Fluid Properties

Mohsen Soltanpour
Email: soltanpour@kntu.ac.ir
URL: http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

www.Mohandesyar.com

(fluid) :

.
) (static ) (dynamic .
) (liquid ) (gas .
) (
Incompressible

compressible

(Continuum) :

) ( .
) (mean free path
) (.
.

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 )(Dimension

. ) (primary units
) (secondary units .
)(PRIMARY UNITS
International
System of Units
)(SI

cgs
) --(

U.S. Customary
System
)(USCS

Dimension

Quantity

Cm

foot, ft

meter, m

)(Length

gram, g

slug, slug / pound

mass, lbm

kilogram, kg

)(Mass

second, s

second, s

second, s

)(Time

Kelvin, K

Rankin, R

Kelvin, K

)(Temperature

1 lbf 1 ft/s2 ).(1 slug = 32.2 lbm

g= 9.81 m/s2=32.2 ft/ss
lbm 1 lbf ) 1 lbf(.
USCS SI cgs ) (N ) (lbf )(dyne,dyn
. .
www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

(SECONDARY UNITS)

.
:
Quantity

SI Unit

Dimension

(velocity)

m/s

LT-1

(acceleration)

m/s2

LT-2

(force)

N
kg m/s2

M LT-2

(energy/work) /

Joule J
N m,
kg m2/s2

ML2T-2

(power)

Watt W
N m/s
kg m2/s3

ML2T-3

(pressure/stress) /

Pascal P,
N/m2,
kg/(m.s2)

ML-1T-2

(density)

kg/m3

ML-3

(specific weight)

N/m3
kg/(m2.s2)

ML-2T-2

(relative density)

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 :
.
.
:

1000kg
3 kg
=
=
)
10
m3
cm3
(100) 3 cm3
4.448 N
= 47.88 pa
2
2
(0.3048) m

= )2

ft

( t

p(lbf

. .
:
! 30 kg/m s = 30 m
.
www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/


)(MASS DENSITY
) (rho - Kg/m3 .
ML-3 :
) : ) 288.15 K (4 oC (1.013x105 N/m2
= 13546 Kg/m3
= )1000 Kg/m3 (62.4 lbm/ft3
= 800 Kg/m3
= 1.23Kg/m3

: /
:
:

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 )(SPECIFIC WEIGHT
) (- gamma N/m3 :

= g
g ) (9.81 m/s2.
ML-2T-2 :
) : ) 288.15 K (4 oC (1.013x105 N/m2
= 9.79 KN/m3
= 11.8 KN/m3

= 132.9 KN/m3
= 7.85 KN/m3

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

(RELATIVE DENSITY)
:

fluid fluid
=
S=
water water

: 20 .

S Hg

hg
133 kN m 3
=
=
= 13.6
3
H O 9.81 kN m
2

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 (Newtons Viscosity Law) :

) (Laminar flow
) (Newtonian Fluids
:
n

V
=
n

V
n

)(Strain rate

) (1 / s

V
n

: ) (Coefficient of viscosity ):(ML-1T-1

N m2
=
=
= N s / m 2 = kg
m.s
dV dy (m s ) m

SI kg/m.s N.s/m2 .
www.Mohandesyar.com

http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

.( poise) g/cm.s cgs

1 kg

m.s

1000 gr
= 10 poise
100cm.s

1centipoise = 0.01 poise

Typical values:
Water dynamic viscosity = 1 centipoises (10-2 poise) = 1.005*10-3 kg/m.s
(at temperature T = 20 oC and pressure of 1 atm)

( Kinematic Viscosity)
:

2
ML1 T 1
2 1
m
=LT =
= =
3
s
M L

ft2/s USCS .( stoke) cgs m2/s SI

.
2
1 m = 10 4 stoke
s

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 ) (NEWTONIAN )(NON-NEWTONIAN

.
Ideal solid

) paste slurry
grease
(...high polymer
.

) (=0
.

dy

dV

Yield stress

Ideal fluid
www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

.

.

:

= Ce b T

) " - the dynamic viscosity of fluid (" miu

C , b - empirical constants
T - temperature

.
.
www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 gas) :

(Perfect

.
)(Specific volume

)(Equation of State

pvs = RT

p = RT

) R ( :

2
N .m
J
p
m
=
=
=
=R
o
) T kg 3 ( oK ) kg ( K ) kg ( oK
m

.
m:

V1
V2
=
=R
1T1 2T2

P1V1 P2V2
=
= mR
T1
T2

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 (Avogadros law) :
) 22 /4 (P=1 atm, T=273 ok .
6 /02 1023 ) 32 kg (O2

V1 = V2 T1 = T2 P1 = P2
m1 R1 = m2 R2

P1V1
= m1 R1
T1
P2V2
= m2 R2
T2

)
(:
6 /02 1023
6 /02 1023

m1 M 1
=
m2 M 2

www.Mohandesyar.com

n
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

M 1 R1 = M 2 R2

MR = cte

: MR

MR = 8312 J

8312 J
R=
o
kg
K
M

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 (bulk modulus) :
.

1 v
= ( )T
v p

)(Coefficient of compressibility

)(Isothermal
)(

1/pa

p
p
(E[k ] = v( )T =
)T
v
v
v
pa

k 2068 Mpa . k
3000 atm .

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 (Vapor pressure) :

.
.

.
.
) 1( 100 )
100 100 (.
(Cavitation) :

) (Evaporation
) ( ) (Cavitation .
.
.

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 (Surface tension) :

) (Cohesion-
) (Adhesion -.

.
.

(
)
www.Mohandesyar.com

http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

 R ) ( Pi *:
z

Fz = 0
Pi (R 2 ) + (2R) = 0
2
R

= Pi

Pi

= 0.073 N m

:0.5 mm

)(1 atm = 101325 Pa

2 0.073
= Pi
= 292 Pa
3
0.5 10
= 0.00288 atm

) ( .**:

4
= Pi
R

Pi (R 2 ) + 2 (2R) = 0

www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/

(Capillary) :

Patm

Fz = 0

Patm

(d ) cos W = 0
(d ) cos

d 2
4

h = 0

4 cos
h =
d
www.Mohandesyar.com
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/