Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft.

. Sumter started the war, keeping the Border States were Abes top concern. These were slave states that hadnt left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to keep them happy. The border states never left. 2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cottons dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Toms Cabin had convinced the English people of slaverys horrors. 3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nations first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out. IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860 Lincoln running with Andrew Johnson on the National Union ticket, opposing McClellan who ran as a democrat even though he disagreed with the idea of ending the war, Lincoln wins because of support emerging from the victory at Atlanta and Sherman's march to the sea. William Seward A senator from New York who was anti-slavery, religious, and didnt compromise. Became a rival to Lincoln, when running and became Secretary of State. Had a nickname of Higher Law. Edwin M. Stanton A politician who succeeded Simon Cameron as Secretary of War around 1860. Caused a civil war within Congress by opposing Lincoln. The Alabama A boat escaped to the Portuguese Azores, took on weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate Bas, thus using a loophole to help the south. Emancipation Proclamation Encouraged by Northerners and abolitionists, it was issued in September, but wasnt effective until January 1, 1863. This made the slaves in the Confederate States free, giving the north a moral cause. Trent Affair Late 1861 crisis with GB; two Confederates seized from British ship Trent; war averted

by release of prisoners. Merrimack and Monitor Merrimack was a former wooden warship turned into iron, it was renamed Virginia, and it easily wrecked Union Navy ships and threatened to destroy the Navy. It was captured by the South. The Monitor took the north 100 days to make. Anaconda Plan The anaconda plan replaced the Peninsula Campaign after it failed. The plan was to suffocate their supplies, liberate the slaves, cut it in half, divide it into pieces, capture Richmond, and grind it to submission. Border States Appomattox Site of Robert E. Lee's final surrender of the Army of Virginia to Ulysses S. Grant. Election of 1864 Lincoln running with Andrew Johnson on the National Union ticket, opposing McClellan who ran as a democrat even though he disagreed with the idea of ending the war, Lincoln wins because of support emerging from the victory at Atlanta and Sherman's march to the sea. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession 1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations? Geographically, it would be impossible to split up the U.S.it would also bring up questions about the sharing of national debt and allocation of federal territories. It would also please European countries because the Monroe Doctrine could be defied and territories could be seized. South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson 2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have? He chose intelligently to send supplies to the fort; he told the South Carolinian governor that he was only sending provisions, not reinforcements. But to the south provisions, were reinforcements and canons were fired. They shot for 34 hours until the fort surrendered. This caused Northerners to be inflamed, and Lincoln then called 75,000 volunteers. On April 19 and 27th Lincoln had to call a blockade. Also, four other states succeeded, and the capital of the Confederacy moved from Montgomery AL, to Richmond, VA.

Brothers' Blood and Border Blood Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb 3. How did the Border States affect northern conduct of the war? The Border States would have almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the South and increased its supply of horses and mules by half. The states had slaves, but hadnt succeeded. To maintain them, Lincoln made a martial law in Maryland, and he sent up troops to western Virginia and Missouri. Virginia had split into West Virginia. The Balance of Forces Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson 4. What advantages did the South have? The North? The Souths advantages were that they had the most talented officers such as Robert e. Lee and Thomas Stonewall Jackson. Their men were also more skilled militarily. The Norths advantages were that they had a huge economy, many more men available to fight, and it controlled the sea. Dethroning King Cotton Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn 5. Why did King Cotton fail the South? Because in the pre-war years cotton production had been immense, and thus England and France had huge surpluses of cotton. And as the north won Southern territory, it sent cotton and food over to Europe. India and Egypt had also upped their cotton production to offset the hike in price of cotton. So King wheat and King Corn beat King Cotton. The Decisiveness of Diplomacy Know: Trent, Alabama 6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War? In late 1861 a Union warship stopped the British mail steamer, the Trent and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats in bound for Europe. Britain was outraged but Lincoln cooled them down. In 1862 the Alabama escaped and took weapons and crew from Britain. Foreign Flare-Ups Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian 7. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? Britain had two laird rams, Confederate warships that could destroy wooden union ships and wreck havoc on the North, but after the threat of war by the U.S., Britain backed down and used those ships for its Royal Navy. Adams also persuaded Britain not to build any more ships for the Confederacy, since they might someday be used against England.

