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Bessel
Bessel
!#"%$'&)(+*-,/.10324"%&)24$'05,/.10768907*:056;89*-<3=-&'>?0A@B*)C?DE*-F50/G
2 = 0 ,
(J05,?>9&c6890h,?05(J(1*-(dF5&;&)24>?03,9*->9*)(i&j@k*-C?DE*-F5"l*-,?&'Ph05(JF52J"a.1&?m
2 =
n &)$o"%(4(J&?G
07>?"aS
"%>9"%,?>?&'Cp&)2
RZ
1
1 2
2
2
+
+
+
.
2 2 2 z 2
1 d
d2
+
2
d
d
R + RZ
1
R
d2
1 d
+
d2 d
R+
1 d2
d2
+
R
Z=0
2 d2
dz 2
1 1 d2
1 d2
+
Z = 0.
2 d2
Z dz 2
q#r .1032405$c&/(i>N*-`H.12Js5(d05689*)<5X05(d>9"%OW052403,?F5"E*-"%(d&/24>?"%,Ne-24"E*-(3G
Z 2 Z = 0 ,
+ m2 = 0 ,
+ R + (2 2 m2 )R = 0 .
2 R
] 8?>N*-,?>?&d*S)*-2J"Ee5Sf05D C9*-21*
(J0h03$Y
x =
G|0C9*-(J(1*-,?>9&i>?0
R()
CN*-2J*
y(x)
G*i0568N*-<3=-&d2J*->?"E*)Dy.12J*),?(JOW&)24$j*
x2 y + xy + (x2 m2 )y = 0 ,
6890hP7*cF_u9*-$j*->9*c0568N*-<3=-&c>90705(J(J05D>90h&)24>905$ m [
&)2&)8
.124&ADE*->9&?G(J0+05(JF5&)D%u?052J$c&)( + ,N*70568N*-<3=-&A>?0
$c&;>?"NF3*->9*:>90h&)2J>?05$o$G
2
Z(z)
Gf(J052J05$c&)(wD%0TS/*->?&)(U705689*)<3=-&A>?0x05(J(J05D
x2 y + xy (x2 + m2 )y = 0 .
*-2J*'*-(d>9"%2405<5X03( 0 z .1032405$c&/(5G9,?05(J(J0hF3*)(4&9G
() = C cos m + D sen m ,
Z(z) = F cos z + G sen z .
d1
K K #AgN9K J4H9j4
n &),9(4"%>905240A*:056;89*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05D>90h&)2J>?05$ G9(403,?>?& 8?$g,;?$'0524&c240|*-D&)8F5&)$'C?D%0T
&9G
x2 y + xy + (x2 2 )y = 0 .
d.1"%D%"%3*-,9>?&'&c$'PT.1&>9&c>?07924& r 05,9"%8?(3G
y=
F_u?03Z/*(J0AU-(d0568N*-<5X05(d"%,9>?"%F5"l*-"%(d(J05Z)8?"%,f.105(3G
ai xk+i
i=o
F5&;0b9F5"%05,f.10h>90 x ,
i
h
F5&0bNF5"%05,/.107>?0 x ,
a (k + 1)k + (k + 1) = 0
h
i
F5&;0b9F5"%03,/.107>?0 x ,
a (k + j)(k + j 1) + (k + j) + a
=0
>?0&),?>?0(40F5&),?F3D%8?"i6;8?0 k = &)8 k = G a = 0 &)8(J0v{v*
G.1032405$'&)('8?$'*(4P324"%0>90Cp&y._s5,?F5"E*-(
8?,9"%F3*-$'05,/.10hF3&)$S)*-D%&)2403(dC9*-2403(d>?0h" 0h& r .1P5$:(J07*:2403DE*-<3=-&'>?072405F5&)2J24s5,?F3"E*
m
i
a0 k(k 1) + k 2 = 0
k+1
j2
t >?&y._*-,9>?&
k=
89(J*),?>?&'*cC?2J&)C?24"%03>9*->?0
^yvb3|
aj =
1
aj2 .
(k + j)2 2
aj =
1
aj2 .
(k + j)2 2
( + 1) = () ,
dR()
dy
1 dR()
=
=
.
dx
d
d
k+j
x
(2)( + 2)
+2
x
1
+
(3)( + 3)
+4
x
J (x)
X
(1)i (x/2)2i+
i! (i + + 1)
J (x) =
X
(1)i (x/2)2i
i! (i + 1)
J (x)
x2 y + xy (x2 + 2 )y = 0 ,
*c*)C?D%"%F3*-<|=-&c>9&c$'PT.1&>9&c>?07924& r 05,9"%8?(dD%0TS)*'U:(J05Z)89"%,/.107(4&)DE8?<3=-&'05$o(JP524"%07>?0hCH&y.1s5,9F5"E*-(3m
I (x) =
X
i=0
2i+
x
1
i! (i + + 1) 2
i/2
I (x) =
2i
x
1
i! (i + 1) 2
#*$'05(J$'*OW&)24$j*6;8?0]C9*)2J**)(IOW89,?<5X03(I>?0V05(J(J05D Gd*-(Y(J&)D%8?<3X05(
0
(J&)$c03,/.107(40 ,9=-&cOQ&)2i89$g"%,/._05"%24&?[\+&cF|*-(J&c05$o6890 = mJ "%,/.103"%24& G
S)*-D%0/m I (x)
i=0
I (x)
(J052J=)&D["[
Im (x) = Im (x) .
w;NLBN)H/f?N
t OW89,?<3=-&'Z)052J*._24"%hCN*-2J*'*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>90705(J(403D>?07C?24"%$'05"%2J*:03(4CHP5F5"%07P)m
1
g1 (x, t) = e 2 (t t )
e 2 (t t ) =
+
X
Jm (x) tm .
#q r (J052^Sf068?0j.T*-DC?2J&F505>9"%$c05,f.1&VOW&)24,?03F50YF5&)$'&VF5&;0b9F5"%05,f.105(:>N*]0T
C9*),?(1=-&*-(:OW8?,9<5X05(:>90w03(4(J05D
*-(J(J&F5"E*->N*-(+*KS/*-D%&)2403( m "%,/.105"%2J&)(3G9*-CH05,9*)(5[
z07&)8;.12J&c$c&;>?&?G?CH&>90524`E*-$'&)(d0T
C9*),?>?"%2i(J05CN*-2J*->N*-$c05,f.107*-(+>?89*-(d0T?Cp&),905,?F5"E*)"%(5G
m=
xt
2
x
2t
p p X
X
x t
p!
(1)
q q
x t
q!
q=0
6890h>?0TS0h(J052i"%>905,/.1"NF3*->N*:F5&)$
m+q
X
x
q=0
Jm
tm+q
(1)q
(m + q)!
(1)q
Jm (x) =
q! (q + m)!
q=0
q q
x t
q!
2q+m
x
\x&cF3*-(J&'>?&cF3&0b9F3"%05,/.107,?05Zf*.1"aSf&'>9*:OW89,?<3=)&c>?0Aw03(4(J05DG
(1)p
Jm (x) =
p! (p m)!
p=0
2pm
x
$
?
G
240305(JF5240TSf05$'&)(+*c0T
C?2J05(J(J=)&'*-,/._0524"%&)25G9(J8 r (v.1"a._8?"%,?>9& p Cp&/2 p + m G
p=m
m
Jm (x) =
2p+m
X
x
(1)p+m
p=0
(p + m)! p!
g2 (x, t) = e 2 (t+ t )
6890hCp&/(4(J8?"k*:0T
CN*-,?(1=-&
x
e 2 (t+ t ) =
+
X
Im (x) tm .
m=
+
X
x (t 1 )
t
=
e2
Jm (x) tm .
x
x
m=
t >?052J"aS)*->N*:OW&)24,905F50)m
*#DE"%,?u9*h05$
+
X
x
1
1
t 1t )
0
(
2
Jm
(x) tm
=
t
e
2
t
m=
1
1
t
2
t
+
X
Jm (x) tm =
&c6;8?0h,9&)(dCp0324$c"a._0#F3&)$cCN*-2J*-2d&)(dF5&0bNF5"%05,f.105(d>?0
+
X
0
Jm
(x) tm
>90hF3*->N*:DE*->9&c>9*:"%Z/89*-D%>N*->?0)G9& r ._05,?>9&
m=
m=
tm
0
Jm1 (x) Jm+1 (x) = 2Jm
(x) .
q 8;.121*-(72405DE*-<3X05(7CH&>?03$(J0527& r .1"%>N*-(7>90c$c&;>?&(J05$'05D%u9*),/.10)[j@B"%(v._*-$c&)(K*-D%Z)8?$j*-(72J05DE*-<5X03(7>?0'240T
F5&)2J24s5,?F3"E*c*:(J05Z/8?"%25[
Jm1 (x) + Jm+1 (x) =
2m
Jm (x) ;
x
m
0
Jm (x) = Jm
(x) ;
x
m
0
(x) ;
Jm+1 (x) Jm (x) = Jm
x
d m
[x Jm (x)] = xm Jm1 (x) ;
dx
d m
x Jm (x) = xm Jm+1 (x) .
dx
Jm1 (x)
t .12J*5SfP5(+>9*cOW8?,?<|=-&cZ)052J*y.124"%7C9*-2J*'*:OW89,?<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DB$c&>9"9F3*->N*:Cp&;>?0T(40h$'&)(v.12J*-2d68?0
0
Im
(x) = Im+1 (x) +
m
Im (x) ;
x
0
Im
(x) = Im1 (x)
m
Im (x) ;
x
0
Im+1 (x) + Im1 (x) = 2 Im
(x) ;
m 0
I (x) .
x m
e 2 (t t ) =
N*-503,?>?&j*:$K89>9*-,9<3*:>?0#S)*-24"Ee5S05D
+
X
Jm (x) tm .
m=
t = ei = cos + i sen ,
,?&-._*-$c&/(d68?0
x
0A*-(4(J"%$G
eixsen =
+
X
Jm (x) eim
m=
@B&)Z)&?G
m=1
sen (xsen ) = 2
cos m cos n d =
m,n
2
sen m sen n d =
m,n
2
Jn (x) , n
0,
n
CN*-25G
`E$cC9*-23G
&)$'*-,9>?&'05(v.105(d>?&)"%(d9Da.1"%$'&)(d2405(J8?Da.T*->?&)(3G?& r .1052J05$c&)(
1
0,
n
Jn (x) , n
9C *-25G
`E$cC9*-23[
>?07&),?>90#9F3*c0TS
"%>905,?F5"E*)>?&c6;8?0
0
Jn (x) =
cos (n xsen ) d .
