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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Species characterization .................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Main Goals ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 2. Field Material.................................................................................................................. 7 3. Area characterization ................................................................................................. 8 3.1 Vale do buriti farm .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Santa Maria Farm ................................................................................................................................................................ 8 4. Climate characterization ........................................................................................... 9 4.1 Temperature ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Precipitation........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 4.3 Insolation .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 5. Edaphic and ecological characterization .......................................................... 12 6. Methodology ............................................................................................................... 13 6.1. Random sampling ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 7. Fieldwork procedures ................................................................................................ 15 8. Measurement and observation errors .................................................................. 17 8.1. Human Errors ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17 8.2. Measurement errors .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 9. Diameters measurement rules ................................................................................ 18 9.1. Dominant trees .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 9.2. Model Tree .......................................................................................................................................................................... 19 9.3. Wood volume calculation .............................................................................................................................................. 20 10. Statistical analysis ........................................................................................................ 21 10.1. Average ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21 10.2. Variance .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22 10.3. Standard Deviation .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 10.4. Variance of average ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 10.5. Standard Error..................................................................................................................................................................... 23 10.6. Sampling Error..................................................................................................................................................................... 24 10.7. Interval of Confidence .................................................................................................................................................... 24 11. Results ............................................................................................................................. 25 11.1. Hypsometric Curves (h - height in meters; d - diameter in cm) ........................................................................... 25 11.1.1. Santa Marias Farm .................................................................................................................................................. 25 11.1.2. Vale do Buritis Farm ................................................................................................................................................ 26 11.2. Cubing Equations: ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 11.2.1. Santa Marias Farm .................................................................................................................................................. 27 11.2.2. Vale do Buritis farm ................................................................................................................................................. 28 11.3. Santa Marias Farm ........................................................................................................................................................... 29 12. Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 35 12.1. Santa Marias Farm ........................................................................................................................................................... 35 12.2. Vale do Buritis Farm ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 13. Bibliographic References ......................................................................................... 37
1.
INTRODUCTION
UTAD introduction
The forest inventory is one of the best tools of the forest engineer, since it allows us to know exactly what a population area is and, therefore, decide on the best strategy to maximize yield. In this forest inventory, in an area belonging to Greenwood Group, 63 plots were inventoried: 23 in Vale do Buritis farm and 40 in Santa Marias farm. The main goal was to assess the growth volume on these farms. Therefore, some plots were selected on the field randomly based on the existence of a future tree in the center of each plot. The land and the forest management are one of the main interests of this forest inventory. Like any other economic activity, it is essential the prior knowledge of the preexisting resources and the estimated evaluation to be produced until the age of the final cut. The technical information is, in essence, based on the sampling techniques. The methods used to survey the forest populations, seek to get the lowest possible error for the same amount of work. Due to the fact that to make a full assessment of all the trees that belongs to the population it is too expensive in terms of resources, there was a previous evaluation of the number of sample plots needed for study. Thus, we would be able to determine the volume per plot, and therefore we would be able to extrapolate the total area. On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account the specific type of forest so that the methods and sampling procedures are adjusted to, thereby, enable reducing the cost of this inventory. This cost is directly affected by the measurement time and the path. After a work planning, this final report has been prepared in which is the final results and procedures are succinctly explained.
Tilt (in degrees); Dead trees: notes the absence or presence, then the registry by category (Standing Dead: SD)
Trees future: Boles marked with B (good). Thinning Trees: Reasonable or bad boles and not being a future tree. GPS Coordinates of the center portion; Azimuth: For each tree is important to know which is the angle relative to the north In degrees
Distance to the center: distance of each tree to the center of the plot in meters;
As the plots are permanent, the Hossfeld method application has already been started. Once the trees dimensions make scaling practical, the Pressler Bitterlich methodology will be applied. For each plot, the dominant trees were removed, in which case the plots of 500 m2 are five. As can be seen in figure 2, GPS is placed in the tree that represents the center of the plot, suitably marked in red and subsequently the coordinates will be withdrawn.
2.
FIELD MATERIAL
Tape-measure; Vertex Hypsometer; Relascope Bitterlich mirrors; Caliper; Compass; Can of red paint; Cards numbered to 100; Pushpins; GPS; Leggings; Waterproof; Field sheets; Pens; Stepladder; Insect Repellent; Thermos water;
3.
AREA CHARACTERIZATION
Fig.4: Location of population area of Santa Marias Farm Santa Maria, Poo Latitude Longitude Source: Google Earth 536171.94E 8646279.84S
4.
