5

CELL DIVISION
CHAPTER REVIEW
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. The total number is the diploid number, and half this number is the haploid number. Among eukaryotes, cell division involves nuclear division and division of the cytoplasm ( cytokinesis ). Replication of DNA precedes cell division. The duplicated chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids held together at a centromere. During mitosis, the centromeres split and daughter chromosomes go into each new cell. The cell cycle has four stages. During the G 1 stage the organelles increase in number; during the S stage, DNA replication occurs; during the G 2 stage, various proteins are synthesized; and during the M stage, mitosis occurs. It is now known that regulation of the cell cycle involves the combination of kinases with cyclins. Mitosis has the following phases: prophase, when the chromosomes have no particular arrangement; metaphase, when the chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate; anaphase, when daughter chromosomes move toward the poles; and telophase, when new nuclear envelopes form around the daughter chromosomes and cytokinesis begins. Meiosis is found in any life cycle that involves sexual reproduction. During meiosis, homologues separate, and this leads to gametes with half the number of chromosomes, ensuring that offspring will have the same chromosome number as their parents. Meiosis utilizes two nuclear divisions. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis. The nonsister chromatids of the resulting tetrad exchange chromosome pieces; this is called crossing-over. When the homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I, each daughter cell receives one from each pair of chromosomes. Separation of daughter chromosomes derived from sister chromatids during meiosis II then leads to a total of four new cells, each with the haploid number of chromosomes. Spermatogenesis in males produces four viable sperm, while oogenesis in females produces one egg and two polar bodies. Each gamete is specialized for the job it does; the sperm is a tiny, flagellated cell that swims to the cytoplasm-laden egg. Among sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis produces variation by independent assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing-over. Fertilization also contributes to variation. Variation is advantageous to the process of evolution and the possibility of adaptation to a changing environment.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

. 84) 5.1 MAINTAINING THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER (P

Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. Mitosis (a type of nuclear division) maintains the chromosome number of cells. Mitosis is necessary to the growth and repair of body cells.

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1. Complete each of the following statements with the correct number: In corn, the haploid chromosome number is 10. Its body cells normally have a. ______________ chromosomes. The diploid chromosome number in the domestic cat is 38. Normally, its sex cells have b. ______________ chromosomes. The horse has a haploid chromosome number of 32. In this animal, 2n = c. ______________. The sex cells of a dog normally have 39 chromosomes. In this animal, n = d. ______________. 2. Label the following diagram:

a.

b.

The Cell Cycle (p. 86) Cell division in eukaryotes is a part of the cell cycle. First, cells get ready to divide and then they divide. 3. Study the diagram on the following page and notice that the center of the diagram pertains to the events of the cell cycle. G 1 , S, and G 2 comprise interphase. Complete the following table:
Stage G1 S G2 M Main events

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S-cyclin S-kinase

M-cyclin is destroyed.

S-kinase combines with S-cyclin.

G1

S-kinase phosphorylates a protein and the product symbolized as P triggers DNA synthesis.

M P M-kinase phosphorylates a protein and the product symbolized as P triggers mitosis. mitosis Time P

G2 S

M-kinase combines with M-cyclin.

S-cyclin is destroyed.

M-kinase M-cyclin

4. What event is triggered by S-kinase after S-kinase combines with S-cyclin? a. _____________________________ What event is triggered by M-kinase after M-kinase combines with M-cyclin? b. ___________________________ Why are S-kinase and M-kinase said to be cyclin dependent? c. __________________________________________ Oncogenes cause cancer. Would their presence promote or turn off cyclin-dependent kinases? d. _____________ Tumor-suppressor genes prevent cancer. Would their presence promote or turn off cyclin-dependent kinases?
e. ____________________________

5.2 MITOSIS

IN

DETAIL (P . 88)

During mitosis, a complete set of chromosomes is distributed to each of two daughter cells. 5. Label the following diagram:
b. c. d. e. a. f. g.

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6. Complete the following diagrams to show the arrangement and movement of chromosomes during animal cell mitosis. Briefly describe the events of each phase.

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

a. Prophase: ______________________________________________________________________________________ b. Metaphase: _____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Anaphase: _____________________________________________________________________________________ d. Telophase: _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How does an animal cell undergo cytokinesis? a. ______________ Which phases show the process of cytokinesis? b. ______________ 8. To show the difference between plant and animal mitosis, complete the table by writing yes or no.
Mitosis same phases spindle fibers aster cell plate furrowing Plant Cell Animal Cell

9. Do plant cells have a centrosome? a. __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Do plant cells have centrioles? b. ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Are centrioles necessary to spindle formation? Explain. c. _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________

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5.3 REDUCING THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER (P . 92)

Meiosis (another type of nuclear division) reduces the chromosome number in life cycles involving sexual reproduction. The process of meiosis ensures genetic recombination in the daughter cells. 10. The nuclear division that reduces the chromosome number from the a. ______________ number to the
b. ______________

number is called meiosis.

11. In a life cycle, the zygote always has the ______________ number of chromosomes. 12. A pair of chromosomes having the same length and centromere position are called a. _______________________. The
b. ______________,

a product of fertilization, is always diploid.

13. Indicate whether the following statements regarding the role of meiosis are true (T) or false (F): a. In animals, meiosis forms gametes that fuse to form a zygote. b. Meiosis forms haploid cells in the life cycle of animals. c. Meiosis produces four diploid cells over two divisions. 14. Label this summary diagram of meiosis. Why is it correct to symbolize meiosis as 2n n? j. _____________________
c. a.

b. 2n = h.

d.

e. f.

g.

n = i.

15. What is the diploid number of chromosomes in the diagram in question 14? a. _________________________________________ Which structures separate during meiosis I? b. ________________________________________________________ Which structures separate during meiosis II? c. ________________________________________________________ Does chromosome duplication occur between meiosis I and meiosis II? d. ________________________________ Why or why not? e. ________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Match the following terms with the appropriate description: crossing-over, genetic variation, and synapsis. Homologous chromosomes line up side by side. a. ______________ Nonsister chromatids exchange genetic material. b. ______________ The arrangement of genetic material is new due to crossing-over.
c. ______________

17. Using ink for one duplicated chromosome and pencil for the other, color these homologous chromosomes before and after crossing-over has occurred.

before

after

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5.4 MEIOSIS

IN

DETAIL (P . 94)

During meiosis, half the total number of chromosomes is distributed to each of four daughter cells. 18. Label and complete these diagrams to show the arrangement and movement of chromosomes during meiosis I and meiosis II. (The diagram for meiosis II pertains to only one daughter cell from meiosis I.)

a.

f.

b.

g.

c.

h.

d.

i.

e.

j.

19. Show how genetic recombination occurs as a result of sexual reproduction by matching the following statements: 1. Zygote carries a unique combination of chromosomes and genes. 2. Gametes carry different combinations of chromosomes. 3. Daughter chromosomes carry different combinations of genes. a. Homologous chromosomes separate independently. b. Crossing-over occurs. c. Gametes fuse during fertilization. 41

5.5 COMPARISON

OF

MEIOSIS

WITH

MITOSIS (P . 96)

Meiosis differs from mitosis both in occurtence and in process. 20. Complete the table by writing yes or no to distinguish meiosis from mitosis.
Meiosis Complete after one division Requires two successive divisions During anaphase, daughter chromosomes separate During anaphase I, homologous dhromosomes separate Results in daughter cells with the diploid number of chromosomes Results in daughter cells with the haploid number of chromosomes In animals, is unique to the somatic (body) cells In animals, is unique to formation of gametes Mitosis

5.6

THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE (P . 98)

The human life cycle includes both mitosis and meiosis. In humans, and many other animals, meiosis is a part of the production of sperm in males and eggs in females. When the sperm fertilizes the egg, the full number of chromosomes is restored in offspring. 21. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): a. Meiosis in human males is a part of spermatogenesis. b. Mitosis in human females is a part of oogenesis. c. Oogenesis occurs in the testis. d. A zygote undergoes mitosis during the development of the embryo. e. Oogenesis produces four functional egg cells from one cell. 22. State whether the following processes occur in males (M), females (F), or both (B): a. gamete formation b. spermatogenesis c. oogenesis d. polar body formation

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Solitaire
1. Make playing cards with the following words or phrases on them: 1. nucleolus 2. chromosomes (chromatids held by centromere) 3. centrosome with centrioles 4. nucleus (nuclear envelope) 5. spindle fibers 6. cell plate 7. aster 8. furrowing a. From these, select those that have to do with the formation and structure of the spindle. b. From the cards remaining, select those that name structures that disappear during mitosis. c. Select the cards that have to do with cytokinesis. 2. Make cards with the following phrases on them: 1. daughter chromosomes separate 2. distinct chromosomes within daughter nuclei 3. chromosomes arranged at the metaphase plate 4. chromosomes are distinct; spindle appears; nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope fragments 5. homologous pairs separate a. Arrange the cards to describe the events of mitosis or meiosis II. b. Arrange the cards to describe the events of meiosis I. 3. Make three cards that are marked as follows: 16 8 (diploid number) 4 (haploid number) a. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes are in the parent nucleus before division. b. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes each daughter nucleus will have after mitosis. c. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes are in the parent nucleus during prophase of mitosis or prophase I of meiosis. d. Pick the card that tells how many chromatids are in the parent nucleus during prophase of mitosis or prophase I of meiosis. (For purposes of the game, assume the chromosomes are duplicated.) e. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes are at both poles during anaphase of mitosis. f. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes are at both poles during anaphase I of meiosis. g. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes are in each daughter nucleus after meiosis I. h. Pick the card that tells how many chromosomes are in each daughter nucleus after meiosis II.

CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. In questions 14, match the cell phase to its description. a. chromosomes first become visible b. chromatids separate at centromere c. chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate d. last phase of nuclear division 1. anaphase 2. metaphase 3. prophase 4. telophase 5. The diploid chromosome number in an organism is 42. The number of chromosomes in its sex cells is normally a. 21. b. 42. c. 63. d. 84. 6. Which statement about mitosis is NOT correct? a. does not affect the nuclear envelope b. forms four daughter cells c. makes diploid nuclei d. prophase is the first active phase

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7. How does mitosis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells? a. Animal cells do not form a spindle. b. Animal cells lack cytokinesis. c. Plant cells lack a cell plate. d. Plant cells lack centrioles. 8. Select the incorrect association. a. G 1 cell grows in size b. G 2 protein synthesis occurs c. mitosisnuclear division d. SDNA fails to duplicate 9. The phase of cell division in which the nuclear envelope and nucleolus are disappearing as the spindle fibers are appearing is called a. anaphase. b. prophase. c. telophase. d. metaphase. 10. In animal cells, cytokinesis takes place by a. membrane fusion. b. a furrowing process. c. formation of a cell plate. d. cytoplasmic contraction. 11. Cyclin a. is a molecule that regulates the cell cycle. b. combines with a kinase. c. occurs in two different forms. d. All of these are correct. 12. If a cell is to divide, DNA replication must occur during a. prophase. b. metaphase. c. anaphase. d. telophase. e. interphase. 13. If a cell had 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have after mitosis? a. 9 b. 36 c. 18 d. cannot be determined 14. Normal growth and repair of the human body requires a. mitosis. b. binary fission. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b. 15. The cell cycle a. incudes mitosis as an event. b. includes only the stages G 1 , S, and G 2 . c. is under cellular but not under genetic control. d. involves proteins but not chromosomes. 16. When do chromosomes move to opposite poles? a. prophase b. metaphase c. anaphase d. telophase

In questions 1728, label each statement with one of the following choices: a. meiosis I b. meiosis II 17. synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs 18. separation of homologous chromosomes occurs 19. in one oocyte and one polar body in human females 20. in four sperm cells in human males 21. daughter cells have double-stranded chromosomes 22. daughter nuclei produced have single-stranded chromosomes 23. crossing-over occurs 24. Which of the following is NOT a valid contrast between mitosis and meiosis: Mitosis Meiosis

25.

26.

27.

28.

a. requires one set of requires two sets of phases phases b. occurs when somatic occurs during (body) cells divide gamete production c. results in four results in two daughter nuclei daughter nuclei d. results in daughter results in daughter nuclei with diploid nuclei with haploid number of number of chromosomes chromosomes Polar bodies are formed during a. meiosis. b. mitosis. c. oogenesis. d. spermatogenesis. e. Both a and c are correct. During anaphase of meiosis II, a. homologous chromosomes separate. b. sister chromatid separate. c. daughter centrioles separate. d. duplicated chromosomes separate. During interkinesis a. chromosome duplication occurs. b. chromosomes consist of two chromatids. c. meiosis I is complete. d. Both b and c are correct. By the end of meiosis I, a. crossing-over has occurred. b. daughter chromosomes have separated. c. synapsis of homologous chromosomes has occurred. d. each daughter nucleus is genetically identical to the original cell. e. Both a and c are correct.

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THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 29. Compare how mitosis in animal cells and plant cells differs.

30. How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variations?

Test Results: ______ Number right 30 = ______ 100 = ______ %

ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. 20 b. 19 c. 64 d. 39 2. a. centromere b. sister chromatids 3. G1, Organelles begin to double in number; S, Replication of DNA; G 2 , Synthesis of proteins; M, events of mitosis 4. a. DNA synthesis (replication) b. mitosis c. They are activated after they combine with a cyclin molecule. d. promote e. turn off 5. a. chromatid b. centrosome c. centriole d. aster e. centromere f. nuclear membrane fragment g. kinetochore

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

6. a. Chromosomes are now distinct; nucleolus is disappearing; centrosomes begin moving apart and nuclear envelope is fragmenting. b. Chromosomes are at the metaphase plate. c. Daughter chromosomes are at the poles of the spindle. d. Daughter cells are forming as nuclear envelopes and nucleoli appear. 7. a. cleavage furrowing b. anaphase and telophase 8.
Plant Cell yes yes no yes no Animal Cell yes yes yes no yes

9. a. Yes and they form a spindle. b. no c. It seems not, because plant cells have no centrioles, yet they have a spindle. 10. a. diploid (2n) b. haploid (n) 11. diploid (2n) (or full) 12. a. homologous chromosomes (or homologues) b. zygote 13. a. T b. T c. F 14. a. nucleolus b. centromere c. DNA replication d. sister chromatids e. synapsis f. Meiosis I g. Meiosis II h. 4 i. 2 j. A diploid cell becomes haploid. The parent cell is diploid and undergoes meiosis, which results in four daughter cells, each of which is haploid. 15. a. 4 b. homologous chromosomes c. daughter chromosomes d. no e. The chromosomes are already duplicated. 16. a. synapsis b. crossing-over c. genetic variation 17. See Fig. 5.10, page 93, in text 18. a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. anaphase I d. telophase I e. interkinesis f. prophase II g. metaphase II h. anaphase II i. telophase II j. daughter cells. See Figs. 5.12 and 5.13 in text 19. a. 2 b. 3 c. 1

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20.
Meiosis no yes no yes no yes no yes Mitosis yes no yes no yes no yes no

SOLITAIRE
1. a. 3, 5, 7 b. 1, 4 c. 6, 8 2. a. 4, 3, 1, 2 b. 4, 3, 5, 2 3. a. 8 b. 8 c. 8 d. 16 e. 16 f. 8 g. 4 h. 4

CHAPTER TEST
1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. d 9. b 10. b 11. d 12. e 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. a 19. b 20. b 21. a 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. c 26. b 27. d 28. c 29. Mitosis in an animal cell utilizes centriole and asters, and the plasma membrane invaginates to form a cleavage furrow. In plant cells, mitosis does not utilize centriole or asters, and the cell plate forms to separate the two daughter cells. 30. Sexual reproduction results in genetic recombinations among offspring due to (1) crossing-over of nonsister chromatids, (2) independent separation of homologous chromosomes, and (3) fertilization.

21. a. T b. F c. F d. T e. F

22. a. B b. M c. F d. F

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