1

B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

TRNG CAO NG NGH C IN H NI

KHOA IN
---------------TH.S: PHM QUC HU ( CH BIN )

GIO TRNH

AN TON LAO NG
(Ti liu lu hnh ni b)

H Ni - 2011

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MC LC
TRANG

MC LC ............................................................................................................ 1
LI NI U ..................................................................................................... 5
Bi 1: TC DNG CA DNG IN I VI C TH CON NGI... 6
1.1.

Khi nim ................................................................................................ 6

1.2.

Cc yu t lin quan mc tc dng ca dng in i vi c th ngi ........... 6

1.2.1.

in tr ca ngi .................................................................................. 7

1.2.2.

Tr s dng in ...................................................................................... 7

1.2.3.

Tn s dng in ..................................................................................... 8

1.2.4.

Thi gian dng in i qua c th ngi................................................ 8

1.2.5.

ng i ca dng in qua ngi ........................................................ 9

1.3.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................... 9

Bi 2: BIN PHP K THUT AN TON IN......................................... 11

2.1.

Nguyn nhn b in git ...................................................................... 11

2.1.1.

Dng in tn trong t ......................................................................... 12

2.1.2.

in p tip xc .................................................................................... 14

2.1.3.

in p bc ......................................................................................... 15

2.1.4.

Cc trng hp tip xc li in ba pha h p .................................. 16

2.2.

Cc bin php k thut an ton in ...................................................... 19

2.2.1.

Ni t an ton ...................................................................................... 19

2.2.2.

Ni trung tnh bo v ............................................................................ 20

2.2.3.

in p an ton ..................................................................................... 22

2.2.4.

cch in an ton ............................................................................ 23

2.3.

Kim tra tnh trng ni t an ton cc thit b ti phn xng ........... 23

2.4.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................. 25

Bi 3: CC BIN PHP CHUNG V AN TON IN ............................. 26

3.1.

Bin php t chc ................................................................................. 26

3.1.1.

Trch nhim ca cc x nghip trong cng tc an ton in ............... 26

3.1.2.

Yu cu v kim tra, nghim thu khi xy lp v sa cha in ............ 26

3.1.3.

Yu cu v h s ti liu ....................................................................... 27

3.1.4.

Yu cu v dng c lm vic v trang b phng tin bo v c nhn 27

3.1.5.

Yu cu v nhn s................................................................................ 28

3.1.6.

Yu cu an ton khi lm vic ................................................................ 28

3.2.

Cch t tip t di ng ...................................................................... 30

3.2.1.

Khi qut ............................................................................................... 30

3.2.2.

Nguyn tc lp t v tho tip t di ng ......................................... 31

3.3.

Qui nh an ton khi lm vic nhng b phn mang in p ............ 31

3.3.1.

Lm ro chn ........................................................................................ 32

3.3.2.

Treo bin bo, tn hiu .......................................................................... 32

3.3.3.

An ton i vi thit b phn phi in v iu khin ........................ 32

3.3.4.

An ton i vi cc thit b in chiu sng ......................................... 33

3.3.5.

An ton i vi ng dy, cp in .................................................... 34

3.3.6.

An ton i vi my pht in .............................................................. 36

3.3.7.

An ton i vi c quy .......................................................................... 37

3.4.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................. 38

Bi 4: QUI NH V NI TIP T THIT B H P ........................... 40

4.1.

Qui nh in tr ni t ....................................................................... 40

4.2.

Qui nh v mng ni t ...................................................................... 42

4.2.1.

Mng ni t tp trung ......................................................................... 42

4.2.2.

Mng ni t mch vng....................................................................... 44

4.3.

Qui nh v ni tip t cho thit b in - in t ............................... 46

4.3.1.

Cch ni tip t ................................................................................... 46

4.3.2.

Cc tip t ........................................................................................... 47

4.3.3.

Dy ni t ............................................................................................ 49

4.3.4.

Tnh ton h thng ni t .................................................................... 52

4.4.

Qui nh v ch kim tra .................................................................. 54

4.4.1.

Kim tra nghim thu.............................................................................. 54

4.4.2.

Kim tra nh k..................................................................................... 54

4.4.3.

Kim tra bt thng .............................................................................. 55

4.5.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................. 55

Bi 5: DNG C V BIN BO AN TON ................................................ 56

5.1.

Dng c an ton in ............................................................................ 56

5.2.1.

Dng c thao tc bng tay .................................................................... 56

5.2.2.

Dng c o kim ................................................................................... 58

5.2.2.

Dng c cch in an ton ................................................................... 58

5.2.

Bin bo ................................................................................................ 60

5.3.

Nhn dng v s dng thnh tho cc dng c an ton, c hiu cc bin bo ..... 61

5.3.1.

Phng tin bo v v dng c kim tra in ...................................... 61

5.3.2.

Cc tn hiu, du hiu an ton .............................................................. 63

5.4.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................. 67

Bi 6: K THUT PHNG CHY V CHA CHY ................................ 68

6.1.

Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy v bin php phng ......................... 68

6.2.1.

Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy ............................................................... 68

6.2.2.

Bin php phng............................................................................... 70

6.2.

Phng tin v k thut cha chy ........................................................ 75

6.2.1.

Cc phng tin cha chy .................................................................. 75

6.2.2.

K thut cha chy ................................................................................ 78

6.3.

Phng php s cu ngi b bng ...................................................... 79

6.3.1.

Khi qut ............................................................................................... 79

6.3.2.

Ct t nguyn nhn gy bng ............................................................. 81

6.3.3.

Phng chng sc ................................................................................... 82

6.3.4.

Duy tr ng h hp ............................................................................ 82

6.3.5.

Phng chng nhim khun .................................................................... 83

6.3.6.

Bng b vt bng................................................................................... 83

6.4.

Thc hnh s cu ngi b bng .......................................................... 83

6.5.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................. 84

Bi 7: CP CU NGI B IN GIT ..................................................... 85

7.1.

Phng php tch nn nhn ra khi mng in .................................... 85

7.2.1.

Trng hp ct c in .................................................................... 85

7.2.2.

Trng hp khng ct c mch in ................................................ 85

7.2.

Phng php tch cp cu ngi b in git....................................... 86

7.2.1.

Trng hp nn nhn cha mt tri gic............................................... 86

7.2.2.

Trng hp nn nhn bt tnh (cn th nh) ....................................... 86

7.2.3.

Trng hp nn nhn ngng th .......................................................... 87

7.3.

Cc phng php h hp nhn to ........................................................ 87

7.3.1.

Phng php t nn nhn nm sp .................................................... 87

7.3.2.

Phng php t nn nhn nm nga.................................................. 87

7.3.2.

Phng php h hi thi ngt .............................................................. 88

7.4.

Thc hnh cc phng php h hp nhn to ...................................... 89

7.5.

Cu hi v bi tp.................................................................................. 89

TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................ 90

LI NI U
Mi hot ng ca con ngi trong sn xut v i sng u tim n nguy
c tai nn, ri ro c th nh hng n sc kho v tnh mng. Do vic ra
cc bin php t chc, bin php k thut, xy dng mi trng lao ng thun
li v ngy cng c ci thin l cn thit nhm mc ch ngn nga tai nn
lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, hn ch m au, duy tr sc kho cng nh gim
thiu nhng thit hi khc i vi ngi lao ng, gp phn bo v v pht trin
lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng.
Trong lnh vc cung cp v s dng in, an ton in l mt b mn khoa
hc nghin cu xy dng cc iu kin lm vic an ton, cc bin php phng
nga tai nn nguy him do in git, nh chun cc phng tin trang b an
ton khi tip xc vi in, cc bin php t chc khi tin hnh thao tc lp t,
sa cha h thng in
Gio trnh An ton in c bin son trong khun kh ca n xy
dng chng trnh, bin son gio trnh trnh trung cp ngh v cao ng
ngh ca Tng cc dy ngh thuc B lao ng - Thng binh v X hi, bao
gm cc ni dung c trnh by trong 7 bi nh sau:
Bi 1. Tc dng ca dng in i vi c th con ngi
Bi 2. Bin php k thut an ton in
Bi 3. Cc bin php chung v an ton in
Bi 4. Qui nh v ni tip t thit b h p
Bi 5. Dng c v bin bo an ton
Bi 6. K thut phng chy v cha chy
Bi 7. Cp cu ngi b in git
Do thi gian v ti liu tham kho cn nhiu hn ch, cho nn chc chn
gio trnh cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp, ph bnh ca bn c
gio trnh c hon thin hn.

Bi 1. TC DNG CA DNG IN I VI C TH NGI

M bi: M07-01
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Pht biu c mc tc hi ca dng in ln c th ngi b in git.
- Trnh by cc yu t nh hng n mc tc hi ca dng in ln c th
ngi
- C thi nghim tc, tun th cc bc an ton.
1.1. Khi nim
Mc tiu
Hiu bit tng quan tnh hnh tai nn in git, nguyn nhn dn n s c
in git i vi con ngi.
- Khoa hc hin nay bit r v tc dng sinh l ca dng in ln c th
ngi v nhng tc hi ca n.
- Cn c vo s liu cc trng hp tai nn i vi con ngi, cng nh
cc th nghim trn ng vt cho thy rng trong tng s cc trng hp tai nn
in git c 76,4% trng hp t vong hoc thng tt nng cc mng in U
< 1000V v 23,6% cc mng in U > 1000V.
- Khi phn loi nn nhn do in git thy rng nn nhn lm vic trong
ngnh in chim 42,2%, nn nhn khng c chuyn mn v in chim 57,8%.
- Cc s c dn n b in git:
+ Chm trc tip vo dy dn in.
+ Chm gin tip vo phn kim loi ca thit b in b chm v.
+ Chm vo vt khng phi bng kim loi c mang in p nh tng,
nn nh.
+ B chn thng do h quang in pht ra khi vn hnh thit b.
- Cc nguyn nhn xy ra tai nn in:
+ Trnh t chc, qun l cng tc lp t, xy dng, sa cha cng
trnh in cha tt.
+ Vi phm qui trnh k thut an ton nh ng in khi c ngi ang sa
cha m cha ng dao tip t an ton, thao tc vn hnh thit b in khng
ng qui trnh.
1.2. Cc yu t lin quan mc tc dng ca dng in i vi c th
ngi
Mc tiu

Phn tch hiu v nm vng c cc yu t lin quan n mc tc

dng ca dng in nh in tr ca c th ngi, tr s dng in, tn s dng
in, ng i ca dng in, thi gian dng in chy qua c th ngi.
1.2.1. in tr ca ngi
Bao gm lp da tip xc bn ngoi, cc thnh phn bn trong c th nh
tht, m, mu, xng, dch th... cu to nn in tr ca ngi (Rng). in tr
sut ca cc thnh phn khc nhau ca c th ngi c trnh by trong bng
1.1. n gin, in tr ca ngi c th chia thnh hai phn: in tr ca da
v in tr ca cc b phn bn trong. Theo bng 1.1, da hay ni mt cch chnh
xc lp sng ca da l b phn ng gp rt ng k vo tr s in tr ca
ngi. Khi trng thi kh ro, lp sng ca da c in tr kh ln c tc dng
nh mt lp cch in. in tr ca cc b phn bn trong ng gp khng
ng k vo tr s in tr ca ngi. in tr ca ngi c gi tr nm trong
khong 40-400 k, thm ch ln n 500 k.
Bng 1.1. in tr sut ca mt s thnh phn cu to c th ngi.
Thnh phn cu to c th ngi

in tr sut, cm

Tu sng

56

Huyt thanh

71

C bp

150 - 300

Mu

120 -180

Da kh

1,6.106 - 2.106

Ni chung, in tr ca ngi c gi tr khng n nh ph thuc vo nhiu

yu t khc nhau nh din tch tip xc, p lc tip xc, v tr c th tip xc,
m mi trng, nhit mi trng, thi gian dng in tc dng. S
thay th ca Rng nh trong hnh 1.1.
Da

Bn di
lp da

Da

Ing

Hnh 1.1. S thay th in tr ca ngi.

1.2.2. Tr s dng in

Ing

Dng in chy qua c th ngi (Ing), tu thuc vo tr s ca n, cng

nh loi dng in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu m c th gy nn mc nguy
him khc nhau. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy rng tr s dng in ln nht
khng gy nguy him i vi ngi l 10 mA (dng in xoay chiu) v 50 mA
(dng in mt chiu).
Tr s dng in xoay chiu t 10-50 mA th kh nng t mnh ri khi vt
mang in rt kh v c s co git ca c bp. Khi ln hn 50 mA th c th dn
n nguy him cht ngi v c s mt n nh ca h thn kinh v s rung
tng ng vi s dng lm vic ca tim. Bng 1.2 trnh by tr s dng in ln
nht cho php khng dn n tnh trng tim ngng p.
Bng 1.2. Cc gii hn an ton ca tr s dng in xoay chiu qua ngi
v thi gian tip xc.
Ing (mA)

10

60

90

110

160

250

350

500

Thi gian tip

xc (s)

30

10-30

0,4

0,2

0,1

1.2.3. Tn s dng in
Khi tn s dng in (f) qua ngi tng, Rng gim do thnh phn dung
khng gim, Ing tng. Tuy nhin khi f tng cao mc tai nn s gim thp hn
so vi tn s cng nghip (50-60 Hz). Thc vy, khi tn s dng in tng,
qung chy ca cc ion rt ngn, mc ph hu t bo gim i. tn s rt
cao, cc ion gn nh ng yn, t bo hu nh khng b ph hu; nu dng in
ln th s t chy tr nn nghim trng.
Cc th nghim sinh hc trn ng vt chng t rng tn s in cng
nghip mc ph hu cc t bo rt ln v tr s ca dng in nguy him b
nht l 10 mA.
Dng in mt chiu tng ng vi tn s dng in bng khng, t nguy
him hn so vi dng in xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. Tuy nhin khi in p
cng ln th mc nguy him in git ca dng in mt chiu cng tng. C
th l in p ln hn 450V th mc nguy him ca n c cng mc
nguy him nh dng in xoay chiu tn s cng nghip. S tng ng gia
mc nguy him ca in p mt chiu v in p xoay chiu tn s cng
nghip c trnh by trong bng 1.3.
Bng 1.3. S tng ng gia mc nguy him ca in p mt chiu
v in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip.
UAC (V)

120

108

42

UDC (V)

42

36

12

1.2.4. Thi gian dng in i qua c th ngi

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Thi gian dng in i qua c th ngi cng lu, in tr ca ngi Rng

cng gim v lp da b nng dn ln v lp sng trn da c kh nng b chc
thng tng dn. Do tc hi ca dng in vi c th ngi cng tng.
Khi dng in tc ng trong thi gian ngn, tnh cht nguy him ph
thuc vo nhp tim. Mi chu k co gin ca tim ko di 1s, gia trng thi co
v gin c khong 0,1s tim ngng hot ng v trong khong thi gian ny
tim rt nhy cm vi dng in i qua n.
Nu thi gian dng in qua ngi ln hn 1s th c kh nng dng in
qua tim trng vi khong thi gian ni trn. Th nghim cho thy rng mc d
dng in ln, c 10 mA, i qua ngi m khng trng vi khong thi gian
ngh ca tim th cng khng gy nguy him g.
cc mng cao p 110 kV, 35 kV, 10 kV v 6 kV... tai nn do in gy ra
t dn n trng hp tim ngng p hay ngng h hp. Vi in p cao dng
in xut hin trc khi ngi chm vo vt mang in, dng in ny tc ng
rt mnh vo ngi v gy cho c th ngi mt phn x tc thi. Kt qu l h
quang in b dp tt ngay hoc chuyn qua b phn bn cnh, dng in ch tn
ti trong khong 0,1-0,2s. Trong khong thi gian ngn rt t khi lm tim
ngng p hay h hp b t lit.
Tuy nhin, khng nn kt lun in p cao khng nguy him v dng in
chy qua c th trong thi gian ngn nhng cng ln, t chy c th
nghim trng v gy nguy him cht ngi. Hn na khi lm vic trn cao do
phn x ca c th khi b in git, bung tay, ri xung t, cng rt d gy
nguy him cht ngi.
1.2.5. ng i ca dng in qua ngi
Ngi ta o t l phn trm dng in qua tim so vi dng in tng i qua
c th ngi nh gi mc nguy him ca cc ng i ca dng in qua
ngi. Kt qu thc nghim v nh hng ca ng i ca dng in qua
ngi c cho trong bng 1.4. Theo bng 1.4 ng i ca dng in t tay
phi sang chn c t l phn trm dng in qua tim ln nht v phn ln cc
ng mch v tnh mch qua tim theo trc dc ca c th ngi.
Bng 1.4. S ph thuc ca dng in qua tim vo ng i ca dng in.
ng i ca dng in

T l phn trm dng in qua tim

tay tay

3,3%

chn chn

0,4%

tay phi chn

6,7%

tay tri chn

3,7%

1.3. Cu hi tho lun

1. in tr ngi ph thuc vo nhng yu t no?

11

2. Phn tch cc yu t nh hng lin quan n tc dng ca dng in

chy qua ngi?
3. Bit rng dng in xoay chiu tn s 50Hz c xc sut gy nguy him
cao nht khi b tai nn in git, nhng ti sao dng in ny vn ph
bin trong sn xut v tiu th in nng?

12

Bi 2. Bin php k thut an ton in

M bi: M07-02
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Pht biu ng cc nguyn nhn b in git.
- M t y cc bin php k thut an ton in v lin h thc t ngh
nghip
- C thi nghim tc, tun th cc bc an ton.
2.1. Nguyn nhn b in git
Mc tiu
Nm bt c tt c cc tnh hung c th xy ra dn n ti nn in git
do dng in tn trong t, in p tip xc, in p bc; c bit l trng
hp tip xc mng in ba pha h th.
Trong i sng sinh hot v lm vic hng ngy, chng ta c th chm trc
tip hoc gin tip vo vt mang in p. Tu thuc vo cu trc mng in,
ln in p v dng in, thi gian tip xc, ng i ca dng in qua c th
ngi m c th gy nguy him nhng mc khc nhau. Hnh 2.1 trnh by
mt s nguyn nhn dn n tai nn b in git.

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Hnh 2.1. Mt s nguyn nhn dn n tai nn b in git.

Dng in chy qua c th ngi s lm hu hoi bn nng lm vic ca

cc c quan trong c th ngi l lm ngng th, ngng tim, hay do s thay
i cc hin tng sinh ho t nhin trong c th ngi, thm ch gy bng trm
trng, lm t lit hot ng ca h thn kinh do tc dng phn cc ca dng
in.
2.1.1. Dng in tn trong t
Nguyn nhn:
- Dy pha b t ri xung t.
- Thit b in b chm v khi v thit b in c ni t.
Khi dng in s c s chy t v tr chm t hoc in cc ni t to
ra mi trng xung quanh tr v ngun v s c phn b in th trong v
trn mt t. Vng gn v tr chm t hoc vng gn in cc ni t gradient

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in th trong v trn b mt t ln v do lm xut hin in p nguy him

trong vng ny. Phn b in p ti v tr chm t v in cc ni t c
trnh by trong hnh 2.2 v 2.3.
Ux/U0
100

32

8
0 1
10
20 x (m)
Hnh 2.2. ng cong phn b in p ca cc im trn mt t lc c
chm t.
Ux/U0
100

32

8
0 1
10
20 x (m)
Hnh 2.2. ng cong phn b in p ca cc im trn mt t lc c
chm t.