4.1
CLIMATE CHARACTERIZATION
TEMPERATURE
In the climate characterization of the area in study there were used weather data, including temperature and precipitation, recorded by the weather station in Barreiras-Bahia. The Barreiras County is inserted in a region where the climate sub-humid to dry prevails. The average annual temperature is 24,3C, standing in the average temperature values for the State of Bahia. Regarding the average temperatures of the last 20 years (1992-2012), this year was the year in which this was closer to 2011, as the figure 6 shows.
Fig.6: Monthly average of the minimum and maximum daily temperatures recorded by the weather station Barreiras-Bahia during the year of 2011 in the city of Barreiras (Allmetsat).
From the analysis of this graphic we obtained the monthly average temperatures of the three hottest months (August, September and October) and the three cooler months (June, July and August), being 25,9C and 22,2C respectively.
4.2
PRECIPITATION
The average annual precipitation in the region is 900 mm to 1.500 mm, and in the municipal headquarters of Barreiras (where we obtained these data) there is an annual average of 1.122 mm. Rains occur mainly from October to April and are associated with the continental nature of the atmospheric currents coming from the west or southeast. The months from May to September are nearly dry, characterizing two well defined seasons in terms of rain in the region: the rainy season (94% of total precipitation for the year), which arises from October to April and a dry season (6% of the total precipitation for the year), which covers the months from May to September. The months of November, December and January are the ones that register the highest values of precipitation and is very common the occurrence of lightning.
Fig.7: Monthly rainfall average recorded at the weather station of Barreiras-Bahia during the year of 2011. (Allmetsat)
4.3
INSOLATION
In the graphic below we can see that the month with the lowest values of insolation is November and the month with the highest insolation values is August. With greater amounts of heat stroke in August on the order of 9 hours per day and less sunshine in November during six hours per day. The period of intense sunlight lasts from May to September with values always higher than 8 hours per day.
Fig.8: Monthly average of the number of hours of sunshine per day recorded by the meteorological station of Barreiras - Bahia during the year of 2011 (Allmetsat).
5.
With the lithological chart of the area, we could verify that it was mainly composed of red yellow latosols (lv). Moreover, the more humid areas (Buritis) contain hydromorphic soils. These types of soil are characterized by a great capacity for water absorption, since they are highly porous; making the rain waters disappears very quickly. The particle size is quite thin and there is almost no presence of rocky material in outcrop. Due to its composition, and although these soils being less fertile, they have a structure very positive for any type of crop, they are of easy handling (very fine and dusty; Figure 9). These soils are intrinsically linked to rainfall, because an intense development of the vegetation only occurs in these conditions. Being a very thin soil, the preventive measures should be considered for the soil not to degrade. During the summer, if soils are exposed to the wind, and in the rainy season, the flood waters easily creep enough sediment to the lower areas.
6.
METHODOLOGY
Whereas to evaluate the entire forest would have unbearable costs we established a suitable number of plots to the study so that the accuracy was the best possible. Therefore, we selected 23 plots on the Vale do Buritis farm and 40 plots on the Santa Marias farm. The carried out sampling proved to be sufficient to achieve the desired confidence level. In total 63 plots were evaluated by widespread areas to inventory. The formulas used to calculate the sample relatively to the forest which would be the target inventory, was as follows:
Regarding the inference of the implicit error in the process of sampling rate, is described in the following formulas:
7.
FIELDWORK PROCEDURES
The first step performed in the field work was the identification of the plot to study, which must have a future tree in the center. Once identified, we marked the center of the plot (future tree identified) with red ink so that it is clearly visible in the future. After this step, we assessed the line of greatest slope. For this procedure, it is necessary a clearance of 20 meters, where the slope is measured. To make an easier data visualization, the person that held the clinometer and the compass, stood on higher ground where the data slope and exposure were obtained. All the plots studied presented a circular geometry, with an area of 500m2. The error indexed to this measurement is negligible due to the slope of the land. To calculate the area of the plot we used the corrected formula radius of the circle:
This process would require extra work, such as the calculator, which although not impossible, became avoidable due to the use of a table of corrected radii. For this reason, we use a table of fixed radii, which means that through the slope value, we could infer which the correct radius. After these steps we proceeded to the numbering of the trees that were within the plot. For this purpose, we used a device called Vertex. In addition to this equipment, we resorted to the use of a tape-measure to evaluate the distance of each tree from the center of the plot. Subsequently, we recorded the azimuth values of each tree. The measurement of the DBH and the base diameter of each tree were performed using a caliper (figure 12) and we also registered the kind of tree (future tree or thinning tree) and the quality of the bole.
Fig.12: Fieldwork.
Taking in consideration that in the future we might want to calculate the volume of a tree by diameter classes (Hossfeld method), we selected those that were the closest to the central diameter of each class by pointing them in the form field. Through the help of Bitterlich relascope, readings were taken at 1,30 m diameter (DBH), half the value of the same diameter (d/2) and the top reading (dt). These readings would serve to calculate the volume of each class of trees. However, this has not happened because volume of the tree was estimated using growth equations, since it is not possible to use Bitterlich relascope, due to the small size of the trees. It is important to note that during the reading with the Bitterlich relascope, these were always made perpendicular to the direction of measurement of the diameter of the tree. The next step was to check the data table obtained, which the 5 dominant trees in each plot and, also 2 trees per diameter class for future trees and thinning trees. Using the Vertex we calculated the heights of these trees previously marked (dominant trees and trees sample). For this procedure we ensured that the operator would have full visibility either of the base or of the top of the tree, and the inclination was the smallest possible. The aim would be to reduce the error associated with the measurement in the population area. In Santa Marias farm it was not possible to use the Bitterlich relascope. Alternatively, measurements of various diameters were taken along the tree (base; 0,60cm; 1,30cm; 2,30cm; 3,30cm; 4,30cm). In the forest area at Vale do Buritis farm we resorted to the use of Bitterlich relascope to collect some data in order to establish the growth equations. At the end of this procedure, were evaluated about 50 future trees and 50 thinning trees, in both forest settlements, to achieve different growth equations.
8.
The errors inherent in a work of this nature can be of two types: random errors and systematic errors. The random errors have unpredictable nature and operate in both directions of measurement (bilateral errors - positive or negative), and may be subject to correction and/or mitigation. So that, the systematic errors (which cannot be corrected) can be minimized if we fit the equipment and the experimentation plans to planned study. These errors show dependence of the magnitude and of the direction of the error (unilateral errors - positive or negative).
9.
The rules for measuring diameters are a standard methodology for forest inventories. Due to its central role in these studies, it is essential the correct execution of the technique or otherwise, it can be introduced systematic errors in the study that cannot be corrected. In figure 13, we can observe six different cases of diameters trunk measurements, which vary according to the slope of the terrain and to the type of trunk.
Fig.13: Measurement rules of DBH. In case 1, on sloping ground, the diameter should be measured from the higher side, about 1,30 m from the base. In case 2, it is possible to see the most common case of the measurement of DBH, that is, a tree which stands on a flat land. In this case, the measurement should be made parallel to the ground level and approximately 1,30m from the base. In case 3, the land is flat but the tree is sloped. In this case, the diameter should be measured at the bottom side of the slope. In case 4, there is a situation which both the ground and the tree is sloped. Therefore, the measurement should be made on the higher side of the inclination. In case of the trees with the branching along the zone of 1,30m, each branch must be measured individually. In the case of branches which divide below 1,30m (case 5), we must count each branch as an independent individual. If, otherwise, the split occurs at a height of more than 1,30m then the measurement is done considering only an individual.
Another situation that can affect the diameter measurement is the presence of nodes, gumming or wounds in the area of 1,30, and as such, we must measure up to a higher level, by making a comment in the form field explaining what happened during the procedure. Greenwood Agropecuaria Ltda. Barreiras, Bahia Brazil. CPNJ 10.906.327/0001-66
10.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
To determine the volume of the population area we worked up the average calculations (), the variance (s2), the standard deviation (s), the average variance (s 2/x), the standard error (Sx) and the interval of confidence (IC). Thus, for the values of total volume obtained by scaling equations, relating the volume over bark, we made the following calculations:
10.1. AVERAGE
The sample average is a measure of central tendency, which is represented by and makes a location in the center of the sample. It is obtained from the following expression:
x Volume average
10.2. VARIANCE
In statistical terms, the variance is the measure more commonly used to quantify the variability of a population. This measure of variation is obtained by averaging the sum of squares of the deviations of individual values from the average population:
s2/x variance of average s2- variance n- number of plots sampled N - total number of plots
Sx standard error s- standard deviation n- number of plots sampled N- total number of plots
11.
11.1.
RESULTS
HYPSOMETRIC CURVES
(H - HEIGHT IN METERS; D - DIAMETER IN CM)
11.1.1.
The model h= a.db was adjusted for the database of Santa Marias farm, considering the different types of trees:
- For future trees: - For thinning trees: - For data of thinning trees + future trees
Comparing the 3 adjusted equations we obtained the following figure, where we can notice differences in the profile of the trees:
Height (m)
Diameter (cm) Graphic 1: Comparison between the three hypsometric curves for Santa Marias farm.
