LI NI U Tun th php lut v bo v mi trng, hot ng bo v mi trng ni chung v nh gi tc ng mi trng ni ring c trin khai rng khp trn ton

n quc. T nm 1994 n nay, hng nghn cc d n pht trin tin hnh nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM), bo co TM ca cc d n ny c thm nh v ph duyt bi cc B Trung ng v cc a phng cp tnh. Thi gian qua, vi s tr gip ti chnh t Hp phn Kim sot nhim ti cc vng ng dn ngho thuc Chng trnh hp tc Vit Nam an Mch v mi trng giai on 2005-2010, Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (trc y l V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng trc thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng) phi hp cng cc chuyn gia xy dng v ban hnh hng dn k thut lp bo co TM cho mt s loi hnh d n pht trin: - H thng h tng k thut khu/cm cng nghip; - Bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot; - Trm x l nc thi th; - Nh my sn xut xi mng; - Nh my nhit in; - Nh my sn xut thp; - Nh my sn xut giy v bt giy Tuy nhin, theo Ph lc ban hnh km theo s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng, s lng cc loi hnh d n thuc i tng phi lp bo co TM l rt ln, khong 162 loi. S tay TM, c bin dch t cc ngun ti liu quc t v chnh l cho ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam, gii thiu v nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc d n pht trin theo cc nhm ngnh, lnh vc. S tay TM, bao gm 02 (hai) tp, cung cp cho cc nh qun l, cc chuyn gia, cc nh khoa hc hot ng trong lnh vc bo v mi trng cch nhn bit cc tc ng mi trng chnh; cc gii php, bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ca cc nhm loi hnh d n km theo danh mc cc ti liu tham kho. Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng xin c gii thiu S tay TM cho nhiu i tng khc nhau s dng trong qu trnh nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc hot ng pht trin. Trong qu trnh p dng vo thc t, nu c kh khn, vng mt xin kp thi phn nh v Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng theo a ch: Cc Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng 83 Nguyn Ch Thanh, H Ni in thoi: 844-37734246 Fax: 844-37734916

Tp I: GII THIU, QUY HOCH LIN NGNH, C S H TNG

Hng dn xy dng nghin cu ton din v cc kha cnh mi trng ca d n

M C L C
LI NI U ........................................................................................................................................1 I. GII THIU .....................................................................................................................................16 1. nh ngha cc vng nh hng .....................................................................................................16 A. S cn thit ca mt nghin cu v mi trng .........................................................................16 B. C s cho vic kim tra cc tc ng mi trng .......................................................................17 C. Ni dung v c cu ca nghin cu mi trng ........................................................................17 (1) Kh hu v thi tit ..................................................................................................................17 (2) t v nc ngm ....................................................................................................................17 (3) Chu trnh thy vn ...................................................................................................................18 (4) Thm thc vt v s dng t ..................................................................................................18 (5) Thc vt v ng vt vi s lin quan c bit chng cn c bo v .............................18 (6) Dn s v khu nh c .............................................................................................................18 (7) Thnh phn ca h sinh thi cn c bo v c bit, a dng .............................................19 2. Nhng cng thng hin hu v s n nh/ kh nng chu ng ca h sinh thi.....................19 2.1. nhim khng kh ...................................................................................................................19 2.2. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n t v nc ngm ...........................................19 2.3. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n nhng vng nc mt ....................................19 2.4. Ting n v rung (ch th cc thi quen/th cht ti a phng) ...................................20 2.5. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n ton b h sinh thi ........................................20 2.6. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n cc thnh phn loi (thc vt v ng vt) ..20 2.7. Nhng ri ro c bit ...............................................................................................................20 3. M t cc cng thng gy ra bi d n ..........................................................................................20 3.1. M t quy trnh v nhng hot ng ca d n c lin quan vi mi trng ....................20 3.2. Nhng cng thng trc tip v nhng ri ro bt ngun t d n ........................................20 3.2.1. Nhng pht thi trong khng kh (cc kha cnh ring bit nh trong 2.1) .........................20 3.2.2. Vic a cc cht vo nc mt v nc ngm (cc kha cnh ring bit nh trong 3.2.2 v 3.2.3) ..............................................................................................................................................20 3.2.3. S a cc cht vo t (nh mt ch ct giu) ..................................................................20 3.2.4. Vt liu thi, cht thi rn v nc thi ...............................................................................20 3.2.5 Ting n v rung ..............................................................................................................21 3.3. Nhng tc ng gin tip ca d n ........................................................................................21 3.3.1. Nhng tc ng do khai thc ti nguyn khong sn s dng lm nguyn liu trong cc d n quy hoch.............................................................................................................................21 2

3.3.2. Nhng tc ng ca d n v s dng nc ngm, nc mt v s hi lu ca nc .......21 3.3.3. Nhng tc ng do s dng cc ngun t ti sinh v khng t ti sinh ..............................21 3.3.4. Nhng tc ng n h qu t vic m rng v tng cng s dng t (bao gm c hu qu ca nhng ngi s dng trc ) ........................................................................................21 3.3.5. Nhng tc ng n h qu t vic dng d n x l cht thi rn ....................................21 3.6.6. Nhng tc ng ca cc bin php c s h tng ................................................................21 3.3.7. Nhng tc ng xy ra trong giai on xy dng................................................................21 4. nh gi ton b cc cng thng tng lai v nhng tc ng ca chng ..................................21 4.1 Tng th nhng Nhng cng thng nh hng n h thng ph ring bit v s so snh vi nhng tiu chun s lng/ cht lng ...................................................................................21 4.1.1. nhim khng kh (thuc v nhng kha cnh nh trn) ................................................21 4.1.2. Nhng cng thng nh hng n nhng vng nc mt v nc ngm (thuc v nhng kha cnh nh trn) .....................................................................................................................21 4.1.3. Nhng cng thng kt qu t ti ch cht thi (d) t nguyn vt liu v x l cht thi rn v nc thi ...................................................................................................................................21 4.1.4. Nhng cng thng nh hng n t ai (thuc v nhng kha cnh nh trn) .............21 4.1.5. Nhng cng thng gy ra bi ting n v rung...............................................................21 4.1.6. Nhng cng thng nh hng n thc vt v ng vt .....................................................21 4.1.7. Nhng cng thng nh hng n ton b h sinh thi .......................................................21 4.2. Nhng cng thng/tc ng n mi trng tng lai vo cc thnh phn mi trng i hi s bo v .....................................................................................................................................22 4.2.1. Sc khe v phc li ...........................................................................................................22 4.2.2. Vi kh hu ............................................................................................................................22 4.2.3. t v nc ngm................................................................................................................22 4.2.4. Nc mt .............................................................................................................................22 4.2.5. Thc vt v s dng t.......................................................................................................22 4.2.6. Thc vt v ng vt ...........................................................................................................22 4.2.7. Vt cht v s bo v cc gi tr vn ha ............................................................................22 4.2.8. Nhng tc ng bt li ln cc hnh thc khc ca hot ng kinh t ................................22 4.3 Tm tt v x l chc chn thm cc cng thng v cc kh nng xo trn trn c s ca im 4, ni m thch hp vi s xem xt c bit v s ng gp ca chng cho nhng vn mi trng ton cu.........................................................................................................................22 5. Cc xut la chn mi trng hon chnh [sound options] ....................................................23 5.1 kin v v tr d n t gc mi trng ............................................................................23 5.2 Nhng thay i cng ngh trong nh my ...............................................................................23 5.3. Nhng yu cu v mi trng v s an ton c p ng bi mt dng d n xut .23 5.3.1. Cc bin php gim lng pht thi ...............................................................................23 5.3.2.Cc bin php khc trong phm vi d n .............................................................................23 5.3.3. o to v nng cao nhn thc cho cn b v cc bin php an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng .....................................................................................................................................23 5.3.4. Pht trin cc bin php gim st ........................................................................................23 3

5.3.5 T chc sp xp m bo rng cc bin php k hoch bo v c thc hin y ...................................................................................................................................................24 6. S nh gi tng th v cc h tr ra quyt nh. ........................................................................24 6.1 Nhng tc ng ca d n c th d bo v c nh c khng? ....................................24 6.2 Nh th no l d n c nh gi cao nht da trn quan im mi trng? ................24 II. QUY HOCH LIN NGNH .......................................................................................................25 1. Qui hoch khng gian v qui hoch vng ......................................................................................25 1.1. Phm vi v mc ch ca quy hoch khng gian v quy hoch vng ti cc quc gia ang pht trin ..........................................................................................................................................25 1.1.1. Cc dng nh ngha/ m t khu vc ...................................................................................25 1.1.2. Nhim v v chc nng .......................................................................................................26 1.1.3. Tnh trng v kh khn ........................................................................................................27 1.2. Cng c ......................................................................................................................................29 1.2.1 Cc cng c ..........................................................................................................................29 1.2.2. S hp nht ca cc kha cnh mi trng ..........................................................................33 1.2.3. Tnh nng v phng php quy hoch sinh thi ..................................................................34 Tm lc 4 - Tng quan cc iu kin php l thc hin .......................................................47 2. Qui hoch v tr pht trin cng nghip v thng mi ................................................................50 2.1. Phm vi ......................................................................................................................................50 2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ................................................................50 2.2.1. Tc ng mi trng ca cc hot ng cng thng .....................................................52 2.2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc bin php lin quan n c s h tng ...........................54 2.2.3. Cc vn x hi lin quan .................................................................................................55 2.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .............................................56 2.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .............................................................57 2.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ................................................................................57 2.6. Ti liu tham kho ....................................................................................................................57 3. Qui hoch pht trin nng lng ....................................................................................................60 3.1. Phm vi ......................................................................................................................................60 3.2. Xy lp cc h thng nng lng v nhin liu - Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v .......................................................................................................................................62 3.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .............................................63 3.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .............................................................66 3.4.1. Cc mc tiu chung v cc kha cnh kinh t - x hi / vn ha x hi ...........................66 3.4.2. Mi lin h/tng tc vi cc ngnh/lnh vc khc.............................................................67 3.5. Tm tt cc tho ng v mi trng .....................................................................................68 3.6. Ti liu tham kho ....................................................................................................................69 4. Qui hoch khung cp nc ..............................................................................................................71 4.1. Phm vi ......................................................................................................................................71 4

4.1.1. Tng quan ............................................................................................................................71 4.1.2. Cc nh ngha v nguyn l qui hoch khung cp nc ....................................................72 4.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ................................................................73 4.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .............................................76 4.3.1. Cc kha cnh tng h lin quan .......................................................................................76 4.3.2. Phn tch tnh trng s dng v cht lng cc ngun nc thin nhin ............................77 4.3.2.1. Xc lp vic cung cp nc thin nhin ...........................................................................77 4.3.2.2. Xc lp kh nng x dng ngun nc cp ......................................................................78 4.3.2.3. Xc nh nhu cu s dng nc .......................................................................................78 4.3.2.4. Cn bng thu lc v qui hoch tng th .........................................................................80 4.3.3. Phn tch cc tc ng n h sinh thi, cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v s dng ngun ti nguyn ...........................................................................................................................81 4.3.4. Phn tch tc ng n sc kho v v sinh ........................................................................82 4.3.5. Tc ng kinh t-x hi v vn ho-x hi..........................................................................82 4.3.6. Khung hnh chnh v chnh sch .........................................................................................83 4.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .............................................................83 4.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ................................................................................84 4.6. Ti liu tham kho ....................................................................................................................85 5. Qui hoch pht trin giao thng vn ti .........................................................................................87 5.1. Phm vi ......................................................................................................................................87 5.1.1. nh ngha vn ti v giao thng "Transport and Traffic" ...............................................87 5.1.2. Cc hnh thc vn ti v giao thng ....................................................................................87 5.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ................................................................89 5.2.1. Cc tc ng mi trng trc tip ca mt s m hnh vn ti ...........................................89 5.2.2. Cc bin php bo v trc tip ............................................................................................90 5.2.3. Cc tc ng mi trng ca vn ti v giao thng phm vi a phng, vng v ton cu, v cc bin php bo v c th p dng .................................................................................91 5.2.4. Gim giao thng ng b v chuyn sang dng vn ti khc, bng qui hoch pht trin vng v k hoch quc gia v giao thng vn ti ..........................................................................92 5.2.5. Cc bin php hnh chnh, qui nh v ti chnh .................................................................93 5.2.6. Cc c trng ca qui hoch giao thng th ...................................................................94 5.2.7. Qui hoch vn ti hng mi trng ...................................................................................95 5.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .............................................96 5.3.1. nh danh v phn tch ........................................................................................................96 5.3.2. nh gi...............................................................................................................................96 5.3.3. S tham gia ca cc i tng th ba..................................................................................97 5.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .............................................................98 5.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ................................................................................99 5.6. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................100 5

6. Du lch .............................................................................................................................................102 6.1. Phm vi ....................................................................................................................................102 6.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ..............................................................102 6.2.1. Th nhng, a hnh, a l .............................................................................................103 6.2.2. Cn bng nc ...................................................................................................................104 6.2.3. Kh hu, khng kh ............................................................................................................105 6.2.4. Thm thc vt, h ng vt, cc h sinh thi.....................................................................106 6.2.5. Cnh quan ..........................................................................................................................108 6.2.6. Cc tc ng vn ho-x hi v kinh t-x hi v cc hiu ng mi trng ....................109 6.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ...........................................111 6.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc ...........................................................112 6.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ..............................................................................113 6.6. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................116 7. Phn tch, d bo v th nghim ..................................................................................................119 7.1. Phm vi ....................................................................................................................................119 7.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ..............................................................120 7.2.1. Tng quan v cc phng th nghim ..................................................................................120 7.2.2. Cc phng th nghim ho hc ..........................................................................................121 7.2.2.1. S dng ho cht ............................................................................................................121 7.2.2.2. Cc cu phn ca thit b v cu trc ca cc dng c ...................................................122 7.2.2.3. Xy lp............................................................................................................................123 7.2.2.4. X l cht thi ................................................................................................................124 7.2.3. Cc phng th nghim c s dng ch phm, tc nhn sinh hc .......................................125 7.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ...........................................126 7.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc ...........................................................127 7.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ..............................................................................127 7.6. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................128 III. C S H TNG .......................................................................................................................130 8.Cung cp v ti b tr nh ...........................................................................................................130 8.1. Phm vi ....................................................................................................................................130 8.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ..............................................................131 8.2.1. Pht trin cc khu vc xy nh mi...................................................................................131 8.2.2. Ti lp cc khu nh c......................................................................................................132 8.2.3. Cc yu t v tr v qui hoch ............................................................................................133 8.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ...........................................136 8.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc ...........................................................137 8.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ..............................................................................137 8.6. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................138 6

9. Cc tin ch cng cng trng hc, trung tm y-t, bnh vin ................................................140 9.1. Phm vi ....................................................................................................................................140 9.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ..............................................................140 9.2.1. Cc c s o to, dy ngh v mi trng ca chng .....................................................141 9.2.1.1. Cc tc ng ca mi trng t nhin n d n ...........................................................141 9.2.1.2. Tc ng ca mi trng nhn to n mi trng t nhin .........................................141 9.2.1.3. Cc tc ng mi trng ca d n ................................................................................141 9.2.1.4. Cc bin php bo v v kin ngh .................................................................................142 9.2.2. Cc c s chm sc sc khe v mi trng ca chng ...................................................143 9.2.2.1. Cc tc ng ca mi trng t nhin ............................................................................143 9.2.2.2. Tc ng ca mi trng nhn to n mi trng t nhin .........................................143 9.2.2.3. Tc ng mi trng ca cc c s chm sc sc khe ni chung v ca bnh vin ni ring .............................................................................................................................................144 9.2.2.4. Cc bin php bo v v kin ngh .................................................................................144 9.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ...........................................145 9.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc ...........................................................146 9.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ..............................................................................147 9.6. Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................147 10. Cp nc th ............................................................................................................................149 10.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................149 10.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................150 10.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................150 10.2.2. Tc ng mi trng ca vic khai thc nc.................................................................150 10.2.2.1. Nc ngm ...................................................................................................................150 10.2.2.2. Nc mt ......................................................................................................................152 10.2.3. Vn chuyn v x l nc th .........................................................................................154 10.2.4. Mng ng phn phi nc ...............................................................................................154 10.2.5. Cc tc ng ca cc d n cp nc th ....................................................................155 10.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................157 10.3.1. Gii hn v ch dn ca cc quc gia cng nghip ..........................................................157 10.3.2. Cc ch dn ca cc quc gia khc ..................................................................................158 10.3.3. Phn loi tc ng mi trng.........................................................................................158 10.3.4. Cc bin php bo v mi trng v cc kin ngh ( xut ).........................................159 10.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................160 10.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................161 10.5.1. Cc ngun nc c ph duyt ( bit), v s dng a ngnh ...............................162 10.5.2. Bng chng v s dng hiu qu ngun nc kt hp x l cht thi hiu qu ca cc h thng cp nc th hin hu hoc qui hoch ..........................................................................162 10.5.3. Cc bin php sa cha vic s dng km hiu qu kt hp x l cht thi cha hiu qu 7

ca cc h thng cp nc th hin hu..................................................................................162 10.5.4. Cc lu quan trng trong qui hoch h thng cp nc th thn thin vi mi trng .....................................................................................................................................................162 10.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................163 11. Cp nc nng thn .....................................................................................................................164 11.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................164 11.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................165 11.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................165 11.2.2. S dng ngun nc qu mc v cc mi e do n cht lng ca chng .................166 11.2.2.1. Tng quan .....................................................................................................................166 11.2.2.2. S dng ngun nc qu mc ......................................................................................166 11.2.2.3. Cc kha cnh cht lng ca vic lu tr v s dng qu mc ngun nc ..............168 11.2.2.4. Kha cnh cht lng ca h thng phn phi nc khng dng ng ng ..............169 11.2.3. Tng nhu cu s dng nh l kt qu ca s phn hi tch cc ......................................170 11.2.4. S dng qu mc xut pht t vic cung cp nc tt ....................................................170 11.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................171 11.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................172 11.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................173 11.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................173 12. X l nc thi .............................................................................................................................176 12.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................176 12.1.1. Cc nh ngha .................................................................................................................176 12.1.2. Cc vn ......................................................................................................................176 12.1.3. Mc tiu ...........................................................................................................................176 12.1.4. Cc giai on ca qu trnh x l nc thi ....................................................................177 12.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................178 12.2.1. Cc lu ban u ............................................................................................................178 12.2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng in hnh .................................................................................178 12.2.2.1. Tc ng ca qu trnh thu gom v x l .....................................................................179 12.2.2.2. Tc ng ca qu trnh x l ........................................................................................181 12.2.2.3. Tc ng ca vic thi b phn ....................................................................................183 12.2.2.4. Tc ng ca vic x thi nc thi .............................................................................184 12.2.2.5. Tc ng ca qu trnh x l bn .................................................................................184 12.2.3. Cc bin php phng trnh v an ton .............................................................................185 12.2.3.1. Phng trnh nc thi ...................................................................................................185 12.2.3.2. Cc bin php an ton...................................................................................................185 12.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................188 12.3.1. Cc lu ban u ............................................................................................................188 12.3.2. Khu vc thu gom v tiu thot 8 nc thi .........................................................................................

12.3.3. Khu vc x l nc thi ..................................................................................................190 12.3.4. Khu vc tiu hu bn ......................................................................................................191 12.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................192 12.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................192 12.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................193 13. X l/tiu hu cht thi rn ........................................................................................................196 13.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................196 13.1.1. Cc nh ngha .................................................................................................................196 13.1.2. Cc vn .......................................................................................................................196 13.1.3. Mc tiu ...........................................................................................................................196 13.1.4. Cc giai on x l cht thi ...........................................................................................197 13.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................198 13.2.1. Cc lu ban u ............................................................................................................198 13.2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng c trng .................................................................................199 13.2.2.1. Tc ng ca qu trnh thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi.............................................199 13.2.2.2. Tc ng ca qu trnh x l ........................................................................................199 13.2.2.3. Tc ng ca vic trung chuyn cht thi ....................................................................200 13.2.2.4. Tc ng ca qu trnh cht thi ..............................................................................201 13.2.2.5. Tc ng ca qu trnh xoay vng cht thi .................................................................201 13.2.3. Cc bin php phng trnh v an ton .............................................................................203 13.2.3.1. Phng trnh cht thi ....................................................................................................203 13.2.3.2. Cc bin php an ton...................................................................................................204 13.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................207 13.3.1. Cc lu ban u ............................................................................................................207 13.3.2. Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi ....................................................................................208 13.3.3. X l cht thi .................................................................................................................208 13.3.4. Lu tr tm thi (trung chuyn) ......................................................................................210 13.3.5. cht thi......................................................................................................................210 13.3.6. Xoay vng cht thi .........................................................................................................210 13.3.7. Thiu t cht thi ...........................................................................................................210 13.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................211 13.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................212 13.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................212 14. X l/tiu hu cht thi nguy hi ................................................................................................215 14.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................215 14.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................215 14.2.1. Cc nh ngha theo cng c Basel ...............................................................................215 14.2.2. Cc vn c th ca cc quc gia ang pht trin ......................................................216 9

14.2.3. Kho st cc dng cht thi pht hin c ti cc quc gia ang pht trin ..................216 14.2.3.1. Tng quan .....................................................................................................................216 14.2.3.2. im pht thi ..............................................................................................................217 14.2.3.3. Nhn dng cht thi ......................................................................................................218 14.2.3.4. Cc phng php cho php cht thi nguy hi c tiu hu ph hp vi mi trng .....................................................................................................................................................218 14.2.4. Nhn dng mc nguy hi do vic lu tr cc cht thi c bit ......................................220 14.2.5. nh gi nguy hi ca Ngun-vn chuyn-im n "Source-Transport-Destination" .....................................................................................................................................................221 14.2.5.1. Cc giai on ca nh gi nguy hi ............................................................................221 14.2.5.2. Ngun: im pht sinh cht thi ...................................................................................221 14.2.5.3. Vn chuyn ...................................................................................................................222 14.2.5.4. im n: cc nh my x l/tiu hu cht thi c bit .............................................222 14.2.6. Cc thnh phn v giai on ca qun l cht thi nguy hi chp nhn c v mt mi trng ..........................................................................................................................................224 14.2.6.1. Cc giai on ca qui hoch qun l cht thi..............................................................224 14.2.6.2. quan trng ca cc bin php phng trnh/gim thiu cht thi v khuyn khch xoay vng/ti s dng cht thi. ..................................................................................................226 14.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................226 14.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................226 14.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................227 14.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................228 Ph lc ............................................................................................................................................230 15. Kim sot xi mn ........................................................................................................................260 15.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................260 15.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................262 15.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................262 15.2.2. Kim sot xi mn mng [sheet erosion] .....................................................................262 15.2.2.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................262 15.2.2.2. Mi trng t nhin......................................................................................................263 15.2.2.3. Mi trng s dng ......................................................................................................263 15.2.2.4. Mi trng nhn bn ....................................................................................................263 15.2.3. Kim sot xi mn ti cc knh thot nc v cc dng nc........................................263 15.2.3.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................263 15.2.3.2. Mi trng t nhin......................................................................................................264 15.2.3.3. Mi trng s dng ......................................................................................................264 15.2.3.4. Mi trng nhn bn ....................................................................................................265 15.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................265 15.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................266 15.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................267 10

16. Lm v bo dng ng, xy dng ng giao thng nng thn .........................................268 16.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................268 16.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................268 16.2.1. Cc tc ng trc tip v din rng .................................................................................269 16.2.2. Cc tc ng gin tip dng im v dng ng ...........................................................269 16.2.3. Cc tc ng th cp .......................................................................................................272 16.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................273 16.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................274 16.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................274 16.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................275 17. Kim sot giao thng ....................................................................................................................276 17.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................276 17.1.1. Chc nng ca ng b .................................................................................................276 17.1.2. Mi trng giao thng ng b.....................................................................................276 17.1.3. Mc nh ca tm tt .......................................................................................................276 17.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................276 17.2.1. Pht thi t hot ng giao thng ng b ....................................................................276 17.2.2. An ton giao thng ..........................................................................................................280 17.2.3. Gim mt giao thng ng b v chuyn sang cc mi trng giao thng khc thng qua qui hoch pht trin vng v nguyn l giao thng tch hp ................................................281 17.2.4. Cc bin php hnh chnh, lut nh v ti chnh ............................................................281 17.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................281 17.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................282 17.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................283 17.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................283 18. ng st v vn hnh giao thng ng st ............................................................................285 18.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................285 18.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................285 18.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................285 18.2.2. Lp t ng ray ............................................................................................................285 18.2.3. Kh thi ............................................................................................................................286 18.2.4. Nhu cu ph tr v cht thi ............................................................................................287 18.2.4.1. Cht bi trn .................................................................................................................287 18.2.4.2. X l t b nhim bi du-m..................................................................................288 18.2.4.3. Dung mi ......................................................................................................................288 18.2.4.4. Cc cht bo qun g ....................................................................................................288 18.2.4.5. Cc cht thi .................................................................................................................288 18.2.5. Nc thi .........................................................................................................................288 18.2.6. Cc h thng trung chuyn ..............................................................................................289 11

18.2.7. Kim sot c ....................................................................................................................289 18.2.8 Phn ..................................................................................................................................289 18.2.9. Vn chuyn cht nguy hi ...............................................................................................290 18.2.10. Chng n .......................................................................................................................290 18.2.11. Cc bin php t chc ...................................................................................................291 18.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................291 18.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................292 18.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................292 18.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................293 19. Sn bay ..........................................................................................................................................294 19.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................294 19.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................294 19.2.1. Cc cu trc kinh t-x hi ..............................................................................................294 19.2.2. H sinh thi ......................................................................................................................295 19.2.3. Xy dng sn bay ............................................................................................................295 19.2.4. Mi trng alo ng ti cc sn bay................................................................................296 19.2.5. Bo v cc ngun nc mt v nc ngm .....................................................................296 19.2.6. Ting n bi my bay ......................................................................................................297 19.2.7. Ting n bi h thng giao thng ....................................................................................298 19.2.8. Cht lng khng kh ......................................................................................................298 19.2.9. Mi ..................................................................................................................................299 19.2.10. Vi kh hu ......................................................................................................................299 19.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................299 19.3.1. Mi trng lao ng ti cc sn bay................................................................................299 19.3.2. Ting n bi my bay ......................................................................................................299 19.3.3. Ting n bi giao thng...................................................................................................299 19.3.4. Khng kh ........................................................................................................................300 19.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................301 19.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................302 19.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................302 20. Cc hot ng lin quan n sng, rch .....................................................................................305 20.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................305 20.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................305 20.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................305 20.2.2. Cc hot ng lin quan n k thut sng ngi .............................................................306 20.2.2.1. Mc tiu ca cc hot ng k thut sng ngi............................................................306 20.2.2.2. Tc ng ca hot ng no/vt ...................................................................................306 20.2.2.3. Cc p chn v cc cu trc nn dng ........................................................................306 12

20.2.2.4. Cc p chn (Revetments) ..........................................................................................307 20.2.2.5. Cc b bao (Embankments)..........................................................................................307 20.2.2.6. Tm lt y, mn v p chn [Bottom sills, step sills, weirs (alone or in combination with locks or run-of-river hydroelectric stations)].......................................................................308 20.2.2.7. Nn thng dng chy hoc phn lung [River straightening or channelisation] ..........309 20.2.3. Thu nng ........................................................................................................................311 20.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................312 20.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................312 20.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................313 20.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................313 21. H thng thu nng ......................................................................................................................315 21.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................315 21.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................315 21.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................315 21.2.2. Cc p chn v tm lt y [Weirs and bottom sills] ....................................................316 21.2.2.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................316 21.2.2.2. Mi trng t nhin......................................................................................................316 21.2.2.3. Mi trng nhn bn ....................................................................................................317 21.2.3. Cc dng dn nc/ngun tip nhn ...............................................................................318 21.2.3.1. Mc ch .......................................................................................................................318 20.2.3.2. Mi trng t nhin......................................................................................................318 20.2.3.3. Mi trng nhn bn ....................................................................................................318 21.2.4. Cc lu vc tr nc [Detention basins] .........................................................................318 21.2.4.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................318 21.2.4.2. Mi trng t nhin......................................................................................................319 21.2.4.3. Mi trng nhn bn ....................................................................................................319 21.2.5. Xy dng cc p nh bng t ca cc h cha ............................................................320 21.2.5.1. Mc tiu ........................................................................................................................320 21.2.5.2. Mi trng t nhin......................................................................................................320 21.2.5.3. Mi trng nhn bn ....................................................................................................321 21.2.6. n nh b v y ...........................................................................................................321 21.2.7. Phn dng (p b)..........................................................................................................321 21.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................321 21.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................322 21.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................323 21.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................323 22. Cc h thng thu nng ln .........................................................................................................325 22.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................325 22.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v .................................................................................. 13

22.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................325 22.2.2. Cc p ............................................................................................................................326 22.2.3. Cc p trn .....................................................................................................................330 22.2.4. Cc trm thu in...........................................................................................................330 22.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................330 22.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................331 22.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................331 22.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................331 23. Cng ni a ..................................................................................................................................336 23.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................336 23.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................337 23.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................337 23.2.2. Xy dng hoc m rng c s h tng hay cc siu h tng ca cng ni a ................338 23.2.2.1. Cc hng mc ven b ...................................................................................................338 23.2.2.2. Cc hng mc pha mt nc .......................................................................................340 23.2.3. Hot ng ca cng .........................................................................................................341 23.2.3.1. Hot ng ca cng pha b .........................................................................................341 23.2.3.2. Hot ng ca cng pha mt nc ..............................................................................343 23.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................344 23.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................345 23.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................345 23.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................346 24. Giao thng thu trn sng ...........................................................................................................347 24.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................347 24.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................347 24.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................347 24.2.2. Thit k k thut ca cc phng tin vn ti thu ni a v ph..................................348 24.2.3. Hot ng ........................................................................................................................349 24.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................351 24.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................351 24.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................352 24.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................353 25. Bn cng, xy dng v vn hnh ................................................................................................354 25.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................354 25.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................355 25.2.1. Tng quan ........................................................................................................................355 25.2.2. Xy dng hoc m rng c s h tng hay cc siu h tng ca cng bin ....................356 25.2.2.1. Cc hng mc pha t lin...........................................................................................356 14

25.2.2.2. Cc hng mc pha mt nc .......................................................................................358 25.2.3. Cc hot ng ca cng ...................................................................................................359 25.2.3.1. Cc hot ng ca cng pha t lin ...........................................................................359 25.2.3.2. Cc hot ng ca cng pha mt nc ........................................................................361 25.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................362 25.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................363 25.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................364 25.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................364 26. Vn ti bin ............................................................................................................................366 26.1. Phm vi ..................................................................................................................................366 26.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v.............................................................366 26.2.1. Mi trng lm vic v sc kho ....................................................................................366 26.2.2. Nc ................................................................................................................................368 26.2.3. Khng kh ........................................................................................................................370 26.2.4. y bin...........................................................................................................................371 26.2.5. Cc h sinh thi ...............................................................................................................371 26.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng .........................................372 26.3.1. Nc ................................................................................................................................372 26.3.2. Cc mi trng khc .......................................................................................................372 26.3.3. Cc c trng ...................................................................................................................372 26.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc .........................................................373 26.4.1. Qun l hnh chnh vn ti bin ......................................................................................373 26.4.2. Cc cng v tuyn giao thng thu ..................................................................................373 26.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng ............................................................................374 26.6. Ti liu tham kho ................................................................................................................374

15

I. GII THIU 1. nh ngha cc vng nh hng A. S cn thit ca mt nghin cu v mi trng S tm hiu chc chn v xem xt n cc tc ng ca mi trng l mt yu t cn thit ca vic lp k hoch d n. Phm vi cn thit ca mt nghin cu v tc ng ca mi trng v vic lp cc h s thit k v mt mi trng s ty thuc vo quy m ca vic lng trc c kh nng chu ti ca mi trng, s nhy cm ca cc thnh phn mi trng i hi phi bo v, iu phc tp ca d n, s ch li ca thng tin v phm vi thm nh. Chc chn iu ch trong d n l bao gm cc c trng ch yu v s ri ro mi trng, chng hn nh l vic sn xut ca cc nh my cng nghip gy nn nhng pht thi ng k ( th d: cc nh my lc du ), vic xy dng cc c s h tng m cc tc ng tim tng ca n l rt kh nh gi ( th d vic xy dng cc con ng xuyn quc gia/kt qu tc ng l c th tnh c) v bao gm nhng tr ngi lu di ti s cn bng t nhin. (th d ngnh khai thc khong sn, sn xut g, s dng nc ). Mt nghin cu chi tit ni chung s c yu cu trong trng hp nh vy. Mc ch ca vic nghin cu l cung cp mt c s cho vic lp k hoch d n v nh gi thm nh. Kt qu c th trnh by trong mt nghin cu ring bit hoc nh mt phn ca nghin cu v tnh kh thi. Sau y nhng kha cnh quan trng ca mi trng phi c xem xt cho nhng d n khc c lin quan vi mi trng: Thc t tnh hnh sinh thi trong vng d n hoc vi s lu tm ti h sinh thi c trng. Nhng cng thng tn ti trong nhng h sinh thi khc nhau trn khu vc c k hoch d n v s trnh by thch hp ca h nu d n khng c s thc hin y (trng thi ng gc). S m t ca cc tc ng cng thm phi chu bi d n v n loi tr ln nhau. S nh gi ton b tc ng v sau ny. S tc ng qua li gia sinh thi hc, kinh t hc, vn ha v cc tc ng x hi. Nhng tc ng i vi ph n sau ny phi c cn nhc ring r Cc kin ngh cho nhng la chn c c s mang tnh mi trng (phng php loi tr, yu cu gii hn pht tn), bao gm vic xc nh v tr ph hp. S c lng tng cng thit lp phm vi v cc lnh vc quan tm cho mt nghin cu mi trng, t nhin, phm vi v s ch ca k hoch d n tc ng mi trng tim nng phi c nh gi bng s h tr ca ti liu thng dng v nhng d kin xc ng. C s h tng c cung cp bng thng tin v thit k d n v bi cnh, s din ra, s phn tn v s xy ra nhim ni no, trc tip v gin tip gy tr ngi vt cht ti h sinh thi, sau l nhng nh hng n vng tun hon ca t nhin, nhng tc ng s cp v th cp ln hon cnh kinh t - x hi ca dn c trong vng d n c th thy c. Nhng iu khon tham chiu cho ph hp ca nghin cu ny sau phi c xy dng trn c s ca cc thng tin ny.
1)

16

B. C s cho vic kim tra cc tc ng mi trng 1. Thng tin ban u c th ly c t nhng ti liu d n. N phi bo m rng nhng ti liu cung cp nhng c im c th c th a ra c nh cc dng mi trng. Phm vi ng dng ni ring c ngha c trong iu kin k thut v kinh t cng nh t quan im sinh thi hc. u tin trong s l: Vic s dng cc ti nguyn thin nhin. Vic s dng t canh tc. Tnh tnh giao thng. X l cht thi. S ph hy tim tng. iu kin kinh t, x hi v vn ha. Nhng tc ng ngc dng v xui dng ln khu vc. iu cn thit, nhiu thng tin chi tit c thu thp trong thi gian chun b ca nghin cu kh thi, to thnh kin thc hiu bit v a phng khi thch hp. 2. xc nh ngi nghin cu v nhng ngi h tr, th cn thit phi tm hiu chc chn khoa hc hin hnh v kin ca gii chuyn mn v k thut, nhng quy nh c p dng, phm vi m lut i hi v nhng pht minh c lin quan c ng dng thc t. Nu kt cu bo m ph hp vi nhng lut l mi trng th coi nh c hiu qu, v d nh, nghin cu mi trng c th b hn ch t nhng vn c bit kh khn v khng in hnh. C. Ni dung v c cu ca nghin cu mi trng C cu t ra di y nhm gip m bo rng bn bo co c ly t tt c cc tc ng mi trng quan trng trong vng d n cng nh l cc khu vc thng ngun v h ngun. Kinh nghim cho thy rng nhng him ha mi trng nghim trng xy ra trong trng hp ni m cc vn tip theo khng c pht hin trc; mt cch ngn nga s pht trin nh vy l thit lp ton din phm vi ca cc iu khon tham chiu. C cu c coi l phm vi ti a cho mt nghim cu v s c s dng cho mu hon chnh khi m nhng tc ng mi trng phc tp (nh m t trong phn A trn) c d on. (1) Kh hu v thi tit Kh hu vng rng: Vi kh hu: Ri ro thi tit: Thm ha thin tai: Bc x, nhit khng kh, p sut kh quyn, m, lng ma, s bc hi, hng v tc ca gi. S nghch chuyn, tn xut ca sng m, gi a phng. Nhng cn bo, nhng cn bo ct v bo bi, ma , ma ro, thy triu, nn ngp lt. ng t, ni la phun tro, bo ln .v.v..

(2) t v nc ngm Loi t. Tnh cht n nh ca t (s l t v ri ro xi mn).

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 Tnh trng mu m ca t. Ti nguyn v cht lng nc ngm. S hnh thnh nc ngm v dng chy. Cu trc a cht, bn cht ca , kin to. S b sung v dng chy nc ngm. (3) Chu trnh thy vn Thng tin v h sinh thi thy sinh. Dng nc vi cc c im dng chy hng nm v cht lng nc, lu vc sng. Nc ng. B bin v vng bin. S dng cc vng bin cho nh bt c. Ngun nc ung. Cc ng dng khc. (4) Thm thc vt v s dng t S tn ti ca quy hoch vng. Nng nghip: trng trt, chn nui, thy li, p t [terracing] ( phm vi rng ln, vi vic s dng phn bn, thuc tr su, v.v..). Lm nghip: g thng phm, g, rng t nhin, cy trng. Cc khu cng nghip. Cc tuyn vn ti. C s h tng. Khu vc du lch/ khu vc gii tr. Chc nng nh mt mi trng t nhin (c bit nhy cm v mt sinh thi). Nhng khu vc c bo v. (5) Thc vt v ng vt vi s lin quan c bit chng cn c bo v Nhng loi c bo v v nguy c tuyt chng (c tnh n v tr ca chng trong h sinh thi). Nhng loi mang li li ch v nhng loi khng mang li li ch. ng vt v thc vt nh ngun cung cp thc phm. (6) Dn s v khu nh c Quy m dn s, c cu tui tc, ch s gii tnh. Mt dn s/ sc p v sc cha. Ngun thu nhp v kh nng c li 2. Tnh trng dinh dng, sc khe.

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 Mc gio dc v t l m ch. S tiu th nc v nhin liu, lng cht thi rn v nc thi. Li sng da trn nn tng ca t nhin v hnh thc s dng t. Kin thc v mi trng, quan im v thin nhin. C cu ngn nga v i ph vi (him) kim ha thin nhin. Hnh thc gii quyt thuc a phn ca khu vc c th c d n.
2)

Nghin cu v s thch hp ca ging mi trng c trng (7) Thnh phn ca h sinh thi cn c bo v c bit, a dng

Ti nguyn thin nhin: nc ngm, nhm nc mt ( th d c cha tr lng c ln), t ( th d t nng nghip), rng, ti nguyn khong sn, h sinh thi cn c bo v, nguy c tuyt chng loi cng c v bo v cc loi, cc quy nh bo v quc t, v.v), cc khu vc cn bo v v l do vn ha. Di tch vn ha, ta nh lch s. thit lp c cu khu nh c v x hi. Cnh quan khu nh c v cnh quan thin nhin. 2. Nhng cng thng hin hu v s n nh/ kh nng chu ng ca h sinh thi 2.1. nhim khng kh (Bi/ bi mn bao gm t l kim loi nng, dioxit lu hunh, oxit nito, cacbon monoxit, clo v cc hp cht flo, cc cht hu c v cc cht gy ung th, cht phng x, mm bnh, mi, kh nh knh) 2.2. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n t v nc ngm S nhim: bao gm cc kim loi nng, cht phng x v cc cht hu c bn t thuc tr su, thuc st trng v phn bn, mm bnh. Ri ro cho t do xi mn, thay i gi tr pH, s bo mn, cht dinh dng ra tri, nn cht, s nhim mn, s axit ha, t st nho. nhim nc ngm (nh i vi t). Thay i bt li cho vic phc hi ngun nc ngm v mc nc ngm. 2.3. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n nhng vng nc mt S nhim (hm lng oxy, cc cht v c nh l mui v kim loi nng, cc cht hu c nh l thuc tr su v thuc st trng, cht rn lo lng, cht phng x, cc thng s tng kt cho sinh ha v nhu cu oxy ha hc, c, mi, v, nhit , vn tc dng chy, gi tr pH, mm bnh v bnh tt ly lan t ngun nc). Ri lon s cn bng nc (thay i dng chy, s hi lu ca nc, s thay i nhng c tnh hng nm, thay i mc nc ngm).

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2.4. Ting n v rung (ch th cc thi quen/th cht ti a phng) 2.5. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n ton b h sinh thi 2.6. Nhng cng thng v ri ro nh hng n cc thnh phn loi (thc vt v ng vt) 2.7. Nhng ri ro c bit S lan truyn bnh dch. ng t, ni la hot ng, l t, t ln. Nhng cn bo. Mc nc cao v l lt. Nhng trn ma nh thc v ma . Cn trng su bnh (v d nh chu chu v nhng loi di tr khc). 3. M t cc cng thng gy ra bi d n 3.1. M t quy trnh v nhng hot ng ca d n c lin quan vi mi trng Sn phm/ mc tiu kinh t. M t qu trnh, bao gm cc thng tin v giao thng vn ti, lu tr v x l cc cht c hi. Nguyn vt liu v thit b c s dng. S d (cht thi) vt liu, cht thi rn v nc thi. Nhu cu nng lng. Nhng s c c th/ vn vn hnh v kt qu ca n. K hoch v cc bin php an ton lao ng. 3.2. Nhng cng thng trc tip v nhng ri ro bt ngun t d n 3.2.1. Nhng pht thi trong khng kh (cc kha cnh ring bit nh trong 2.1) 3.2.2. Vic a cc cht vo nc mt v nc ngm (cc kha cnh ring bit nh trong 3.2.2 v 3.2.3) 3.2.3. S a cc cht vo t (nh mt ch ct giu) 3.2.4. Vt liu thi, cht thi rn v nc thi S lng v trng thi t nhin ca vt liu thi, cht thi rn v nc thi sn xut. Ti ch c lin quan n d n. Kh nng x l to nn c bit cho d n. Bo m kt ni n h thng x l thch hp.

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 (Nu ti ch c bit hoc cc c s x l l thch hp cho cc d n cng nghip hoc cc d n c quy m gii quyt ln, chng phi tri qua nh gi tc ng mi trng trong vic kt ni vi d n hoc ring bit). Ni n cui cng ca cht thi vt liu c khai qut hoc khai thc. 3.2.5 Ting n v rung 3.3. Nhng tc ng gin tip ca d n 3.3.1. Nhng tc ng do khai thc ti nguyn khong sn s dng lm nguyn liu trong cc d n quy hoch. 3.3.2. Nhng tc ng ca d n v s dng nc ngm, nc mt v s hi lu ca nc 3.3.3. Nhng tc ng do s dng cc ngun t ti sinh v khng t ti sinh 3.3.4. Nhng tc ng n h qu t vic m rng v tng cng s dng t (bao gm c hu qu ca nhng ngi s dng trc ) 3.3.5. Nhng tc ng n h qu t vic dng d n x l cht thi rn 3.6.6. Nhng tc ng ca cc bin php c s h tng 3.3.7. Nhng tc ng xy ra trong giai on xy dng Nng lng tiu th v p ng cc nhu cu v nng lng Kh nng ca lc lng lao ng Nhng tc ng kinh t x hi( khu nh c mi, tng khi lng cng vic c th theo gii v.v ) 4. nh gi ton b cc cng thng tng lai v nhng tc ng ca chng 4.1 Tng th nhng Nhng cng thng nh hng n h thng ph ring bit v s so snh vi nhng tiu chun s lng/ cht lng 4.1.1. nhim khng kh (thuc v nhng kha cnh nh trn) 4.1.2. Nhng cng thng nh hng n nhng vng nc mt v nc ngm (thuc v nhng kha cnh nh trn) 4.1.3. Nhng cng thng kt qu t ti ch cht thi (d) t nguyn vt liu v x l cht thi rn v nc thi Trong s kt hp vi cc d n (tm tt 3.2.4).
Bn ngoi cc d n (tm tt 3.2.4).

4.1.4. Nhng cng thng nh hng n t ai (thuc v nhng kha cnh nh trn) 4.1.5. Nhng cng thng gy ra bi ting n v rung 4.1.6. Nhng cng thng nh hng n thc vt v ng vt 4.1.7. Nhng cng thng nh hng n ton b h sinh thi

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4.2. Nhng cng thng/tc ng n mi trng tng lai vo cc thnh phn mi trng i hi s bo v 4.2.1. Sc khe v phc li Sc khe v s an ton ca nhng ngi lao ng/ ngi s dng. Nhng nh hng bt li trc tip: cc mi e da gy ra bi nhim khng kh, ting n v rung, cc cht gy nhim trong nc ung, trong thc phm, s xut hin ca cc tc nhn gy bnh bi s hin din ca nc thi v cht thi rn. Nhng tc ng gin tip: ph v mi trng sng qua vic xy dng cc tuyn ng giao thng, s ph hy cnh quan bi xy dng nhng ta nh ln, s ti nh c cn phi c bi nhng d n c quy m ln, gy ph v nhng li sng truyn thng, khng th kim sot khu ti nh c mi. 4.2.2. Vi kh hu (Nhit khng kh, khong thi gian bng rm, t l bc hi, lng ma, s lu thng ca gi, tn xut sng m, s hnh thnh bi m, nguy c sng gi) 4.2.3. t v nc ngm (S nhim mn, s ra tri cht dinh dng, t st nho, s nn cht, s xi mn, sa mc ha, nhng sinh vt t 4.2.4. Nc mt (S ph dng, s thoi ha, qu trnh o knh, ngn dng to ra cc vng cha nc, ng thc vt thy sinh) 4.2.5. Thc vt v s dng t (Loi b cc hnh thc s dng khc nhau, s xy dng qu nhiu, lm c lp cc vng m, s c canh, s cho php thay i s dng t) 4.2.6. Thc vt v ng vt (S tuyt chng ca cc loi ang b e da [c mt nghin cu ca mt cng c quc t v bo v cc loi ang c thc hin], s xm hi ca mi trng sng v cc tuyn ng di c, thay i trong s phn b cc loi) 4.2.7. Vt cht v s bo v cc gi tr vn ha (S n mn cc kt cu, vic mt i cc ta nh lch s, lm h hi/mt i tnh kh thi cho cc mc ch gii tr[lm mt kh nng khai thc du lch], s mt gi ca cc khu vc dn c, cc c s tn gio) 4.2.8. Nhng tc ng bt li ln cc hnh thc khc ca hot ng kinh t 4.3 Tm tt v x l chc chn thm cc cng thng v cc kh nng xo trn trn c s ca im 4, ni m thch hp vi s xem xt c bit v s ng gp ca chng cho nhng vn mi trng ton cu (N phi c bt u cho d cc tc ng mi trng c c chp nhn cho vic la chn d n, tc l bao gm c cc bin php bo v khi thch hp, v tiu ch nh gi cc tiu chun)

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5. Cc xut la chn mi trng hon chnh [sound options] 5.1 kin v v tr d n t gc mi trng 5.2 Nhng thay i cng ngh trong nh my Thay i phm vi/qui m sn xut Thay i cc cng ngh sn xut Thay th nguyn nhin liu Gim tiu th nng lng 5.3. Nhng yu cu v mi trng v s an ton c p ng bi mt dng d n xut 5.3.1. Cc bin php gim lng pht thi Xy dng v m rng cc h thng kim sot kh thi: cc b lc v cc loi thit b tch cho cc cht nhim khng kh. Xy dng cc nh my x l nc thi. Yu cu v vic s dng li cc cht cht thi Xy dng cc bi chn lp, cc nh my x l v thiu t cht thi rn. Kt ni cc h thng x l, ti ch. 5.3.2.Cc bin php khc trong phm vi d n Gim thiu cc vn trong giai on xy dng. Yu cu ti trng rng (s phc hi t nhin, cung cp thm) kt hp vi ban qun l rng. Kt hp cc bin php nui trng li vi vic khai thc khong sn. Cc bin php khi phc ngun nc ngm. Qui hoch cc vng bo v bao gm c vng m cng nh rng phng h, vnh ai xanh. D tr khu vc quy hoch pht trin. 5.3.3. o to v nng cao nhn thc cho cn b v cc bin php an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng 5.3.4. Pht trin cc bin php gim st T chc tng hp gim st a phng v cc dch v t vn. S o lng v gim st bi cc nhn vin vn hnh. S gim st bi bn th ba. Nng lc ca cc c s.

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5.3.5 T chc sp xp m bo rng cc bin php k hoch bo v c thc hin y Chn cch kim tra khc t c mc ch ca d n, ng trng thi gc. S tho lun v cc quy nh quc gia v mi trng v thi hnh chng. 6. S nh gi tng th v cc h tr ra quyt nh. 6.1 Nhng tc ng ca d n c th d bo v c nh c khng? 6.2 Nh th no l d n c nh gi cao nht da trn quan im mi trng? Khi c tc ng tch cc n mi trng. Khi c tc ng tch cc n mi trng. Khi khng c cc tc ng nghim trng n mi trng. Khi c th bo v c c, tc l chp nhn c vi iu kin b sung p dng khi cn thit. b loi b trn cn c mi trng.

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II. QUY HOCH LIN NGNH 1. Qui hoch khng gian v qui hoch vng 1.1. Phm vi v mc ch ca quy hoch khng gian v quy hoch vng ti cc quc gia ang pht trin 1.1.1. Cc dng nh ngha/ m t khu vc Cc dng quy hoch khng gian v vng quy hoch ny c s dng biu th (tch hp) khu vc quy hoch1) m n bao gm cc khu vc v c thc hin cp khu vc do chnh quyn lm vic cng nhau vi vic quy hoch pht trin quc gia ca c quan chnh sch. Vng quy hoch lin quan n mt tiu vng quy hoch quc gia vi s phc ha tiu ch m n c th c phn nh a l, hnh chnh, da trn cc chnh sch kinh t hoc nhng vn ring bit. Bn tm tt ny mt vn bn chung cho vic lp k hoch tng th ca cc khu vc khc nhau (nhng v tr lp k hoch, giao thng v quy hoch giao thng, quy hoch nng lng gc v.v ). N bao gm nhiu ti liu ch dn tham kho gii quyt nhng tm tt v mi trng vi nhng tc ng mi trng hin ti v tim nng ca cc d n trong khu vc ring bit. Bn cnh nh hng n cc khu vc, tc ng ca chng th cng c bit quan trng trong cc lnh vc ca quy hoch lm nghip, qun l nguyn vt liu, khai thc khong sn (hng dn lp k hoch) v qui hoch pht trin th. Nhng d n quy hoch khng gian v vng gy nh hng n cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin do:

Thut ng ny s c hiu v c s dng rng ri nh mt thut ng chung cho quy hoch khng gian v khu vc.

1)

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 Trng tm c t nng vo kha cnh kinh t ca quy hoch pht trin (khu vc quy hoch pht trin v cu trc nh , quy hoch h tng c s) Phn b chc nng, phn b khu vc v quy m t s dng (loi v cng ) v kt qu m hnh ca vic s dng t (din tch v c cu s dng t). V tr, quy m s dng t v cc d n ring bit; nh hng n m hnh hin ti v tng lai ca vic s dng t. nh hng n quyt nh chnh sch khu vc (v d nh thng qua vic phn b cc ngun lc ti chnh). Nh vy s can thip ny c tc ng n mi trng (tm tt phn 2.3) 1.1.2. Nhim v v chc nng Lp k hoch vng tng hp v nh gi c tim nng ca vic s dng t v nhng yu cu v t l s dng t trong cc iu kin c im ca chng v s phn b hoc phn nh a l. Lp k hoch vng tng hp l thit k bao trm tt c cc b phn c th thc hin ph hp cc chc nng sau y: Cc chc nng iu tit: qun l s dng t thng qua s phn nh cc chc nng c th, hn ch s dng t, khi thch hp, vic p dng cc iu kin trnh hoc gim thiu xung t v nhng ri ro v tim nng ti u ha, thng qua vic la chn a im v cc yu t khc. Cc chc nng phi hp: s thng nht gia cc mc tiu c nhn v khu vc v cc bin php (kh nng tng thch, s ph hp, s thng nht ni b v.v) p ng cc mc tiu khu vc ca chng trnh quy hoch (xc nh cc mc tiu mu thun). Cc chc nng thng tin: vic tip nhn v x l d liu v cc vn c th nh l c s thc hin cc chc nng ni trn v cho cc mc ch tham kho chnh sch (s chun b v bin minh cc chnh sch khu vc v quyt nh chnh sch pht trin, v d nh vic phn b cc ngun lc ti chnh v nhn lc, cc chng trnh tr gip, h tr u t v.v).

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Ngoi nhng nhim v , th ch ha quy hoch khu vc c th ng mt phn quan trng trong trung gian gia quc gia v cc nhm quy hoch hoc cc bn ng s m n c th tn ti, vi mc tiu bo v khu vc ng h li ch quc gia. Hn na, quy hoch khu vc (chng trnh quy hoch) cn c th gip phi hp v ng b ha cc chng trnh ca cc t chc khc nhau ti tr bng cch thit lp cc iu kin chung v u i. Nh cch tip cn lin ngnh2) (s iu tit v iu phi), bn cht ca quy hoch khu vc c tc dng lm gim cc gnh nng mi trng (chng hn bng cch hn ch cc gnh nng cho cc khu vc c bit), nhng bi v cc vn mi trng phi i mt hin nay, ngi lp k hoch phi gii quyt vn qun l ti nguyn v mi trng3). cc vng nng thn th tp trung vo vn thay i h sinh thi v e da n s tn ti gy ra bi s suy thoi khng th phc hi kt qu t cc hnh thc v cng s dng t khng ph hp. th/ khu cng nghip tp trung vo cc vn nhim khng kh gy nguy him cho sc khe con ngi, trc tip hoc thng qua nhim ca cc h thng t nhin c nh hng quyt nh n cuc sng, v cc vn phc hi v i mi mi trng. y mc tiu phi c pht trin cc chng trnh phc hi (nh ca, giao thng, x l cht thi) trn c s mc thuc tnh ti a cho php, lm gim v ngn nga mc hin ti ca kh thi cho n s gia tng bt k trong mc c th nh l kt qu ca vic pht trin xa hn ca nh v cng nghip. 1.1.3. Tnh trng v kh khn (Tch hp) quy hoch khu vc vn c tnh trng tng i thp nhiu nc. L do ny l:

[The cross-sectional approach] cch tip cn lin ngnh c coi l mt th mnh ca k hoch tch hp nh l so snh vi qui hoch chuyn ngnh. Cng l phng php c m t trong K hoch tch hp pht trin vng (DRD 1984); K hoch kinh tsinh thi v k hoch pht trin vng mi trng (ADB 1988)
3)

2)

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 Trn phm vi tng th ca ton b iu kin i chiu vn hnh quy hoch khu vc, nh l mt khung lut php khng y , thiu cc quy nh th tc, thiu cc ngun lc ti chnh, thiu s c mt ca cc nhn thc v mi trng, thiu nhn lc v.v S phc tp chung ca cc phm vi quy hoch chung 4) m n thng rt kh nu nu khng phi l khng d vt qua, do vic thiu s quan tm lin tc hoc l do khng th on trc c nhng thay i ca cc iu kin chung (v d qua cc thm ha t nhin, ni chin v.v);4). Lp danh mc cc i hi s b v cc bin php d n km theo trong nhiu knh vc x hi, kinh t v chnh tr cng nh cc mi lin h vi cng tc qun chng v t vn. Tng i kh khn trong vic thc hin y cc bin php quy hoch khu vc trong cc mt i lp vi cc li ch kinh t hoc s lm dng qu mc h sinh thi trong cuc u tranh cho s sng cn. Quy trnh gim st vic tun cc yu cu quy hoch v s trng pht khng tha ng nhng ngi phm ti lm hy hoi cc bin php quy hoch v gy cn tr vic thc hin y ca chng trong cc lnh vc chnh tr v hnh chnh. S thiu quyn u tin chnh tr dnh cho quy hoch vng ni ring, ch yu l do quy hoch, hnh chnh v cc c cu ra quyt nh ci m c tp trung v c th cho tng lnh vc, ph nhn quy hoch khu vc ng vi th ch ca n. ci thin tnh trng ca quy hoch tch hp khu vc n s l cn thit. Hin ti khng ci thin cc quy nh v ti chnh v nhn lc, c bit l cc cp thp hn, m rng cc khu vc c gii hn v thm quyn v trch nhim, tng cng quyn hn nhm pht huy quyn v a ra cc quyt nh khuyn khch thnh lp cc t chc ca n trong c cu hnh chnh (nh tm tt phn 3) Cui cng nhng khng phi l tt c, nhng hn ch trong qu trnh lp k hoch, v d v thiu (tc l khng t c hoc khng c kh nng s dng) thng tin, v mt ni dung, cn tr vic phn tch vn thc t (quan h nhn qu, nh hng ln nhau),

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vic sn xut thc t v d bo, ti ni gia nhng nh chnh tr v ti chnh c lin quan ng b vi nhau, t cu hi v vic iu tit, quy nh hng dn ca khu vc quy hoch v trnh by cc d on pht trin. Bn cnh cc s hn ch v quy hoch vng c cp, c gng to ra din mo mi trng c li ang b cn tr bi nhng hn ch xa hn, sau y l nhng v d: Ph bin rng ri r rng s xa x tnh trng thp km v thiu ht, biu din nhng suy xt v bo v mi trng, t nht l trong ngn hn. Khng c mt nhn thc v mi trng (khng hiu bit cc vn ) trong s cc nh quy hoch, quyt nh ca nhng nh hoch nh chnh tr, v/hoc thiu cc tin trnh hnh ng tha ng mang tnh mi trng khc. Thiu nhn lc v chuyn mn chp vic nh gi cc vn sinh thi, c bit l cc vng nng thn. S khng hiu qu ca cc bin php quy hoch khu vc5), nhm gii quyt cc vn mi trng v mt li ch kinh t quc gia hay quc t v cc quc gia ph thuc (v d khai thc qu mc cc loi g cng nhit i, s pht trin ca cy trng thu hoa li v.v) 1.2. Cng c Da vo nn ny hoc c lot cc cng c lp quy hoch sinh thi nu trong phn 2 (trong phi kt hp chiu rng v chiu su) v cc c s cho vic xc tin quy hoch khu vc v kt hp cc kha cnh v mi trng (phn 3) phi c thch nghi vi cc iu kin a phng v hon cnh. 1.2.1 Cc cng c Cng c trung tm b sung cho cc quyt nh quy hoch khng gian v khu vc l mt ti liu quy hoch vi cc gii thch chi tit ring cho cc ch v cc vn khu vc thc hin cc vai tr nh l mt h thng thng tin v nh mt c s cho vic ra quyt nh bi cc c quan lp k hoch khc v i din chnh tr. Tuy nhin, s ch

5)

S thc hin khng y , kh nng gim st v/hoc trng pht ngi phm ti.

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khng nn theo hng cn bn ny l loi sn phm cui cng nhng nhiu hn na, trong s tn thnh vi th ch a phng v cc yu cu thng tin chnh sch, hng ti vic thc hin y cc quyn u tin ca qu trnh lp k hoch v quan trng hn tt c s thc hin ca chc nng phi hp v iu chnh nh cc phng php bo v mi trng. Phm vi ca cc cng c quy hoch sinh thi (h thng thng tin mi trng, phn tch tc ng, kh nng tng thch hoc nh gi ri ro) c m t trong cc c im trong phn 2.2.
S thc hin ca chc nng quy nh

Khng gian v khu vc quy hoch cn phi c mt nh hng tch cc hnh thnh vo s pht trin kinh t v x hi ca mt t nc; v d, iu ny lin quan n vic ch o qu trnh s dng t bng cch pht trin khu vc thch hp v c c cu k hoch cng ng. Cc m hnh khi nim c s dng nh mt c s cho vic ra quyt nh chc nng cn bng khu vc cc m hnh, cc c gng phn quyn nh l khu vc c lp pht trin nn c phn tch khng ch n thun t im sinh thi c th p dng c ca n hoc lin quan n trng hp trong quyn hnh. C c bt li v li th trong mt a phng nhiu c cu trung tm nh cc yu t hng dn vn c trong c cu pht trin ca mt khu vc: ci trc bao gm mt nhm c hiu lc gii quyt cc bin php c s h tng v kt qu l tp trung chng li cc tc ng mi trng trong cc khu vc c th. Nhng li th lin quan n vic y mnh ca cc trung tm va v nh nh ng li ca s pht trin ch yu cho cc trung tm thnh ph ln m tri qua s ti t cho n nay. Nguyn tc c bn tuy nhin, nn trnh v gim nh hu qu ca vic tp trung th l mt lnh vc c u tin trong cc khu vc t chng b nh hng6) trc khi th m rng ti trng. iu ny c p dng c bit nu s tr gip d nh c th khng c bo m v/hoc khi cc bin php pht trin cu trc a vt l [geostructural] s t mt gnh nng trn cc khu vc hoang s trc hoc ci ng c bo v. Tng t nh vy trong cc quy hoch ca cc bin php c s h tng cho vic pht trin t ai v ngun nng lng, ch phi c thc hin m bo rng khu vc ng gi bo v c gi nh l nhng khu vc cm vo v khng c can thip vo hoc ph v

v d nh thng qua cc bin php phc hi chc nng v cc bin php k thut bo v mi trng gim cc pht thi.

6)

30

Mt s ci tin trong kh nng ca cc khu thnh ph c dn c ng c chc nng ni b l mc tiu mi trng thch ng nht ca vic iu tit v cc khi nim pht trin cho c cu ca cc khu nh c v cng ng. Mc ch chnh l ci thin iu kin sng v cht lng cuc sng bng cch gim nh hu qu ti t ca mt dn s. Cc cch t c mc tiu ny bao gm: Lp k hoch v/hoc m rng c s h tng giao thng (hn ch n ni c th) vi s nhn mnh v quy hoch giao thng cng cng vi s quan tm n mi trng trong suy ngh (ng st) Lp k hoch, duy tr v m rng c s h tng tin ch (c bit l cung cp nc ung v cung cp nng lng cng cng) Lp k hoch v m rng vic lp t bc b v thu gom nc thi/cht thi x l v b. Bo tn, pht trin v phc hi chc nng ca cc khng gian m/v tr ca cc cng vin tm tr, vai tr ca chng nh l ni cn bng cho cc khu vc ng nght ngi. bo v khng pht trin cc khng gian m l quan trng lm r cu hi v quyn s hu hp php ca ch t, quyn s hu v chnh sch gi t cng nh pht trin chc nng v ni c th p dng, s phc hi ca cc khu vc b nhim. Nguyn tc ca vic tch chc nng (ph v a l) c bit l trong cc khu vc dn c gip trnh hoc lm gim bt pht sinh nhng cng thng t cc hnh thc s dng khng thch hp. C th l s chia ct tin ch, nh , chc nng gii tr t cc hnh thc s dng ci m to ra tnh trng nhim v ting n (trung tm sn xut cng nghip, ng giao thng, ni cha cc vt phm b i) gip t c mc tiu ny. Tuy nhin theo nguyn tc chia tch ni trn cng c th dn n tng ph tn c s h tng v c bit l gia tng giao thng bi v khong cch ln gia nh, ni lm vic v cc tin ch. V l do ny, s chia tch v a l khng c mong mun t quan im mi trng ca tm nhn (s tp trung ca chc nng tn dng c gia tng trong sc cha ca cc h thng dch v ch yu, v d v do s c hiu lc ca n). T quan im sinh thi ca tm nhn gn v chc nng l mong mun thc t trong thi gian tham gia khong cch l ti thiu v cc iu kin c s dng (hn ch s pht thi). Khong cch ti thiu cn thit v d t

31

cc nh my cng nghip c biu th trong ti liu lin quan7). Nhng khong cch cn c tng ln bi mt s d an ton (tng gp i nu cn thit) bi v thng ph hp vi nhng quy nh mi trng th khng c m bo v nhng kh khn ca vic thc thi. Khong cch ti thiu gia cc khu vc sn xut thc phm (nng nghip, thy sn) v t s dng m pht ra pht thi (giao thng, ni ph phm, cc m, khai thc nhim liu ha thch) phi c gn b vi cc vng nng thn. Trong trng hp phn b mi, c bit l cc a im cho cc d n ring r, s ph hp v cc c im nhy cm ca khu vc c lin quan phi c tnh ton n kh nng lin kt vi bt k nhng khu vc bo tn c nh r hin c. N c th hu ch lp d n lin quan tiu chun loi tr trong khi tm kim cc v tr thch hp. Hn na, iu quan trng t quan im sinh thi nh vi cc ch nh nhng khu vc lin quan (tm tt trong DOMHARDT 1988) ch nh v phn ranh gii cc khu vc dnh ring cho chuyn s dng mi trng (nng nghip, lm nghip, qun l nc, ngay c khu vui chi gii tr), trnh chng cho ln bt c ni no c th. S phn ranh gii khng nn ch da trn tiu ch nng sut (v d nh sn lng tim nng) m cn trn tiu ch nhy cm, v d, cc khu vc d b xi mn s khng c ch nh cho s dng nng nghip. Tn gi ca cc khu vc u tin khng ch n thun c dng nh mt phng tin ca s sp t cc vn u tin bo v vic s dng/ khai thc m cn l chng minh cho cc quyn c bo v chng suy thoi mi trng.
Hiu sut ca chc nng iu phi

Chc nng ny b nh hng rt ln bi cc c cu chnh c lin quan v bn cht phc tp ca n v chnh v th rt kh m t trong iu kin c th. Nhim v phi hp quan trng nht l thc y dng chy ca thng tin gia cc quy trnh quy hoch ngnh. Trong iu quan trng l tp trung ch vo s ph hp ca cc mc tiu mi trng khc nhau. V d, vic gim xi mn l v li ch ca c nng nghip (bo qun sn lng) v vic qun l ngun cung cp nc (vic phng chng lng bn v chng xi mn). Hn na chc nng phi hp c th cng c th gip gii quyt xung t gia cc mc tiu khc nhau gia cc lnh vc khc nhau thng qua s thnh lp cc mc tiu ring bit v a l v khi p dng s la chn gia cc yu t pht trin c sn. Cui cng, s phi hp trung

7)

cf. ARL 1982; MAGS 1982

32

tm trong vic lp k hoch hot ng v cc chng trnh c th gip thit lp quyn u tin v a l v th t thi gian da trn cch tip cn 'lin ngnh v lin vng. Tim nng tng cng phi hp vi cc nng lc pht trin p dng quyn hnh v a ra cc quyt nh trong vic quy nh khu vc tch hp, nh v d trong kh nng th nghim cc k hoch khu vc chng li vic thit lp cc tiu chun. 1.2.2. S hp nht ca cc kha cnh mi trng V th tc, quy trnh kh tn km cho vic kt hp cn bng sinh thi bng cc phng tin ca s th nghim cc kha cnh mi trng lin quan hoc chuyn gia quy hoch c lp, tng t nh h thng quy hoch mi trng ca c, l khng th thc hin nhiu nc ti thi im hin nay nhng vn cn c mt mc tiu lu di. S lin kt th cp ca cc yu t quy hoch mi trng chung trong h thng vng quy hoch a ra nhng li th nht nh t quan im sinh thi: - Mt k hoch chuyn bit c lp (trong trng hp: quy hoch mi trng tng th) c th thc hin chc nng ca mt kim tra mi trng thch hp v c th kim tra khu vc v mc tiu quy hoch khu vc cho cc vn mi trng lin qua ca n. - Cc nhu cu ca thin nhin v bo v mi trng c th c miu t sinh ng t quan im ca cc chuyn gia ngha l khng c vic nhng b hay tha hip giai on u. - S hp nht ca cc mc tiu sinh thi v cc bin php (v d bao gm khu vc ranh gii bo tn) l mt th tc chnh tr m trong quyn u tin chnh tr c quyt nh. Kh nng ca k hoch so snh lc u vi sn phm tch hp s c ci thin r rng v c th bao hm c (ci g l k thut cn thit v ci g l mt quyt nh chnh tr) ti mt cp ng k. Tuy nhin, da vo nn ca nhng hn ch c trch dn, s tch hp s cp ngha l xem xt cc yu t sinh thi trong quy hoch pht trin l mt cch tip cn tt hn v nn c xem xt trc ht, vi nh b sung ca vic lp k hoch phng php ct cho gn nh c chp nhn tng th hn. Cu hi sinh thi c cp nh l mt nhim v ph tr ca quy hoch khu vc v c hp thnh trong cc giai on x l ring bit (nh trong hnh.1). Cc mc tiu, quyn u tin v cc nhu cu phi c ha hp vi nhau trong phm vi qun l; mc tiu phi c nh gi mt cch lc quan bao gm nhn t pht trin a l trong cc gii hn bo tn mi trng v gim cc thit hi mi trng. Nh mt hnh thc tch hp vi mi trng mt s loi quy chun k thut c th c hp nht vo qu trnh lp k hoch (cng trao i thng tin v s ha hp v hn nh cho php, tc l s thch ng v nu c th sa i khi c cc pht minh mi ca cc nh k hoch). kim tra kh nng tng thch ca cc d n c nhn c quy m ln, th tc t chc dc theo ng li, v d, cc vng quy hoch ca c hay nh gi cc th tc qun tr trong s lin quan vi mi trng, cung cp mt khun kh cho vic kt hp (s quan tm) ca cc kha cnh v mi trng trong vic ra quyt nh v th tc ph duyt cho cc d n quy m ln. Biu di y cho bit cc giai on in hnh l tng trong vic lp k hoch tch hp cng vi quy hoch sinh thi v cc thng tin v th tc yu cu hi nhp.

33

1.2.3. Tnh nng v phng php quy hoch sinh thi Mc ch ca quy hoch sinh thi l bo qun hoc phc hi kh nng hu ch ca ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v duy tr chng lu di8). Vi iu ny trong kin hin ti v c k hoch m hnh t s dng phi c kim tra xem c kh nng tng thch vi cc c tnh khu vc c th ca khu vc. Ti cc khu vc c mt dn s cao, bn cnh cc mc tiu ca bo v v pht trin ti nguyn thin nhin hoc ti sinh, cc kha cnh ca v sinh mi trng v k thut bo v mi trng, tc l mc tiu phc hi chc nng lm gim nhim mi trng hin ti v cc vn khc, c bit quan trng. Mt bn k ti nguyn ca tnh hnh sinh thi tng th bao gm vic tm hiu chc chn v nh gi cc chc nng bo v v li ch ca ti nguyn thin nhin trn c s ph hp v cc c im nhy cm ca n cng nh lin quan n t s dng v cc tc ng mi trng ca n. Mt khi cc mi quan h nhn qu (ngi sng lp tc ng mi trng tc ng ln cc ngun ti nguyn trong cu hi [tc ng mi trng]) c bit, hin trng ngha l quy m cc vn hin ti (ti trng s b) c th c xc nh. Cung cp c s cho vic d on cc mi e da t mi trng trong tng lai t k hoch s dng t cc d n ring l. Cch tip cn phng php m trong th tc ny da vo c bit n nh phn tch ri ro sinh thi ( xem hnh 2)9) . Khng c tiu chun p dng chung c th xc nh phn tch tnh hnh ti trng ca mi trng (mc suy yu); n l cn thit chia thnh vng s la chn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin b nh hng v/ hoc tnh ph hp ca n v cc c trng nhy cm vi mi lin quan n cc c tnh quy hoch vng t nhin ca khu vc quy hoch v xc nh ti cc iu khon lin quan n cc vn / thc mc pht sinh. Bng 1: Phn tch mi trng t nhin trn c s ph hp v cc c im nhy cm ca ti nguyn thin nhin

i vi cc kha cnh ca quy hoch sinh thi nh trong PIETSCH 1981, BMELF 1985;THNI et al 1990 i vi phng php lun hoc phn tch ri ro sinh thi nh trong BACHFISCHER 1980; EBERLE 1984; cho ng dng nh trong LFU 1987.
9)

8)

34

S ph hp v c Nguyn nhn c th im nhy cm ca ti c v yu t gp nguyn thin nhin v phn (v d) cc thng s xc nh I. T TRNG a) Cc mt tng quan

Li ch v chc nng Thng tin cn thit / bo v ti nguyn bn ti liu (v d) thin nhin b nh hng bi nhng hon cnh bt li Th nhng hc, bn chung hoc a im, bn v tim nng din tch t nhin

b) Nng lc sn xut t nhin

Xem I a); Nng nghip / Lm nghip (trng trt, s Chc nng sn xut - c im cc loi t, cht lng t, nn cht, mn ho, dc (bn a axit ha) hnh), lng v St ln (xy dng) Cung cp thc phm Xi mn bi gi v phn b ma nc - Trng hp p Thi cc cht dng, 't phn tch' nhim (quc gia) bi cc nh chc trch nng nghip Xi mn- do y mnh cc hnh thc s dng (canh tc nng nghip, ph rng) Chc nng sn xut Chc nng iu ha (lc) chc nng lc/ dung lng lu tr Kh nng gi nc Chc nng cung cp mi v iu kin c th Xem I a); - Bn hin trng s dng t - Cc chi tit v cng ca sn xut nng nghip - t nng nghip cc khu vc c kh nng b l lt (l lt vng ng bng, vng t thp) - Lng ma v cng ma (d liu kh hu)

c) Nhy cm vi xi mn bi gi v nc - Loi t - nh hng ca nc ngm v lu vc nc - dc / a hnh - Sc mnh ca gi - Cng ma

d) Nhy cm vi qu trnh nn - Loi t - Thnh phn ct li - Thnh phn mn - Thnh phn nc -

Nng nghip, c bit ni c mc nc ngm cao (vng t thp) Lm nghip (v d, thng qua vic s dng my mc nng) nh c/ cng nghip / thng mi Cc h thng x

Chc nng iu ho Xem I a); - Lc / dung lng Bn hin trng s lu tr dng t - Kh nng gi nc Chc nng sn xut Chc nng cung cp mi trng sng Chc nng sn xut ( nhim do s tp trung) Chc nng iu Xem I a); - Bn hin trng s dng t; - K hoch s dng

e) Nhy cm vi nng cht nhim v linh ng ca cht nhim -

35

Kk nng lc hol ca t Thnh phn mn Gi tr pH ( axit) -

l cht thi rn (s nhim) Nng nghip (thuc tr su, phn bn) Ri ro xut pht t cc cht nguy hi n ngun nc v t nhim quc gia

khin - Qu ti ca qu trnh lc v dung lng lu tr Chc nng cung cp mi trng sng (thay i iu kin a im) Sc khe con ngi Trong mt s trng hp c tr v s ti to

cc khu vc (nu c); Cc ch s cho vic s dng t vi cng cao; cc v tr thng mi v cng nghip; nh my nng lng t nhin liu ho thch; cc vng thm canh (phn bn v s dng thuc tr su), rc v cht thi, cc nh my x l nc

II. NC a) Cc mt tng quan Nc ngm: b) Lng b cp/tr lng - Loi t - dc - Hin trng s dng / thm thc vt - Kh hu. - Qun l ti nguyn nc B ngn cn qu trnh b cp do vic pht trin ca xy dng S nn cht ca t S phn nhnh ca nc ngm S h thp ca mc nc ngm S thay i ca tnh cht nc thot i ca nc mt Nng nghip (thy li, s dng thuc tr su, Pht thi t giao thng, pht trin nh , cng nghip v thng mi; Khai thc , khai thc khong sn (tip xc nc ngm) Chn lp rc v x nc thi C th dng ung v lm ngun nc cp cng nghip Cc chc nng mi trng sng/ c im t (h thng nc) Chc nng sn xut (iu kin sn xut) Bn a cht thy vn Bn t, bn o v a hnh Bn hin trng s dng t; K hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc (lu vc) D liu v kh hu

c) Nhy cm vi s nhim nc ngm

- Loi v dy ca cc tng cha nc c p - Lu lng lc hoc tr lng (field capacity)

C th dng ung v lm ngun nc cp cho cc khu cng nghip Sc khe con ngi

Bn hin trng s dng t; K hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc (bn a cht thy vn, mc nc ngm)

36

Nc mt d) Duy tr cng sut - Kh nng hp th ca nc - Ch lu lng ca dng nc chy - a hnh / dc - Thc vt / hnh thc s dng t e) S nhy cm i vi s nhim bn ca ngun nc tnh v nc chy

B che ph bi mt xy dng/ph kn t ai, c bit ti vng ng bng Lm nghip (ph rng) Qun l ti nguyn nc (xy dng p nc) Chn lp rc v x nc thi Cng nghip, cc trm nng lng, khai thc khong sn (nhit d, mui, nc thi) Giao thng (vn ti thu) Thy sn S rt nc

B sung ngun nc ngm kim sot xi mn Bo v chng thin tai (cng tc phng chng l lt)

xem I a) - Bn hin trng s dng t; - K hoch s dng t. (nu c) - Bn a hnh - Bn thy vn

III. KH HU/ SCH CA KHNG KH a) Cc mt tng quan

Kh nng t lm sch Chc nng ca mi trng sng Chc nng gii tr Chc nng sn xut Chc nng cung cp nc

K hoch qun l tng ngun ti nguyn nc K hoch s dng t. (nu c) Bn cht lng nc Cc d liu pht thi (nh my x l nc thi, c s cng nghip, khu nh c)

Vic o nhit v lng ma di ngy, bao gm cc chuyn gia lp k hoch. Bn hin trng s dng t; K hoch qun l rng tng th (khu vc thng mi/cng nghip) K hoch s dng t.

S hnh thnh v di chuyn ca khng kh sch S iu chnh nhit v m Bo v s pht thi ra kh quyn

nhim pht thi t cc trm nng lng, nh , thng mi, cng nghip: - Si - Lm gin on s di chyn ca khng kh qua vic xy dng khng tha ng S khai thc/khai m: s pht thi bi Lm nghip:S ph rng phng h

Chc nng ti to kh hu v cn bng cc chc nng cho cc khu dn c. (Chc nng c tr v gii tr) -

S hnh thnh ca khng kh lnh/mi nguy him t sng

Cc chc nng c Lm nghip: tr - S ph rng - Trng cy gy rng Cc chc nng gi

37

Cc loi thc vt Bn a hnh

gi ban m

tr Cc chc nng sn xut

IV. SINH QUYN V LOI a) Cc mt tng quan b) S bo tn mi trng thin nhin thch hp Cc khu vc bo tn ca a phng, quc gia v cc khu vc quc t quan trng. Nhm a l t nhin Dng h sinh thi Tt c cc hot ng Chc nng mi trng sng cho thc vt v ng vt qu him (b e do). Bn hin trng s dng t; Cc loi cn c bo v Cc cng vin quc gia, khu bo tn, cc khu vc c bo v bi cc cng c quc t Cc khu vc khng phn ct/cc h sinh thi; l trnh di chuyn ca ng vt. Bn hin trng s dng t; K hoch pht trin du lch quc gia. K hoch bo v rng tng th Thng tin cng sn xut nng nghip. K hoch qun l tng ngun ti nguyn nc

c) S nhy cm ti: - Tn tht din tch, giao thoa v c lp. - X thi cc cht dinh dng v cc cht nhim.

Cc con ng giao thng huyt mch (ng st, knh o) Du lch Lm nghip (ph rng) Nng nghip (Thm canh, thay i v tr) Qun l ti nguyn nc ( nhim nc, s thay i din tch mt nc)

Chc nng d tr lng thc (thc vt hoang di, ng vt hoang di) Chc nng sn xut (h cha cho cc ging cy, gen) Cc chc nng bo v hn hp (th d s duy tr, kim sot xi mn, bo v kh hu)

V. CNH QUAN (nh nh hng n cht lng cuc sng) a) S a dng, cu trc Tt c cc hot ng phong ph, s gn gi vi thin nhin, tnh c o Chc nng gii tr/tri nghimca thin nhin (chc nng lu tr) Bn hin trng s dng t Bn cu trc sinh quyn Cc n nguyn a l t nhin; vn ha lch s (cc cng trnh k nim mang tnh lch s, nhng ni c tm quan

38

trng v truyn thng vn ha, v.v) b) Nhy cm i vi s thay i hnh thi/v d can thip n cc phong cnh thin nhin Chc nng gii tr Thay i hnh thi (s khai qut, gii Chc nng mi hn nng lc, xy dng, vic ph rng, trng sng h thng thot nc, cc cng trnh ven b, xy dng h cha, cc con p etc.) Bn hin trng s dng t Bn cu trc sinh quyn Cc n nguyn a l t nhin; vn ha lch s (cc cng trnh k nim mang tnh lch s, nhng ni c tm quan trng v truyn thng vn ha, v.v)

Bng tm tt sau lit k cc cu hi c th pht sinh cp quy hoch khu vc tch hp nh cc yu t ca mt phn tch ri ro sinh thi. Cc iu phi c thit k ring cho tng trng hp c th, da trn mc nh lng ca tng i tng (mc ph hp); trnh t m n c lit k khng nht thit biu th cc th tc lm vic, tht vy, phn tch v s thch hp v cc c im nhy cm ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v phn tch cc m hnh s dng nh hng n kt qu ca cc mi quan h tng tc thng xuyn chng cho ln nhau. Cc c im a l t nhin ca khu vc quy hoch l g? M t cc yu t cnh quan vi s tr gip ca ti liu a cht, thy vn, th nhng, thc vt hc, ng vt hc v kh hu hc. Cc loi h sinh thi no? Nhng yu t cnh quan ni trn l c bit quan trng cho h sinh thi? Thng tin phn hi: Liu nhng ranh gii ca khu vc quy hoch c miu t nhng kt ni ca li sinh thi v chc nng? Nu khng: ( xut cho) bao gm ca cc khu vc c cng nhn l quan trng. Nhn dng v nh gi s ph hp v c im nhy cm ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin nh l mt c s cho vic nh gi nng lc tim tng ca t (thch hp cho mc ch nht nh) v nhy cm vi cc gnh nng c th (nh tm tt bng 1) S ch nh v phn ranh gii a l ca cc khu vc c tim nng cao (th d t c tim nng phc hi nng nghip cao; cc khu vc c s b sung nc ngm cao) S ch nh v phn ranh gii a l ca cc khu vc c s nhy cm cao nh hng n mi trng (nh gii thiu v cc cht nhim, s bt kn, t xi mn, s phn ha, s h thp mc nc); ng bng l lt, cc khu vc mc nc ngm thp (m ly), cc ch dng chy ca nc, t d b xi mn, s tc ng n cc h sinh thi qu him v nguy c tuyt chng (thc vt v ng vt) S ch nh v phn ranh gii a l ca vic s dng t nhy cm (th d s dng lm khu dn c, ngun cung cp nc ung, cc hng mc khu vc bo tn quc gia v khu vc) Loi v phm vi ca ti trng s b do m hnh s dng t hin ti, s i hi qu mc ln ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.
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 S ch nh v phn ranh gii a l ca cc khu vc c ti trng s b cao v t cc vn nu Xc nh cc ti trng a l ban u (th d do khu nh c/c s h tng) Nhng g tn ti hoc k hoch s dng t/ cc yu cu s dng t c quy nh trong k hoch khu vc tch hp hoc khu vc thch ng? Mc lc v t s dng mang tnh mi trng Danh sch cc mctiu k hoch thch ng v cc phng php, trong iu kin ca khu vc. Ti sao t s dng tc ng mt ti trng m ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phi chu? Trng hp no t s dng tc ng mt ti trng hoc chi phi cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin m n ln lt to thnh c s cho vic s dng khc? S phn ranh gii a l ca cc nhu cu ring bit v chng cho t s dng. S thnh lp tp trung v mu thun d dng Ti sao s dng nhng s dng i lp xy ra (s cnh tranh nhau hoc s tp trung theo a l ca cc s dng khng thch hp, chng cho), l sc khe con ngi ang b e da trc tip (v d thng qua cht gy nhim, thiu v sinh v.v) Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc nhu cu v t s dng v cc tc ng m n gy ra trn cc ti nguyn lin quan c bo v l g? S thnh lp cc mi quan h v nguyn nhn/hiu qu S xc nh cc nhn t tc ng v cc ti nguyn lin quan c bo h (cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, con ngi, cc kha cnh vn ha) Cc c im a l t nhin ca khu vc quy hoch l g? M t cc yu t cnh quan vi s tr gip ca ti liu a cht, thy vn, th nhng, thc vt hc, ng vt hc v kh hu hc. Cc loi h sinh thi no? Nhng yu t cnh quan ni trn l c bit quan trng cho h sinh thi? Thng tin phn hi: Liu nhng ranh gii ca khu vc quy hoch c miu t nhng kt ni ca li sinh thi v chc nng? Nu khng: ( xut cho) bao gm ca cc khu vc c cng nhn l quan trng. S xc nh cc ti trng/ cc tc ng bt li v cng ca n da trn cc ch s Lm th no cc lnh vc tc ng c th c phn ranh gii a l? S chng minh trong phm vi a phng, khu vc v quc gia v a l / chc nng tng tc Trng hp no pht sinh trng lp gia cch s dng m n p t cc tc ng bt li ln? Thng tin phn hi: s phn ranh gii ca khu vc quy hoch tnh n cc yu t ?

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 ngha ca nhng ti trng mi trng d kin trong ngn hn v di hn cho tim nng pht trin quc gia v khu vc l g? u s bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin ang b e da? Nhng hn ch ang c trong vic khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin? iu g l gnh nng ng xem xt trong p lc pht trin hin hnh? Nhng vn quc t ang c d tnh nh l kt qu ca thit hi mi trng? Nhng im chnh c tnh n trong mt khi nim mc tiu sinh thi theo nh hng l g? Nhng kha cnh c bit ca tnh tng thch v mi trng v x hi phi c xem xt? Cc mc tiua l v th t thi gian u tin l g? Lm th no cc mc tiu phi c t chc c th bc(tiu chun)? iu g tim nng v gii hn pht trin t s dng tn ti (trong khu vc) i vi bi cnh ca mt khi nim theo nh hng mc tiu sinh thi? Cc la chn no thay th cho cc h thng tng th hin ti ca vic pht trin t s dng? Cc la chn no thay th cho cc k hoch chuyn gia ring bit trong cc lnh vc khc nhau? i vi cc khu vc (a l v i tng) no th phi c xc nh bo tn, pht trin v c d kin phc hi? Cc bin php bo tn, pht trin v ti pht trin no phi c xut? Cc yu cu v nhng iu khon xung t v trnh ri ro v nhng kh nng vt qu cc bin php nu trn l g? Vic nhn ra cc tc ng mi trng v lm r cc tc ng nh hng (m hnh tc ng) l nhng yu t quan trng trong d bo ca cc ri ro v mi trng. Thut ng "tc ng mi trng" dng ch vic to ra sa i cc c tnh ca ngun ti nguyn thin nhin trong c th hn ch nng sut v tnh bn vng; ci c gi l hiu ng mi trng. Phm vi tc ng mi trng c iu tra khng ch bao gm cc nh hng trc tip trn v tr trong cu hi m cn c nhng nh hng n cc khu vc ln cn (cc phm vi xem GASSNER / WINKELBRANDT 1990) cng nh cc tc dng ph tim nng v hiu ng tch ly. N cng l cn thit xem xt tc ng t xa (v d do chuyn ng ca nhim khng kh) v tc ng tch ly di hn (ca cht gy nhim). S chng cho v a l ca cc phm vi v s phn bit nh l phn bit v chia thnh cc ti trng mi trng m n c th, v d, khm phcc tp trung v ti trng vng v ch ra nhu cu cho hnh ng hoc nhng vn u tin. Ty thuc vo t s dng, cc tc ng mi trng c d kin c bn nh sau: S pht thi cc cht nhim (kh, cht lng, cht rn). nhim ting n. S bt kn thng qua vic xy dng, s xm chim cc vng t. S cc b/s cn tr ca cc khu vc n b v chc nng.
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 t b mt thng qua vic khai qut; xi mn. S nn t/ thay i cu trc. S nhim mn/ suy thoi, s cn kit mn (s thoi ha), s ph nhiu qu mc (nhim mn). S suy gim mc nc. S thay i v ng lc dng chy ca h thng nc trong vng. S khai thc cc thm thc vt/ m ra mt khng gian ng c bo tn. Trong bi cnh phn tch vn v nh l c s cho nh hng vn quy hoch ca cc mc tiu v cc bin php l cn thit thit lp cc mi quan h tng tc gia cc nguyn nhn v nh hng bi cc tc ng. Nu c th cc loi, gii hn v hng ca s thay i gy ra bi vic s dng t hin ti phi c phn tch v cc khu vc b nh hng bi tc ng mi trng nn c phn chia ranh gii a l. Trong bi cnh con ngi, chc nng quan trng nht ca mi trng l p ng cc nhu cu c bn; nhng t quan im mi trng , vic bo v tm l v th cht tt (sc khe) v cht lng ca cuc sng cng c quan tm hn c. Gin tip, nhng nhu cu lin quan n s tn ti ca con ngi cng c th c p ng thng qua vic bo tn cc h thng t nhin ci m cuc sng ph thuc. S dng ngun ti nguyn mi trng v vn ha (th d cc li sng truyn thng hoc cch s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin) phi c xem xt trong cc iu kin khc ca cc tnh cht x hi c th c chp nhn nh bo v ngun ti nguyn c gi tr. Cn b vi kin thc c th v h sinh thi a phng l cn thit phn tch cc tng tc c hiu qu v to ra cc m hnh tc ng. Bng tm tt 2 lit k mt s s dng hoc cc loi d n m phi c nh gi v mc ph hp mi trng ca n trong quan h vi cc m hnh c th ca khu vc s dng: Tm lc 2 Cc s dng mi trng c lin quan Xy dng nh . Cc a im thng mi v cng nghip. Cc phng tin giao thng vn ti (ng b, ng st, nc). Nhng lp t thiu thc t. Nhng lp t v x l, ni b ph thi v nc thi. Khai thc / khai thc khong sn. Vc su lu tr cc ngun ti nguyn (th d du m, kh t). S to khi lng (lp t). Nng nghip. Lm nghip. Thy sn ni a v ven bin. Gii tr/du lch. S iu chnh v pht trin ngun nc.

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 S phn nhnh ca nc ngm. Ca cng vo ngun nc mt. Cng s dng hoc s nhn dng d dng hn cng ca ti trng c th c tnh cht lng trn c s ca cc ch s (nh tm tt trong v d GASSNER, WINKELBRANDT 1990), cho rng d liu o lng trong iu kin ca truyn thng mi trng nh khng kh, t v nc th rt t khi c sn. Sau y l nhng v d v cc ch s c th c s dng: Nng nghip: cc phng php hot ng ph bin, s dng nng lng bn ngoi (tn s ca vic x l, c kh ha, s dng phn bn v thuc tr su, canh tc ti tiu, canh tc c bit, tn s v mt chn th, cc hnh thc chn nui). X l nc thi: s lng v loi thi (ngun gc ca ng x nc thi sinh hot/cng nghip); s tn ti/ trng thi pht trin ca h thng thot nc v cc cng trnh x l. Thng mi/ cng nghip: phn loi cc t chc, tiu chun k thut mi trng, trng thi t nhin v phm vi pht thi ca kh/ cht lng/ cht rn. Giao thng: khi lng giao thng, tnh trng pht trin, t l lu thng ca xe ti hng nng. Khung nh gi phi ph hp vi cc iu kin vng v/hoc a phng; v d trong cc h sinh thi nhy cm, mt s hnh thc s dng t phi c phn loi nh (mt cch tng i) tp trung, trong khi cc khu vc khc, hnh thc s dng t ging nhau c th c coi l tng i rng ri. S thay i cu trc a l v/hoc x hi-kinh t c a v vi k hoch gii quyt c cu (m rng), k hoch thng mi v cng nghip (iu tra cho tng v tr) v giao thng v quy hoch giao thng (s pht trin), ci m c tc dng ph ln mi trng thin nhin v kinh t-x hi. Cc d n c bit cng gy ra cc phn ng dy chuyn, mt vi ci trong s c th gy nh hng nghim trng mang tnh quc gia. Hiu ng ph tiu biu, v d nh pht trin c s h tng, l: Gii quyt cc khu kiu dn v khai ph lnh th (v d nh Amazonia) Khng kim sot c vic thnh lp cc khu thng mi/cng nghip vi s di chuyn lin tc ca cc khu nh c v/hoc vic m rng nh l kt qu ca s di c. Tng cng s dng t vi hu qu suy thoi c th xy ra. Tng lng cht lng, cht rn v kh thi gy nhim (v d s xy ra hoc gia tng cht thi v/hoc nc thi bi v s m rng cc khu nh c) v S thay i ni chung trong cc iu kin kinh t- x hi thng qua vic thay i cc c cu trong cung cp v tip th hng ha hoc thng qua tng cng nhu cu lnh o trong vic tng gi t hoc gi nh (qu trnh dch chuyn kinh t - x hi). Ci kha cnh th hai cn c iu tra trc tin trong khun kh ca cc iu tra tng thch x hi (tnh nhy cm ca cc dn tc thiu s, ph n v tr em, li sng truyn thng v c cu gia nh) Vn chnh vi cc nh hng ph thuc l ci rt kh c tnh v hng dn lp k hoch do i hi rt nhiu n lc. N c th chng li nhng vic ny vi cc bin php h tr cp quc gia.
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Ti khu vc v quy hoch cp a phng, n l quan trng trn tt c phn tch bt c tch ly v/hoc cc nh hng hp lc cng ng. V d, nh hng qua li nh ph rng v canh tc ng thi ca t d b xi mn c th dm n cc quy trnh suy thoi khng th thay i c (hiu ng tch ly). Xem xt cc d n trong tnh trng c lp s khng p ng c nhu cu v phn tch tc ng bt li ln khu vc, v d nh bng cch kt hp tt c cc d n quy hoch m n tc ng trong vng . S xc nh tt c cc h s ti trng phi c b li vo nng sut hoc tnh nhy cm ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Ti trng ban u phi c a vo bo co trong qu trnh ny. nh gi ri ro da trn mt khun kh nh gi lin quan n s so snh ca vic nh gi cc tc ng mi trng (cng s dng hoc xo trn) v nh gi tnh nng c trng hoc nhy cm ca cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Hn na, nhn khu hc, kinh t, x hi v cc yu t chnh sch pht trin cng nh cc yu t php l v th ch c mt phn hot ng mc a phng trong s pht trin ca tnh trng mi trng ni ring, nhng vn vt ra ngoi phm vi quy hoch khu vc. Vic thay i trong cc yu t ny l v li ch ca vic bo v mi trng nn c xem xt trong bi cnh ca vic to thnh/ ci thin cc iu kin ph hp vi mi trng tng th cho khu vc quy hoch mi trng nh hng. Mt iu kin tin quyt quan trng cho vic quy hoch khu vc c hiu qu l chuyn giao quyn lc chnh tr v hnh chnh, ra quyt nh v c cu qun l cp khu vc v a phng. Cc nc khc nhau s tin b t c trong kha cnh ny v thng tm thy yu km. Ch c rt t cc quc gia to ra th ch cp khu vc u i ph hp vi chnh quyn, quyn hn lp k hoch, v ti chnh10). Trong mt s trng hp quy hoch khu vc c thc hin trn quy m ln bi cc c quan lp k hoch quc gia v do c rt t kt ni vi khu vc. S thiu kh nng ca nng lc phn cp qun l thng c kt qu t: Lo ngi quyn lc s b mt nh l mt kt qu.

u s chia nh chnh tr tn ti (khu hnh chnh, qun, tiu bang, cc a phng) cc cp c s dng thc hin quy hoch khu vc

10)

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Ngun ti chnh quy nh (chi ph qun l) hoc s phn b khng cho cc cp thp hn S kim tra thm vo m s phn quyn phi i hi (vi nhng bt cp c th d bo ca n) s phn phi tri ngc v s phn ranh gii (s va chm) thiu cn b c kh nng ph hp chuyn giao chnh n cho khu vc Cc chnh sch m vn cn xu hng thin v th ca t nc. iu ny c ngha l nhiu tr ngi phi c khc phc trong cc lnh vc chnh tr v hnh chnh, nh l: vng to ln s (mt ct) c li ch i lp vi khu vc c s dch chuyn trong chnh tr v hnh chnh. Cng c s phn cp quyn li i lp vi cu trc c quyn li ch quc gia Phi hp cc li ch th ch ca vng (th d nh ca x) cp khu vc Huy ng v thc y a phng/khu vc t n lc gii quyt kh khn (bao gm cng chng, thng tin v.v) 3.1. iu kin tin quyt v iu kin chung Nh mt iu kin tin quyt, cc c quan quy hoch quc gia v khu vc cng nh cc th tc quy hoch, cc c cu v cc cng c phi c cng c v pht trin. iu ny lin quan n vic hc tp cc k nng v k thut, nng cao hiu qu v tng kh nng s dng nh hng trn cc k hoch kinh t v khu vc hnh chnh (chnh sch tham kho kin). Cc c quan quy hoch phi c kh nng thc hin v thi hnh cc th tc theo quy hoch khu vc. iu ny ch c th t c trong di hn nu cc iu kin v th ch, t chc, thng tin v i ng nhn vin c ci thin tng bc v lm vic vi nhau trong kiu cch ti u. chun b d n kt hp vi mt nghin cu kh thi, l iu kin tin quyt c nu trong Tm tt 3 cn c kim tra (thiu s phn tch), v t y c th xc nh mc tiu pht trin ban u v u tin cho nhng ni thch hp; nhng pht hin t tnh hnh ban u hoc thiu s phn tch l c s ban u cu trc li cng vic. Bn tm tt sau y cho thy mt phng php tip cn c th v danh sch cc khu vc i tng ch yu cho c cu cc mc tiu pht trin trong khu vc quy hoch. Tm lc 3: phn tch cc iu kin tin quyt quy hoch khu vc Th ch t chc - Mc tiu: y mnh/ ti u ha vic pht trin t chc (v tr trong h thng chnh tr/ hnh chnh) v ca qun l t chc (giao tip v kh nng phi hp trong quan h vi cc c quan hnh php khc v cc nh ra quyt nh) - S phn tch ca t chc pht trin th ch (hi nhp ngang v dc) - Cp v v tr ca c quan chu trch nhim v quy hoch khu vc - S tn ti ca cc c quan quy hoch mi trng khc c lin quan phn chia nng lc - Nng lc pht huy quyn hn v ra cc quyt nh - S tn ti cc cc c quan phi hp v nhng ci chung

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- S tn ti v t chc kim tra, cc c quan kin tra v ph chun; s tun th ca cc c quan kim nh - S tn ti ca cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph bn ngoi (c th l cc t chc mi trng v ph n), c lng cc tim nng hp tc. - S phn tch ca t chc hnh php cho quy hoch khu vc tch hp - S tn ti ca cc quy tc v th tc quy nh i vi qu trnh lp k hoch - Phn tch cc hnh thc c th tham gia - Th tc quy tc thc hin nhim v phi hp (thng tin, s tham gia v s cn i v cc th tc ph duyt) - Kh nng ko theo bi cc nh hng (cc t chc, cc hip hi v.v) iu kin tin quyt trong cc iu khon ca thng tin Mc tiu: ch tiu phn u, s loi tr cc vn nh hng ca nhng thiu ht thng tin Di hn: Thnh lp mt h thng thng tin. Xc nh cc ch s hu thng tin (cc t chc) D liu thin nhin/khu vc ch Tip cn Hnh thc m n c hiu lc, mc m d liu c x l iu kin tin quyt trong iu khon ca nhn vin Mc tiu: nng cao trnh k thut ca i ng nhn vin chu trch nhim v quy hoch khu vc, c bit l i vi nhng vn t ra bng cch bo tn mi trng v sinh thi nng thn; xc tin ca cc nhm cng tc lin ngnh S lng v qu trnh hun luyn nhn vin o to v nng cao kin thc (xem trn) Nhng nhim v c th c thc hin vi nhn s hin hnh? Cc nhm cng tc lin ngnh c th c? Ai c th thc hin, v c bit tip tc, iu phi v hng dn cc nhm lm vic? Cc hot ng quan h cng chng S nhy cm ca s thnh lp c quan chnh tr v hnh chnh v ca nhng ngi i ph vi vn mi trng (tng thc, vn nhn thc) S tn ti ca cc sng kin tham gia (thng qua cc nhm ph n vv) Trao i thng tin vi cc t chc v nhng ngi b nh hng Cc iu kin khc ni chung l quan trng cho vic thc hin mi trng theo nh hng quy hoch khu vc l: Hin trng v tim nng cho s tham gia ca cng chng, iu l quy hoch v iu lut hnh chnh (th tc), hin trng ca php lut v mi trng quc gia v cc chng trnh mi trng quc gia. Sau y l mt s kha cnh c xem xt khi nh gi kh nng thc hin:

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Tm lc 4 - Tng quan cc iu kin php l thc hin Tng quan cc iu kin php l Mc tiu: bo m v cc bin php b sung cn thit ci thin cc iu kin chung v vic thc hin, c bit l cc yu t sinh thi, thm vo cc bin php xy dng th ch Php lut v mi trng Tnh trng ca php lut v mi trng i vi cc phng tin truyn thng v mi trng khc nhau (v d lut v nc, lut v pht thi) cng nh cc gi tr gii hn v hng dn da trn lut php cho vic kim sot kh thi hoc cc gii hn pht thi, c bit l cc cht nhim, cho tnh nhy cm ca t s dng (v d ni c tr, bo v nc ung, bo v (dng chy) cc ngun nc) S tn ti ca cc yu cu ti thiu v cht lng cho thc phm v nc ung v cc hng dn x l cc cht c hi n nc, t v sc khe S tn ti ca cc lut quy hoch ring bit (v d nh cho t chi v qun l nc thi) bao gm s t chc ca cc t chc ti tr v x l cc cht m gy nh hng n mi trng S tn ti ca cc cng c quc t v khu vc bo tn v cc quy nh bo tn quc gia K hoch v th tc php lut S tn ti ca vic gn gi quy phm php lut v cc tiu chun cho quy hoch v xy dng Tnh trng ca php lut v qun l khng gian v khu vc quy hoch (php lut v quy hoch khu vc) Tnh trng ca s tham gia php lut bao gm, phi hp v th tc ph duyt; iu chnh cn i cc ngha v. K lut v hnh php

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Tnh trng ca cc t chc v cc c quan cng ch v th ch ha ca chnh ph (v d TUV (hip hi kim tra k thut), gim st pht thi trong cng nghip, quyn qun l rng ca nh nc cho vic s dng g) Hin trng mi trng, php lut v hnh chnh v quy hoch11) ph thuc vo mc phn cp v nng cao nhn thc v mi trng trn vai tr ca vic thnh lp chnh quyn. Tuy nhin, bo tn mi trng trong khu vc quy hoch khng thng xuyn hn bi v s thi hnh khng th kim tra ch khng phi l do thiu mt khung php l. Cc kh khn thi hnh khng ng ti l th ch, thng tin v t chc yu km trong hnh chnh, s phn tn ca trch nhim v thiu vic ra quyt nh v nng lc gim st. i vi khu vc quy hoch, lut t ai (v d quyn s hu cng cng) cng l mt vn c bn trong khi thc hin cc chc nng lp k hoch (c bit l kt hp vi vic khng kim sot s pht trin ca cc khu nh c v pht trin khu chut), t quyn li ca ngi s dng, cc iu kin ca s tip cn v quyn li ca ngi s dng khng c quy nh r rng. Cc quy nh v mi trng thng b coi thng bi ngi dn, mt phn t s thiu hiu bit v mt phn t nhu cu. c bit l cc vng nng thn, phng thc n truyn thng v cc c ch kim sot x hi c coi cao hn so vi cc yu cu php l. Mt khc, truyn thng, vic s dng cn bng cc ngun sinh thi ang c thay th bng cc pht trin hin i (v d hin i ha nng nghip). Trong trng hp ny cc nh hoch nh chc nng th phn tch cc tnh trng V nh cn[ante-quo] v thc y s pht trin thch hp hn na. Nhiu quc gia thit lp cc hnh thc khc nhau (bo v) mi trng quc gia, cc k hoch hoc cc chng trnh (v d nh k hoch hnh ng quc gia v mi trng, trong khun kh ca k hoch 5 nm, nh tm tt trong th mc IUCN). Nu b nng nghip, lm nghip hoc thy li c trch nhim t ra nhng k hoch ny, h thng s b gii hn v phm vi a l (v d ch cc vng nng thn) v/hoc tp trung vo nhng

11) Nh tm tt ti liu quc t v php lut mi trng (Trung tm lut mi trng, Bonn). Nu khng c cc quy nh v mi trng , ti liu tham kho phi c thc hin bo v d liu quc t v khng kh pht thi (v d nh t WHO) hoc nu khng th cc tiu chun Lin Bang c c th c s dng (v d nhng qui nh trong lut kim sot pht thi Lin Bang [BImSchG]) (vi cc gii hn bo v/ chng minh trng hp xu nht c th xy ra)

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vn thuc cc thnh phn ring l. Cc chng trnh v mi trng thng khng hiu qu do sng kin l thuyt khng thch hp, thiu phm vi a l hoc thc t chng trnh khng phi l hng n ca cc vn khu vc hoc hon cnh mi trng trong cu hi. ci thin vic thc hin, nh trong trng hp quy hoch khu vc, cn phi sa i rt nhiu iu kin chung hoc thc hin cc bin php b sung 12) (c bit l trong lnh vc kinh t x hi).

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2. Qui hoch v tr pht trin cng nghip v thng mi 2.1. Phm vi Cc quyt nh v v tr dnh cho cc d n pht trin cng nghip v thng mi hoc cc khu cng nghip/thng mi (dch v) l mt phn ca qui hoch pht trin a phng hoc vng. Do quyt nh v cc gii php xc ng trong vic gim thiu p lc mi trng lun l mt cu phn c nh trong cc qui hoch . Cc quyt nh la chn a im cn tnh n cc yu t sau: - Cc yu cu lin quan mt thit n a im (a hnh, cc lin kt giao thng, tnh cht ca th nhng, cc c s cung cp dch v thit yu v x l/tiu hu cht thi v.v...) - Tnh nhy cm ca v tr v khu vc xung quanh n i vi mt s cc nh hng (hin trng nhim khng kh, nc; thm thc vt, h ng vt cn c bo v v.v...). Bn cht v qui m ca nhim mi trng ph thuc vo mc tng thch/chnh xc ca cc d bo v tiu chun/qui nh vi cc tc ng mi trng thc t v cc gii php khc phc n c xut thc hin trong qu trnh thc hin qui hoch. . Trong khi mt s tc ng mi trng nh s dng t, che ph (b-tng ho) v.v.. c th d bo kh chnh xc th cc tc ng mi trng khc nh cc ri ro v mi trng thng rt kh d bo. S thiu chnh xc ca cc d bo do bn cht v mc (phm vi) ca cc hot ng cng-thng trn thc t thng cha bit chc chn trong giai on qui hoch. Mc d cc h s an ton b vo cc thiu chnh xc trong qu trnh d bo c t ra trong qu trnh qui hoch nhng quyt nh v cc gii php phng nga/x l c th gy cc hu qu nghim trng v mi trng. 2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Bt k cng trnh c quy m rng ln no, c bit l trong vic pht trin cng nghip v cc t chc thng mi, s c mt tc ng ng k ln mi trng N bao gm nhng tc ng ln dn c, h ng vt, thm thc vt, t, nc, khng kh, kh hu, cnh quan, ti sn (bao gm vic xy dng ca cng trnh kin trc gi tr v nhng di tch ca kho c hc) v cc tc ng qua li v tng h ca cc nhn t . Quy hoch khu vc t n khng c tc ng trc tip mi trng. Tuy nhin, k hoch ny s to ra mt c s chc chn cho cc khu nh c ring bit m n s c nhng tc ng mi trng. Tnh cht v mc nh hng ph thuc vo tm quan trng ca v tr trong bi cnh sinh thi v bn cht t nhin v quy m ca cc doanh nghip c thnh lp . V vy, cc chc nng bo v mi trng ca quy hoch khu vc khng kt thc bng s la chn a im. Khi mt v tr c thnh lp th cn cng b loi hnh cng nghip c php thnh lp hoc phi c mt s bo m rng cc tc ng mi trng c th s c ti kim tra v xem xt k lng nu vic gii quyt din ra sau (gim st mi trng). Nu v l do hp php hay cc l do khc l khng kh thi hoc c th d kin cc thng s c th gii quyt tip theo, quyt nh a im thc hin trong k hoch phi gi s trng hp xu nht (s pht trin ca cc my mc thit b vi lng kh thi cao v c tim nng ri ro cao).
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Cc tc ng mi trng ca s pht trin cng nghip c th c chia thnh ba lnh vc: - Cc tc ng mi trng do hot ng xy dng v vn hnh cc cng trnh cng nghip v thng mi. - Cc tc ng mi trng do hot ng xy dng c s h tng lin quan n cc cng trnh cng nghip v thng mai. - Cc tc ng mi trng do cc hiu ng th cp v kinh t-x hi. Nhng tc ng c th c chn li bng cc phng tin ca cc hot ng lp k hoch a im sau y: I. La chn v tr tm v m y cn nh rng mt chin lc cng nghip ha tp trung vo mt s t khu vc hoc trn mt khu vc s lm tng thm vic dch chuyn t t v tng cao cc xu hng th ha vi vn mi trng km theo (nh trong bn tm tt mi trng cho vic cung cp nh , quy hoch khng gian) v c th dn n khu vc tp trung ca ti trng mi trng v s dng qu mc cc ngun ti nguyn. II. S la chn v tr tm vi m Vic la chn a im s l mt trong cc v tr c t nht cc tc ng bt li v mi trng km theo, c tnh n hin trng s dng t, cc s dng c lin quan v bt k vn no v vic tha k, cng vi c trng t nhin (tng a cht, ti nguyn nc, kh hu, iu kin v gi, t, thm thc vt v h ng vt). III. Cc iu kin v yu cu i vi loi hnh v quy m ca doanh nghip, c bit l trong quan h vi lng pht thi kh thi, cc ri ro tim tng, cht thi, nc thi, vic s dng ti nguyn (nc, in), thnh lp cc bin php b p v cc bin php gim st mi trng / cng ngh. Nhng bin php hiu qu nht bo v mi trng l tp trung trc tip vo vic phng nga hoc gim bt lng kh thi, s dng t v tiu th ti nguyn. iu ny c th t c thng qua - Cc bin php k thut, v d bng cch p t nhng yu cu c bit i vi cc doanh nghip c c s ch i vi vic gim thiu pht thi hoc cc cht nhim khng kh v ting n, nng cht nhim nc thi, tiu th nng lng v nc, cng tc phng chng nhim t v nc ngm, xc nh s lng ti thiu s tng trong cc ta nh, vv; - Hn ch cc loi hnh hot ng cng nghip v thng mi ch u tin cho cc ngnh sn xut nhim t hoc cc hot ng ph hp cho v tr; - Phn b a l cho cc c s trong khu vc cng nghip v cc bin php kt cu bo v khu dn c, c bit l i vi vic nhim ting n; - Xy dng cc nh my x l nc thi cho cc ngun thi cng nghip v thng mi; - La chn cc doanh nghip theo cc tiu ch nh: tim nng ti ch, s tn dng cc ngun nhit v d nh gia cc c s; - p dng cc bin php phng lin quan n vic lp t v bo v thit b chng li nhng nh hng bn ngoi.

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Nu mt chin lc phng chng v gim thiu cc nhiu lon v mi trng cng gn ngun ca n l khng th i vi kinh t, chnh tr, vic lp k hoch hoc cc l do hp php, cn phi thit lp v tr ca cc khu cng nghip hoc thng mi tng tc vi cc tnh nng t nhin ca a phng v hin trng s dng t s xung quanh vi s gia tng ti thiu c th ti trng mi trng. 2.2.1. Tc ng mi trng ca cc hot ng cng thng Khi la chn mt a im, cc loi t sau y c u tin: - t khng thch hp hoc cn ci cho sn xut nng nghip - C gi tr thp theo cc cc iu khon tham chiu bo v cc loi ng thc vt - Thiu ngun d tr nc ngm hoc a tng chng ln nhau mt cch dy c v khu t c kh nng lc v m cao. - v tr kh hu thun li phn tn cc nhim khng kh - Ti mt khong cch va tch khi nhng vng s dng t nhy cm nh nh v nng nghip Vic s dng phng thc ny xc nh v tr ti trng mi trng cp tnh c th ngn nga c bng cch pha long cc cht nhim v tn dng tnh ti sinh t nhin v kh nng m ca mi trng trung gian. Tuy nhin, s ph hy mi trng t t (chnh sch pht thi cao, ma axit) c th xy ra, v ci phi c ngn chn li t giai on u thng qua qu trnh quan trc lin tc v tng th. Cc h qu ph c th bao gm s ph v cc khu vc c tr v lm vic, dn n cc vn mi trng ln hn thng qua s gia tng giao thng v s ph hy cc cu trc ca th. Khun kh t nhin s b suy yu bi nhiu chn la v tr cho s thit lp cc a im cng nghip hoc thng mi, trc nhng hot ng ca chnh chng (v d nh sn xut) c bt u ngang nhau. V th mc ch v cng s dng ca mt pht trin cng nghip hoc thng mi v cc tc ng ca n ln mi trng s c d bo sm v di hn. c mc ch , thng tin sau y cn c thu thp (theo Simmleit (29)): Thng tin v cc gii php thay th ph hp nht v cc tiu ch la chn c bn chi lin quan n cc tc ng mi trng. Cc tiu ch v v tr - tnh hnh kh tng v vi kh hu v sch ca khng kh - cht lng nc v tnh hnh thy vn - tnh hnh a cht thy vn v th nhng - ting n - ri ro ng t - rung - cc khu vc bo tn v cc loi qu him - cc tc ng c lp i vi thm thc vt v h ng vt - S giao thoa ca cc khu vc v s dng t ln cn

52

- s chim ch sn xut nng nghip - vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin - cc di sn vn ha cn bo v (cc ta nh, khai qut kho c v.v) - c s h tng (ng ph, s xy dng, cung cp nng lng v nc) - c s h tng thot nc - c s h tng x l cht thi - lin kt vn ti - khi lng giao thng Cng cn thit biu th: - Thay i cng ngh sn xut - Thay i nguyn liu sn xut - Thay i phng thc xy dng - Thay i cc nh my x l nc thi v kh thi - Thay i cc c s x l hoc ti ch cht thi - Thay i cung cp nng lng - Thay i cc c s l tr cc sn phm nguy him M t chi tit d n - M t v c im vt l - a im d n - Bn cht ca hot ng cng nghip, thng mi - Quy m ca hot ng cng nghip, thng mi - Din tch t cn thit trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng - M t ca cc c trng ch yu ca qu trnh sn xut - Loi v s lng ca vt liu s c s dng - Lu tr v vn chuyn nguyn liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm - Loi v cht lng ca d lng d kin v lng pht thi trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng lp t - Nhy cm vi s c v ri ro tim tng - Nhu cu v nc - Khi lng nc thi - Khi lng cht thi - Kh nng gy nhim t, nc ngm v nc mt - Cht nhim thi vo kh quyn (kh, ht) - Nng lng tiu th - nh sng pht ra

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- Pht thi nhit - Cc pht thi bc x khc - rung M t mi trng c kh nng chu tc ng ng k bi d n - Dn s (ti nh c) - H ng vt - Thm thc vt - t - Nc - Khng kh - Kh hu - Ti sn (bao gm c ta nh kin trc c gi tr v nhng di tch kho c) - Cnh quan (cc khu vc gii tr) - Cc tc ng ln nhau v cng hng gia cc yu t c lit k trn M t th t v cc tc ng mi trng ng k ca d n pht trin cng nghip, thng mi xut nh l mt h qu ca - Cc c s cng nghip, thng mi hin hu - S dng ti nguyn thin nhin v - Pht thi cc cht nhim, s pht sinh cc thit hi mi trng v x l cht thi. M t ny cn bao gm tc ng trc tip v gin tip, tc ng th cp, tc ng tch ly, tc ng ngn, trung v di hn, tc ng thng xuyn v ri rc, tc ng tch cc v tiu cc ca cc d n pht trin. Mt nh gi chnh xc ca cc tc ng khu vc c th nht nh c th c thc hin trn c s cc tm tt v mi trng lin quan n lnh vc thng mi v cng nghip. 2.2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc bin php lin quan n c s h tng Mt iu kin tin quyt quan trng cho hot ng ca mt v tr cng nghip, thng mi l mt c s h tng (h thng cung cp v x l) hng n cc yu cu trong cu hi. Qui hoch ca cc a im cho cc ngnh cng nghip v thng mi do phi bao gm mt qui hoch cho cc xy lp c s h tng cn thit, m mt phn ca chng c tc ng mi trng, mt s vn chnh ca chng C th l cc lnh vc h tng sau y b nh hng bi a im quy hoch: Giao thng Mt yu cu cn thit cho mt v tr cng nghip thng mi/l mt mng li giao thng hiu qu (ng b, ng st, ng thy, ng hng khng) chuyn ch nhn lc, hng ha, phng tin sn xut v vt liu thi. iu ny gy ra vn cho ngi v h sinh thi thng qua ting n, rung, nhim khng kh, nhim nc, ngn cn qu trnh thm (b tng ho), s giao nhau ca

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khng gian m v.v Dn c chu nh hng ng k bi cc phin toi v mi trng do giao thng, c bit l t cc xe chuyn ch hng ha nng. Ngoi ra xem cc tm tt v Quy hoch mi trng giao thng vn ti v, xy dng v bo qun ng, ng giao thng, ng st v hot ng ng st, Sn bay, Vn chuyn trn ng thy ni a. Cung cp nng lng C th c mt nhu cu v nng lng ng k cho mt s ngnh cng nghip nh sn xut thp, c bit l ni cc l in hoc cc xng nu luyn cc kim loi mu (l luyn nhm) c s dng, v cho sn xut nhit v hi nc trong l ln bng cch s dng nhin liu rn, lng hoc kh t. iu ny c th cn phi xy dng mi hoc m rng cc loi nh my in, trm bin p, ng dy ti in v.v Kt qu l nhng hiu ng mi trng trung gian (v d nh nhim khng kh) c th ng k trong mt s trng hp. Xem cc tm tt mi trng: Quy hoch Nng lng tng th, Truyn ti v phn phi nng lng. Cp nc Vic cung cp nc lm mt cho cng nghip, nc dch v v nc sch c th gy ra vn nghim trng vi ngi dn a phng thng qua vic tiu th nc ca cc ngun khan him, c bit l nhng vng kh cn. Vic s dng my bm cp nc c th gy phin toi bi ting n.. Ngoi cc nh my in, cc ngnh tiu th nhiu nc phi k n ngnh thp, giy, xi-mng v ho cht. Nhu cu tir6u th nc ca cc ngnh ny ph thuc vo qui trnh sn xut. Xem cc tm tt mi trng: Khun kh quy hoch nc, Cp nc th, Cp nc nng thn, X l nc thi. Nc thi v x l nc thi l gn lin vi lnh vc cung cp nc. Cc ri ro n sc khe v ri lon cc h sinh thi gy ra bi nc thi cng nghip (v d nh cha kim loi nng) phi c ngn chn bng cc phng tin than thin vi mi trng v mt tng th. Xem cc tm tt mi trng: Nc thi v nc ma, X l cht thi rn. Vn cht thi cng nghip v x l chng c ngha quan trng v nhng tc ng mi trng tim tng ln v v sinh, t, nc v khng kh, c bit trong trng hp cc cht thi c tnh c hi cao (cht thi c bit) Xem cc tm tt v mi trng: Qun l cht thi v x l cht thi nguy hi. Tham kho c thc hin cc tm tt v vic khai thc khong sn v nng lng cng nh thng mi v cng nghip ngoi cc tm tt v mi trng trn c s h tng c trch dn cho mt nh gi tc ng mi trng chi tit bng cch xy dng c s h tng. 2.2.3. Cc vn x hi lin quan Ti nh c v cc khu nh c mi cho ngi b nh hng do hu qu ca quy hoch mt v tr cng nghip. Lc lng lao ng di c c th gy ra nhng vn nghim trng v nh , dch v ch yu, giao thng, khi lng cht thi v nc thi, tiu th nhin liu v nc v.v; cc cu trc x hi thnh lp cng c th b tan r.
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Ngoi ra cn c mt mi nguy him m cc chnh sch gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng thng qua cc khong cch s dn dn tr nn t hn v km hiu qu nh cc khu vc cng nghip/thng mi ring bit v dn c u pht trin hng ti nhau. 2.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Nh cp, mi hot ng cng nghip v thng mi nh hng bt li n mi trng ti mc no . Do vy tt nht, mc tiu quan st tc ng mi trng c th ch c cho php la chn nhng a im v s dng m ti trng t ln mi trng thp nht. Th tc-phng php thu thp d liu, d bo v nh gi a im quy hoch t quan im ca tc ng mi trng nn c da trn s sau y: iu tra v nh gi tnh hnh ban u ti nhng v tr khc nhau (v tr thay th) trong iu khon ca - Hin trng t s dng v chc nng cho ngi dn (v d nh chc nng kh hu, chc nng gii tr) - Phm vi, cht lng v vic khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin - Chc nng bo v cc loi v sinh quyn. D bo hin trng khng thay i (Status Quo) (lm th no nhng v tr s pht trin m khng c s xut hin ca cng nghip hoc thng mi). S nh lng cc tc ng (khu vc cng nghip v thng mi vi c s h tng lin quan) v cc bin php c th gim thiu v bi hon thit hi (nhng la chn v k thut trong cc iu kin kt qu ca cc nhn t tc ng bt li), v d bng - Nh my x l nc thi - Nh my lm sch kh thi - Ti s dng cht thi (ti ch v.v) - Cc bin php nui trng li - S dng nguyn liu khng gy nhim - S dng cc phng php sn xut pht thi thp M t cc tc ng kinh t- x hi th cp v cc vn chng gy ra. M t tnh nhy cm ca mi trng thin nhin, cc ngun ti nguyn v iu kin s dng trong cc ti trng d kin (v d ti trng ban u ca khng kh v nc) D bo cc tc ng ca mt pht trin cng nghip, bao gm cc bin php gim thiu v bi hon cho s suy yu ti cc a im khc nhau. nh gi trng thi sau khi hon thnh vic pht trin cng nghip v thng mi. Cc lu n mi trng c th c cung cp d dng hn nu mt khun kh php l ton din tn ti, k hoch qun l v quy trnh xy dng da trn c s m cc th tc ph duyt cho mt d n cng nghip c bit c th c ph duyt. Php lnh cho cc doanh nghip c th c th v d t di gii hn pht thi bo v cc h thng t nhin m cuc sng ph thuc khi pht trin cng nghip v thng mi ang c k hoch v xy dng. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh gii hn immission, cc gii hn pht thi ny ch c nh hng n cc tc ng mi trng mt cch gin tip.
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Cn lu rng gii hn khng h tn ti cho tt c cc vn mi trng lin quan n s pht trin cng nghip hoc thng mi (v d nh tc ng n mi trng t nhin). Trong nhng trng hp cc hng dn iu hnh nn c pht trin v khuyn khch bo v sc kho con ngi v mi trng t nhin.. iu tit cc mi quan tm v mi trng khi qui hoch a im cho hng dn quc t v thng mi v cng nghip ca EC, WHO hoc cc t chc khc (xem phn 6, khng c ti liu tham kho. 12, 32-37) cung cp cc gi tr tham kho quan trng, nhng ch nn c p dng khi c tnh n hon cnh ca a phng (tha k vn mi trng, cc xu hng pht trin trong tng lai v.v) ca cc quc gia hoc khu vc. 2.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Qui hoch ca cc a im cho thng mi v cng nghip phi tnh n cc s tng tc vi cc ngnh khc, v gn vi s trng khpc th sinh ra tc ng tiu cc cng hng, kt qu khng ch c pht thi vt qu cc gii hn v tiu th qu mc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin m cn gim kh nng ti to ca chng. Qui hoch ca cc a im cho thng mi v cng nghip lm cho vic tha nhn cc tc ng mi trng c th khng ch ca vic xy lp m cn ca cc c s h tng lin quan. Mt s lin kt quan trng vi cc ngnh khc c cp.. 2.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Qui hoch ca cc a im cho thng mi v cng nghip l mt cng c cho vic thc hin chnh sch kinh t v cu trc. Cc kt qu bin php lun lun bao hm cc tc ng n mi trng t nhin v cnh quan m c th hu nh khng bao gi ti lp c nu cc tc ng mi trng v x hi quan trng khng c tnh ton n trong giai on lp k hoch. Do c mt d on chnh xc ca nhng nh hng do hu qu v con ngi v mi trng c yu cu, bao gm c vic xem xt cc la chn thay th c th c (nh tm tt. 2,1). V nguyn tc, d bo v nh gi tc ng mi trng do s la chn ca mt v tr c th cho cc d n cng nghip hoc thng mi c th c ba kt qu: - Mt khuyn co rng cc v tr ph hp cho cc mc ch cng nghip, thng mi, bi v khng c tc ng mi trng nghim trng l d on, hoc d liu quy hoch l cho thy rng khng c kh nng lm gim tc dng hoc tm mt v tr khc. - Mt khuyn co rng v tr khng nn c a vo s dng cho pht tri63n cng nghip, thng mi trn cc cn c ca cc tc ng mi trng bt li. - Mt khuyn co rng v tr ch nn c s dng cho cc i tng pht trin c thc hin cc ci thin nht nh hoc cc bin php n b. iu ny c th tham kho cc v tr nh mt tng th, hoc mt s lnh vc c s dng cho loi hnh sn xut c th. 2.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Asian Development Bank (AsDB): Economic Analysis of the Cc tc ng mi trng of Development Projects, 1986.

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2. Asian Development Bank (AsDB): Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects, 1986. 3. Bechmann, A.; Rijn, M.; Winter, G.: Gesetz zur Durchfhrung der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung (UVP-Gesetz). Draft with notes. Dreisam-Verlag, Freiburg 1987. 4. Braun, R.: Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung in der Bauleitplanung. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1987. 5. Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetz mit seinen Ausfhrungsverordnungen. 6. Bunge, Th.: Die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung im Verwaltungsverfahren, Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 1986. 7. Burhenne, W. E. (Ed.): Internationales Umweltrecht Multilaterale Vertrge. Beitrge zur Umweltgestaltung Band B 7. Looseleaf edition in 5 slipcases. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 8. Burhenne, W. E. (Ed.): Umweltrecht in den Europischen Gemeinschaften. Beitrge zur Umweltgestaltung Vol. A 48. Looseleaf edition in 4 slipcases. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 9. Coenen, R.; Jrissen, J.: Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung in Gemeinschaft. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1989. der Europischen

10. Cupei, J.: Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung. Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 1986. 11. Dorsch Consult: Umweltrelevante Grundlagen fr Planungsentscheidungen in der Standortvorsorgepolitik der deutschen Industrie im Auftrag des UBA, Munich 1976. 12. EC Directive 85/337 of 27.06.1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment. 13. Fleischer, G.: Standort-Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung. In: Thome-Kozmiensky, K. J. (Ed.): Handbuch zur Planung von Abfallbehandlungsanlagen. EF-Verlag fr Energie-und Umwelttechnik GmbH, Berlin 1989. 14. Frst, D.; Nijkamp, P.; Zimmermann, K.: Umwelt-Raum-Politik. Anstze zu einer Integration von Umweltschutz, Raumplanung und regionaler Entwicklungspolitik. edition sigma, Berlin 1986. 15. Global 2000: Report to the Presidents, Washington 1980. 16. GTZ: Umweltwirkungen von Infrastrukturprojekten in Entwicklungslndern, ConsultantTag 1985, Eschborn 1986. 17. Hbler, K.-H.; Otto-Zimmermann, K. (Ed.): Bewertung der Umweltvertrglichkeit. Eberhard Blottner Verlag, Taunusstein 1989. 18. Hbler, K.-H.; Otto-Zimmermann, K., (Ed.): UVP-Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung: Gesetzgebung, Sachstand, Positionen, Lsungsanstze. Eberhard Blottner Verlag, Taunusstein 1989. 19. Hundertmark, U.: Die Durchfhrung der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung. Eine verwaltungs- und verfassungsrechtliche Analyse der Zustndigkeiten und Bindungswirkungen. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1988. 20. Inter-American Development Bank (IADB): Environmental Checklist for Industry Projects, without year of publication. 21. Jarass, H. D.: Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung bei Industrievorhaben. Carl Heymann Verlag, Cologne 1987. 22. Jrissen J.; Coenen R.; Franz, P.: Die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung in den USA. Beitrge zur Umweltgestaltung Band A 103. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1987. 23. Loretan, Th.: Die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung. Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag, Zurich 1986.

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24. Lhr, H.- P.: Anlagensicherheit und Umweltvertrglichkeit. IWS-Schriftenreihe Band 9. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1989. 25. Paschen, H.: Die Rolle der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung im Entscheidungsproze. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1989. 26. Randelzhofer, A.; Harnd, R.: Grenzberschreitende Zusammenarbeit bei der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung, Umweltbundesamt-Bericht, German Federal Environmental Agency Reports 2/89. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1985. 27. Schemel, H.J.: Die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung (UVP) von Groprojekten. Beitrge zur Umweltgestaltung Bd. A97. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1985. 28. Schulz, R. S.: Becker, B. (Ed.): Deutsche Umweltschutzgesetze. Looseleaf edition in 4 slipcases. Verlag R. S. Schulz, Percha am Starnberger See. 29. Simmleit, N.: Nutzen Sie Vertrglichkeitsprfungen als neues Instrument der betrieblichen Umweltvorsorge. In: Sietz, M.; Michahelles, R. (Ed.): Umwelt-Checklisten fr Manager. Eberhard Blottner Verlag, Taunusstein 1989. 30. Spindler, E.: Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung in der Raumplanung. Institut fr Raumplanung, Dortmund 1983. 31. Storm, P.-C.; Bunge, T. (Ed.): Handbuch zur Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung. Looseleaf edition in slipcase. Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 1988. 32. Thome-Kozmiensky, K. J. (Ed.): Waste Management in Developing Countries 1. EFVerlag fr Energie- und Umwelttechnik, Berlin 1986. 33. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Guidelines to Environmental Impact Assessment in Developing Countries, 1985. 34. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Industry and Environment Guidelines Series: Guidelines for Assessing Industrial Environmental Impact, 1980. 35. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO): Manual for Preparation of Industrial Feasibility Studies, 1978. 36. World Bank: Environmental Considerations for the Industrial Development Sector, 1978. 37. World Health Organization (WHO): Environmental Health Criteria, Geneva, without year of publication

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3. Qui hoch pht trin nng lng 3.1. Phm vi H thng nng lng ca mt t nc bao gm tt c cc thnh phn ca sn xut nng lng s cp (v d nh khai thc than, sn xut du, s thu gom cc nguyn liu sinh hc trong khu vc nng thn, nhp khu nng lng), ton b cc ngnh chuyn i (sn xut cc ngun nng lng th cp, v d sn xut cc sn phm du m t du th ti cc nh my lc du, hoc s pht in t than hoc du nhin liu cc nh my in, hoc s tinh ch cc nhin liu sinh hc, v d nh s dng l than), c s h tng cn thit cho vic phn phi v lu tr cc ngun nguyn liu (v d nh b cha, ng ng, ng in) v cc k thut s dng ngun nng lng cui cng (v d nh cc phng tin vn chuyn, bp, n, t lnh, v.v) Mi h thng nng lng l mt lnh vc cung cp thit yu nhm mc ch chnh l cung cp cc dch v nng lng (v d nu n, thp sng, iu ha khng kh v vn chuyn, v.v). H thng nng lng c mt s linh hot trong gii hn nht nh, v d nh cc dch v nng lng c a ra c th cung cp bng cc phng tin ca mt s cc c s k thut khc nhau da trn cc ngun nng lng khc nhau (v d in nng, xng du, than). Bi tm quan trng ca n i vi chc nng ca mt cng ng v trong thi gian m i khi n tri qua gia vic xc nh mt yu cu, quyt nh u t v y nhim ca cc k hoch v cc mng li, cng vi nhng tc ng lu di ln mi trng v x hi, quy hoch nng lng tng th (OEP) tha nhn vai tr quan trng nh mt cng c iu phi. Phm vi nhim v ca OEP bao gm vic la chn cp v tr, khu vc v quc gia l khi no, u v c bao nhiu loi khc nhau ca nng lng (in, nhin liu, nhit v.v) phi c cung cp v cc bin php no l cn thit p ng nhu cu (yu cu ngy cng tng, d bo nhu cu). Cc h thng cung cp hin ti (nhin liu v.v) c kim tra v tnh kh thi ca chng trong cc iu kin ti chnh, kinh t, v sinh thi. iu ny s c a vo trong bn k khai hin ti v d kin tng th cc trng hp trong tng lai ca t nc trong vn , s tin b ca k thut v nhng thay i c th xy ra trong lnh vc nng lng th gii (nhn trc cho t 10-30 nm). T phn tch ca cc nhu cu khc nhau trong c cu v phng hng tim nng ca vic tha mn mt nhu cu c th a ra cc vin cnh nh cc quyt nh v chnh sch nng lng, nh l u t vo cc nh my in v mng li, xy dng chnh sch gi c (thu nhp khu, cc chi ph, thu, tin tr cp) v xc nh cc tuyn ng cung cp c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng trong cc iu kin tin quyt ca chng v cc tc ng c th d on c th c m ra tranh lun cng khai v so snh. gc ny vic phn phi cng bng nng lng trong khu vc v cc iu kin x hi l v cng quan trng. Trong trng hp ca cc d n lin quan n cc tin ch cng cng hoc c quan nh nc, cc s liu thng k tng th v nng lng/kinh t l c tm quan trng trung tm trong iu khon v nhu cu nng lng ca tt c cc khu vc cung cp. Yu t c th (s thch, thi quen tiu dng, kh nng chi tr, chi ph, nng lng c th c c) phi c tnh n khi giao dch vi khu vc c bit v tiu khu vc ca nng lng sn xut trong cng nghip, nh mt trng hp vi cc nghin cu c bit cho thng mi, cng nghip v cc h t nhn (k hoch thit k, khi nim nng lng ti a phng v khu vc). iu ny cng to iu kin cho s pht trin ca ci gi l gii php "may o".
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Nhng pht hin l tng trong cc khu vc ph tr nn c s dng iu chnh tt OEP cp quc gia, tm gii php m khng ch ci thin nn kinh t m cn c nhng kha cnh khc nh s cng bng ca phn phi. Cc h thng nng lng quc gia khc nhau trn khp th gii: - Trc ht, c cu tiu th nng lng khc nhau. Trong mt s trng hp, ngoi tr thy in - nhin liu ha thch (nh than, du m, kh t) c s dng hu nh c quyn. Nng lng ht nhn s khng c quan tm v hu ho1). Ti mt s nc vn cn rt ph bin s dng nng lng sinh khi (ci, d lng nng nghip, phn bn). Vic s dng cc ngun nng lng ti to nh nng lng mt tri v nng lng gi vn cn rt hn ch. C cu v mc tiu th nng lng thng xuyn thay i ng k t thnh ph n quc gia. - Ngoi ra cn c nhiu s khc bit trong mc tiu th nng lng. Cc quc gia c thu nhp cao bnh qun tiu th 230 GJ cho mi u dn s (M 360 GJ, c 200 GJ), nhng cc con s cho cc nc c thu nhp trung bnh l khong 125 GJ v cho cc nc c thu nhp thp 25 GJ. Nu chng ta ch xem xt nhng ngun nng lng c giao dch trn th trng th gii, s khc bit thm ch l nhiu hn th: mi u ngi tiu dng trong nc c thu nhp trung bnh ri vo khong 15 GJ v trong nc c thu nhp thp n 4 GJ, tc l ch c 1/60 mc tiu th cc nc c thu nhp cao. nhiu quc gia, nhu cu nng lng trong tng lai s pht trin theo hai hng c trng khc nhau: (1) S dn ang pht trin, th ha nhanh, tng cng nghip ha v c gii ha nng nghip s lm cho nhu cu nng lng pht trin mnh m hn na. (2)

Trong nhng hu ho ca vic s dng sau nng lng ht nhn khng c quan tm l bi v tnh c th chp nhn v mt mi trng ca n vn cn l ch ca nhiu tranh ci cc nc cng nghip ha v khng th thc hin mt nh gi dt khot (c bit l cho vn dung lng cui cng ca cht thi phng x) v bi v n l c s dng v / hoc xem xt s dng trong rt t nc ang pht trin (c bit l xem cc yu cu iu hnh nghim ngt v chi ph u t cao).

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nhin liu ha thch s chim mt t trng ln trong tng tiu th cc nc ang pht trin, v cc dch v nng lng nht nh th ph thuc trc tip vo h, v chi ph thp, thay th hiu qu khng c sn cho thi gian c. V d, vic s dng nhin liu xng v diesel s vn c ngha ln i vi vn ti ng b trong tng lai. Ni cung cp thy in khng y th s khng dng c, cc quc gia s xem xt gia tng vic s dng nhin liu ha thch p ng nhu cu v in ngy cng tng.
Quy hoch nng lng phi p ng vi nhng nhu cu, nhng cng c th phn tch nhu cu bo co v tnh n cc hnh thc pht trin thay th c th.

3.2. Xy lp cc h thng nng lng v nhin liu - Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Mi hnh thc (nhn to/cng nghip) cung cp nng lng v tt c hnh thc s dng nng lng c bt li cho mi trng v c mc tc ng nht nh n con ngi. Tnh cht v cng ca nhng tc ng ny ph thuc vo cch thc m nng lng thc s c dch v cung cp. Cc xem xt sm ca cc tc ng mi trng ca cc h thng nng lng khc nhau (c th trong qu trnh tin qui hoch) l ch li bi hai l do: - Cc u tin v x hi v cc tc ng c th xy ra ca cc cch thc cung cp nng lng khc nhau c th c so snh vi nhau. Bng cch nhn vo chi ph v cc li ch ca cc cch thc cung cp khc nhau hoc cc d n cho cc nhm x hi khc nhau nu c th vi s tham gia ca cc nhm dn c b nh hng - Cc quyt nh c th c thc hin r rng/minh bch.. - Vic trnh v gim thiu cc vn v mi trng sm (vic bo tn mi trng ngn nga) thng th c hiu qu v tnh kinh t cao hn vic lm sch hoc phc hi sau ca mt nhim v mt phn mi trng b ph hy sau ny (bo v mi trng phn ng). OEP trong chnh n th khng c tc ng trc tip ln mi trng, nhng cc kt qu ca vic quy hoch th c s khc bit ng k trong cc iu kin mi trng thch hp ca n. V vy ti thi im ny chng ti ch cp n tm tt khc v mi trng m trong cc tc ng mi trng ca vic lp t nng lng cho sn xut, chuyn i v s dng cc phng tin thng tin nng lng khc nhau c xc nh v nh gi: - Thu nng - Cc h thng thu li ln, cc con p v cc h cha nc - S khai thc l thin - S khai thc ngm - Khong sn x l v gia cng - Cc trm nhit in - Du m v kh t nhin s thm d, sn xut, x l, lu tr - Truyn ti v phn phi nng lng - Cc xng luyn cc, nh my kh ho than, Sn xut v phn phi kh - Ngun nng lng ti to.

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3.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng tt c cc giai on lp k hoch, OEP phi tnh n y cc tc ng a dng ca h thng nng lng ln mi trng. K hoch phi d on c tnh hnh hin nay ca t nc. Mc v c cu tiu th nng lng khc nhau ty theo sc mnh kinh t, cc ngun lc c sn v v tr a l; gnh nng hin ti ln cc thnh phn mi trng khc nhau, v cc hnh thc khc nhau ca s pht trin c th da trn nng lc ca cng ngh v ti chnh. c mt nh gi thc t ca ti trng mi trng to ra bi nng lng, ton b dy chuyn (mt xch) ca qu trnh phi c kim tra t sn xut u tin ca nng lng, bao gm cc giai on chuyn i c th v s dng nng lng thc t ca "ngi tiu dng", phi thng qua loi b cht thi v vt liu cn st li. Ni cch khc, l khng thc hin phn tch n gin trn c s mt k hoch d n c th (v d nh trm in, ng dy cung cp); kha cnh thng ngun v h ngun v cng c th, khi p dng, cc tin x l nguyn vt liu, cng phi c tnh ton n. Mt iu kin tin quyt phn tch v ng gi cc tc ng mi trng l mt c s d liu ng tin cy, m n cng m t tnh trng mi trng hin ti (ti trng ban u) ca quc gia v khu vc trong cu hi. Theo cch ny th c th xc nh mc ti trng mi trng hin ti v nhng thay i do cc bin php c thc hin hoc c k hoch c th c cn nhc hoc c tnh. D liu ny (v d nh ng k mi trng m t cc mc tc ng(gy nh hng/a vo) trong mt khu vc) thng khng c sn, v phi c thu thp n c mt nh gi khi nim hp l, hoc thay th bng cc ch th thch hp cho php cc phn quyt thch hp c thc hin. Khi thit k mt h thng nng lng c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng, cc c quan iu chnh quc gia trong cc quc gia khc nhau v cc t chc quc t c th cung cp cc thng tin quan trng, thm ch nh cc thng tin c th him khi c p dng trc tip trong trng hp ca cu hi. V d, khi xc nh gii hn x cht nhim vo vng nc mt, n l iu cn thit c th d on dng nc no l tt. Nhng vn thng c trong thit k mt h thng nng lng s c iu chnh nhn mnh vo cc vn mi trng cho cc khu vc hoc cc lnh vc mi trng khc (thay th ci vi du ha, s thanh lc kh trong ng khi ca cc nh my in v x l hoc s dng cc thit b lc bi v thch cao) Mt phn quan trng trong khun kh k hoch c nh gi thay th cc hnh thc pht trin v m rng. Nh l mt nh gi, m n cng nn bao hm c nguyn nhn pht trin bi vic cung cp nng lng v cc tc ng mi trng c th c ca n, phi tin hnh t cc mc tiu , tc l phi xem xt cc dch v nng lng c th c cung cp. N lc nh gi la chn da trn mt tiu ch nh gi duy nht (v d mt ch s thit hi hoc hiu qu) c chng minh l s dng t. Thm mt cu hi v trnh by c th tc ng mi trng mt hnh thc tch bit a ra cc quyt nh, s la chn chc chn a ra nhng la chn c th trong quy trnh tha thun chnh tr l kh thi v nhng ngi khc khng th chp nhn. Cc phng php khc nhau v th tc tr gip ca my tnh ang sn sng gip vi nhim v ny. Tuy nhin, nhng la chn c th c th hnh thnh theo cc mc tiu chung v nh gi v mc ph hp kh hu ca chng, v d (s lng ca cc cht nhim c th pht ra c tng hp li v cc tc ng ca n vi kh hu). N cng c th bao gm cc nghin cu v chi ph quy hoch t nht ( y l mt n lc thc hin kt hp "chi ph mi trng" v cc chi ph ci t bo v trong tnh ton quy hoch, v cng nh chi ph ca cc bin php tit kim nng lng). Tham kho c bit l c thc hin cho cc

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d n m trong cc mc tiu kinh t c t bn cnh mc tiu v mi trng v hip nh t nht l tnh trng bnh ng. Vic to ra khun kh ny cng c th phc v xc nh, trn s lng ln cc kha cnh tc ng bt li c th c lin quan n tc ng mi trng, c bit l nhng ngi c lin quan n vic nh gi cc h thng nng lng. Tiu ch ny bao gm t cc thng s chi tit k thut (v d nh mc hiu qu), n thay i nhim (v d nh cc cht nhim khng kh, t thit hi) thng qua nhng ri ro, cc nghin cu v sc khe v quy nh v iu kin ti ni lm vic. Do nhng d n hoc s pht trin khc nhau m n khng p ng cc yu cu ti thiu nht nh (v d khng s dng nng lng thy in hoc khng khai thc cc trm tch trong khu vc bo tn cho php) c th c vch ra t u, nh mt s la chn trc c th da trn c s cc nh gi cho s ng gp c thc hin bi h thng cung cp nng lng cho mt vn mi trng. S u tin tuyt i trong k hoch nng lng phi c to ra cho vic tm kim cc la chn m trong tt c cc kha cnh lin quan, bao gm s thit hi v mi trng l t nht. Cc cp h thng (s dng mt phng tin truyn nng lng ng thi cho ngun in v ngun pht ra nhit ) v trn tt c vic s dng nng lng ti sinh l l tng trong kha cnh ny. Ngay c khi mt tm kim cho cc ty chn nh vy l khng thnh cng, l cn thit cn nhc xc nh s quan trng ca cc phng din c th. Cc thay i ca h thng nng lng cho php ngn nga hay gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng tiu cc c th thc hin thng qua bn lnh vc: (a) Tit kim nng lng Mt lot cc bin php cu trc hin c v nhng cch c th tit kim nng lng, vi vic gy tc dng ph gim p lc v mi trng. C hai ngun lc k thut v hnh vi nhn thc mi trng c mt vai tr quyt nh hot ng trong khu vc ny. Nhiu qu trnh s dng nng lng c th c thit k theo cch nh vy l tit kim nng lng ng k c th t c (thay th mc tiu ca cc thnh phn khng hiu qu trong cc nh my c; ln s dng cc cp h thng, tc l ng thi s dng sc nng trong pht in; s dng kt hp trong qu trnh ca cc trm in nng cao hiu qu; ngay cc bin php nh vic s dng nhin liu-bp nu n hiu qu). Nhng u i ny ch c cung cp nu c cu gi bao gm t nht l chi ph, v bt c ni no c th bao gm cc phn b sung trang tri chi ph mi trng. (b) Thay th nhin liu Hn na, chng ta c th thy tim nng cho cc thay i lin quan n cc nhin liu c bit, v d nh kh sinh hc thay cho g, than t lu hunh thay v than giu lu hunh. Thm nhng thay i c bn cng c th c th (v d nh xy dng ti mt vng kh hu c th theo , vi nh lng cn thit iu ha khng kh). Vic s dng ln hn ca (ni sinh) tim nng trong kh nng phn quyn a phng c th xt on la chn gii php trng tm (tc l cc thit k mng li v dng ph thuc), vi vic phc hi cc ngun nng lng (i vi ng dng nng lng v nhit) ang c quan tm c bit. Hn na, cc gii php phn quyn c th n mt mc ln vt qua nhng ri ro v cc vn mi trng kt hp vi vn chuyn nng lng. (c) Cc bin php k thut/u t p lc v mi trng cng c th c thuyn gim trc tip thng qua cc bin php tng hiu qu hoc gim lng pht thi t cc ci t hin ti (v d: lc kh trong ng khi, s dng cc cht xc tc), m bo qun l h thng ti u (v d nh tun th nhit t chy ti u) hoc xut thay th cc ci t, vi nhng kha cnh v mi trng ang c cn nhc t u. Cc bin php ny thng ch c tnh kh thi
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thng qua u t b sung v cho mt s phm vi chng cho vi cc bin php nu (a). Tin x l cc nhin liu (kh lu hunh) v cc bin php c bit cho lu tr an ton hoc s dng li sau trc khi kim tra nguyn vt liu d (tro, lc bi) cng cn c xem xt ti thi im ny. (d) Thay i hnh vi Cui cng, nhu cu nng lng c thng bo c th c phn tch v ngh thay i hnh vi (yu cu thay i, s dng cc ci t chung v d cho s lm lnh). K hoch nng lng c th biu l phm vi thay i. Cc cu hi c th thc hin c phi c a ra, v tr li, ti mc v chnh tr; vi s to ra ca cc iu kin kinh t tng hp m hnh vi thc y mi trng c th chp nhn c trong s cc bn lin quan tr thnh mt cng c quan trng ca OEP. OEP c th ch chun b cho nhng quyt nh mc chnh tr v h tr thng qua cc phn tch. Hot ng trong tt c bn lnh vc c phm vi rng ln v s h tr thng qua gio dc v s cung cp ca thng tin cho cc nhm dn s b nh hng (c nhn, cc chuyn gia thng mi v cng nghip, cc nh ra quyt nh). Cc iu kin thun li c cung cp bi cc phng tin truyn thng khc nhau (truyn thanh, cc n phm, cc bi ging) phi c s dng mnh m v s cung cp v gio dc ph hp phi c thc hin thng qua cc trng hc v cc trng cao ng. S h tr ng k y c th n t (cng ng v c nhn) s thnh lp v t chc c kinh nghim lin ngnh, c th gp phn hiu qu tm ra cc gii php cho cc vn mi trng trong lnh vc nng lng. Cc t chc phi chnh ph ang tng tm quan trng v cc t chc cn c h tr trong cc cng vic ca h. Tuy nhin s thnh cng cn ph thuc vo lnh vc cng ng, trong vic m bo s phi hp ban u ca cc khu vc pht trin khc nhau.. nh hng n iu kin kinh t ni chung cng ng mt vai tr quan trng, v n thng ch mc ny nhng thay i c th c t trong tt c bn lnh vc c trch dn. Ngoi ra mt chnh sch tr cp ang hot ng (v d cho s khi ng ti chnh), th on ca chnh sch ti chnh (thu phi ng cao hn ca cc bin i khng mong mun; nu cn thit c th bao hm tt c d kin chi ph bn ngoi) l c bit ng c cp n. Nhng s thn trng cng cn c thc hin m bo (c bit trong trng hp ca cc d n quy m ln) m cc chi ph l khng vt qu kt qu t c (tnh n cc chi ph c th cho kinh t nh mt tng th). tm tt, mi nhu cu khi c xc nh r rng (v d nhu cu ny sinh t cc yu cu ca mt d n pht trin cng nghip), trong khi nhu cu khng c quan tm nh l mt s lng c nh, ngi ta c th tin hnh trn c s cc cu hi sau y: - l mt nhu cu c th hiu c/chnh ng hay ch n thun l kt qu ca s khm ph mt xu hng? - Tt c cc bin php c th ca vic s dng nng lng hp l c dng ht v tim nng cho vic tit kim c tnh n hay khng? C cng ngh thay th v th tc xut c bao hm trong k hoch hay khng? - Phng tin truyn nng lng khc c th s dng cung cp cc dch v c t ra cha? Tt c cc phng tin c th c ca phng tin truyn thun li vi mi trng thay th nng lng c khai thc? - Cc vn mi trng c th trong bng chng lin quan n vic s dng ca cc ci t c k hoch v s phng c thc hin gim bt thng qua cc bin php k