President Davis Versus President Lincoln Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln 8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government? The problem in the south was that it gave states the ability to secede in the future, and getting Southern states to send troops to help other states was always difficult to do. In the confederacy, national power was weak. Limitations on Wartime Liberties Know: Habeas Corpus 9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power? He had done this to help preserve the union. The suspension of habeas corpus so that antiUnionists could be arrested without a formal charge, and the intimidation of voters in the Border States. Volunteers and Draftees: North and South Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers 10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain. At first there were many volunteers, but soon Congress passed its first ever draft law which one that angered the poor because the rich men could hire substitute instead of having to enter the war just by paying $300 to Congress. And as volunteers became scarce, money was offered to them in return for service. The Economic Stresses of War Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation 11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South? The North passed the Morrill Tariff Act, which increased the tariff rate up five percent. The issue of green paperback money totaled at $450 million which was very unstable. It would allow a standard bank note currency, and could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money. In the South runaway inflation plagued the confederates, and overall, in the South inflation went up 9000% as opposed to 80% in the North. The North's Economic Boom Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix 12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North? The North emerged from the Civil War more prosperous than before, since new factories had been formed and a millionaire class was born. Union suppliers used shoddy equipment in their supplies. Sizes for clothing were invented. In 1859, petroleum oil was discovered in Pennsylvania. A Crushed Cotton Kingdom 13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.

The South was ruined by war, as transportation collapsed, banks caused inflation up to 9000% and factories were ruin. They claimed only 12% of national wealth as opposed to 30% before, and its capita income was 2/5 that of northerners. Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on the Peninsula at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the Souths back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the Union Party made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, You dont change horses midstream. 4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863 The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people. Charles Frances Adam Son of John Quincy Adams, and foreign prime minister of Britian. Sherman's March General who succeeded on the campaigns that led to victories in Vicksburg and Atlanta, and completed the March to the Sea, was able to capture Johnston and his army. Clement L. Vallandigham A Cooperhead democratand Ohio ex-congressmen. A Southern partisian who publicy demanded to end the wicked and cruel war. Andrew Johnson President after Lincolns assignation between 1864 and 1868. Am accidental president who was an ex-Tennessee senator.

National Banking Act The act that gave the banking system the ability to sell government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency, the system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back those bonds. Union Party Party that included all of the Republicans and the war democrats, excluded copperheads and peace democrats. Formed by the fear of losing the republican party.

GUIDED READING Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson 1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South? After initial success by the union, confederate reinforcements arrived and coupled with Stonewall Jackson, which sent the union into disarray. This showed the North that this would not be a short, easy war, and swelled the Souths already too large ego.

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan 2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war. After Lincolns urging, he finally decided that McClellan was going to use the Peninsula Campaign, taking a month to capture Yorktown, before coming to Richmond.

The War at Sea Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor 3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway? Britain recognized the blockade as binding, since Britain herself often used blockades in her wars. Blockade running, the Union navy also seized British freighters on the high seas, citing the ultimate destination, and the British relented. And the Monitor saved the Merrimack on time.

The Pivotal Point: Antietam 4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?" After this battle, lee hoped to thrust into the North and win, hopefully, persuade Border States to join the south and foreign countries to intervene on behalf of the South. Also, McClellans men found his military plan and were able to stop the Southerners at Antietam Creek. Jefferson Davis was unable to gain foreign support from European countries. It also

allowed Lincoln to announce the Emancipation Proclamation. This gave war a moral purpose, to end slavery, and a political purpose, to save the union.

A Proclamation Without Emancipation Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region 7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain. It freed only slaves in Border and Confederate states. The proclamation was very controversial, as many soldiers refused to fight for abolition and deserted. It undermined the labor of the South, and angered the Southerners.

Blacks Battle Bondage Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow 8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess. As men ran low in the army, they allowed Black men to join, and accounted for 10% of the army. Southerners refused to recognize them as soldiers as prisoners of war, and executed them as runaways and rebels.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address 1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle? The A.E. Burnside took over the Union army, but he lost at the attack at Frederiksberg. Fighting Joe Hooker a badly beaten at Chancellorsville, Virginia, when Lee divided his outnumbered army in to 2 and sent Stonewall to attack the Union flank, but he was accidentally sht. In the Battle of Gettysburg, General George Pickett led a hopeless, bloody, and pitiful charge that led to the slaughters of Confederates. This lead to the Gettysburg address, which added moral purpose to the war saying his goal was to make sure those who been killed had not died in vain.