15
U
C
B
A
N
U0

UA

V0

VA

UA
U

Rn

U0

Hnh 2.3. Phn b in p tn trong t v trn mt t.

2.1.2. in p tip xc
Trong qu trnh tip xc vi cc thit b in nu c mch in khp kn
qua ngi th in p ging ln ngi ln hay nh tu thuc vo cc in tr
khc nhau mc ni tip vi thn ngi nh in tr ca gng, ng, thm cch
in, nn nh... Phn in p t ln c th ngi khi tip xc vi thit b mang
in p c gi l in p tip xc (Utx) v c minh ho trong hnh 2.4. i
vi thit b in c v c ni t th in p tip xc c tnh theo cng
thc:
U tx = U U ch

(2.1)

Trong :
U - in p ging trn vt ni t
Uch - in p ging trn dy ni t t v tr ngi tip xc thit b in n
vt ni t.
Nh vy, in p tip xc ph thuc vo khong cch gia v tr ngi tip
xc thit b in v vt ni t. Mt cch tng qut in p tip xc c vit li
nh sau:
U tx = U

1 h s tip xc

(2.2)

16

Trong thc t in p tip xc thng nh hn in p ging trn vt ni

t.
m bo an ton khi c ngi tip xc, cc my bin p c h thng ni
t an ton (ni t vi phn v kim loi ca my bin p) v h thng ni t
lm vic (ni t vi im trung tnh ca my bin p) phi t cch xa nhau t
25-50m tu thuc vo bn cht ca t.

1m
Utx

Hnh 2.4. S minh ho s xut hin in p tip xc (Utx).

Gii hn ca Utx m ngi c th chu ng c ph thuc vo tnh trng

tip xc, thi gian tip xc, in p v cu trc ca mng in. in p v thi
gian tip xc cho php c trnh by trong bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1. Cc gii hn an ton ca in p tip xc v thi gian tip xc.
in p tip xc (V)
VAC < 50V

Thi gian tip xc

VDC < 120V

(s)

50

120

75

140

90

160

0,5

110

175

0,2

150

200

0,1

220

250

0,05

280

310

0,03

2.1.3. in p bc
in p bc xut hin khi ngi i vo vng c dng in tn trong t
lm cho th ca t tng ln v c tr s khc nhau ti cc im khng cng nm
trn ng ng th. Hnh 2.5 minh ho s hnh thnh in p bc.

17

in p i vi t ni trc tip b chm t:

U = I r

(2.3)

r - in tr tn ni chm t
in p ca cc im trn mt t i vi t cch xa v tr chm t hn
20m c th xem bng 0.
in p bc c tnh theo cng thc:
U b = U x U x +a =

I a
2x x + a

(2.4)

Trong :
a - di bc chn (0,4-0,8 m)
x - khong cch t ni ng n ni chm t
C
B
A

1m

Ux+a
Ub
Ux
0

x+a

Hnh 2.5. S minh ho s xut hin in p bc

(Ub).

2.1.4. Cc trng hp tip xc li in ba pha h p

in h p qui c l U < 1000V. Trong iu kin bnh thng nu con
ngi tip xc trc tip vi thit b c in p xoay chiu t 50V tr ln l c
th nguy him n tnh mng. Do khi tip xc vi li in ba pha h p, cn
phi tun th cc bin php an ton sau y.
2.1.4.1. Bin php an ton khi lm vic trn ng dy h p c in
1. Phi c Phiu cng tc hoc Lnh cng tc.
2. Nu trn ct c nhiu ng dy in p khc nhau th phi c bin bo
ch r in p tng ng dy. Khi tin hnh cng vic, ngi cho php v

18

ngi ch huy trc tip phi xc nh r ng dy s tin hnh cng vic thuc
trm bin p no lm y cc bin php an ton trc khi thc hin th tc
cho php lm vic (nu lm vic theo phiu cng tc).
3. Lm vic trn ng dy h p i chung ct vi ng dy cao p n
35kV c thc hin theo cc iu kin nh sau:
a) Nu thay ty s, cng li dy, h dy, nng dy trn nhng nhnh dy h
p i vo cc h ph ti th khng phi ct in c ng dy h p m ch
phi tho u dy u vo ng dy chnh v ct cu dao cui nhnh r i
vo cc h. Cng vic ny phi c phiu cng tc v thc hin , ng quy
nh an ton khi lm vic trn cao;
b) Nu cng li dy, thay dy trn ng dy chnh dc theo tuyn khng
t yu cu quy nh th phi ct in c 2 ng dy v phi c Phiu cng tc;
c) ng dy cao p i trn c ct in nhng phi t dy tip t
m bo an ton;
d) Nu trn ct c ng dy thng tin i chung th khi tro phi dng bt
th in kim tra ng dy thng tin c b chm cp lc hay khng v kim tra
ng dy thng tin c b h, trc v khng. Khi lm vic phi ch quan st,
trnh va chm vo phn b h, trc v hoc ng cao hn ng dy thng tin,
nu chm ngi vo ct th khng c chm vo dy thng tin.
4. Khi lm vic trn ng dy h p c in hoc tip xc trc tip vi
phn c in h p trong trm in phi thc hin nhng quy nh sau y:
a) Dng dng c cch in c tay cm chc chn v m bo an ton;
b) i giy (ng) cch in hoc ng trn thm cch in;
c) Nu ngi lm vic cch phn c in di 30cm th phi dng cc tm
cch in bng ba cch in mi ca, nylon hoc bakelit che, chn.
5. Vic thay ch trn ct c tin hnh lc tri kh ro, khng c ging,
sm st v do hai ngi thc hin. Nu ma nh ht, cho php thay ch trn
ct nhng khi lm vic phi c gng tay cch in v tm nylon che phn
thit b mang in, v tr lm vic c ch ng chc chn. Qun, o ngi lm
vic phi kh.
2.1.4.2. Bin php an ton khi lm cng vic mc dy, lp t in h p
1. Dy dn lp t trong nh phi dng nhng loi dy c bc cch in,
khng dng dy trn mc trong nh.
2. c dng dy trn ko dy trc chnh trong nhng phn xng,
nh my c khung nh bng st cao t 5,0m tr ln, nhng phi i trn s hoc
puly c (70x70mm) tr ln v buc chc chn, c bin bo Dng li! Nguy
him cht ngi! treo gn ng dy .

19

3. Dy xuyn qua mi nh bng ngi, l, na, tranh phi dng dy cp bc

v ch, nha PVC. Dy i xuyn qua tng hoc i ngm trong tng phi i
trong ng cch in (hoc ng c cch in), khng ni dy trong lng ng.
4. Khng t chung trong mt ng c dy dn cp in cho h thng chiu
sng v dy dn cp in cho my ng lc.
5. ng dy c im trung tnh ni t in p 380V, 380/220V th gia
nhng v ch ca cp, nhng hp u dy, v ngoi ca thit b ngt in u
phi ni vi nhau v ni t bng dy ng c tit din bng hoc ln hn
2,50mm2. Dy ni t ca v cp phi qun nhiu vng ri hn li.
6. Khi ni dy phi ni so le v c bng cch in cun ngoi mi ni.
Tu theo cng sut tiu th ca tng loi dng c dng in (nh qut, bn l,
bp in, l si, n...) m phi dng c dy ng tiu chun. Cm dng dy
c tit din nh ni vo dng c c cng sut ln, gy ra s c, chy dy, ho
hon.
7. Dao cch ly ng, ct in phi t ch d thao tc, thun tin khng
t nhng ni m t...
8. Cu ch hp phi c np, dy ch phi lp ng tiu chun. Cm dng
dy ng hoc bt c loi dy khc (dy nhm, l nhm...) thay cho dy ch.
9. Cng sut tiu th trong mt cn nh hoc trong mt c quan, t chc,
n v phi ph hp vi tit din ng dy cung cp in ca ni . Dy ch
bo v phi t theo cp chn lc, ngha l nu c chm chp th dy ch ni tiu
th phi t trc m bo an ton cho ng dy.
10. Cm dng ngn tay th xem c in hay khng m phi dng bt
th in h p hoc bng n xc nh khng cn in.
11. Nu trong khu vc c nhiu cp in h p th phi lm bin r
ng dy cp in p bao nhiu ti cc v tr ng, ct v s dng.
12. Khi mc n trang tr trong ngy l, hi... phi thc hin nhng quy
nh sau:
a) Nhng ch dy gt cch in u ui n phi gt v tr so le, sau
khi u phi bc li bng bng cch in;
b) Dao cch ly tm thi phi buc c nh vo ct in, thn cy v.v t
cch mt t t nht 3,0m, c np y phng tri ma v treo bin bo an
ton;
c) Trang tr trn nhng cy cao, cnh pha trn mt nc hoc nhng ni
nguy him phi dng so, gy a dy ra v tr theo yu cu;
d) Phi c ngi trc ch t dao cch ly. Dy ch dao cch ly phi tnh
ton ph hp vi cng sut s dng;
e) Cng sut cc bng n phi ph hp vi tit din ca dy dn phng,
trnh chy dy gy s c, ho hon;

20

f) Khi u vo ng dy chnh phi chia u cng sut ra cc pha, ng

thi lin h vi n v qun l vn hnh bit kh nng cung cp ca my bin
p v phi c n v qun l vn hnh tho thun cho u vo l no mi
c tin hnh.
2.2. Cc bin php k thut an ton in
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc bin php k thut an ton in bao gm ni t bo v,
ni trung tnh bo v. Trong phi hiu r mc ch, ngha v li ch c th
ca tng bin php, t xut bin php k thut an ton in mt cch hp
l.
2.2.1. Ni t an ton
Mc ch ca vic ni t l nhm m bo an ton cho ngi khi tip xc
vo cc b phn kim loi thit b my mc c mang in p. Thc vy khi cch
in b h hng cc b phn lm bng kim loi ca thit b in, hoc cc my
cng tc khc trc kia khng c in, by gi c th mang in p ca mng
in cung cp. Khi tip xc vi chng, con ngi c th b tn thng do dng
in chy qua gy nn. Ni t nhm gim in p i vi t ca cc b phn
kim loi thit b my mc n mt gi tr an ton i vi con ngi, gi l ni
t an ton hay ni t bo v. Nh vy ni t l s ch ng ni in cc b
phn kim loi thit b my mc vi h thng ni t.
Ngoi chc nng bo v an ton, ni t cn c chc nng xc nh ch
lm vic ca thit b in, gi l ni t lm vic, chng hn nh ni t trung
tnh my bin p, my pht in, ni t chng st chng qu in p, ni t
ct thu st chng st nh trc tip.
Ni t c nhiu chc nng nh ni trn v ngi ta thng ni chng
li thnh mt h thng ni t.

21
C
B
A

Hnh 2.6. S minh ho s xut hin in p tip xc nguy him

khi b chm t gia hai im.

Ni t ring cho tng thit b my mc l khng hp l v rt nguy him v

khi chm t xy ra trn hai pha khc nhau s to nn in p nguy him gia
hai im chm t v c minh ho trong hnh 2.6. Trong trng hp ny ch
xut hin dng in b khng tc ng n r le bo v chm t lm vic.
2.2.2. Ni trung tnh bo v
Ni trung tnh bo v l bin php ni cc b phn khng mang in p ca
thit b in vi dy trung tnh, dy trung tnh ny phi c ni t ti nhiu v
tr. Ni trung tnh bo v c th c s dng thay cho bin php ni t an ton
trong cc mng in ba pha 4 dy in p thp 380/220V v 220/110V nu trung
tnh ca cc mng in ny trc tip ni t.

22
IN
1
2
3

I
U

I R

I 0 R0

Hnh 2.7. Mng in ba pha c trung tnh ni t.

Mc ch ca bin php ni trung tnh bo v l do bin php ni t an

ton ni trn khng m bo iu kin an ton i vi mng in U < 1000V c
trung tnh ni t. Thc vy, xt s mng in U < 1000V c trung tnh ni
t nh minh ho trong hnh 2.7. Khi thit b in b chm v, s c dng in
i vo trong t c xc nh bi cng thc:
I =

U
r + r0

(2.5)

Trong :
U - in p pha ca mng in
r - in tr ni t an ton
r0 - in tr ni t lm vic
i vi mng in U < 1000V, ln dng in I trong nhiu trng hp
c th khng ln tc ng thit b bo v lm vic hoc lm t cu ch
nhm ct in nhanh ti v tr b chm v. V vy cn phi tng ln dng in
I n mt tr s thch hp thit b bo v c th ct in nhanh v tr b s c
th mi m bo an ton. Bin php n gin nht l dng dy dn ni v thit
b vi dy trung tnh, bin s chm v ca thit b in thnh ngn mch mt
pha thit b bo v ct in nhanh v tr b h hng nh c minh ho trong
hnh 2.8.

23
U
1
2
IN
IN

3
IN
0

r0
Hnh 2.8. Ni trung tnh bo v trong mng in ba pha c trung tnh
ni t.

Phm vi ng dng:
Ni trung tnh bo v c s dng cho mng in ba pha 4 dy c trung
tnh ni t, U < 1000V; p dng cho mi c s sn xut, khng ph thuc vo
mi trng xung quanh.
Vi mng in ba pha 4 dy, U = 220/127V ni trung tnh bo v ch cn
thit cho cc trng hp sau y:
- Xng c bit nguy him v mt an ton.
- Thit b in t ngoi tri.
- Cc chi tit kim loi m ngi hay chm n nh tay cm, tay quay, v
ng c in c ni trc tip vi my phay, my bo, my tin.
i vi cc phng lm vic, nh c nn cao ro th ngay c U =
380/220V cng khng cn cn thit phi ni trung tnh bo v.
2.2.3. in p an ton
Vic cn c vo tr s dng in gy nguy him cho ngi lm gii hn an
ton trong nhiu trng hp khng xc nh c v in tr ca ngi Rng ph
thuc rt nhiu yu t nh m ca da khi tip xc, p lc tip xc, v tr tip
xc, din tch tip xc. Do gii hn mc an ton, trong tnh ton thit
k ngi ta thng s dng i lng in p cho php Ucp theo tiu chun ca
tng quc gia. Nh vy, in p cho php Ucp l mc in p m con ngi khi
tip xc s khng b nguy him n tnh mng. Tiu chun Ucp ca mt s quc
gia c trnh by trong bng 2.2. nhng ni c bit nguy him nh hm m,

24

phng ng lnh, b bi, nh tm, phng nha, phng m... in p cho php Ucp
= 6V hoc 12V.
Bng 2.2. Tiu chun v in p cho php Ucp ca mt s quc gia
Tn quc gia

Tn s

Ba Lan, Thu S, c,
IEC
H Lan, Thu in
Vit Nam, Nga

Ucp (V)
Ni kh ro

Ni m t

AC

50

25

DC

120

60

AC

24

12

DC

50

25

AC

42

24

DC

80

50

2.2.4. cch in an ton

Qu trnh lm vic an ton lin tc v m bo ca thit b in, my in,
kh c in... trc tin ph thuc vo trng thi tt xu ca in tr cch in.
Ngi ta qui nh tiu chun v gii hn cho php ca in tr cch in; di
gii hn khng c dng v phi c bin php x l.
Tiu chun cch in i vi in p di 1000V phi tho mn yu cu:
Rc 0,5 M

(2.6)

i vi cc kh c in dng trong sinh hot, yu cu in tr cch in

ca phn mang in vi v kim loi khng c b hn 1 M.
in tr cch in ca cun dy trong cc thit b ng ct in p thp U
< 1000V nh cng tc t, khi ng t... cn phi c gi tr ln hn 2 M.
Trong thc t in tr cch in ca cc thit b in t trong nh c gi tr ln
n 5 M.
in tr cch in ca thanh dn, mng in mt pha cn phi c gi tr ln
hn 2 M.
2.3. Kim tra tnh trng ni t an ton cc thit b ti phn xng
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc nguyn tc kim tra tnh trng ni t an ton cc thit
b ti phn xng, t xut trang b sa cha kp thi h thng an ton
in.
in tr ni t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t v thng tng dn theo thi
gian. Cc mi ni, cch in trong h thng in cng c th b h hng sau thi
gian s dng. Do vy vic kim tra an ton ca cc thit b s dng in v
h thng ni t l cn thit.

25

a) Kim tra khi nghim thu c thc hin theo 2 bc:

+ Kim tra trc khi lp t hay lp kn cc phn ngm chn trong t hay
trong kt cu.
+ Kim tra li ton b h thng sau khi hon thin a vo s dng.
b) Kim tra nh k c thc hin theo thi gian quy nh nh sau:
+ Thit b in b tr nhng ni nguy him: 1nm/1ln.
+ Thit b in b tr nhng ni c bit nguy him: 6 thng/1ln.
+ Thit b in b tr nhng ni t nguy him: 2 nm/1ln.
c) Kim tra bt thng c thc hin theo thi gian quy nh nh sau:
+ Khi c xy ra tai nn, s c c nguy c xy ra tai nn.
+ Sau khi sa cha trang b ni t, ni trung tnh bo v hoc lp t li
thit b.
+ Sau khi c lt, bo, ma ln gy nh hng n cht lng ca trang b
ni t, ni trung tnh bo v.
Ni dung kim tra:
a) Khi nghim thu:
+ Kim tra vic lp t thc t so vi thit k.
+ Kim tra vic s dng vt liu theo yu cu thit k.
+ Kim tra ton b cc mi hn, mi ni, xem xt v bn c hc, in
tr tip xc.
+ Kim tra bin php chng n mn v r.
+ Kim tra vic bo v mch dn i qua cc khe ln, khe co gin v chng
ngi khc.
+ Kim tra cc bin php chng in p chm v in p bc nhng ni
cn thit.
+ Kim tra vic lp t, o in tr mch pha - dy trung tnh v o in
tr ni t.
b) nh k v bt thng:
+ o in tr mch pha - dy trung tnh v o in tr ni t.
+ Kim tra ton b cc trang b ni t v ni trung tnh bo v.
+ Kim tra cc mi hn, mi ni, cc mt tip xc in.
+ Kim tra tnh trng lp m, mt sn chng n mn, r.
+ Kim tra phn ngm v nhng ch nghi ng (o ln xem v o c).
+ Kim tra cc mch dn i qua cc chng ngi vt.

26

+ Kim tra tnh trng ca t.

2.4. Cu hi tho lun
1. K ra cc dng tai nn in v nguyn nhn thng dn n ti nn in
git.
2. Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n tai nn in git.
3. Trnh by phng php lm gim nguy him do hin tng dng in i
vo trong t?
4. Trnh by phng php lm gim nguy him do in p bc?
5. Trnh by phng php lm gim nguy him do in p tip xc?
6. Cho bit cc bin php an ton khi lp t v sa cha ng dy ti in
ni chung?