I2n (x) =
I2n+1 (x) =
Z
1
K K #AgN9K9
+K KN'J
n &)$'&j*)(+0568N*-<5X03(+>?"%OW032405,?F3"E*-"%(+>90A05(J(J05Dk(1=-&j>?0A(403Z)8?,9>9*'&)24>?05$GN0A&'&)CH052J*->9&)2+*)(4(J&F3"E*->?&jPA>?&
.1"%CH&jf._8?24$:@B"%&)8;S
"ED%D%0)G?05DE*)(d>?0TSf05$oCH&)(J(489"%2i>?8N*-(d(J&)D%8?<5X;05(dD%"%,?0|*-24$c03,/.107"%,?>?03Cp05,9>?05,/._05(3[
q OQ*y.1&>?06;8?0 0
,?05$ (J05$cC9240(1=-&D["[ &$'05(J$c&S)*-D%05,9>?&C9*-2J* 0
$'&y.1"aS)**
>?059,?"%<|=-& >90z89$(J05Z/J8?,?>9&AJ.1"%CH&:>?0#OW8?,?<|=-& >90#05(J(J05DG?*- (iF_u9*-$j*->9*-(iOW8?,9<5X05(>90h\+I058?$j*-I,?,BG; 03(^.T*-((J"%$G
D%"%,903*-24$'05,/.10h"%,?>?03Cp05,9>?05,/._05(F5&/$2405DE*-<|=-&cU)(OQ8?,?<3X05(i>?0h05(J(J05DG?(J05$cC9240 68N*-D%68905268?0#(J0v{4* &:`%,9>?"%F50
[
N =
Nn =
=
=
=
lim N
.
(1)n
d
d
=n
L() = x2
d
d2
+x
+ (x2 2 ) ,
2
dx
dx
>?07$c&>9&c6890hC9*-21*
t 2405DE*)<3=-&'05,/.1240
V*-(3G?F5&)$'&
"%,/._05"%24& G
=n
L()
L(n) = x2
L(n)
d2
d
+ (x2 n2 ) .
+x
2
dx
dx
P705,/._=)&c"%$'05>?"E*.T* G
(1=-&c(J&)D%89<5X05(d>N*:0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DG
L()J (x) = 0 ,
078?(1*-,?>9&'*-(d>?8N*-(d?Da.1"%$j*-(d2405DE*-<3X05(3G
h
J (x) = 2J (x) + ( 2 n2 )
J (x) .
x(J*),?>?&j*:>90b9,?"E<3=-&c>?07OW8?,9<3=-&c>907\+0589$'*-,9,G;.1&)$j*->?&'&cD%"%$'"a.107C9*-2J*c,"%,/._05"%24&?G
L(n)Nn (x) =
L(n)
J (1)n
J
L(n)J
GN*-F_u9*-$'&)(
/
=n
J (1)n J
x\ &jD%"%$'"a.10 = n &jC?2J"%$c05"%2J&c.10524$'&j05,/._240AF5&)D%F_u90T.105(x0K&c.10524$'&j05,/._240AC9*)24s5,/._05(J05(x>?&jDE*->9&j>?"%2J05"a.1&
(J07*-,;8?DE*-$G?0#Sf05$c&)(d6;8?0
(x) = 0 .
n &)$c&'68?0324`E*-$c&/(d$c&)(v.121*-25G N (x) P7(4L(n)N
&/D%8?<3=-&'>9*c05689*-<|=-&'>?0705(J(J05D>90h&)24>905$ n [
t (d(J&)D%8?<5X;05( J 0 N (1=-&'D%"%,?03*-2J$c05,f.10h"%,9>?05CH05,?>905,/.103(5G?(J05$'C?240)G?"%,9F5D%8?(J"aSf07CN*-2J* = n "%,/._05"%24&?[
n &)$*#"%,/.12J&>?89<3=-&#>N*zOQ8?,?<|=-&h>?0d\+0589$'*-,9,Gf*z(J&)D%89<3=-&h$j*-"%(RZ)032J*-D?>9*#0568N*-<3=-&h>?0d05(J(J05D?P03(4F324"a._*
=n
y = A J (x) + B N (x) ,
(J0v{v* "E,/.105"%2J&c&)8,9=-&?[
*-2J**V03689*-<3=)&>?005(J(J05D$c&>9"9F3*->N*
G05OQ0T.189*y(J0Y89$C?24&F305>?"%$'05,/.1&(J05$c03D%u9*-,/._0*-&2403*-D%"%|*->?&
,?03(^.T*:(J05<3=-&?[z0b9,90T(J07*cOW8?,9<3=-&c>?0A\+0589$'*-,?, K G
K (x) =
[I (x) I (x)]
2 sen
2
d
d
"%,/._05"%24&'&)8,N=-& [
y = A I (x) + B K (x)
=n
d
+A+1JK+A
*-2v.1"%$c&/(d>9*:03689*-<|=-&c>90705(J(J05DG
x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 2 )y = 0 ,
07OQ*-505$'&)(+*:$ 8?>9*-,9<3*:>90zS)*-24"Ee3Sf05D x bx
x (xy 0 )0 + (b2 x2 2 )y = 0 .
