SECTION 1 -Peeescecesqoteccccccce ooe@eenne een # Ae¢ 1.0 1a ooce@ @ @ 0418889 @ 12 ne) ° ° ° 13 e 14 1.5 ° ° ° o ° & ° ° e e ° ° Q ° e ° 2 COADE Pipe Stress Analysis Seminar Notes Section 1 Table of Contents Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis ‘Theory and Development of Pipe Stress Requirements 1.1.1 Basic Stress Concepts LL2_ 3-D State of Stress in the Pipe Wall.. 1.1.3 Failure Theories... 1.1.4 Maximum Stress Intensity Criterion Fatigue Failure 1.2.1 Fatigue Basics. 1.2.2 Fatigue Curves. 1.2.3 Effect of Fatigue on Piping 1.2.4 Cyclic Reduction Factor .. 1.2.5 Effect of Systained Loads on Fatigue Strength .. Stress Intensification Factors Welding Research Council Bulletin 380 Code Compliance .. 1.5.1. Primary vs. Secondary Loads 1.5.2 Code Stress Equations 1.5.8 BB11 Power Piping 1.5.4 B81.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping 1.5.5 ASME Section III, Subsections NC & ND (Nuclear Class 2 & 3) 1.5.6 B314 Puel Gas Piping... 1.5.7 BS1.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Code 1.5.8- Canadian 2183/2184 Oil/Gas Pipeline Systems ... 15.9 RCOMC.. 1.5.10 Stoomwezen .. - 1.5.11 Special Considerations of Code Compliance... 1.5.12 Evaluation of Multiple Expansion Range Cases8 ‘@ 9 o ° a o o e ° 9 9 eoeeecooceecceeeseereevece COADE Pipe Stress Analysis Seminar Notes 1.0 Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis In order to properly design a piping system, the engineer must understand both a system's behavior under potential loadings, as well as the regulatory requirements imposed upon it by the governing codes. A system's behavior can be quantified through the aggregate values of numerous physical parameters, such as accelerations, velocities, displacements, internal forces and moments, stresses, and external reactions developed under applied loads. Allowable values for each of these parameters are set after review of the appropriate failure criteria for the system. System response and failure criteria are dependent on the type of loadings, which can be classified by various distinctions, such as primary vs. secondary, sustained vs. occasional, or static vs. dynamic. ‘The ASME/ANSI B31 piping codes are the result of approximately 8 decades of work by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American National Standards Institute (formerly American Standards Association) aimed at the codification of design and engineer- ing standards for piping systems. The B31 pressure piping codes (and their successors, such asthe ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Section [lI nuclear piping codes) prescribe minimum design, materials, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection requirements for piping systems intended for use in power, petrochemical/refinery, fuel gas, gas transmission, and nuclear applications. Due to the extensive calculations required during the analysis of a piping system, this field of engineering provides a natural application for computerized calculations, especially during the last two to three decades. The proliferation of easy-to-use pipe stress software has hada two-fold effect: first, ithas taken pipe stress analysis out of the hands ofthe highly- paid specialists and made it accessible tothe engineering generalist, butlikewiseithas made everyone, even those with inadequate piping backgrounds, capable of turning out official- looking results. ‘The intention of this course is to provide the appropriate background for engineers entering the world of pipe stress analysis. The course concentrates on the design requirements (particularly from a stress analysis point of view) of the codes, as well as the techniques to be applied in order to satisfy those requirements. Although the course is taught using the CAESAR TI Pipe Stress Analysis Software, the skills learned here are directly applicable to any means of pipe stress analysis, whether the engineer uses a competing software program or even manual calculational methods. Why do we Perform Pipe Stress Analysis? There are a number of reasons for performing stress analysis on a piping system. A few of these follow: ' 1 - In order to keep stresses in the pipe and fittings within code allowable levels. 2 - In order to keep nozzle loadings on attached equipment within allowables of manufacturers or recognized standards (NEMA SM23, API 610, API 617, etc.).