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thut? C k hoch x l c sn cho bt c nguyn vt liu no cn st li hay khng? Cc cht nhim chnh hoc ti trng mi trng tng th l ci g? - C tnh n nhng thay i c th trong cc iu kin x hi v kinh t tng th ci m c th b nh hng n nhu cu nng lng trong tng lai? C nhng pht trin gy ra bi sn xut nng lng v nhng hu qu v mt mi trng ca n c ghi nhn hay khng? - C cc iu kin c to ra bi cc bin php mc k thut s c h tr bng iu khon gio dc thch hp hay khng? C iu kin qung co thun li c bao hm v c cc nhu cu t chc cho cc bin php h tr c p ng? Nhu cu trong cc lnh vc khc (h gia nh, ngi tiu dng nh, nng nghip, vn chuyn) c th gii quyt vi mt hng ging nhau (t quan im ca tng hot ng kinh doanh) hn cc gii php tiu chun. Trong trng hp ny ngi ra k hoch phi xem xt vic thc hin c th c h tr bi cc chnh sch bin php gi c hp l (tr cp, lm ra nhng bin i khng mong mun t tin hn). 3.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc 3.4.1. Cc mc tiu chung v cc kha cnh kinh t - x hi / vn ha x hi Mc ch ca nhiu nc l nhm ci thin tnh hnh, m trong c th c trng bi s tng trng dn s, suy dinh dng, s thiu ht ca cung cp y t v v sinh, t l tht nghip v s phn chia khu vc, v bi phn ln s tiu th khng th kim sot cc ngun ti nguyn c hn. Lnh vc nng lng lin quan cht ch n cc vn ca khu vc ny v kh nng p ng v tnh hp l v kinh t lm tha mn cc nhu cu v dch v nng lng (v d cp n ngun nc v ti tiu, y hc, sn xut) c th gip lm gim bt cc vn . K hoch nng lng tng th (OEP) phi c tnh n nhng nguyn tc ch o trn khi h thng ny ang c pht trin. S mong mun cc tc ng xc thc s t c ch yu trong giai on cui cng ca s pht trin ca h thng nng lng, c th l trong giai on ca s dng nng lng thc t. Cung cp, tc l khai thc, chuyn i v phn phi nng lng phi c thit k sao cho mt tch cc (s dng) khng b b ra ngoi. Mc tiu ch yu l tm ra mu thun chnh ti ni m c cc h thng quy m ln ca khai thc nng lng v chuyn i khng p ng cc mc tiu dn s ca khu vc, lin quan n x hi hoc khng th chp nhn s thay i v hu qu ca kinh t-x hi v vn ha-x hi v ch nh chi ph v li nhun cho cc nhm x hi khc. - OEP phi tnh n phm vi kinh t-x hi v vn ha-x hi. iu ny i hi phi phn tch ton din v tnh hnh hin nay v s tham gia ca ci b nh hng trong qu trnh ra quyt nh.. - nhiu nc, cc ngun nng lng thng mi khng th n c cc nhm x hi thp hn do vn gi c. Cc u t v xy dng c s h tng thng khng c phn nh n trong gi tr ca cc ngun nng lng tng xng trang tri cc chi ph: cc khon tr cp m c cp trn c s x hi, khng n c vi cc nhm dn c ngho, c bit l nng thn, n mt mc va , do lm gia tng s bt bnh ng x hi. Mt nghin cu khc bit ca cc s thch v sc mua ca tng nhm i tng tiu dng, c thc hin nh mt phn ca cc phn tch nhu cu nng lng, nn cung cp thong tin c gi tr cho vic thit k cc dy chuyn cung cp ph hp v mt chnh sch v thu xut hp l. Kinh nghim cho thy rng vic qung co ca mt

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phng php tip cn phn cp cung cp nng lng l mt cng c quan trng vi nhm i tng nng thn. - Trong khu vc kinh t trong nc, vic gii thiu cc loi nhin liu mi thng gp s chng i t pha dn chng nh nhng kiu ng x truyn thng s b ph v. V d, s c gng gii thiu vic s dng tit kim nng lng than v bp g thng tht bi v khng lng d thch hp cho cc mt khc ca bp, nh l bc x nh sng v nhit, d s dng, v sinh v thm m. Mt khc yu t ti chnh thng l l do ti sao mt s la chn khng th c t ra. Khi ni n vic cung cp nng lng cho cc h gia nh th ph n l ngi ra quyt nh nhiu nc bi v h l ngi c trch nhim sn xut, thu gom v s dng ngun nhin liu sinh hc (ch yu l ci). Bi v do v tr c bit ca h trong ngnh kinh t nng lng trong nc, ph n c kin thc chuyn mn lin quan n vic s dng v qun l ngun nguyn liu sinh hc. l kin thc cn c a va xem xt trong bi cnh ca OEP. 3.4.2. Mi lin h/tng tc vi cc ngnh/lnh vc khc OEP phi c tnh n s cn thit ca tt c cc nhu cu v tnh a dng ca ngnh trong khu vc v quc gia. Tuy nhin, cng cn tch cc tm cch gy nh hng n m hnh tiu th nhm t c cc h thng nng lng c th c chp nhn hn v mt mi trng. iu ny i hi s hi ha v phi hp cht ch vi mt h thng quy hoch khu vc cao cp hn trnh quy hoch nhm ln v cung cp h thng nng lng c hiu qu v chp nhn c v mt mi trng. V d, n s c s tng tc vi cc quy hoch khu vc khc: (1) Quy hoch vng: Cc mc tiu pht trin ca quy hoch vng c th c thc hin bi OEP t s sn c ca nng lng l mt iu kin tin quyt cho qu trnh pht trin. S kt ni h thng ng in gia cc vng nng thn v quc gia cng c th nh hng n qu trnh th ha v lm mt tc dng ca cc chuyn bay t mt t. (2) Giao thng vn ti v quy hoch giao thng: mt h thng giao thng cng cng trong cc th x v cc thnh ph c th gim mc tiu th nhin liu v kt qu pht thi nu n c tc ng n vic gim s dng t c nhn. Lin kt ca cc vng nng thn n mt h thng giao thng s gia tng sc hp dn ca cc vng, v trong nhiu trng hp l iu kin cn thit cho hot ng thng mi (lin kt vi cc th trng xa hn) (3) Quy hoch cng nghip: S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip i hi phi cung cp nng lng, c bit l in nng. Quyt nh xem c nn tp trung pht trin nng lng (v ng thi thng gy nhim mi trng) cc ngnh (vt liu c bn nh thp, nhm, ha cht) s nh hng n mc tc ng ca kh nng tc ng ln mi trng (4) Nng nghip v lm nghip: Tham kho c thc hin cho vn ca vic s dng nhin liu sinh hc nh cht t, v cc nh hng thc s ln t s dng cho nng nghip. Gia tng vic trng rng l i hi nhiu khu vc cho nhin liu v c th dn n vic cnh tranh vi t s dng cho nng nghip. Ngnh nng-lm nghip cng nghip c th cung cp cc gii php c th thc hin c trong lnh vc ny. (5) Qun l ti nguyn nc: Cc tc ng mi trng c ngha l OEP phi c hng ti phc v cho cc nhu cu ca k hoch qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc. iu ny c p dng, v d, vic cnh tranh s dng nng lng to ra t nc, thy

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li v cung cp nc, v cho u vo ca nc lnh, hoc s c quyn ln nhau ca cc v tr cho nh my in v lu vc nc sinh hot.. Ngoi ra, c mt b mt phn chia ch yu cho cc khu vc chnh tr khc nhau, nh m chng ta bit c nhng nhu cu c th c kt hp cht ch trong hu quan (trong be tong) v quy hoch chi tit. Bn cnh , cc phm vi ca chnh sch nng lng ci m c tho lun di y, n bao gm cc ng li cho cc khu vc khc nhau nh l chnh sch cng nghip hoc chnh sch mi trng c thng qua. (6) Chnh sch nng lng: y mnh cc mc tiu k hoch nng lng c chp nhn v mt mi trng gi l mt chnh sch nng lng m c tnh n chi ph x hi thc t ca vic cung cp v s dng cc ngun nng lng. Cc mc tiu c th t c n mt mc thng qua lut php (v d quy nh kim sot kh thi, cc yu cu v an ton, cc hng dn nhp khu), nhng vic t c cc mc tiu khc da vo cc quyt nh c nhn ca ngi s dng. Trrong trng hp ny, nh hng ch c th dn n s chu ng thng qua gi c. V d, nhiu nc cc mong mun v mi trng qu trnh thay th vic s dng ci bng kh t lng hoc du la b mt tr ngi nghim trng khi gi du th tng ln. S n lc gii thiu cc k thut than thin vi mi trng (v d cc h thng quang in vi bng n tit kim nng lng, bp g v l nng siu hiu qu) thng tht bi cc vng nng thn do thiu ngun lc ti chnh. Mi trng theo nh hng chnh sch phi tnh n nhng trng hp ny thng qua s gii thiu ca vic sp xp ngun ti chnh thch hp, tr cp hoc cc chnh sch ti chnh. V c bn cn thit quyt nh liu c th c nhiu hng a mc tiu nh hng c lin quan ti quy trnh pht trin ang c khai thc thng qua k hoch, tuy nhin sau s ph thuc vo s sn c ca cc ngun lc ti chnh thch hp h tr cc la chn nng lng mong mun, hoc c th c lc lng th trng nn nh hng c s pht trin c bn. 3.5. Tm tt cc tho ng v mi trng Cc tc ng mi trng ca h thng nng lng s gia tng vi mc tiu th nng lng ngy cng tng, v trong cc khu vc ng dn c t n cp (ca khng kh nhim l mt v d) m n to ra mt mi nguy him cp tnh cho sc khe. OEP phi tnh c n cc tnh trng ny vi mt tm nhn gim cc vn v mi trng v gim ti trng mi trng n mt mc c th chp nhn c v, ngay c giai on ny, t nn mng cho s thay i ca h thng nng lng trong thi gian di. N phi c gi nh rng ti nhiu quc gia khng coi tm quan trng ln ca vn pht thi kh cacbon dioxit, vi mt tm nhn v vic tiu th nng lng cho mi u ngi rt thp. Nhng nu tc tng trng hin nay (1980 n 1987) tip tc vic tiu th nng lng ha thch, th cc nc pht trin s phi chu trch nhim v 50% lng kh CO2 thi trong vng 20 nm ti.(Mc d s suy gim trong hiu ng nh knh cho n nay gn nh hon ton do s pht trin kinh t ca cc nc cng nghip ha, h vn s chu trch nhim chnh cho vn ny). Ch c s n lc ca ton cu th s nh bi c vn ny.. Cc yu t c bn ca mt chin lc gim thiu tc ng bt li n mi trng ca ngnh nng lng phi c nh sau: (1) Tit kim nng lng thng qua s hp l, hng nhu cu, s dng mt cch kinh t nng lng trong mi lnh vc. y, nh cc lnh vc c cp di y, gio dc v nng cao thc th quan trng nh l cc phng php ci tin k thut. Nhm vo

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mc tiu s dng cc u i v ti chnh (gi c, thu) hoc hnh th ca cc khun kh v kinh t, v d thng qua s tho d cc khon tr cp, th v c bn l quan trng. (2) S dng cc cht thay th thay th cc ngun nng lng m c bit l nhng ci c tc ng xu n mi trng. S dng nhiu hn cc ngun ti nguyn a phng v c bit l cc ngun nng lng ti to. y cng vy, gi c v ti chnh cng l vn quan trng. (3) S dng ht tt c cc gii php k thut v th tc hnh chnh c th ngha l ca vic gim lng pht thi ca tt c cc loi v t c s chp nhn x l cc vt liu thi v cc cn b. Pht trin thch hp (cho cc nhm mc tiu c lin quan) ti tr cho cc k hoch u t cn thit.. (4) Xc nh phm vi c a ra bi s thay i trong cc hnh vi c nhn v trong cc iu kin x hi v chnh tr cho loi hnh h thng cung cp nng lng trong tng lai. Qu trnh OEP cn phi c bm cht trong mt th ch ph hp cc mi quan tm v mi trng ca OEP ti tt c cc mc ca k hoch v vic ra quyt nh. OEP c mt lot cc cng c gip n thc hin cc nhim v ny, t cc u i trc tip t ti chnh v cc bin php quy nh thc y vic nghin cu v pht trin v cung cp thng tin cho cng chng. 3.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Buchwald, K., Engelhardt, W. (Ed.), Handbuch fr Planung, Gestaltung und Schutz der Umwelt, Bd 3: Die Bewertung und Planung der Umwelt, BLV Verlagsgesellschaft Munich 1980. 2. Buedenbender, U., Energierecht, Handbuchreihe Energie Bd. 15, Resch Verlag Munich 1982. 3. Bundesforschungsanstalt fr Landeskunde und Raumplanung, Energie und Umwelt; [German Federal Research Institute for Regional Geography and Regional Planning]; Informationen zur Raumentwicklung Heft 7/8, Bonn 1984. 4. Davids, P., Lange, M., Die Grofeuerungsanlagen-Verordnung - Technischer Kommentar, Berlin 1984; Die TA-Luft - Technischer Kommentar, Berlin 1986. 5. ECO Northwest Ltd., Review of Methodologies for Assessing the Environmental Costs and Benefits of Acquisition, prepared for Bonneville Power Administration, Portland 1981. 6. Foell, W.K., Management of Energy-Environment Systems: Methods and Case Studies, Wiley New York 1979. 7. Garnreiter, F., et al., Auswirkungen verstrkter Manahmen zum rationellen Energieeinsatz auf Umwelt, Beschftigung und Einkommen. UBA-Berichte 12/83, Berlin 1983. 8. German Bundestag (Ed.), Protecting the Earth's Atmosphere - An International Challenge, Bonn 1989. 9. GTZ, Umweltwirkungen von Infrastrukturprojekten in Entwicklungslndern, Consultant Tag 1985, Eschborn 1986. 10. Hall, P., Great Planning Disasters, Weidenfeld & Nicolson London 1980. 11. Hills, P., Ramani, K. V. (Ed.), Energy Systems and the Environment - Approaches to Impact Assessment in Asian Developing Countries, Kuala Lumpur 1990. 12. Hohmeyer, O., The Social Costs of Energy Consumption, Springer Verlag Berlin 1988. 13. Holdren, J. P., Energy Hazards; What to Measure, What to Compare; Technology Review, April 1982.

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14. Hbler, K.-H., Otto-Zimmermann, K. (Ed.), Bewertung der Umweltvertrglichkeit, Blottner Verlag Taunusstein 1989. 15. Jarass, L., Auswirkungen einer Dezentralisierung der Stromversorgung auf das Verbundund Verteilungsnetz, in: Bodenbelastung durch Flcheninanspruchnahmen von Infrastrukturmanahmen, Bundesforschungsanstalt fr Landeskunde und Raumordnung (German Federal Research Institute for Regional Geography and Regional Planning (Ed.)), Bonn, 1989. 16. OECD, Emission Standards for Major Air Pollutants from Energy Facilities in OECD Member Countries, Paris 1984. 17. OECD, Environmentally Favourable Energy Options and their Implementation, Environmental Monographs No. 2, Paris 1986. 18. Rat von Sachverstndigen fr Umweltfragen, Energie und Umwelt, Sondergutachten, Verlag Kohlhammer Stuttgart 1981. 19. Rat von Sachverstndigen fr Umweltfragen, Materialien zu Energie und Umwelt, Verlag Kohlhammer Stuttgart 1982. 20. Seattle City Light Corp., Strategic Corporate Plan 1987-88, Seattle 1987. 21. Strom, P.-Ch., Bunge, Th. (Ed.), Handbuch der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung (HdUVP), Erich Schmidt Verlag Berlin 1988 ff. 22. UNEP, The Cc tc ng mi trng of Production and Use of Energy, Vols I-III, Nairobi 1979; Vols IV, V, Nairobi 1985. 23. Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environmental Agency): Medizinische, biologische und kologische Grundlagen zur Bewertung schdlicher Luftverunreinigungen; Sachverstndigenanhrung, Berlin 1978. 24. UNEP, The Cc tc ng mi trng of production and use of Energy. 25. Vogl, J., et al., Handbuch des Umweltschutzes, Verlag Moderne Industrie, Munich 1984. 26. Williams Silveira, M. P., Energy and the environment: technology assessment and policy options, UNEP Industry and Environment, March 1990.

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4. Qui hoch khung cp nc 4.1. Phm vi 4.1.1. Tng quan Nc tn ti dng nc mt v nc ngm v c coi nh l mt ngun ti nguyn ti to. Vic cung cp nc ca mt khu vc th thng b hn ch. S lng ti to thng qua vng tun hon thy vn ph thuc c bn vo lng ma, vi nhiu bin i nh lng m rng v nh k cng nh cc khu vc khc bit ng k. Vic cung cp nc t khi p ng c nhu cu trong iu kin ca s phn b cht lng, nh k v a l, hoc trong cc iu kin v cht lng nc. Vn l tin ca cc bin php kim sot, tc lhng mc tiu qun l ngun ti nguyn nc. Qun l ngun ti nguyn nc bi vy c ngha l s iu chnh tt c s dng ca con ngi, v cc tc ng ln nc mt v nc ngm, do vic cn thit pht trin cc mc tiu v cc iu kin chung bao gm tt c cc ngnh cho vic s dng ti nguyn nc do cnh tranh ca ngi s dng, m bo tnh tng thch vi mi trng ca cc hot ng qun l ti nguyn nc. S dng qu mc , thay i trong vic s dng t, kh hu thay i v.v c th lm gim kh nng ti to trong thi gian di, v kt qu l lm gim vic cung cp nc v kh nng s dng ca nc.. Mt s phn bit phi c thc hin gia nhng ngi s dng m khng lin quan n vic tiu th nc thc t (v d nc s dng cho mc ch lm lnh) v nhng ngi m trong nc ton b hoc mt phn c tiu th hoc b nhim. Cc bin php bo v chng li nhng tc hi ca nc (v d bo v l lt) cng phi c quan tm nh s dng ngun nc. Cc iu kin ngoi vi ca qun l ti nguyn nc c xc nh khng ch bi s cn nhc k thut v kinh t m cn bi cc kha cnh x hi hc, vn ha-x hi, php lut, y t/v sinh v chnh tr.. Qun l ti nguyn nc l mt cng c quan trng ca chnh sch c s h tng v c bit quan trng vi - S bo v trn c s ca i sng c tr cc vng nng thn v thnh th, thng qua vic d phng mt ngun cung cp y ca nc ung an ton. - Ci thin v sinh ti ni sinh sng ca cc vng nng thn v thnh th, thng qua vic kim sot s loi b nc thi v cht thi, vi cc bin php kim tra s ly lan ca nhng bnh tt t nc ti nhng ni cn thit - Gia tng sn xut nng nghip thng qua ci to t, ti v thot nc. - Thc y sn xut cng nghip thng qua cung cp nc sch v nc phc v cng nghip - Pht trin h thng giao thng qua vic pht trin cc tuyn ng giao thng trn cc con sng, knh rch v h - Ci to h thng nng lng thng qua vic pht trin ca thy in v cung cp nc lm lnh cho cc nh my nhit in - Vic khai thc cc ngun khong sn thng qua quy nh bm v thi hi nc ngm (thot nc m)

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- Bo v v gi gn mi trng sng t nhin bi vic p ng cc nhu cu t nhin ca nc v cc bin php bo v cc khu vc ca nc - Pht trin vic nui trng thy sn bng cch bo v mi trng sng t nhin v nhn to cho cc loi thu sinh - Bo v mi trng sng v a im sn xut nng nghip v cng nghip thng qua cc bin php bo v chng li l lt ti nhng ni c th, xi mn, kh cn v sa mc ha - Gim khi lng cng vic ca nhng ngi ph n thng qua mc tiu cung cp nc - Pht trin du lch bng cch bo v cc khu vc gii tr trn cc con sng, h v b bin. Trong nhng trng hp nht nh, cc hot ng ny c th cnh tranh vi mt hot ng khc. 4.1.2. Cc nh ngha v nguyn l qui hoch khung cp nc Theo cc hng dn ca c (16), K hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc gm cc kha cnh tng quan v cc quc gia ph thuc vo h thng qun l ngun nc trong khu vc quy hoch. N nn t ra cc iu kin trong khu vc quy hoch ngun nc v cho php nh gi nhng tc ng c kh nng thay i. K hoch qun l tng hp ngun ti nguyn nc th thng c rt ra cho cc n v a l t nhin, tc l cc lu vc sng hoc cc b phn ca chng. Cc gii hn khu vc l cc lu vc sng trn mt t. K hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc cho cc khu vc kinh t hoc mt phn ca cc khu vc kinh t nu c th nn c pht trin trn c s k hoch chung cho cc lu vc sng c lin quan. i vi khu vc quy hoch l cn phi c lm r cc cp khc nhau ( khu vc, vng, quc gia) khi no, u v bao nhiu nc l c sn hoc cn phi c cung cp, v nu c th trong cht lng no, v nhng hot ng qun l ti nguyn nc no l cn thit cn bng cung cu. Cc bin php ny cn c kim tra v kh nng ti chnh, kinh t v sinh thi ca n. Trong qu trnh ny n l cn thit tnh n cc iu kin tng th trong hin ti v d on c tng lai trong khu vc quy hoch v trong cc n v a l t nhin tng th (v d nh din tch lu vc sng). K hoch tm nhn th thng t 10 n 30 nm Mt k hoch qun l ngun ti nguyn nc tng th c trnh by tm tt nh sau: - Nhu cu v nc hin ti v d on (c) cho tng lai - C th c nhng cch p ng nhu cu v nc ngoi ngun cung cp nc theo hnh thc cn bng thy vn - Cc iu kin thy vn trong khu vc d n - Tnh trng hin ti v tng lai v tnh sn c ca nc v s lng v cht lng v s dao ng theo chu k v a l. - Cc con ng c th pht trin ngun cung cp c th s dng (hnh thnh ngun cung cp mi, ti to nng lc) - Kim sot vic thot nc v bo v l lt (cc ri ro l lt, nc nh l cao, ng bng b l lt)

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- Duy tr tinh khit ca nc (ti trng c t ln cc ca sng, c tnh t lm sch) - Cc ri ro tim nng cho nc mt hoc nc ngm do s dng hin ti hoc tng lai (tai nn, khng an ton khi vn chuyn cc cht c hi, lu tr cc cht ph thi khng ng quy nh, cht thi thng mi v cng nghip, x cc cht nhim nng nghip nh phn bn v thuc tr su) - Cc quy nh cn tnh n tt c cc ch ngun thi cc cht gy nhim (s lng, cht lng, mc ca tin x l). Cn phi kim tra khng ch nhng trng hp tiu chun m cn cc trng hp nghim trng v cc thi k c tm quan trng c bit i vi cc thit k chnh xc ca n qun l nc. Cc iu tra phi c tin hnh nh gi mc cn quan tm bo v ca cc ngun nc v cc chu trnh thy vn quan trng i vi vng v khu vc. Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc v mt tng th khng cung cp d liu v cc gi tr cho cc d n ring bit. Thay vo , n cung cp mt c s xc nh cc iu kin chung c th p dng cho cc khu vc rng ln cho s pht trin c s h tng tng th, v d: - Chnh sch v nh (quy hoch th v khu vc, pht trin nng thn) - a ra v tr cho s pht trin thng mi v cng nghip - Cc khu vc bo tn (ng bng b l lt, bo v xi mn, bo v nc ngm, vi cc bin php ti nh c khi cn thit) - Cc bin php bo v theo lut nh v cc bin php bo tn - Cc iu kin cai qun vic cung cp ngun nc khi khn cp. Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc tuy l i theo cc iu kin tng th c th p dng c ca qun l ti nguyn nc, v kt hp cc bin php c lin quan. Ch bng cch ny cc gii php thch hp c th c tm thy v mc tiu quan trng ca a phng v cng bng x hi trong vic phn phi nc phi t c. K hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc l mt chc nng ca chnh quyn (tc l nh nc) ci m c c thc hin mt s mc : - B, thm quyn cao nht v nc - Qun l hnh chnh v nc (cc vn phng c lin quan, kh tng thy vn, thi tit v a cht thy vn) - Cc s qun l c lp (cc hip hi, cc nhm ngi s dng, cc hp tc x, cc cu trc truyn thng mc nhm mc tiu) thit lp cc u tin cho vic s dng v bo v ngun nc v gi cho k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc c cp nht thng xuyn n c mt khun kh php l v mt chc nng hnh chnh ph hp vi nhng quyn hn cn thit v chuyn mn k thut; n bao gm kh nng gii quyt cc vn quc t.. 4.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Tc ng thng xuyn ca mt d n ring bit, nh l mt con p nh hoc knh chuyn dng cho mt phn nh ca dng chy, l ti thiu v c gii hn khu vc a phng, gy kh khn cho thc hin mt s nh gi nh lng ca cc tc ng. Nu mt

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s d n c kt hp, v d chui cc con p trn mt dng sng, hoc nu ton b dng thi ra c chuyn hng, cc tc ng c th nghim trng Quy nh qun l nc sinh hot v tc ng m n c bn c lin quan ti: - S ngn dng v chuyn hng ca nc mt (cc con p, h cha, cc p nc nh, cc cng trnh knh chuyn hng dng chy, trm bm, knh m, ng ng dn) cho mc ch ca quy nh x, bo v l lt, cung cp nc ung v nc cho cng nghip, thy in , v.v); cc hot ng thng xuyn phc v nhiu mc ch cng mt lc (v d h cha a mc ch), c ngha l nhiu kha cnh khc nhau c phi hp trong khun kh phc tp; - Khai thc nc ngm (ging o, khoan ging, cc con sui ngn nc), tt nht l cho vic cung cp nc ung v nc ti tiu; nu cc c s khng ng vi thit k, c nguy c co v s nhim cho c nc khai thc v tr lng nc ngm; - S vn chuyn t ni khai thc n ni tiu th (cc phng tin chuyn ch nc, cc knh m, cc ng ng dn); c nguy c nhim cao i vi cc h thng m v d tip cn; - Thu v s dng lng ma (b cha nc, nc ma thu hoch); vic s dng qu mc ca gii hn cung cp t nhin phn ln cn loi tr. Tr lng nc c th b nh hng bt li c v s lng, tc l trong nh lng, a l, nh k sn c (s dng qu mc), v v cht lng ca n (s nhim) Trong trng hp nc mt, mt s thay i cc iu kin ca dng chy c ngha l thay i mt ct t ca dng chy, ct p, nhm v tc dng chy. S thay i ch dng chy nguyn nhn thay i l do xi mn v qu trnh lng. S ngn dng c th lm gim bt nh nc cao, m cn l nguyn nhn gy ngp lt cc vng sinh thi c gi tr, i hi s ti nh c cng bc, to thnh cc vng nc t v nh hng n cc qun th thc vt vi mi trng sng ca cc loi ng vt v thc vt thy sinh, c bit l cc iu kin di tr cho c. Ngoi ra, nc cn c s dng cho con ngi v ng vt lm y mnh s ly lan ca cc bnh tt ly lan bng nc ung (st rt, bnh do giun gy ra, k sinh trng v bnh kit l) S lng ln ca cc thng s thy vn v thy lc i hi s cung cp mt c s d liu ng tin cy, cp nht v lu d liu cc quan st lu di. Lp k hoch gi nh khng hon chnh, th d nh s thi hi ca dng l nu c th, nguyn nhn gy v p hoc s hot ng khng hiu qu ca cc p ngn nc, c th gy ra l lt qu mc, dn n thit hi nghim trng. Trong trng hp ca nc ngm, vic s dng qu mc c th l nguyn nhn gy ra bi cc ging nc m nm qu gn nhau hoc ni m cc qu trnh h thp mc nc tnh chng cho nhau, gy ra st gim mc nc tnh lin tc. Vic hnh thnh cc tr lng nc mi c th b nh hng bi s thay i ca vic s dng t. Vic thi ra cc cht nhim, c th l gin on (cc tai nn, s lu tr cht thi khng n nh, b nhim bn nhiu) hoc trn din rng (phn bn v thuc tr su trong nng nghip, s tiu dit chu chu trn phm vi ln), c th lm gim cht lng nc ngm. Vic gim mc nc tnh v lu di trn cc khu vc rng ln c th cn thit trong trng hp t s dng vo mc ch nng nghip ngn chn bo ha v mn ho. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht trng hp ny l c hi cho cy ci t nhin v cy trng m do lm tng nhu cu nc v thy li l cn thit v c th gia tng vic s dng qu mc hin ti.

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Thin bm nc ngm l mt ngun ti nguyn nc khng ti to v do khng cn phi khai thc tt c mi ni nu c th. Ci thin vic qun l ngun ti nguyn nc thng xuyn to ra cc hiu ng cp 2 v cp 3 nh mt gia tng trong nhu cu (gia tng mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi , tng s lng vt nui, m rng h thng ti tiu nng nghip) vi cc hiu ng thm vo khun kh sinh thi v x hi, v d (tiu hy thm thc vt v t ai thng qua vic chn nui qu mc v s gim nt do gia sc, vic ph rng to t nng nghip, tng mnh xi mn bi nc v gi, s di chuyn ca nhng ngi dn du c tn ti nh mt hnh thc nh c, s tp trung c tr ti cc khu vc sui cung cp nc, s lin h gn gi hn v c nhng xung t gia cc nhm dn tc khc nhau). Thng th tnh hnh pht sinh m ni cc vn mi trng khn cp ch c th c gii quyt bng cch tnh n cc khu vc khc trong mt phn tch quc gia (nu khng, v d, cc cng trnh xy dng bo v l lt c th t nhng ngi sng h ngun n nguy c ln hn ca l lt). Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc phi gp phn vo s pht trin ca cc d n qun l nc thng qua cch tip cn lu di, a ngnh v khu vc ln, bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn nc t nhin v bo m ti a kh nng tng thch vi mi trng. Mt yu t cn thit bo tn trong mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc bao gm s xem xt ban u ca nhng tc ng mi trng ca hot ng qun l nc cho cc l do sau: - Quy hoch pht trin v cc u tin x hi v cc tc ng c th xy ra ca hot ng qun l nc cn c so snh v nh gi; cc hot ng khc nhau hoc hot ng lp k hoch cho cc nhm x hi khc nhau v cc quyt nh cn c lm minh bch bng cch lp ra cc chi ph v li ch (s tham gia ca cc nhm dn c b nh hng l cc k quan trng); iu ny s cho php cc gii php thay th c pht trin giai on sm; - Bin php bo v mi trng phng nga tc l trnh hoc gim thiu cc vn v mi trng t trc th ni chung l c hiu qu hn v tit kim hn so vi bo v mi trng khc phc, tc l mt s dn sch sau hoc s phc hi ca mt phn mi trng b nhim v ph hy sau y. Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc cung cp cng c cho cc nh lp k hoch nh m nh hng tiu cc v mi trng v pht trin thiu st c th trnh c hoc t nht l lm gim bt, v i hi cc bin php chng li hoc cc bin php bi hon c th d tnh c Ty thuc vo cc iu kin a l-sinh thi v vic s dng cc n v a l t nhin, hot ng qun l ti nguyn nc c th, v d, nh hng n: - Kh hu (v d nh nhit khng kh, m khng kh, s bc hi, v bc x nhit), - Lng nc ngm v nc mt sn c (s tng tc ca h thng thot nc thng qua kim sot l lt, s gim tc ca h thng thot nc, s thm), - Cht lng nc ngm v nc mt (s pha long, lm gim nng cht nhim), - Cht lng v din tch t c th s dng c cho mc ch nng nghip v lm nghip (mc nc ngm, s thoi ha t, s lng ng),

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- Mi trng sng cho ng vt v thc vt trn cn v thy sinh (s bin i v s tng giao ca cc mi trng sng, cc m ly), - Sc khe v v sinh (cc iu kin sng cho cc sinh vt gy bnh, h thng thot nc v nc thi). Cc bin php ngn chn cc tc ng tiu cc v mi trng trong cc khu vc khc nhau ca vic s dng (th d nh nng nghip, cng nghip) phi c quy nh trong k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc, nhng chng phi c gii quyt trong cc lnh vc ring bit. 4.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng 4.3.1. Cc kha cnh tng h lin quan Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc phi tnh n tt c cc tc ng c th c ca cc hot ng qun l nc v mt mi trng. N phi i ph vi tnh hnh hin nay ca vic quy hoch khu vc, m n c th thay i ng k t nc ny n nc khc. Trng thi ca nc c th c trng bi cc nhng ci sau: - Cc k cao hoc thp ph thuc vo lng ma hng nm trn khu vc, - Nguy c ca vic khng c ma xung trong vi nm, - T l phc hi rt thp ca nc ngm, - Lng ma d di v s ngp lt, - S tiu th thp v t l ngi dn c cung cp nc thp, - Ngun cung cp khng ng tin cy, - Thy li chim mt t l cao ca nhu cu, - M rng vic ti s dng nc thi v nc nhim mn, bao gm c s kh mui ca nc bin. phn tch v ng gi cc tc ng mi trng ca hot ng qun l ti nguyn nc cn thit phi xem xt ton b chui cc qu trnh tc l chu k thy vn t giai on u tin ca lng ma n vic x l nc thi sinh hot v cc cht thi khc iu kin tin quyt cho cc iu trn l mt c s d liu ng tin cy m n cng m t hin trng mi trng (cc vn c tha k) ca n v a l t nhin trong cu hi hoc ca khu vc. Theo cch ny c th thit lp quy m ca vn mi trng hin ti tc l s thay i dn n cc hot ng trong qu kh, v ng gi cc tc ng ca cc bin php quy hoch. Cc c s d liu (v d nh cc tp ch thy vn, cc ng k mi trng, cc bo co a cht) khng c sn nhiu nc v trc tin phi c bin son v thay th bng cc ch s thch hp lm mt nh gi hp l cc bin php quy hoch. Cc c quan php ch quc gia v cc t chc quc t c th cung cp thng tin quan trng; thng tin nh vy him khi c truyn trc tip cho cc trng hp chuyn giao, mt phn l bi v cc quy nh ring bit v cc thng s cn c hiu nh l mt phn ca h thng tng th, ci m khng th cho l tn ti tt c cc nc. V d, khi xc nh mt gii hn cho vic thi cc cht nhim vo ngun nc mt, vic s dng v c tnh t lm sch ca dng nc phi c d tnh n.
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K hoch khung cung cp mt c s c gi tr cho s nh gi cc hnh thc c th thay th ca vic pht trin v m rng. Cc nh gi phi, tuy nhin, c tin hnh i vi nhng mc tiu nh nhau. S n lc nh gi da trn c s ca mt tiu chun nh gi duy nht (v d nh ch s chi ph, ch s thit hi) khng d tnh nhiu kha cnh khc nhau c lin quan. iu quan trng gim gn nh v hn ca tiu chun c th c c bao hm. V d, c th loi tr t u cc d n hay nhng pht trin khc nhau m n khng p ng nhng nhu cu ti thiu cn thit (v d, khng c s pht trin nh hoc cng nghip hoc loi b nc ngm phi c cho php trong cc khu vc bo tn nc hoc vng ng bng b l lt). Cc tc ng mi trng cn c u tin trong cc phm vi khc nhau ty thuc vo tnh hnh nc hin c; - Khu vc c ti nguyn nc khan him: u tin cho vic cung cp s lng, cc bin php tit kim nc. - Cc khu vc c ngun cung cp y : u tin cho sc khe v v sinh, m bo cht lng. - Cc khu vc c mt (tm thi) d tha: u tin cho cng tc phng chng l lt. Ni chung, cc vn v s thit hi ca nc (v d nh ti tiu bng ngun nc ngm sn c) yu cu s ch nhiu hn. 4.3.2. Phn tch tnh trng s dng v cht lng cc ngun nc thin nhin 4.3.2.1. Xc lp vic cung cp nc thin nhin Vic cung cp nc t nhin c xc nh bi cc qu trnh trong chu trnh thy vn, yu t cn bn l ma v cc yu t nh s thot-bc hi nc, s thot nc trn mt t v di mt t, qu trnh thm, s hnh thnh dng nc ngm mi v.v Nhng nh hng ng k c a ra nn bng cch kim sot cc thay i nh l kh hu, thc vt, a hnh, th nhng, cc iu kin a cht-thy vn v.v v cng c cc nh hng nhn to nh l vic s dng t (din tch ti tiu ln, cc khu vc c tr vi s thm lc thp v s gia tng dng chy) Vic cung cp c xc nh ch yu bi: - Ngun cung cp ti cc h cha trn mt t, - S thot nc vo cc ngun nc mt, - Tr lng nc di t bao gm tr lng nc a cht (bm sinh) m n, tuy nhin, khng th phc hi li v do khng nn coi n nh ngun cung cp c th s dng c khi cn thit, - S hnh thnh dng nc ngm mi (thng ch c mt lng nh l t nc ma, ph thuc ch yu vo s bay hi, s thot nc b mt, s thm qua, kh hu, thc vt, loi t, a hnh, mc nc ngm, cc iu kin a cht-thy vn). S thot nc, s hnh thnh dng nc ngm mi hay cc thng s khc ca chu trnh thy vn th thng c kt hp vi trung bnh ca nhiu nm, bao gm mt s miu t v cc gi tr mc cc i (cc nm m t, cc nm kh cn). i vi k hoch qun l ti nguyn nc cc c im ny l rt quan trng cho s nh hng, nhng n cng phi c xem xt trong bi cnh ca mt s phn tch bng thng k theo th t thi gian v a l nh c th c mc cao nht ty theo ma v s bin i ca khu vc. Nu, v d, nm thy vn bao gm ma kh v ma ma r rng, nhng ngoi ra
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n chc chn c nhng thay i tht thng trong lng ma t nm ny qua nm khc, cc gi tr trung bnh trong thi gian di cho h thng thot nc mt v cung cp nc ngm khng nn c s dng trong d n quy hoch. nhiu nc c s d liu thng l khng y . Cc trm quan trc th qu xa nhau. Mt k hoch qun l ti nguyn nc cung cp thng tin v cch tng mt mng li quan trc. Cc d liu cn thit (v d mc nc v cc dng chy, t vn v vt cht l lng trong nc mt, mc nc ngm, cc thng s vt l, ha hc v sinh hc cho cht lng nc, d liu v kh tng thy vn v a cht thy vn) phi c ghi nhn v nh gi theo tiu chn quc t thch hp (nh l WMO, FAO, WHO). Chng phi c cng b thng xuyn trn tp ch thy vn trong s quan tm ca k hoch hon chnh, nu khng cc t o c qui m s cn thit phi thc hin, m n s tn km nu n khng ngn gn xem. 4.3.2.2. Xc lp kh nng x dng ngun nc cp Vic cung cp nc c th s dng c coi l c t l cc ngun cung cp nc t nhin m c th c khai thc, cc kha cnh sau y c tnh n: - Lu vc T nhin v v tr ca phn chnh yu ca nc hoc tng ngm nc, cc iu kin a cht v a mo cho vic xy dng ging, cc cng trnh chuyn dng v h cha, cng ngh sn c. S phn phi li theo chu k v nh lng (s lu tr), s phn phi a l (s di di) Chi ph pht trin, khai thc, x l v phn phi, x l nc thi Cht lng nc, nguy c nhim bnh, cng ngh x l, cc bin php kim sot nc nhim cho cc thnh phn ca nc, ti sinh.

- S phn phi - Tnh kinh t - c tnh ho hc/v sinh

- Sinh thi hc, bo v ti nguyn v cc S ph hy c th nh gi c, tr lng thc vt ph thuc vo nc ngm, lm kh kha cnh s dng lin quan cn cc vng nc v dng nc, s vi ha ca t, xi mn, lm kh cn cc m ly. - Cc l do khc cho vic qun l nc V d nh s vn chuyn, s pht in ca nh my thy in, u tin s dng cc khu vc quy hoch bn ngoi.

Mt s yu cu ti thiu (s lng, din tch v.v) phi tha mn nh mt vn u tin cho php i vi cc s suy xt sinh thi 4.3.2.3. Xc nh nhu cu s dng nc Nhu cu v nc v c bn bao gm cc thnh phn sau: - Nc ung cho ngi v sc vt, thng mi v cng nghip v t nht l trong khu vc dn c ng c cho nhu cu cha chy - Nc cho s dng cng nghip - Nc ti tiu
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- Nc duy tr mt t l ti thiu ca dng chy v vn chuyn - Nc cho s sn sinh nng lng thy in - Nc dch v, v d nh nc lm lnh cho nh my in Nhu cu trong tng lai c d on trc t mt s phn tch nhu cu hin ti v s thay i v nhu cu trong nhng nm qua, mt s so snh vi cc thi gian tng t trong cc khu vc khc nhau v mt s am hiu v s thay i dn s, tiu th trn u ngi m c th l ph thuc vo mc phc tp ca cc ngun cung cp nc cho h gia nh (ging, ng nc cng cng, nh kt ni vi ng ng chnh), s pht trin ca thng mi v cng nghip v pht trin thy li.. nhiu nc, ti tiu chim phn ln nhu cu, trong khi nhu cu v cng nghip v thng mi th vn cn tng i khim tn, nhng phi c d kin gia tng cng vi s tng trng ca cng nghip ha nhiu quc gia. Hn na vic cung cp nc ung l c lin quan, nhu cu c bn c th c xem xt y v hp l ty thuc vo thi quen tiu dng ca ngi dn v cc iu kin kh hu v vn ha. Theo (4), mt cung cp v c bn l y c th t c khong 2040l/cd (cd=capita day=ngi.ngy). Gi tr ny s tng ln vi cc tiu chun cung cp tng. Nhng tiu chun sau y c th c gi nh nh l nhng chun mc cho lng tiu dng hp l: - Ln n 40l/cd vi vi nc cng cng - Ln n 60l/cd vi kt ni ng ng chnh ngoi tri - Ln n 120l/cd vi kt ni ng ng trong nh Tn tht trong nhiu h thng phn phi ln n 50-100% ca s tiu dng trn thc t v phi c cn nhc khi nh gi nhu cu. Cc thay i v nhu cu v nc trong tng lai c xc nh bi - S gia tng dn s - S kt t trong cc khu vc dn c ng c - M rng cung cp thc phm v v th m rng cc h thng thy li - S pht trin ca thng mi v cng nghip - Tng bnh qun tiu dng trn u ngi - Tng nhu cu v thy in. Khi c gng d on trc s pht trin v nhu cu dng nc trong tng lai th c nguy c ca vic c tnh sai do s thay i khng lng trc ca mt nhn khu hc, x hi- kinh t hoc bn cht k thut . Bi vy mt k hoch qun l tng hp ngun ti nguyn nc nn c thit k linh ng v phi c cp nht ti cc khong thi gian thch hp c s c lng r rng c th c ca cc hnh thc pht trin khc hoc cc vin cnh ca s pht trin, nh gi cc tc ng ca n trn h sinh thi, ti nguyn thin nhin v s dng ti nguyn. Trong tt c cc phn tch nhu cu, c th c nhng cch iu chnh tiu dng v iu chnh xu hng pht trin cng cn c kim tra (nhng vn u tin, hn ngch, ph s dng, tin cy ca ngun cung cp). c bit, vic m bo thu ph bao hm y cc chi ph l mt phng tin quan trng ca vic thc y s dng nc hiu qu; chng ta cng thi hnh nguyn tc ngi gy nhim th phi tr tin. N c th l cn

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thit hn ch s pht trin ca ngun d tr nc mi, cho n khi tt c nhng cch c th tit kim nc hoc phc hi nc b nhim c khai thc ht. 4.3.2.4. Cn bng thu lc v qui hoch tng th Cc bin php khc nhau c th xut pht t mt s so snh ca ngun cung cp c th s dng v nhu cu trong s cn bng thy vn, cc kha cnh ca thin nhin v bo tn ngun ti nguyn trong miu t: tng vic s dng ngun ti nguyn: - Xy dng h cha - Khai thc nc ngm - Tng t l phn phi - M rng h thng phn phi - S kh mn ca nc bin, khi c th p dng ci thin cht lng nc c x l: - Ci thin/nng cp cng ngh x l - Ha trn vi nc t nhim t cc khu vc khc bo v s lng v cht lng ca ngun ti nguyn: - Bo v xi mn, trng rng - Ch nh cc khu vc bo tn nc, hn ch s dng thuc tr su v phn bn - Ci thin/nng cp cc h thng v sinh mi trng v gio dc v sinh - Xy dng cc nh my x l nc thi sinh hot - Hn ch x cc cht nhim vo cc ngun nc b mt - Phc hi chc nng ca cc thnh phn ca nc - Bo qun c tnh t lm sch ca cc thnh phn ca nc bng cch hn ch t vic m rng hoc thng qua vic m rng mt cch tng t vi thin nhin - s dng kt hp nc mt v nc ngm gim mc tiu th nc v y mnh s dng hp l ngun nc d tr: - Nhng thay i c bn trong hnh vi thng qua vic nng cao thc - Tit kim nc (loi b cc r r trong mng li cung cp, kim sot tiu th vi ng h nc) - Tin hnh b sung/b cp cho nc di t - S dng nc ma - Tch ring ngun cung cp nc dch v v nc ung - S dng nhiu ngun nc trong gia nh, thng mi v cng nghip - S dng cc k thut tit kim nc ti tiu (thu y trang tri chi ph) bo v t v thc vt - S hon li m v tin hnh b sung/b cp cho nc di t
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- H mc nc tnh bo v chng li s nhim mn. S nh hnh cc iu kin kinh t chung l v cng quan trng trong tt c cc khu vc c cp n. Nhiu thay i c th ch ng dt khot v kim sot thng qua hot ng ca mt chnh sch tr cp (v d thng qua khi ngun ti chnh), thng qua chnh sch ti chnh (v d thu cao hn ca cc thay i khng mong mun) v thng qua vic thnh lp v p dng mc thu (chnh sch v gi). Cu hi c tnh kh thi v cng c kh nng b dn s nh hng cng cn c xem xt cn thn. Cc kin rng ri cho rng nc l khng mt tin l sai. Con ngi phi thc c v gi tr ca ti nguyn ny. 4.3.3. Phn tch cc tc ng n h sinh thi, cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v s dng ngun ti nguyn Cc d n qun l ti nguyn nc c th c nhng tc ng ln ln h sinh thi v ti nguyn thin nhin, n l mt trong hai quan st trc tip hoc ch thng qua mt s cc hiu ng do hu qu gin tip.. Cc tc ng trc tip thng xut hin ngay lp tc thng qua - S khai thc ngun nc: S h thp vng nc mt v lm suy yu mc nc ngm, s suy gim ca dng chy, tiu dit mi trng sng ca thc vt v ng vt - S d tr nc: S dng cao mc nc, ngp lt t - nhim: X cc cht nhim v/hoc cc cht tiu th oxy , s i mu, mi - S gi nc: Gy nguy him n cc khu vc ngp lt nh k (nh l cc vng m ly) Cc tc ng th cp v cpba cng c th xut hin thng qua s tng tc phc tp, v d do cc tc ng ca kinh t- x hi hoc vn ha-x hi, v ch c th nhn thy c trong mt thi gian di. Hai v d sau s phc v minh ha: - nh gi cc tc ng ln m mt p chn c th c n mi trng, n l khng kh nng kim tra tnh kh thi ca d n trong cc iu kin ca th nhng, thy lc v k thut. Thng tin cng l cn thit cho php lm mt nh gi hin thc v nhu cu dng nc, cung cp nc, vn chuyn trm tch v s bi p trong cc h cha, s thay i trong ch ca dng chy v cc cuc xung t v s dng gia lu vc sng, khu vc ngi s dng, khu vc h lu. - Vic xy dng cc ging nc su trang c trang b vi cc bm dn ng bng ng c ti Savana pha Bc ca Sahel dn n trc y nhng ngi chn nui du mc tr thnh mt phn c gii quyt, ng thi vi s gia tng s lng chn nui. c bit l khi mt s ging b kh cn, vic chn th qu mc v qu trnh sa mc ha tng dn xut hin trong khu vc ca cc c s m vn cn mu m. T cc iu kin sng khng c iu chnh na bi ngun cung cp nc c sn trong cc mc nc ngm ca khi vc, tnh hnh sinh thi v kinh t - x hi b suy gim nhanh chng. S gia tng kh nng s dng ca nc c th dn n t b nhim mn nu cc k thut ti tiu khng ph hp c s dng trong cc khu vc kh hn v bn kh hn.