?* r 05$'&)(h68?0:89$'*Y(J&)D%8?<|=-&>90K._*-D056;89*-<3=)&P
(J05$c03D%u9*-,/._0)G?2403(489Da._*->9&c>9*c$K8?>N*-,?<3* x cx G
y = J (bx)
[K(JF5240bS)*-$c&/(#89$'*Y(J05Z)89,?>9*Y03689*-<|=-&
x (xw0 )0 + (c2 x2 2 )w = 0
d
wxy 0 yxw0 + (b2 c2 )xyw = 0 .
dx
0 1
,f.105Z)2J*),?>?&'05$o2405DE*-<3=)&'UKG?05,f.1240 0 G
wxy 0 yxw0
1
2
2
0 + (b c )
Z 1
xyw dx = 0 ;
,?&-.1068?0&.10324$c&05,f.1240F5&)D%FTu?0T.103(5GF3*-D%F58?Dl*->?&,9&DE"%$c"a.10L"%,?OW052J"%&)25GOW&)2J,?05F50&S/*-D%&)2'50324&?G>90TS
"%>?&U
C?2J05(J05,?<3*c>?0 x [w;89Cp&),9u9*:Cp&/2i8?$o"%,?(v._*-,/._0h6890 b 6= c G?0
0
y(1) = J (b 1) = J (b) = 0
w(1) = J (c 1) = J (c) = 0
Z 1
&)868?0
xyw dx = 0
Z 1
J (bx)J (cx) x dx = 0 ,
&),9>?0
m n
(1=-& .T*-"%(d6890
Z a
0
J (m x)J (n x) x dx = 0 ,
J (m a) = J (n a) = 0 .
Z a
0)G){^8?,/.T*-,?>?&j*-(d>?8N*-(d0T
C?2J05(J(4X;05(3G
0
Z a
[J (m x)]2 x dx =
J (m x)J (n x) x dx =
2
a2 0
J (m a)
2
2
a2 0
J (m a) m,n .
2
f (r) =
r
a,m J (m ) ,
a
m=0
&),9>?0h&)(dF3&0b9F3"%05,/.105(+>9*:0T?C9*-,?(1=-&'(1=-&c>N*->?&)(d05$.1052J$c&)(d>90
a,m =
d!
2
2
0
a [J (m )]2
Z a
0
G?&/(d50524&)(d>90 J G
r
J (m ) f (r) r dr .
a
K K #AgN9K"pR4H RN'J
!#"%$'&)(Y68?0
0
OW&)2J$'*5S)*)$ 8?$'*05(JCpP5F3"%0]>90 r *-(J0VC9*-21*& 05(JC9*-<5& >9*-((4&/D%8?<5X03(Y>9*
0568N*-<3=-&>?0L05(JJ(403(x)
D[+$'N* r (x)*-(J0*)Da.10524,N*.1"aS)*POW&)24$j*->9*Cp05DE*-(jOW8?,9<5X05('>?0Lx*-,$#)05D &)8OW8?,9<5X05('>?0
05(J(J05D>90z.10524F305"%2J*:03(4CHP5F5"%0 G?>90b9,?"E>9*-(dCp&)2
&)2^._*),/.1&?G9,N=-&c(J0z.121*._*:>90h,?&3S/*-(d(J&)D%8?<5X;05(3G?$'*)(d(4"%$o>90hF5&)$ r "%,9*-<3X05(dD%"%,903*-2405(d>90 0 [
05D%&YO*.1&Y>90K(J052J05$F5&/$ r "%,N*-<5X05(#D%"%,903*-2405(3G& r 05>?05F3052J=-&U-(#$c03(4$j*-(#2405DE*-<3X05(#>?0 2405JF3&)2424s5N,9F5"E*I>N*-(
OW89,?<5X03(i>90705(J(J05DF5"a.T*->9*-(3G9F5&)$c&'Cp&)2d0T
05$'C?D%&
2
H (x) .
x
$#
x $'*#&)8;._2J*#OW&)24$j*z>90wS052*z"%,f.124&>98?<3=)&#>N*-(ROW89,?<5X03(R>?0dx*-, )05D?PiF5&)$cCN*-2J*-2*#$K89>9*-,?<|*z>90 J , N
C9*)2J* H , H F5&)$*cC9*)(4(1*-Z)03$o>N* r *-(J0 sen , cos r *-(J07>9&'05(JC9*)<5&'>9*)(+(4&)DE8?<5X03(+>?&'C924& r D%05$'*c>9&
VzHG?$'&3S
"%$c03,/.1&'u9*-24$'),?"%F3&c(J"%$cC9D%05( U r *-(J0hOW&)2J$'*->N*:CH05DE*-(d0T
CH&),?03,?F5"E*-"%(dF5&/$cC?D%0b?*-(3G
1
$oC9*-2^._"%F58?DE*-23G?C9*)2J*
ei = cos i sen .