The War in the West Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general. A mediocre West Point Graduate who drank too much whiskey and also fought under the ideal of immediate and unconditional surrender. Grant won at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, but lost at Shiloh. As a general his strategy was to just always have a bigger army, even if most die.

Sherman Scorches Georgia Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea 11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?

Sherman was given command to march through Georgia, and he delivered, capturing and burning seen Atlanta before completion his infamous March to the Sea at Savannah. He waged total war by cutting up railroads, burning and salting fields and crops, and destroying everything.

The Politics of War Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham 12. Describe Lincolns political difficulties during the war. The Peace Democrats did not support Lincoln. Copperheads denounced the president and his nigger war. Clement Valandigham harshly denounced the war, but was imprisoned, then banished to the south and back to Ohio illegally. The Election of 1864 Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta 14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory? The Union party chose Democrat Andre Johnson to ensure that the War Democrats would vote for Lincoln, and the campaign onve again full of mudsling. Embattled Democrats nominated deposed and overcautious war hero, General McClellan; the Copperheads managed to force into the Democratic platform a plank denouncing the prosecution of the war as a failure but McClellan, repudiated this defeatist declaration

Grant Outlasts Lee Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse 15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army? A soldier of bulldog tenacity, Grant was the man for this meat-grinder type of warfare; his overall basic strategy was to assail the enemys armies simultaneously, so that they could not assist one another and hence could be destroyed piecemeal. He engaged Lee in a series of furious battles in the Wilderness of Virginia, during May and June of 1864, notably in the leaden hurricane of the Bloody Angle and Hells Half Acrein this Wilderness Campaign, Grant suffered about fifty thousand casualties, or as many men as Lee commanded at the start.

The Martyrdom of Lincoln Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe 16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain. As time wore on, increasing numbers of Southerners perceived that Lincolns death was a calamity for them; belatedly they recognized that his kindliness and moderation would have been the most effective shields between them and vindictive treatment by the victors. The assassination unfortunately increased the bitterness in the North; president-by-bull Andrew Johnson was impeached by the embittered members of his own party who demanded harshness, not forbearance toward the South.

The Aftermath of the Nightmare Know: Lost Cause 17. What was the legacy of the Civil War? The civil War took a toll in gore, about as much as all of Americas subsequent wars combined; over 600, 00 men died in action or of disease, and in all over a million were killed or seriously wounded., conflict totaled about $15 billion; but this figure does not include continuing expenses, such as pensions and interest on the national debt, The African-Americans were at last in a position to claim their rights, Appomattox Courthouse, near which Lee surrendered, Tested American democracy, and he Lost Cause of the south was lost.

Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not? No, I dont feel it was exaggeration as much as a test for our nation. This brought along many conflicts, that had to be resolved/.

Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, What to do with the southern states? The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South. 2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the Norths stipulations were met. 3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress. 4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.

5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their ownsouthern whites reasserted their power.

GUIDED READING The Problems of Peace Know: Reconstruction 1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain. All rebel leaders were finally pardoned by President Johnson as sort of a Christmas present in 1868 but Congress did not remove all remaining civil disabilities until thirty years later and only restored Daviss citizenship more than a century later.

Freedmen Define Freedom Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association 2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war? Emancipation took effect haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy; as Union armies marched in and out of various localities, many blacks found themselves emancipated and then re-enslaved (process of freedom slow). It confused the Blacks. Emancipation thus strengthened the black family, and many newly freed men and women formalized Slave marriages for personal and pragmatic reasons, including the desire to make their children legal heirs to plots of land they now owned.

The Freedmen's Bureau Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard 3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau. It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and to white refugees, The bureau helped education the most, however little land actually made it into blacks hands,.

Johnson: The Tailor President Know: Andrew Johnson 4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson. Johnson was a man of parts; he was intelligent, able, forceful, and gifted with honesty; he was also steadfastly devoted to duty and to the people, he was a dogmatic champion of states rights and the Constitution. Yet the man was a misfit; a Southerner who did not

understand the North. Pretty much, he was the wrong man in the wrong place at the wrong time.