27

Bi 3. Cc bin php chung v an ton in

M bi: M07-03
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Pht biu y v ng cc ni dung v bin php t chc v cc qui nh
v an ton in.
- Thc hin t tip t di ng.
- C thi nghim tc, tun th cc bc an ton.
3.1. Bin php t chc
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc bin php t chc an ton in trong x nghip bao gm
trch nhim ca cc x nghip trong cng tc an ton in v cc yu cu v h
s ti liu, dng c an ton in, t chc nhn s.
3.1.1. Trch nhim ca cc x nghip trong cng tc an ton in
1. m bo v tnh trng cc thit b in v an ton in cho cc cn b
cng nhn vin. Qun l, vn hnh v bo dng cc thit b in theo ng cc
iu khon trong quy phm.
2. T chc thc hin v ch o thc hin (ph bin hun luyn v kim
tra) quy phm. m bo tt c cn b, cng nhn vin khi lm vic, tip xc vi
nhng thit b in u phi qua kim tra v s hiu bit cc iu khon trong
quy phm v c nhim v chp hnh nghim chnh cc iu khon trong
phm vi cng tc ca mnh.
3. Ph bin ni dung cng tc qun l an ton in ti cc n v gm cc
cng vic sau:

m bo cc thit b in v mng in vn hnh an ton;

Thc hin cc bin php m bo an ton cho thit b v an ton cho
con ngi khi tip xc vi in;

xut cc bin php phng trnh tai nn in v s c v in;

Hun luyn, kim tra v an ton in cho cn b cng nhn vin.
4. Phn cng trch nhim c th cho cc b phn hoc cn b qun l an
ton in. m bo an ton in cho cn b cng nhn vin v thit b in
thuc phm vi c phn cng qun l. Tu theo mc v hu qu, vic vi
phm cc iu khon trong quy phm ny s b x l bng pht hnh chnh, k
lut hay php lut hin hnh.
3.1.2. Yu cu v kim tra, nghim thu khi xy lp v sa cha in
1. Mi loi thit b v cng trnh in trong xy dng v sa cha u phi
t chc nghim thu tng phn, tng giai on v nghim thu tng th theo yu
cu ca tiu chun Vit Nam v yu cu ca thit k.

28

2. Trong qu trnh vn hnh thit b in, mng in. nh k 3 thng 1 ln,

n v s dng in phi tin hnh t kim tra vic s dng cc thit b in,
tnh trng cc thit b v cc vn c lin quan n an ton in.
3. Ngoi vic kim tra nh k, cn tin hnh kim tra t xut tu theo
nhim v cng tc, trc ma ma bo hay trc nguy c c th xy ra tai nn,
s c v in.
4. Ni dung kim tra, thi hn kim tra v an ton in phi c a vo
ni dung t kim tra nh k ca cc b phn chc nng theo hng dn ca
gim c.
5. H s kim tra nghim thu phi c lu gi bo qun sn sng p ng
yu cu ca qun l, vn hnh.
3.1.3. Yu cu v h s ti liu
1. n v s dng in cn phi c cc h s, ti liu sau:
- S mng in chung cung cp in trong n v t ngun n cc thit
b v cc ni c s dng in;
- L lch tng thit b in, trong c ghi s hiu nh ch to, ni ch to,
s liu v c tnh k thut, s liu th nghim cc qu trnh thay i, sa cha,
bin bn kim tra;
- Ni quy an ton in ca n v;
- Quy trnh vn hnh ca tng loi thit b theo thuyt minh s dng, c
phng n x l s c.
2. Trong khi ci to, sa cha lm thm mi, phi ghi ngay mi s thay i
vo s mng in hay l lch thit b v phi nu nguyn nhn v ngi cho
php thay i.
3. Ni quy s dng an ton thit b in phi c cn b ph trch n v
ban hnh, bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Quyn hn, trch nhim, quan h v nhim v ca cng nhn vn hnh s
dng;
- Trnh t khi ng v ngng thit b;
- Th thc vn hnh s dng trong thi gian lm vic bnh thng v cc
bin php x l s c;
- Bin php phng tai nn in v phng chy cha chy.
4. Quy trnh vn hnh an ton thit b in cn phi c vit r rng d
c, ni d thy nhc nh cng nhn vin thc hin.
3.1.4. Yu cu v dng c lm vic v trang b phng tin bo v c nhn
1. Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim trang b y dng c lm
vic, phng tin bo v c nhn m bo tiu chun an ton v ph hp vi
cng vic giao cho ngi lao ng.

29

2. Cng nhn, cn b k thut lm vic cc thit b in c ct in

ton b, ct in mt phn hay khng ct in phi s dng y cc trang b
bo v c nhn v dng c an ton cn thit c quy nh cho tng cng vic
c th.
3. Cc dng c lm vic, phng tin bo v c nhn c yu cu v sc bn
v v cch in nh: dy an ton, m cch in v m an ton cng nghip,
km cch in, ng cch in, bao tay cch in, gh hoc thm cch in
phi c kim tra nh k 6 thng 1 ln theo tiu chun Vit Nam v c ghi
vo h s tnh trng ca cc phng tin bo v.
4. Ngi s dng lao ng ch c php cp pht cho ngi lao ng cc
loi trang thit b bo v c nhn v trang b dng c an ton c kim tra
t yu cu v k thut an ton v c dn nhn, nh du theo quy nh
ca tiu chun Vit Nam hoc ca nh qun l.
5. Phi s dng cc phng tin bo v ng vi phm vi s dng v mc
ch ca cc phng tin . Cm dng cc phng tin bo v vo cc mc
ch sinh hot khc.
3.1.5. Yu cu v nhn s
1. Ch nhng ngi 18 tui tr ln c tiu chun sc kho theo quy
nh ca c quan qun l nhn s hoc ca B y t v qua o to k thut an
ton in mi c php lm cc cng vic thng xuyn tip xc vi cc thit
b c in p.
2. Ngi s dng lao ng phi c vn bn giao nhim v i vi ngi
qun l k thut in ca n v v cp th an ton cho ngi lao ng lm cc
cng vic thng xuyn tip xc vi cc thit b mang in.
3. nh k t nht mi nm mt ln ngi s dng lao ng phi t chc
hun luyn li v b sung kin thc v k thut an ton in cho cn b qun l
v ngi lao ng lm cc cng vic thng xuyn tip xc vi cc thit b c
in p.
Ngi lao ng lm cc cng vic thng xuyn tip xc vi cc thit b c
in p phi thnh tho v phng php cp cu ngi b in git.
4. nh k hng nm ngi s dng lao ng phi t chc khm sc kho
cho ngi lao ng lm cc cng vic lin quan n in.
Ngi lao ng lm nhim v xy lp, sa cha lin quan n in trong
iu kin kh khn (v d: trong cc ng hm nh hp, ct cao) cn phi
c kim tra tim mch, huyt p trc mi t cng tc.
3.1.6. Yu cu an ton khi lm vic
1. Ngi s dng lao ng phi b tr t nht 2 ngi cng lm cc cng
vic sau:
- Vn hnh my pht in, trm phn phi in;

30

- Tho lp, sa cha thit b in trn mng in, trn cc my cng tc;
- Tho lp dy in v ph kin ng dy dn in trn cao (trn ct hoc
trong ng hm cp, cp ngm trn tng).
2. Ngi lao ng lm cc cng vic lin quan n xy lp, sa cha, vn
hnh thit b in, mng in c ngha v tun th nghim chnh quy trnh thao
tc, ni quy lm vic, s dng bo qun cc trang thit b, dng c lm vic,
trang thit b bo v c nhn bo m an ton sc kho cho bn thn v cho
nhng ngi cng lm vic.
3. Khi tri c dng, st cm lm mi cng vic ng dy in trn
khng, cc u vo v cc thit b ng ct u trc tip vi ng dy in
trn khng.
4. Ct in lm vic phi c thc hin t mi pha vi phn mang in
bng cc thit b ng ct hoc bng cch tho cu chy v treo bin bo Cm
ng in, c ngi ang lm vic.
5. Khi lm vic trn cc ng dy song song vi ng dy c in p
trn 1000V phi m bo khong cch gia ngi lm vic vi ng in nh
sau:
- 0,7m i vi in p t 1kV n 15 kV;
- 1,0m i vi in p n 35 kV;
- 1,5m i vi in p n 110 kV;
- 2,5m i vi in p n 220 kV;
- 4,5m i vi in p n 500 kV.
Khi lm vic vi cc ng dy giao cho vi ng dy c in p trn
1000V th phi thng bo v thng nht cc bin php bo m an ton i vi
c qun qun l ng dy cao p.
6. Tu theo mi trng v chc nng ca my, thit b, cng trnh in m
phi thc hin mt hay nhiu bin php m bo an ton sau:
- Dng loi cch in thch hp, trng hp c bit dng loi cch in
tng cng;
- B tr c ly thch hp n phn mang in hoc bc kn phn mang in;
- Lm ro chn;
- Dng kho lin ng cho kh c in hoc ro chn ngn nga thao tc
nhm;
- Ct t ng mt cch nhanh chng v tin cy nhng phn dn in, thit
b in b chm chp, h hng;
- Ni t hoc ni trung tnh bo v v ca thit b in hoc b phn kim
loi c th b chm v;

31

- San bng in th; dng bin p cch ly hoc dng in p an ton;

- Dng h thng tn hiu, bo hiu, bin cm.
7. Ngi b tai nn in git phi c s cu, cp cu kp thi. Mi s c
v tai nn v in phi c khai bo, iu tra, thng k, bo co. ng thi
phi nhanh chng thc hin cc bin php khc phc s c, trnh tai nn ti
din.
3.2. Cch t tip t di ng
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc yu cu v t tip t di ng v cc nguyn tc k
thut trong vic lp t v tho tip t di ng.
3.2.1. Khi qut
Cc trm pht in di ng phi c trang b ni t. i vi thit b di ng
nhn in t ngun in c nh hoc t trm pht in di ng phi ni v ca
thit b ti trang b ni t ca ngun cung cp in. Trong li in c trung
tnh cch li nn b tr trang b ni t cho thit b in di ng ngay bn cnh
thit b. Tr s in tr ni t ca thit b in khng c ln hn 4. Nn u
tin cc vt ni t t nhin gn .
Nu vic ni t cho thit b in di ng khng th thc hin c hoc
khng p ng c yu cu th phi thay th vic ni t bng vic ct bo v
ct in p a vo thit b khi b chm t.
Khng yu cu ni t cho thit b in di ng trong cc trng hp sau
y:
- Nu thit b in di ng c mt my pht in ring (khng cp in cho
cc thit b khc) t trc tip ngay trn my v trn mt b kim loi chung.
- Nu cc thit b in di ng (vi s lng khng ln hn 2) nhn in t
trm pht in di ng ring (khng cung cp in cho cc thit b khc) vi
khong cch t thit b di ng n trm pht in khng qu 50m v v ca cc
thit b di ng c ni vi v ca ngun pht in bng dy dn.
Dy ni t, dy trung tnh bo v v dy ni v ca thit b phi l dy
ng mm c tit din bng tit din dy pha v nn cng trong mt v vi
cc dy pha.
Trong li in c trung tnh cch li, cho php t dy ni t v dy ni
v ring bit vi dy pha. Trong trng hp ny tit din ca chng khng c
nh hn 2,5mm2.
lm dy ni v ca ngun cp in vi v ca thit b di ng, c th s
dng:
- Li th 5 ca dy cp trong li in ba pha c trung tnh lm vic.

32

- Li th 4 ca dy cp trong li in ba pha khng c dy trung tnh lm

vic.
- Li th 3 ca dy cp trong li in mt pha.
3.2.2. Nguyn tc lp t v tho tip t di ng
- Dng c tip t di ng c trnh by trong hnh 3.1.
- Lp t v tho tip t u phi c hai ngi thc hin, trong mt
ngi phi c trnh an ton t nht bc IV, ngi cn li phi c trnh an
ton t nht bc III.
- Khi lp t tip t phi u mt u vi t trc, sau mi lp u kia
vi dy dn, khi thc hin phi mang gng tay cch in v phi dng so cch
in lp vo ng dy.
Khi tho tip t phi lm ngc li.
- u u xung t khng c bt kiu vn xon, phi bt bng bu lng.
Nu u vo tip t ca ct hoc h thng ni t chung th trc khi u phi
co sch r ch u tip t. Trng hp tip t ct b hng hoc kh bt bu
lng th phi ng cc st su 1m lm tip t.

a)

b)
Hnh 3.1. Dng c tip t di ng: a) Dy tip t; b) So cch in
v mc thao tc kiu lc gic.

3.3. Qui nh an ton khi lm vic nhng b phn mang in p

Mc tiu

33

Nm bt c cc qui nh an ton khi lm vic nhng b phn c mang

in p bao gm lm ro chn, treo bin bo v cc qui nh an ton c th i
vi tng trng hp tip xc.
3.3.1. Lm ro chn
1. Ro chn tm thi ngn cch phn thit b c in vi ni lm vic
phi lm bng vt liu kh v chc chn, nh tre, g, nha, tm vt liu cch
in... Khong cch t ro chn tm thi n phn c in phi tun theo quy
nh.
2. Trng hp c bit, thit b in cp in p n 15kV, ro chn tm
thi bng vt liu cch in c chm vo phn c in. Ro chn nh vy
phi ph hp vi tiu chun k thut s dng v th nghim dng c an ton
dng thit b in. Khi lm ro chn loi ny phi eo gng cch in, i ng
cch in hoc ng trn tm thm cch in v thc hin di s gim st ca
ngi c bc 5 an ton in.
3. Ro chn tm thi phi t sao cho khi c nguy him ngi lm vic d
dng thot ra khi vng nguy him.
3.3.2. Treo bin bo, tn hiu
1. b phn truyn ng ca my ct, dao cch ly m t ng in n
ni lm vic, treo bin Cm theo quy nh.
2. Trn ro chn tm thi phi treo bin bo: Dng li! C in nguy him
cht ngi. Trng hp c bit phi treo thm tn hiu cnh bo khc.
3. thit b phn phi in trong nh, trn ro li hoc ca st ca cc
ngn bn cnh v i din vi ch lm vic phi treo bin bo Dng li! C
in nguy him cht ngi. Nu cc ngn bn cnh v i din khng c ro
li hoc ca v cc li i ngi lm vic khng c i qua th phi dng ro
chn tm thi ngn li v treo bin bo Dng li! C in nguy him cht
ngi. Ti ni lm vic, sau khi lm tip t treo bin bo Lm vic ti y!.
4. Trong thi gian lm vic cm di chuyn hoc tho cc ro chn tm thi
v bin bo, tn hiu.
3.3.3. An ton i vi thit b phn phi in v iu khin
1. Tt c cc thit b phn phi in v iu khin bao gm cc t phn
phi in, bng iu khin, cc kh c in... u phi c cc thng s nh mc
tho mn cc ch lm vic ng ti nh mc, qu ti cng nh khi ngn
mch hay qu p.
2. Tt c cc phn kim loi ca thit b phn phi, bng in, t in cn
phi c sn chng r.
3. Cc thanh ci ca thit b phn phi in phi sn mu nh sau:
Pha A - mu vng.
Pha B - mu xanh l cy.

34

Pha C - mu .
4. Ti cc phng t thit b phn phi v iu khin, phi c chiu sng,
thng gi y theo tiu chun. Phi c n chiu sng s c mt in.
5. Cc thit b phn phi in phi bo m an ton khi vn hnh, khng nh
la to h quang in gy nguy him cho cng nhn, lm chy cc vt xung quanh,
gy chp mch cc pha hay chp mch vi t.
6. Cc cu dao in phi lp t sao cho khng th t ng mch di tc
dng ca trng lng cn iu khin. Ngun in cp n bao gi cng phi lp
vo pha trn cu dao cn dy chy phi nm pha di cu dao.
Cm dng cu dao khng c b phn bao che.
7. cm in v phch ly in phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- ng b vi nhau v in th v cng sut.
- ng b vi nhau v s cc (hoc s pha).
Phi lp cu ch bo v trc cm ph hp vi ti cm vo .
Cn ghi r mc in p s dng bn cnh (hoc trn) cc cm in.
3.3.4. An ton i vi cc thit b in chiu sng
1. Ti cc ng dy phn nhnh ca mng in chiu sng vo cc dy
nh, tng nh, khu nh, phi c cu dao phn on hay cu ch ngt in.
2. Mi n chiu sng phi c ui n, cu ch, cng tc mc vo dy pha
ca mng in.
3. Chiu sng tm thi ti cc v tr m t v/hoc nguy him phi quy
nh mc in p ti a l 12V hoc phi c bin php chng n.
n chiu sng tm thi phi c bo v trn bng. Bng n b chy hoc
v phi c thay ngay lp tc. Khng c tho bng v khi cha ngt mch
in
4. nhng ni t nguy him v in, cho php dng in p 220V cho cc
n chiu sng lp c nh.
5. nhng ni nhiu nguy him v c bit nguy him v in khi lp thp
di 2,5m so vi nn nh, phi c bin php bo v ngi khng th chm
vo n hoc dng n vi ngun in p an ton.
6. in p cung cp cho cc loi n lp t c nh l:
- nhng ni t nguy him v in: n 220V.
- nhng ni nhiu nguy him v in v c bit nguy him v in: 36V
7. n chiu sng s c phi c cp bng ngun in c lp.
8. Khng c dng in p trn 36V cho cc n di ng, n chiu sng
trn cc my cng c.

35

n chiu sng di ng yu cu in th di 36V phi dng my bin th

c cc cun dy th cp v s cp ring bit, v kim loi ca my bin th phi
ni t.
Cm dng bin p t ngu cung cp in h th cho cc n di ng.
9. Khi ni cc n chiu sng di ng cm tay vi in th 12V hay 36V v
ni cc my bin th h th di ng vo mng 110V hay 220V phi dng dy
mm c v bc cch in. Dy dn t cm in n bin th khng c di qu
3m.
10. Cm thay bng n khng ng vi cng sut ca thit b chiu sng.
Trong mi trng hp phi dng dy chy ng vi tiu chun v cng
dng in.
Cn d tr mt s bng n, dy chy cc c dng cho vic thay th,
nht l cc trm bin th, bung c quy, t my pht in, ni xng du ho
cht d chy.
11. Cn phi lm v sinh, lau sch bi cho n hoc chp n tu theo mc
bi khu vc s dng.
- ni nhiu bi: 1 tun 1 ln.
- ni t bi: 1 thng 1 ln.
- Ngoi tri: 1 nm 1 ln.
12. Khi lp bng n, lau n hay thay dy ch, sa cha dy in n, phi
ct in bng cng tc, cu ch hay cu dao.
C th thc hin nhng cng vic ny khng cn phi ct in vi iu
kin phi thc hin cc y cc bin php an ton.
3.3.5. An ton i vi ng dy, cp in
1. ng dy h p phi m bo cc iu kin sau:
- Khong cch ca ng dy dn in trn khng ch vng xung thp
nht so vi mt t:
Ni c ng ngi qua li khng nh hn 6m i vi dy trn v 5m i
vi dy bc.
Ni t ngi qua li khng nh hn 5m i vi dy trn v 4,5m i vi
dy bc.
Ch nhnh r i vo cc i, trm nh xng khng c nh hn i 4,0m
vi dy trn v 3,5m i vi dy bc.
- i qua cy xanh, khong cch t dy di cng n cy khng nh
hn 1,0m i vi dy trn v 0,5m i vi dy bc. Khong cch ngang t dy
gn nht n cy khng nh hn 1,0m i vi dy trn v 0,3m i vi dy bc.

