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OSI Model

OSI was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and introduced in 1984. It is a layered architecture (consists of seven layers). Each layer defines a set of functions which takes part in data communication.

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OSI Model Layers

Layer - 7 Layer - 6 Layer - 5 Application Presentation Session User support Layers or Software Layers Core layer of the OSI Network support Layers or Hardware Layers

Layer - 4
Layer - 3 Layer - 2

Transport
Network Data Link

Layer - 1
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Physical

Application Layer
Application Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Layer is responsible for providing an interface for the users to interact with application services or Networking Services . Ex: Web browser, Telnet etc.

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Examples of Networking Services

Service Port No.

HTTP FTP SMTP TELNET TFTP

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80 21 25 23 69

Data flow -- Application Layer

Application
80 21 25 53 67 69

Data

Presentation Session Transport

Network
Data Link Physical
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Presentation Layer
Application Presentation Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Presentation Layer It is responsible for defining a standard format to the data. It deals with data presentation. The major functions described at this layer are.. Encoding Decoding Ex: ASCII, EBCDIC (Text) JPEG,GIF,TIFF (Graphics) MIDI,WAV (Voice) MPEG,DAT,AVI (Video) Encryption Decryption Compression Decompression

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Data flow -- Presentation Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Data Data

Network
Data Link Physical
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Session Layer
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Session Layer It is responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating the sessions. Session ID is used to identify a session or interaction. Examples : RPC Remote Procedural Call SQL Structured Query Language ASP AppleTalk Session protocol

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Data flow -- Session Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Data Data Data

Network
Data Link Physical
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Transport Layer
Application Presentation Session Transport Transport Network Data Link Physical Transport Layer It provides data delivery mechanism between the applications in the network. The major functions described at the Transport Layer are.. Identifying Service Multiplexing & De-multiplexing Segmentation

Sequencing & Reassembling

Error Correction Flow Control

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Identifying a Service
Identification of Services is done using Port Numbers.

Port is a logical communication Channel

Total No. Ports Server Ports Client Ports 0 65535 1 - 1023 1024 65535

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Transport Layer Protocols

The protocols which takes care of Data Transportation at Transport layer areTCP,UDP TCP
Transmission Control Protocol Connection Oriented Supports Acks

UDP
User Datagram Protocol Connection Less No support for Acks

Reliable communication
Slower data Transportation Protocol No is 6 Eg: HTTP, FTP, SMTP

Unreliable communication
Faster data Transportation Protocol No is 17 Eg: DNS, DHCP, TFTP

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Connection Establishment
A B

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Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application Presentation Session
80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network Data Link Physical

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Segmentation

Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are you ? Hello! How Are You ?

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Sequencing & Reassembling

You Hello! How ? Are You Hello! How ?

you Hello! How ? Are are

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Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are How are you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You
4/5

Hello! How
1/5
2/5

5/5

Are
3/5

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Flow Control
Window Size = 1
Send 1 Send 2 Window Size = 3 Send 3 Send 4 Send 5 Send 7 Receive 3 Receive 4 Receive 5 Ack 6 Receive 1 Ack 2 Receive 2 Ack 3

A
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Error Correction
A B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ack 4 Send 4 Send 5 Send 6 Ack 5 Send 5 Ack 7

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Error Correction

Segment Missing

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are How are you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You
4/5

Hello! How
1/5 2/5

5/5

Are
3/5

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Data flow -- Transport Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Data Data Data TH Segment Data

Network
Data Link Physical
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Network Layer
Application

Network Layer
It provides Logical addressing & Path determination (Routing) in this layer. The protocols that work in this layer are:

Presentation
Session Transport Network Network Data Link Physical

Routed Protocols:
IP, IPX, AppleTalk.. Etc Routed protocols used to carry user data between hosts.

Routing Protocols:
RIP, OSPF.. Etc Routing protocols performs Path determination (Routing).

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Routed Protocols
Transport

Segment

S.IP: 10.0.0.1 D.IP:10.0.0.2

Network

S.IP: 10.0.0.1 D.IP:10.0.0.2

Segment

10.0.0.1

10.0.0.2

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Routing Protocols

www.zoomgroup.com

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Data flow -- Network Layer

Application Presentation
Devices that work at Network Layer are Router, Multilayer switch etc..

Data Data Data Segment

Segment Packet NH

Session Transport

Network
Data Link Physical
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Datalink Layer
Datalink Layer Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
It has 2 sub layers MAC (Media Access Control) It provides reliable transit of data across a physical link. It also provides ERROR DETECTION using CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and ordered delivery of Frames. Ex: Ethernet, Token ringetc LLC (Logical Link Control) It provides communication with Network layer. Negotiates with Network Layer using SAP & SNAP protocols

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Error Detection CRC Check

Hello! How are you ?

PC-A CRC No. 33333 PC-B Source MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-71 CRC No. 11114 Error 33333 11114 46323 99434 43434 99323 55434 89696 22222 32434 00000 Detected Destination MAC Packet Error Detected 00-20-18-C0-07-72
B

Packet

For Error Correction Contact Source Transport layer

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192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71

192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72

Error Detection CRC Check

Packet

Source MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-71 Destination Packet MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-72

Hello! How are you ?

20202 11114 46323 99434 43434 99323 55434 89696 22222 32434 00000

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192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71

192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72

Data flow -- Data Link Layer

Application Presentation Session
Devices that work at Data link layer are Switch, Bridge etc..

Data Data Data Segment Packet

Packet DT DH Frame

Transport

Network
Data Link Physical

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Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
It defines the electrical, Mechanical & functional specifications for communication between the Network devices. The functions described at this layer are.. Encoding/decoding:
It is the process of converting the binary data into signals based on the type of the media.

Copper media : Electrical signals of different

voltages

Fiber media
wavelengths

: Light pulses of different

Wireless media: Radio frequency waves Mode of transmision of signals:

Signal Communication happens in three different modes Simplex, Half-duplex, Full-duplex Protocols works at physical layer: 10BaseT, 100BaseT,
V.35, RS-232..etc

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Physical Transmission of data Example:

Frame

Hello! How are you ?

1010101010101010
Frame

0101011010101010101010101 1010101101010101010101010 0101011010101010101010101

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Data flow -- Physical Layer

Application Presentation Session Transport Data Data Data Segment Packet Frame Bits

Network
Devices that work at physical layer are .. Hub, Repeater.. Etc

Data Link Physical

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Data Encapsulation & Decapsulation

B
Data Data

Application

Application

Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Data

Data

Presentation
Session TH Transport Network NH

Data

Data Segment Data TH Packet Segment NH Packet DH Packet DTFrame Bits

TH Data Segment
Packet Segment NH Packet DHFrame DT Bits

DH DT Data Link
Physical

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Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

OSI Layers Application Presentation TCP/IP Layers

Application

Session
Transport Network Host-to-Host Internet Network Access

Data Link
Physical
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