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where "i" denotes the "initial" moment and "f" denotes the "final" moment. Since any two moments will work, the choice of the moments to consider is, technically, up to you. That choice, though, is usually suggested by the question posed in the problem. First, let us consider an object launched vertically upward with an initial speed v. Neglect air resistance.
Part A
As the projectile goes upward, what energy changes take place? ANSWER: Both kinetic and potential energy decrease. Both kinetic and potential energy increase. Kinetic energy decreases; potential energy increases. Kinetic energy increases; potential energy decreases.
Correct
Part B
At the top point of the flight, what can be said about the projectile's kinetic and potential energy? ANSWER:
Both kinetic and potential energy are at their maximum values. Both kinetic and potential energy are at their minimum values. Kinetic energy is at a maximum; potential energy is at a minimum. Kinetic energy is at a minimum; potential energy is at a maximum.
Correct
Strictly speaking, it is not the ball that possesses potential energy; rather, it is the system "Earth-ball." Although we will often talk about "the gravitational potential energy of an elevated object," it is useful to keep in mind that the energy, in fact, is associated with the interactions between the earth and the elevated object.
Part C
The potential energy of the object at the moment of launch __________. ANSWER: is negative is positive is zero depends on the choice of the "zero level" of potential energy
Correct
Usually, the zero level is chosen so as to make the relevant calculations simpler. In this case, it makes good sense to assume that U = 0 at the ground level--but this is not, by any means, the only choice!
Part D
Using conservation of energy, find the maximum height
hmax
Express your answer in terms of v and the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity g. ANSWER:
hmax
2g
Correct
You may remember this result from kinematics. It is comforting to know that our new approach yields the same answer.
Part E
h 0.5 v
At what height
Express your answer in terms of v and the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity g. ANSWER:
h
3v
8g
Correct
Part F
What is the speed u of the object at the height of (1/2)hmax? Express your answer in terms of v and g. Use three significant figures in the numeric coefficient.
= 0
. At the
maximum height, all of the energy is potential energy. Since the gravitational potential energy is proportional to h, half of the initial kinetic energy must have been converted to potential energy when the projectile is at
(1/2) hmax.
Thus, the kinetic energy must be half of its original value (i.e.,
(1/4) mv
when
h = (1/2) hmax).
You need to determine the speed, as a multiple of v, that corresponds to such a kinetic
energy. ANSWER:
u
.707 v
Correct
Let us now consider objects launched at an angle. For such situations, using conservation of energy leads to a quicker solution than can be produced by kinematics.
Part G
A ball is launched as a projectile with initial speed v at an angle above the horizontal. Using conservation of energy, find the maximum height hmax of the ball's flight. Express your answer in terms of v, g, and .
of the ball. Here, the best choice of "final" moment is the point at which the
ball reaches its maximum height, since this is the point we are interested in. Express your answer in terms of v,
m,
and .
ANSWER:
Kf
0.5 m( vcos( ))
ANSWER:
2
hmax
(vsin ( )) 2g
Correct
Part H
A ball is launched with initial speed v from ground level up a frictionless slope. The slope makes an angle with the horizontal. Using conservation of energy, find the maximum vertical height hmax to which the ball will climb. Express your answer in terms of v, g, and . You may or may not use all of these quantities. ANSWER:
hmax
2g
Correct
Interestingly, the answer does not depend on . The difference between this situation and the projectile case is that the ball moving up a slope has no kinetic energy at the top of its trajectory whereas the projectile launched at an angle does.
Part I
A ball is launched with initial speed v from the ground level up a frictionless hill. The hill becomes steeper as the ball slides up; however, the ball remains in contact with the hill at all times. Using conservation of energy, find the maximum vertical height hmax to which the ball will climb. Express your answer in terms of v and g. ANSWER:
hmax
2g
Correct
The profile of the hill does not matter; the equation
Ki + U i = Kf + Uf
would have the same terms regardless of the steepness of the hill.
Part A
Find k, the spring constant. Express k in terms of ,
m, g,
and v.
Although more than one answer may be true of the system, you must choose the answer that explains why the object ultimately comes to a stop. ANSWER: When the object reaches x = 0 the second time all of its initial energy has gone into the compression and extension of the spring. When the object reaches friction.
x = 0 x = 0
the second time all of its initial energy has been dissipated by
is an equilibrium position and at this point the spring exerts no force on the object. the force of friction exactly balances the force exerted by the spring on the object.
At
x = 0
Espring = F dx =
kx dx =
1 2
kd
and g.
Hint 3. Find
E initial
What is the value of E initial ? Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables m, v, acceleration due to gravity.
,
and
and g, the
1 2
mv
Hint 4. Find
W nonconservative
What is the value of Wnonconservative ? Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables m, v, acceleration due to gravity.