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4.3.4. Phn tch tc ng n sc kho v v sinh Khi nh gi vic cung cp nc trong khu vc quy hoch, s ch phi c tnh n s v sinh v tnh khng c hi ca nc. Khng ch s lng m cht lng ca nc cng rt quan trng. Hn na cc thng s v cht lng c coi l ph thuc vo vic s dng c d tnh, v c th khc nhau nhiu v ty thuc vo , v d, nhu cu nc ung, nc ti tiu hoc nc sn xut nng lng. Cht lng nc c th nh hng r rng thng qua cht lng nc v cc mc tiu bo tn c trnh by r rng trn cc c s ca mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc, thng qua x l nc thi, thng qua cc hn ch trong vic s dng ngun nc , thng qua vic ch nh cc khu vc bo tn nc ngm v thng qua cc hot ng gio dc v v sinh c tin hnh song song vi cc d n cung cp nc. Trong cc nh gi ca vic thay i trong tng lai v vic s dng nc th thng b b qua, v d, s gia tng tiu th s dn n vic gia tng ca mt khi lng nc thi. Nc thi th thng c thu gom trong cc knh m v c dn ra cc vng nc mt, hoc n gin l c php cho thm ngay lp tc qua cc khu vc ln cn ca ngun. iu c tc dng gy nhim ngun nc mt, trong khi nc ngm l ch th ang chu nguy c ln nht. V d, nc thi khu vc t trng cy c th gy tn hi lu di n sc khe. V th khng cung cp nc phi c t trn c s khng c s thot nc y lm gim bt ti trng mi trng. iu ny c p dng cho c hai ngun nc ung v nc ti tiu trong nng nghip. Cc n lc b sung thc y vic t t chc trong cc hnh thc gio dc v cc chin dch v sinh, m ph n thng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic lp k hoch v trin khai thc hin, gip trnh s dng nc qu mc v gy nhim. S pht trin nhanh chng ca sn xut nng nghip nhiu nc khng ch to ra nhu cu ngy cng tng i vi nc ti tiu, m cn l kt qu ca vic tiu th mt lng ln phn bn v thuc tr su nhn to. Khng kim sot s dng cc ha cht cng c th dn n nhim nc mt v nc ngm. Vic s dng h thng tiu thot nc cho vic ti tiu trong nng nghip mt qu trnh m n thng c lp i lp li nhiu ln lin tip c th lm tng hm lng mui trong nc, do gy ra vn nhim mn cho ngi s dng vng h lu. Vic chn cc dng nc mt gy ra cc cht rn c mang theo bi nc dn vo to thnh lp trm tch trong cc h cha. iu ny lm bn lng tng dn ln v, vi s a vo ca cc cht dinh dng, s ph dng ca nc. Dinh dng phong ph trong mi trng nc sng trong s kt hp vi cc iu kin kh hu thng thng cc nc kt qu sinh vt gy bnh pht trin mnh, dm n s ly lan ca cc bnh do nc nh l st rt, giun sn hoc su guinea. 4.3.5. Tc ng kinh t-x hi v vn ho-x hi S cn bng thy vn t ra trong K Hoch Qun L Tng Th Ngun Ti Nguyn Nc l mt nhn t quan trng trong mc tiu pht trin khu vc. N cng cung cp mt c s cho quyt nh v cc thay i c nh hng su rng n kinh t - x hi v vn ha x hi. Vic m ra cc ngun cung cp nc mi thch hp s dng c th dn n mt ln sng khng th kim sot c ca cc nhm ng nhng ngi t cc khu vc thiu nc. Bn cnh nguy c ca vic s dng qu mc cc ngun ti nguyn, iu ny cng c

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th gom nhng ngi t cc nhm khc nhau li; cc h thng x hi trc y vi cc chc nng nh l c s cho cc chin lc sng cn, c th b e da v d b tn hi. Cc h qu sinh thi ca cc p nc bo v chng li l lt v bo v ngun cung cp c th nh hng n i sng ca nhng ngi nh c sng nh vo nc nu lng c thay i. Trong lu vc lu tr, t nng nghip v lm vn s b mt v thng th khng th thay th c, v cc l do a hnh v th nhng. iu ny c th gy nhng hu qu nghim trng n kinh t - x hi cho dn c b nh hng. Trong khu vc h lu, iu ny c th dn n cn kit dng nc vi hu qu tt yu ca h mc nc, hoc lm cht lng t tr nn xu hn trong nhng cnh ng ph thuc vo dng nc, nu t khng c nh k ngp nc giu dinh dng. Tng t nh th n cng lm suy yu nn tng kinh t ca ngi dn. Ci thin kh nng ti tiu cho nng nghip v lm vn c th dn n nhng thay i trong tp qun trng trt (th tinh nhn to, c canh), do sau khi tng nng sut t s dn dn tr nn cn kit, dn n vic dn dn gia tng s dng phn bn. Hn na n c th dn n s nhim mn cho t v cc vt cht gy nhim nghim trng cho nc mt v nc ngm. Mt phn tch kinh t - x hi nn bao gm cc iu tra c bit v gii v nhm hin th n phm vi ph n v cc nhm x hi c th b tc ng bi cc hot ng qun l ti nguyn nc, nh l mt trong hai nhm b nh hng hoc hng li. Khu vc v cc hnh thc s dng t truyn thng, thng khng dng vn bn quyn s dng nc, t v chn th, c cu tn gio, cc iu kin u i ca nhng ngi dn thng ngun v.v th rt quan trng v cng c th b hn ch. iu bt buc l mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc phi c tnh n cc yu t ny. 4.3.6. Khung hnh chnh v chnh sch Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc yu cu mt khung hnh chnh v php lut (php lut v nc). N phi c thit lp cc quy tc c th v cc mc tiu chnh tr (u tin s dng, cm s dng nhiu, cng nhn cc hnh thc s dng truyn thng, cc quy tc quc t v bin gii) thc hin bng phng tin ca mt s qun l thch hp hoc cc t chc thch hp. Do iu quan trng to ra hoc tng cng cc cc c quan hay t chc chu trch nhim qun l ti nguyn nc. N l ci ch yu lp cc th tc ra quyt nh cn thit v cc c quan, loi tr cc phn tn quyn lc m thng gp phi, thc hin y cc iu khon v ti chnh v trin khai hp l v i ng nhn vin nng ng. N l quan trng ch yu bo m s tham gia thch hp ca ph n v nhng nhm khc trong vic ra cc quyt nh v cc th tc. 4.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc l nguyn tc c bn, khng ch x l tt c cc vn lin i vi qun l ngun nc. N i vo im chnh yu ca ton b vic pht trin c s h tng ca khu vc quy hoch v thit lp cc iu kin chung cho cc quy hoch ring bit trong cc lnh vc khc nhau. Do , iu quan trng nht cho cc bin php quy hoch trong cc khu vc ring bit, ch yu nh hng n cc vic sau: - Quy hoch khng gian v khu vc

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- Quy hoch cc a im cho thng mi v cng nghip - Quy hoch tng th nng lng - Cung cp nc cho th - Cung cp nc cho nng thn - X l nc thi - X l cht thi rn - Cc cng ni a - Vn chuyn trn ng thy ni a - Cc cng v cc bn tu, cc cng trnh cng v qu trnh hot ng ca chng Vn ti thu - Sng v xy dng knh o - Kim sot xi mn - Cng trnh thy nng - Cng trnh thy li vi quy m rng ln - Cc p nc, cc nh my thy in - S khai thc l thin - Cc nh my nhit in 4.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Nh mt cng c lp k hoch ng thi im, mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc c th gp phn ng k vo vic bo tn ngun ti nguyn nc v gip ngn nga cc thit hi mi trng bng cch thit lp cc thng s. N cho php qun l ngun ti nguyn nc theo cch nh l bo v ti nguyn v bo m tnh bn vng lu di ca n. Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc c t ra trn cc thng s c bn, n khng ch t quan im k thut v kinh t, m cn bao qut v m t s tng tc ln nhau ca nhiu yu t khc nhau trong hot ng trong h thng nc, cng nh tnh n cc iu kin v sinh thi, kinh t - x hi, vn ha x hi. Mt k hoch qun l tng th ngun ti nguyn nc ch r phng hng ca s pht trin c th c trong tng lai ca cc iu kin sng v tnh hnh kinh t trong mi tng quan vi nc. N cung cp mt c s nh cc phng hng khc nhau ca vic s dng ngun ti nguyn nc c th c xc nh, so snh vi nhau v nh gi nh th no cc d n qun l ti nguyn nc c th c hoch nh v thc hin mt cch chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Vic lp k hoch phi tnh n cc tc ng ph c th c v cc h qu, v k hoch d tho nn bao gm cc xut trnh cc tc ng xu, gim st cc ch s mi trng quan trng v vic thc hin cc bin php bi hon mt cch hp l. Cc nhm mc tiu cn c tham gia t u trong vic pht trin ca k hoch d tho.

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4.6. Ti liu tham kho

1. Baumann, W. et al., BMZ (Ed.): klogische Auswirkungen von Staudammvorhaben, Forschungsberichte des Bundesministeriums fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit, Bd. 60, Munich, 1984. 2. Biswas, A. K., Qu Geping (Ed.): Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries' Natural Resources and the Environment Series, Volume 19, London, 1987. 3. BMZ (Ed.): Entwicklungslndern. Sektorpapier Wasserversorgung und Sanitrmanahmen in

4. Buchwald, K., Engelhardt, W. (Ed.): Die Bewertung und Planung der Umwelt, Handbuch fr Planung, Gestaltung und Schutz der Umwelt, Munich, 1980. 5. Deutscher Verband fr Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau e. V. (DVWK) (Ed.): Ermittlung des nutzbaren Grundwasserdargebotes, DVWK-Schriften, Heft 58/1 und 58/2, 1982. 6. FAO: Guidelines for watershed management, FAO Conservation Guide, Rome, 1977. 7. FAO: Keeping the land alive, Soil erosion - its causes and cures, FAO Soils Bulletin No. 50, Rome, 1983. 8. Gesetz zur Ordnung des Wasserhaushalts (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz, WHG) und Wassergesetze der Lnder, 1986. 9. Goldsmith, E., N. Hildyard: The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams, Volume 1, Cornwall, 1984, Volume 2, Cornwall 1986. 10. Munasinghe, M.: Managing Water Resources to avoid Environmental Degradation, World Bank Environmental Paper No. 41, Washington, 1990. 11. National Committee of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere, Programme at the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Water Management of the GDR, Reservoirs as major engineering works in nature, Interactions and after-effects shown at the example of the highlands of the GDR, UNESCO, 1984. 12. Niemeyer-Lllwitz, A., Zucchi, H.: Fliegewsserkunde, kologie flieender Gewsser unter besonderer Bercksichtingung wasserbaulicher Eingriffe, Verlag Diesterweg, 1985. 13. OECD (Ed.): Management of water projects, Paris, 1985. 14. Olbrisch, H.-D. et al.: Wasserwirtschaftliche Me- und Auswerteverfahren in Trockengebieten, published by the Deutscher Verband fr Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau (DVWK), DVWK Schriften Nr. 96, 1991. 15. Richtlinien fr die Aufstellung von wasserwirtschaftlichen Rahmenplnen, appearing in the "Gemeinsames Ministerialblatt" (joint ministerial gazette), published by the Bundesminister des Innern (Federal Ministry of the Interior), Nr. 16, Bonn, 29 June 1984. 16. BMZ (Ed.): Sektorkonzept Wasserwirtschaft, August 1987 (draft). 17. Tehranien, D.: Die Relevanz der Umweltprobleme fr die konomische Entwicklung in den Entwicklungslndern, Verlag K. Reim, 1976. 18. Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency (Ed)]: Handbuch zur kologischen Planung, Bde. 1 und 2, Erich Schmidt, Berlin, 1981. 19. UN: Water Resources Planning to meet Long-Term Demand, Guidelines for Developing Countries, Natural Resources/Water Series No. 21, New York, 1988. 20. UN: Criteria and Approaches to Water Quality Management in Developing Countries, New York, 1990.

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21. UN: Criteria for and Approaches to Water Quality Management in Developing Countries, Natural Resources/Water Series No. 26, New York, 1990. 22. UNESCO/UNEP (Ed.): The impact of large water projects on the environment, Proceedings of an international symposium 21-31 October 1986, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris.

23. WHO: Legal Issues in Water Resources Allocation, Wastewater Use and Water Supply Management, Geneva, 1990. Cc tm lc v qui hoch ngun nc cc t kho * Surface water * Groundwater * Water quality * Climate * Erosion * Desertification * Health * Plant production * Irrigation * Animal production * Tourism * Pesticides * Fertilisers * Sedimentation * Structural and regional planning * Planning of locations * Overall energy planning * Urban water supply * Rural water supply * Wastewater disposal * Waste disposal * Ports on inland waterways * Shipping on inland waterways * River and canal Engineering * Erosion control * Rural hydraulic engineering * Large-scale hydraulic engineering * Mining - open cast * Thermal power stations
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* Nc mt * Nc ngm * Cht lng nc * Kh hu * Xi mn * Sa mc ha * Sc khe * Nh my sn xut * S ti tiu * Cc sn phm c ngun gc ng vt * Du lch * Thuc tr su * Phn bn * Trm tch * Quy hoch kt cu v khu vc * Quy hoch v tr * Quy hoch tng th nng lng * Cung cp nc cho th * Cung cp nc cho nng thn * X l nc thi * X l cht thi * Cc cng trn ng thy ni b * Vn chuyn trn ng thy ni b * Sng v knh k thut * Kim sot xi mn * Cng trnh thy nng * Cng trnh thy li quy m ln * Khai thc m l thin * Cc nh my nhit in

5. Qui hoch pht trin giao thng vn ti 5.1. Phm vi 5.1.1. nh ngha vn ti v giao thng "Transport and Traffic" Vn ti v giao thng p ng mc ch di chuyn ca con ngi v hng ha, cng nh truyn t cc thng tin. Nhng yu cu p t ln vn ti v giao thng kt qu t s tng tc ca nhng khu vc m con ngi sng v ni m thng mi v cng nghip c xc nh v tr, m n c lin kt vi cc mc khc nhau m n tn ti - B nh hng bi s lng dn c, cu trc nh c, cc tiu chun kinh t ni chung, cc hon cnh kinh t-a l (nh tim nng s dng t t nhin, v tr ca nguyn liu th v cc c s sn xut), cc chin lc sn xut (v d nh ch - trong thi gian), v do iu kin t nhin ngoi bin (a hnh), - Mt h qu ca chnh sch kinh t (v d nh gii quyt cng nghip, nhu cu ca ngnh nng nghip) v quy hoch pht trin (pht trin quc gia v quy hoch khu vc), c th c s dng kim sot vic vn chuyn v nhu cu giao thng thng qua s tp trung v phn cp. Cc hnh thc v cng ca phng tin vn chuyn v giao thng ph thuc vo - Cc iu kin giao thng vn ti hin hnh - Cc bin php vn hnh (iu hnh cc h thng giao thng vn ti) - Cc quyt nh lin quan n chnh sch vn chuyn v giao thng (l ph, thu, cc quy lut, s hp tc nh nc trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti) Vn ti c gii v khi lng ln ni ring gy ra thit hi trc tip cho c con ngi v mi trng; ngoi ra, n cng c th gp phn vo vic s dng thiu cn i ngun ti nguyn, v do gin tip gy ra vn nghim trng v mi trng [1]. 5.1.2. Cc hnh thc vn ti v giao thng ng b nhiu nc, tm quan trng ca vn ti ng b l chim nhiu u th. Nhng con ng b v ng quc l th khng ch c s dng bi nhng xe t c nhn v nhng chic xe ch hng ha nng, m gy ra nhng vn ln v mi trng v s an ton, chng cn c s dng di chuyn v vn chuyn. - i b - Bng xe ko bi gia sc v xe ba gc - Bng xe p - Bng xe my ng st l mt phng tin chuyn ch c tnh linh ng cao ca cc loi phng tin chuyn ch i din cho cc phng thc khc nhau ca phng tin vn chuyn v cc h thng ng c y, mc d iu ny c th dn n mt lng ln cc v tai nn. Trong cc khu vc bn ngoi thnh ph, ng b v c bn v phc v chc nng h tr trong s pht trin v lin lc. Mt nt c trng ca siu ng b v h thng ng cao tc l s n khp ca n vi cc khu vc c mt dn s dy c m trong

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s pht trin kinh t c tp trung. S quy hoch theo nh hng mi trng l c khuynh hng nng v cc quan tm n a l t nhin. Trong cc khu vc dn c, ng b phc v ch yu cho cc nhu cu ca c tr ca con ngi v phng tin lin lc, vi kt qu l, trong v tr , cc nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi s dng c t chng ln nhau. ng st Cng nh s vn chuyn con ngi, ng st c s dng ch yu cho vic vn chuyn khi lng hng ha (nh nguyn liu, nhin liu v cy trng) trn mt khong cch di l im nt quan trng v kinh t, m khng cn phi thng xuyn cht hng v d hng. nhiu nc, tnh hiu qu ca h thng ng st ch c th c duy tr vi nhng kh khn, hoc thm ch l s sa st. Kt qu l, vn ti ng st ang mt ngha, trong khi t mt quan im mi trng n thc t ang c y mnh. Hot ng kinh t ng st ring bit c th c mt hnh thc vn ti trc tip trn khong cch di (v d gia cc ngun nguyn liu v cc cng hoc cc trung tm th). ng thy Vn chuyn ng thy (cho d ni a hay khc), dc theo cc b bin v trn cc con sng c ph bin trong trng hp ca cc quc gia o v trong cc vng vi cc cao khc nhau (nh ng Nam ), v trong cc khu vc xa xi n thng l cc phng thc vn ti duy nht c sn. Ngoi vic lin kt cc tuyn ng a phng ca cc khu vc nh c ln cn, khc bit v lin kt khong cch truyn thng cng c tm thy nhng ni ny; tuy nhin, chng th ang mt dn v th v tc so vi cc phng php vn ti bng ng b. C th vic tiu th nng lng c th rt thp, thm ch vi k thut c gii ha. Nh vi giao thng ng b, cc loi hnh giao thng v cc phng php truyn lc c th, v khng kim sot c cc v tr k nhau ca cc phng thc khc nhau gy ra mt ri ro cao nh cc tai nn. Cc h thng vn ti v giao thng khc Cc h thng vn ti v giao thng khc c cp c gi tr, m nhiu quc gia n ng vai tr nh ni chung nhng cng c th c ngha quan trng vi a phng, l: - Vn ti hng khng (my bay, my bay trc thng, v thm ch c th kinh kh cu) - ng ng dn cho vic vn chuyn nhin liu lng, kh (du th, sn phm du khong sn, kh t nhin, than ha lng) - Cp treo, v d nh trong cc d n nguyn vt liu (g v khai thc qung) - Mng li vin thng, trong c th thay th mt phn vt cht ca truyn t thng ip v thng tin. Vi vic xy dng cc tuyn ng giao thng mi v s pht trin ca nhng ci hin ti, cc mc tiu chnh lin kt cc khu vc khc nhau trong mt kiu mi hoc c ci thin, v cch ny m rng th trng cho cc nguyn vt liu hoc cc thnh phm c sn trong cc a im. Mc ch y l tnh hnh kinh t ca ngi dn sng trong cc khu vc s c ci thin bi cc mc vic lm cao hn m n mang v. Rt thng, nh mt hiu ng ph, mt ci thin v cung cp cc hng ha v dch v t bn ngoi khu vc cng c th c xem xt. Quy hoch cc tuyn ng vn ti l s tng cng mc tiu duy tr v h tr ca cc tin ch c sn, cng nh pht trin tip v thit lp cc tuyn ng hoc h thng mi.

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5.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 5.2.1. Cc tc ng mi trng trc tip ca mt s m hnh vn ti Di y l bng tm tt cc tc ng mi trng trc tip ca cc phng thc vn ti c bn trch dn t bo co ca OECD v Vn ti v Mi trng [2]. Bo co ny tnh c cc s liu b cht v b thng nh thit hi trc tip n con ngi. Cc tc ng ny xut hin khng ch trong qu trnh hot ng, m cn - Trong vic thnh lp v pht trin vn ti ca chnh cc tuyn ng, - Trong vic to ra v x l cc phng tin hoc cc xe c m khng cn cn thit, - Nh mt kt qu khng mong mun ca vic m ra s giao thng ca cc khu vc m trc y c bo v, thng qua s nh c khng kim sot c. Hu ht cc gnh nng v mi trng c gy ra bi cc hnh thc vn ti c gii, v bi s vn ti bng xe c ni ring. Trong cc trng hp nht nh, tuy nhin, ngay c cc hnh thc vn ng truyn thng c th gy ra cc thit hi v mi trng; v d, cc vng min ni, vic s dng qu mc cc ng i b c th gp phn gy xi mn. Hnh 1 - Cc tc ng mi trng trc tip ca mt s m hnh vn ti [2] Cht thi Ting n Cc ri ro Khng Cc ngun Cc Mt s rn tai nn kh nc ngun m hnh t vn ti Vn Lm thay t cho Thuyn Ngnh chuyn s i cc h c s h ln v cc hng hi lng ln thng nc tng; vic tu b thu ng cc nhin hi t dch trong qu khng bin v liu v cc trnh xy quan tm v ni a cht c dng cng n cc b v vic o thit hi v no vt cng v knh rch cc knh rch trt b Ting n v S Vn ti t cho S rung bnh hoc ng st quyn li hoang cc s va ng xung s ca con con quanh cc chm ca ng v ng, nh ga; thit b v nh ga v hng ha theo mang theo u my dc vic vt cc ng cc khng cht c ray. quan tm n cc hi. phng tin li thi. Cc tc ng khc

S phn vng hoc s ph hy ca cc vng ln cn, t trng tr, chn nui v i sng ca cc ng vt hoang d. Vn ti S S nhim t cho t thi v Ting n v Nhng ci S phn b vng hoc nc mt v c s h gch vn rung t cht, ng b nhim ph khng kh nc ngm tng; s b b ri t cc xe hi, thng v s
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(CO, HC, Nox, cc ht v t cht v nhin liu thm vo nh l than ch)S nhim ton cu (CO2,CFC)

bi cc dng chy mt, s thay i ca cc h thng nc bi vic xy dng ng b.

khia thc cc nguyn vt liu xy dng ng b

cc cng xe mt v trnh lm xe ti trong cc thnh ng; Xe c b ph v dc cc loi b theo khi qu con ng trnh s chnh. dng v du thi

thit hi v hy ca ti sn t cc vng cc tai nn ln cn, ng b; t trng s nguy tr, chn v him ca nui vn ti t i sng cc cc vt ca cht c ng vt hi; nhng hoang d, tt nguy him s t cu trc nghn. khng ph hp trong cc phng tin giao thng c hoc h hng.

Vn ti nhim S thay i khng kh mc nc, hng dng sng khng v tho x m trong vic xy dng sn bay. t ng dn du (theo [3]) S nhim nc ngm bi s r r.

t cho My bay c s h b thu hi t dch v tng; khuyt im ca cc phng tin li thi

Ting n xung quanh khu vc sn bay.

Cc ng dn vo v cc ng bng v cc tc ng ca n

M t chi tit ca cc tc ng mi trng ca ng b, ng st, ng hng khng, v vn chuyn nc c th c tm thy trong cc tm tt v mi trng c lin quan. Cc hng dn c lin quan t cc ADB [4], ODA [5], v Ngn hng Th gii [3] cng cung cp mt tng quan tt v tc ng mi trng t ngnh vn ti v giao thng. 5.2.2. Cc bin php bo v trc tip Cc bin php i ph c th c nhm li thnh cc loi sau I) S thnh lp ca hnh lang xung t thp (quy hoch cc tuyn ng v s la chn v tr vi tc ng mi trng thp nht c th c v nguy c tai nn thp, v nhm cc tuyn ng gi ton b cc khu vc m i hi s bo v).

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II) tit kim khng gian, khng xi mn v b tr an ton ca cc tuyn ng giao thng III) cc bin php k thut gim lng kh thi t xe c ng c (nh u i cho cc loi IV) ngh cho phng thc hot ng m n gip bo v mi trng v gim nguy c tai nn (v d nh tc quy nh) V) Cc bin php hng dn cu trc v giao thng (nh hn ch s dng khng gian v thi gian trong cc khu vc th; u tin cho giao thng cng cng ti th (ng xe bus), u tin cho vn ti thng mi cn thit cho s sng ca th hoc thnh ph (nh l gi cc vng ti trng r rng), u tin cho cc xe hi t nhn y ti (Dng chung xe), v cc bin php phng an ton cc khu vc bo tn nc. 5.2.3. Cc tc ng mi trng ca vn ti v giao thng phm vi a phng, vng v ton cu, v cc bin php bo v c th p dng Cc nn tng cho vic lu do tc ng mi trng l yu t c bn ca vic bo v h sinh thi, bo v lu di cho cc c s cn thit cho cuc sng con ngi. Nguy c ny c t ra bi vn chuyn v giao thng c th c xem xt trn ba cp : I) Tnh nhn vn trc tip Nhu cu v khng gian cho cc tuyn ng giao thng, v s nhim t v nc ung c th gy nguy him n cc vn c bn ca c cc khu vc sinh sng v thc phm. Tng t, vic git cht ng vt nui ti gia bng cc phng tin ng b c th c coi l mt tr ngi ng k n an sinh ca con ngi. iu ny to ra c s cho vic la chn s dng khng gian t v cc phng tin vn ti khng pht thi, t c vic sp xp cc l trnh m n gip tit kim khng gian v gim tc , cng nh a ra cc bin php an ton cho xe c, s gio dc v giao thng, v s gim st c xe c v ngi li xe. II) Nhiu quc gia chim hu cc h sinh thi v cng phc tp v yu t, m ngoi ra n c iu tra t hn cc h sinh thi n i n nh c th so snh c (xem [6]). Cc cuc tn cng trn t v s cn bng thy sinh v ln th gii ng vt bi cc tuyn ng giao thng l ph hp thm ch cn kh khn hn xc nh vi s quan tm n cc tc ng ln nhau v lu di ca n, v do c x l thn trng hn. Trong bi cnh ny, s cn nhc nn c da vo tc hi sinh thi gy ra bi nhng hu qu gin tip ca cc tuyn ng giao thng, v ca cc con ng ni ring, trong bao gm: - Chuyn su hn trong s dng t nng nghip, - Vic to ra cc cnh rng cho cc d n v nguyn liu, - Vic ph b rng ngoi mun, - V cc mi e da cho loi ng vt m c nguy c tuyt chng. Cc bin php sau y gim bt cc ri ro c xut: - Cc quy nh cho gim st vic s dng t trong cc khu vc d n v gim st mt cch hiu qu, - Tng cng hiu qu ca cc c quan gim st nh nc, nh l s qun l rng v cc cng vin quc gia, bng cch ci thin o to, nhn vin, thit b, uy tn, v tnh trng php lut.

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- S pht trin ca mt c quan t vn v nng thn v h thng tn dng i vi vic thc y thch nghi sinh thi v s dng t nng nghip bn vng. - Vic hn ch s dng cc tuyn ng giao thng ca cc nhm ngi dn c th (v d khch du lch) v cc phng tin (xe hng nng). - Vic thnh lp mt Cc mi trng, vi kh nng nh hng nm trong cc c quan vn ti. - Vic cng b v thc hin y cc lut l bo v mi trng. III) Hiu ng nh knh v s suy gim sn lng du th ang chng minh ngha quan trng ton cu. Cc pht thi CO2 v vic tiu th du khong bi cc h thng vn ti ngy nay s lm gim bt phm vi cho cc pht thi CO2 khc v nhng ngi tiu th du, nh l cng nghip, cc trm nng lng, v cc khu vc kinh t t nhn, vi cc gii hn c p t ln trn mc pht thi quc gia theo cc tha thun quc t, v cc hn ch c th chng minh l mt s kim hm pht trin. Trong bi cnh ny cn lu rng lng kh thi CO2, bi vic i chiu vi cc cht nhim khng kh khc (chng hn nh cc oxit nit hoc hydrocacbon), khng th gim bt bng cc thit b thm vo xe c vi cc ng c t trong (nh l b chuyn i xc tc) Hn na, nhng gim st trong tnh a dng ca cc loi, c bit l vng nhit i, m n c th c kt qu t cc tc ng ca vn ti v giao thng, cng c coi l mt mi e da lu di cho nhn loi nh mt tng th: Nhng tuyn ng giao thng ct qua cc khu vc m c thit k nh l cc bo tn t nhin c th lm st gim nghim trng mi trng sng ca cc loi ng vt v cy trng v c th dn n vic git hi chng [7]. Nhng ng ray xe la th gy chia r t hn bi v chng cung cp kh nng vn chuyn nh nhau vi tuyn ng ct ngang nh hn v tn s xut hin thp hn cc ng quc l; vic bo v cc khu vc cn li, dc theo cc con ng ca mt k hoch cng vin thin nhin, nh ngh ca Ngn hng th gii [8], c th ngn chn s bin i ca cc nhm loi thng qua khng kim sot vic gii phng mt bng v s nh c ca con ngi (xem II). 5.2.4. Gim giao thng ng b v chuyn sang dng vn ti khc, bng qui hoch pht trin vng v k hoch quc gia v giao thng vn ti Giao thng ng b ca xe c l dng giao thng gy hi mi trng xu nht. c bit, lng kh thi gy nhim c trng v s tiu th nng lng ca vn ti nng l gp nhiu ln vn ti ng st v ng bin, vi mc s dng l nh nhau; hn na, ng b gy tn hi n h sinh thi nhiu hn ng st v din tch b mt i hi nhiu hn v v s xi mn. S quan trng hn l, sau , chp nhn cc phng php quy hoch giao thng v vng s lm gim bt giao thng ng b trong cc iu kin tuyt i hoc em li nhng thay i cc dng giao thng gy hi mi trng t hn. iu ny c th t c trong nhng cch sau y: I) S phn tn v nh , cng nghip v cc tin ch, nhm rt ngn khong cch giao thng (trong khi gi khong cch ti thiu t cc ngun pht thi; hiu r vic lp quy hoch khng gian v khu vc mang tnh mi trng). II) Mt s thay i t cc xe ti nng cc dng giao thng t gy hi cho mi trng hn, c bit l vn ti ng st (v thu c th thch hp), l mt mc tiu mong mun. Tuy nhin, vo thi im hin ti, li th v vn ti ng b (s tin cy v ng gi tng i, c bit quan trng trong trng hp hng ho d hng, cc th tc t, t nguy c b trm cp trong thi gian bc d hng) lm m nht i cc s suy xt khc, mc d chi ph vn chuyn hng ha xe ti c th c cao hn,v thm ch dn n hng ha
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c vn chuyn bng ng song song vi cc tuyn ng st. S o chiu ca xu hng ny s i hi mt ci tin ng k trong k thut km v iu kin t chc ca cc c quan ng st, hu ht l do hot ng ca nh nc. Cc bin php thch hp nh vn chuyn cngten, cc k thut kt hp vn ti, phn quyn v vic phn b cc kho cha hng ha v h thng thng tin cho s lin kt giao thng ng b tt hn v h thng ng st/nc c th c thit lp thch hp hu ht cc nc, nhng cng nn c khai thc v khuyn khch. Vic vn chuyn cc hng ha c hi t nht (nhin liu, cc cht n khc v cc ha cht c tnh n mn) nn c chuyn i cng xa cng tt khi nhng con ng b v vn ti ng bin v ng st, ngun cung cp ny khng cn nguy him. Quy hoch giao thng vn ti nn cung cp cc im chuyn giao hng ha v s lin kt cc con ng cho chng, nh mt s h tr cho cc chng trnh m rng v xy dng mi. III) i vi nhng nhim v c cu vn ti n gin, nh trong trng hp cc d n v nguyn liu, cc h thng giao thng c bit nh l cc ng ng dn du, ng st c khong cch ng ray hp, hoc cc ng cp c th c t nguy hi n mi trng hn, m tnh kinh t cn cao hn xe ti ch hng nng. c bit iu cn p ng chng li nhng ri ro nguy him ca cc khu nh c khng kim sot c v s ph hy cc khu vc t nhin thng qua vic xy dng qu nhiu nhng con ng. IV) Tng thu ht ca s kt hp thn thin mi trng (i b, xe p, xe gia sc ko, xe but), v d trong cc hnh thc ca cc con ng c lp v cc quy nh u tin, c m bo bi cc bin php xy dng, c bit l ti cc khu vc a phng. V) Quy hoch vn ti theo nh hng mi trng cng c ngha l hn ch xe c vn ti trong cc khu vc ang chu ti mi trng nng hoc l nhy cm v sinh thi, bi ngng vic xy dng mi hoc cc chng trnh m rng, hay cn bi vic ngng khai thc mt s tuyn ng no . Cn thit xem xt nhng nh hng n cc tc ng mi trng ca cc phng thc quy hoch vn ti ca nhng thay i v bn cht v quy m ca nhu cu vn ti trong tng lai: V vy, c th gia tng hon ton th tch v cc nhu cu vn ti ng st bng cch tng chiu di ca on tu, trong khi i vi trng hp vn chuyn bng ng b v giao thng hng khng tng ng vi s gia tng mnh s lng phng tin vn ti, v do tng gnh nng v mi trng.. Mt khc, vic st gim nhu cu vn ti hoc mt thay i nh k trong m hnh ca nhu cu, cc loi hng ha c vn chuyn hoc cc mi quan h ngun-im n, trong trng hp ca vn ti ng st, c th dn ti vic gim cng sut s dng v do vy gnh nng mi trng (v c chi ph na!) trn mt tn (n v khi lng vn chuyn) s tng. H qu tt yu ca n, c khuyn co, trong trng hp nhu cu v khi lng vn ti trong tng lai cn cha r rng th vic la chn phng thc vn chuyn tng i mm do nhng cng thn thin vi mi trng cng tt (ng st kh hp, xe cp, giao thng thu, xe dung in v cc phng tin s dng ng in trn cao ti cc quc gia pht trin mnh v thu in) 5.2.5. Cc bin php hnh chnh, qui nh v ti chnh Cc bin php hnh chnh, php l v ti chnh c th gip t c mt s gim thiu trong khi lng giao thng ng b v gnh nng mi trng lin quan v vic chuyn i sang cc hnh thc vn ti t gy hi n mi trng hn:

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I) Thu v vic thu thu du khong c th lm gia tng ng k bin s chi ph ca cc loi xe c, kt qu l: - Mt mc s dng cao hn (v do t cc chng ng hn), - Vic i li kinh t hn, - Cc bin php k thut gim bt nhu cu nng lng (v do lng pht thi t hn), - Tnh cnh tranh ln hn ca vn ti vn ti ng thy v ng st. iu cng to ra kt qu trong mt phn ca cc chi ph ngoi bin (thit hi mi trng) ca vn ti ng b ang c hp th. Trong mt giai on chuyn tip, mt phn ca thu nhp thm vo c tha nhn bi nh nc c th c tr li bng cch gim s tin chi tiu, v d nh bng cch gim thu hi quan v cc b phn thay th. II) Cc quy nh v u i ti chnh cho vic ci thin cc gi tr kh thi: Vic a vo v cc u i cho xng khng ch, kh thi v cc tiu chun ph mui cho cc xe c mi, thu xe c cao hn cho cc xe c. III) Ph duyt, gia hn, v m rng i tng chuyn nhng vn chuyn hon thnh cc yu cu v mi trng nh l - Kim tra ng c xe, - Vn ti bng ng st v ng bin, - o to ngi li xe, - Quy nh v gi iu khin xe ( ngn nga ti nn). IV) Vic tnh ton biu thu ng st ca nh nc v cc c quan ng thy cchyn sang bin ph, dn n vic ct gim r rng t l khi lng vn ti ln v/hoc khong cch di. iu ny gip ci thin tnh cnh tranh nh so snh vi ng dnh cho xe c. V) S tnh ton thi gian thch hp ca cc s kin hoc cc hot ng m i hi tp trung mt giao thng c bit trong cc khu vc nh ca san st (nh l cc s kin th thao hoc chnh tr, hoc bt u cng vic hoc trng hc). Tc ng ny tuy nhin b hn ch, nh kinh nghim sp xp thi gian linh hot trong cc nc cng nghip ha th hin. VI) Hng dn v vn ti cho ngi s dng. N l quan trng cho cc nh chnh tr gia v cc nh qun l thit lp mt v d bng vic s dng, tc l, xe my hoc mt, hoc du lch trn phng tin vn ti cng cng trong qu trnh lm nhim v ca chng (kinh nghim c nhn trong vic ra quyt nh c th dn n cc h thng vn ti c ci thin). Tp ti liu ca S Giao thng vn ti Anh [9] m t mt v d thnh cng. 5.2.6. Cc c trng ca qui hoch giao thng th Cc iu kin u tin c bit trong cc khu vc th v cc ti chnh sau y c th cp trong lu sau: - Nhng ci tin trong mng li in thoi v cc h thng truyn d liu hin i khc (nh l my fax) c th gip trnh c nhng chuyn i m n p ng nh mt phng tin ca phng tin lin lc (NB: Hiu qu ca vn ti vin thng tng trng th vn khng hon ton chc chn. Tuy nhin, cc ch dn l, thng tin vin thng s khng thay th vn chuyn vt l n bt c phm vi ng c cp n, t khi gia tng cc

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phng tin lin lc s ln lt y mnh s cn thit thc hin qung ng i, y mun cp n thay th giao thng. - Ti phm xa l ( l mt l do cho vic s dng xe) - Quay li vi xe in i ph vi dng ngi i li bng v thng trong khu vc th - Pht huy s kt hp vi mi trng (xem 2.4 IV). 5.2.7. Qui hoch vn ti hng mi trng Quy hoch vn ti cng phi c xem nh l mt qu trnh hi ha ha gia cc nn kinh t, x hi, v mi trng. Mt mt, vn ti phc v mc ch ca t c cung cp cc nhu cu c bn v linh ng v do thc y phc li vt cht ca t nc, mt khc, tnh bn vng lu di ca cuc sng khng nht thit phi c b qua. Theo , s pht trin quc gia v quy hoch vn ti v cc bin php quy nh b sung phi to cc iu kin t c cc iu kin sng mong mun, - Vi nhu cu vn ti ti thiu, - Vi cc dng vn ti thn thin vi mi trng (ng st, tu thy) chim t trng ln nht c th c l tng khi lng giao thng, - Bng cch s dng cc tuyn ng m chng trnh c hoc bo v hnh lang giao thng nhy cm, - Vi xe c trong iu kin kh thi, nh l pht thi cht nhim hoc ting n v tiu th nng lng c gi mc ti thiu, - S dng cc phng tin nh vy l bo m rng s lng v mc nghim trng ca cc v tai nn cng nh ting n, pht thi nhim, v tiu th nng lng c gi mc ti thiu (v d nh thng qua cc hn ch tc hoc quy nh v gi lm vic ca ngi li xe). thc hin mc tiu thc ti ny, quy hoch giao thng phi nhn vo tng lai, v c tch hp vo bc tranh quy hoch tng th, c bit ch ti cch thc m n tng tc vi quy hoch th, quy hoch pht trin khu vc v c quy hoch cnh quan. Cc qu trnh pht trin song song khc nhau, cn trnh xa vic cnh tranh gia cc phng thc vn chuyn cng tt , v iu ny khng ch gy ra cc vn v mi trng (b sung nhu cu v khng gian, mc pht thi do cao hn do vn ti ng b), m cn khng kinh t. Mc ch chnh l cn s dng ti u nhng li th c th ca lnh vc vn ti c nhn (ng giao thng: hot ng linh hot vi khu vc bao ph hon ton; ng st: vn ti t im ti im trn mt khong cch di v khong cch ngn hn dc theo cc trc giao thng; tu thy: cho vn ti m tc khng phi l nhn t quan trng, vn chuyn hng nng). iu ny thng bao gm vic hp tc gia cc hnh thc vn ti khc nhau v i hi mt h thng vn chuyn hng ha chuyn giao y chc nng v ng tin cy. Quy hoch vn ti theo nh hng mi trng do khng ch lin quan n vic xy dng v pht trin ca cc tuyn ng giao thng, m cn cc bin php hnh chnh v php l c th v hi ha vi cc k hoch pht trin khc.

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5.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Trn c s ca cc yu t quy hoch vn ti theo nh hng mi trng c cn nhc trn v c tho lun v cc tc ng mi trng ca giao thng v vn ti, cng vi cc bin php bo v c lin quan, mt s lu di y c cho l lm th no cc tc ng mi trng c th c h thng phn tch v nh gi trong phm vi quy hoch giao thng. 5.3.1. nh danh v phn tch Theo cc tc ng mi trng ca h thng giao thng gy ra do vic lp t v giao thng l c bn xc nh bi: - S chia s trong khi lng vn ti ca h thng ring bit, - Tng lng vn ti thc t, - Dng nng lng s dng, - Tc ca phng tin vn ti, - Nng lng v gi tr pht thi c th cho cc phng tin vn ti ( nhim v ting n), - Tng thch vi cc h thng vn ti khc trong mt mi trng giao thng ph bin, Gnh nng c th cho mi n v din tch gy ra bi cc lp t vn ti v b sung trang thit b cho chng (nh l trm d tr, cc nh xng, v.v) thng qua ch giao ct v mt t. Trong nhng mc nh vy nhng thay i u tin ny c th nhn bit bng cch thng k, chng c th c kt hp trong cc khu vc b nh hng sau: cp quc gia: - Tng tiu th ca cc dng nguyn thy ca nng lng gy ra bi vn ti, - Tng pht thi gy ra bi vn ti (CO2, nhim khng kh), - Tng din tch b mt c s dng, - Cc con s tai nn, i vi cc khu vc ring bit: - Din tch s dng so vi din tch tng th, - S chia r v cc hiu ng x hi, kinh t v ng vt, - S nhim khng kh, t v nc, - on ng thng xy ra tai nn xe c, - on ng thng xy ra ting n, - Gy nguy him cho cc di sn vn ha thng qua rung v kh thi. 5.3.2. nh gi Cc tc ng mi trng trn khp c nc v cc khu vc ca giao thng v vn ti nn c so snh vi - Nhng gnh nng tng th, tnh nhy cm v cc gii hn gnh nng ( ni c quy nh),
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- S suy yu ca nng nghip, cc khu vui chi v gii tr, v c cnh quan nng thn v th, - Tc ng tch cc ca vn ti v giao thng v mt kinh t, c cu x hi v quy hoch thnh ph v t nc T , chng ta c th suy ra (ch yu l nh tnh), - Nhng tc ng mi trng ca giao thng v vn ti gp phn nng n ln gnh nng tng s hoc khu vc, - Nhng ngun ti nguyn c th c s dng gim bt nhng vn ny vi hiu qu ti u (tc l vi s suy yu ti thiu ca cc tc ng mong mun ca vn ti); trc tip, thng qua vic kim sot vn ti tng th v cc k hoch giao thng v cc quy nh v vic duy tr v m rng cc tuyn ng vn ti, v gin tip bng cch thu thu v cc ngh nh), - Ni m cc im xung t ny sinh, - Ni c nhu cu phi hp v hp tc vi cc k hoch ca cc ngnh khc, - Ni c nhu cu cho cc nghin cu su hn. S quan tm mc tng i thp n tc ng ln h sinh thi trong cc quc gia (xem 2.3) phi c tnh n khi p t cc gii hn. Cc phn tch v nh gi va qua phi c cp nht lin tc v nghin cu cn thn v li ch ca vic ci tin lin tc trong cht lng ca cc d bo. 5.3.3. S tham gia ca cc i tng th ba Bn cnh vic thu thp d liu, n cng rt quan trng tnh n cc c th khu vc , cc yu t x hi vn ha, cc nhn t kinh t - x hi. xc nh v phn tch nhng ci ny, n l cn thit m bo s hp tc ban u ca c cc nhm chu tc ng trc tip v gin tip trong vic lp k hoch v qu trnh ra quyt nh, v bo m iu ny bng php lut. S tham gia ca cc nhm ny hoc cc c quan nh nc trc tip tham gia trong cc khu vc c th, v d, thng qua cch thc hin cc cuc kho st gia cc khu vc tn gio v cc nh lnh o th tc hoc bi vic t chc cc cuc hp v cc cuc ly kin cng cng. N thng trong cch m cc h sinh thi v tm quan trng ca chng ngi dn ca cc khu vc c bit n ln u tin; iu ny cng gip trnh nhng nh gi sai gy tai ha, s ph hy khng ch tm ca cc h thng m cuc sng ph thuc v vi phm cc iu cm k v tn gio.(xem thm [7]). Mt cch tng t, nhng ngi s dng vn ti, nhng ngi li xe v vn hnh cng nn c tham gia. iu ny c th lm nh i nhng l do thng c chn di chuyn, m n lm ri tung l thuyt (v d, cc ti x xe ti thng thch i qua cc tuyn ng xuyn qua cc khu vc dn c ng c h c th ly hng v hnh khch cho th lao t nhn; trong nhng trng hp ny, b qua nhng con ng t ph bin). Li ch ca tt c cc nhm ngi s dng vn ti (bao gm ph n v tr em, v d) cn c phn tch v kt hp vi quy hoch tng th (v d vn chuyn cc sn phm cho th trng v an ton ng b). i din ca cc nhm dn c b nh hng c th hp tc trong qu trnh kim tra m bo rng cc k hoch tho thun v quy nh c tn trng.

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5.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Qui hoch giao thng v vn ti c th hnh ng nh l mt lin kt v thc s cn thit nh mt kim sot bin i ng mong mun hoc khng mong mun (s truyn ng hoc s b tc) cho cc khu vc lin k ngang v dc bao gm vn ti hng ha vt cht v cung cp nng lng, c th: I) Quy hoch quc gia v khu vc: Phm vi v mt ca mng li vn ti quc gia lin quan cht ch n cc mc tiu quy hoch quc gia v khu vc. Cc c cu tp trung vi vic tng cng s dng t cn mt h thng phc tp hn cho lao ng v phn phi hng ha v do i hi nng lc vn ti cao hn. Ngc li, quy hoch khu vc v quc gia m trong tp trung vo cc hot ng quy m nh v phn cp s c xu hng gim nhu cu vn ti. iu ny khng gy bt c vic suy gim no trong tiu chun sng chung. Mt quc gia theo nh hng mi trng (s pht trin) v chng trnh quy hoch khu vc l, c bit, mt chc nng mt ct quan trng cho tt c cc hot ng quy hoch vng ca cc khu vc c bit, bao gm c quy hoch vn ti. II) Quy hoch cng nghip: S pht trin ca cng nghip i hi kh nng tip cn nhanh chng v d dng v vic vn chuyn hng ha ng tin cy. Cn nhc s chuyn v tr ca vic thnh lp doanh nghip phi c tnh n cc hu qu i vi giao thng v vn ti. III) Nng nghip v lm nghip: Nng nghip v lm nghip p t nhng nhu cu khc nhau ca cc tuyn ng v h thng vn ti, ty thuc vo cng s dng t. Nhng ri ro c bit ca vic m ca rng cho giao thng v nhng phng lin quan c tho lun trong 2.4. IV) Quy hoch th v a phng Quy hoch th v a phng l lin quan cht ch khng th chia ct vi quy hoch giao thng v vn ti; phn 1.2, 2.4 v 2.6 i ph vi cch tip cn mi c quy nh trong bi cnh ny v cc mc sinh thi v x hi. V) Qun l ngun nc: Khng ch s dng v lp k hoch quy hoch cc tuyn ng vn chuyn bng ng thu c th kt hp vi vic quy hoch nc, m cn nhng nh hng ca cc tuyn ng vn ti t ln h thng cung cp nc v cht lng nc (vic o, p ng, ng ng dn, kh thi ca xe c, v cc bin php an ton trong cc khu vc bo tn nc). VI) Gio dc v o to Tm quan trng ca bo v mi trng v s ng gp c thc hin bi quy hoch giao thng v vn ti phi c ging dy, c bit trong vic o to chuyn nghip (v d trong cc kha o to cho k s xy dng, nhng ngi quy hoch giao thng v vn ti, nhng ngi lp k hoch pht trin th v khu vc), v nh mt phn ca o to cao cp ni b trong cc c quan hnh chnh. Cc kha hc tch hp phi c a ra hin th vic tng tc gia cc khu vc quy hoch khc nhau. N cng quan trng cho nh nc thit lp mt v d chung, nh c tho lun trong 2.5. Ngoi ra cc phng tin truyn thng (nh hnh kin) cng c th ng mt vai tr ng k cho vic m rng nhn thc v mi trng.

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Cc ngnh khc nh hng n vic phn b a l ca cc tuyn ng giao thng v vn ti v cc dng vn ti l: VII) Ngnh nng lng: Nhng quyt nh lin quan n phng tin vn ti vn chuyn nhn s v hng ha cn c xem xt trong phng din ca ci m c ngun nng lng thun li nht v kinh t v mi trng. V d, mt quc gia vi mt ngun cung cp in nng y t ngun ti to (nng lng thy in) thng khng tn dng ti a tim nng cho nhng xe c ng c in. VIII) Du lch: Du lch khng ch i hi pht trin tt (nhng c l nghi ng v sinh thi hc) cc tuyn ng nhng ni du lch, m cn mang du khch n cc khu vc nguyn s v do thit hi cho h. 5.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Quy hoch giao thng v vn ti theo nh hng mi trng phi da trn cc nguyn tc sau y: 1. Giao thng v vn ti c mt nh hng trc tip ln ngi dn thng qua cc nguy him v cc tai nn v sc khe, trn mc khu vc do s tng tc vi cc khu vc sinh thi, v c bit do khng kim sot c khu nh c v s dng t thng qua cc khu vc ang c m ra lu thng v trn mc ton cu thng qua vic t cc nhin liu ha thch v vic gim bt tnh a dng loi 2. Phm vi v bn cht ca nhng tc ng mi trng ph thuc vo - Khi lng giao thng - Phng thc vn ti - Cc loi ng c y lin quan. - Cc loi nhin liu c s dng - Thc hnh li xe (tc v hnh vi tng tc) - V vic thit k cc tuyn ng vn ti. Quy hoch giao thng v vn ti c th lm mt ng gp bn lun hng ti vic kim sot cc nhn t ny. 3. Khi lng giao thng th u tin v trc nht mt chc nng ca vic phn phi lao ng; ci ny ln lt tng tc cht ch vi cc cu trc x hi v kinh t. Nhng thay i ny s khng tt yu gy ra s st gim trong cc tiu chun sng. Khi lng giao thng c th gim thiu bng cch s dng hp l cc phng tin vn chuyn; tin thu bin i cao hn dng nh l c bit thch hp nh mt ng c t c iu ny. 4. Nu cc phng thc vn ti khng c kim ch bi cc cu trc ch dn trn (v d nh s cn thit cho th trng c phc v bi cc xe ti ch hng nng), vic s dng cc phng thc vn ti tng thch vi mi trng v x hi nn c quy hoch. iu ny p dng c bit cho vic khai m cc khu vc trong cc chng trnh cp n nguyn liu th, ni m khng ph hp vi s nh c ca con ngi th trnh xa, v giao thng trong a phng thng khng th xc minh c.

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iu kin ngho kh ca hu ht cc tnh trng hot ng ca ng st v ng bin nhiu nc a ra mt vn c th lin quan n vic m rng ca cc hot ng vn ti ny. 5. Quy hoch vn ti theo nh hng mi trng tp trung s ch t hn trong vic lp k hoch cho cc tuyn ng vn ti mi v nhiu hn na cho trong vic t c cc gim thiu c th trong cc tc ng mi trng ca s giao thng hin ti v ci thin vic vn ti hin ti bng ng st v ng bin. Ti chnh v cc bin php hnh chnh khuyn khch cc xe vi ng c c lng thi gy nhim thp, cng nh cc bin php d phng cho vic bo qun v m rng theo nh hng mi trng, c th gip t c cc mc tiu. 5.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Hoppenstedt u.a.: Auswirkungen von Verkehrswegenetzen auf die Umwelt, in: Straenverkehrstechnik, Heft 4/91 2. OECD Report: European Conference of Ministers of Transport: Transport Policy And The Environment, Paris, 1990. 3. World Bank: Environmental Guidelines, 1988. 4. ADB: Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects, 1988. 5. ODA: Manual of Environmental Appraisal. 6. Elizabeth Monosowski: Environmental Impact Assessment. Possibilities and Problems of Application in Developing Countries, in: World Letter/ Environmental Impact Assessment, January/February 1987. 7. Institut fr kologische Zukunftsperspektiven : Ergnzung/Vertiefung kologischer und sozio-konomischer Hintergrundinformationen zu den Umweltkatalogen Straenbau und Straenverkehr vom April 1987 (Entwurf). 8. Operational Policy Note No. 11.02 from the World Bank: Wildlands: Their Protection and Management in Economic Development. 9. Transport and the Environment, Department of Transport, UK 1991. 10. R. Meyfahrt: Neue Verkehrsplanungskonzepte als Folge neuer Stadtplanungskonzepte; Bericht der Tagung der Gesamthochschule Kassel: Zukunft des Verkehrswesens Verkehrsplanung der Zukunft, 1986. 11. R. Monheim: Aktivitten und Aktivittskoppelungen als Ansatzpunkt fr eine Verknpfung von Verkehrs- und Stadtplanung; Bericht der Tagung der Gesamthochschule Kassel: Zukunft des Verkehrswesens Verkehrsplanung der Zukunft, 1986. 12. Der Stadtrat von Zrich: Zur Verkehrspolitik der Stadt Zrich, 1987. 13. Infras-Gutachten: Stadt Zrich: Lufthygiene, Energie und Verkehr, December 1987. 14. "Informationsdienst Verkehr" des Arbeitskreises Verkehr und Umwelt e.V. (Berlin 21, Kirchstrae 4), Heft 26 (April 1988). 15. V. Gudehus: Ermittlung und Bewertung verkehrsbedingter Umweltwirkungen in Stdten, Heft 45 des Instituts fr Stadtbauwesen an der TU Braunschweig, 1988. 16. Alternativas de Transporte en America Latina : La Bicicleta y los Triciclos: Schweizerische Kontaktstelle fr Angepate Technik (SKAT), St. Gallen (Varnbelstrae 14). 17. Hennes: Umweltwirkungen und Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung, Vortrag im Rahmen des Grundseminars "Straenverkehr" der KfW, May 1990.

