Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 Presidential election that led to Lincolns presidency William Seward Secretary of State in Abraham Lincolns cabinet Edwin M. Stanton Secretary of War of Lincolns cabinet The Alabama Ship that sunk over thirty Union warships Emancipation Proclamation Union document that ddeclared that all slaves under the enemies control were free Trent Affair Caused Britains reliance on Southern cotton to plummet, heavily damaging the Confederacy Merrimack and Monitor First two Ironclads that engaged each other in the civil war Anaconda Plan Northern plan to blockade the Southern coast, led to a bloodless end to the war Border States Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia

Appomattox Area that Lee surrenders to the Union army Election of 1864 Election in which Lincoln was re-elected

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations? Secession was a much bigger problem than just a political one. Secession would mean that trade between the two parts of America would become inefficient and that the question of National debt would become confusing and would lead to conflict. Furthermore, the issue of slavery would still not be solved. The Underground Railroad would more easily smuggle out slaves and fugitive slave laws would become non-existent. Finally, it would weaken America as a whole and foreign nations could easily take advantage of the war and conquer American territory. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? There were only two significant Northern forts within the South when Lincoln took office. One of these forts was Fort Sunter, a small fort that was led by Col. Robert Anderson. Lincoln accidentally provoked a Confederate attack on the Fort when he sent supplies to the Fort. The South saw this as a act of aggression and attacked the Fort. Although no lives were lost, it outraged the Union and rallied the North to support the war. Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war? The border states- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia, did not join the Confederacy even though they were slave states. They were convinced that Lincoln did not wish to end slavery, but that he merely wanted to preserve the Union. When the civil war did come, these border states joined the war and fought against their brethren Southerners, creating a war between Billy Yank and Johnny Reb. The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North? The South and the North both had key advantages. The South had the best trained men and the most experienced officers. Even young boys in the South knew how to handle a gun and officers such as Robert E. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson led the South to many

victories at the onset of the war. The North on the other hand had the advantage of infrastructure. They could create guns quickly and had supply lines already in place. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? King Cotton eventually failed in the South because Britain, the Souths main trading partner, had a surplus of it and did not need to buy from the South. That combined with the North not buying cotton from the South during the civil war caused this once luscious crop to fail. Meanwhile, King Wheat and King Corn rose in the North due to the ease of planting and because these two crops were in high demand in foreign markets. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? Tensions between America and Great Britain were high during the civil war. An event known as the Trent affair, in which two Confederate diplomats bound for Britain were captured by a Union warship, escalated tensions with the North. Thankfully, crisis was averted thanks to Lincoln releasing the prisoners. Another crisis occurred when a pirate ship, the Alabama, disguised as a Confederate flag seized Union supplies. This ship was thought to be British controlled, leading to high amounts of tension. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 7. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? A British ship designing company tried to sell the designs for a warship, the Laird rams, to the Confederacy. These ships would have demolished Union naval power and opened coast cities to attack. The Union, obviously fearing such formidable weapons, threatened Great Britain with war and Britain backed off. Tension also rose with France when it, under the leadership of Napoleon the III, seized Mexico City and planted Maximilian as king of Mexico, disregarding the Monroe Doctrine. President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? The Confederate government had several key weaknesses that would lead them to lose the war. First, they were created from secession. Therefore, it was impossible for them to deny any state from seceding, creating a rough political climate that tried to appease every state. Next, groups that supported state rights hated Jefferson Davis, leading to conflict. Finally, they lacked coherency. This is in stark contrast to the North; the North was stable and was led by a well respected president, Abraham Lincoln. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus

9.

Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? Abraham Lincoln directly disobeyed the Constitution on several occasions in order to uphold it. He proclaimed a blockade against the south, increased the army, and even gave 2,000,000$ to several citizens in order to create a large army, all of these actions went against the constitution. He even repealed the right of citizens guaranteed to them in the Habeas Corpus in order to silence the opposition. However, he did all these questionable actions in order to win the war and re-unite the Union. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain. The Civil War truly was a rich mans war that was fought by poor men. It was the rich that had the most stake in the war, the plantation owners, the manufacturers, the traders, all had high staked on the war. Yet, these rich men did not have to fight. They simply paid three hundred dollars to the government and were exempt from the war. These men became known as Three-hundred-dollar-men. The poor could not pay this fine and were drafted into the war. Many people went unwillingly but some bounty jumpers readily joined the fight in order to reap the benefits. The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? Paper money caused a lot of inflation in both the North and the South. American were left with little money as the likes of the Morrill Tariff Act raised taxes in order to finance the war. However, the government was not deft to the cries of its people, they tried to create a standard monetary system by passing the National Banking Act. Still, the average citizen was hard hit by the war and the paper money that came along with it.