= 1/2
G
._*-DBF5&)$cCN*-2J*-<|=-&cP r 05$o>?"%240b._*
G
J1/2 (x) =
I1/2 (x) =
&%
2
sen x ,
x
2
sen x ,
x
N1/2 (x) =
(1)
H1/2 (x)
d'
(2)
H1/2 (x)
2
cos x ,
x
2
i eix ,
x
2
i eix .
x
+*i Hd++NpJ,-.H1/
0 (Sf05505(Px;._"%D9.1052w8?$j*A"%>?P5"E*A>90+F3&)$c& *AOW89,?<3=)&KF5&),?(J"%>9052J*->9*A(J0xF5&)$'Cp&)2v._*AC9*-2J*AZ/2J*-,?>905(S/*-D%&)2405(
>?&j*-24Z)89$c05,f.1&?G?&)8(J0v{v*
G?P7"%$cCH&)2^.T*-,/.10hF3&),?u?03F5052d(4038F5&)$'Cp&)2v._*-$c03,/.1&'*-(J(J"%,/.1-.1"%F5&?[
n &)$c& 0T
05$'C?D%&K>9&KC?24&F305>?"%$'05,/.1&KCN*-2J*A(J0x>90T.1052J$c"%,9*)2._*-DpF5&/$cCp&/2^._*-$'05,/.1&9GF5&),9(J"%>?05240#*A0568N*-<3=-&
>?0Aw03(4(J05DG
()
(J& r 2J07*:68N*-DOQ*)505$c&/(+*:$K89>9*-,9<3*
x2 y + xy + (x2 2 )y = 0 ,
y(x) = z/ x
G9C9*-2J*c& r ._052
#
"
2 1/4
z = 0.
z + 1
x2
V*-(3G(J0x05(v._*-$'&)(w"%,f.1052403(4(1*->9&)(*-Cp05,N*-(w05$S/*-D%&)2405($K89"a.1&KZ)2J*-,9>?05(>?0dG&/8I(404{v*
.1&)$j*-2+*:0568N*-<3=-&j*-C?24&3?"%$'*->N*
G
x
G;Cp&;>?05$'&)(
z + z = 0 ,
6890hP7*c0568N*-<3=-&c>9&'VzG?F5&)$g(J&)D%89<3=-&'F5&),?u905F5"%>N*
G
0A*-(4(J"%$
z = A cos x + B sen x ,
sen x
cos x
y 'A +B .
x
x
J (x)
N (x)
H(1) (x)
2
cos
x
2
sen
x
2 + 1
x
2 + 1
2 i (x 2+1 )
4
,
e
x
2 i (x 2+1 )
4
,
e
x
1
I (x)
ex ,
2x
H(2) (x)
K (x)
x
e .
2x
,
,
d1
K K #AgN9 251+
\+&L"%,?`%F5"%&L>?03(^._0'F3*-C9`a.18?D%&9G(J05C9*-21*-$c&)( *056;89*-<3=-&L>90j@k*-C?DE*-F50j03$ F5&&/24>?05,N*->9*-(KF5"%D%`%,?>924"%F3*-(3GF_u?0T
Z/*-,9>?&jU:0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05D[
n &),?(J"%>?052J05$c&)(x*-Z)&)2J*'*:03689*-<3=)&c>?0A+05D%$'u?&)Da._)G
2 + = 0
,9*c0568N*-<3=-&'>?07+03D%$cu9&)Da.1)G?6;8?07,?05(J(1*-(dF5&&)2J>?05,9*)>9*-(d(J0h05(JF52J0TSf0
r2
2
r r
r
+ 2
sen
r sen
1
2
+ = 0 .
r2 sen2 2
x\ &y.1068?068N*-,?>?& = 0 G*0568N*-<3=-&>?0L+05D%$'u?&)Da._(J02405>98?U0568N*-<3=-&>90@k*-C?DE*-F30)G68?0c{ve
OW&)"(J05C9*)2J*->9*I05$F|*-C?`a.189D%&*-,/.10324"%&)2 *)(z(J&)D%8?<3X05(3GHCN*-2J*Y*-(#F5&&)24>905,9*)>9*-( 0 GH0521*-$&)(zuN*-24$'),?"%F5&/(
05(JOWP52J"%F5&)(3G?07C9*-2J*'*:F5&;&)24>?03,9*->N*:2J*->?"E*)DG9*-(dOQ8?,?<3X05(d>?07@B05Z)03,?>?2J0 [
q#r .1P3$ (J0)G?CN*-2J*c*cC9*-2v.10h2J*->9"E*-D
h
(r2 R0 )0 + r2 l(l + 1) R = 0
&)8BG?0T C9D%"%F5"a._*-$'05,/._0)G
+ 2r R + r2 l(l + 1) R = 0 ;
r2 R
rR,
x = r ,
y=
*:03689*-<|=-&c2J*)>?"E*-D.1&)$j*c*:OW&)2J$'*
h
x2 y + x y + x2 l(l + 1) 1/4 y = 0
6890hP7*c0568N*-<3=-&c>90705(J(J05DG9F5&)$o(4&/D%8?<5X03(
*-2J*'*:CN*-2^.10A*-,?Z)89DE*-25G
G?(J05,9>?& >9*->9&cCH&)2
1
Y
sen
sen
1 2Y
+ l(l + 1)Y = 0 ,
sen2 2
i
1 h
A Jl+1/2 ( r) + B Nl+1/2 ( r)
r
[C Plm (cos ) + D Qm
l (cos )] [E cos m + F sen m] .