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Further recommended references (indicating main focus of attention):

18. Diandas, J.: Alternative Approaches to Transport in Third World Cities. Issues in equity and accessibility, in: Ekistics 51 (1984) No. 306, pp. 197 - 212: Space utilisation, energy consumption, pedestrians; Examples from Colombo. 19. Faye, Abdallah: En attendant la construction de parkings et voies pietonnieres (EnglishFrench), in: Planif. Habitat. Inform 94 (1979), pp. 47 - 48: Protection of pedestrians by imposing parking regulations and driver education. 20. Khnert, H. und Trute, I., Institut fr Verkehrssoziologie und -kologie der Hochschule fr Verkehrswesen, Dresden: Problemkatalog zur Umweltwirksamkeit von VerkehrsprozessenOrientierung fr verkehrskologische Studien, in: Forschungsinformationsdienst kologisch orientierter Betriebswirtschaftslehre (FB), Ausgaben 10/11 und 12, 1991: List of cc tc ng mi trng of traffic and of protective measures. 21. Nour, Magdi: Cairo street planning, speed, perspective and social interaction, in: Open House Int. 9 (1984), pp. 26 - 43; Loss of social relationships. 22. Rapoport, Amos: An approach to designing Third World environments, in: Third World Planning Rev. 1 (1979), pp. 23 - 40: Environmental planning and development on different spatial and temporal interacting levels, including transport. 23. Situma, Lan W.: Problems of public urban transport in Zimbabwe, in: African Urban Quarterly 2 (1987), No. 1, pp. 49 - 54: Competitive situation in regional versus national public transport. 24. TU Berlin, Heft 21 der Schriftenreihe des Instituts fr Verkehrsplanung und Verkehrswegebau (Ed.): Verkehrsplanung in Entwicklungslndern. Mehr Straen oder neue Wege? (deutsch-englisch), 1987: Quantifying the time savings of new roads discriminates the subsistence economy.

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6. Du lch 6.1. Phm vi Mc ch ca bn tm tt ny l lm ni bt cc tc ng mi trng pht sinh t vic xy dng v y mnh pht trin ca cc tin ch phc v cho du lch v cc hot ng lin quan v m t cc bin php nhm trnh hoc gim thiu thit hi cho mi trng. S ch c bit c dnh cho s gii tr v du lch gii tr ven b bin v vng ni a cng nh du lch tham quan. Cc tin ch phc v cho du lch bao gm tt c cc ta nh, cc lp t khng gian m v vic thit lp c s h tng c s dng cung cp ni v dch v cho cc khch du lch v nhn vin phc v v d nh cc khch sn, nh ngh, cc cu lc b, cc lng ngh, cc nh hng, cc ca hng lu nim v.v cng nh mng li cung cp v thi b in, nc, nc thi, rc thi v.v Ngoi ra cn c cc tin nghi c bit cho cc hot ng nh h bi, sn golf, cc khu vc sn golf mini v sn tennis, cc bn cng v bn du thuyn v thm ch l cc sn bay v.v S ch cng phi c dnh cho cc hot ng m m n khng lin kt vi cc phng tin c th, nh l tm bin, ln, lt vn v.v, i b, leo ni, i xe p nh l cuc i do ngm cnh thm ving cc im c tm quan trng v vn ha v cc khu vc v cnh p thin nhin ni ting, cc cng vin quc gia v.v Trong nhng nm gn y du lch pht trin ng k. Hiu qu ca vic ny lm kch hot mt lot cc thay i v kinh t - x hi, vn ha v sinh thi. Trong nhiu trng hp trong qu kh qu t s cn nhc c dnh cho cc nhn t ny, v hu qu gy nh hng n cc nhm dn c bn a v thit hi cho nhiu phong cnh nguyn s. Vic khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c mt s bo ng v cc tc ng bt li ln mi trng t nhin (v d h thp mc nc ngm, mi e da cho cc rng san h v.v). Mt khc du lch gp phn lm ci thin trong thu ngoi hi, qua to iu kin cho s p t cc bin php bo v cho cc khu vc c cnh p thin nhin ni ting bo m cho vic bo tn chng lu di. Do , iu quan trng nht gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng tiu cc ca cc d n du lch bin du lch thnh mt tng th nhn t pht trin tch cc. Mc tiu ny cng c tng ln n cc biu hin du lch lch thip v du lch nhy cm. Khng c s tri ngc gia kha cnh mi trng sng t nhin v vn ha v cch sng ca dn c a phng trong cc khu vc du lch v gi tr mang tnh gii tr cao v li ch cho tt c nhng ci c thu ht bi du lch. Trong bi cnh ny n phi c nhn mnh rng cc vn ny khng ch c gy ra bi cc khch du lch nc ngoi m n cn c th cng gy ra tng t bi cc khch du lch trong nc. 6.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Danh sch di y cung cp mt bn tm tt ca cc tc ng mi trng ch yu m cc d n du lch c th gy ra: - Cc cng trnh k thut cho mc ch ca vic pht trin cc c s v c s h tng cn thit (thot nc, san lp, s no vt, xy dng b k v.v) - B bin b xi mn bao gm c xi mn bi bin, s ph hy cc rn san h. - Cung cp nc (ri ro l mc nc ngm s b h thp).

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- Nc nhim do nc thi khng c x l v bn thi. - X l cht thi. - Cung cp nng lng. - Cht lng khng kh v cc hiu ng kh hu khc. - S h hi ca cnh quan t nhin bi vic xy dng m thch hp v cc iu kin v tr, kch thc, mu sc bn ngoi v kiu dng xy dng. - Cc tc ng kinh t - x hi v d trong cc c cu khu vc kinh t, trn th trng lao ng a phng v li sng ca dn c b nh hng bi cc d n du lch. - Xung t v vic s dng qu mc nh kt qu ca vic thay th cc hnh thc truyn thng ca vic s dng t nh nng nghip v nh bt c. - Kch thc v quy m ca cc c s hin c lin quan n cc nhn t mi trng, bao gm c cc c s du lch m c th tn ti (ri ro ca vic khai thc qu mc cc ngun ti nguyn v d nh s xi mn t). Trong bi cnh n phi c nhn mnh rng cc h thng sinh thi nh cn ct, rng ngp mn, rng Xavan, cc khu bo tn ng vt c th b nh hng theo nhiu cch bi cc vn trn. 6.2.1. Th nhng, a hnh, a l S tiu th t to thnh mt cuc tn cng trc tip vo cu trc t, v c th ph thuc ng k vo kch thc v quy m ca cc tin ch. N cng c th tc ng trc tip ln cc nhu cu s dng t, v d trn mt phn ca nng nghip, lm nghip v qun l nc, vic bo tn thin nhin v cc hnh thc khc ca vic s dng t. Ngoi cc chc nng sinh thi ca t c th c hn ch vi kt qu tt yu l cc hiu ng bt li trong cc hnh thc s dng khc, c bit l h qu t vic lp kn trn khp cc khu vc bi cc ta nh, cc con ng v cc tin ch tng t.. Vic xi mn b bin tiu biu cho mt vn nghim trng vi nhiu s phc tp thm vo. N c th c gy ra bi cc d n xy dng v cc hot ng ca khch du lch trn hoc gn cc bi bin, s loi b bo v ng bin t nhin v s can thip vo cn bng ca cc vt cht trn bi bin.. Ngoi ra s nguy him tn ti m vic thc vt bo v bin s c ct b v thay th mt phn bi cc thc vt khng ph vi v tr ni m s bo v chng li xi mn t cn km. Cc quy trnh t nhin ca s lng ng trm tch v s bo v b bin c bi cc rn san h c th lm h hng nng n bi vic di chuyn ca lp ct t cc h thng sng hoc t cc bi bin v bi vic s dng vi nh vt liu xy dng (nh tm tt 2.4). bo v cc khu vc nhy cm ven bin, vng m rng vi thm thc vt thch hp v tr c bit do cn c duy tr hoc to ra v gi cho n trnh khi bt c phn no ca vic xy dng. Cn nghim cm s dng vi t san h.. Hin tng xi mn cng xy ra cc khu vc min ni v c gy ra ch yu bi nn ph rng v s hy dit cc thm thc vt che ph mt t m n b gim nt v cm tri trn . y l ton b quy trnh c gia c bng vic xy dng cc khch sn, lu tri, v cc con ng mn. trnh nguy him khi khai thc qu mc ca cc khu vc cao nht, s hn ch ln nht c th nn c xem xt trong vic xy dng cc h thng xe cp v cc phng tin k thut vn ti khc nn c a ln cao. Hu qu ca vic suy gim trong khu vc rng l khi tri ma hoc tuyt tan xut hin dn dp v cc lng sng

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b tc nghn bn. N cng phi c ghi nh rng trong nhng iu kin kh hu khc nghit th cc thm thc vt phi mt mt thi gian rt di thit lp li chnh n. Nn t cng nh xi mn t cng c th c gy ra bi vic xy dng cc li i nh v vic bo dng chng khng tha ng v bi cc hot ng nh l trt tuyt, cc tuyn xe p d ngoi. xe m t hoc xe hi leo ni. Trong cc cng vin quc gia vic bo dng cc li i khng tha ng c th dn n s m rng chng vi cc hiu ng bt li trong vic bo v thm thc vt bao ph trn mt t.. Cc hu qu tng t xy ra khi cc du khch i lch hng khi cc tuyn ng c quy nh v l trnh nhn ngm cc loi thc vt v ng vt gn nht c th. Cc xut cho vic s dng c th chp nhn c ca cc cng vin quc gia c a ra bi IUCN (McNeely et al). Nhng vic ny cng bao gm c cc phn trong vic thit lp ca cc cn h, nhng con ng v nhng ci tng t. Chnh ph v cc t chc nn cung cp cho khch du lch thng tin v cch c x mt cch c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng, v khi p dng nn a ra cc nguyn tc ng x. Ngoi ra, cc c quan chnh ph nn a ra ph mi trng i vi vic s dng cc h sinh thi nhy cm (v d cc cng vin quc gia, cc cuc i b) cung cp ti chnh cho cng tc bo tr v sa cha.. nhim t rc thi v phn cn l nhn t tng t vi cc tc ng bt li ln t. Ngoi vic tng gi tr dinh dng mt tc ng khng mong mun v xa hn na c th lm tng thm cc cht c hi.. trnh iu ny, cc cng ty l hnh v cc nh qun l d n nn thu gom cht thi ring bit v ti ch chng theo gi tr vt cht ca chng. Cht thi hu c c th s dng lm phn compost. Rn luyn cho nhn vin v khch du lch trong cch ng x mt cch c th chp nhn c vi mi trng cng rt quan trng. 6.2.2. Cn bng nc S cn bng nc b nh hng bi mc tiu th nc cao v bi nhim m gy ri ro n cht lng nc. Trong khi ngun cung cp nc thng khng phi l vn quan trng trong vng c kh hu n i vi lng ma ln, n l mt vn ln trong vng nhit i v cc nc cn nhit i, c bit l trn cc hn o, ti cc khu vc ven bin v ti cc khu vc bn kh cn kh cn ni c lng ma bt thng. Vic tiu th nc theo ma l c bit nghim trng cho du lch, bi v n gia tng rt nhanh trong thi k c lng ma thp m ma rt c khch du lch a thch, do to ra nhu cu tt nh. S tiu th trong cc khch sn sang trng c th ln n khong gia 350 v 1200 lt/ngy/khch. Mc ny l s dao ng c th quy cho nhiu yu t, bao gm, v d, v tr, s tin nghi, lng nc c sn, cch thc m nc c s dng v s dng nc thi ti ch. C th gi nh lng tiu th ti thiu l 250 lt/ngy/khch cho mt khch sn sang trng. Vic gi nh chung phi bit c rng vic tiu th nc gia tng nhiu hn cc khu vc kh cn. Bt c d n du lch mi no c quy hoch trong phm vi v cht lng ca tr lng nc hin c nn c iu tra v so snh d bo yu cu hng thng. S tnh ton cng nn tnh n nhu cu cho nhn vin v dn s a phng, bao gm d bo c s gia tng dn s.. Tnh kh thi v hiu qu ca vic kt ni n h thng cung cp nc cng cng cng nn c thit lp. Nu cc ging nc xung thp s quan tm nn c dnh cho cc nhu cu v nc ngm ca nhng ngi hng xm v s dng t cho nng nghip. Cc ngun cung cp nc ngm sn c phi c s dng mt cch tit kim. S xem xt
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nn c a ra coi liu cc thit b kh mui c th c s dng cung cp nc ung, tuy nhin nhu cu nng lng cao v s cn thit x l cc cht thi t cc thit b ny l khng c qun. Vic s dng nc c th c gim thiu bng cch thc hin cc bin php sau: X l v ti ch nc thi v s dng nc khng c sch cho cc mc ch s dng nc ngoi tri; thu v s dng nc ma; gio dc nhn vin v khch du lch trong vic s dng nc tit kim; p dng cng ngh hin i gim vic tiu th nc (v d x nc nh v sinh) v.v. S cn thit bo v cc ngun cung cp nc ngm phi c tnh n khi cc khch sn ln v cc khu nh lin k ang c quy hoch v xy dng. S gi gn cn c thc hin trnh s bt kn b mt cc khu vc ln.. Mt vn nghim trng c kh nng xut hin bi s nhim ca cc con sng, h v cc cng nc ven bin t ph thi, du d v vic x thi nc thi cha c x l v bn thi t cc khu phc hp du lch. Vic x cc cht hu c v v c kt qu l s thiu ht oxy v s ph dng, c bit l trong cc vnh nh v cc m ph ven bin ni c mc t lm sch ca nc thp. Qu trnh ha-l v sinh hc c th dn n s gia tng ca cc cht c hi trong lp trm tch, trong cc rn san h (xem thm phn 2.4) v trong cc ng vt ven bin gim thiu nhim nc thi, cc cht ty ra vi photphat, cc cht lm sch vi clo v cc cht khc nhim nc khng nn s dng. Nc ma cn c ng thot ring, nc thi t h thng v sinh, nh tm v nh bp c sng lc c hc, sau c x l lc sinh hc mt phn hoc hon ton, ph thuc vo cc iu kin di t v cht lng ca nc thi v cht thi. Qu trnh c th s dng cc vi sinh vt hoc thc vt v cc b lc. c bit ch n vic duy tr cc thit b x l trong iu kin hot ng hon ho. Vi iu kin mc lm sch tha ng, cht thi v nc thi c x l bng cch ny c th c s dng ti cc sn golf cng nh cc cng vin v cc khu vc xanh khc, trong khi bn c thu gom c th s dng nh l phn bn (xem thm cc tm tt v mi trng trong x l nc thi). 6.2.3. Kh hu, khng kh Vic thc hin ca cc d n du lch cng c th lm nh hng bt li n vi v trung kh hu. Cc ta nh cng nh cc khu vc u xe v cc khu vc khc c gia c c th lm tng s xo trn, ty thuc vo mc bt kn (vt cht v mu), bng cch lm nng ngay lp tc cc b mt xung quanh, v c th dn n thay i trong vic lm nhiu lon cc vng khng kh. Nhit c th h xung, vi kt qu ci thin trong vi v trung kh hu, bng cch trng cy rng ri v s dng gch li trn cc khu vc trng c. Mc tiu ni chung phi ph kn b mt cng nhiu cng tt. S m rng v v tr ca cc ta nh c th gy cn tr vi cc h thng gi ca a phng (v d h thng gi thi t t lin ra bin v t bin vo t lin hoc h thng gi trn ni v thung lng), do cc ta nh chc tri v cc ta nh ln khc c xy dng ln khp hng gi ch o c th hnh thnh mt ro cn lm ngn chn hoc gim s lu thng khng kh. iu ny c ngha c bit trong cc khu thnh ph hoc ni c mt pht trin cao dc cc ng b bin hoc trong cc khu vc thung lng. Khi s lu thng khng kh b gim xung v kt hp vi mt s tc ng ln ca giao thng, kt qu c th gy ra mt s tp trung ca cc cht gy nhim. V nhng l do mt xy dng thp v cc cng trnh c chiu cao thp cn c lp k hoch,
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nhu vy s m bo thng gi t nhin y ; hng i ca khng kh t nhin phi c duy tr v cy ci th c trng dc theo qu o ca chng. Vic vn chuyn khch du lch v cc hot ng du lch khc c th c tc ng xu n cht lng khng kh, c bit l ni m vic s dng xe c hoc ng c my bay c lin quan, v cng l kt qu ca cc s kin trnh din xe m-t, ua xung my v s biu din cc loi my bay hng nh. Cc kt qu ca cc tour du lch ngn ngy v tham quan ngm cnh cc khu vc c tm quan trng v vn ha v cc khu vc c v p thin nhin ni bt thng ko theo mt lng giao thng ln v thm ch l n tc giao thng, kt qu l s pht thi ca nit oxit, kh cacbonic, v.v Cc bin php cn c thc hin chng li iu bng cch hn ch vic s dng cc xe hi c nhn v ci thin h thng giao thng cng cng. Lng giao thng cng c th c hn ch bng cch gii hn s lng du khch v thi gian tham quan. 6.2.4. Thm thc vt, h ng vt, cc h sinh thi S sng ca ng vt v thc vt b nh hng ngay lp tc v trc tip khi thm thc vt t nhin b loi b hoc thay i bi v vic xy dng cc khch sn, nh ngh, cc khu th thao v cc tin ch tng t.. Tu thuc vo quy m v mc ca s can thip, cc cng trnh xy dng c th ko theo vic loi b cc loi cc loi ng vt v thc vt qu him hoc l s gia tng ri ro cho chng, s c lp ca mi trng sng t nhin v s ph hy cc h sinh thi. iu ny c th gy nh hng ln do kt qu ca cc tc ng, v d xi mn, s nhim ca cc ngun nc t nhin, s di chuyn ca cc loi ng vt v.v. Cc kho st do vy cn c tin hnh trc khi mt d n c thc hin, vi mc ch ca vic lp danh sch cc sinh cnh quan trng rt sm v xut cc bin php trnh hoc gim ti thiu trung ha nh s can thip. Vic nh gi cn thc hin theo mc nghim trng bo v cc loi v cc sinh cnh v cc chc nng khc ca h sinh thi. Cc sinh cnh ci m ng c bo v hoc c bit nhy cm cn c bo qun tt hoc t nht khng gy ri ro cho chng. Cc khu vc t nhy cm nn c thit lp v a ra nh l la chn thay th.. H sinh thi bin ang b nh hng nng n bi s gia tng ch yu trong tnh ph bin ca cc k ngh bn b bin. V vy cc m lau sy trong cc khu vc ven bin, thm thc vt b bin m n cung cp tnh n nh v cc cn ct th thng b xa b. Cc m ph thng xuyn b lp kn, do lm gim mnh m cc khu rng ngp mn, nh cc khch sn c th c xy dng v ct c th c s dng nh l mt vt liu xy dng. S thit hi cng c gy ra bi x thi nc thi v bn thi v bi du thi t xe c gii tr. Cc khu rng ngp mn c nhiu chc nng sinh thi c bit, v d mt mi trng sng cho nhiu loi thc vt v ng vt khc nhau, bo v vng ven bin, mt vng chuyn tip gia khu vc nc mn v nc ngt, khuyn khch cho qu trnh lng ng trm tch t nhin v.v. Nhng vn tng t xy ra dc theo cc ng b bin m rng tri di khng ch n thun l v nhng bi bin ang b nhim, m cn bi v cc rng san h c t trong nguy c. Vic d tha m t nc cng v nc thi c th thc y s pht trin ca to n mc lm cht ngt cc loi san h v cc loi sinh vt bin khc, trong khi s nhim do vi khun cng nh cc ha cht v cc cht kim loi c hi cc rng ngm v cc h thng sinh thi bin khc. Khi cc rng san h cht ht, cc m hnh b bin hin ti c th b thay i v s xi mn bi bin c th gia tng. Mt trong nhng cc vn pht sinh nh l cc trung tm du lch c xy dng v hot ng l mc m cc h thng sinh thi b nhim bi rc thi, cng thi v nc
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thi. Mt iu kin tin quyt cho vic ph duyt d n trong giai on lp k hoch v th phi c s kt hp ca mt khi nim y v vic gim s lng rc thi, ti ch v x l n mt cch c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng cng vi vic x l nc thi. Cc d n phi khng c thc hin nu h c kh nng gy ra nhng tc ng bt li hoc thm ch l e da cc rng san h v cc h thng sinh thi bin khc. Cc bin php c th lm gim lng cht thi l: - S dng cc sm phm thn thin vi mi trng hoc c th phn hy sinh hc, v d s dng thc ung khng ng hp, chai l dng mt ln hoc thc phm ng gi v trnh c cc bao b nha ti bt c khi no c th; s dng cc chai sau khi hon s c tr li tin thay v s dng cc bao b dung ri b i v.v - Ti ch cht thi hu c trong h thng phn compost ca mi khch sn - Gio dc cho cc du khch trong hnh vi thn thin vi mi trng - Gio dc cho nhn vin. Cc rng san h cng c t trong nguy c khi con ngi bi li v cc th ln b gy nhng mnh san h s dng nh qu lu nim v trang tr cho cc b c. San h c bit nh l vai tr chnh trong cc h sinh thi tng ng ca chng. Vic thot nc v loi b nc ngm c th c nhng tc ng ln h sinh thi m ly. Nh mt kt qu cc khu vc t nhin tr ln kh cn v cc iu kin trong vic thay i mi trng sng t nhin, vi nhng hu qu cho cc loi sinh sinh sng . Mi nguy hi cho thc vt th thng c gy ra bi cc ti lng c hc nh l i b, li xa v cm tri (v d trong cuc leo ni thm him Himalaya v cc dy ni cao khc) Vic tng cng tp luyn cc mn th thao di nc, bao gm s thm nhp vo cc vng nc nng cn v bin v b sng, c th lm xo trn vic tm thc n v vic lm t ca cc loi chim v c th chim ch ca chng. Vic xo trn lin tc c ngha l cc m hnh lm t tr nn tha tht hn v cc loi chim phi di chuyn n cc khu vc khng b nh hng. Cc loi chim di tr m chng bay vo cc khu vc no ngh ngi v tm thc n th cng b xua ui bi s hin din ca con ngi v cc tu thuyn. Xe th thao (v d ng ua xe) cng nh mn th thao ci nc c th l mt tc ng xu n mi trng. iu ny bao gm: lm xo trn cc khu t lm t ca cc loi chim, ph hy t, ph hy cc khu vc lm t bng cc bc tng thng ng v chim ch ca cc loi chim v cc loi ng vt khc. S xm nhp ca cc loi ny c th c gim thiu bng cc bin php sau y, cc ch cn c t ra cho mi trng hp n mc m n c th chia u trch nhim gia cc c quan chc nng v cc doanh nghip l hnh: - T chi vic tip cn v bo v din tch thc trng cho cc khu vc ca cnh p thin nhin ni bt (khu vc cm vo) - cm di di cc rng san h v cc loi ng vt v thc vt qu him - thit lp cc tuyn ng giao thng c nh - hn ch s lng khch du lch v du ngon - gio dc (tuyn truyn) cho khch du lch

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Cc cng vin quc gia th thng xuyn c thit lp thc y du lch. Tuy nhin, cc vn c th pht sinh nu s lng khch l qu cao, v d: - gy cng thng nghim trng v lm xo trn cho cc loi ng vt (c bit cho s t v bo hoa mai) t qu nhiu cc cuc i sn nh v qu gn vi cc loi phng tin cng nh nhim ting n, - Cc tai nn lin quan n ng vt do tc xe vt qu mc, - Cc thay i trong cc hnh x bn nng t nhin bi v s cho n bi khch du lch v s thn mt qu mc vi chng, - xo trn trong sut thi k sinh sn, - s e da cho s t, tru v cc ng vt khc t cc cuc hnh trnh bng kinh kh cu (stress hnh ng), - truyn bnh bi ngi dn v cc cht thi, - st hi cc loi bi cc m chy. gim bt cc cng thng th kh nng tn ti t nhin ca mi v tt c cc cng vin quc gia phi c tm hiu chc chn v mt k hoch qun l ln trn c s cho vic khai thc chng.. 6.2.5. Cnh quan Cnh quan c th b lm h hng trc tip bi vic xy dng ca cc c s du lch, v gin tip bi km theo xy dng hoc vic m rng c s h tng, ng b, sn bay, bt ng sn v cc vng cng nghip v.v Mt s khc bit phi c thc hin nh vic k hoch v tr s c xy dng trc tip gn vi cc khu vc nh ca san st hin ti hoc cc trung tm ngh ngi hoc s c thit lp ring bit, khng ng n cc khu vc ca vng nng thn c quy m ln. Trong cc khu vc c nh ca san st nh hng xu n trc quan c th s tch t qu ln t vic xy dng cc khu phc hp m n khng ph hp vi mi trng hoc l v kch thc hoc v cc iu khon ca vt liu xy dng, kiu dng v mu sc. Hu qu l mt s thay i thng xuyn trong cc m hnh nh v khu vc nh c v cc v tr trc quan m c tiu biu ca khu vc. ngn nga s pht trin ca loi ny, cc k hoch ch yu cng nh quy hoch cu trc v cc k hoch xy dng nn c t ra kim tra v s pht trin v xy dng qu nhiu. Nu khng c lut php thch hp, cc hng dn xy dng ti a phng v cc khi nim pht trin th nn c thit lp mi khi c th, hoc cc hng dn quy hoch th ph bin c th s dng c nh mt s la chn c tha nhn. N cng nn c thit lp hay cm xy dng trong cc khu vc no phi c ban hnh hoc cng trnh xy dng b hn ch bi vic ban hnh giy php. S thnh cng ch c th t c bng cch kim tra s tun th sc lnh quy hoch. Trong cc khu vc nng thn cn nguyn s ni xa xi v rng ln min nng thn c th b lm h hi bi cc ta nh ring r tr khi chng c ha hp vi cnh quan. Hu qu ca sn i v tr c mong mun th cc ta nh c xy dng c th c nhn thy t khong cch xa. Vic xy dng cc ta nh nhiu tng v vic s dng cc vt liu xy dng khng in hnh ca a phng th thng dn n ph hy cnh quan. iu ny c th c phng nga bng cch xy dng cc ta nh theo phong cch a phng in hnh s dng nguyn liu a phng. Cc kin trc s ca a phng
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nn c tham gia. V d, mt im c trng nn bit l cc ta nh khng c vt qu chiu cao tiu chun ca cc cy c trn cc b bin nhit i. Tng cng s dng cy c v s dng cc thc vt in hnh ca a phng bao quanh v cc cy xanh gip pha trn cc ta nh mi vo cnh quan. iu ny cng c th p dng vi vic thit k nhng tin nghi th thao v gii tr. Khi chn mt a im vic chm sc nn c thc hin khng loi b hoc lm suy gim cc tnh nng m in hnh l cnh quan v cc di tch vn ha. Xy dng khng nn din ra cc khu vc c bo tn hoc cc khu vc nhy cm khc. Cc c s du lch trong cc cng vin quc gia ch nn xy dng ti cc im cui cng ca khu vc bo tn. S pht trin qu mc ca khu vc nng thn nh l kt qu ca s pht trin nh ca cc thnh ph ln cng nn c ngn chn. Cc xut c vch ra trn cng nn c tnh n trong vic xy dng cc ng dn, ng b, cu cng v nhng ci tng t. Vic ct su, p cao v s m x cc thung lng t nhin nn c ngn nga. 6.2.6. Cc tc ng vn ho-x hi v kinh t-x hi v cc hiu ng mi trng Cc c s du lch v cc hot ng gii tr c th gy ra nhng tc ng ln vn hax hi v cc iu kin kinh t v ln cc ln phng tin truyn thng v mi trng. Trong s cc hiu ng vn ha-x hi chnh l: - cc thay i v gi tr vn ha v cc kiu hnh vi ca ngi dn bn a b e da bi tiu chun sng ca khch du lch (hiu ng ch nh): nhng kt qu c th bao gm s tc gin v s gy hn chng li khch du lch. - Thay i li sng ca c nhn thuc cc nhm ngi dn tc do a ra h thng kinh t da trn tin bc. - s tip th ca cc l hi truyn thng v cc nghi l bi cc nhm ngi dn bn a nh l s thu ht khch du lch. iu c th gy ra mt s nh mt phm cht ca ngi dn bn a vi nhng l hi truyn thng ang tr nn khng c ngha - Vic khng chp hnh v s vi phm cc truyn thng tn gio (nhng iu cm k). - s gia nhp bi ngi tr tui vi cc hnh mu phng Ty m n c th gn lin vi mt s tn tht v ng nht vng. iu ny khuyn khch nh hng tiu dng v c th gy ra s phm ti v bo lc. - S ny sinh ca vic lm dng ru v cht kch thch cng nh nn mi dm lin quan n chnh nguy c sc khe ca ph n, tr em v n ng (v d AIDS). Cc cu trc kinh t - x hi c th thay i ngay lp tc trong vn ln cn ca cc d n du lch v ph thuc vo din tch lu vc c th nh hng n mt vng hon chnh. Trong mt s trng hp iu ny xut hin ti giai on lp k hoch vi vic xy dng ca cc tuyn ng b, cng bin v sn bay v.v v lm tng cao thm ti cc giai on thc hin v hot ng. Cc hiu ng chnh l: - dng ngi thm vo dn n mt s tp trung a l trong cc khu vc ring bit v (ngoi mun) s thm vo cc khu thnh ph, vi mt s tng thm ca cc hiu ng bt li ln mi trng c cp. - dng ngi bun bn v ngi tm vic ngi m khng ch i din cho cuc cnh tranh vi nhng ngi dn bn x m cn lm tng s chnh lch khu vc v kch hot cc di chuyn dn s hn na.

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- vic di di con ngi t cc khu vc c bo v dn n s ti nh c bt buc v s di di ca ngi dn bn x t cc khu vc sn bt. - Vic p dng cc thi quen nh bt c truyn thng b hn ch sau khi vic di di cc bi bin ring v u tin s dng cc bi bin vo mc ch du lch. - S gim gi tr ca cc khu vc nng thn cho cc loi cy trng nng nghip c bit (tri cy, rau) nh l kt qu ca vic xy dng cc khch sn lin hp, cc phng tin th thao v ni cho ngi lao ng cng nh s h thp nghim trng mc nc ngm v s nhim mn. iu ny dn n mt cuc di c t cc ngnh ngh nng nghip v mt s dch chuyn sang lnh vc dch v. Ngoi ra iu cng hn ch vic cung cp cc sn phm thch hp vi dn bn a v khch du lch. - s khan him t ai, vic thc hin thm ch ti t hn bi du lch vi gi t ang c ko cao hn na. - Tng cc chi ph sinh hot ni chung, v d cho thc phm c bn nh l mt kt qu ca nhu cu t khch du lch. - Tng vic nhp khu nhin liu p ng nhu cu cung cp in c to ra bi khch du lch, v d bao gm nhu cu cho cc h thng iu ha khng kh. Kt qu l lm tng chi ph nng lng ni chung. - Lm tng nhu cu i vi cc dch v y t hin c. Cc tc ng vn ha x hi v kinh t - x hi c th thc s l khng trnh c, nhng phi c hn ch n mc thp nht c th. Cc bin php hp tc cn thit sau y gia cc nh qun l d n v cc nh chc trch c th dng gp mt phn hng n cc mc tiu: - s tham gia ca ngi dn b nh hng trong qu trnh lp k hoch v vic trin khai thc hin chng; - cc bin php n b c cung cp bi cc nh qu l d n; - Cc li sng v tuyn thng ca dn tc bn a cn c cn nhc; - Hun luyn v gio dc lin tc cho cc nhn vin v.v.; - Gio dc khch du lch Ngoi ra cc quy nh c th c p dng nh: - cc bin php/lut php hn ch v kim sot vic lm dng ru v cht kch thch, nn mi dm v tham nhng; - phc hi/pht trin kinh t ca cc khu vc khc gim s di dn vo khu vc d n; - cc bin php h tng c ngun gc t cc chng trnh h tr quc gia v cc chng trnh vin tr pht trin. Cc tc ng mi trng bt li xut pht t cc d n du lch ca chnh cc d n cng nh t vic chuyn dch c cu kinh t - x hi m cc d n gy ra. Cc vn trc c lin kt trong s nhng th khc nhng iu kin cn thit cho pht trin h tng v cung cp cc thit b ch yu. V d, vic vn chuyn khch du lch thng i hi vic xy dng cc con ng, sn bay v cc bn du thuyn, tnh hu ch trn cc khu vc t rng ln.

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Nhu cu v thc phm t khch du lch c th dn n vic nh bt c qu mc trong cc vng b bin (lm suy gim lng c, suy yu cn bng sinh thi) v cc phng php nh bt c khng c chp nhn v mt mi trng, v d vic s dng thuc n. cc vng ni cao iu ny c th dn n vic chn th qu mc v t lm xi mn t. Dng ngi qu ln c th gy ra nhng vn nghim trng cho cc dch v cung cp v x l cht thi v lm gia tng tnh tng cng thng trn tt c cc phng tin truyn thng mang tnh mi trng. N c th l cn thit xy dng cc p nc v cc nh my in sn xut nng lng, kt qu l s can thip hn na ln mi trng t nhin. Vic xy dng tri php bi ngi dn nhp c gn kt vi cc cng vin quc gia v cc khu du lch khc khng nn b qua, v iu ny c th dn n vic pht trin qu mc ca min nng thn v, trong trng hp khc nghit, trong s tn ph cnh quan hp dn trc kia. 6.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Khi cc c s du lch c thnh lp, s chm sc phi c thc hin m bi rng chng ph hp vi cc hng dn quy hoch quc gia, vng v cng cng. V mc ch ca cc k hoch tng th, cc chng trnh pht trin quc gia v cc k hoch c cu vng v cc chng trnh, cng nh k hoch khu vc v cc k hoch pht trin xy dng, tt c u phi c tnh n.. Vic nh gi cc hiu ng c tim nng bt li vi mi trng c th c thc hin trn c s ca tiu ch nh tnh v nh lng.. Cc phng php nh lng nn c p dng cho cc lnh vc mi trng i vi nhng d liu c th o lng c (v d nc, khng kh). Ti c, v d, c s cho vic ny c cung cp bi cc s liu hng dn ti a/ti thiu c ghi trong nhiu quy lut khc nhau, v d Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz [o lut kim sot pht thi Lin bang] cng vi Technische Anleitung (TA) Luft und Lrm [Cc hng dn k thut v qun l cht lng khng kh v Chng n], the Wasserhaushalts- und Abfallbeseitigungsgesetz [Lin bang o lut v nc v Tiu hy cht thi v o lut Qun l nc], the Abwasserabgabenverordnung [Quy nh v ph x cht thi] v.v.. B sung cho iu ny l cc tiu chun DIN ca c v cc quy nh VDI ca Hip hi cc k s ngi c. C nhng lut v mi trng tng t v cc chng trnh nhiu quc gia, mc d chng khc nhau v cc iu khon trong ni dung ca chng v cc khu vc khc v tm quan trng. Nhng ci cn c rt ra trn cc mc ch ca phn tch v nh gi. Cng nn tnh ton n vic thc hin cc tha thun v cc cng c quc t. Nu khng c s tri buc v phng din php l cc quan im tham kho mang tnh quc gia, cc tiu chun ngh c quy nh bi cc quc gia cng nghip, EC v WHO, thng c p dng. Trong khi EC bin son cc tiu chun ngh v cc nguyn tc hng dn v ca t, nc v khng kh, s nhn mnh ti WHO c c trong khng kh sch v cht lng ca nc ung. Tt c nhng iu cn c p dng phi tnh n cc tiu chun truyn thng ca hnh ng v hon cnh a phng, cng nh tnh ch li ca cc c ch gim st.. Khng th c cc tiu chun cht lng chung cho cc lnh vc mi trng ca gii ng vt v thc vt v cho cnh quan, c ngha l nh gi nn c thc hin trn c s ca cc d bo v cht lng. C mt s cc m hnh c h thng cho mc ch ny m n do c th thch nghi theo cc c im t nhin ring bit ca khu vc.

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Tiu chun nh gi c s dng tng qut cho cc sinh cnh bao gm cc hnh thi mu v tnh a dng cu trc, s tc ng n cc loi ng vt v thc vt qu him hoc b e da, s him c, cc c im t nhin v tnh khng th thay th c ca cc mi trng sng, cht lng in hnh v.v i vi phong cnh trc quan cc nhn t sau y thng c ngha trong vic nh gi cc iu khon: cc yu t ring l v phc tp m m t phong cnh trc quan, cc khu vc cu trc phc tp, cc hnh thc tr gip t nhin, cc hnh thc xy dng mang tnh di tch vn ha lch s, cc hnh thc gii quyt v cch s dng t, thin nhin hoang s v c o ca phong cnh nng thn. Cc tc ng mi trng c gy ra bi cc d n du lch c th c nh gi tng th v trnh by trn c s ca cc phn tch ri ro sinh thi. iu c ngha l cc khu vc b nh hng c nh gi theo tiu chun cht lng nh l s thch hp ca chng, s nhy cm v tip xc trc vi nhng ri ro, nhng hiu ng do hu qu ang c tnh n da trn c s ca cc yu t cnh quan tim nng khc. Cng nh l cc khu vc a l ca chng tc ng. Lp k hoch cc bin php lm gim bt cc ri ro th thng c tnh ton nh gi cc ri ro tch lu. Khi nh gi cc tc ng mi trng n c th gip ch thc hin mt so snh vi cc c s du lch hin c. iu ny gip xc nh cc yu t c lin quan gy ra cc tc ng bt li ln mi trng cng nh mc hiu lc ca chng. Cc bin php phng trnh v gim nh cc cuc xm nhp c lp k hoch cng nn c thc hin. Bao gm: thit k v xc nh v tr ca cc ta nh trong s hi ha vi cnh quan, s dng phong cch xy dng truyn thng, s dng t v bt kn cc b mt thin nhin mt cch ti thiu, cc bin php cung cp cc dch v ch yu v x l cht thi, cung cp cy xanh xung quanh cc ta nh, cnh quan giao cm v.vNgoi ra mi trng sng c gi tr phi c duy tr v chm sc vi cc tnh nng t nhin ca n. Cc tc ng bt li khng th trnh c th cn c bi thng n mc m mi trng thin nhin khng b h hng thng xuyn. Phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng nh nh ngha trong tm tt mi trng cng phi c t chc cho cc d n du lch c gii hn/nh; tnh cht ton din v su sc ca gim st phi c thay i t trng hp ny n trng hp khc theo s lin quan ca cc tc ng mi trng. 6.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Vic xy dng cc c s du lch v cc hot ng du lch m hu qu ca n c th gy ra cc hiu ng rng ln ln tt c cc kha cnh ca c s h tng. Cc d n du lch c th thc hin vai tr ca cc yu t kinh t ngay t giai on lp k hoch v xy dng, v thm ch nhiu hn khi chng c hiu lc, a ra mt nh hng to ln ln s pht trin ca khu vc xung quanh, cng ngip, thng mi v bun bn, nng nghip v to ra vic xy dng nh mi. iu c ngha c th gy ra s trng lp hoc mu thun vi cc khu vc sau: Quy hoch khng gian v khu vc, Cung cp v phc hi nh , Qui hoch ca cc v tr cho thng mi v cng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Ngoi ra cn c mt kt ni gin tip vi cc tin nghi cng cng".

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S pht trin ca du lch cng c lin kt vi a im tip cn v cung cp cc tuyn ng giao thng. Ty thuc vo quy m v kch c ca chng, cc d n du lch c th cung cp s thc y xy dng hoc vic m rng cc tuyn ng, sn bay v cc phng tin giao thng khc. Chng c mi lin kt chng cho vi cc tm tt mi trng: K hoch giao thng v vn ti, Xy dng ng s v Bo tr, ng giao thng, ng st, v Cc hot ng ng st, Sn bay, Cc cng ni a, S vn chuyn trn cc ng thy ni a, Cc cng v bn tu v vn ti bin. Kh nng ca cc mu thun ny sinh u tin l t vic tng thm s nhim kh quyn v nhim ting n v tip theo l t cc nhu cu s dng khc bit trong mt phn ca nng nghip v lm nghip, qun l cung cp nc, s bo tn thin nhin v cc hnh thc khc ca vic s dng t. Cui cng l c mt s tng tc cht ch gia s pht trin ca mt khu vc dnh cho du lch v s cung cp cc dch v ch yu v x l cht thi cho mi trng trung gian. Cc nhu cu nng lng ch yu c th nh hng ni chung n s tiu th nng lng trong ton b mt vng hoc thm ch ton b mt quc gia. iu c ngha l cc k hoch nng lng tm tt nn c tnh n. Cc xem xt tng t p dng cung cp nc, ci m cn c m bo ngay ti ming ging bi cc bin php ca ton b khung k hoch v nc: S thc hin c th ty thuc vo mi v tr v bao gm cung cp nc cho th v cung cp nc cho nng thn. Trong bi cnh ny chng cng c th tng tc vi cc lnh vc nng thn v cng trnh thy li c quy m ln. Vic thu gom, x l v loi b nc thi v cc cht thi phi l trch nhim ca d n du lch l iu bn n hoc phi c hp nht trong k hoch x l cht thi ca a phng. Cc tham kho thch hp c th tm thy trong cc tm tt mi trng sau y: - X l nc thi v - X l cht thi rn. Nu cc c s du lch c xy dng trong cc khu vc nhy cm v mt th nhng hoc a l ca cnh quan ti c th chng cho ln nhau vi khu vc kim sot xi mn. 6.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Vic xy dng ca cc c s du lch v/hoc vic cung cp ca cc hot ng du lch (v d vic di c, cc cuc i sn v cc vic a thch) dn n v s cc hiu ng bt li ln mi trng. V d, du lch c th cung cp im tip cn vi cc khu vc m kh pht trin xa hn hoc kh t c, do gy ra nhng nh hng su rng n cc thay i v vn ha x hi v kinh t - x hi. Ph thuc vo qui m v phm vi ca d n, c th c s can thip thng xuyn n cu trc ca t v nc, gii thc vt v ng vt v cnh quan thin nhin. V lu di cc hu qu gin tip c th c tc ng ln hn cc tc ng bt li trc tip ca d n.. Nhng kha cnh khc nhau c th tnh n khi cc d n du lch c tham gia cn phi c x l theo s v, trong cc tiu ch nh gi phi c tng theo tm quan trng ca chng. Tuy nhin, cc d n phi c loi b nu:

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- cc h sinh thi c bit xng ng c bo v (v d cc rng san h, rng ngp mn v cc h sinh thi bin v trn cn khc d b tn hi) b loi b hoc h hng nghim trng; - Cung cp nc khng th m bo c l khng c cc tc ng ch yu ln mi trng thin nhin, nng nghip v dn s b nh hng; - khng c k hoch trnh v/hoc vic loi b cht thi c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng v vic x l nc thi v khng c cc bin php c th a ra nh l mt k hoch hnh ng. Ngoi vic gim thiu tc ng bt li n mi trng, phi tnh n cc hu qu trc tip v gin tip ln kinh t - x hi v vn ha x hi. N c bit thun li trong trng hp cc d n ln v cc d n du lch phc tp nhm li ko ngi dn bn a b nh hng bi d n trong qu trnh lp k hoch. iu ny khng ch m bo mt mc c chp nhn cao ca d n m cn em li cc bin php cn thit (v d nh cung cp thit b v sinh, x l cht thi v nc thi mt cch c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng v.v) v chuyn dch c cu kinh t. Khi cc la chn thay th ang c kim tra n c th rt hu ch v c gi tr hn na li ko ngi dn a phng. Nu cc quan im trn c tnh ton mt cch thch ng, cc d n du lch c th c mt nh hng tch cc n s pht trin bn vng ca mt vng hoc ton b quc gia. Tin kho st bng xem xt qui hoch, thc hin v s dng cc c s du lch Khu vc b tc ng trong tin trnh ca nh gi tc ng mi trng S m t ca khu vc kim tra di (S kim k) t canh tc S tr gip a cht Nc Kh hu

S dng t (2.1, 2.6); Li nhun tim nng ca h sinh thi(2.1, 2.6); Ri ro xi mn (2.1); S nhim bn ca t(2.1); S tch t v x l cht thi (2.1, 4.); Mc ph kn (2.1); Ri ro t s hot ng ca ni la v/hoc ng t

S m t d n (cc nhn t c tnh n cho mc ch d n v gi quyt v tr)

cc iu kin kh hu(2.3); Loi v mt xy dng (2.5); Khi lng giao thng (2.3, 2.6); Hng i ca khng kh sch (2.3); Cht lng khng kh (2.3, 2.6). Nhu cu v nc (2.2); Quy m, v tr, kt Nhu cu v t (2.1); S dng t (2.1); cu vt cht v Cung cp nc (2.2); S bin i v a hnh (2.1); X l cht thi rn v mu sc ca cc Vt liu xy dng (2.1); ta nh (2.2); nc thi (2.2); Vic xy dng khng thch Cc khu vc c s bo Mc ph kn hp dc theo cc b bin v b tn nc (2.2); (2.1); h ln (2.1); S dng nc cha Cc pht thi (2.1); X l cht thi rn v nc c x l (2.2). Cc khu t trng thi (2.1). cy (2.3); S vn ti (2.3, 2.6).

Tnh trng ca nc ngm v nc mt (2.2); S tiu th v cung cp nc (2.2, 4.); Cht lng nc (2.2); X l (Phn loi, cng sut, 2.2, 4.).

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Cc tc ng S tn hi n t ai (2.1); trc tip ca d Gia tng mt v s ph kn (2.1); n Ri ro xi mn (2.1); Thay i tnh cht ca t (2.1).

Cc hiu ng bt li ln vic cung cp v cht lng nc ngm (2.1); Cht lng nc v hoc s nhim (2.1); t b ngp lt v cc khu vc bo tn nc c pht trin (2.1).

Nhng hu qu S xi mn cc b bin (2.1); S ngp lt (2.2); tc ng lu di S st ln cc sn dc (2.1); Cc tch t nc ngm S tch ng bn ca cc sng mi (2.2); S nhim mn ca nc (2.1); S cun tri ct, cc thay i ngm (2.2); Cht lng nc ngm trong cht lng t (2.1). v nc mt, s ph dng (2.2, 2.6). Cc bin php gim bt/ngn nga cc tc ng mi trng S ti thiu ha ca khu vc c s dng (2.1); S bo v chng li xi mn (2.1, 5.); Cc vt liu xy dng (2.1); S gim thiu v ti ch cht thi (2.1). Gim tiu th nc (2.2); Cc nh my x l cht thi (2.2); S dng nc cha c x l (2.2); S gim thiu v ti ch cht thi (2.2); Gim mc ph kn (2.2).

S xem xt cc Xem miu t d n la chn

Xem miu t d n

Tng sc nng (2.3); Cc thay i cht lng khng kh (2.3); S nhiu lon khng kh (2.3); Lm tr ngi hng i ca khng kh sch (2.3). Cc hiu ng bt li ln vi v trung kh hu (2.3); S xo trn ca cc h thng gi a phng (2.3); Cc pht thi mang tnh nhim(2.3, 2.6). Gim ti thiu mc ph kn (2.3); Cc khu t trng cy (2.3); Hng i ca khng kh sch (2.3); S vn ti (2.3); K hoch thch nghi ca kch thc xy dng (2.3). Xem miu t d n

Cc s trong ngoc ch cc tm tt mi trng tham chiu ph hp

Thm thc vt, h ng vt, cc Cnh quan h sinh thi S tn ti ca cc loi, qun th Cc loi c trng ca mi v qun x (2.4); Cc loi c trng sng v cnh quan (2.5) bo v v cc qun x v cc loi cc dng ni tri (2.5); Cu ng gi bo tn, cc rn san h, trc v c trng c tr (2.5); khai thc (2.4), cc ti hin hu Mc pht trin (2.5).
(2.4); cc khu vc tim nng cho cc qun x (2.4) Kch thc v thit k ca cc ta nh v cc lp t ngoi vi nh tnh v nh lng) (2.4); Cc (2.5); V tr (2.5); Cc vt liu xy vng bo tn (2.4); Cc vt liu xy dng (2.5); Cc thay i n b 115

Cc yu t kinh t- x hi v vn ha- x hi Dn s, thu nhp v cu trc kinh t (2.6.4); S tn ti ca cc nhm dn tc/tn gio (2.6) C s h tng (2.6.4); S dng t (2.6); pht trin du lch (2.6). Yu cu nhn s v cc tin
ch o to (2.2, 2.6); Cc nhm dn tc/tn gio b nh hng (2.6); Cc dch v ti v

S ly i (tho d) thc vt v mi trng sng (cc d liu

dng (san h, 2.4); S dng mi trng sng (2.4); Cc hot ng gii tr/nh ri (2.4).

(2.1, 2.5); S thit lp ca di cy t cc nhm tn gio/dn tc xanh (2.5). b nh hng (2.2, 2.6); Cc nhu cu nc v nng lng (2.6, 4); Cc tranh chp trong s dng (2.5,4); Cc bin php/gii php pht trin (2.6,4).

Cc thay i v mt i ca cc loi v qun x (2.4); S suy gim ca cc h sinh thi khng th ti to/phc hi (2.4); nhim do cht thi rn v lng (v d rn san h, 2.4); Lm mt i, h hng n thc vt v ng vt (2.4); S khuy trn/xo trn v thay th ca cc ng vt (2.4). S suy gim v tnh a dng ca ca loi v qun x (2.4); Mi e da v tuyt chng ca cc loi qu him, qun x v h sinh thi (2.4); S xo trn v cn bng qun c (2.4); S thay i ca cc kiu hnh vi ca ng vt (2.4); S st hi ca cc loi ng vt bng s ly i ca cc loi hoang d v lan truyn ca dch bnh (2.4). Duy tr v bo v cc loi, qun x v cc h sinh thi c gi tr (2.4); S bo v rn san h (2.4); S gim thiu s dng t (2.4); S to ra cc qun x (2.4); Cc k hoch qun l (2.4); Cc bin php bi hon v thay th (2.4).

Cc thay i n cc phng thc nh c in hnh v cc v tr th gic [cnh quan] (2.5); S thay th (2.5); S ph sn tnh hi ha vi cnh quan (2.5); S mt i/hiu ng bt li n cc thnh phn ch cht (2.5).

Dng thm nhp ca sc lao ng v cc thng gia (2.6); Ti nh c ca cc nhm dn tc/tn gio (2.6); S hnh thnh cc khu nh c bt hp php (2.6); Qu ti ca c s h tng (2.6); Cc dch v chnh (2.6); Tiu th nng lng (2.6). S rt/tho chy khi t (2.6); S mt cn bng khu vc (2.6); Thiu t (2.6); Tng gi (2.6); S t b cc ngh truyn thng (2.6); S t b cc gi tr truyn thng (2.6); S nhp khu thc phm (2.6,4); Tiu th nng lng (2.6).

Cc hiu ng nh trn do xy dng/m rng cc c s h tng, pht trin cc nh v tng t (2.5, 2.6); S mt i ca cc c trng ca cnh quan (2.5).

Xem s m t d n 6.6. Ti liu tham kho

Cc vt liu xy dng a phng v s thch nghi ca kiu xy dng a phng (2.5); S bo tn ca cc qun x (2.5); S trng cy/n in (2.5); S xy dng ph hp vi a mo (2.5); Cc k hoch pht trin, cc hn ch v xy dng; cp giy php (2.5). Xem s m t d n

S xy dng ni c ng (2.6); S m rng ca h tng v cung cp cc dch v chnh (2.6, 4); S tham gia ca cng ng (5.); S vt tri ca kinh t khu vc (4.); Hun luyn (2.2).

Xem s m t d n

1. Buchwald, K., Engelhardt, W. (1980): Handbuch fr Planung, Gestaltung und Schutz der Umwelt, Bd. 3, Munich 2. Burhenne, W. (Ed.): Internationales Umweltrecht - Multilaterale Vertrge. Reich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin 3. Edington, J.M., Edington, M.A. (1988): Ecology, Recreation and Tourism, Cambridge, U.K. 4. Hbler, K.H., Zimmermann, O.K. (1989): Bewertung der Umweltvertrglichkeit, Bewertungsmastbe und Bewertungsverfahren fr die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung, Taunusstein. 5. Institut fr gewerbliche Wasserwirtschaft und Luftreinhaltung (iwl) (1990): Abwasserbehandlung bei Tourismusanlagen in Enwicklungslndern, Commissioned by the 116

Deutsche Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft [DEG-German Finance Company for Investment in Developing Countries]. 6. Kaule, G. (1986): Arten und Biotopschutz, Stuttgart. 7. Krippendorf, J. (1984): Die Ferienmenschen. Fr ein neues Verstndnis von Freizeit und Reisen, Zurich, Schwbisch Hall. 8. Mder, U. (1983): Tourismus und Umweltschutz. In: Reisebriefe 1/83. Published by the Gruppe Neues Reisen (GNR). Munich pp 4-10. 9. Mder, U. (1988): Sanfter Tourismus - Mehr Alibi als Chance? In: Reisebriefe. Sanfter Tourismus - Ein Schlagwort mehr? Schriften zur Tourismuskritik, Bd. 17/18, pp 12-19. 10. McNeely, J.A., Thorsell, J.W. (1987): Guidelines for Development of Terrestrial and Marine National Parks for Tourism and Travel. Unpublished report by IUCN for WTO and UNEP, Gland, Switzerland. 11. Minister fr Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft in NRW [Minister for Environment, Regional Planning and Agriculture of the Land North-Rhein/Westfalia (Ed.) (1986): Bewertungsgrundlagen fr Kompensationsmanahmen bei Eingriffen in die Landschaft. Dsseldorf. 12. Ragusa, R., Zimmer, P. (1988): Ziele des sanften Tourismus. Arbeitspapiere der Arbeitsgruppen. In: Bericht zur 11. Internationalen Konferenz ber Tourismus und Umweltschutz in Europa vom 26.09 - 30.09.1988. Brixen, pp 103-106. 13. Schemel, H.-J. (1987): Umweltvertrgliche Freizeitanlagen: Eine Anleitung zur Prfung von Projekten des Ski-, Wasser- und Golfsports aus der Sicht der Umwelt. Bd. 1. Published by the Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency], Berlin. 14. Sukopp, H., Schneider, Chr. (1981): Zur Methodik der Naturschutzplanung. ARLArbeitsmaterial der Akademie fr Raumforschung und Landesplanung, Nr. 46. Hannover. 15. Storm, P.-Ch., Bunge, Th. (Ed.) (1988): Handbuch der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung, Berlin. 16. WTO (World Tourism Organisation) (1980): Physical planning and area development. Handbook on Evaluating Tourism Resources. 17. Specialised Literature 18. Archer, E. (1985): Emerging environmental problems in a tourist zone: The case of Barbados. In: Caribbean Geography 2 (1). pp 45-55. 19. Carpenter, R.A., Maragas, J.E. (1989): How to Assess Cc tc ng mi trng on Tropical Islands and Coastal Areas. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) training manual. Ed.: Environment and Policy Institute, East-West-Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. 20. Gormsen, E. (1987): Der Tourismus und seine Folgen fr Mensch und Umwelt in Lateinamerika. In: Tbinger Geographische Studien, 96. pp 241-252. 21. Gormsen, E. (1988): Tourism in Latin America - Spatial Distribution and Impact on Regional Change. In: Applied Geography and Development, 32. pp 65-80. 22. Hamele, H., von Laberg, D. (1991): Mehr Wissen - Mehr Handeln. Bausteine fr eine umweltvertrgliche Tourismusentwicklung. Ed.: ADAC Munich. 23. Hammelehle, J. (Ed.) (1990): Zum Beispiel Tourismus, Greven. 24. Jggi, M., Stauffer, B. (1990): Grn und integriert: Wie in Tunesien Naturlandschaften durch Luxustourismus zerstrt werden. Zurich. 25. Kreth, R. (1985): Some Problems Arising from the Tourist Boom in Acapulco and the Difficulties in Solving them. In: Mainzer Geographische Studien, 26. pp 47-59. 26. Ludwig, K. et al. (Ed.) (1990): Der neue Tourismus: Rcksicht auf Land und Leute. Munich. 27. Mder, U. (1982): Fluchthelfer Tourismus: Wrme in der Ferne? Zurich. 28. McEachern, J., Towle, E.C. (1974): Ecological Guidelines for Island Development. In: IUCN Publ. (N.S.) 30, pp 1-66. Gland, Switzerland. 29. Odum, W.E. (1976): Ecological Guidelines for Tropical Coastal Development. In: IUCN Publ. (N.S.) 42, pp 1 - 61, Gland, Switzerland. 30. Salm, R., Clark, J. (1984): Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 31. Schler, A. (1982): BRD und Dritte Welt. In: Tourismus, H.12. Kiel.

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32. Sindiyo, D.M., Pertet, F.N. (1984): Tourism and its impact on wildlife conservation in Kenya. In: LINE - Industry and Environment. Jan. - March, Vol. 7, No. 1. 33. Singh, Tej Vir (1989): Towards appropriate tourism. In: European University studies, Ser. 10, Tourism Vol. 11. Frankfurt. 34. Stamm, H. (1987): Tourismus - Fluch oder Segen: kologische Gefahren durch Tourismus in Nepal. In: Gauer, K., Heine, M.-A., Rper, Chr. (Ed.) Umwelt am Ende? Saarbrcken, pp 259-273. 35. Tting, L. (1989): Trekkingtourismus in Nepal. In: Euler, C. (Ed.). Eingeborene ausgebucht: kologische Zerstrung durch Tourismus. Gieen. 36. Uthoff, D. (1987): Anthropogen induzierte Kstenzerstrung an den "Traum-strnden" Sri Lankas. Ursachen und Folgen. In: Berliner Geographische Studien, Bd. 25. Berlin. pp 403-419. 37. WTO (Ed.) (1981): Report of the Secretary General. Guidelines for the Use of National Resources in the Building and Maintenance of Tourist Plants. 38. WTO, UNEP (1983): Workshop on Environmental Tourism. Madrid. 39. Ziese, I., Gebhardt-Brinkhaus, R. (1988): Anforderungen an Golfplatz-Planungen aus kologischer Sicht. In: LLF-Mitteilungen, H. 1, pp 10-16.

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7. Phn tch, d bo v th nghim 7.1. Phm vi Phm vi ca phn ny bao gm lm vic trong phng th nghim cho cc ngnh thc vt, ng vt v sn xut cng nghip, nghin cu, gio dc v y t, bao gm cc th tc phn tch, d bo v th nghim. Mc ch ca vic phn tch, d bo v th nghim l c c bng chng v s hin din ca cc cht v cc sinh vt, xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra cc triu chng v th nghim cc gi thuyt hnh vi. Cc kt qu dn ti vic t c nhng kin thc b sung, pht trin cc sn phm, vi s h tr gio dc cng nh qun l quy trnh sn xut v gim st cht lng. Cc phng php ha hc, ha-l hoc sinh hc c trin khai theo php phn tch, trong cng tc chun b v trong cc ng dng. Cc tc nhn v thit b c s dng trong cc c s chuyn mn, c gi l phng th nghim, m l im trng tm ca bn tm lc ny. Cc phng th nghim c lp t trong cc ta nh hoc trong mt phn ca cc ta nh, v cng c th c thit k theo dng phng th nghim di ng. Cc phng th nghim cng c th c lp t trn cc tu thy. Tt c cc c s cung cp cc b dng c thit b phng th nghim v cc nguyn vt liu vi s bo v chng li cc yu t bn ngoi nh iu kin thi tit, ting n, bi, trm cp vv Mt phng th nghim y chc nng phc tp cng s bao gm cc khu vc lu tr l iu kin cn thit, phng dnh cho cc sinh vt nui th nghim, thit b v sinh, vn phng vv Vic ch nh cc phng th nghim c th thng cp trong lnh vc nghin cu ca cc loi khoa hc t nhin ci m ch yu c p dng v thm vo l cc i tng ca vic xt nghim hoc cc phng php ch yu c s dng. Mc tiu in hnh ca hot ng phng th nghim l: - S thu c kin thc, pht trin sn phm - Thit lp cc tiu chun nh gis xc nhn ca cc chn on th nghim lm sang - Gim st - Kim tra gim ri ro - Nhm ti mc tiu ca cc bin i di truyn - Tng hp cc ho cht v vt liu sinh hc - Tng phm vi bo v sc khe cho con ngi, ng vt v thc vt v - Thc y sn xut nng nghip. Phng php ng dng l tnh nng quyt nh cho vic m bo rng kt qu kim tra c th c lp i lp li v c so snh trn phng din quc t. Vic la chn phng php l c th, c bit l khi cc xt nghim c yu cu phi c thc hin cho cc c quan chnh quyn v nhng ngi c thm quyn(tc l cc th tc iu hnh tiu chun, SOP hay phng th nghim thc hnh tt, GLP). Kt qu ca cng tc phng th nghim c nhiu ngha khc nhau trong cuc sng hng ngy v trong cc qu trnh kinh t. Cc phng php gim st v ngn nga thit hi mi trng nh l mt trong cc kha cnh ci m ph thuc vo s iu hnh ng quy

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nh ca h. Nhng cc phng th nghim cng c th c s dng trong mt s n lc pht trin mnh m, cc mc tiu nghin cu c hi, v d nh vic pht trin v kh sinh hc v ha hc. Cc tiu chun ca cng ngh phi m bo rng cc phng th nghim c th c vn hnh m khng c bt k ri ro thc t no pht sinh. Nguy c tai nn tng nu cc thit b, cc tiu chun hot ng v o to l khng thch ng. 7.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 7.2.1. Tng quan v cc phng th nghim Nhng phn bit sau y phi c thc hin trong cc iu khon ca tc ng mi trng: sau mi nhm i din tiu biu ca nhm ni ring c quy nh bi mt v d: Cc phng th nghim s dng vt liu lm vic nguy him (phng th nghim ha hc) - Cc phng th nghim nng ha (t cy trng thc n) - phng th nghim d lng thuc tr su, phng th nghim kim sot cng thc Cc phng th nghim s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc: - phng th nghim vacxin, phng th nghim chn on, v d phng th nghim vi trng, k sinh trng. - phng th nghim thuc cho th y, thuc cho ngi - phng th nghim k thut di truyn - phng th nghim thc n gia sc (nhnh nh in vitro tiu ha/c hc) Cc phng th nghim s dng bc x ion ha v phng x: - Phng th nghim X quang - phng th nghim ng v (y hc, nng nghip, thc vt hc v.v) Cc ph th hai ngnh khng c tho lun trong tm tt ny v s phc tp ring ca n v tim nng cho vic phn ranh gii. Mc ch ca cc bin php bo v mi trng l trnh hoc gim thiu thit hi n sc khe ca nhn vin v nhng ngi lng ging, cng nh cc thit hi mi trng. V mt thit k, lp t v hot ng ca cc phng th nghim nhm mc ch ny c ngha l mi nguy him hin nhin phi c tnh ton n bng cch thit lp mt ch an ton kt hp quy tc ca hnh vi v cc c s bo v. Cc yu t chnh trong s ny c lit k di y. V mt t chc, sp xp gim st an ton v cc c s cc kha hc c ngh ca hnh ng ny l o to v tch hp mt hoc nhiu nhn vin nh l cc cn b an ton. Cc sn phm c s dng hoc c to ra thng cu thnh nguyn vt liu lm vic nguy him (c hi, n da, kch thch, c kh nng n, c kh nng d chy, cht gy ung th, lm v sinh, bin i cu trc gien) v nguy hi cho mi trng (bn vng, tch t sinh hc vv). Cc tc nhn sinh hc thng c th s ny n nhanh chng khi thch hp. Cc sinh vt c bit ni ging v di truyn c nhng c im mi. Trong phng th nghim i ng nhn vin l ngi u tin tip xc vi nhng ri ro nh l kt qu ca s tip xc v s gn k trc tip. Hn na, mi trng b nh hng bi lng pht thi vo kh quyn xung quanh, vic x nc b nhim v cht
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thi rn. Nhn chung s lng nh c lin quan c ngha l hiu ng cc b l c kh nng xy ra. Tuy nhin, y khng phi l mt quan st chung; nhng ri ro tim nng bao gm cc hiu ng c hi do vic pht tn cc cht qua nc mt cng nh hiu ng ca cc tc nhn gy bnh v cc vt liu siu c hi, v d, khng quan tm n s lng nguyn bn c lin quan. 7.2.2. Cc phng th nghim ho hc V mt tc ng mi trng, nguy c chnh bt ngun t phng th nghim ha hc l s pht thi khng kim sot c ca cc nguyn vt liu v mt s tng nng ca chng ti ni lm vic v vng ph cn ngay lp tc cho n khi chng tr thnh mt mi nguy him cho sc khe. iu ny p dng pht thi trong thi gian hot ng bnh thng ca cc phng th nghim, mc d cc nhn t chnh l s lch so vi cc quy nh p dng, tai nn, v trong , nguy c ca s chy n. Vng s c c th c chia thnh 4 kha cnh: - Bo qun/s dng ha cht, - Thit b, cu kin ca thit b v thit k ca b dng c dng trong th nghim - Cc cu trc lp t v - X l cht thi. 7.2.2.1. S dng ho cht Ha cht l cht cn c kim tra hay cht c s dng nh l cc cht ph tr trong cc cuc th nghim. Chng c s dng thc y cc phn ng (cht xc tc), nh cc dung mi hoc nh cc tc nhn phn ng. C rt nhiu phm vi khc nhau ca ri ro. Cht n da v cc kh kch thch lm kch ng da, mng nhy v mt. Cht c mu, t bo v thn kinh nh carbon monoxide, axit prussic v hi ngt (nit, argon) hot ng bng cch chim ch ca xy trong khng kh. Cc dung mi thng c ngay c khi chng khng phi l cht c hi hoc gy ung th. Nhiu ho cht pht thi cht c hi, d chy hoc cht kh d chy. Trng hp cht lng d chy c lin quan, nguy c chy, cng nh nguy c n cng phi c tnh n. Khi lm vic vi cc ha cht chm si c bit khi cht lng khng b khuy trn c t nng v cc phn ng mnh lit t nhng cht gom li c th xy ra. Trong trng hp cc phn ng khc cc vt cht c c tnh cao pht thi, v d nh axit prussic t cyanides kim v axit hoc hi nc khi thy ngn c s dng (trong phng din xem thm Quyn III: Bn tm tt ca cc tiu chun mi trng) (CES). Thay th cc ho cht nguy him bi cc cht v hi hoc t nguy him l cch an ton nht ca vic phng nga nhng nguy him pht sinh t cc cht ci l mt nguy c sc khe. Nu iu ny l khng th, cc cht m gy hi cho sc khe nn c s dng bt c khi no c th trong cc my kn Tuy nhin nu ha cht thin nhin ny phi c x l cng khai, t thng gi l yu cu bt buc. Thch hp nht l vn hnh cc ng chit ti ch m hi nguy him c hnh thnh v c pht thi. Cc ng dn chit phi c a ra khi khng kh c s dng bi i ng nhn vin th. Trng hp cc cht c hi xut hin dng kh chng cn c dn qua thp ra kh sau thit b chit v c m bo v phng din ha hc.

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Cc ha cht phi c lu tr trong cc thng cha thch hp v phi c nh du ph hp vi cc biu tng nguy him hoc cc du hiu, theo cc ni dung v loi ri ro. Ha cht khng nn c lu tr v lu gi khi khng cn thit. Cc my mc np liu thch hp phi c s dng gim s lng siphon lm vic. Cc thit b bo v thch hp (ng cao su, cc tm che cao su, gng tay bo v, knh bo v mt (knh bo h), khu trang vv) phi c sn lm vic vi cc cht axt, cht kim v ha cht xm thc khc. Mt yu t chnh trong phng th nghim an ton v mt iu kin tin quyt cho hot ng ng cch l mt bn kim k thch hp v h thng h s cho cc ha cht (s lng ban u, s lng c s dng, a im lu tr, x l cht thi ring bit) v thit b. Thanh nin v ph n mang thai khng c lm vic ti cc khu vc nguy him (v d nh x l cc cht gy ung th, gy t bin gen, cc cht c tnh cao vv). Cc bin php bo v cn thit (v d nh thuc ra mt b ti, hp cp cu, bnh cha chy) cng nh cc quy tc ca hnh vi phi c cung cp/trnh by ti ni lm vic v cc bin php thc hnh cho nhn vin. Cc khu vc ca trch nhim phi c phn b r rng, v k hoch hin th cc tuyn ng thot v cc cuc tp luyn an ton phi c din ra ti cc a im thch hp. Vic cung cp cc tin nghi ring bit v cc vi sen l mt iu kin tin quyt cho v sinh c nhn khi m cc ha cht gy nguy him cho sc khe c s dng. 7.2.2.2. Cc cu phn ca thit b v cu trc ca cc dng c Cc dng ri ro thng gp nht trong phng th nghim l cc chn thng nghim trng t cc vt ct lin quan n knh v hoc rng ca. Knh v d dng di p lc im tp trung v lc n by "(mt yu t quan trng xem xt khi nh gi cc thit b thit k). S ng bin trong vic s dng b dng c th nghim thng dn n cc phn ng khng th on trc. Qu trnh h tr khng thch hp v cc my mc thit b khng chnh xc gy ra lc cng v lm ph hng mt phn hoc hon ton b dng c th nghim. Khi cc thit b ph v cc cht nguy him c th r r v gy chy c th d dng xy ra. Cc ng rng lm bng thy tinh vn thng xuyn c s dng c c cc cht lng lm ngui bt chp nguy c chy n; trong bi cnh ny cc ng ch nn c s dng l ng thp rng thch hp c ph bo v hoc cch ly cao. Thit b lm bng thy tinh phi c kim tra m bo tnh an ton ca n trc khi s dng. Nhng dng c th nghim khng ph hp, thit b bin dng v thit b bng knh b rn nt th khng nn s dng. B dng c th nghim phi c bo m v an ton v sc cng v ch c th c trin khai ti cc a im c bo v chng li cc nh hng bn ngoi. ngn chn p lc tha cc b dng c phi c trang b mt h thng cn bng p lc tng i vi khng kh bn ngoi. Cc phn ng di p sut cao ch c th c thc hin trong s ph hp, bnh p lc khng b h hi. Nu c bt c nguy c qu nhit cho php hot ng hoc p lc lm vic cho php, cc phn ng th nghim phi c nh ch ngay lp tc. Cc hot ng chn khng trong cc thit b bng knh phi c qun l trong cc thit b ph hp. B dng c th nghim c cha cc cht d bt la hay nhit khng n nh khng th un nng ngay lp tc vi mt ngn la trc tip. N phi c kh nng chu c s ly i cc b gia nhit hay lm lnh m khng cn tho d cc dng c th nghim.

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Kh th kh gii quyt trong phng th nghim v chng d dng thot ra t cc thng cha chng v c kh nng to thnh cht c hi v kh t/hn hp khng kh rt d bt la. H thng chit th khng c thit k thng thng cho mt lng ln kh c v cc khi khc. V nu cht kh pht thi, tt c cc iu xy ra vn c chuyn t phng th nghim. Cc loi kh/hn hp khng kh c kh nng n c th c hnh thnh khi cht lng d bt la ang c chng ct v chit xut. S bc chy c th d dng xy ra t s phng tnh in. T lnh m khng c mt h thng chit khng kh th khng thch hp cho vic lu tr cc cht lng d bt la. Trong trng hp ca nhiu cht hu c c kh nng to thnh peroxit khi khng kh c thm vo. Nng cc cht ny c tng ln trong chng ct d lng v sau c tim nng gy ra v n ln. Cc loi cht m n pht ra cc cht kh d bt la hoc s bc hi khi m n kh ch c th c sy kh trong cc t lm kh chng n. Cc cht lng d bt la phi c lu tr ring, tch bit vi nhau trong cc t lnh chng n. Tai nn lin quan n cc bnh cha kh c p c th c nhng hu qu kinh khng. Cc tai nn ca dng ny c th d tnh c, v d, nu ph kin c lp t v vn hnh khng chnh xc, nu van x chnh b kt v sau buc phi m ra, hoc nu cc bnh kh nn l qu nng v b lt p. Bn p lc c th n tung; nguy c c bit ny gy ra cho cc thit b b qu ti, n mn v h hng hoc khi gia nhit qu mc. Cc bnh cha kh c p phi c lu tr bn ngoi cc phng th nghim hay trong cc thng cha thong kh c cch nhit chng nng. Nu iu kin k thut khng cho php cung cp cho cc phng th nghim thng qua mt ng ng p lc cao, cc bnh cha kh c p ch c th gi li trong ni lm vic cho giai on ang s dng. Cc cha kh c p phi c buc li chng khng o ln trong khi vn chuyn v trong khi s dng. Cc loi kh c v n mn ch nn c s dng trong phng th nghim trong cc cha kh c p nh v phi c t trc tip trong t ht khi s dng. Cc b phn chuyn ng ca b dng c th nghim c th bt qun o, bn tay v mi tc v c th ph hy phn ca thit b. Thit b c thit k c bit th thng xuyn khng an ton ch yu do sc in to ra t thit b v cp in. Thit b in phi c lm vic trong iu kin hon ho. thch ng vi tnh hnh hin ti cc quc gia khc nhau cung cp in cho phng th nghim phi c bo v c bit chng li s dao ng in p v cc h hng chnh. Quy trnh phn tch t tin vi nhiu giai on ring ang ngy cng c thay th bng cc b dng c th nghim phc tp. Mt s cc quy trnh tr thnh tiu chun quc t. Chng i hi phi c vn ln v phc tp trong bo tr v cung cp ph tng. nhng s dng b dng c th nghim phc tp phi c mt h thng m bo gim st v bo dng thng xuyn (bo dng ti ch). 7.2.2.3. Xy lp m chy nh c th lan ra cc vt liu xy dng d chy. Vt liu xy dng thng xuyn c s dng l khng c kh nng khng ha cht. Lp ph sn hoc cc lp v bc bng nha c xu hng tch in (yu t nh la). Cc cht c hi c th d dng thot ra mi trng thng qua ng ng x kh v nc, c bit nu nc thi c dn trc tip ra ngun nc mt. Cc nh my x l nc thi n gin khng th i ph vi tnh trng nhim gy ra bi cc cht c bit.

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Th gii bn ngoi c th c bo v chng li cc tc dng ph nguy him bi mt hoc nhiu hay hng ro khp kn ty thuc vo cc chng ngi vt khc nhau v cc ng ng vo v thot ra. Trong phng th nghim di ng phi m bo rng cht thi phng th nghim khng c thi ra t hoc tng t di b mt, dng thi ca phng th nghim th khng c thi ra h thng nc ngm. Cc phng th nghim khng nn c thit lp ti cc lu vc nc ung hoc trong cc khu vc nh ca san st. Chng cn c xy dng chu c ng t v s ri lon ca cc cuc a chn. thc hin theo cc quy nh v an ton chy, vt liu xy dng chng chy phi c s dng trong phng th nghim. Chng st cng c yu cu. Cc phng th nghim v phng lu tr phi c thit k cc h ga ring (su 510 cm) v c th khng c kt ni vi h thng ng ng nc thi. Cc phng th nghim cn c h thng thu gom v x l nc thi ring bit. Vn sn v cc b mt lm vic phi chu ng hydrocacbon clo ha v cc axt v phi d dng lm sch. ng dy in v cung cp khc phi c bo v chng li nhng nh hng ca v tai nn v dn nhn r rng. Cc lp t in phi c bo v c bit (v d nh chng li tia la). vng nhit i v cn nhit i nh sng mt tri trc tip dn n nhng vn nhit i vi mt s ngi v cc cht (t bc chy khi rt ra), v n cng c th gy hiu ng nh knh v thu knh. Thiu khng kh v thng gi km lm suy yu s h hp. Thiu cc ca s, nh sng yu v cc cnh ca c khp kn c mt hiu ng bt li n th lc v s quan st. Cng vic trong phng th nghim b nhng nh hng bt li bi ting n v rung gy ra do thit b. Nu nhng iu kin ny l c nh, cc hiu ng chung v tnh trng tm thng xy ra, kh nng tp trung b gim v cc tai nn xy ra thng xuyn. Cc phng th nghim vng nhit i v cn nhit i cn phi bo v chng li nh nng mt tri, thng gi tt v, nu thch hp c iu ho khng kh. Quy nh an ton c s v cc cung cp khc phi c m bo ti ni lm vic (nh sng, kim sot nhit , thng gi, an ton, cc li thot khn cp khng b cn tr vv). Cc bin php k thut phi c u tin l s dng cc thit b an ton c nhn. Thit b an ton phi c kim tra thng xuyn m bo hot ng thch ng (vi phun nc khn cp, bnh cha chy CO2, hp cp cu). 7.2.2.4. X l cht thi Phng th nghim cht thi gm c cc cht rn hoc cc cht lng. Kh thi nguy him c th kt hp thnh cc cht lng. Bi trong khng kh th c gi li bi cc b lc (cht lng v cht thi rn). Ti ni m cc sn phm ca cc phn ng, d lng lc v cc sn phm cht lng c lin quan, cc sn phm trong s nghi ng th thng l cc cht thi ha cht nguy him. Vic x l chng i hi cc thit b gim st c bit. Nh vy cc cht thi hin ti l mt nguy c tim tng i vi mi trng (t, nc, khng kh), v do cng gy ri ro cho con ngi, ng vt v thc vt. Thit hi cho cc vt liu v sc khe xy ra t cc v n, ha hon hoc ng c, c bit trong trng hp cc phn ng khng y , lu tr khng ph hp v trong vn ti. Cht thi lng v kh thi c th phn ng mt cch khng th on trc c (do tch t ca kh, hi nng, s nhim). S mua hp l v s trin khai ca cc ho cht cng nh kim sot ngun cung cp thng xuyn c th lm gim s tch t cht thi trong phng th nghim t u vo. Tt c cc cht thi phi c x l trong mt m hnh c trt t ngn nga nhng thng tch c nhn, thit hi vt cht v thit hi cho mi trng. iu ny i thu gom
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cht thi phng th nghim, trnh pht thi v s dng cc phn ng ha hc mt cch thch hp kt hp s lng cht thi ti thiu c th c vi cc cht khc chuyn chng thnh cc hp cht v hi. Axt v cc dung dch kim phi c trung ha, dung mi c th c ti ch. Cc cht c hi c bit khng c x l chung vi nc thi nhng c thu gom ring bit. Dung mi hu c thi phi c thu gom trong cc dng c khng ph v c vi dung tch ti a l 10 lt. Cc mui kim loi nng, b lc v d lng bm, du qua s dng v axit chromo-sulphuric tt c phi c thu gom ring r. Thy ngn s dng c th c coi nh l mt ti nguyn v cn c ti ch. Cht thi phi c ng gi trong phng th nghim v nh du. H s ti liu phi c lu gi cho mi ln x l. Nhn vin phi c o to cch gim rc thi v cch x l n mt cch an ton. Vic tun th cc quy nh thch hp phi c gim st. 7.2.3. Cc phng th nghim c s dng ch phm, tc nhn sinh hc Cc ngnh nhnh sau y khng c x l nh mt phn ca tm lc ny do tnh phc tp v bn cht t tr ca chng. Vi sinh vt, cc t bo sng, hp cht t bo v cc thnh phn di truyn ci m c th c nhn rng c s dng trong cc phng th nghim cho cc mc ch sau y, trong s nhng th khc: - Trin khai hoc gim st cc sinh vt - C lp cc cht hot tnh sinh hc - Tin hnh cc xt nghim sinh hc - Chn on - K thut di truyn - Ci thin cc k thut ti sn xut. Nhng mc tiu c p ng bi vic sn xut cc cht dinh dng v cc tc nhn sng, s kim sot ca h thng sinh hc phn hy cc vt cht, khai thc s tng tc gia cc sinh vt (s cng sinh vv) v tnh trng ph bin rng ri ca cc tc nhn gy bnh v cc virus nghin cu hnh vi ca chng v c ngha l kim sot chng. Nhng ri ro chnh lin quan n vic x l cc tc nhn sinh hc trong phng th nghim c ngun gc t cc nhim c th c ca b phn phng th nghim v s ly nhim ca con ngi, ng vt v thc vt bn ngoi phng th nghim. Ngoi ra, cc thit hi gy ra do s lan truyn ca thc vt v ng vt mi cho mt vng c th (cc sinh vt c hi mi cn bin). Cc bin php bo h c thit k ngn chn vic pht thi cc tc nhn gy bnh, su bnh v cc cht c. N bao gm thc hin chuyn mn ca cng vic v x l cht thi tip theo. Cc yu t di truyn mi c th c nhn rng v sn xut bi cng ngh gen, cng nh cc vt ch trung gian ca chng v cc sinh vt k sinh, c th c th ha mt nguy c c bit mnh, ty theo c im mi ca chng. Khng l cha c bit v cc c hi sng cn ca cc sinh vt bin i gen v tc nhn gy bnh khc trong h sinh thi t nhin. Mt khi chng ri phng th nghim, cc trng hp c th xut hin m n khin h khng kim sot c hoc thm ch khng th cu vn. y l mt khu
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vc m cc mi e da mi cho mi trng xut hin m n khng th c xc nh chc chn. Cc h thng an ton sinh hc th vn cn thit c pht trin v th nghim. Khi x dng cc yu t di truyn m c th c nhn rng n l rt quan trng chn cc sinh vt ch v cc vt ch trung gian trn c s ca cc tiu chun an ton. Tc nhn gy bnh c th c thay th trong trng hp nht nh bng cc sinh vt chng bnh trong cng mt loi. Vic tim phng vc xin cho cc nhn vin phng th nghim c yu cu trong trng hp cc tc nhn gy bnh nht nh. Cht thi sinh hc t cc phng th nghim phi c lm cho v hi bng cch t chy hoc kh trng. Vic s dng cc vt ch trung gian cho vic chuyn giao cc thnh phn gen n bi l rt quan trng, c bit nu cc gen n bi l khng y c trng, cc lu tr c th khng c xc nh v vt ch trung gian c chn c h thng chuyn nhng ca chng cng nh mt s di chuyn tc cao v linh ng. Th nghim trn ng vt phi c hn ch n mc ti a c th v vic chm sc phi c thc hin m bo rng cc ng vt th nghim c chm sc ng cch. Nu dng c bo v c nhn v cc thit b an ton phng th nghim l khng tng xng vic x l ca cc sinh vt c hi gy a ra cc ri ro c th. Ri ro y l cc sinh vt c hi s c ph bin bi i ng nhn vin phng th nghim v t cc chnh bn thn phng th nghim thng qua nc thi, cht thi v khng kh. Thit b bo h v cng x nc c th b hng. Cc cng vt l hay ha hc hiu qu phi c cung cp khi cc tc nhn sinh hc c nguy hi n sc khe v mi trng c s dng. Ngoi vic bo v thch hp thit b phi c sn nh cc tm chn, gng tay, bo v mt, khu trang (c bit l trong trng hp ca cc cht hnh thnh bo t). Cc bin php ny c hiu lc khi kt hp vi vic a ra v tun th cc quy tc qun l. Chng bao gm lu tr ring bit ca qun o lm vic cng nh s dng ca cc thit b ph tr khc nhau c cung cp. m bo an ton trong phng th nghim ni chung, cc khu vc c bit phi c nim phong v cc ro cn vt l c lp t (ng ca ra vo, ca s, x l khng kh). 7.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Phn tch v nh gi tc ng mi trng c tp trung vo cng vic trong phng th nghim v hiu ng bn ngoi. Phn loi xc nh cc lnh vc nh sau: - Tc ng bt li n cuc sng (sc khe con ngi, ng vt v thc vt) v - Thay i trong thnh phn ca cc loi trong cc mi trng sinh hc cn v thy sinh. S phn loi ri ro c tin hnh cho nhiu phng th nghim ha cht v cc sinh vt trong s dng (cc tham kho v tm tt v mi trng da trn sc khe v dinh dng). Cc thay i xut hin cc dng n hoc s c tai nn v cc s kin lin tc. Mc ca tnh thun nghch ca cc qu trnh l ng k trong cc iu kin ca s thay i xy ra. Bn tm tt ca tiu chun mi trng (quyn III) c cha cc ghi ch quan trng thch hp nh gi cc cht c th. S nhn mnh c bit trong cc iu khon ca s an ton trong qu trnh hot ng c nu trong cc chm ngn sau: - tin cy ca cc n v vn hnh v ca cc nh qun l v ngi gim st,
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- S thnh tho trong mt s nh qun l v nhng ngi chu trch nhim v s an ton, - Gim st cc tiu chun chung c bin php phng nga thch hp, ghi chp li v ngn nga ri ro, - m bo tun th cc bin php an ton theo khoa hc hin i nht v cc tiu chun k thut, do gim thiu cc ri ro, - Tun th cc tha thun quc t i vi cm v kh ha hc v nghin cu v pht trin v kh sinh hc, - Tun th cc quy nh an ton chi phi v cc quy nh mi trng ni chung ban hnh ti quc gia ni cc phng th nghim ang hot ng v cc ngh m n b sung v vt qu cc quy nh ny (so snh cc tiu chun quc t). 7.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cc phng th nghim hot ng trong mi lnh vc sn xut nng nghip, gim st mi trng v chm sc sc khe. Cc chin lc hot ng ti cc khu vc ny th thng ph thuc vo nhu cu v hot ng thch hp ca cc phng th nghim. V mt bo v chng li nhng ri ro i vi sc khe v mi trng t cc hot ng ca bn thn cc phng th nghim, c nhng mi tng quanvi cc lnh vc sau: - Sn xut cy trng (trong nng nghip v lm nghip) - bo v thc vt, chn nui - dch v th y, bo v ng vt - thy sn v nui trng thy sn - Sc khe v dinh dng - x l cht thi nguy hi nh gi c da trn kin thc nghip v chuyn mn trong cc lnh vc ny. nh gi ny c hu qu cho cc lnh vc ha hc, sinh hc, xy dng ca thit b phng th nghim v cu trc k thut. 7.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Phn tch, d bo v th nghim s c tho lun vi cc ti liu tham kho cho cc phng th nghim s dng cc cht nguy him v nhng phng th nghim s dng cc tc nhn sinh hc. Cc tc ng mi trng trc tip t kt qu ca vic xy dng v hot ng ca cc phng th nghim khi tip xc vi cc cht nguy him v cc sinh vt. Sc khe ca nhn vin c th b nh hng bi bi, s hot ng ca cc tc nhn ha hc (cht rn, cht lng, cht kh), cc c t, cc hiu ng vt l (p sut, gi, tc ng ca nhit, dng in) v bi cc mm bnh. Mi trng b nh hng bi lng pht thi ca cc cht ha hc tng hp c sn xut v cc sinh vt thng qua kh thi, nc thi v cc vt liu thi. Cc ri ro trc tip gn lin vi phng th nghim tp trung vo s tc ng ln nhau ca cc cht v cc sinh vt vi cc thng cha c khim khuyt, cc linh kin thit b khng ph hp v b phn thit b lp rp khng chnh xc, cng nh cc li iu hnh v cc bin php bo v khng tha ng.

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Nhng d bo c th trong cc tc ng mi trng ca cc phng th nhim v cc bin php bo v tng ng th ch c th c trn phng din ca mt s hiu bit chnh xc ca cc iu kin k thut v cu trc (bo v v x l cc ci t) v cc tc nhn v thit b c s dng. S phn ranh gii ca cc phng th nghim nh cc n v cu trc v s tn ti mang tnh t chc cho php nhng ri ro i vi sc khe v mi trng c thm nh v gim n mc ti thiu bng cch kt hp cc hiu ng ca s c trch nhim c nhn trn mt phn ca i ng nhn vin vi cc t chc kim sot v gim st bn ngoi. 7.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. A General Papers on the Theme 2. Bretherick, L. 1981: Hazard in the Chemical Laboratory. The Royal Society of Chemistry, London. 3. BAGUV (Ed.) 1983: Richtlinie fr Laboratorien (GUV 16.17), Munich. 4. Berufsgenossenschaft der chemischen Industrie - (BG Chemie - employers liability insurance association of the chemical industry) 1985: Gefhrliche chemische Stoffe. Merkblatt M 051, Jedermann-Verlag Dr. Otto Pfeffer oHG, Heidelberg. 5. BG Chemie 1987: Umgang mit gesundheitsgefhrlichen Stoffen. Merkblatt M 050, Heidelberg. 6. Fuscaldo, A. A., Ehrlich, B. J., Hindeman, B. 1980: Laboratory Safety, Theory and Practice. Academic Press, New York. 7. Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker [GDCh-society of German chemists] 1987: Sicheres Arbeiten in chemischen Laboratorien, Einfhrung fr Studenten. BAGUV series of papers on theory and practice of accident prevention. Verzeichnis der Literatur zur Sicherheit im Laboratorium und zu den Gefahreneigenschaften chemischer Arbeitsstoffe. 8. Henschler, D. (Ed.) 1988: Gesundheitsschdliche Toxikologischarbeitsmedizinische Begrndung von MAK-Werten. Arbeitsstoffe.

9. National Research Council, USA 1983: Prudent Practices for the Disposal of Chemicals from the Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 10. OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris 1991. Guidelines for Development Assistance Agencies on Chemical Management. 11. Roth, L. 1990: Wassergefhrdende Stoffe (Loose-leaf series). 12. Rudolph, P. and Boje, R. 1990: kotoxikologie: Grundlagen fr kotoxikologische Bewertung von Umweltchemikalien nach dem Chemikaliengesetz. ECOMED, Landsberg. p.7: Zur Prognose der Umweltgefhrlichkeit. 13. Walters, D.B. 1980: Safe Handling of chemical carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and highly toxic substances. Ann Arbor Sciences - Ann Arbor, Michigan. 14. World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Europe 1986: Behandlung gefhrliche Abflle. Grundsatzrichtlinien und Verfahrenskodex. Copenhagen (Europische Schriftenreihe Nr. 14). 15. B Papers on specific issues 16. BG Chemie 1988: Biotechnologie (VBG 102). Sammlung Unfallverhtungsvorschriften der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften. Cologne. der Einzel-

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17. BG Chemie 1989: Besondere Schutzmanahmen in Laboratorien. Merkblatt M 006, Jedermann-Verlag Dr. Otto Pfeffer oHG, Heidelberg, pp 40 - 43: Verzeichnis der Vorschriften, Regeln und andere Schriften. 18. BG Chemie 1989: Sichere Biotechnologie, Teil 2: Laboratorien. Ausstattung und organisatorische Manahmen. Merkblatt M 056, Jedermann-Verlag Dr. Otto Pfeffer oHG, Heidelberg, pp 52 - 54: Verzeichnis der Vorschriften, Regeln und andere Schriften. 19. BG Chemie 1989: Sichere Biotechnologie, Teil 3: Betrieb, Ausstattung und organisatorische Manahmen. Merkblatt M 057, Jedermann-Verlag Dr. Otto Pfeffer oHG, Heidelberg, pp 64 - 66: Verzeichnis der Vorschriften, Regeln und andere Schriften. 20. BG Chemie 1990: Sichere Biotechnologie. Einstufung von biologischen Agenzien: Viren. Merkblatt B 004, Jedermann-Verlag Dr. Otto Pfeffer oHG, Heidelberg, pp 56 - 59: Verzeichnis von Vorschriften, Regeln und andere Schriften. 21. BG Chemie 1990: Tierlaboratorien. Merkblatt M 007, Jedermann-Verlag Dr. Otto Pfeffer oHG, Heidelberg, pp 52 - 57: Verzeichnis der Vorschriften, Regeln und andere Schriften. 22. Bosselmann, K. 1987: Recht der Gefahrstoffe - rechtsvergleichender berblick. Berlin. 23. Deutscher Druckbehlterausschu (German pressure vessels committee (DBA) 1985: Technische Regeln. Druckgase - Allgemeine Anforderungen an Druckgasbehlter, Betreiben von Druckgasbehltern (TRG 280), Carl-Heymann-Verlag, Cologne. 24. DIN 12 924 Teil 1: "Abzge fr Allgemeingebrauch". 25. DIN 29 924 Teil 2: "Abzge fr besondere Zwecke" (Umgang mit Perchlorsure, Schwefelsure und Flusure). 26. Mejer, G.J. 1984: Zur Metechnik einschlielich Tracermethoden bei der Bestimmung der Wirkstoffkonzentration am Arbeitsplatz. In: Landbauforschung Vlkenrode, Nr. 68, pp 40 - 44, Vlkenrode. 27. Rinze, P. V. 1990: Abwasser aus Hochschullaboratorien. HIS-Kurzinformationen Bau und Technik B2/90, pp 12 - 14. 28. Schmutnig, R. 1990: Umsetzung der Gefahrstoffverordnung im Hochschulbereich, Grundlagen der Meverpflichtung. HIS-Kurzinformationen Bau und Technik B2/90, pp 14 - 17. 29. Stratmann, F. 1990: Sichere und wirtschaftliche Entsorgung von Sonderabfllen in Hochschulen. HIS-Kurzinformationen Bau und Technik B2/90, pp 3 - 12

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III. C S H TNG 8.Cung cp v ti b tr nh 8.1. Phm vi Mc tiu ca vic cung cp nh l p ng cc nhu cu c bn cho ni c tr. Ni c tr c ngha l g v lm th no nhu cu c bn thc s cho n s ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin v truyn thng a phng v mc hin i ca x hi. Ni chung, nhng g c ngha l bng vic cung cp nh , theo ngha hp, c to ra, duy tr v ci to cuc sng tin nghi v lm sn cc mc cn thit cho mc ch ny, c th l xy dng t ai, c s h tng (v d nh ng b v ng st vv, khi lng phng tin vn ti, thng tin lin lc, nc ung, thit b cho x l cht thi v nc thi, v nng lng), vt liu xy dng, k thut xy dng, v ti chnh. Tuy nhin, vic cung cp nh l khng ch b gii hn bi vic lm cho tin nghi thc s sn c m cn bao gm cc bin php to ra mt mi trng sng chp nhn c vi mi trng khu dn c v cc thit lp ca x hi khc, vn ha v cc c s phc li cn thit (trng hc, c s chm sc sc khe, a im ca cc n v cng cng, cc ca hng, vv) Trong mt ngha rng hn, bt c iu g cho php ngi c tr hot ng l mt phn y hn trong i sng x hi v kinh t ca x hi s gip ci thin iu kin nh . C th, iu ny bao gm cc bc thc hin h tr cc t chc t qun, thit lp quyn s hu an ton, ni trc y quyn s hu l khng chc chn, gii thiu cc lut l sa i v cc quy nh v thc y vic lm v to ngun thu nhp. Di cc iu kin kinh t v nhn khu hc hin nay v trn phng din ca cc xu hng pht trin hin hnh, vic cung cp nh hp l cho cc ngi dn thnh th th ang tr thnh mt vn chnh. Ngy nay, mt s lng ln cc gia nh sng trong cc iu kin nh khng c chp nhn. Mc d c th c s khc bit a phng, cc yu t ph bin c th c xc nh gm: - Khng bo v chng li cc yu t (v d ma, bo, bc x mt tri, lnh), chng li cc mi nguy him n t mi trng (v d ting n, ha hon, cc mm bnh, s nhim khng kh), v chng li s trc xut, - Mt mi trng sng to ra cc cng thng v mi trng, - Tnh trng qu ti, dn n tnh hung cng thng, cuc xm nhp v cc tai nn v khuyn khch s lan truyn ca bnh tt v cc dch bnh, - Qu xy dng gi tr thp hay nguy c sc khe hin ti (cc ta nh c dt nt v khu nh chut, cc khu nh c trn phn t cng v nh c xy dng t ph liu hoc bng g mng) v, - Khng tn ti k thut hoc k thut khng thch hp v c s h tng x hi (v d nh mt ngun cung cp nc ung khng , x l cht thi v nc thi khng kim sot c, cung cp cho cc trng hc v chm sc y t khng y ). Trong trng hp ti cc thnh ph tri qua s pht trin t, s tng trng ny thng l i tng iu hnh khng tha ng. Thng th khng c n kh thi pht trin khu vc v th. Chng trnh cung cp nh c da trn d liu v vic tng dn s, phn phi thu nhp, kch thc ca cc h gia nh, phn b dn s, vv. Con s thiu chnh xc cho s tng trng dn s, vi kch thc v tnh trng qu nh v xy dng ca khu vc t