,
and
and g, the
ANSWER:
Wnonconservative
mg(2 d)
ANSWER:
d
4g
but this time, take the initial condition to be the moment when the spring is at its maximum compression and the final condition to be the moment when the spring returns to x = 0. So now Einitial can be written in terms of k and other variables.
Hint 7. Find
Einitial for
What is the value of Einitial for this part of the motion? Express your answer in terms of d and containing k.
k,
1 2
kd
Hint 8. Find
W nonconservative for
What is the value of Wnonconservative for this part of the motion? Express your answer in terms of m,
, d,
ANSWER:
Wnonconservative
mgd
ANSWER: =
g v 2
8m (
Correct
Bungee Jumping
Kate, a bungee jumper, wants to jump off the edge of a bridge that spans a river below. Kate has a mass m, and the surface of the bridge is a height h above the water. The bungee cord, which has length L when unstretched, will first straighten and then stretch as Kate falls. Assume the following: The bungee cord behaves as an ideal spring once it begins to stretch, with spring constant k. Kate doesn't actually jump but simply steps off the edge of the bridge and falls straight downward. Kate's height is negligible compared to the length of the bungee cord. Hence, she can be treated as a point particle. Use g for the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
Part A
How far below the bridge will Kate eventually be hanging, once she stops oscillating and comes finally to rest? Assume that she doesn't touch the water. Express the distance in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction.
Which of these options is the simplest, most accurate way to find d given the information available? ANSWER: a b c
and
L.
where k is the spring constant of the cord and x is the extension of the cord.
ANSWER:
Fb
k( d L )
ANSWER:
d
mg k
+L
Correct
Part B
If Kate just touches the surface of the river on her first downward trip (i.e., before the first bounce), what is the spring constant k? Ignore all dissipative forces. Express k in terms of L,
h, m,
and g.
Which of these options is the simplest, most accurate way to find k given the information available? ANSWER: a b c
at the moment she steps off the bridge? (Define the zero of
gravitational potential to be at the surface of the water.) Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction. ANSWER:
Ug
mgh
stored in the bungee cord when Kate is at the lowest point of her
k( x)
where x is the amount by which the cord is stretched beyond its unstretched length.
d1 L
ANSWER:
Uel
1 2
k(h L )
ANSWER:
2mgh
(hL )
Correct
Part A
What is the mass
m
m/ s
U = mgh,
where m is
is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration, and h is the height above the
= 60
kg
Correct
Part B
Find the magnitude of the tension T in the cable. Be certain that the method you are using will be accurate to two significant figures.
= 480
ANSWER:
E
= 1900
ANSWER:
T
= 480
Correct
Spring Gun
A spring-loaded toy gun is used to shoot a ball straight up in the air. The ball reaches a maximum height from the equilibrium position of the spring.
H,
measured
Part A
The same ball is shot straight up a second time from the same gun, but this time the spring is compressed only half as far before firing. How far up does the ball go this time? Neglect friction. Assume that the spring is ideal and that the distance by which the spring is compressed is negligible compared to H .
Correct
Problem 7.29
The reservoir at Northfield Mountain Pumped Storage Project is 270m above the pump/ generators and holds 10 1.6 10 kg of water. The generators can produce electrical energy at the rate of 1.08GW.
Part A
Find the total gravitational energy stored in the reservoir, taking zero potential energy at the generators. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
U
= 4.21013
Correct
Part B
Find the length of time the station can generate power before the reservoir is drained. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
t
= 11
Correct
Problem 7.34
A carbon monoxide molecule can be modeled as a carbon atom and an oxygen atom connected by a spring.
Part A
If a displacement of the carbon by 1.6 10 m from its equilibrium position relative to the oxygen increases the molecule's potential energy by 0.015eV, what is the spring constant? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
k
12
= 1.9
kN/m
Correct
Problem 7.51
In ionic solids such as NaCl (salt), the potential energy of a pair of ions takes the form U = (b/ rn ) (a/ r) , where 28 98 r is the separation of the ions. For NaCl, a and b have the SI values 4.04 10 and 5.52 10 , respectively, and n = 8.22.
Part A
Find the equilibrium separation between ions in NaCl. ANSWER:
req
= 2.82
Correct
Problem 7.23
In a railroad yard, a 3.0104kg boxcar moving at 7.5m/s is brought to a stop by a spring-loaded bumper mounted at the end of the level track.
Part A
If the spring constant 1.5MN/m , how far does it compress in stopping the boxcar? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
x
= 1.1
Correct
Jackie catches the ball when it reaches her, and she and her cart begin to move. Jackie's speed relative to the ground after she catches the ball is vj . When answering the questions in this problem, keep the following in mind: 1. The original mass
mcart
of Chuck and his cart does not include the mass of the ball.
2. The speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity. An object's speed will always be a nonnegative quantity.
Part A
Find the relative speed u between Chuck and the ball after Chuck has thrown the ball. Express the speed in terms of vc and
vb .
vb + vc
Correct
Make sure you understand this result; the concept of "relative speed" is important. In general, if two objects are moving in opposite directions (either toward each other or away from each other), the relative speed between them is equal to the sum of their speeds with respect to the ground. If two objects are moving in the same direction, then the relative speed between them is the absolute value of the difference of the their two speeds with respect to the ground.
Part B
What is the speed vb of the ball (relative to the ground) while it is in the air? Express your answer in terms of mball ,
mcart
, and
u.
Before the ball is thrown, Chuck, his cart, and the ball are all at rest. Therefore, their total initial momentum is zero.
Hint 3. Find the final momentum of Chuck, his cart, and the thrown ball
What is the total momentum
p f inal
of Chuck, his cart, and the ball after the ball is thrown?
mcart
vc ,
and
vb .
mcart vc + mball vb
ANSWER:
vb
Correct
Part C
What is Chuck's speed vc (relative to the ground) after he throws the ball? Express your answer in terms of mball ,
mcart
, and
u.
ANSWER:
vc
Correct
Part D
Find Jackie's speed vj (relative to the ground) after she catches the ball, in terms of vb. Express vj in terms of mball ,
mcart
, and
vb .
Apply conservation of momentum. Equate the initial (before Jackie catches the ball) and final (after the ball is caught) momenta of the system consisting of Jackie, her cart, and the ball, and solve for vj .
, and
vj .
ANSWER:
vj
Correct
Part E
Find Jackie's speed vj (relative to the ground) after she catches the ball, in terms of u. Express vj in terms of mball ,
mcart
, and
u.
ANSWER:
vj
um ball
m cart
2
(m + m cart ) ball
Correct
A bullet of mass mb is fired horizontally with speed vi at a wooden block of mass mw resting on a frictionless table. The bullet hits the block and becomes completely embedded within it. After the bullet has come to rest within the block, the block, with the bullet in it, is traveling at speed vf .
Part A
Which of the following best describes this collision?
Correct
Part B
Which of the following quantities, if any, are conserved during this collision?
kinetic energy only momentum only kinetic energy and momentum neither momentum nor kinetic energy
Correct
Part C
What is the speed of the block/bullet system after the collision? Express your answer in terms of vi ,
mw ,
and
mb .
( mw + mb )vf
mb vi
ANSWER:
vf
mb
vi m b +m w
Correct
Two particles move perpendicular to each other until they collide. Particle 1 has mass 2 p , and particle 2 has mass 2 m and momentum of magnitude p . Note: Magnitudes are not drawn to scale in any of the figures.
Part A
Suppose that after the collision, the particles "trade" their momenta, as shown in the figure. That is, particle 1 now has magnitude of momentum p , and particle 2 has magnitude of momentum 2 p ; furthermore, each particle is now moving in the direction in which the other had been moving. How much kinetic energy, collision? Express your answer in terms of m and
p. Klost ,
is lost in the
p?
2m
K1.initial
K1.initial
(2p) 2m
K2.initial
2(2m)
ANSWER:
Kinitial
9p
4m
3p
2m
ANSWER:
Klost
3 4
Correct
Part B
Consider an alternative situation: This time the particles collide completely inelastically. How much kinetic energy
Klost
Klost
(before
Kf inal
2m
, remember that
p.
direction to be to the right in the figures and the positive y direction to be upward.
^ and Express your answer as a vector in terms of p and the unit vectors x
ANSWER:
pf inal
^ + py ^ 2px
ANSWER:
p f inal
5 p
ANSWER:
Kf inal
5p
6m
ANSWER:
Klost
17 12
Correct
Part A
Let the speeds of drivers E and N prior to the collision be denoted by of the speed of the two-car system the instant after the collision. Express your answer terms of ve and
vn . ve
where the x and y directions are the eastward and northward directions, respectively. Find vx and vy . Express the two components, separated by a comma, in terms of ve and
vn .
, vi
and similarly,
and
ve .
pn
(initial) =
mve , mvn
and
vy ,
the components of
pn
(final) =
2 mvx , 2 mvy
ANSWER:
vx , vy
0.5 ve , 0.5 vn
ANSWER:
v
2
1 4
(ve
+ vn
Correct
Part B
What is the kinetic energy
K
and
m.
of an object of mass
1 2
mv
ANSWER:
K
m 4
(ve
+ vn
Correct
Part C
Write an expression for the work
Wf ric
Express your answer symbolically in terms of the mass m of a single car, the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity g, the coefficient of sliding friction , and the distance d through which the two-car system slides before coming to rest.
displacement d is given by W = F d = F d cos , where is the angle between the direction of the force and the direction of the displacement.
force exerted on the cars by the road. In this problem, n is simply equal to the combined weight of the two cars. (Why? Because aside from gravity and the normal force, there are no other forces acting in a direction perpendicular to the road surface, and the cars are not accelerating in this direction.)
