Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
of the Philippines
Second Edition
2010
2010 Mines and Geosciences Bureau North Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines www.mgb.gov.ph
ii
FOREWORD
This volume of the Geology of the Philippines, Second Edition comes at an opportune time when the Philippines has become once more a beehive of activities by geologists owing to the efforts of government to promote the revitalization of the mining industry. This edition is a timely reference material that gives the reader an overview of the geology of the Philippines, as well as the stratigraphic make-up of local areas. Although this contains updated geologic data since the First Edition was published in 1981, it is by no means a definitive volume. Much research remains to be done to fill in the gaps in geological knowledge, but this volume can provide the starting point for further researches. This volume is also timely in the sense that the Philippine Stratigraphic Guide came out while it was being prepared, so that those involved in preparing the revised edition were able to apply the Guide in the nomenclature of rock formations. In addition, this edition was able to use another new yardstick in the form of the Geologic Time Scale 2009 by which the editors were able to stack stratigraphic formations in accordance with the new time scale. It is hoped that this volume can serve the needs of various users researchers, exploration geologists, faculty and students of academe and other practitioners. At a time when government is promoting the revitalization of the mining industry, we hope that this can help in some way in delineating more prospective areas for economic mineral exploration and development. I commend the geoscientists of the Bureau who have contributed their knowledge, time and effort to come up with this manuscript and ensure its publication.
iii
iv
PREFACE
Since the publication of the Geology and Mineral Resources of the Philippines, Volume 1 (Geology) in 1981, much information on Philippine geology has accumulated. A wealth of data have accrued from the geological studies undertaken through cooperation with geoscientists from Japan, France, Korea and other countries, as well as from sustained researches by the geologists of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Department of Energy, Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Philippine National Oil Corporation, UP National Institute of Geological Sciences, private companies and other institutions and agencies. Compiling these new findings is a Herculean task by itself, which had to be matched with a new format of presenting geological data. This required the adoption of a new framework for the updating of geological data. In line with the new framework, the task of compiling and collating of information was undertaken through appropriate working groups. The work was started in 1995 and after a series of discussion meetings on the respective assignments of the working group members; an initial draft was prepared by the editors. In the course of editing the initial draft, more data was considered for inclusion. However, we have seen fit to draw a cut-off date of end of 2004 for inclusion of new data, as otherwise this will remain a work in unending progress. In doing so, we recognize that gaps remain in our present knowledge and understanding of the geology of certain areas and of the archipelago as a whole. We do hope however that this volume will stimulate researches that will further enrich our understanding of the geology of the Philippines. Further, it is hoped that this publication will serve the needs of mining investors as they pursue activities in line with the program of the government for the revitalization of the mineral industry. Finally, having been associated with this volume through much of its preparation, I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to those who have contributed to its completion, particularly to Romeo L. Almeda, former Chief of the Lands Geological Survey Division (LGSD) for initiating work on the project and Antonio N. Apostol, Jr., Officer-in-Charge, of LGSD for seeing the work through to its end, as well as to the personnel of this Division and other officials and personnel of the Bureau. My gratitude also goes to the Department of Science and Technology for providing funding support to this project.
EDWIN G. DOMINGO Assistant Director Mines and Geosciences Bureau Diliman, Quezon City Philippines June 2010
vi