t 68?"G Q 2405C92405(J05,/.T*89$'*(J05Z)89,?>9*(J&)D%89<3=-&>N*05689*-<|=-&L*-(J(J&F5"E*->N*>?0j@B05Z)05,9>?240/GkD%"%,903*-24$'05,/.10
"%,?>905CH05,?>?03,/.10IF5&)$ 2405DE*)<3=-&U-( OW8?,9<5X05(:*-(J(J&F5"E*)>9*-( >90Y@B05Z)05,?>9240 P [ Cp&)(J(J`aSf05D$c&)(v.12J*)2K6890'._*-D
(J&)D%8?<|=-& Q ,N=-&hPd2405Z/8?DE*-2C9*)2J* x = 1 [R+(J89*)D%$c05,f.10)G/F3&),/.105,f._*-$'&y,?&)(F5&)$*hC9*-2^._0 P >N*#(J&)D%89<3=-&
05$ G?03(4F3240TSf05,9>?&
m
l
m
l
m
l
i
1 h
l,,m (r, , ) = A Jl+1/2 ( r) + B Nl+1/2 ( r) Ylm (, ) .
r
43
F5&/(^._8?$c07"%,/.12J&>?895"%2^(J07*-(dF_uN*-$'*)>9*-(_;p TAfhxT155kTW3TT1y*.121*5SfP5(d>90
jl (x) =
l (x) =
J
(x) ,
2x l+1/2
N
(x) = (1)l+1
2x l+1/2
(J05,?>9& l 8?$o"%,/.105"%2J&?[
n &)$o"%(4(J&?G90T
C92405(J(1*(J07*:(J&)D%89<3=-&'Z)052J*)D ,9*cOW&)24$j*
J
(x) ,
2x l1/2
d.1"%D%"%3*-,9>?&j*-(d0T C92405(J(JX05(d>90
J1/2
N1/2
sen x
,
x
cos x
,
0 =
x
j0 =
0#._*-$ r P5$o*-(+2405DE*-<5X;05(
l
1 d
x dx
1 d
x dx
jl (x) = xl
l (x) = x
sen x
,
x
l
cos x
.
x
t (dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DB05(JOWP524"%F|*-(d(1*.1"%(JOQ*-503$ *:2405DE*)<3=-&'>?0h&)2v.1&),?&)2J$'*-D%"%>N*->?0
Z a
r2 jl (l,m r) jl (l,n r) dr =
i2
a2 h 0
Jl+1/2 (l,m a) m,n ,
4l,m
&),9>?0h&)( (1=-&'50524&)(+>?0 j [
t D%P5$o>9*-(dOW89,?<5X;05(i05(JOWP324"%F3*-( j 0 G?>?059,?"%$'&)(+*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Ax*-,$#)05D03(4OQP524"%F3*-(3G
0
l,m
(1)
hl (x)
(2)
hl (x) =
(1)
H
(x) = jl (x) + i l (x) ,
2x l+1/2
(2)
(x) = jl (x) i l (x) .
H
2x l+1/2
0A*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DB05(JOWP524"%F|*-(d$c&;>?"9F|*->9*-(3G
il (x) =
kl (x) =
I
(x) ,
2x l+1/2
K
(x) ,
2x l+1/2
m
l
S)*-DE05,?>?&
il (x) = il jl (x) ,
(1)
kl (x) = il hl (x) .
2 u =
1 u
,
k t
u = u(r, , z) = R(r)()Z(z)
C9*)2J*:& r .10524$'&)(
1 1 d
dR
r
R r dr
dr
#*-`B(J05Z)8?0)G9F5&)$'&c,?&'"%,?`%F5"E&c>?&'F3*-C?`.18?D%&?G
Z k 2 Z = 0
+ m2 = 0
1 1 d2
1 d2 Z
+
= 0.
r2 d2 Z dz 2
Z = Aekz + Bekz ,
= C sen m + D cos m ,
+ r R + (k 2 r2 m2 )R = 0 ,
r2 R
x = kr
D%0TS)*'U:0568N*-<3=-&'>?0705(J(J05DG9F5&)$o(J&)D%8?<3=-&
R = Jm (kr)
& r (J052^Sf0768907*c(J&)D%8?<|=-&
G?Cp&/2i(J052d(J"%,?Z)89DE*-2d,9*c&)24"%Z)05$
G9OW&)"B0T
F5D%89`%>9* [ n &/$c&j*K._05$cCH0T
J2 *._8?2J*:,N*:DE*._052J*-DB>?&cF3"%D%"%N,?>?2J(kr)
&cP7,8?DE*
G9(J05Z)8?07,?05F503(4(1*-2J"E*-$c05,f.10h6;r8?=0 0
m
R(1) = 0
Jm (k.1) = Jm (k) = 0
u = u(r, , z) =
n=1
.105$o6890h(1*.1"%(JOQ*-3052d*-"%,9>9*'*:F5&),9>?"%<3=-&'>?0hF3&),/.1&)2J,?&
100 =
u = 100
CN*-2J*
]8?Da.1"%C9D%"%68905$c&)(#&)(z>9&)"%(#DE*->?&)(#>?03(^.T*j056;89*-<3=-&Cp&)2
G?CN*-2J*c05,?F5&),f.12J*-2
(0, 1)
100
J0 (0N r) rdr =
c0n J0 (0n r) .