ANSWER:
Wf ric
2 mgd
Correct
Part D
Using the information given in the problem introduction and assuming that the third driver is telling the truth, determine whether driver N has reported his speed correctly. Specifically, if driver E had been traveling with a speed of exactly 12 meters per second before the collision, what must driver N's speed have been before the collision? Express your answer numerically, in meters per second, to the nearest integer. Take g, the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity, to be 9.81 meters per second per second.
immediately after the collision (now Kinitial for this part of the motion), to the nonconservative work done by friction in bringing the two cars finally to rest.
ANSWER:
vn
= 22 m/s
Correct
If you believe the report by the third driver that the speed of driver E's car was less than or equal to 12 meters per second, then driver N's speed just obtained is the minimum speed that driver N could have had before the collision. So, even if you do not know that driver E's car was traveling at exactly 12 meters per second before the collision, it is still evident that the driver of car N was not reporting his speed accurately. Also, we have assumed that neither driver brakes before or during the collision. Including this factor makes the analysis somewhat more involved in real situations.
Part A
A cardinal (Richmondena cardinalis ) of mass 3.60102kg and a baseball of mass 0.146kg have the same kinetic energy. What is the ratio of the cardinal's magnitude p c of momentum to the magnitude p b of the baseball's momentum?
K=
1 2
mv
, and the
used to eliminate v, giving an expression of the kinetic energy in terms of the momentum instead of the velocity. We can then use this relation, along with the assumptions, to find the ratio of the momenta p c /p b in terms of the masses.
and momentum
p.
pm
p
2
pm
p
2
m 1 2
p m
ANSWER:
pc pb
= 0.497
Correct
Part B
A man weighing 690N and a woman weighing 440N have the same momentum. What is the ratio of the man's kinetic energy Km to that of the woman Kw ?
K.
Km 2 Km
K m
Km 2 Km
ANSWER:
Km Kw
= 0.638
Correct
Problem 9.14
Part A
Find the center of mass of a barbell consisting of 50-kg and 80-kg weights at the opposite ends of a 1.5-m-long
bar of negligible mass. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER:
d
= 92.0
cm
Correct
Problem 9.28
A neutron (mass 1u ) strikes a deuteron (mass 2u ), and the two combine to form a tritium nucleus.
Part A
If the neutron's initial velocity was
^ ^ 12 i + 20 j Mm/s , ^ ^ 28 i + 17 j Mm/s and
ANSWER:
(3 ^ i + 20.5 ^ j ) Mm/s (5 ^ i + 9^ j) Mm/s
Correct
Problem 9.44
A 950-kg compact car is moving with velocity
v1 ^ ^ = 32 i + 17 j m/s. v2
^ ^ = 12 i + 14 j m/s.
Part A
If the two stay together, what is their velocity? Express your answer in terms of ^ i, ANSWER:
^ j.
^ ^ 25.6 i + 16.0 j
m/s
Correct
Problem 9.60
A proton (mass 1 u ) moving at v1 = 6.90Mm/s collides elastically and head-on with a second particle moving in the opposite direction at v2 = 2.80Mm/s . After the collision, the proton is moving opposite to its initial direction at 8.62 Mm/s .
Part A
Find the mass of the second particle. ANSWER:
m2
= 4.00
Correct
Part B
Find the final velocity of the second particle. ANSWER:
vf
= 1.08
Mm/s in
Correct
Problem 9.57
A 1200-kg Toyota and a 2200-kg Buick collide at right angles in an intersection. They lock together and skid 22 m; the coefficient of friction is 0.91.
Part A
Show that at least one car must have exceeded the 25 km/h speed limit in effect at the intersection. ANSWER:
Essay answers are limited to about 500 words (3800 characters maximum, including spaces). 3785 Character(s) remaining (none provided)
Problem 9.21
A runaway toboggan of mass 9.0kg is moving horizontally at 21km/h . As it passes under a tree, 12kg of snow drop onto it.
Part A
What is its subsequent speed? ANSWER:
v
= 9.00
km/h
Correct
Problem 9.29
Two identical trucks have mass 5900kg when empty. One truck carries a 8600kg load and is moving at 75km/h . It collides inelastically with the second truck, which is initially at rest, and the pair moves off at 38km/h .
Part A
What is the load of the second truck? Express your answer using four significant figures. ANSWER:
M
= 8218
kg
Correct
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 99.5%. You received 161.17 out of a possible total of 162 points.