36

- Khong cch ngang t dy dn in gn nht n ca s, ban cng ca

cc nh khng c nh hn 1,5m i vi dy trn v 1,0m i vi dy bc.
- Cm ko ng dy trn dn in trn khng trn mi nh. Khi cn
thit phi bo m khong cch gia ng dy vi mi nh khng nh hn
2,5m.
- ng dy in khi vt qua h ao phi cch mt nc 2,5m khi mc
nc cao nht.
- ng dy in trn khi chy song song vi ng t trong x nghip
phi c khong cch t chn ct n mp ng khng c nh hn 1,5m.
- Khi ni dy dn ng trc chnh phi dng kho ni ring hoc hn ni.
i vi cc nhnh r, cho php xon ni nhng phi bo m c bn an
ton.
- Khi hn dy dn 1 si, cm hn tip gip, ch ni phi c bn c hc
khng di 90% bn gii hn ca dy dn. Khng c php ni dy dn
trong khong ct giao cho vi cc cng trnh khc.
- ng dy dn in trong nh sn xut ni t cc thit b BCVT, thit b
chiu sng phi dng dy c bc cch in. Cho php dng dy trn, thanh dn
trong trng hp c bit do yu cu sn xut.
- Nu dng dy khng c bc cch in th phi tha mn cc iu kin :
a) Dy trn phi cch vt d chy t nht l 1m.
b) Khong cch t dy trn n bt c im no ca thit b trong khu vc
khng c nh hn 3m.
c) Nu li i li th phi c ro ngn. Nu ro ngn bng kim loi th phi
c ni t bo v vi in tr khng c ln hn 10.
- Ch tiu k thut ca ng dy dn in trn khng, in th n 1000V
phi tun th TCVN 5064:1994 Dy trn dng cho ng dy ti in trn
khng v TCVN 5844:1994 Cp in lc in p n 35kV. Yu cu k thut
chung
- Khi kim tra ng dy trn khng, phi ch :
a) Dy c b t hay b chy khng? vng ca dy c ln qu khng?
b) S c b lng, nt khng?
c) Ct c b nghing ng, khng vng chc khng? Chn ct c chc chn
khng?
d) Dc theo tuyn ng dy c sch s khng? Cnh cy c th ri vo
ng dy khng? Pha di ng dy c cng trnh, vt th g tri vi quy
nh khng?
- Khi dy b t, phi thc hin ngay cc bin php ngn chn ngi n
gn dy dn .

37

Cm n gn dy dn b t: i vi dy dn in p di 1000V, phi
ng xa 5m, khi tri ma, nu trn mt t c m cao hay c ng nc, cn
phi ng xa hn.
2. H thng cp dn in trong trm pht in, trm bin th phi m bo
cc quy nh v an ton sau y:
Cp t trc tip di t, trong rnh cp, hm cp phi l loi cp c v
bc cch in v v kim loi, c lp bo v bng gai tm nha hoc bng cao su
cch in.
Cp in phi c sp xp trt t theo chng loi, tnh nng k thut, cp
in p v c t trn gi trong hm cp hoc rnh cp.
Cp i theo tng nh, treo trn cc ct hay cc gi khc phi bo m
cch in quy nh, khng b h in, ch ni cp phi bc cch in tt.
Cp dn in i qua khu vc c nh hng ca nhit cao phi c bo
v bng vt liu cch nhit v i trong ng bo v.
Vic s dng cp phi ng theo dng in ti v mc st p ln nht cho
php.
Khi trn cc ng cp b nng nhiu hn bnh thng, phi kim tra, tm
nguyn nhn hay gim bt dng ti ca ng cp.
Hm cp, gian t cp phi c n chiu sng s c v phi m bo tiu
chun phng chng chy n.
Hm cp, rnh cp phi c np y kn, thot nc tt, c bo qun sch
s, kh ro. Phi thng xuyn lm v sinh hm rnh cp, khng c ng
nc m t, du, tp vt tch t.
V kim loi bc cp phi c ni t. Dy ni t phi c ng knh ln
hn 4 mm.
Ch c lm vic trn ng cp khi cp c ct in, ni t v
cp v pha ngun v phng ht in tch v kim loi ca cp.
3.3.6. An ton i vi my pht in
1. Mng in cung cp phi m bo ng vi s quy nh v ch
trung tnh, c hay khng c dy trung tnh, trung tnh cch ly vi t hay trung
tnh ni t.
Nu mng in khng c dy trung tnh, phi m bo cch in ca v
bc dy dn t nht l 0,5 M.
Nu mng in c trung tnh ni t, phi m bo in tr ni t khng
ln hn 4.
Phi thng xuyn kim tra cch in ca v bc dy dn v in tr
ni t ca trung tnh mt nm mt ln vo ma kh.

38

2. i vi cc my pht in di ng hoc t trn cc xe thng tin c cc

tip t, phi ng cc xung t khi my lm vic. su ca cc ng xung
t phi theo ng quy nh ca thuyt minh s dng.
3. Phi lun m bo y s lng v chnh xc ca ng h o v
cc thit b bo v t my pht in ca ni ch to lp.
Cc ng h u phi ghi vch ch gii hn ti a cho php.
4. Cm p dng cc bin php khng ch cc rle, cc b phn t ng
hn ch ph ti, gii hn vng quay, hn ch in p cng sut...ca t my pht
in.
5. Vic thao tc trn cc t phn phi, bng iu khin, cc cu dao phi
theo ng trnh t c quy trnh vn hnh quy nh.
6. ni c nhiu ngun in (in li cng nghip, in ca nhiu t my
pht in c lp), phi c bng chuyn i ngun, bo m chc chn khng
th xy ra s c khi chuyn i ngun in, c ghi r tn ngun in v ph ti
c cung cp.
7. Phi c cc bin php cn thit v nghim ngt khng th ng in
nhm hoc ng cng mt lc hai ngun in khc nhau ln mng in.
Vic ho in phi tin hnh theo nhng quy nh ring ca n v s dng
tu theo thit b ho in v ngun in.
8. Mi vic sa cha, iu chnh phi tin hnh khi hon ton khng c
in th trn my pht in. Khi cn phi iu chnh lc t my pht in ang
lm vic, phi c nhng quy nh ring ca n v s dng tu theo tng loi
my bo m an ton.
9. Cm s dng:
Cc dy cp c v b nt, b gy, b xc, b h in
Cc cu dao khng c bao che.
Cc dy chy khng ng quy nh.
10. Ti ch my pht in phi c bnh cu ho, c phng tin cu ho
v bin bo cm la.
Cc my pht in di ng t trn xe thng tin nht thit phi c bnh cu
ho c kim tra nh k.
Cm dng nc cha chy xng hay in.
11. Phng t my pht in phi kh ro, nh sng, li i li phi
i li d dng khng chm vo cc thit b, ca phi m ra ngoi, c n chiu
sng s c khi mt in, khng c xng du.
3.3.7. An ton i vi c quy
1. chiu sng cc phng c quy, phi s dng cc n phng n. Tt
c cc cng tc, cu ch, cm phi b tr ngoi phng c quy. Ni c quy

39

phi c bin bo Cm la. i vi loi c quy c ch to theo cng ngh

mi th bin son qui trnh ring theo qui nh ca nh ch to.
2. Vic hn trong bung c quy phi tin hnh tht cn thn sau khi tin
hnh cc cng vic sau:
Phng ht in ca bnh. Hai gi trc khi hn, phi tin hnh thng gi.
Trong khi hn cng phi lin tc thng gi.
Ch hn phi che chn bng cc vt liu khng chy
Trc khi hn, phi c ngi gim st.
3. Khi lm vic vi cc bnh c quy phi trang b gng, ng cch in, tp
d v knh.
4. Phi c khng gian thch hp xung quanh cc t c quy nhm m bo
an ton trong kim tra, bo dng, o th v thay th.
5. c quy phi t trong ro chn bo v hoc c t ti v tr ch ngi
c php mi c th n gn. Ro chn bo v l phng c quy; bung iu
khin; hoc lng, tm chn bo v thit b bn trong v gim kh nng tip
xc vi cc phn mang in.
6. Khu vc t c quy phi c thng gi. H thng thng gi phi ngn
nga s tch t hyr di mc gy chy n.
7. Cc dng c dng lm vic vi c quy phi c bc cch in,
khng c pht ra tia la in.
8. Phi lu mt s im m bo an ton sau y:
Khi ni t mt cc ca t c quy phi cn thn trnh in p nguy him
gia cc khng c ni t v t;
Khi thao tc trnh lm ngn mch cc in cc hoc cp ca c quy v c
th to ra h quang in nguy him, gy bng v sc in cho nhng ngi
gn;
Phi hn ch kh Hyr to ra trong khi np c quy khng gy ra chy
n v c hi;
Khng c tip xc trc tip vi cc cc h ca t c quy;
Bo qun cc dy ni ca t c quy phi sch s v bt cht ngn chn
qu nhit do in tr tip xc;
Khng sa cha cc mi ni c quy khi ang c dng in v c th to h
quang in gy nguy him cho con ngi;
Phi c bin bo nguy him v in v cc nguy him khc ca t c quy.
3.4. Cu hi tho lun
1. Nhng cng vic no cn phi c phiu cng tc?

40

2. Nhng cng vic no cho php ch cn lnh cng tc (lnh ming hoc
phiu xin sa cha)?
3. Ai l ngi c quyn k tn vo v tr Ngi cp phiu?
4. Cc th tc cn phi thc hin khi cng tc ko di nhiu ngy?
5. Trnh by cc qui nh an ton khi lm vic vi my pht in, c quy,
thit b chiu sng?

41

Bi 4. Qui nh v ni tip t thit b h p

M bi: M07-04
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Pht biu y v ng cc ni dung v bin php t chc v cc qui nh
v tip t thit b h p.
- Tinh thn hc tp nghim tc v trch nhim trong qu trnh hc tp v thc
hnh ni quy.
4.1. Qui nh in tr ni t
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc cc qui nh v in tr ni t da vo cc tr sni
t tiu chun theo tng cp in p.
in tr ni t an ton ca h thng khng c ln hn cc tr s ni t
tiu chun c quy nh trong cc quy phm c th:
1. i vi cc thit b c U > 1000V c dng chm t ln (I > 500A) nh
cc thit b in mng in c in p t 110kV tr ln th in tr ni t tiu
chun: R 0,5.
Vi cc mng c dng chm t ln ny, khi c s chm t (chm v) th
in p trn v thit b so vi t ( tho mn iu kin R 0,5) vn c th
t tr s ln (hng trm thm ch hng ngn vn) nhng khi c cn bng th
in p tip xc khng vt qu 250-300V. R rng in p ny vn nguy him
cho ngi nhng vi cp in p ny th khi c s chm t, chm v th rle
bo v s tc ng ct nhanh phn s c. Mt khc, vi cp in p ny khng
cho php con ngi tip xc trc tip (khi khng c thit b bo v) vi thit b
khi cha ct in nn xc sut ngi b in git rt b.
Trong mng in c dng chm t ln, bt buc phi c ni t nhn to
trong mi trng hp khng ph thuc vo in tr ni t t nhin. Ngay c
khi in tr ni t t nhin tho mn yu cu (R 0,5) vn phi thc hin
ni t nhn to tr s in tr nhn to khng c ln hn 1 (Rnt 1).
2. i vi cc thit b in c U > 1000V c dng chm t b (I < 500 A)
nh cc thit b mng in 3-35kV th quy nh in tr ni t tiu chun ti
thi im bt k trong nm nh sau:
* Khi h thng ni t ch dng cho cc thit b c U > 1000V:
R

250
(nhng phi tho mn: R 10)
I

(4.1)

* Khi h thng ni t dng cho c thit b c U < 1000V:

R

125
(R 10)
I

(4.2)

42

Trong mng c dng chm t b (mng c trung tnh cch ly) khi c 1 pha
chm t, cc thit b rle bo v thng khng ct phn s c. V vy chm t
1 pha c th b ko di lm tng xc sut ngi tip xc vi in p nguy him.
Do d ngi ta mi qui nh in p ln nht cho php trn h thng ni t l
250V (khi U > 1000V) v 125V (khi U < 1000V) vi dng chm t l I.
3. i vi cc thit b in trong cc mng c U < 1000V c trung tnh
cch ly th in tr ni t ti mi thi im trong nm khng qu 4.
Ring vi cc thit b nh m cng sut tng ca my pht in hoc my
bin p c cng sut khng qu 100kVA th cho php: R 10.
i vi cc thit b c U > 1000V c dng chm t b v cc thit b c U
< 1000V c trung tnh cch ly nn s dng ni t t nhin c sn. Nu tr s
ca in tr ni t t nhin nh hn tr s ca in tr ni t tiu chun m
qui phm qui nh th cho php khng cn phi thc hin ni t nhn to.
Ch trong cc trng hp c nhiu thit b in c in p khc nhau nn
thc hin ni t chung. Tr s in tr ni t chung cn phi tha mn yu cu
ca h thng ni t no i hi in tr ni t c gi tr nh nht.
4. i vi ng dy ti in trn khng:
Vi cc ng dy ti in trn khng ta phn bit cc trng hp sau:
* Khi in p ca mng in U 110kV. Trong trng hp ny th ni t
cc ct in ch chng st v qui phm khng yu cu ni t bo v cc
ct in cc mng c dng chm t ln ny v:
- Trong cc mng in ny khi c s chm t th rle bo v tc ng ct
nhanh s c vi thi gian t 0,12-0,8s nn xc sut ngi b in git do in p
tip xc l rt b.
- Dng in chm t trong mng ny rt ln nn in p xut hin trn h
thng ct ni t cng rt ln, do vy vic thc hin ni t cho cc ct in rt
phc tp v tn km.
Th d: Vi dng in chm t t 1,5-2kA v gi s in tr ni t an
ton ca ct l 10 th in p trn h thng ni t ca ct s c tr s l:
U = IR = 15-20kV

(4.3)

* Vi cc mng in c dng chm t b (mng 3-35kV c trung tnh

cch ly).
Trong mng ny v dng chm t c tr s b (thng t 10-30A) nn in
p trn h thng ni t ct s c tr s b do c th bo m an ton cho
ngi bng cch ni t cc ct in (chng hn, nu in tr ni t ca ct
in l 10 th in p xut hin trn h thng ni t l khong 100-300V).
Nh vy ni t ct in mng c dng chm t b c th va chng
st, va bo v an ton v qui nh nh sau:

43

Phi thc hin ni t cc ct ca ng dy 35kV. Vi cc ng dy t

3-22kV cho php ch ni t cc ct trong vng c dn c v ni t cc ct cc
thit b chng st hay thit b thao tc o lng. in tr ni t ca cc ct in
qui nh bng 4.1.
* Trong cc mng in U < 1000V c trung tnh cch ly, cc ct thp v b
tng ct thp phi c in tr ni t khng qu 50.
Bng 4.1. in tr ni t ca ct ng dy cao p.
in tr sut ca t (cm)

Tr s cc i ca in tr ni t ()

< 104

10

104-0,5.105

15

0,5.105-105

20

> 105

30

4.2. Qui nh v mng ni t

Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc cc qui nh v mng ni t bao gm mng ni t tp
trung, mng ni t hnh li hay mch vng. Trong phi hiu r mc ch,
ngha v li ch c th ca tng kiu mng ni t.
4.2.1. Mng ni t tp trung
Mc ch ca vic ni t tp trung l to nn gia v thit b v t mt
mch in c dn in ln dng in qua ngi khi chm vo v thit b
c cch in b chc thng th tr nn khng nguy him i vi ngi.
Trong trng hp ny thit b in c ni vo mch in xoay chiu mt
pha hay mch in mt chiu, v thit b in c ni t. Ngi c in dn
gng khi chm v thit b in c cch in b chc thng th s mc song song
vi in dn ca dy ni t v in dn ca ca dy dn g1, ng thi mc ni
tip vi din dn g2 ca dy dn 2 i vi t nh minh ho trong hnh 4.1.

44
1
2

g1
I

g2

r0

Hnh 4.1. S minh ho s xut hin in p tip xc nguy him

khi thit b chm v.

Khi in dn tng ca mch in l:

g=

(g

+ g + g ng )g 2

g 1 + g + g ng + g 2

(4.4)

t g = g 1 + g + g ng , in p tip xc t ln c th ngi c xc nh
theo t s:
U ng
U

(g1 + g + g ng )g 2
g
1
=
.
g g 1 + g + g ng + g 2 g 1 + g + g ng

Suy ra: U ng =

Ug 2
g 1 + g + g ng + g 2

(4.5)
(4.6)

Dng in chy qua ngi c tnh theo cng thc:

I ng = U ng g ng =

Ug 2 g ng
g 1 + g + g ng + g 2

(4.7)

Trong thc t: g1, g2, gng << g nn (4.7) c vit li:

I ng =

Ug 2 g ng
g

(4.8)

Nh vy, theo cng thc (4.8), mun gim cng dng in chy qua
ngi th c th hoc gim in dn c th ngi, hoc gim in dn cch in
g2, hoc tng in dn vt ni t g. Trong vic tng in dn vt ni t g
l d dng, n gin v c th thc hin c.
Mt cch gn ng, ni t tp trung t yu cu khi:

45
U ng =

I
= I r U txcp
g

(4.9)

Cho nn nu in dn vt ni t b, h thng ni t tr nn nguy him

khi mt trong cc thit in b chm v, ton b in p nguy him s t ln h
thng ni t. Do iu kin an ton (4.9) c th c thc hin theo hai cch
nh sau:
- Gim dng in I bng cch tng cch tng cch in dy dn ca mng
in.
- Gim in in tr ni t bng cch dng nhiu vt ni t chn trong
t bn c in dn ln.
Tuy nhin trong thc t iu kin (4.9) rt kh thc hin v hoc do in tr
sut ca t qua ln, hoc dng in i qua h thng ni t ln. khc phc
ngi ta phi kt hp vi bin php ni t mch vng.
4.2.2. Mng ni t mch vng
iu kin an ton trong trng hp thit b in b chm v v c dng
in i qua h thng ni t c xc nh bng cch cn c vo in p tip
xc Utx v in p bc Ub. Yu cu ln ca cc in p ny phi khng vt
qu gii hn m bo an ton cho ngi.
D thy rng cng gn vt ni t Utx cng b v Ub cng ln; ngc li
cng xa vt ni t Utx cng ln v Ub cng b.
Dng mt thanh ni t hay nhiu thanh ni t nhng t tp trung mt v
tr th khi c dng in chm t I, in p phn b trn b mt t lm xut
hin in p bc Ub nguy him. gim Ub v Utx ng thi, ngi ta kt hp
bin php ni t mch vng bng cch chn cc cc ni t c ni vi nhau
bng thanh dn theo chu vi v gia phn t cn phi bo v an ton nh trong
hnh 4.2. Khi in p tip xc v in p bc gim thp m bo an ton
cho ngi vn hnh.

46
Ub

Ut

Ub
U=Ir

a)

b)
Hnh 4.2. Ni t hnh li: a) S gim in p tip xc v in p
bc

Theo hnh 4.2a ngoi vng ni t mch vng, phn b in p trn b mt

t c th gy in p bc nguy him. trnh in p bc nguy him dc
theo ng ngoi vng ni t mch vng, ngi ta chn cc tm kim loi
nhng khng ni vi nhau v cng khng ni vi mng ni t mch vng nh
trong hnh 4.3.

47

Hnh 4.3. Bin php cn bng in p ngoi vng bo v trnh

nguy him do in p bc.