n=1
Z 1
z=0
c0n
r J0 (0N r)
Z 1
0
0 "%,/._05Z)2405$'&)(#05$2405DE*-<|=-&U r 05$
#*c2405DE*-<|=-&c>90h&)2^._&),?&)24$j*-D%"%>N*->?07>9*-(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>90705(J(J05DG?& r .1P5$:(J0
Z 1
0
n=1
2
100
0
[J0 0N )]2
2
1 0
J0 (0N ) n,N ;
2
Z 1
J0 (0N r) rdr .
*-2J*cF3*-D%F38?DE*-2+*:"%,f.105Z)2J*)D>?&'DE*->?&'>?"%2403"a.1&?G9OQ*-505$'&)(+*:$ 8?>9*),?<3*:>90zS)*-24"le5Sf05D x = r G
0
0N
I=
Z 1
0
J0 (0N r) rdr =
Z
0N
1
20N
0)G98?(1*-,?>9&c2405DE*-<3X05(d>?072405F3&)2424s5,9F5"E*:D%"E(^.T*->9*-(+*-,f.10524"%&/24$c05,f.10)G
d m
[x Jm (x)] = xm Jm1 (x)
dx
F5&)$.189>?&c"%(J(J&?G
Jm+1 (x)
0N d
1
[x J1 (x)] dx
20N 0
dx
1
[ J1 (0N ) 0]
20N 0N
1
J1 (0N ) ,
0N
I =
=
=
c0N
d
[xJ1 (x)] = xJ0 (x) ,
dx
m
0
Jm (x) = Jm
(x)
x
J0 (x) xdx
=
=
1
200
J1 (0N )
2
[J1 (0N )] 0N
200
;
0N J1 (0N )
t (J&)D%8?<3=)&cF5&)$'C?D%0T.T*:P/G?05,/.T=-&?G?>N*->9*:CH&)2
u = u(r, , z) =
n=1
200
J0 (0n r) e0n z .
0n J1 (0n )
4
z(a, , t) = 0 ;
2z
.
t2
t 68?"G v P:*cSf05D%&;F5"%>9*->90K>90KC?24&/C9*-Z/*-<|=-&I>N*-(z&),?>N*-(3GH0K>?05CH05,?>90K>?0KC924&)C?2J"%05>9*->905(z>?0K05Dl*-(^._"%F5"%>9*)>?0
>9*c$c05$ r 2J*),9*
G r 05$gF5&/$c&c>N*K.121*-<3=-&'F5&)$o68?0h03(^.Te:C?2J05(1*:05$o(J058F5&),f.1&)24,9&cF5"%2JF58?DE*-23[
~03,/._*-,9>?&'*c(J05C9*-21*-<3=-&'>?0zS/*-24"Ee5Sf05"%( z(r, , t) = u(r, ) T (t) G
1 2 2
1 2T
v u=
= 2 ,
u
T t2
(J05Z)890h6890
)& 8*-Da.10524,N*.1"aS)*)$c05,/._0
>?"%OQ052405,9F5"E*-DCN*-24F5"E*-D
T + 2 T = 0
T = A sen t + B cos t
&)8
05C9*-21*-$c&)(
2
u=0
v2
2 u + k 2 u = 0 ;
k = 2/ = /v
u(r, ) = R(r)()
t CN*-2^.10A*-,?Z/8?DE*-2d>9e
dR
1 1 d
r
R r dr
dr
1 1 d2
+ k2 = 0 .
r2 d2
+ m2 = 0
F5&)$ *c(4&)D%89<3=-&
= C sen m + D cos m .
&
eim2 = 1
x = kr
+ r R + (k 2 r2 m2 )R = 0 .
r2 R
+ xR + (x2 m2 )R = 0
x2 R
0A*:(J&)D%8?<3=)&c(1=-&'*)(dOW8?,9<5X05(d>?0Aw03(4(J05DG
(m 0) .
R(r) = Jm (x)
z(a, , t) = 0
R(r = a) = 0
>?0TSf03$gF5&)2J2405(JCp&),9>?052+*-&)(d5052J&)(d>?0
t (4(J"%$G9*:(J&)D%89<3=-&'Z)D%& r *-DP7>9*->9*cCp&)2
ka = mn a
z(r, , t) =
X
X
Jm
Jm (ka) = 0
G?6890h(1=-&'05,8?$'052J*->9&)(dCp05D%&'`%,?>?"%F30
n = 1, 2, . . .