The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? The Civil War actually greatly benefitted the North. Many shrewd businessmen became rich by selling second-rate goods for absurd costs, such as selling Shoddy Wool instead of normal wool. War stimulated the industrial economy and many people reaped the benefits. This included women as well. Many women took up jobs and some women, such as Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, and Dorthea Dix became well-respected professionals.

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South. The civil war economically devastated the South. This can be seen by the new distribution of wealth. The South after the civil war only controlled about 12 percent of

the wealth and wages for southerners fell to about 40% of a northerners. The Souths infrastructure also suffered heavily.

Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 These new laws were intended to draft more soldiers into the war, but this caused heavy discontent among soldiers, and violent protests broke out in New York City. Charles Frances Adam Charles Frances Adam was a minister during the Civil War. He warned the British that the poorly constructed ships would lead to their downfall in the future. Sherman's March Shermans March was an example of the Norths utilization of total warfare, where everything in the path of the soldiers was burnt to the ground. Clement L. Vallandigham

Clement L. Vallandigham was a copperhead whose actions led to the end of the Civil War. He greatly opposed Lincoln and was convicted as such. Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson was a War Democrat who was able to help Lincoln win the election of 1864 by gaining War Democrat and Border State votes. John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth was the man who killed Lincoln at a theatre. Although the South was initially happy by this, they came to realize that Lincoln had been an important and crucial part in preserving the nation. C.S.S. Alabama They C.S.S. Alabama held no ammunition at its fort, and would receive it from elsewhere in order to successfully attack the Union. National Banking Act The National Banking Act called for a national currency and established greenbacks, which was the foundation for a uniform banking system. Union Party The Union Party was made up of the Republican Party and the War Democrats who sought to end the war while simultaneously defeating northerners who wanted an end to the war. GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? The war between the North and South was not expected to last very long with an overwhelming victory for the North, but this was disproven at the Battle of Bull Run. The North was extremely disorganized and unprepared, and did not expect much opposition from the South. Thanks to the leadership of Stonewall Jackson, the South was able to maintain their stature and defeat the north. It took 9 months after this battle before the North and South encountered each other next. "Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan

2.

Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.

When George McClellan was appointed by Lincoln to take action, he quickly developed his Peninsula Campaign which sought for the capture of the capital in the South. Jeb Stuarts cavalry rode around McClellans army, which frustrated his efforts. However, McClellans plans were foiled by the unexpected vigor in which Robert E. Lee fought back with during the Seven Days Battles. Winfield Scott then proposed his Anaconda Plan, which called for the South restricted from its ports and to be separated, which would result in a Union victory. The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? The blockade directed at the British was not strong, but the British honored this anyways because they did not wish to get involved in the war. The North would stop ships for questioning, and the British agreed to this continuous voyage. The South was not satisfied with this and therefore built and iron ship called the Merrimac. The North responded with its own ironclad, the Monitor, and these two ships were met at a stall mate. The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" The battle of Antietam was the most decisive battle of the war because it was the turning point for the Union Army. Had the south won at this battle, the nation would be split in two and the south would have successfully seceded from the nation. However, the North was victorious in this battle and it gave them a morale boost. Furthermore, Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation as a result of this war, and turned the war into a conflict over slavery. A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 5. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in areas that the North did not have authority to free in, such as the South. Northerners from the Butternut Region thought that Lincoln had gone too far and did not approve of this. Ultimately, the Emancipation did not lead to any slaves being free, but did change the mindset of many of them to leave their masters an rebel against them for the cause of the Union army. This also changed the wars motives from preserving unity to a war against slavery. Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 6. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.

After Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, many blacks, mostly from the free soil areas but some from the south joined the Northern army. There were two regiments, both under the command of Frederick Douglass and Colonel Shaw, and were known as the 54th Massachusetts regiment. The South did not see black soldiers as equal, and would brutally murder them. An example would be when black soldiers surrendered at Fort Pillow, but were all massacred even though this was against war policies. Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 7. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle? The Battle of Gettysburg was a significant battle of the civil war because it signified the end of the Southern victories, and the beginning of the Northern dominance. This battle lasted three days and only ended after Picketts Charge failed miserably for the South, which allowed the North to win. This battle struck a major blow at the South, which treid to issue a truce afterwards. However, this truce was denied by Lincoln, who also gave his famous Gettysburg Address, one of the most famous speeches ever drafted. The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 8. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. Ulysses S. Grant was a very unexpected candidate as a general for war. He was knoen to be incredibly awkward, short, and a mediocre student. However, he was successful in leading his incredibly effective campaigns which were responsible for the capture of both Fort Henry and Fort Donnellson. However, his over ambitiousness and his overconfidence led him to try a bold attack at confederate railroads, which led to the bloody conflict at Shiloh.

Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 9. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South? William T. Sherman was a brutal general who greatly utilized the Anaconda Plan. He strongly advocated the blockade and division of the South, and put this into action. He then led his infamous March to the Sea and burned everything between Georgia, Atlanta, and Savannah to the ground. He also utilized the strategy of total war, which meant that he attacked civilians as well. The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 10. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war.

As a result of this war, Lincoln gained much political difficulty. He was seen to the people as either good or bad, and none held opinions of him in-between. The war polarized opinions and made him either a messiah or a monster. He was supported by the War Democrats and was strongly opposed by the Peace Democrats. A group of extremists known as Copperheads even tried to obstruct his war efforts. Many were surprised that Lincoln was able to secure a second term in office. The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 11. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? There were several key factors that led to Lincolns electoral victory. His vice-president, Andrew Johnson, was a slave holder, and attracted many of the Border States votes. He was also crucial in attracting votes from other War Democrats. Most importantly however, the Union victories in Mobile and Atlanta reignited the Norths passion for the war and reimbursed the Norths morale, helping Lincoln to a narrow victory. Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 12. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? Grant was nicknamed Grant the Butcher because he was not hesitant in sending thousands of people to their deaths, as he believed the North could outlast the South in population. He outlasted Lee in many battles including The Wilderness. At the battle of Cold Harbor, many soldiers would have their names and addresses on their backs because they would die almost instantly. Richmond was destroyed and Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse thus ending the war. The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Booth 13. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. Unfortunately after the end of the Civil War, Lincoln was assassinated at Fords Theater by John Wilkes Booth. The South was initially happy at this outcome, but was eventually regretful of their actions because Lincoln was replaced by the Radical Republicans, who treated the South brutally. Lincoln was the sole reason for the reunification of the nation, and without him the nation was bound to fail. The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 14. What was the legacy of the Civil War? With the end of the Civil War, the Souths Lost Cause was eradicated. There were many deaths, the South was economically ruined, and many families were left impoverished. However, it did prove that the United States possessed the strength to unite itself and remain

the country that its founding fathers fought for, and also paved the way for the United States to eventually rise to the top as a world power. Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 15. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? I believe that the importance of the Civil War as stated by historians is not an exaggeration. The Civil War was Americas ultimate test to its citizens, to see if they were able to resolve its own problems. Because of the final solution, the United States stood out as a strong nation with even closely tied relationships than before. Furthermore, another step forward was taken as slavery was abolished, and America proved itself able to handle such situations as well. Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery. 5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their ownsouthern whites reasserted their power.

GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction 1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain. After the war ended, the south was in a very dismal state both socially and economically. Slavery, which had been a major part of the southern economy, was now eradicated, and the culture of the south transformed as a result. Furthermore, many

important landmarks and cities were destroyed as a result of the war. These factors made the South reluctant and reproachful towards the Norths Reconstruction plans. Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war? There were many ways in which African Americans responded to their newly established freedom. Some remained loyal to their masters, while others left their homelands completely and sought fortunes elsewhere. A couple also joined the army to continue serving for the United States. Small land communities were also established, called Exodusters, whom traveled the land in America. The American Methodist Episcopal Church and other organizations such as the American Missionary Association were established to help the freed slaves. The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau. Established by General Oliver O. Howard, the Freedmans Bureau assisted freed slaves in leading normal lives. It helped give slaves a source of education, and also provided them with land. However, this bureau was corrupted in certain parts of America, and it sent freed slaves back to work under their masters. Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson. Andrew Johnson was Lincolns vice president, and was inaugurated as president after the death of Lincoln. He was known to be very brave and intelligent, but he was ill suited for the role of president. His racist actions were incredibly unpopular in both regions, and had very small influence in directing the reconstruction. His actions eventually led to his impeachment. Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans? Lincolns Radical Republican party held a very different approach towards the idea of Reconstruction. They proposed Lincolns 10 Percent Plan, which stated that only a 10 percent vote was necessary to readmit the Confederate states into the Union. The Radical Republicans also proposed the Wade-Davis Bill, which stated that a fifty percent vote was necessary to begin Reconstruction. This bill was ignored by Lincoln and was never passed. The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?

The black codes were essentially slave codes written under a different name. These codes attempted to restrict the freedoms of the black people, and also tied them under the lands of large landowners with Labor Contracts. As a result, a system of sharecropping was established, which was not a large leap from slavery. These black codes also prevented blacks from participating in political issues, such as voting, and kept them from being truly free. Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical) Northern congressmen refused to seat the southerners because many of them were Confederate leaders during the Civil War. They did not see them as very loyal to the union, and refused to seat those whom they considered rebellious and unconstitutional. They also feared that the democratic resurgence was on the rise, since blacks were no longer counted as 2/5 of a person and were considered citizens. Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response? Republicans were able to utilize their heavy dominance over Congressional proceedings in order to pass radical and demanding laws. They passed the Civil Rights Bill, which guaranteed rights to the freed blacks. However, many of these laws were vetoed by President Johnson, who was a heavy racist and declared that blacks should not celebrate the same rights held by whites. He became known as Andy Veto due to the amount of laws that he vetoed. The Republicans also passed a 14th amendment, as they feared the rise of a democratic resurgence due to the high amount of new citizens in the black population. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire? In 1866, Johnson campaigned against the radical republicans during his election in congress. During his speeches, he claimed that the radical republican caused much violence and dissent in the United States, an encouraged many voters to vote against them. His plan backfired, however, due to his heavy unpopularity and his reputation as being a racist. Instead of doing as he asked, citizens instead voted against him in favor of the Radical Republicans, who won the election. Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? Both the Moderate and Radical Republicans both held visions of racial equality and rights for blacks. However, they differed as to the extent of their beliefs. Charles Sumner, the leader of the Radicals, stated that the reconstruction was only as means to achieve total

racial equality. As a result, he founded the Joint Committee on Reconstruction to defend the rights of the freedmen. The Moderate Republicans, however, cared only for the voting potential held in the black citizens, and continued to treat them with segregation. Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction. In order to enforce Reconstruction efforts, military construction was necessary to place the South under martial law. This effectively divided the south into five separate military regions, and each was forced to allow blacks to participate in political proceedings. The Reconstruction Act also enforced the Fifteenth Amendment, which stated that Black men were guaranteed the right to vote. However, once military construction ended, Redeemers and Home Rule governments once again took over the South and replaced these laws with the old racial ones. No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment 12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War? Many women felt that their contributions to the Civil War were left unnoticed. These women, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony believed that due to their efforts in the war and in passing the 14th amendment, they should also be granted suffrage rights. The refusal of the government to do so led to the establishment of many pro-suffrage organizations such s the Womans Loyal League. The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? After the Civil War, despite numerous white protests, many Africans became politically active. A Union League was established, and many Africans also contributed to creating a schooling system in order to educate blacks. Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce also served terms in the government. This led to much controversial conversation between the whites, many of whom actively opposed this labeled these blacks as Scalawags and Carpetbaggers. The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise 14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down? In an attempt to prevent freed black men from advancing in society, many organizations were formed to do so through terror methods. The Ku Klux Klan was one such organization which would often commit acts of terrorism and murder and torture blacks. Congress passed a series of Force Acts in an attempt to prevent these actions, but

this proved ineffective as the KKK continued to wreak terror. This was extremely effective in terrorizing blacks, and caused them to disfranchise and steer away from the political path. Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson? The Radical Republicans, who were not content with merely curbing Johnsons authority, decided to remove him from office altogether. In 1867, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, over Johnsons veto, which required the president to seek consent from the senate before removing currently active officers. Congress also did this as an attempt to secure the position of Edwin Stanton, who was the Secretary of War and also a spy for the Republicans. However, Johnson quickly dismissed Stanton, and using this as an opportunity, Congress voted to impeach Johnson 126 to 47 votes. A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office? Even after the landslide vote in favor of impeachment, the Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office. The claims made by the radicals were mostly untrue, and Johnson could not be found guilty of many of them. Furthermore, many politicians thought that removing Johnson from office would result in deep political dissent, and would take much effort and energy to clean up. Benjamin F. Butler and Thaddeus Stevens were enraged at this turnout, as they were the main advocates of Johnsons impeachment. The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway. After the Civil War, Alaska was purchased from Russia by Bill Seward. This land was regarded as Sewards Folly, and many believed this purchase t be a waste of money. However, Bill justified his actions by stating that this purchase would improve foreign relations with Russia, and also believed that the newly purchased land would be able to supply the US with natural resources. The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction. The Republican Party failed to achieve its goal of helping ease the transition of former slaves to white society. Their attempts served to cause only more friction between the North and the South, and Reconstruction efforts also damaged the Republicans reputation in both regions.