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PERCEPTION
Perception is the process through which people select, receive, organize and interpret information from their environment. Sensation is the immediate and direct response of the sensory organs to stimuli.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Source: http://stephsthoughtsntalks.blogspot.com/ 2010/11/perception.html

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Factors influencing Perception

Characteristics of object (contrast, intensity, movement and repetition) Characteristics of perceiver Situational process

Common Perceptual distortions

Halo effect: Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristics or trait Attribution: Explaining human behaviour in terms of cause and effect Stereotyping: When individuals are judged on the basis of the characteristics of the group they belong

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Classical Conditioning Theory of Learning

Operant Conditioning Theory of Learning

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Social Learning Theory

Attention Retention Reproduction Reinforcement

Tool for shaping behaviour

Positive Reinforcement: strengthen and enhances behaviour by the presentation of positive enforcers Negative Reinforcement: strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a consequence of the behavior. E.g. Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition for most of us. You leave home earlier than usual one morning, and don't run into heavy traffic. You leave home earlier again the next morning and again you avoid heavy traffic. Your behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the avoidance of heavy traffic. Punishment: weakens a behavior because a negative condition is introduced or experienced as a consequence of the behavior. Extinction: weakening of a behaviour by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced