ork 3i/h /he1L Are /he 1a/eria's s,22i-ien/'" 2'e?i0'e /o ena0'e e?perien-e! /ea-hers /o e?p'oi/ /he1 in !i22eren/ 3a"sL Do /he" 'en! /he1se'.es /o s,pp'e1en/a/ionL Do /he 1a/eria's in-',!e 0a-k+ro,n! -,'/,ra' an! 'an+,a+e in2or1a/ion /ha/ 3i'' he'p /ea-hersL hemes0topics Are /he" 'ike'" /o in/eres/, en+a+e an! s/i1,'a/e "o,r 'earnersL Do /he" o22er oppor/,ni/ies /o re'a/e /o "o,r 'earnersE persona' e?perien-es, 'ikes an! !is'ikesL e+ts Are /he" 'ike'" /o in/eres/ "o,r 'earnersL Are /he" re'e.an/ in /er1s o2 'an+,a+e, /e?/-/"pe, /ask, e/-)L Do /he" 'ook rea'L Are /he" presen/e! in 3a"s /ha/ are .is,a''" a//ra-/i.eL

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1( 5( -

asks Is /here a 3i!e ran+e o2 /ask /"pesL i'' "o,r 'earners 2in! /hese /ask /"pes re'e.an/, in/eres/in+, s/i1,'a/in+L Do /he /ask /"pes a''o3 a!e:,a/e .aria/ion o2 'earner ro'e in -o11,ni-a/ionL Do /he /ask /"pes en-o,ra+e !e.e'op1en/ o2 'earner -o1pe/en-es an! s/ra/e+ies as 3e'' as 'an+,a+e -o1pe/en-esL Checking progress Do /he 1a/eria's pro.i!e ins/r,1en/s 2or -he-kin+ pro+ressL Are /here a!!i/iona' /es/s a.ai'a0'eL Are /here an" e?/erna' e?a1ina/ions /ha/ re'a/e /o /he 1a/eria'sL

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Ai;*iograph6
+ Co&&on European Fra&ewor$ of reference for Languages% Learnin+, /ea-hin+, assess1en/ &o,n-i' o2 E,rope (;II8* &a10ri!+e 4ni.ersi/" #ress) &o,n-i' 2or &,'/,ra' &o-opera/ion (E!s* 855;) Transparen-" an! -oheren-e in 'an+,a+e 'earnin+ in E,rope) Repor/ on /he ROs-h'ikon S"1posi,1) &o,n-i' o2 E,rope) HO#$I%S, A A%D #OTTER, J) 855>) Loo$ +head 1, Classroo& Course) Lon+1an) S&RIVE%ER, J) 855>) Learning Teaching) Heine1ann) S ALES, J) 855I) =enre +nalysis) &a10ri!+e 4ni.ersi/" #ress) 4R, #) 8556) + Course in Language Teaching# &a10ri!+e 4ni.ersi/" #ress) VA% E$, J A, A%D TRIM, J L M) 8558) 8aystage 199 ) &o,n-i' o2 E,rope) VA% E$, J A, A%D TRIM, J L M) 8558) Threshold Level 199 ) &o,n-i' o2 E,rope) ILLIS, J) 8556) A Fra1e3ork 2or Task-0ase! Learnin+) Lon+1an)

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