Presidential Reconstruction Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans 5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans? Accordingly, Lincoln in 1863 proclaimed his 10 percent Reconstruction plan; it decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. Republicans feared the restoration of the planter aristocracy to power and the possible re-enslavement of blacks. Republicans there rammed through Congress in 1864 the Wade-Davis Bill which required that 50 percent of a states voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation. Lincoln pocket-vetoed this bill by refusing to sign it after Congress had adjourned.

The Baleful Black Codes Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage 6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down? These oppressive laws mocked the ideal of freedom, lacking capital, and with little to offer but their labor, thousands of impoverished former slaves slipped into the status of sharecropper farmers, as did many landless whites, Black Codes made an ugly impression in the North.

Congressional Reconstruction 7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical) Republicans didnt want to give up the power that they had gained in the war. The Republicans were alarmed to realize that a restored South would be stronger than ever in national politics; before the war a black slave shad counted as three-fifths of a person in apportioning congressional representation; now the slave was a full person.

Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment

8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response? The Republicans now undertook the rivet the principles of the civil Right Bill into the Constitution as the Fourteenth Amendment; they feared that the Southerners might one day win control of Congress and repeal the hated law; the proposed amendment, as approved by Congress and sent to the states in June 1866.

Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson 9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire? The president delivered a series of give em hell speeches, in which he accused the radicals in Congress of having planned large-scale anti-black riots and murder in the Southas he spoke, hecklers hurled insults at him. As a vote-getter, Johnson was highly successful for the opposition; his inept speechmaking heightened the cry of Stand by Congress; when the ballots were counted, the Republicans had rolled up more than two-thirds majority in both houses.

Republican Principles and Programs Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans 10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans? Still opposed to rapid restoration of the southern states, the radicals wanted to keep them out as long as possible and apply federal power to bring about a drastic social and economic transformation in the South; moderate Republicans, recoiled from full implications of the radical program.

Reconstruction by the Sword Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 11. Describe military reconstruction. Military Reconstruction of the south not only usurped certain functions of the president as commander in chief but set up a martial regime of dubious legality. The Supreme Court had already ruled in the case Ex parte Milligan, that military tribunals could not try civilians, even during the wartime. The circumstances were extraordinary in the Republics history, and for the time being the Supreme Court avoided offending the Republican Congress.

No Women Voters Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, and Fourteenth Amendment

12.

Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?

Women had played a prominent part in the prewar abolitionist movement and had often pointed out that both women and blacks lacked basic civil rights (right to vote). He struggle for black freedom and the crusade for womens rights were one and the same in the eyes of many women; yet during the war, feminist leaders such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony had temporarily suspended their own demands and worked wholeheartedly for the cause of black emancipation

The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers 13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement? By glaring contrast, most of the Northern states, before ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, withheld the ballot from their tiny black minorities; Whites southerners naturally concluded the Republicans were hypocritical.

The Ku Klux Klan Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise 14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down? Many whites resented the success and ability of black legislators as much as they resented alleged corruption; a number of secret organizations sprang up, the most notorious of was the Invisibly Empire of ht south, or Ku Klux Klan. T he Klan became a refuge for numerous bandits and cutthroats. White resistance undermined attempts to empower the blacks politically.

Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton 15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson? As the initial step, Congress in 1867 passed the Tenure of Office Act; contrary to precedent, the new law required the president to secure the consent of the Senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body.

A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson

Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens 16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office? Die-hard radicals were infuriated by their failure to muster a two-thirds majority for Johnsons removal; but the nation accepted the verdict with a good temper that did credit to its political maturity; in a less stable republic, it might have been an armed uprising.

The Purchase of Alaska Know: William Seward, Russia 17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway. In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward, an ardent expansionist, signed a treaty with Russia that transferred Alaska to the United States for the bargain price of $7.2 million but Sewards enthusiasm for these frigid wastes were not shared by his countrymen The American people, still preoccupied with Reconstruction and other internal vexations, were economy-minded and anti-expansionists (Sewards Folly, Sewards Icebox).

The Heritage of Reconstruction 18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction. Many white Southerners regarded Reconstruction as a more grievous wound than the war. Moderate Republicans never fully appreciated the extensive effort necessary to make the freed slaves completely independent citizens.