4.3. Qui nh v ni tip t cho thit b in - in t

Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc cc qui nh v ni tip t cho cc thit b in in
t bao gm cc k thut ni t, yu cu k thut ca cc ni t, dy ni t v
tnh ton thit k h thng ni t.
4.3.1. Cch ni tip t
Trc ht cn phi phn bit ni t t nhin v ni t nhn to.
Ni t t nhin l s dng cc ng dn nc, cc cc st, cc sn st c
sn trong t. Hay s dng cc kt cu nh ca, cc cng trnh c ni t, cc v
cp trong t... lm in cc ni t.
Khi xy dng vt ni t cn phi s dng, tn dng cc vt ni t t
nhin c sn. in tr ni t ca cc vt ni t t nhin c xc nh bng
cch o ti ch hay c th ly theo cc sch tham kho.
Ni t nhn to thng c thc hin bng cc cc thp trn, thp gc,
thp ng, thp dt... di 2-5m chn su xung t sao cho u trn cng ca
chng cch mt t 0,5-0,8m.
Kinh nghim cng nh tnh ton cho thy rng in tr ni t gim xung
khi tng di chn su ca vt ni t (v gim nh hng ca thi tit) nhng
lc chiu di cc cc vt qu 5m th in tr ni t gim xung khng r rt.
ng knh hay b dy ca vt ni t nh hng rt t n tr s in tr ca
vt ni t. V vy cc ng thp t trong t phi c b dy khng c nh
hn 3,5mm, cc thanh thp dt khng c nh hn 4mm v tit din nh nht
khng c b hn 48mm2 m bo bn c hc. Cc cc thp chn thng
ng c ni vi nhau bng thanh thp nm ngang (thng bng thp dt).

48

Dy ni t phi c tit din tha mn bn c kh v n nh nhit, chu

c dng in cho php lu di.
Khi thc hin bo v ni t th tt c cc phn kim loi ca cc thit b
in, ca cc kt cu kim loi (v thit b, khung, b ca cc thit b phn phi
in...) m c th xut hin in p khi cch in b h hng phi c ni mt
cch chc chn vi h thng ni t. Cc mi ni ca h thng ni t tt nht
nn thc hin bng cch hn (c th cho php ni bng bulng), mi thit b
in phi c mt dy ni t ring, khng cho php dng mt dy ni t chung
cho nhiu thit b.
Khi thc hin ni t m c s dng ni t t nhin nu tr s in tr ni
t t nhin (Rtn) ln hn tr s in tr ni t tiu chun (R ) th tr s in tr
ni t nhn to l:
R nt =

R nt R
R nt R

(4.10)

Mt khc in tr ni t nhn to l gm h thng cc in cc (cc) chn

thng ng c in tr l Rc v thanh ni ngang ni gia cc cc c in tr Rn:
R nt =

R cR n
Rc + Rn

(4.11)

4.3.2. Cc tip t
Trong thc t ngi ta s dng nhiu loi vt ni t c hnh dng v cch
lp t khc nhau vi nhng cng thc ni t tnh in tr khc nhau. Sau y
ta xt mt s trng hp thng dng nht.
1. Vt ni t l thp trn, thp ng chn st mt t nh hnh 4.4a th in
tr ni t ca mt ct l:
R 1c =

tt
4l
ln
2l d

(4.12)

Trong :
tt = (m) - in tr sut tnh ton ca t
d - ng knh ngoi ca cc ni t, nu dng thp gc th ng knh
ng tr l: d = 0,95b (b: l chiu rng ca thp gc).
2. Vt ni t cng l thp trn, thp ng nhng c ng su xung sao
cho u trn cng ca chng cch mt t mt khong no (hnh 4.4b). Lc
ny in tr ni t ca cc l:
R 1c =

tt 4l 1 4 t + 1
ln + ln

2l d 2 4 t 1

Trong :
t - khong cch t mt t n im gia ca cc.

(4.13)

49

3. Vt ni t l thp dt, thp trn chn nm ngang trong t (hnh 4.4c)

th in tr ni t l:
R 1c

tt
2l 2
=
ln
2l bt

(4.14)

Trong :
b - chiu rng ca thanh thp, nu dng thp trn th thay b=2d
d - ng knh
Mt iu cn ch khi xc nh in tr ni t cn phi xt n nh
hng ca nhau gia cc in cc khi tn dng in vo t. Qu trnh tn dng
in trong t in cc no s b hn ch bi qu trnh tn dng in cc t
cc in cc ln cn, do lm tng ch s in tr ni t nh hng ny c
tnh bng vic a vo cng thc xc nh in tr ni t mt h s gi l h s
s dng. V vy in tr ni t ca n cc (ng thng ng) c xt n h s s
dng:
Rc =

R 1c
n c

(4.15)

Trong :
R1c - tr s in tr ni t ca mt cc.
c - h s s dng ca cc cc.
H s c ny ph thuc vo s cc n v t s

a
.
l

Trong :
a - khong cch gia cc cc chn thng ng.
l - chiu di gia cc cc.
Thng thng:

a
= 1, 2, 3
l

Tng t in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang khi c tnh n h s s

dng:
Rn =

R n
n

(4.16)

Trong :
Rn : l in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang khi cha tnh n h s s
dng ca cc thanh ngang n.
n cng ph thuc vo n v

a
.
l

50

H s n cng nh c thng cho trong cc s tay. R rng n hay c lun

lun nh hn 1.
d

l >>

b)

t
l
c
Hnh 4.4. T th ca cc ni t: a) Dng thp trn, thp ng
chn st mt t; b) Dng thp trn, thp ng ng
su; c) Dng thanh dt chn nm ngang.

4.3.3. Dy ni t
lm dy ni t c th s dng:
1. Cc dy dn ch dng ring cho mc ch ny.
2. Kt cu kim loi ca nh (cc x, cc ct...).
3. Ct thp ca kt cu xy dng v mng bng b tng ct thp.
4. Cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh cng ngh (ng cu trc, khung
ca thit b phn phi, hnh lang, sn thang my, cn cu, thit b nng, cc
ng ng...).
5. Cc ng thp ca b dn in.
6. V nhm ca cp.
7. V kim loi v kt cu thanh dn, cc hp v mng bng kim loi ca
thit b in.
8. Cc ng kim loi c lp t h c nh, c cng dng khc nhau tr
cc ng dn cc cht v hp cht chy n v h thng ng ng dn nc thi,
h thng si chnh.

51

Cho php s dng cc dy dn, cc kt cu v cc chi tit khc c nu

trn y lm dy ni t duy nht, nu nh chng m bo in dn theo tiu
chun ny v m bo dn in lin tc trn ton b chiu di c s dng.
Dy ni t cn c bo v chng n mn.
Cm s dng v kim loi ca dy dn kiu ng, cp treo ca ng dn
in, v kim loi ca cc ng cch in, cc tay nm kim loi, v ch ca dy
dn in v cp lm dy ni t. Ch cho php dng v ch ca cp vo mc
ch trn trong li in thnh ph c in p 220/127V v 380/220V khi ci
to.
Cc hp cp v cc hp u dy cn c ni vi v kim loi bng cch
hn hoc bng bu lng.
B tr cc ng trc ni t v cc mch r t trc ny trong cc phn
xng v ngoi tri phi m bo n kim tra c.
Nhng mch r t trc chnh n thit b in c in p n 1000V, c
php t ngm trong tng nh, di nn sn gch... v phi c bo v trnh
b n mn. Nhng mch r ny khng c c mi ni.
i vi cc thit b ngoi tri, cho php t dy ni t v dy "khng"
bo v di t, di nn hoc theo mp ca b my, mng ca thit b cng
ngh... Khng c s dng dy c cch in t trong t lm dy ni t.
Dy ni t ca cc thit b in c in p ti 1000V phi c kch thc
khng nh hn kch thc quy nh bng 4.2.
cc thit b in c in p ln hn 1000V c im trung tnh ni t
hiu qu, tit din ca dy ni t phi c chn sao cho khi c dng in ngn
mch mt pha ln nht chy qua th nhit ca dy ni t khng ln hn
4000C (pht nng tc thi ph hp vi thi gian tc ng ca thit b bo v
chnh v thi gian ct ton phn ca my ct).
cc thit b in c im trung tnh cch li th in dn ca dy ni t
khng c nh hn 1/3 in dn ca dy pha, cn tit din khng c nh
hn quy nh bng 4.2. Khng yu cu s dng dy ng c tit din ln hn
25mm2, dy nhm 35mm2 v dy thp tit din ln hn 120mm2.
Trong cc phn xng sn xut c cc thit b in c in p ln 1000V
th cc trc ni t lm bng thp c tit din khng nh hn 100mm2.
Bng 4.2. Kch thc nh nht ca dy ni t.
Thp
Tn gi

ng

Nhm

Trong
nh

Ngoi
tri

Trong
t

Dy trn:
Tit din, mm2

52

ng knh, mm

10

1,5

2,5

1,5

2,5

2,5

Tit din, mm2

24

48

48

B dy, mm

2,5

2,5

2,5

3,5

2,5

Khng
cho
php

Dy dn c bc cch in:
Tit din, mm2
Li ni t ca dy cp v
dy dn nhiu li trong cng
mt v bo v chung vi cc
dy pha:
Tit din, mm2
Thp gc:
B dy ca g, mm
Thp dt:

ng ng dn nc v dn
kh (bng thp):
B dy thnh ng, mm
ng ng mng (bng
thp):

1,5

B dy ca thnh ng, mm

Trong mch dy ni t khng c lp cc thit b ct mch v cu chy.

Trong cc phn xng kh ro khng c cc cht n mn cho php t dy
ni t trc tip trn tng nh. Trong cc phn xng m t, c bit m t
v trong cc phn xng c cc cht n mn th dy ni t phi c t cch
tng nh khng nh hn 10mm.
Cc dy ni t phi c bo v trnh n mn ca ha cht. nhng ch
cc dy ny giao cho vi cc dy cp, vi cc ng ng, vi cc ng ray,
nhng ch i vo nh... m dy ni t c th b h hng do tc ng c hc th
nhng dy ny phi c t trong ng bo v.
Dy ni t khi i qua tng v qua trn ngn phi c chn cht v
khng c c cc mi ni v cc mch r.
Dy ni t, dy cn bng th phi c k hiu mu trn sut chiu di bng
cch kt hp mu xanh v mu vng. Cho php ch ghi k hiu mu cc ch
ni v ch phn nhnh khi khng th ghi k hiu trn sut chiu di dy.
Khng cho php s dng dy ni t lm vic khc.

53

4.3.4. Tnh ton h thng ni t

Mc ch tnh ton ni t l xc nh hnh thc ni t thch hp (ni t
tp trung hay mch vng), xc nh cc thng s ch yu ca h thng ni t
(nh s lng, hnh dng cc, cc thanh) xut pht t tr s in tr ni t tiu
chun v cc iu kin c th ni cn lp t.
Trong cc iu kin cho php cn thc hin ni t theo ni t mch vng.
Tuy nhin trong cc mng c dng chm t b nu iu kin lp t mt bng
b hn ch th c th cho php ni t tp trung. Vi cc mng c dng chm t
ln bt buc phi thc hin ni t mch vng. Ngoi ra phi thc hin cn bng
th ( gim in p tip xc v in p bc) trong cc mng in c dng
chm t ln ny ngi ta thng t thm cc thanh ni ngang ngay pha
di cc thit b c su t 0,5-0,7m di dng mt li (hnh 4.2b)
Sau khi c cc s liu cn thit ban u (nh mt bng, hnh dng,
kch thc vt ni t, ch lm vic ca im trung tnh, in tr ni t t
nhin, in tr sut ca t...)
Cc bc tnh ton h thng ni t c tnh nh sau:
1. Xc nh in tr ni t yu cu R.
2. Xc nh in tr ni t nhn to. Nu c s dng in tr ni t t
nhin vi tr s l Rtn th in tr ni t nhn to cn thit l:
R nt =

R nt R
R nt R

(4.17)

3. Xc nh in tr sut tnh ton ca t:

y cn ch l v cc cc chn thng ng v cc thanh ni ngang c
chn su khc nhau nn chng c in tr sut tnh khc nhau, c th l:
+ Vi cc cc ttc = kmc
+ Vi cc thanh ni ngang: ttn = kmn
Trong :
kmc - h s ma ca cc cc.
kmn - h s ma cc thanh ngang.
4. Theo a hnh thc t m b tr h thng ni t m t xc nh gn
ng s lng cc ban u v chiu di tng ca cc thanh ni ngang (nb v ln).
y cn lu l khong cch gia cc cc khng c b hn chiu di cc
cc ( a l 1).
Cng theo iu kin v yu cu thc t m chn cch lp t, kch thc,
hnh dng ca vt ni t... ri t xc nh c in tr ni t ca mt cc
(R1c) theo cng thc bit.
5. Xc nh s lng cc cn dng:

54
n sb =

R 1c
R nt c

(4.18)

Trong :
c - h s s dng ca cc cc ph thuc vo s lng cc ban u (nb) v
t s a l .
c).

Rnt - in tr nhn to yu cu khi tnh n in tr ni t t nhin (nu

Nu khng c s dng ni t t nhin th Rnt bng tr s ni t tiu chun

yu cu: Rnt = R.
6. Xc nh in tr ni t ca cc thanh ngang ni t gia cc cc theo
cng thc bit c tnh n h s s dng ca cc thanh ngang:
R nt

ttn 2l 2n
=
2 n l n bt

(4.19)

Trong :
n - h s s dng ca cc thanh ngang ph thuc vo nb v a l .
ln - tng chiu di ca cc thanh ngang ni gia cc cc y ta coi l
mt thanh ngang duy nht.
7. Xc nh tr s in tr ni t yu cu ca cc khi c xt n in tr
ni t ca cc thanh ngang:
Rc =

R n R nt
, tho mn bt ng thc: R Rnt < Rc
R n R nt

(4.20)

8. Xc nh chnh xc s cc cn dng:
nc =

R 1c
R c c

(4.21)

Trong :
c - h s s dng ca cc cc khi bit s cc s b nsb.
Lu l s cc dng trong ni t khng c nh hn 2.
Phng php tnh ton h thng ni t trn l phng php tnh ton
da theo in tr ni t tiu chun (R) vi gi thit l t thun nht c in
tr sut khng i l r nn c sai s nht nh v trong thc t in tr sut ca
t thay i theo s thay i su. V vy ngoi phng php coi in tr sut
ca t l mt s khng i cn c nhng phng php tnh ton ni t chnh
xc hn, trong c tnh n s thay i in tr sut ca t ph thuc vo
su ca t.
Mt khc, nhm mc ch tit kim v gim bt phc tp tn km khi xy
dng h thng ni t cho cc thit b c dng chm t ln. Hin nay, trong

55

mt s trng hp ngi ta c th tnh ton h thng ni t theo tr s in p

tip xc cho php m khng phi theo tr s in tr ni t tiu chun nh
trnh by trn.
4.4. Qui nh v ch kim tra
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc cc qui nh v ch kim tra an ton in bao gm
cc qui nh v kim tra nghim thu, kim tra nh k v kim tra bt thng.
Trang b ni t thit b in cn phi c kim tra khi nghim thu, kim
tra nh k v kim tra bt thng.
4.4.1. Kim tra nghim thu
Kim tra nghim thu c thc hin sau khi trang b ni t, ni "khng"
c lp t xong, trc khi a vo s dng v c tin hnh theo hai
bc.
- i vi cc phn ngm chn di t hay trong cc kt cu: phi c
kim tra trc khi lp t hay lp kn;
- i vi ton b h thng phi c kim tra sau khi hon thin a
vo s dng.
Ni dung kim tra nghim thu gm c:
1. Kim tra vic lp t thc t so vi thit k;
2. Kim tra vic s dng vt liu theo yu cu thit k;
3. Kim tra ton b cc mi hn, mi ni, xem xt v bn c hc, in
tr tip xc;
4. Kim tra bin php chng n mn, g;
5. Kim tra vic bo v mch dn i qua cc khe ln khe co dn v chng
ngi khc;
6. Kim tra cc bin php chng in p chm v in p bc nhng ni
cn thit;
7. Kim tra vic lp t v o in tr ni t;
8. Kim tra in tr mch pha - dy khng v kh nng ct ca thit b
bo v (kch thc, quy cch dy chy, dng chnh nh ca ptmt).
Vic kim tra c thc hin qua xem xt bng mt, dng thc o, my
o in tr ni t, my o in tr mch pha - dy "khng"...
4.4.2. Kim tra nh k
Kim tra nh k c thc hin theo thi gian quy nh sau:
1. Khi thit b in c b tr nhng ni nguy him: mt nm mt ln.

56

2. Khi thit b in. c b tr nhng ni c bit nguy him v in:

su thng mt ln;
3. Khi thit b in c b tr nhng ni t nguy him: hai nm mt ln.
4.4.3. Kim tra bt thng
Kim tra bt thng (t xut) c thc hin theo quy nh:
1. Khi xy ra tai nn, s c hoc c nguy c xy ra tai nn;
2. Sau khi sa cha trang b ni t, ni "khng" hoc lp t li thit b;
3. Sau khi c lt, bo, ma ln gy nh hng n cht lng ca trang b
ni t, ni "khng".
4. Khi xy dng mi hay sa cha cc cng trnh khc c kh nng gy h
hng
cc b phn ca trang b ni t, ni "khng".
Ni dung kim tra nh k v kim tra t xut gm c:
1. o in tr ni t, in tr mch pha - dy "khng".
2. Kim tra ton b trang b ni t, ni "khng".
3. Kim tra cc mi hn, mi ni;
4. Kim tra tnh trng cc lp m hoc sn chng n mn, g;
5. Kim tra cc mt tip xc in;
6. Kim tra phn ngm, nhng ch nghi ng (o ln xem v o c).
7. Kim tra cc mch dn i qua chng ngi;
8. Kim tra tnh trng ca t.
4.5. Cu hi tho lun
1. Trnh by cc qui nh v ni t an ton?
2. Cch t chc mng ni t c thc hin nh th no?
3. Cc qui nh v kim tra ni t an ton?

57

Bi 5. Dng c v bin bo an ton

M bi: M07-05
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Trnh by y v yu cu an ton ca cc dng c thng dng trong
phm vi ngh in t dn dng.
- Nhn dng cc bin bo thuc v an ton lao ng v s dng in.
- C thc bo v trang thit b v cc dng c o. Thc hin ng quy trnh
o kim tra.
5.1. Dng c an ton in
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc c im v yu cu an ton ca cc dng c thng
dng trong phm vi ngh nghip bao gm yu cu k thut ca dng c thao tc
bng tay, dng c o kim v dng c cch in an ton.
bo v con ngi khi lm vic vi cc thit b in khi b tc dng ca
dng in, h quang in cn phi s dng cc phng tin bo v cn thit.
Cc phng tin bo v chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:
1. Phng tin cch in, trnh in p (bc, tip xc, lm vic) gm: so
cch in, km cch in, dng c c tay cm cch in, gng tay cao su, giy
cao su, ng cao su, m cch in cao su.
2. Thit b th in di ng, km o dng in.
3. Bo v ni t di chuyn tm thi, hng ro, bng bo hiu.
4. Phng tin bo v trnh tc dng ca h quang, mnh kim loi bi nung
nng, cc h hng c hc: knh bo v, gng tay bng vi bt, dng c chng
kh c.
5.1.1. Dng c thao tc bng tay
Dng c thao tc bng tay - DCTTBT bao gm cc loi my cng c chy
bng in nh my khoan, my ct, my nghin, my hn... Khi lm vic vi
cc dng c ny cn phi tun th cc qui nh sau y:
1. Phi s dng ng, cc trang b bo h gm: m vi, o qun vi dy,
bao tay vi, giy vi.
2. Phi ct gi DCTTBT trong cc t ngh ring v vic kim tra chng
phi c giao cho cc k thut vin (thng l cc th lp rp in). Chu k
kim tra khng t hn mt ln mi thng, khng k kim tra t xut do cc l
do khc nh hng hc, va nhn li t ngi khc. Kt qu kim tra phi ghi v
s, cn trn v dng c th ghi ngy thng k kim tra dnh k tip theo.
3. Trc lc cp pht cn kim tra trn gi th bng megomtre trc mt
ngi nhn xc nh hon ho ca n (khng chm v...) nghim cm s

58

dng nhng DCTTBT b h v chng phi uc thu hi ngay a i sa

cha.
4. Trc lc bt u lm vic phi kim tra tnh trng cc vt kp chc cc
chi tit, nt, hon ho ca truyn ng (bng cch quay trc chnh), ca
v cch in, li dy in khng c vt gy, s hon ho ca ci ngt in v
ni t.
5. Khi ang lm vic nu thy h hng d rt nh nhng cm nhn c
tc dng yu ca dng in th phi tc khc ngng ngay cng vic a
chng i kim tra sa cha. Cm giao DCTTBT cho ngi khng c trch
nhim s dng d ch trong chc lt.
6. Ch cho php s dng DCTTBT vi in p khng qu 36V, 24V, 12V
ti ni lm vic c cp nguy him t cao n c bit v in ti nhng ni
khng thuc cc cp nguy him th cho php s dng DCTTBT c in p
110V v 220V nhng nht thit phi c gng tay, giy v thm cch in. V
DCTTBT m ngun cp c in p trn 36V khng ph thuc tn s dng in
u phi c ni t.
7. Lm vic vi DCTTBT c in p ngun di 36V bn trong cc kt
cu bng kim loi (thng, b, l, ng...) u phi s dng gng tay v thm cch
in. Nghim cm s dng DCTTBT c cch in hai lp vi k hiu v l ,
c in p trn 36V lm vic nhng ni c bit nguy him. Ngoi tr
trng hp , cc DCTTBT khng cn phi c tip t. Cp in cho DCTTBT
phi thc hin bng dy mm c li tip t v lin kt bng phch cm. S tip
t c thc hin bng u cm c chiu di di hn u ni vi cc pha.
8. Khi DCTTBT ang lm vic nghim cm cc trng hp sau:
- Dng tay cm vo u cng tc, u ct ca n.
- Lp hay tho u cng tc trc khi ngng hon ton chuyn ng quay.
- Dng tay thu dn phi vng di u mi khoan ang quay.
- Lm vic trn cao vi thang di ng (thay v phi lm trn cc gin gio
vng chc c lan can ho v).
- u in vo li bng cch xon dy.
- Tho lp v bo v hao che phn ct ca n.
- Lm vic ngoi tri di ma.
- dy dn in tip xc vi cp in c b mt nng, m hay dnh du.
- Khng c mang cc my bin p di ng v b bin i tn s vo bn
trong cc phn hnh trng ca l hi, cc bnh bng kim loi v trong cc v tr
c bit nguy him in.
9. Khi ngng lm vic d ch trong chc lt, khi b cp in t xut hay
kt thc cng vic nht thic phi ngt DCTTBT khi li loi b hon ton
in p. Ti nhng v tr nguy him v in khi ch c mt ngi s dng

59

DCTTBT lm vic th nhng ngi khc cn sn sng cp cu. Nn t chc lm

vic thnh tng nhm c t hai ngi tr ln.
5.1.2. Dng c o kim
Trong lnh vc in - in t, cc loi my o nh: vn k, ampe k, ampe
km, megom k, ng h o vn nng c dng o cc thng s ca
mch in mt chiu v xoay chiu, o in tr cch in, o in tr ni t.
Thit b th in di ng cng thng c s dng kim tra c in p
hay khng v nh pha. Dng c ny c bng n neon, n sng khi c dng
in dung i qua. Kch thc thit b ph thuc vo in p, kch thc ti thiu
c trnh by trong bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1. S ph thuc ca kch thc ti thiu vo in p nh mc ca
thit b in.
in p nh mc
ca thit b (kV)

di gi
(mm)

di tay cm
(mm)

di chung
(mm)

10

320

110

680

10-35

510

120

1060

Khi dng thit b th in ch a vo thit b th n mc cn thit c

th thy sng. Chm vo thit b ch cn khi vt c th khng c in p.
5.1.3. Dng c cch in an ton
Phng tin bo v cch in chia lm hai loi chnh v ph c trnh by
trong bng 5.2. Phng tin bo v chnh c cch in m bo khng b in
p ca thit b chc thng, c th dng chng s trc tip nhng phn mng
in. Phng tin bo v ph ch lm phng tin ph vo phng tin chnh
bn thn chng khng th bo v. Hnh 5.1 trnh by mt s dng c an ton
in.
Bng 5.2. Phn loi phng tin bo v cch in theo cp in p.
Loi bo v

U > 1000V

U < 1000V

Chnh

So, km

So, km, gng tay cch in,

dng c ca th in c cn
cch in (10cm)

Ph

Gng tay cch in, m, b, Giy, m, b cch in

giy ng ngn v di

60

Hnh 5.1. Dng c cch in an ton: a) So cch in; b) Km cch

in; c) Gng tay in mi;d) Giy ng; ). ng in mi; e)
m v thm cao su; g) B cch in;h) Nhng dng c sa
cha c tay cm cch in; k) Ci ch in p di ng.

1. So cch in: dng trc tip iu khin dao cch li, t ni t di

ng, th nghim cao p. Gm 3 phn: phn cch in, phn lm vic v phn
cm tay. di ca so ph thuc vo in p c trnh by trong bng 5.3.
Khi dng so cn ng trn b cch in, tay eo gng cao su, chn mang giy
cao su.
Bng 5.3. Qui nh di ca so cch in theo in p nh mc ca
thit b.
in p nh mc ca

di tay cm (m)

thit b (kV)

di ca phn cch
in (m)

Di 1kV

Khng c tiu chun

Tu theo s lin h

Trn 1kV di 10kV

1,0

0,5

Trn 10kV di 35kV

1,5

0,7

Trn 35kV di 110kV

1,8

0,9

Trn 110kV di 220kV

3,0

1,0

2. Km cch in: dng t v ly cu ch, y cc np cch in bng

cao su. Km l phng tin chnh dng vi in p di 35kV. Gm 3 phn:

61

phn lm vic phn cch in, phn cm tay. Qui nh di tay cm ca km

cch in c trnh by trong bng 5.4.
Bng 5.4. Qui nh di tay cm ca km cch in theo in p nh
mc ca thit b.
in th nh mc
di ca phn cch in (m)
ca thit b (kV)

di tay cm (m)

10

0,45

0,15

35

0,75

0,2

3. Gng tay in mi, giy ng, m lt: dng vi thit b in, cc dng c
ny c sn xut ring vi cu to ph hp vi quy trnh.
4. B cch in: c kch thc khong 75x75cm nhng khng qu
150x150cm, lm bng g tm ghp. Khong cch gia cc tm g khng qu
2,5cm. Chiu cao b t sn g n nn nh khng nh hn 10cm.
5. Nhng ci chn tm thi di ng, np y bng cao su: ci chn tm thi
di ng bo v cho ngi th sa cha khi b chm vo in p. Nhng vt ny
lm bnh phong ngn cch, chiu cao chng 1,8m. Vt lt cch in t che
vt mang in phi lm bng vt mm, khng chy (cao su, tectolit, bakelit...).
C th dng chng nhng thit b di 10 kV trong trng hp khng tin
dng bnh phong. Bao y bng cao su cch in dao cch ly phi ch to sao
cho d y v tho d dng bng km.
5.2. Bin bo
Mc tiu
Nm bt c li ch ca vic s dng bin bo an ton, tn hiu an ton
v cc yu cu v tc dng tm l ca con ngi.
Vic s dng tn hiu an ton nhm mc ch:
- Bo trc cho ngi lao ng nhng nguy him c th xy ra.
- Hng dn cc thao tc cn thit.
- Nhn bit qui nh v k thut v an ton qua cc du hiu qui c v
mu sc, hnh v (bin bo ch dn).
Tn hiu an ton c th dng:
- nh sng, mu sc.
- m thanh: ci, chung
- Mu sn, hnh v, ch.
- ng h, dng c o lng.
Yu cu i vi tn hiu an ton :
- D nhn bit.

62

- tin cy cao, t nhm ln.

- D thc hin, ph hp vi tp qun, c s khoa hc k thut v yu cu
ca tiu chun ho.
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc bng bo hiu bo trc s
nguy him cho ngi n gn vt mang in, cm thao tc nhng thit b gy ra
tai nn cht ngi, nhc nh... Trong lnh vc k thut an ton in c cc
loi bng bo hiu sau y thng c s dng.
C cc loi bng bo hiu sau:
Bng bo trc:
in th cao - nguy him
ng li - in th cao
Khng tro - nguy him cht ngi
Khng s vo - nguy him cht ngi
Bng cm:
Khng ng in - c ngi ang lm vic
Khng ng in - ang lm vic trn ng dy
Bng cho php:
Lm vic ti ch ny
Bng nhc nh: Ni t
5.3. Nhn dng v s dng thnh tho cc dng c an ton, c hiu cc
bin bo
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc tnh nng k thut ca phng tin bo v v dng c
kim tra in. Nhn dng thnh tho co loi bin bo an ton in v cch s
dng chng vo nhng trng hp c th.
5.3.1. Phng tin bo v v dng c kim tra in
Phng tin cch in, trnh in p (in p bc, in p tip xc, in
p lm vic) gm: so cch in, km cch in, dng c c tay cm cch in,
gng tay cao su, ng cao su, m cao su cch in.
Thit b th in di ng, bt th in.

63

Hnh 5.2. Thit b th in di ng: bt th in cao p.

Bo v ni t di chuyn tm thi, hng ro, bng bo hiu.

a)

a)

b)
b)

Hnh 5.3. Dng c ni t di ng: a) Dy ni t; b) Cc ni t.

Thit b v c cu phng nga

64

a)

b)

Hnh 5.4. Dng c bo h: a) Knh eo mt; b) Mt n phng hi c.

5.3.2. Cc tn hiu, du hiu an ton

Bin bo phng nga
Cm vo - in p cao nguy him cht ngi

Hnh 5.5. Bin bo phng nga: Cm vo - in p cao nguy him cht

ngi.

Cm li gn - C in nguy him cht ngi

Hnh 5.6. Bin bo phng nga: Cm li gn - C in nguy him cht

ngi.

Dng li - C in nguy him cht ngi

65

Hnh 5.7. Bin bo phng nga: Dng li - C in nguy him cht

ngi.

Cm tro - in p cao nguy him cht ngi

Hnh 5.8. Bin bo phng nga: Cm tro - in p cao nguy him cht
ngi.

Cm s - C in nguy him cht ngi

Hnh 5.9. Bin bo phng nga: Cm s - C in nguy him cht ngi.

Bin bo cm
Cm ng in - C ngi ang lm vic

Hnh 5.10. Bin bo cm: Cm ng in - C ngi ang lm vic.

Cm ng in - C ngi ang lm vic trn dy dn

66

Hnh 5.11. Bin bo cm: Cm ng in - C ngi ang lm vic trn dy

dn.

Cm m - C ngi ang lm vic

Hnh 5.12. Bin bo cm: Cm m - C ngi ang lm vic.

Bin bo cho php

Lm vic ti y

Hnh 5.13. Bin bo cho php: Lm vic ti y.

Tro ti y

67

Hnh 5.14. Bin bo cho php: Tro ti y.

Vo hng ny

Hnh 5.15. Bin bo cho php: Vo hng ny.

Bin bo nhc nh
ni t

Hnh 5.16. Bin bo nhc nh: ni t.

Ch ! in p ngc

68

Hnh 5.17. Bin bo nhc nh: Ch ! in p ngc.

Ch ! Pha trn c in

Hnh 5.18. Bin bo nhc nh: Ch ! Pha trn c in.

5.4. Cu hi tho lun

1. Phn tch cc yu cu v dng c an ton in?
2. Cc bin php lm vic khi s dng thang di ng?
3. Cho bit cc nguyn tc thit k lp t bin bo? C nhng trng hp
no cn phi c bin bo an ton in?

69

Bi 6. K thut phng chy v cha chy

M bi: M07-06
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Pht biu y cc bin php phng chy thuc phm vi ngh nghip.
- Trnh by y cc phng tin v s dng cc phng tin cha chy t
yu cu.
- Thc hin s cu ngi b bng ng phng php.
- Chp hnh ng yu cu k thut khi thc thc hin cc phng php phng
chy cha chy.
6.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy v bin php phng
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc nguyn nhn gy chy v bin php phng bao gm
cc bin php gio dc tuyn truyn, bin php k thut cng ngh.
6.1.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy chy
Nguyn nhn c bn gy chy l do hi ba yu t gm cht chy, xy v
ngun nhit. iu kin duy tr s chy l hm lng xy phi ln hn hoc bng
14%, c ngun nhit ln v thi gian tip xc gia cht chy v ngun nhit
lu. i khi c hin tng t chy do phn ng ln men cc cht hu c to
ra nhit v gii phng xy.
C ba nguyn nhn gy chy l trc tip, gin tip v su xa. Trong
nguyn nhn gy chy trc tip ng c lu .
Trong thc t mi bt chy c rt nhiu dng nh: st, hin tng tch in
sinh ra do ma st gia cc vt th rn s to ra cc lp in tch kp tri du khi
t n tr s no th s phng in pht sinh tia la v gy chy. Mi bt
chy cng c th sinh ra do h quang in, do chp mch in... Nng lng
sinh ra ca cc trng hp ni trn gy chy nhiu hn hp.
Tia la in l mi bt chy kh ph bin trong mi lnh vc s dng in.
Ngnh cng nghip luyn kim, nhit luyn, sn xut vt liu xy dng thng s
dng nng lng c nhit cao, l t, l nung, cc thit b c p sut cao. Cc
thit b thng s dng cc nguyn liu l cht d chy nh than, sn phm
du m. Cc loi kh chy t nhin, cc cht chy dng kh, dng lng l sn
phm ca nhiu cng ngh khc nhau, cc b cha kh chy khi b r r d sinh
ra chy n. Cc b cha kh chy trong cng nghip do b n mn v thng, khi
thot ra ngoi s to nn hn hp n.
Ti kho cha xng du, nng hi xng ln hn gii hn n cng u gy
chy n. cc hm khai thc than, trong khng kh c nhiu bi than v cc kh
d chy nh mtan, cc xytcacbon... y l cc hn hp kh d n. Cc thit b
cha cht chy dng kh (bnh kh nn, bnh kh ho lng, thit b phn ng cao

70

p, b cha xng du...) trc khi sa cha khng lm sch bng hi nc, kh
tr cng d gy chy n. nhiu cht khi tip xc vi ngn la trn hoc tn la
rt d chy nh thuc chy, thuc n KClO3. Khi du si bn ra ngoi, tip xc
vi ngun la cng s gy chy n. C nhiu trng hp do cng nhn thao tc
khng ng qui trnh gy ra nhng m chy v n ln.
Nh vy nhng nguyn nhn gy chy ch yu gm:
a) Chy do tc ng ca ngn la trn hoc tia la, tn la:
y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy chy ph bin nht v nhit
ca ngn la trn thng rt cao, sc t chy hu ht cc vt. Chng hn,
nhit ca ngn la que dim l 700-8000C, ngn la n du l 760-10000C,
u thuc l ang chy l 700-7500C... Trong khi , nhit bc chy ca mt
s cht chy nh g thng l 2500C, giy 1840C, vi si ho hc 1800C...
Trong cc nh my x nghip c s sn xut ta thng gp ngn la hn,
la t si bng, la l, tn la t cc ng khi nh my, ng x t, la t
cc l un nu, ht thuc l, si, sy... Thng thng chy xy ra l do khng
chp hnh nghim chnh ni qui phng chy cha chy, lm ba lm u hoc
thiu kin tc v chy n nh soi n, ht thuc, thp hng, un nu nhng
ni cm dng la.
b) Chy do ma st va chm gia cc vt rn
Chy do ma st l nguyn nhn thng gp trong my mc thiu du m
bi trn. Cc bi, trc my c xt vo nhau sinh nhit i khi pht ra tia la gy
chy. Khi my hot ng, nht l cc my co bng, si ay, my bm x
nguyn liu c ln kim loi thng xut hin tia la cng d gy chy. Trng
hp m thng xng bng ba st, i giy inh trong kho xng... cng c th sinh
tia la gy chy n.
c) Chy do tc dng ca ho cht, qu trnh sinh hc
Trong khu sn xut, bo qun vn chuyn v s dng ho cht ngi ta
ra cc qui nh ht sc nghim ngt phng cc s c gy tai nn cho con
ngi v mi trng ni chung v chy n ring. V mt phng chy cha chy
phi thng xuyn ch cc phn ng ho hc to nhit hoc pht ra ngn la,
ngi ta phn tch nh sau:
- Cc ho cht tc ng vi nhau sinh nhit hoc hnh thnh ngn la c
th dn n chy, nu khng ch ng kim sot c chng trong cc phng
th nghim, ni sn xut kho cha Cl2 vi NH3, Cl2 vi H2, Cl2 vi CH4.
- Ho cht gp khng kh, gp nc, mt s ho cht khi tip xc vi mi
trng khng kh cng c kh nng gy chy. Do bo qun ho cht i hi
phi thc hin ng cc qui nh.
- Xp hng trong kho sai qui trnh, khng t chc o kim kho thng
xuynlm cho cc cht hu c b lu, phn ng sinh hc xy ra gii phng
nhit , gii phng xy gy ra hin tng t chy.