When comparing the three equations (Graphic 1) it is perceptible that the future trees present lower volume values from the remaining, in smaller DBHs, but as they grow up they can overcome the remaining. Thus, its perspective is that in the future these trees will present better performances.
11.1.2.
The model h=a.db was adjusted to the database of the Buritis Valley, considering the various types of trees:
- For future trees: - For thinning trees: - For data of thinning trees + future trees
Comparing the 3 adjusted equations we obtained the following figure, where we can notice differences in the profile of the trees:
Total
Thinning
Diameter (cm)
Graphic 2: Comparison between the three hypsometric curves for Vale do Buritis farm. When comparing the 3 equations (Graphic 2) it is perceptive that thinning trees, present lower volume values apart from the remaining, higher in DBHs. So, initially, its perspective is that in the future these trees will have improved performances; and the futures trees will have worst performances.
11.2.1.
The model v=a.db was adjusted for the database of Santa Maria, considering the various types of trees:
- For the future trees: - For thinning trees: - For data of thinning trees + future TREES:
Volume (m )
Future Thinning
Diameter (cm) Graphic 3: Comparison between the 3 equations for the cubage for Santa Marias farm.
From the comparison of the 3 equations, in this case, the behavior is opposite to what was previously thought. Initially, the future trees, to the same dimensions of DBH, had higher values of volume, but in higher dimensions begin to have a lower behavior. This doesnt mean that in relation, for example, to the quality of the bole, the differences are not well marked and that the appreciation of future trees will, nevertheless, be more pronounced.
11.2.2.
The model v=a.db was adjusted to the database of the Vale do Buritis farm, considering the various types of trees: - For future trees: - For thinning trees: - For data thinning trees + future trees model Log(v)= a+b.Log(d) was adjusted : Ln(v) = -9.034+ 2.616Ln(d) R2= 0.950 v=0.00014.d2.530 v=0.000099.d2.706 R2= 0.949 R2= 0.883
Volume (m3)
Diameter (cm)
Graphic 4: Comparison between the three cubage equations for Buritis valley farm.
Again, from the analysis of graphic 4, we can confirm that for the future we must select trees for further criteria other than just the size. It is clear that, in our perspective, the use of adjusted equations for the entire data can be a more balanced approach, and that can reflect the average situation of the populations under study.
x (average)
0,92
0,20 0,45
0,01 0,07
0,14
0,15
m3 /ha %
IC (Interval of confidence)
]0,78;1,06[
m3 /ha
x (average)
5,58
3,93 1,98
0,10 0,31
0,63
0,11
m3 /ha %
IC (Interval of confidence)
]4,95;6,21[
m3 /ha
In table 3: total volume (thinning + future) of regarded trees; Table 3: Total volume of the trees of Santa Marias farm:
Total volume of trees m3 /ha (m3 ha-1)2 m3 /ha (m3 ha-1)2 m3 /ha m3 /ha % m3 /ha
x (average)
6,50
Varience
4,17
Standard deviation
2,04
Average variance
0,10
Standard error
0,32
0,65
0,10
]5,85;7,15[
Fig.15: Santa Marias farm forest area. Greenwood Agropecuaria Ltda. Barreiras, Bahia Brazil. CPNJ 10.906.327/0001-66
x (average)
6,06
6,80 2,61
0,30 0,54
1,12
0,18
m3 /ha %
IC (Interval of confidence)
]4,94;7,18[
m3 /ha
x (average)
28,05
42,73 6,54
1,86 1,36
2,82
0,01
m3 /ha %
IC (Interval of confidence)
]25,23;30,87[
m3 /ha
In table 6, the total volume (thinning + future) of regarded trees; Table 6: Total Volume of the trees of the Vale do Buritis farm.
Total volume of the trees
x (average)
34,11
31,50 5,61
1,37 1,17
2,43
0,07
m3 /ha %
IC (Interval of confidence)
]31,68;36,54[
m3 /ha
Fig.16: Vale do Buritis farm forest area. Greenwood Agropecuaria Ltda. Barreiras, Bahia Brazil. CPNJ 10.906.327/0001-66
12.
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions that can be drawn from this work, actually more than conclusions, and the comments to make are subdivided into the places where this work took place. It is thought that, thus, it is more efficient in the definition of future lines of action in each one of them.
13.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
- MARQUES, C.P., FONSECA, T., 2006, Apontamentos de Inventrio florestal, UTAD, Vila Real.
-MARQUES, C.P., LOPES, D., FONSECA, T., 2007, Apontamentos de Dendrometria, UTAD, Vila Real.
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