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SLA depends on many factors some pertaining to : The learner Learning situation
Acquisition / Learning
Acquisition refers to picking up a SL through exposure whereas the term Learning is used to refer to the consciuos study of a SL.
Acquisition / Learning
SLA refers to the subconcious or concious processes by which a language other than the mother tongue is learnt in a natural way or tutored setting (Ellis, 2008, p 6)
Krashen (1981) formulated the following hypothesis . He argued the there are two mental processes operating in SLA: Conscious Learning (CL) and Subconscious Acquisition (SA).
CL focuses on grammatical rules,enabling the learner to memorize rules and to identify instances of rule violation. SA faclitates the acquistion of rules at a subconscious level.
What was new and radical was Krashens assertion that these processes were totally separate; that is ; learning could not become acquisition
A very important point that also needs to be stated is that learning does not run into acquisition ( Krashen, 1982:p 83)
Linguistic enviroment in which the learning takes place: Naturalistic or classroom SLA enviroment
The extent to which the input determines the process of SLA. Can we adapt the input to the learners?
3. Learner differences
Age, aptitude, intelligence, motivation, needs personality, gognitive style, attitude
4. Learner processes
They maybe metacognitive, cognitive, affective or linguistic
5. Linguistic output
The learners use their knowledge of the L2 in predictable ways , but not in the same way in every context.
Vivian Cook
References
Cook, V.J., Long, J., & McDonough, S. (1979), First and second language learning, in G.E. Perren (ed.) The Mother Tongue and Other Languages in Education, CILTR, 7-22