0)GN*-C?D%"%F3*),?>?&j*-(dF5&),9>?"%<5X03(d"%,?"%F5"E*)"%(5G
m=0 n=1
z(r, , 0) = (r, ) =
X
X
m=0 n=1
z(r,
, 0) = (r, ) =
X
X
*-2J*d*-F_uN*-2B*-(BF3&),?(v._*-,f.105(
G$K89Da.1"%C?D%"%F|*(J0*-(B>989*-(B9Da.1"%$'*-(B03689*-<3X05(BCp&)2 N J
07Cp&)2 cos N J ( r) G?0h"%,/,._05CZ)2J*(4, 0 DR d R rdr [x(J*),?>?&j*-(d2405DE*)<5X05(d>90h&)2^._&),?&)24$j*-sen
D%"%>9*)>?0)G
m=0 n=1
mn
NP
Z a
0
mn
JN (N m x)JN (N n x) x dx =
Z
& r .1052405$'&)(d&c(J"%(v.105$j*:>90h0568N*-<5X03(
2
a2 0
JN (N n a) m,n ,
2
m,n ,
2
0
Z
CN P =
4
0 (
2
2
a sen [JN
N P a)]
DN P =
4
0 (
2
2
a sen [JN
N P a)]
CN P =
a
0
d sen N
Z
0
4
0 (
2
a2 cos vN P [JN
N P a)]
Z a
0
d cos N
Z
0
Z a
0
d sen N
rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) ,
rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) .
Z a
0
rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) ,
N (N P r)
DN P =
d cos N
Z a
rdr JN (N P r) (r, ) ,
NP
F5J2"%$j0TSf* 0v{v0#*hC9&7*-Z)212J* e-r9*-F5&7"a
>?&:0 ,9J* $',N05*z>?N"E>9Z)* 8?2105* $ [ 6 8?G0#*-C?&K2J05.103(J05$c,/CH._*-& >NCN*h*-*)(J,/(J* .105 2J&)"%(i&)24&)$c8;03.12J,/&).1(0 CH[ &)q ,/.1F5&/03(,/>9.124* &7$'>?05&#$ ._*)r $ 21*-r ,9&)* 2&)&)(J(JF5F5"%"%DEDl*-*h$gC9*-052J$ *
OQ*-(J0)G9F5&)$ *-$cC9D%"a.18?>905(d68?07>?05F52J05(JF505$o>?&cF503,/.124&'C9*-2J*'*-( r &)2J>9*-(3[
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11
11
&
01
02
1 ;p K=<?>7RA@1Bd
[+(1*-,?>9&'*:OW89,?<3=)&cZ)052J*._24"%)G9& r ._05,?u9*'*:2405DE*)<3=-&'>?0h2403F5&)2424s3,?F5"E*
:
2m
Jm (x) .
x
W (J , J ) =
2 sen
.
x
eiz cos =
+
X
im Jm (z) eim .
m=
2 u =
1 u
k t
[ t F_u?0A*-(+*-8
.1&)OW89,?<5X03(i,9&)24$j*-D%"%3*->9*)(d>?&j@B*-C9DE*-F5"E*-,9&c,9&cF5`%24F38?D%&
r = a G?"E(^._&cP)G92405(J&)DaS)*
2 f + 2 f = 0
F5&)$ f (a, ) = 0 [
[ t F_u?0A*-(+*-8;.1&)OQ8?,?<3X05(i,9&)24$j*-D%"%3*->N*-(d>?&'@k*-C?DE*)F5"E*-,?&',9*:05(JOW032J*:>?072J*-"%&
(J8?CH0524OW`%F3"%0h>9*c$c05(J$'*?G?&)8(J0v{4*
G?>?0b.10524$'"%,?07*-(+(4&)DE8?<5X03(d>?0
2 (r, , ) + 2 (r, , ) = 0
&
r=a
G90h68?0h(J07*),8?DE*-$o,9*
(J8-{^03"a._*-(+UcF5&),?>9"%<3=-&c>90hF5&),f.1&)24,9& (a, , ) = 0 [
GNCN*-(J(J*j*:.1032d(J89*'(J8?CH0524OW`EF5"%07$j*-,/.1"%>N*j* 100 *'CN*-2^.1"%2+>?&j"%,9(^.T*-,/.10
[i+$j*'05(JOW052J*
Gp"%,?"%F5"E*-DE$c05,/._0KU
0
t
r
[ F_u90Y*L>?"%(v.124" 8?"%<3=)&L>90c._05$cCH052J*.1892J*L05$MOW8?,9<3=-&]>9*LCH&)(J"%<3=-& ,?&]"%,/._0524"%&)2K>N*05(JOW032J* 0I>?&
t = 0
.105$'Cp&9[ z"%F3*
m:(48 r .121*-"E* 100 >90c.1&>N*-(K*-(7.103$cCp032J*.1892J*-(A0I2405(J&)DaS)*L&L C?24& r D%05$j*
G"%(^._&LP)G2403(4&/DaS)*&
C?2J& r D%05$j*:u9&)$c&)Z)s3,?05&?[x03Cp&)"%(3G9*)F52405(JF505,f.10 100 U:(J8N*:2403(4CH&)(v._* [
o
E%