71

b) Chy do tc dng ca nng lng in:

Trong cc trng hp chp mch, qu ti in nng bin thnh nhit nng
lm cho nhit tng ln. Nhit trn dy dn tng cao c th lm chy v
cch in ri chy lan cc vt khc. Cc trng hp nh ng m cu dao, cu
ch, bc cng tc nu cc ch ni dy khng cht thng sinh tia la in. Trong
mi trng c hi, kh v bi chy rt d gy n, chy. i vi cc dng c tiu
th in c cng sut cao nh bn l, bp in, l si, t sy, bng in si
t... khi s dng to nhiu nhit, sc nng trn b mt rt ln, sau mt thi gian
c th lm cho cc vt xung quanh bt chy. Mt bng in trn 220V-100W
sau khi bc cng tc 30 pht, nhit o c l 2900C. Trong khi nhit
bc chy ca cc vt liu nh giy g l 1840C. V vy sp xp cc vt liu
khng ng qui nh s d xy ra ho hon. Ngi lao ng phi lun lun c
thc phng chy trong cc cng vic ca mnh, trnh nhng vic lm khng
ng gy ra ho hon lm thit hi n kinh t. Theo thng k, c 70% s v
chy c nguyn nhn t in.
6.1.2. Bin php phng
Bo m tt cng tc phng chy, cha chy l ngha v ca mi c nhn,
t chc, c quan v ton x hi. Phi ht sc khng xy ra chy, phi ngn
chn kp thi khng cho m chy pht trin v phi nhanh chng dp tt ngay.
Phng chy l khu quan trng nht trong cng tc phng chy v cha
chy v khi m chy xy ra th d cc phng tin cha chy c hin i n
u, cng vic kt thc d c hiu qu cao th thit hi vn to ln v ko di.
Cc bin php phng, chng chy n c th chia thnh hai loi l bin php k
thut v bin php t chc. Trn c s bin php phng nga thch hp, khng
chy xy ra hoc ngn chn kp thi khng cho cc m chy pht trin. Cc
bin php phng chy gm c tuyn truyn, gio dc, bin php k thut v bin
php hnh chnh. Cc bin php ny c tin hnh ng b vi nhau v c
th hin trong hai giai on:
- Thc hin phng chy cha chy ngay t khu thit k v thi cng cng
trnh nh la chn vt liu xy dng, tng ngn chy, ca thot him, h thng
cp nc cha chy, thit b bo chy, cha chy t ng.
- Cc bin php thc hin trong qu trnh sn xut nh kim tra k thut an
ton my mc thit b trc khi sn xut, thc hin ng cc qui trnh k thut.
a) Bin php gio dc, tuyn truyn, hun luyn:
Php lnh qui nh vic qun l nh nc i vi cng tc phng chy cha
chy nu r vic phng chy cha chy l ngha v ca mi cng dn. Trong
c quan, x nghip, kho tng, cng trng, nng trng vic phng chy cha
chy l ngha v ca ton b cng nhn vin chc v trc ht l trch nhim
ca th trng n v y. Nh vy, th trng n v trc ht phi th hin
trch nhim ca mnh trong vic gio dc thc phng chy cha chy cho cn
b cng nhn vin chc, t chc hun luyn cho h cch thc phng chy cha

72

chy. Th trng n v cng vi t chc ng, cng on tin hnh rt kinh

nghim vic thc hin cng tc phng chy cha chy n v mnh theo nh
k nhm mc ch pht hin nhng sai st un nn kp thi hoc c bin php
tch cc nhm loi tr nguy c gy chy. Mi khi tip nhn hoc tuyn dng
cng nhn mi, th trng phi c trch nhim ph bin, gii thch hng dn
y ni qui phng chy cha chy trc khi giao cng vic chuyn mn.
- Cc t chc qun chng phi a phng chy cha chy vo cng tc,
nhc nh thng xuyn bng cc bin cnh bo, khu hiu v bng li ni
kin thc phng chy cha chy c nhn rng trong qun chng.
b) Bin php k thut cng ngh
y l bin php th hin vic la chn s cng ngh v thit b, chn
vt liu kt cu v vt liu xy dng, cc h thng thng tin lin lc, h thng
bo hiu v cha chy. Gii php cng ngh ng n lun phi quan tm n
cc vn cp cu ngi v ti sn mt cch nhanh chng nht khi m chy
xy ra. nhng v tr cn thit nn t cc phng tin chng chy. Tiu chun
qui nh du hiu an ton trong lnh vc phng v chng chy p dng cho ton
b cc tnh hung cn thit v ch bo bao gm:
- Cc phng tin bo ng chy v iu khin bng tay:
STT Du hiu

ngha

c s dng ch trm bo chy

Thit b khi
hoc h thng phng chy iu
ng bng tay
khin bng tay.

Ci bo ng

c s dng ring mt mnh hoc

phi hp vi du hiu s 1 nu trm
bo chy pht tn hiu bo chy
bng m thanh c kh nng tip
nhn nhanh chng cho nhng ngi
trong nh.

in thoi
dng trong
trng hp
khn cp

Du hiu ch ra hoc bo cho bit v

tr my in thoi c sn dng
cho vic bo ng khi c trng
hp khn cp.

Cch s dng

- Cc phng tin thot nn:

STT Du hiu

ngha

Cch s dng

73

Li thot
khn cp

c s dng ch cc li thot
c th c s dng trong trng
hp khn cp.

Khng cn
tr li i

c s dng trong tnh hung nu

c s cn tr li i th ch s
sinh ra nguy him c bit, chng
hn li thot him, li thot khn
cp, li vo ni t cc thit b
chng chy...

c s dng kt hp vi du hiu
s 4, t trn cc li thot khn cp,
Ca y trt
m bng cch y cho cnh ca
m
chy trt. Mi tn ch hng y
cnh ca cn s dng cho ph hp.

y cnh ca c t trn cnh ca hng

m
dn cch m (y).

Ko cnh ca c t trn cnh ca hng

m
dn cch m (ko).

c s dng cho bit:

a) Ni cn phi p v knh chn
p v ly c li vo ly cha kho hoc
li ra vo
phng tin m ca.

b) Ni phi p tm ngn ly li
ra khi cn.
- Cc phng tin chng chy:
STT Du hiu

ngha

Cch s dng

10

Ni tp
trung cc
phng tin
chng chy

c s dng nhm trnh t qu

nhiu du hiu ch dn mt ni.

74

11

Bnh dp
chy

12

Lng (vi)
dp chy

13

Thang s
dng khi
chng chy

75

- Khu vc v vt liu c nguy c gy chy c bit.

STT Du hiu

ngha

Cch s dng

14

c s dng ring mt mnh hoc

phi hp vi du hiu s 1 nu trm
Nguy him
bo chy pht tn hiu bo chy
chy. Vt liu
bng m thanh c kh nng tip
bt la
nhn nhanh chng cho nhng ngi
trong nh.

15

Nguy him
chy. Vt liu
xy ho

16

Nguy him
n. Vt liu
n

17

Cm dng
c s dng trong cc trng hp
nc lm cht nu dng nc dp chy l khng
dp chy
thch hp.

18

Cm ht
thuc

c s dng ch ni c th c
mt ca cht kh d chy hay mi
trng khng kh d n, cht n.

c s dng trong trng hp ht

thuc hoc ngn la trn c th gy
nguy him chy hoc n.

76

- Cc du hiu b sung:
STT Du hiu

ngha

Cch s dng

19

Mi tn ch
hng (n)
li thot nn

Ch c dng cng vi du hiu

s 4 ch dn n hng li ra m li
c th s dng c trong
trng hp khn cp.

20

Mi tn ch
n ni t
cc dng c
dp chy
hoc bo
ng chy

Ch c dng cng vi mt trong

cc du hiu t 1-3 v 10-13 ch
n ni t cc dng c dp chy
hoc bo chy.

6.2. Phng tin v k thut cha chy

Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc nguyn tc k thut ca cc phng tin cha chy nh
cc loi cht cha chy v thit b cha chy. ng thi nm vng cc k thut
cha chy bao gm cu to, nguyn l hot ng v cch s dng cc thit b
cha chy thng dng.
6.2.1. Cc phng tin cha chy
Cht cha chy l cht a vo m chy dp tt chy. Cht cha chy
c nhiu dng nh rn, lng v kh. Mi cht c tnh cht v phm vi ng dng
ring nhng phi m bo cc yu cu c bn sau:
- C hiu qu cha chy cao, c ngha l phi t tiu hao cht cha chy.
- D kim v r.
- Khng gy c hi vi ngi khi s dng, bo qun.
- khng lm h hng thit b cu cha v cc thit b, vt cu cha.
Hiu qu cha mt m chy cng cao nu cng phun cht cha chy
cng ln. Cng cht cha chy l lng cht chy (tnh bng kg, l...) cn
dp tt 1m2 m chy trong thi gian 1s, n v tnh bng kg/m2s hoc l/m2s.
i khi tnh cho 1m3 th tch m chy kg/m3s hoc l/m3s. Cng cht cha
chy c trnh by trong bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1. Cng phun cht cha chy i vi cc loi cht chy.
Tn

cht Tn cht cha chy

77

chy

Cht rn
Cht lng

Nc

Hi nc

Bi nc

l/m2s

kg/m2s

l/m2s

0,0020,005

0,2

Bt
hc

ho Bt ho
khng kh

l/m2s

l/m2s

0,15-0,5

Xng du

0,5-1,5

Cng cht cha chy cng ln th thi gian cha chy cng ngn. Ni
chung thi gian cha chy cc m chy khong vi pht n na gi. Vit
nam c nhiu cht cha chy c s dng.
- Nc: nc c m nhit ho hi ln, lm gim mnh nhit ca cc m
chy. Lng nc phun vo cc m chy ph thuc vo cng v din tch
m chy. gim thi gian phun nc ngi ta thm vo mt vi hp cht
hot ng gim sc cng b mt ca vt liu nc thm nhanh vo vt
liu. Nc c gi thnh r c s dng rng ri chng chy. Tuy nhin nc
khng th cha nhng m chy c kim loi hot ng nh K, Na, Ca hoc cc
cht c nhit chy cao hn 1700oC.
- Bi nc: phun nc di p sut cao s to ra bi nc lm tng din
tch tip xc gia bi nc vi m chy, lm cho nhit m chy gim
xung, hm ch s thm nhp ca xy vo vng chy. Bi nc ch s dng khi
dng bi nc trm kn b mt m chy.
- Hi nc: trong cng nghip, hi nc rt sn v dng cha chy. Hi
nc cng nghip thng c p sut cao nn c kh nng dp tt m chy
tng i tt. Tc dng chnh ca hi nc l pha long nng cht chy v
ngn cn xy i vo vng chy. Thc nghim cho thy lng hi nc cn thit
phi chim 35% th tch ni cn cha chy th mi c hiu qu.
- Bt cha chy: cn gi l bt ho hc. Bt ho hc c to ra t phn
ng gia hai cht: Al2(SO4)3 v NaHCO3. C hai cht u tan trong nc v bo
qun trong cc bnh ring. Khi s dng trn hai dung dch vi nhau s xy ra
phn ng:
Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4
H2SO4 + 2NaHCO3 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
Al(OH)3 l kt ta dng ht mu trng to ra cc mng mng v nh c kh
CO2 to ra bt. N c tc dng cch li m chy vi khng kh bn ngoi, ngn
cn s xm nhp ca xy vo vng chy v tc dng chnh l cch li. Bt cn c
tc dng ph l h thp nhit m chy. Bt c khi lng ring 0,110,22g/cm3 nn ni trn mt nc v trn mt cht lng ang chy. tng
bn ca bt ngi ta c th thm mt s cht nh FeSO4 th bt c th tn ti
trong 40 pht.

78

Bt ho hc c np vo cc bnh cha chy dng cha chy xng du

hay cc cht lng khc. N c dng rng ri cha chy hm tu, tunel,
hm nh ca x nghip, kho tng, nh my. Mun s dng bt ho hc cn phi
c cc thit b nh bm nc, phu to bt, cu phun bt. Cc thit b ny c
t c nh cc kho xng du, hoc b tr trn cc xe cha chy chuyn
nghip.
Bnh bt khng c dng cha chy cc m chy bt kim loi, t
n, dung dch nc... Ngoi loi bt trn, trong k thut chng chy ngi ta
cn s dng loi bt ho khng kh c ch to bng cch khuy trn khng
kh vi cht to bt. Th tch bt to ra rt ln gp hai ln so vi bt ho hc nn
hiu qu cha chy tt hn. Loi bt ny c th dng cha chy cc m
chy xng du v cc cht lng khc.
- Bt cha chy: dng rn, l cc hp cht v c v hu c khng
chy, nhng ch yu l cht v c dng cha chy cc m chy kim loi,
cht rn v cht lng.
cha chy kim loi ngi ta dng bt kh gm CaCO3 (96,5%) +
graphite (1%) + x phng (1%) + x phng nhm (1%) + axit steric (0,5%).
Dng kh nn vn chuyn bt cha chy vo m chy. Cng cht cha
chy vo khong 6,2-7,0 kg/m2s.
- Cc loi kh cha chy: CO2, N2 dng pha long nng cht chy.
Ngoi ra cn c tc dng lm lnh m chy v kh CO2, N2 thot ra t bnh kh
nn p sut cao thu nhit. Khi gim t ngt n p sut kh quyn th bn thn
kh b lnh i theo hiu ng tit lu (gin kh on nhit). Kh CO2 c gin t
p sut 60 at vi nhit thng xung p sut 1 at th nhit l -178oC.
nhit ny CO2 ng rn dng tuyt khi bc hi s lm gim nhit ca m
chy. Khi dng kh CO2 cha chy th nng O2 trong vng chy gim n
14-16%, m chy d b dp tt. Khng c dng CO2, N2 cha chy phn
m, kim loi kim, kim th v cc hp cht tecmit (hn hp bt kim loi Al
v bt Fe3O4), thuc sng.
- Cc hp cht halogen: cha chy bng hp cht halogen c hiu qu ln.
Tc dng chnh ca n l c ch, km hm tc chy. Cc cht ny d thm
t vo b mt chy nn hay dng cha chy cc cht d thm t nh bng,
vi, si...
Bng 6.2. Nng cht cha chy i vi cc loi cht chy.
Cht cha
chy

Nng cht cha chy (% th tch)

Toluen

Xng

Ru etylic

Aceton

Brometyl
(CH3Br)

1,7

4,0

4,5

3,6

Tetraclorua

3,5

7,5

10,5

7,5

79

cacbon
(CCl3)
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng phng php hn hp va hm tc
chy, va lm lnh m chy v pha long cht chy. Theo phng php ny
th hn hp CO2 vi halogen p ng c.
6.2.2. K thut cha chy
Mun pht huy ht tnh nng ca cc phng tin cha chy, chng ta cn
phi nm vng cu to, chc nng v cch s dng ca tng thit b cha chy.
a) Bnh bt AB-P10 (loi 10 lt)
- Cu to: thn bnh c dng hnh tr trn lm bng thp v c sn mu
d nhn bit. Bnh cha dung dch NaHCO3 (B) c mu trng, v mn.
gia bnh c mt chai thu tinh hoc nha cha dung dch Al2S4 (A) c mu
ng, v chua. Pha gn c bnh c nm vi phun, np bnh bng st c bt cht
vi thn bnh bng c vt c quai xch.
- Chc nng: bnh bt thng cha cc m chy xng du, cn ru v
mt s cht lng chy khc. Khi phun vo m chy, bt nh hn vt chy nn
ni ln b mt, lin kt vi nhau to thnh lp mng ngn khng cho khng kh
tip xc vi vt chy, lm cho la tt. Mt khc, trong bt c nc nn khi phun
vo m chy, nc lm h nhit m chy. Thi gian phun mt bnh l 1
pht, tm phun xa t 8-10m, din tch m chy c th khng ch t 1-2m2.
- Cch s dng: sau khi ly bnh ra khi v tr, tay phi xch bnh n cch
m chy t 5-7m, ri dng tay tri rt que st thng vi, lt ngc v xc mnh
bnh mt vi ln. Mt vi giy sau bt s phun ra.
- Cch bo qun: bnh bt AB c 2 loi ho cht tch bit nhau nhng
li thng nhau trn c bnh nn khi vn chuyn phi t thng ng, khng
c nghing, ng. Nn c gi treo hoc , trnh lm bnh, thng xuyn
kim tra vi phun, bnh ni rm mt.
- Cch pha thuc bt AB: cho mt gi thuc A vo 0,95 lt nc m, khuy
u, dng vi lc ngui v cho vo bnh nha. cho mt gi thuc B vo 6 lt
nc, khuy u, vo bnh st, cho bnh nha vo v y np bnh li.
b) Bnh kh CO2:
- Cu to: Bnh cha chy kh CO2 c nhiu loi khc nhau nhng cu to
ging nhau gm bnh thp chu lc cha CO2 lng, van x, ng dn kh v loa
phun. Kh CO2 c nn di p sut ln, ho lng v c cha trong cc bnh
thp chu lc c cc c khc nhau 2kg, 6kg, 8kg.
- Chc nng: v khng duy tr s chy nn ngi ta s dng CO2 lm cht
cha chy. Do kh CO2 c t khi ln nn khi phun vo m chy, chng bm
vo b mt ca cht chy v y khng kh ra ngoi, lm ngt m chy. Mt
khc do CO2 dng lng khi phun ra ngoi dng tuyt, nhit -74oC v lm lnh
m chy. Khng dng bnh kh CO2 dp tt cc m chy c bt Al v Mg

80

v CO2 tc dng c vi chng, gii phng cacbon v sinh nhit ln. Khng
dng bnh CO2 dp m chy c nhit cao hn 1500oC v s sinh ra CO v
li chy tip. Khng chm tay vo ng kim loi x CO2 v s b bng lnh. Dng
bnh CO2 dp cc m chy thit b in t v khng lm chp cc vi mch.
- Cch s dng: ly bnh ra khi gi , nhanh chng mang bnh n m
chy, t bnh xung t, tay tri rt cht an ton ri cm loa phun hng vo
gc la, tay phi vn m van x kh. Loa phun cng gn gc la cng tt, phun
lin tc cho n khi la tt hn.
- Cch bo qun: bnh kh CO2 c th s dng nhiu ln, v vy cn phi
bo qun tt. Nu trong bnh cn CO2 th ng van s dng tip. Nu ht th
phi np y li sn sng phng chy cha chy.
c) Bnh bt kh cha chy:
- Cu to: so vi mt s cht cha chy khc, bt kh c nhiu u im
hn. Bt kh gm NaHCO3 dng mn v cht ph gia chng vn cc c np
vo bnh thp chu lc. Bnh bt kh trn th trng c nhiu c khc nhau 2kg,
4 kg, 5kg v 6kg. tin s dng loi 4kg l thng dng nht. Trn bnh cn c
ghi thm cc ch ci A, B, C, D, E tng ng vi cc cht chng chy dng rn,
lng, kh v kim loi.
- Chc nng: bt a vo vo m chy nh hi kh y ra qua c cu van
v ng dn ca bnh. Khi bt c phun vo m chy chng xm nhp vo
vng chy to thnh mt m my bt, lm hn ch cc phn ng chy nh
gim lng kh O2. Mt khc di tc dng nhit ca m chy, bt chy ra ph
ln vt chy, ngn khng kh khng tip xc c vt chy v dp tt m chy.
- Cch s dng: khng dng bnh bt dp cc m chy thit b in t
v bt mn s lm chp cc vi mch. Nu khng ch chy c th thit b cng
khng cn dng c na.
- Cch bo qun: bnh bt kh c th bo qun t 6-12 thng, nu iu kin
bo qun tt th s c lu hn.
6.3. Phng php s cu ngi b bng
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc phng php s cu ngi b bng trn c s phn tch
tnh trng vt bng, nguyn nhn gy bng ... t ngh mt phng php s
cu hp l nh ct t nguyn nhn gy bng, phng chng sc, duy tr ng
h hp, phng chng nhim khun, bng b vt bng.
6.3.1. Khi qut
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn bng nh bng do la, do hi nng, ha
cht v cc tia... Vt thng bng c th lm cht ngi hoc li nhng di
chng nng n nh mt chc nng vn ng, bin dng mt thm m. Tnh trng
ca c th khi b bng ph thuc vo 3 yu t:

81

- su ca vt bng.
- Din tch ca vt bng.
- V tr vt bng trn c th.
a) su ca vt bng:
I - bng b mt: trng hp ny ch lp ngoi cng da b tn thng
lm cho da ni b bng ng ln v au rt do u mt y thn kinh b kch
thch. Loi bng ny thng lnh hn sau 3 ngy.
II - bng mt phn da: trng hp ny th lp biu b v mt phn ca
lp chn b b tn thng, cc ti phng nc c hnh thnh, nu cc ti
phng nc c hnhthnh, nu cc ti phng nc v ra s l mt b mt
mu hng v cng rt au. Nu c gi sch vt bng s t lnh sau khong 14 tun khng cn iu tr g m cng khng li so hoc so nhng khng
ng k. Nhng t chc da sau khi lnh vt bng c th trong m thi gian
di hn. Nu bng II v b nhim khun th lp da di s b ph hy v
bng II chuyn thnh bng III.
III - bng ton b cc lp da: trng hp ny ton b cc lp da u b
tn thng bao gm c l chn lng v tuyn m hi. Vt bng trng nht hoc
xm i, kh cng v mt cm gic (khng au) v cc u nt dy thn kinh b
ph hy.
Trong trng hp bng rt nng ton b cc lp da th lp m di da cng
c th b ph hy v l phn c.
Khi b bng ton b cc lp ca da th vt bng ch c lnh dn t pha
b cc vt bng v cc vt bng rt d b nhim khun do vy thi gian lnh vt
bng thng ko di rt lu.
su ca mt vt bng nhiu khi khng u nhau v su ca cc vt
bng ph thuc vo nhit , nng ha cht... v thi gian m nhit hoc
ha cht tc ng ln da. Da c xu hng gi nhit v qun o b t chy thnh
than lm cho vt thng tr nn nng n hn, do vic s dng qu nhiu
nc ra vt bng khi m vt bng va mi xy ra (trong vng 30 pht khi
xy ra tai nn) s c tc dng lm gim su ca vt bng.
b) Din tch vt bng:
nh hng ca vt bng vi cc dch ca c th ph thuc vo phn trm
din tch bng so vi din tch c th. Bng cng rng th cng nguy him hn
v bng cng rng cng gy mt nhiu dch ca c th, gy au nhiu hn, d b
sc v nhim khun. i vi ngi ln nu bng t 15% tr ln v tr em t
10% tr ln phi c coi l bng nng v phi c chuyn ti bnh vin.
C nhiu phng php tnh din tch vt bng tin li, d nh nh sau: mt
l, phng php s 9 ca Wallace - Glumov, tng din tch da ca c th l
100%, vng u mt c l 9%; mt chi trn l 9%; mt chi di l 18 % (9% x
2); thn trc l 18%; thn sau: 18%; b phn sinh dc ngoi: 1%; hai l,

82

phng php bn tay ca Blokhin: din tch mt gan bn tay ca bnh nhn
bng 1-1,25% din tch c th. Nh vy ch vic m gan bn tay ca bnh nhn
ln vng bng l nh gi c din tch bng, v d vng bng m bng 3 ln
gan bn tay bnh nhn th din tch bng khong 3-3,75%.
c) V tr vt bng trn c th:
Bng nhng vng khc nhau cng c ngha rt ln i vi tnh mng v
qu trnh hi phc, chng hn nh:
- Bng vng mt, c c th gy ph n chn p ng th d b so xu
v s bin dng
- Bng mt c th dn n m.
- Bng bn tay hoc vng cc khp c th dn n co cng, mt hoc
gim chc nng hot ng...
- Bng vng lng, vng hu mn sinh dc v nhng vng gn hu mn
sinh dc thng c nguy c nhim khun cao, ko di thi gian lnh vt bng.
- Nu nn nhn ht phi khi, hi nng th c th gy bng ng h hp
lm ph n ng h hp, gy tc nghn dn n suy h hp v rt d dn n
vim phi...
6.3.2. Ct t nguyn nhn gy bng
y l vic lm trc ht trnh cho nn nhn b bng su v rng thm.
- Dp tt la trn da (bng nc hoc ct, o khoc, chn, vikhng dng
vi nha, nilon dp la), tho b qun o ch chy hay thm nc nng
(bng nc si, du, bng do ng vo h vi nng) hay cc dung dch ha
cht, ct ngun in nu l bng do in, bng do acid th ra bng nc vi
long hoc nc x phng, bng do kim th p dm n dung dch 0,5 n 5%
hay nc chanh qu, bc vng bng chc chn ri nc lnh ln nh trnh
by trong hnh 6.1, c th cho vi nc my chy trc tip ln vng bng t 2030 pht, hoc ngm phn chi b bng trong nc lnh 3-4 pht 1 ln cho n khi
nn nhn cm thy au rt.

Hnh 6.1. S cu vt bng: lm ngui vt bng bng nc lnh.

83

- Tho b cc vt cng trn vng bng nh giy, ng, vng, nhn trc khi
vt bng sng n.
- Bng v khun vt bng sau khi ra sch vt bng bng nc mui
ng trng.
Lu :
+ Khng dng nc lm mt cc vt bng hoc ngm ton b c th
vo trong nc.
+ Tho b qun o b chy c lm mt, khng lt qun o m dng
ko ct.
6.3.3. Phng chng sc
- t nn nhn t th nm, ngh ngi yn tnh.
- ng vin, an i nn nhn.
- Khi nn nhn tnh to, khng nn, chng bng v khng c nhng chn
thng khc, cho nn nhn ung dch A (Natribicarbonat 4g+ng 100g+nc
va 1 lt trong 24 gi ung 1-2 lt), nc ch ng nng hoc ORS, m
(nu tri rt).
- Cc thuc gim au, an thn: Phong b novocain dung dch 0,25%, dng
hn hp gim au gm:
+ Promedol dung dch 2% t 1ml n 2ml.
+ Dimedrol dung dch 2% t 1ml n 2ml.
+ Pipolphen dung dch 2,5% t 1ml n 2ml.
3 th trn ln tim bp. Sau khi tim 10-12 pht, a s ngi bnh ng
thip, au n gim, cn c tc dng chng ph, nn v khng Histamin (chng
sc). Dch truyn (Ringerlactat, NaCl 0,9%). Nu nghi ng nn nhn c chn
thng khc bn trong th khng dng thuc gim au, an thn mnh.
- Theo di du hiu sinh tn, m bo nhp th trn 12ln/pht.
- Vn chuyn nn nhn nh nhng n c s iu tr cng sm cng tt.
6.3.4. Duy tr ng h hp
Nn nhn b bng vng u mt c, nht l khi b kt trong nh b chy c
du, c, bn gh, phim nha, polyme ang bc chy th nn nhn s ht
phi cc kh khi c, c bit l kh oxytcacbon gy hi chng: tn thng do
ht th - inhalation injury, gy co tht thanh mn, ph qun, ph phi, ri lon
nhp tim, kh th, nhc u, chng mt, au ngc, co git Nhng trng hp
ny phi u tin cp cu s 1 v phi c chuyn ti bnh vin ngay. Phi theo
di st nn nhn v m bo s thng thong ng h hp:
+ a bnh nhn ra ni thong kh

84

+ Th oxy nu cn.
+ Gi bnh nhn t th ng.
+ t ni kh qun.
+ M kh qun nu nguy cp.
6.3.5. Phng chng nhim khun
Nhim khun cng l mt vn rt quan trng i vi nn nhn bng, l
mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh thnh cng trong vic iu tr v chm sc
bnh nhn bng. Bn thn vt bng l v khun. Do vy khi cp cu bng phi
rt thn trng trnh vt bng b nhim bn:
+ Khng s dng nc khng sch di, p vo vt bng trong khi s
cu nn nhn.
+ Khng s m vo vt bng.
+ Khng chc v cc nt phng.
+ Ngi cn b y t nn ra sch tay trc khi s cu vt thng nn nhn.
+ Nn c cc tm ga hoc sng v trng qun, bc bnh nhn.
+ S dng thuc khng sinh (augmentin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosid).
6.3.6. Bng b vt bng
+ Khng c bi du, m, dung dch cn, kem khng sinh vo vt bng.
+ Khng c bc da hoc c bc mnh qun o dnh vo vt bng.
+ Bng I khng cn bng h, II c nt phng, III c hoi t t
cn bng che ch, chng nhim khun, c hoi t kh khng cn bng.
+ Vt bng s chy nhiu dch nn trc khi dng bng co gin bng vt
bng li th phi m mt lp bng thm nc ln trn gc hoc vi ph vt
bng.
+ Nu bng bn tay th c th cho bn tay vo 1 ti nha ri bng lng c
tay, lm nh vy nn nhn c th vn c ng c cc ngn tay v trnh lm
bn vt bng.
+ Nu bng c tay hoc chn th trc ht ph vt bng bng gc v
khun hoc vi sch sau cho vo ti nha. C th t np c nh chi b bng,
nhng trong bt k trng hp no cng phi nng cao chi b bng chng
sng n cc ngn, hng dn nn nhn vn ng sm cc ngn chn, ngn tay
nu c th c trnh co da, dnh khp.
6.4. Thc hnh s cu ngi b bng
- Chun b dng c s cu gm:
+ Gc v trng.
+ Bng c nhn kch c.

85

+ Bng dnh vi dng c nh gc.

+ Khn lau kh trng v thuc m khng sinh.
+ Ko, nhp...
6.5. Cu hi tho lun
1. Cho bit nhng nguyn nhn gy chy v bin php phng nga?
2. Phn tch v tm quan trng ca cng tc phng chy v cha chy?
3. Trnh by phng php cp cu ngi b bng?

86

Bi 7. Cp cu ngi b in git
M bi: M07-07
Mc tiu ca bi:
- Trnh by y cc phng php tch nn nhn ra khi mng in.
- M t v thc hin c cc phng php h hp nhn to.
- Chp hnh ng yu cu k thut khi thc thc hin. C thi nghim tc,
tun th cc bc an ton.
Trong khi lm vic hoc trong cuc sng, nu thy c ngi b in git,
bt c ngi no cng phi c nhim v cu cha nn nhn. Yu cu t ra l
kp thi, nhanh chng, ng phng php.
Theo thng k, nu b tai nn in git m c cp cu kp thi v ng
phng php th t l nn nhn c cu sng rt cao.
Nu nn nhn c cp cu ngay trong pht u tin th kh nng cu sng
l n 98 %. Cn n pht th 5 th c hi cu sng ch cn 25% nh trong
bng 7.1.
Bng 7.1. So snh c hi cu sng nn nhn b in git theo thi gian.
Thi gian (pht)

T l % nn nhn
c cu sng

98

90

70

50

25

C hai bc cu ngi b tai nn in l:

- Tch nn nhn ra khi mch in.
- Cp cu nn nhn ti ch.
7.1. Phng php tch nn nhn ra khi mng in
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc phng php tch nn nhn ra khi mng in trong
trng hp ct/khng ct c in, t c bin php thch hp cch li nn
nhn ra khi mng in.
7.1.1. Trng hp ct c in
Phng php tt nht l tc khc ct in bng nhng thit b ng ct gn
nht nh: Cu dao, p t mt, cng tc in, cu ch, hoc rt phch cm...
Nhng khi ct in cn phi ch :
- Nu mch in b ct s mt nh sng th phi chun b ngay ngun nh
sng khc thay th
- Nu ngi b nn trn cao th phi c phng tin hng .
7.1.2. Trng hp khng ct c mch in

87

a) Nu mch in h p:
Ngi i cp cu phi c bin php an ton c nhn tt nh : ng trn
bn, gh g kh, i dp hoc ng cao su, eo gng cao su dng tay ko nn
nhn tch ra khi mch in. Nu khng c cc phng tin trn c th dng tay
nm o, qun kh ca nn nhn ko ra, hoc dng gy g, tre kh gt dy
in hoc y nn nhn tch ra khi mch in nh minh ho trong hnh 7.1.
Cng c th dng km cch in, ba, ru c cn bng g ct t dy in
ang gy tai nn. Tuyt i khng c chm trc tip vo nn nhn khi khng
bin php an ton.

Hnh 7.1. Phng php tch nn nhn ra khi mng in.

b) Nu mch in cao p:
Tt nht l ngi i cu phi c trang b cc dng c cch in nh: ng
v gng tay cch in, so cch in cao p. Dng so cch in gt hoc y
nn nhn ra khi mch in v lu n cc bin php an ton hng nn
nhn.
Trong cc trng hp khng kh nng x l i vi li in cao p th
tt nht phi in thoi n v qun l vn hnh thit b hoc bo iu cho
ct in ngay.
7.2. Phng php cp cu ngi b in git
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc phng php cp cu ngi b in git tu thuc vo
tng th trng ca nn nhn.
Sau khi nn nhn c tch khi mch in th phi tin hnh cp cu ngay
trn c s th trng nn nhn nh sau:
7.2.1. Trng hp nn nhn cha mt tri gic
Nn nhn ch hn m bt tnh trong chc lt, cn th yu... th phi a nn
nhn n ch thong kh, ni lng qun o, tht lng v chm sc theo di, ng
thi khn cp i mi cn b y t gn nht cp cu. Trng hp khng c y s,
bc s th phi nhanh chng chuyn nn nhn n c quan y t gn nht.
7.2.2. Trng hp nn nhn bt tnh (cn th nh)

88

Nu nn nhn nhn mt tri gic nhng vn cn th nh, tim p yu th

phi nhanh chng a nn nhn ni thong kh, ni rng qun o, tht lng,
ng thi moi trong ming nn nhn xem c m, mu, nn... ly ra, sau
xoa nng ngi nn nhn, ng thi khn trng i mi cn b y t.
7.2.3. Trng hp nn nhn ngng th
Nu nn nhn tt th, tim ngng p, ton thn b co git th phi nhanh
chng a nn nhn n ni thong kh, ni lng qun o, tht lng, bnh ming
ra kim tra xem c m, mu, nn... ly ra, sau lm h hp nhn to hoc
h hi thi ngt kt hp p tim ngoi lng ngc cho n khi no c bc s, y s
n v cho kin quyt nh mi thi.
7.3. Cc phng php h hp nhn to
Mc tiu
Nm bt c cc phng php h hp nhn to bao gm cc ng tc h
tr h hp, hi phc nhp p ca tim, hi sc nn nhn. c bit cn phi
thnh tho trong cc thao tc h hp nhn to, n tim lng ngc.
7.3.1. Phng php t nn nhn nm sp
Nhanh chng ci o, ni tht lng khi cn tr h hp. t nn nhn
nm sp, mt tay gi vo u, mt tay dui thng, mt nghing v pha tay dui,
moi rt ri trong mm v ko li (nu li tht vo). Ngi lm h hp qu
trn lng nn nhn, 2 u gi qu xung kp vo hai bn hng nn nhn, hai bn
tay vo hai bn cnh sn, hai ngn tay ci st sng lng, n tay m
nhm t mt n ba ri li t t th tay, thng ngi v tip tc lm li. C lm
nh vy 12 ln/pht, u u theo nhp th ca mnh, lm cho n khi nn nhn
th c hoc theo kin ca y, bc s mi thi. Phng php ny thng c
p dng khi ch c mt ngi cu nh minh ho trong hnh 7.2.

a)

b)

Hnh 7.2. Phng php nm sp: a) Th ra; b) Ht

vo.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l khi lng khng kh vo trong phi

t. u im ca phng php nm sp l cc cht dch v v nc ming khng
theo ng kh qun vo bn trong v cn tr s h hp.
7.3.2. Phng php t nn nhn nm nga

89

Nhanh chng ci o, ni tht lng khi cn tr h hp. t nn nhn

nm nga, di tht lng t gi mm hoc qun o vo trn li, u hi nga,
ko mm h ra, moi rt ri trong mm v v ko li ra v mt ngi ngi bn
cnh gi li nh minh ho trong hnh 7.3. Nu mm mm cht th th ly que
cng (khng sc cnh) cy ra. Ngi cu ngi pha u, cch u 20-30 cm,
hai tay cm ly hai tay nn nhn (ch gn khuu tay), t t a ln pha trn u
sao cho hai bn tay nn nhn gn chm vo nhau. Sau 2-3s nh nhng a tay
nn nhn gp li v ly sc mnh p hai tay nn nhn ln ngc. Sau 2-3s lp li
ng tc trn. C gng lm t 16-18 ln trong mt pht. Lm tht u v m
"1-2-3" cho lc ht vo, "4-5-6" cho lc th ra. Lm lin tc cho n khi nn
nhn t th c hoc c kin ca y, bc s mi thi. Phng php ny khng
kh a vo phi c nhiu hn phng php nm sp, nhng phi c hai
ngi.

a)

b)

Hnh 7.3. Phng php nm nga: a) Th ra; b) Ht

vo.

7.3.3. Phng php h hi thi ngt

y l phng php mang li hiu qu cao nht, ang c p dng rng
ri v rt ph bin. nn nhn nm nga, ni rng qun o, tht lng, moi
nht di trong mm nn nhn ra, t u nn nhn hi nga ra pha sau nh
minh ho trong hnh 7.4.
Ngi cu ng (hoc qu) bn cnh nn nhn, t cho hai bn tay ln
ngc tri (ch tim) ri dng c sc mnh thn ngi n nhanh, mnh, lm lng
ngc nn nhn b nn xung 3 n 4 cm. Sau khong 1/3s th bung tay ra
lng ngc nn nhn tr li bnh thng. Tc n khong 60 ln/pht.
ng thi vi ng tc p tim, phi c ngi th hai h hi thi ngt.
Ngi cu ngi bn cnh u, dng mt tay bt mi nn nhn, mt tay gi cho
mm nn nhn h ra (nu li b tt vo th ko ra) ht tht mnh ly nhiu
khng kh vo phi ri gh st mm vo mm nn nhn ri thi cho lng ngc
phng ln. H hi thi ngt cho nn nhn t 14-16 ln/pht.
Cch phi hp: C h hi thi ngt mt ln th lm ng tc p tim 4 nhp.
Lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn t th c hoc c kin y, bc s mi thi.

90

Nu ch c mt ngi cu th c th lm nh sau: ln lt thay i ng

tc, c 2-3 ln h hi thi ngt th li chuyn sang 4-6 ln n vo lng ngc.

Hnh 7.4. Phng php h hi thi ngt kt hp p tim lng

ngc.

Ch : ngi b in git trong tnh trng hn m, tim ngng p vn c

th cu sng nu c cp cu kp thi.
7.4. Thc hnh cc phng php h hp nhn to
Mc tiu
Cn phi thc hin thnh tho cc ng tc h hp nhn to, n tim lng
ngc, h hi thi ngt, hi sc nn nhn.
Cn c vo cc phng php h hp nhn to, t chc nhm t 2-3 ngi
thc hnh.
7.5. Cu hi tho lun
1. Cho bit cc bc thc hin khi tch nn nhn b in git ra khi mng
in trong trng hp ct c ngun in v khng ct c ngun
in?
2. Trnh by v phn tch cc phng php h hp nhn to? u nhc im
ca tng phng php?

91

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Tiu chun quc gia - TCVN (2011), Qui phm an ton in trong bu
chnh vin thng, Cng bo.
[2] Trng i hc Bch khoa Nng (2010), Gio trnh an ton in, Lu
hnh ni b.
[3] Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni (2010), Gio trnh k thut an ton v
mi trng, Lu hnh ni b.
[4] B Cng nghip (2006), Qui phm trang b in, Cng bo.
[5] Nguyn nh Thng (2004),Gio trnh an ton in, NXB Gio dc.
[6] Phan Th Thu Vn (2002), Gio trnh an ton in, NXB i hc Quc gia
TPHCM.
[7] Nguyn Xun Ph, Trn Thnh Tm (2001), K thut an ton trong cung
cp v s dng in, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
[8] Trng Trung cp ngh KTCNNN Yn Thnh (2009), Gio trnh an ton
in, Lu hnh ni b.