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nhn lm gy kh khn xc nh nhng g cn c cho nh cn c xy dng hoc phc hi. nhiu quc gia, s pht trin ca cc thnh ph th khng c phn b ng u v phng din a l. S pht trin bn trong v mt ln sng ngy cng tng ca vic di c c ngha l mt s gia tng t ngt v nhu cu nh trong cc khu thnh ph. ni m chnh sch xy dng nh c tp trung trong vo p ng nhu cu bng cch xy dng nh mi n chng t s thiu trm trng ti cuc hp nhu cu ngy cng tng v nh c chi ph thp. Chnh sch h mc thu khuyn khch u t rt rng ln cho s thiu ht trong lnh vc nh gi tr thp do gy ra cc thnh ph hin nay xy ra s ng dn qu mc v cc khu nh chut c to thnh, c bit trong cc khu vc c thit lp lu di bi cc ngi nh c. ng thi c mt ln sng rng ri ca vic chim gi t bt hp php kt hp vi s xy dng ca khu nh lp xp ti tn. Ngy nay, nhm mc ch chnh l vic cung cp nh khng ch to ch sch s trong khun kh ca s pht trin khu vc v th m cn i ph vi iu kin nh nghim trng bi vic nng cp v qu nh . Trong vic phc hi nh , mt trong nhng mc tiu ang theo ui l lm chm thay i trong s ha nhp x hi, m trong cc lnh vc lin quan thng c xu hng theo mt hng duy nht, v bng cch ny t c mt s cn bng tt hn cho x hi. 8.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v D n nhm cung cp hoc ci to nh c nh hng n mi trng thng qua cc hot ng xy dng m chng gy ra; mt s kha cnh quan trng c vch ra di y. 8.2.1. Pht trin cc khu vc xy nh mi C nhng vn m rt kh hoc thm ch khng th gii quyt khi nh ang c phc hi v y l nhng vn c d on trc khi lp k hoch nh mi. Cc bin php k thut v lp k hoch c yu cu cho mc ch ny l thng thy v c thnh lp hp l; nhng ci chnh v chng i km vi cc tc ng mi trng v c nu ngn gn di y. Cc khu vc phn b xy dng thng thng i hi mt s thay i trong vic s dng t hin c v mt s gia tng trong tiu th nhng nguyn liu th, v th, t ai ph hp vi nng nghip, cc khu vc rng v vng rng, v mt t bao gm cc m khong sn khng nn c xy dng kn nu tt c c th . Khu t nng nghip trong cc khu vc bao quanh th thng xuyn phc v cung cp cc nhu cu ca dn thnh th v khng nn b nh hng bt li bi cc bc thc hin pht trin thnh ph. Cc khu vc rng v vng rng n th x i din cho mt ngun ti nguyn c gi tr xng ng bo h. Khu vc ny thc hin chc nng kh hu v thy vn, hot ng nh mt ngun lc gii tr v thng c hnh thnh mt ngun cung cp nhin liu, vt liu xy dng v nc ung. Cc v tr t nhin ca cc tin ch cng cng v cc ngun ca vic lm l gii quyt trong tm tt khc v mi trng nh: - Quy hoch cc v tr cho Thng mi v Cng nghip - Cc c s cng cng Trng hc, Chm sc sc khe, Bnh vin. Ring i vi nh , gn gi vi cc cng s/ni lm vic thng l mt yu t quyt nh tnh quan trng ca v tr. t xy dng gi thp thng s c th mua c ti cc vng xa th. Tuy nhin iu ny khng ch c ngha l mt s thay i v vic s dng t hin c m cn to ra
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mt vn trong dch v vn ti s l nhu cu. Mt khi da trn, nh t c th, thng kh thn trng, to ra mt nhu cu v t s c chuyn sang s dng cho cng nghip hoc thng mi. y l trng hp,cc quy nh v s dng t s l cn thit, nh mt phn trong lut quy hoch kim sot kh thi c th xy ra, v nhu cu cho t. Cc khu vc nh mi d nh mt s phn phi cc nhu cu v nc, nhng h c th dn n mt s cn bng tt lm tng nhu cu ny, vi s lng ln nc thi v cht thi rn v mt s cn thit cho c s h tng thch hp c cung cp. Cng s c mt s gia tng khi lng giao thng. Khi quy hoch cc khu vc mi v nh , khu vc cung cp v cc c s x l cht thi s cn phi c xem xt. Cc cn trng, m chng hot ng nh mt vt trung gian ca nhiu loi bnh, to ra cc mi nguy him ln cho sc khe ca cc ngi dn. H thng v sinh km, s ng nc thi, v ngay c nhng thng cha nc m to ra mt m hnh l tng ca mm mng pht sinh cho cc cn trng su bnh. Cc cn trng c th c tiu dit thnh cng vi chi ph thp hn bi hnh ng ngn chn hn vic s dng cc loi ha cht chng hn. Vic t chc thu gom cht thi rn, thng xuyn duy tr cc mng h v cc h thng nc thi sinh hot hp v sinh nh l thng gi nh v sinh s lm gim bt cc nguy c nh hng n sc khe. Vic bo v chng li cc cn trng bn trong cc ta nh c th thc hin c bi, v d, b sung cc li bao ph ca chnh v ca s. Ngoi vn ca ngun ti chnh cho cc c s cung cp v x l hp l, mt vn khc ca s quan trng ch yu l gi cho chng trong iu kin lm vic tt (bo dng). Vic v sinh c nhn v h gia nh l mt vn tin quyt cho vic gim thiu bnh tt. Cng nh cc yu cu v vt cht c cp trn, thng tin cng cng v tm quan trng ca v sinh c th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic ci thin sc khe; trong vic lin kt ny cn nh rng, ph thuc vo quc gia, ph n chim khong 30 - 60% ca nhng ngi ng u gia nh trong cc khu chut v cc khu nh c trn t cng. Trong cc ta nh, n l cc khu vc chun b v d tr thc n v s ngi c ng quan trng l cc nhu cu v v sinh c va . Khi c th th cn c mt nh bp ring vi mt s cung cp y nc cht lng tt v cc tin nghi tt cho vic thot nc thi.. Vic nui th vt l ph bin trong cc khu th v l hnh thc mt ngun li tc thm vo. Tuy nhin, cc con vt cng c th truyn bnh; c bit tr em th cn c ngn nga khng cho tip xc vi phn th vt, v cc con vt nn c gi khong cch xa vi cc khu vc c s dng cho cc tin ch v cc dch v khc hoc cho cc mc ch x l cht thi, nh bi rc chng hn. nhim khng kh l mt iu na gy ri ro cho sc khe con ngi. Cc ngun nhim trong cc khu vc th l sn xut nhit dn dng v nng lng (c bit l nhng ni t than ), vic t cht thi rn, giao thng ng b, v kh thi cng nghip. Vic chn a im thch hp cho cc khu vc ca nh mi, v phn tch nhng cch c th cho vic ci thin mi trng sng ca a phng (v d trng trt, thng kh) cho cc d n phc hi chc nng l mt vi cch thc m cc s ci thin c th c hiu lc. Ging nh nhim khng kh, ting n cng l mt nguy c n sc khe nhng n li him khi c nh lng ng. Bung cch m, trong xy dng l mt v d, l tn km. ni m cc ngun khng th loi tr hoc gim cng sut ca chng, nhng s la chn chng n c th lm c l m bo s ngn cch thch hp t ngun ca ting n v, ni m c i hi, ph v ng truyn ng bng vic dng tng/k. 8.2.2. Ti lp cc khu nh c Mc ch ca cc d n phc hi chc nng l hn ch i mi th. Chng c thc hin ci to cc iu kin sng trong cc khu nh c v cc khu cht hin nay
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khng th kim sot c. Trong vic lm ny, h trnh c s ph hy v s ti nh c nhng ni no c th v thay vo l tn dng cc cu trc x hi v nh hin ti bt u hoc y nhanh qu trnh xy dng mt cng ng ha nhp. Km v sinh l mt vn chnh trong nhiu khu nh c hin nay. Do vic ci thin iu kin v sinh phi l mt nhim v u tin; n bao gm vic cung cp v pht trin mt ngun cung cp nc ng tin cy v bo m vic kim sot x l cht thi rn v nc thi. Mc d cc d n nh th, th quan trng nht, l ci thin tnh trng mi trng trong cc khu nh c, chng cn phi c ln k hoch cn thn v nhu cu tip theo ca chng c gim st mt cch t m nu chng khng gy thit hi cho mi trng. Cc tm tt mi trng c th sau y a ra cc ngh chi tit cc ghi ch lp k hoch cho mc ch ny: - Cp nc th - X l nc thi (v nc ma) thu gom, x l, loi b - X l cht thi rn thu gom, x l. Mt s tht l mt cao ca nh c tc dng mang li li ch v chi ph h tng thp, s s dng t, v.v, n cng to ra cc vn , nh l dng chy b mt ln hn v do gy ra nguy c ngp lt, cc vn vi cp nc v x l nc thi v cht thi rn, lm tng thm cc hu qu ca cc thm ha thin nhin, v mt mi trng sng tha ng v do cc iu kin v sinh khng tha ng. Mt mc tiu khc ca cc d n phc hi chc nng l ci thin qu nh . Cc ta nh c dt nt v trn tt c cc ta nh trong khu nh c trn t cng th thng c nguy c nh hng n sc khe. S u tin nn c dnh cho vic s dng cc nguyn vt liu a phng, ci m c th to ra cng n vic lm. i vi khu nh t xy dng, khng ch l vic p dng linh hot s quy hoch v cc tiu chun xy dng cn thit m cn li khuyn t cc chuyn gia xy dng th cn thit ngn chn nhng mi nguy him v chi ph pht sinh. Nng cao tiu chun ca c s h tng ti cc khu nh c ca ngi dn cng bao gm vic t xung cc c s cho s vn ng cng cng nh cc con ng, l ng, qung trng, cc bc cu thang. v.v, cc hot ng nh vy lm tng s bt kn mt t b mt v do gp phn dng chy b mt ln hn. Cc khu vc cn phi c thot nc tt. Vic cung cp mt c s h tng ng b lm gia tng giao thng trong cc khu vc m c th trc y khng c. Trong trng hp ny, cc quy nh hn ch, chng hn, c gii ha vn ti t nhn c th c xem xt cho mc ch ca ct gim pht thi. Tuy nhin, a ra s quan trng ca ngi dn tham gia vo vn ti t nhn, c nhng s rng buc kht khe vo cc quy nh nh vy c th c a vo trong thc t (xem cc tm tt mi trng v Quy hoch giao thng v vn ti). Thng cn thit hng n vic cung cp cc tiu chun pht trin thp hn, nh l ch c mt con ng vo duy nht ca mi khi nh cho cc dch v ha hon v thu gom rc ri hn l mt pht trin y h thng cc con ng. 8.2.3. Cc yu t v tr v qui hoch Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc d n nh a n trong phm vi ca vic la chn v tr, thit k cc khu nh c v c s h tng, v hnh thc c ng. Khng ch c cc yu t t nhin m cn cc hot ng ca cc nh quy hoch cng cn c xem xt. Thng thng, trong cc khu vc m thng a ra nhng cu hi cho s pht trin hoc s xy dng ca cc khu nh mi, n c th (bt hp php) c c cc khu nh c trn t cng v do c mt yu cu v phc hi chc nng.
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Nhiu quc gia ang nm trong cc khu chu ng t, ni la phun tro, l lt, v s l t do xi mn. Cc vng ni m phn ln cc mi nguy him t nhin nh vy xy ra l c bit, tuy nhin s xut hin ca chng t khi c d bo. S cnh bo sm mt vi ngy l ngoi l; n thng l vi gi. Do , iu quan trng l phi c h thng gim st khu vc, c bin php phng nga bo v thch hp c thc hin, v cng tc phng chng thin tai v cu h phi sn sng. Nhiu thnh ph ln l c bit c nguy c bi l do lch s, chng thng nm trn ca sng, giao nhau vi cc con sng, trn vng ng bng, hoc trong cc lu vc ang b ln. Trong cc trng hp ny, cc v tr ni m tnh hnh a mo l nn c tm kim tt hn, t ra khi v tinh nh v s c thit lp. Cc hu qu c th ca ng t, ni la phun tro, v dng bo l s tiu hy ca cc ta nh v mt phn ca c s h tng, s trt t, l lt v chy (v d nh l dn n s thit hi cho h thng in). Cc v tr c nguy c t hin tng thin nhin cn phi trnh bt c ni no c th cho cc d n nh . y iu ny l khng th hoc ni m cc khu vc nh ca san st hin tn ti, cc bin php phng nga c bit cn c thc hin trong kha cnh ca vic thit k khu nh c v c s h tng v loi nh . Trong khi s b tr cc khu nh c ang c quyt nh , mt nh cao nn c t trong cc khu vc c s ri ro thp, v cc k hoch phi cung cp ng vo thch hp cho cc loi xe cu h. Cc b phn ca c s h tng c bit c nguy c nh cung cp nc, h thng x nc thi v cung cp nng lng nn c thit k c sc chu ng cc mi nguy him ca tiu chun a phng ni m chng tn ti; trong mt s trng hp ny s lm cho tn kh nhiu tin hn. Cc ta nh nn c cu trc chng li cc mi nguy hi v ni c th cung cp cu trc ca cc loi ny nn c kt ni vi cc ta nh hin ti. V d nh s cung cp cc khung g v vt liu lp mi cng khng c cnh sc; khi b thi bay trong nhng cn bo, nhng cnh sc ca tm kim loi to ra mt mi nguy him hn na. Tuy nhin, s cung cp ny phi cn i cc chi ph lin quan, c bit khi p dng cho cc ta nh hin c. Mc d quc gia c nhiu i ni to c hi bo v ln hn khi nn ngp ng, vn c nguy c ca nn l t v ngp ng. Sn dc trong cc khu vc i tng ca s xi mn v cc b sng th thng l v tr thch hp cho nhng s nh c khng kim sot; trong trng hp nh vy tc ng ti chnh ca vic gim bt ri ro c tc dng so vi chi ph ca vic la chn mt v tr thay th khc. Cc ta nh trn cc sn dc s cn phi c neo v chng ph hp. Trong trng hp cc khu vc xy dng v tr trn nn , iu ny to ra cc vn v thot nc. Chi ph nhiu hn b tr cc dch v c s h tng di mt t v cc h thng v sinh l kh khn hn lp t bi v s cn thit phi s dng my mc. Trn cc khu vc t ngp nc hoc ven h (ni m nn mng cc s l cn thit), chi ph xy dng tng ln, v cc khu vc nh th khng nn c xem l nhng v tr c th thch hp. t ngp nc phi c tho nc hoc lp y; cng nh nhng hu qu sinh thi ca vic ny, s c thm chi ph pht sinh cho cc thit b my mc ph hp v cc c hi cho s t lc c gii hn. Cc vn ng k cng s pht sinh cng vi iu kin v sinh. Cng nh bn cht bt li c th c ca mt t c m t trn, mt vn khc m c bit nh hng n s la chn a im ca nh l cc h chn lp cc cht thi rn v cc v tr cho cng nghip loi b, gi chung l l cc v tr b nhim. Nhng mi nguy him tn ti nhng ni nh y iu ny l nhng s suy gim do s nn khng tng xng, vic chy hoc n do s gii thot kh mtan, nhng mi kh chu v s nhim nc. i vi nhng khu vc nh vy vic s dng xy dng nh hoc phc hi chc nng, s nh gi ton din cc mi nguy him tim nng s l cn thit.
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L lt l mt hin tng theo ma gy ra bi c ma ln v cc cn bo v cc tc ng ca chng l lm trm trng thm do s bt kn b mt t ci m l mt phn cn thit ca s nh c. Chng gy ra s nhim nc ung, s chy trn ca cc dng thi c nhn v cng cng v c s h tng thot nc, xi mn, thit hi n cc ta nh, mt s gia tng mm mng pht sinh cho cc ng vt gy bnh, v, trong trng hp xu nht, nhng nh hng nguy hi. Mc d gi thp, t chu l lt nh k i hi u t ln trong h thng thot nc v cu trc bo v. S thot nc khng ng c th dn n tnh trng nhim nc ngm. M cng thot nc cho nc mt, mc d n gin b tr, nhng c th d dng b ngn chn bi trm tch, thc vt tng trng v x l nc thi khng kim sot c; vic lm sch k thng thot nc cng l cn thit v mt v sinh. Cc ta nh ring bit c th c bo v khi l lt bng cch xy dng chung trn cc nn bc hoc cc tr chng cao. Vt trung gian ca cc bnh truyn nhim (b thu ht bi phn ngi v ng vt v nc thi), cc ha cht c hi (t ngnh cng nghip a phng), v v cc thnh phn t nhin nh l hm lng mui hoc kim loi cao l nguyn nhn ca s nhim nc. Cc k thut lm sch cn thit, mc d bit, th thng l khng th vi ti chnh do chi ph vn hnh cao. iu quan trng cho nc ung l c bo v tha ng khi s nhim ti ngun, trong cc ng ng v ti nhng im ly nc. Vic nh v tr t l mt phn quan trng phn chia phm vi hot ng vi cc kha cnh ca cc d n nh . Bng cch phn phi t ph hp s dng m khng nh hng ti nhng ci khc hoc l ch mc thp, hoc bng cch tch bit vic xm nhp s dng ln nhau trong cc d n phc hi, n th thng c th lm gim cc vn vi pht thi. Bng cch chn cc v tr thch hp cho cc tin ch cng cng v doanh nghip v lp k hoch v kh nng vn ti cho ph hp, n l cn thit gim cc dch v vn ti v s tiu th nng lng v pht thi. Mt xy dng l mt yu t quan trng trong cc d n nh v l mt trong nhng vn to ra cc vn mi trng. Cc ta nh gn nhau, s nh hn ca khong khng gian cn trng cn li cho cc khu vc trng c, cy xanh hoc cc thc vt khc. iu ny nh hng n vi kh hu, vng tun hon nc v cht lng ca khng kh. Vic t ra khu t cho khng gian m nh vy l mt cch c hiu qu ci thin tnh trng mi trng trong cc khu vc dn c, c bit l trong kh hu nng v m t. Tuy nhin, c cc chi ph lin quan bi v cc khng gian m chim t m nu khng c xy dng v chng phi c xem xt chng thc hin chc nng ca mnh. Mt thc t ph bin rng ri trong cc d n xy dng l di di cc cy xanh hin c khi t cho cc nh trong giai on xy dng, iu ny cn trnh cng xa cng tt. Nguyn tc khi thit k kh hu, da trn s thng gi t nhin, nn c p dng mt cch cn thn trong cc ta nh dn c v cc ta nh cho cc mc ch khc. Nu khng c cch no trnh h thng iu ha khng kh, sau s chm sc phi c thc hin thy rng s thay th hydro-chloro-fluoro-carbons (HCFC's). Vic s dng nng lng trong nh s ph thuc vo li tc sn c v ngun nng lng sn c. Cc nhm li tc cao v trung bnh, cc hnh thc nng lng ph bin c s dng l in v kh t ng chai. Trong cc khu vc m li tc thp, ngun nng lng truyn thng nh l g, du da, than ci, thi v phn th vt l c s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin chng l ngun ch yu ca nhim khng kh. Vic t chy ci v than ci l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s ph rng v cc vn tip theo sau vi xi mn. Vic thay th c bn cho cc nguyn liu nh vy l s dng nng lng mt tri, m c th c dng si m, nu n hoc thng qua cc pin nng lng mt tri to ra

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in. N cng c tim nng s dng rt ln cho cc khu vc th (xem thm cc tm tt mi trng v ti to ngun nng lng). trnh s nt tht c chai hin ti hoc bit trc trong vic cung cp cc nguyn vt liu xy dng, tng nng sut trong cc iu khon ca nh hon thnh v ct gim chi ph, s suy xt nn dnh cho cc vt liu xy dng v cc k thut s c s dng. Mi che bng kim loi l v d, mc d n lp t v duy tu, to ra cc vn v thi tit trong cc ta nh v, vn s dng ngoi t cho ni cn nhp khu. Vic s dng cc vt liu a phng ph hp c th gip ci to cc iu kin v nh v s thc y kinh t a phng. im c bit l vic s dng khng hn ch cc vt liu a phng tr nn khng th chp nhn c ni m cc ngun ti nguyn tr nn b khai thc qu mc hoc chng to ra nhiu mi nguy him cho sc khe; chng hn khi cc vt liu c cha aming c s dng. Mc d rng c rt t cc d n c th lm nh hng n phm vi sn xut, bt k cc c hi no xut hin lm nh th cn c khai thc mt cch trit . S n khp ca cc ta nh v cc phng cc phong tc vn ha ca ngi dn, v cc tiu chun thm m ca cc ta nh v cc phng, l nhng nhn t quan trng n c th gy ra cc tc ng x hi. Nhng nghin cu v cc gi tr vn ha, li sng v cc nhu cu v vt cht v chc nng ca cc nhm mc tiu (khng ch l phng php trong cc khu vc nh c c ch nh s dng nh l nh , cc ca hng v cc hot ng tn gio, m cn l s b tr chc nng ca cc cn h hoc nh ) s cung cp cc im trong cc kha cnh trn cho vic hnh thnh d n. S thay i vic s dng din tch th thng c nhng tc ng ln cc khu vc ln cn; vic ny cn c phc v bi cc phng thc ca vic lp k hoch phng. Trong trng hp v d nh cc khu vc c nguy c b xi mn t cc khu vc gn vi nh mi, cc khu vc sau ny s cn s bo v. Nhng iu nh th s c iu chnh cho ng ni m cc khu rng v cc khu vc rng gn khu dn c ni m nhng ngi dn sn xut nng lng ca h theo cch truyn thng. Tt c cc thnh vin ca mt gia nh, ngi ph n thng gi vai tr ca ngi ng u ca cc h gia nh, s dng phn ln thi gian cho cc cng vic nh v do h l nhng ngi c hng li chnh ca nhng ci tin v nh . y l l do ti sao s xem xt c bit phi c dnh cho cc li ch trong tin trnh ca vic lp k hoch v thc hin. 8.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Nhng nguyn tc ca vic lp k hoch m n l khng thay i vi cc vng khc nhau v a l v y l mt s nguyn tc: - Mang li vic cng s dng m khng gy nh hng vi ci khc hoc nu c th ch mt mc nh, - Gi mt khong cch gia cc li ch s dng v khng nh hng n nhau, - Ngn nga, gim thiu v ti ch cht thi rn. Thng thng qua T chc Y t Th Gii (WHO) cc nguyn tc hng dn c th c thng qua nh cc thng s tham kho cho s nh gi ca cht lng khng kh hoc nhu cu c bn cho vic cung cp nc c th chp nhn c v mt v sinh, nhng khng c g c thc hin m bo rng cc gi tr ny c p ng. Khng ch trong cc khu vc ca t v nc m cn c thc vt v ng vt, iu g l ct yu l cc lut l quc gia v, ni m cng c quc t cn c tun th. T c th rt ra cc nhu cu c bn cho vic s dng trong nh gi cc d n nh .
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Ni tn ti nhng quy nh c lin quan, vic s dng chng trong lp k hoch a phng l mt iu kin tin quyt ch yu cho vic cung cp nh c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Cc nguyn tc pht trin th, cc n xy dng nh , cc mc tiu c nu trong cc chng trnh phc hi chc nng, lut quy hoch thnh ph v cc quy nh xy dng a phng thng bao gm mt lng ln nhng s cung cp lin quan n mi trng. Mt im na phi c thc hin l cc quy tc mang tnh hnh vi c tha nhn thng tng ng vi mu m ha, v th hin cc dng hnh vi l ph hp vi mi trng v do chng c th c chp nhn mt v tr tng ng ca cc nguyn tc. Li sng, cc th tc nh c v phn loi ca tt c cc hot ng kinh t c mt mi quan h ct yu trn cc dng hnh vi ca cc loi ny. 8.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cc d n lin ngnh nh cung cp nh nh hng n vic lp k hoch trong nhiu lnh vc khc. Nhng li ch dn tham kho c thc hin ti cc v tr thch hp trong ch . Trong cng mt cch, cc d n nh c bao gm trong cc n quy hoch tng th m c th c nh hng trong s t chc ca cc d n. y l trng hp vi, v d, quy hoch khng gian v khu vc, quy hoch nng lng tng th v quy hoch khung cp nc. . 8.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng S cn thit cho vic nh c l mt nhu cu c bn, do nhng hn ch v kinh t, c th khng p ng cho mt s khu vc nht nh ca ngi dn. Cc d n phc hi chc nng cc khu nh nh c v chia t cho cc khu vc ca nh mi bao gm nhng tc ng mi trng v mi trng cng vy c th nh hng n cc d n bng nhiu cch. Vi cc d n loi ny, n khng phi l vn ca vic tm kim cc gii php thay th hon ton t c cc mc tiu nh. iu g l quan trng l trong vic hoch nh v thc hin d n nh , s tr cp y nn c thc hin cho cc khu vc c tim nng xung t vi cc c im mi trng trn xc nh d n no c th c thc hin vi s thit hi t nht n mi trng. N l c bit quan trng bi v cc d n v cung cp nh vi cc tin ch v cc dch v khc nn c th hin trong mt s cn bng khng gian v vic pht trin nh bao gm s y mnh ca cc khu vc trung tm. Trong qu kh, vic cung cp nh ca nh nc thng c tp trung ch yu vo vic khc phc tnh trng thiu nh trong cc thnh ph ln, gy ra nhng iu khc xut pht t mt t v s thiu vic lm cc thnh ph. iu ny c thc hin bi vic thng qua cc dy chuyn sn xut trn cc dy chuyn c chp nhn cc quc gia cng nghip ha, nhng thng khng suy xt c nh phn tch cc ri ro c lin quan v chn li mi hiu ng ph (nh s cn thit ca vic x l nc thi v cht thi rn). Trong n bt u qu trnh thay i trong mi trng t nhin v trong x hi loi ngi ci m dn n s pht trin ng s khng mong mun. Kt qu ca chnh sch cung cp nh khng cn bng ca loi ny khng ch s dng t ln v m rng phm vi nhim t, nc v khng kh m cn x hi suy yu, ngho i hn, ti phm nhiu hn v ph hy cc li sng truyn thng. Trng hp nh c cung cp bi nh nc, cc chng trnh hin i ha v duy tr qu nh v cho cc khu vc nh phc hi phi cho php cc c hi v con ng ngn nga nhng s pht trin khng mong mun trong x hi v gim cng thng v mi trng. Mt chnh sch vic lm ci m tha nhn ngun lc bn thn trong vic cung cp

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nh nh mt cch hiu qu ca vic gim i ngho v vt cht c th c tr gip ng k trong vic cung cp nh v bo v mi trng. 8.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Achmad, Y.C.: Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment; London 1985. 2. Asian Development Bank: Environmental Guidelines for selected infrastructure projects, no place or date. 3. Buchwald, K. and W. Engelhardt (Eds.): Handbuch fr Planung, Gestaltung und Schutz der Umwelt; Munich 1978. 4. Bundesministerium fr Raumordnung, Bauwesen und Stdtebau [BMBau 5. German Federal Ministry for Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development]: HABITAT, Arbeitsprogramm der Vereinten Nationen fr menschliche Siedlungen; Bonn 1980. 6. Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit [BMZ - (German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation]: Sektorkonzept Wohnungsversorgung; Bonn 1986. 7. Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit [BMZ - (German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation]: Frderkonzept Stadtentwicklung; Bonn 1989. 8. Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit [BMZ - German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation]: Sektorkonzept Regionalplanung; Bonn 1989. 9. Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit [BMZ - German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation]: Wohnungsversorgung und Selbsthilfe; Bonn 1986. 10. Bundesministerium fr wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit [BMZ - (German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development]: Umweltwir- kungen von Entwicklungsprojekten, Hinweise zur Umweltvertrglich-keitsprfung; Bonn 1987. 11. Burhenne, W.: Umweltrecht - Systematische Sammlung der Rechtsvorschriften des Bundes und der Lnder; Berlin 1962 ff. 12. Cairncross, S., Hardoy, J.E. and D. Satterthwaite (Eds.): The Poor Die Young - Housing and Health in Third World Cities; London 1990. 13. Deutsche Stiftung fr Internationale Entwicklung [DSE - German Foundation for International Development ]: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Development, Proceedings of a joint DSE/UNEP international seminar; Feldafing 1984. 14. Deutsches Institut fr Urbanistik (DIFU): Kommunale Umweltschutzberichte; Berlin 1982. 15. Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Urban Development Projects, Guidelines and Recommendations: Draft Report, prepared for the World Health Organisation, Regional Office for Europe, no place, 1985. 16. Ghosh, A.K.: Urban Ecology: A Case Study of Calcutta; Government of West Bengal, Calcutta 1988. 17. Guidelines for Human Settlements and Basic Services Development, in: FINNIDA: Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment in Development Assistance, no place or date. 18. Institut fr wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit mit Entwicklungslndern: Stadt-probleme in der Dritten Welt-Mglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Lebensbedingungen, 2. Tbinger Gesprch zu Entwicklungsfragen 22./23.5.1981: Stuttgart 1983. 19. Moser, C., Dennis, F. and D.Castelton: The Urban Context: Women, Settlements and the Environment, in: Sontheimer, S. (ed): Woman and the Environment; New York 1991.

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20. Organisation for Economic Environmental Indicators; Paris 1978. date.

Cooperation

and

Development

(OECD):

Urban

21. Overseas Development Administration: Manual of Environmental Appraisal, no place or 22. Ranft, F.: Handlungsmglichkeiten fr kologisch orientierte Stadtplanung, in:Informationen zur Raumentwicklung, Heft 1/2 1986, Ed: Bundesforschungsanstalt fr Landeskunde und Raumordnung, Bonn [German Federal Research Institute for Regional Geography and Regional Planning] 23. Stren, R.E. und R.R.White (Eds.): African Cities in Crisis - Managing Rapid Urban Growth; London 1989. 24. Tschiersch, J.E. et al.,: kologische Problembereiche und mgliche Handlungsanstze in Entwicklunglndern. Forderungen fr eine umweltbezogene Entwicklungspolitik. BMZForschungsbericht Nr.61; Bonn 1984. 25. UNCHS: Water Supply and Waste-Disposal Management: Impact Evaluation Guidelines; Nairobi 1987. 26. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat): The Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000; Nairobi 1990. 27. United Nations Centre for Human Settlement (Habitat): Report of Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements; Vancouver 1976. 28. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO): Approaches to the Study of the Environmental Implications of Contemp-orary Urbanisation, MAB Technical Notes No.14; Paris 1983. 29. United Nations Environment Programme/United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat): Environmental Guidelines for Settlements Planning and Management Vol.I-III; Nairobi 1987. 30. United Nations Regional Housing Centre/United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation/United Nations Environment Programme: Workshop on an integrated approach for improvement of slums and marginal settlements, Final Report; Bandung, Indonesia. 31. US Department of Housing and Urban Development: Areawide Environmental Impact Assessment; Washington 1981. 32. Serials 33. Environment and Urbanisation, issued by: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), London 34. TRIALOG Zeitschrift fr das Planen und Bauen in der Dritten Welt, partic.: Umwelt Dritte Welt, Heft 17, 2. Quartal 1988 Ed.:TRIALOG, Darmstadt.

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9. Cc tin ch cng cng trng hc, trung tm y-t, bnh vin 9.1. Phm vi Cc bin php gii quyt trong bn tm tt mi trng ny trnh by cc bt buc phi lm vi vic cung cp c s h tng vt l. Mc tiu ca chng nm trong vic sng to v pht trin ca cc tin ch: - cho o to v gio dc - v chm sc sc khe v l hai lnh vc quan trng chnh cho vic cung cp cc dch v thit yu mang tnh cng cng v c nhn. Bn tm tt ny khng i vo trit l ca vic gio dc mi trng nhng tm quan trng nh vy ca gio dc th khng nn b qua. Gio dc v o to bao gm c cc d n trong lnh vc ca vic gio dc v o to cho tr em v nhng ngi tr tui v trong lnh vc ca vic gio dc v o to dnh cho ngi ln. Trong c hai trng hp, trng tm ch yu cn lm trong vic vic gio dc v o to lm cho thm nhun v pht trin cc k nng ngh nghip.. Trong lnh vc chm sc sc khe gm hai phn nhnh: Ci thin v sinh v chm sc y t d phng (v d vic tim chng chng bnh truyn nhim) v cung cp gio dc sc khe v t vn. Cc hot ng c th ri vo cc mc bao gm khuyn co v ch n ung v gia nh, to ra cc c s v pht trin cho vic iu tr cung cp nh l cc tin nghi cung cp thuc cho ngi khuyt tt, v vic o to v trin khai cc nhn vin y t. Trong cc tm tt hin nay n l cc d n nm trong lnh vc c th nh r nh l lp k hoch, xy dng v cc hot ng ca vic gio dc, o to v cc tin ch chm sc sc khe chng c xem xt t quan im ca cc tc ng mi trng bt li ca chng.. Tc ng ca cc d n trong cc lnh vc chm sc sc khe, gio dc v o to l thay i cu trc ca mt quc gia v khng t nhng suy ngh v cm gic ca con ngi v quan nim ca h v chnh bn thn. N dng nh l thit yu tip tc, trn tt c, s cn nhc thch ng cho: - c tnh nhn chng hc c bit v tnh a dng ca quc gia v nhng li sng khc nhau, thc tin thng mi v cng nghip v cc kin hnh vi, s hiu bit v thin nhin v mi trng, v cc truyn thng vn ha v tn gio, - kh nng nhn thc v s lnh hi ca nhng ngi lin quan, v - s sn sng hnh ng ca h t c cc nhu cu ca nhng thay i m c lin quan n mi trng. 9.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Cc tc ng mi trng m c th c d kin s xy ra trong qu trnh lp k hoch, xy dng v s dng mang tnh gio dc, o to v cc tin ch chm sc sc khe c th c phn loi theo cc nguyn nhn khc nhau: - nhng tc ng ca mi trng t nhin n cc d n, - nhng tc ng mi trng gy ra bi cc d n.

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Nhng tc ng khc nhau s c xem xt cho tit di y, v cng c th s c m t cc bin php bo v (xem phn 2.1.4 v 2.2.4) m c th c thng qua lm gim nh, bi thng hoc thm ch l trnh c hon ton nhng tc ng mi trng bt li t khi lp k hoch, xy dng v s dng cc tin ch mang tnh gio dc, o to v chm sc sc khe. 9.2.1. Cc c s o to, dy ngh v mi trng ca chng 9.2.1.1. Cc tc ng ca mi trng t nhin n d n Nhng yu t m cn c bao trm trong mt nghin cu trong trng hp ny nh sau: - Cc iu kin v a hnh (v d min ni, sa mc hoc a hnh m ly, m ph), - Thi tit (v d hng v sc mnh ca gi, s nhim bi bi v ct, bc x mt tri, m v lu thng khng kh), - Cc iu kin v tr v mt t (v d sc chu ti ca t, ri ro v ng t v s phun tro ni la, cc khu vc m ly v cc khu vc chu l lt), - H ng vt (v d s ph bin ca ng vt l nguyn nhn hoc l truyn pht bnh nh l mui anopheles, mui xexe bay, rui en, chut, rn c, v.v). 9.2.1.2. Tc ng ca mi trng nhn to n mi trng t nhin Nhng tc ng mi trng do nhim ting n v khng kh, nc v t. Chng c to ra bi giao thng, cng nghip v cc khu vc thng mi v cc nh t nhn, v bi sn xut nng nghip, sn xut nng lng v x l nc thi v cht thi rn. 9.2.1.3. Cc tc ng mi trng ca d n Nhng tc ng mi trng ln mi trng t nhin l kt qu t cc tin ch o to v gio dc c gy ra bi: - s dng t, - s che ph (ca mt t bi b tng, cc khu ng nha ), - giao thng (nh l mt kt qu ca s pht trin, giao thng n nh), - cht thi rn, - s nhim nc, - ting n (my mc, thit b v s tp trung ca con ngi). Cc c s o to v gio dc c lin quan c bit n mi trng gm: - cc trng hc vi cc phng th nghim ging dy, - cc trung tm o to ngh nghip, - cc phng th nghim v cc c s nghin cu cung cp o to k thut, ha hc, sinh hc, y hc v vt l. Nu chng c trang b khng ng cch hoc s dng sai mc ch, vic s dng cc vt liu v thit b th nghim v nhng dng ging dy (cc ha cht, thit b v my mc ging dy v.v) c th em li nhng thay i mang tnh cht vt l v ha hc trong khng kh, nc ngm v t m tnh nghim trng v phm vi l kh kim sot. Cc cng trnh th thao, thng gn cc trng hc, gy ra cc tc ng mi trng qu nhiu v cao hn bn thn trng hc do:
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- s san lp mt bng (v thng l s lp kn qu mc) ca cc khu vc t ai tng i ln, - nhng thay i trong nhng iu kin v t gy ra bi vic bc lp t b mt v b sung lp t mi, - thm cc pht thi ting n, - nhu cu v nng lng v t ai nhiu hn cho cc mc ch vn ti. Cc dng mi ca chng trnh gio dc v o to v kt qu ca nhng thay i trong cc t chc gio dc v o to c th cng mang n nhng thay i trong hnh vi x hi cng vi chng. 9.2.1.4. Cc bin php bo v v kin ngh Cc bin php bo v v khc phc lm gim nh hoc ngn chn cc hiu ng bt li trong mi trng s l cn thit khi quyt nh v tr ca cc c s o to v gio dc v trong qu trnh xy dng v hot ng ca chng. Xc nh v tr Cc c s gio dc v o to cho vic cung cp mt nn gio dc c bn th bn trong hay bn ngoi trng hc c coi l mt phn ca c s h tng khu dn c v cn phi c dng ln trong phm vi ca nh , thng trong cc khu nh c ca ngi dn. Khi cc khu nh c mi ang c qui hoch, xy dng, vic iu chnh c s h tng ca khu dn c ni chung hnh thnh mt phn trn vn ca k hoch. Bng cch ny, cc iu kin tin quyt quan trng cho mt v tr c nh thn thin vi mi trng c p ng, nh l tnh ch li ca cc kt ni cung cp v cc ng ng x thi v dy cp (cho nc, nc thi v nng lng), s hp nht trong mng li l ng v cc con ng, tnh sn c ca cc nguyn liu xy dng, v.v. N l quan trng trnh cc v tr cho cc c s o to v gio dc, v do cho cc khu nh c ca ngi dn, ni c nhng mi nguy him cho d n ny sinh t a cht, a hnh hoc cc iu kin kh hu hoc t ng vt (xem phn 2.1.1). Ngoi ra cn loi tr cc v tr m n l i tng ca cc pht thi trong cng nghip v thng mi, b tc ng bt li bi giao thng, cc nh my sn xut nng lng hoc s sn xut nng nghip, hoc l mt mi nguy him tim tng c bit hin ti do thiu cc c s x l nc thi v cht thi rn hoc s gn gi ca chng vi cc bi rc thi (xem phn 2.1.2). V tr ca mt c s trong khu nh c, v trong cc lnh vc phc hi chc nng, phi c la chn bng cch m kh nng l d dng t c, tc l ch mt t thi gian v tin bc tip cn chng. Cng vi thi gian, a im c chn phi m bo rng ting n, giao thng v nhng hiu ng bt li khc gy ra bi chnh cc c s l t nht vn cn trong nhng gii hn chp nhn c (xem phn 2.1.3). Nhng vn chnh cn c thit lp khi cc khu dn c hin ti c cung cp vi cc c s gio dc v o to d n l hp l trong thi gian trung hoc di hn cho vic cung cp sn xut ti ch, tc l mt s kim tra phi c thc hin thy rng n l c th c cho khu vc dn c gi nguyn ni m n thy v tr ca chnh n trong mt khu vc ti cc ri ro t mi trng t nhin hoc nhn to. Nu cc c s gio dc v o to s c cung cp cho cc khu nh c ca ngi dn trong vn cng thng mi trng, cn tm cc v tr c th thay th. iu ny khng ch m bo mc thp ca cc cng thng mi trng m cn m bo rng cc c s c th tip cn d dng trong thi gian di bi ngi dn m h c hng li t chng. Cc cung cp bo v v sa cha trong thit k v xy dng Bng vic thit k d n tng th v cch thc m cc l t c s dng, v bi vic phn chia thnh cc khonh t v v tr ca cc khonh t trn bn , n c th s
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t mc ln, bo v chng li bt li n t mi trng bn ngoi. ng thi n c th s, trong gii hn nht nh, cho vic sp xp thit k nh trnh hoc gim thiu bt k cc tc ng mi trng bt li gy ra t d n. Vic s dng v sng lc cc nguyn tc thit k v cc nguyn vt liu theo phong tc a phng c th ng gp thm cho nhng lp t chp nhn c v mt mi trng ca cc c s gio dc v o to, m bo t c cc tiu ch sau y: - mt mi trng vi kh hu tt hn ti v tr, t c khng k nhng ci khc bi vic s dng cc k nng th cng, - trang b ph hp vi kh hu. Cc khu vc v sinh trong cc trng hc cng nn c thit k m bo s x l khi lng chp nhn c v mt mi trng trong thi gian di. Cc trng hc vi cc tin nghi cho phng th nghim (xem phn 2.1.3) nn c thit k vi mt ci nhn c bit i vi cc ri ro ln hn m chng gy ra cho mi trng (do nhng vt liu c hi chuyn vo khu vc v sinh v do s lm dng v lp t sai). Khi thit k mt bng tng th ca cc trng hc v cc sn th thao lin hp, nhng im sau y cn phi ch : - Trnh nhu cu ln v nc v nng lng c s dng trong vic thit k mt bng tng th cho vic bo qun trong tng lai, - Ngn chn xi mn t, - Trnh cc vng nc ng v cc khu vc trng thc vt c kh nng thu ht cn trng m c th gy rc ri cho bo v sc khe. 9.2.2. Cc c s chm sc sc khe v mi trng ca chng 9.2.2.1. Cc tc ng ca mi trng t nhin y l cc iu kin t nhin tn ti gy nh hng n cch sng, hnh vi v cc phng thc hot ng kinh t ca con ngi. Trong cc yu t xc nh th cc iu kin thi tit, m thay i theo ma v theo vng kh hu nht nh, tnh ch li ca nc, v nhng thay i trong h thc vt v ng vt p ng vi kh hu v nc (xem phn 2.1.1). Nhng yu t hnh thnh nhng iu kin xc nh cho y t, sc khe, tp th dc v cc bnh ca con ngi. Nht l nguy c sc khe ca ngi dn sng trong cc vng ni m mm bnh gy ra bnh st rt, bnh t, giun sn v giun ch c th c tm thy trong cc vng m ly, vng ngp nc, cc con sng v t hoang y bi rm. Cc tc ng mi trng c kh nng gy hi cho cc d n xy dng trong vic chm sc sc khe c th, trong phn chnh (xem phn 2.1.1), c pht sinh t a hnh, kh hu v cc iu kin a phng v bi cc yu t ng vt c lin quan. 9.2.2.2. Tc ng ca mi trng nhn to n mi trng t nhin n mt mc gia tng nht nh, nhng hiu ng bt li n sc khe s c gy ra bi - s nhim ca nc ngm v nc mt, - nhim t, - nhim khng kh v - nhng con ng gy tc ng theo c ch sinh vt (s tch t nhng nhim trong cc thc vt, ng vt v c th con ngi). Mt vi v d c th c dn ra trong h tr sau:
143

1. Bng chng ca cc cht nhim ha hc trong nc v thc phm, 2. Gia tng cng thng t cc cht nhim trong khng kh v sng m, c bit l cc thnh ph ln v c cc khu vc nng thn, v cc ghi nhn lin tc ca cc trng hp vim ph qun mn tnh v bnh suyn do tip xc vi khi v bi. Nhng nh hng n sc khe l, nh nu trn, do cc c s h tng xy dng. Nhng tc ng chnh gy ra bi - cc iu kin nh ti tn, - s khng c sn ca thc phm, nc hoc nhin liu, v - thiu cc c s cho x l nc thi v cht thi rn. 9.2.2.3. Tc ng mi trng ca cc c s chm sc sc khe ni chung v ca bnh vin ni ring Cng nh s s dng t v s ph kn mt t, c kh nng l s c nhng tc ng mi trng t nhng tc ng n t gy ra bi cc ta nh v cc cng vic thc hin trn mt t, v bi vic thi cht lng v cht thi rn. Nc mt c th b nh hng theo cc cch tng t. nhim khng kh c th xy ra c t cc dch v c s h tng ca mt c s chm sc sc khe nh l kt qu ca kh thi, qu trnh t chy v cht thi rn, v n cng c th xy ra t cc tc nhn lm sch v cht kh trng v cc nguyn liu pht thi cc hi gy hi n sc khe. S suy xt cng nn da vo cc tc ng gin tip v nhng tc ng cn tr con ngi, thc vt v ng vt. iu ny c th xy ra do s tip xc trc tip hoc c th hot ng theo ng tc ng nh l xy dng trong t, thm vo nc ngm c lm ngun nc ung, v.v. Nn ghi nh rng cc c s ang c ni n vic gia tng quy m, thm cc cng thng ny sinh nh l kt qu ca pht sinh vn ti, nh l ting n, bi, cc ri ro v an ton v tng thm s dng t. 9.2.2.4. Cc bin php bo v v kin ngh V s nhng tc ng bt li gia chm sc sc khe hin i v mi trng lm cho n lm cho n cn thit cc bin php bo v v sa cha c thc hin cc cp khc nhau. Nhng nt chnh sau y l cc bin php ca loi ny iu chnh v tr ca cc c s chm sc sc khe v cho vic lp k hoch, xy dng v khai thc chng. Nhng yu cu cn p ng v v tr Cc c s chm sc sc khe l mt phn ca c s h tng khu dn c v nh th nn c t gn cc nh , tc l trong cc khu nh c ca ngi dn. iu l khuyn khch cho s phong ph ca vic cung cp hng ti vic phc v cc nhu cu, vi cc c s cho chm sc y t ban u cng c tri di trn cc khu vc rng ln. Cc trung tm y t khu vc v cc bnh vin chnh v chuyn khoa nn c t vo mng li ny. Mt trong nhng iu m s hiu lc ca cc c s y t nh vy s ph thuc vo cc c trng v a im ca chng, trong c s ngi dn c chm sc. Cc nhu cu c p ng theo v tr ca c s xy ra nh mc ch m y t v iu dng chm sc c thc hin. Theo quy nh, cc i tng v tr khng pht thi hoc ch mc thp nn c la chn. Tnh sn c ca nc cht lng tt vi khi lng tng xng nn c m bo.Mt ngun cung cp nng lng ng tin cy, thng c ngha l mt s kt ni n mt mng li cung cp in nng, v cc quy nh d phng trng hp khn cp s l cn thit, cng nh l s c s kt ni n h thng thot nc thi cng cng hin c v c s t chc x l cht thi rn. v cc quy nh d phng trng hp khn cp s l cn thit. S chm sc phi c thc hin thy rng c s l ni dnh cho chm sc sc khe khn cp. Cc v tr cn phi ph hp vi vn ti (cho s lin kt vi cc ng b v nu c th th xe but v, khi thch hp, cc dch v
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ng st). S cn thit cho c s h tng cung cp v x l s ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh cht v phm vi ca vic chm sc y t c cung cp. Nu mt h thng x nc thi chuyn dng c cung cp, nh s trong phn ln cc trng hp, nc thi lun lun cn c x l u tin v sau ch c x ra cc con sng. Cc tiu chun la chn chnh ca mt a im l: - s dng t bi cc c s d kin v hin c hoc c th trin khai c ti v tr, - liu cc tc ng mi trng c hi c th c trnh ti v tr bi thc tin xy dng thch hp, s dng cc ta nh, v trng cy?, - Cc khu vc cha cc mm mng pht trin cc loi cn trng gy thnh ri ro cho sc khe khng nn c la chn, hoc cc bc hp l khc phc nn c thc hin. Cu trc bo v v cc bin php sa cha Cc ta nh dnh cho cc c s chm sc sc khe nn c pht trin trong phng din ca v sinh, y t v cc nhu cu t chc v cn c thch nghi vi cc iu kin kh hu ti v tr nh. Cc tc ng mi trng c th xut pht nhiu t pha trong cng nh l t bn ngoi ca cc ta nh. Nh v sinh ti cc c s chm sc y t, v cc sp xp v sinh phc tp hn trong cc khu vc iu tr v cc phng th nghim, nn c thit k p ng nhng nhu cu ca bnh vin v v sinh mi trng. Khu cch ly nhng ngi b bnh truyn nhim v cc c s chm sc sc khe ch yu m yu cu hnh ng trong thi gian ngn nh l cc trm c lp trnh bt c nhng ri ro trc tip v gin tip, s yu cu b sung v ph tn nhiu hn quy m bnh thng ( cung cp s sp t thit b v sinh chuyn dng, cc n v kh trng, tm chn thch hp, v.v). Quy m, s b tr, ranh gii v s dng ca cc khu t, cc v tr ca cc ta nh v tnh cht v mc ph ca cy xanh chung tt c u lin quan ti nhiu tc ng c gy ra bi mi trng, nh l s hot ng ca nh sng mt tri v bng ti, s m t, gi, v bi, tuy nhin nhng cung cp ca s quy hoch, cu trc v kin trc c th lm gim bt nhng tc ng hoc thm ch, trong vi trng hp, tn dng chng (v d nng lng mt tri). Cht thi rn v cc cht lng c to ra t cc c s chm sc sc khe, v d cht ty ra, cht kh trng, cc cht lng t phng th nghim, pha ch dc phm, cc vt liu thi t cha bnh bng phng x (cc ng v phng x), cn c phn loi trn c s ca s lin quan n mi trng ca chng. Vn thi b cht thi rn v nc thi c to ra t cc bnh vin v cc c s khc c kt ni vi chm sc sc khe cn tin cy v c th chp nhn c v mt mi trng s cn c x l tng th, ti ngun, nh mt vn ca cht thi c bit. Cho d s thiu t, composting, hoc vic rc ti cc bi rc l tt nht s ph thuc vo cc iu kin a phng v tnh cht ca cht thi, lm th no n c cha ng trc khi x l cui cng, v vic vn chuyn v cc c s x l hin c. Cc phng X quang v s bo v s bc x trong cc bnh vin ln v cc phng khm chuyn khoa lun l trng hp c bit. Cc cht thi ly nhim cao t cc bnh vin l mt mi nguy him c bit v l mt trong s cc yu t c lm trm trng hn bi cc iu kin kh hu thch hp (nhit). 9.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Cc tc ng mi trng c gy ra bi cc trng hc c s ni chung l nh v khng i hi bt c phn tch c bit no. Nhng iu kin tin quyt c bn y l
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vic lp k hoch tc l nhn thc v mi trng v nh a ra s cn nhc v cc nhu cu sinh thi. Trong trng hp ca cc c s th thao v cc trng hc cung cp o to ngh v gio dc, n c khuyn khch cho mt phn tch ring bit v vic nh gi cc tc ng mi trng cn c thc hin. gi cho cc tc ng mi trng c gy ra bi nhng cng thng do mi trng gim n mc v hi, cn thit phi duy tr cc ngng gi tr v nng nhim c thit lp trn c s c tnh hc v chng c dch t hc v cn c t ra t u. Nhng im quan trng, thng thc s ch , nh gi s cng thng trong khng kh, nc v thc phm gy ra bi s nhim c cung cp bi cc kin ngh c pht trin bi T chc Y t Th Gii (WHO) c th hin trong Tiu chun Sc khe. S pht trin v ng dng cc tiu chun c trng ca quc gia l cn thit. Tuy nhin, ni c cc iu kin tn ti tng t cc nc khc, n c th hu ch cho kinh nghim trong vic gii quyt cc tiu chun nhim c so snh v tng phn. Tuy nhin, t v nc c kh nng t lm sch t nhin i ph vi cc sinh vt gy bnh v iu ny s cho php p dng cc phng php hy b v x l n gin c trong vng kh hu nhit i v cn nhit i. iu g l ct yu d l iu phi khng can thip vo qu trnh suy thoi t nhin v qu trnh phi khng to ra bt c mi nguy him ca chnh chng trc khi n c hon tt. 9.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Lnh vc trng hc c lin kt mt cch rt quan trng vi cc cu hi ca s gio dc ti nh trng cung cp trong cc chng trnh pht trin vng, th v nng thn. Ti cc khu vc th, cc cu hi lin quan n a im ca cc c s trng hc trong cc d n gm: - phc hi chc nng ca cc khu vc th (cc khu chut, cc khu vc chim t cng), v sinh mi trng, v s cung cp ca cc v tr v dch v,

c mi lin quan mt cch ng k vi quy hoch thnh ph, s pht trin ca cc khu vc nh v khi phc li (xem thm v tm tt mi trng v Vic cung cp nh ). Cn thit phi trnh by lnh vc trong mi lin kt vi cc khu vc c s h tng khc nh l cung cp nc v x l nc thi cho nng thn v th. ni m khung th ch ph hp tn ti, s phi hp gn gi thch hp vi cc lnh vc chu trch nhim v vic bo v mi trng. Mi quan h mt thit cng cn c thit lp vi cc chng trnh pht trin vng, th v nng thn khi m cc c s chm sc sc khe ban u, cc bnh vin, v cc c s khc c kt ni vi vic cung cp chm sc sc khe s c xy dng. iu s khng ch nh hng n vic cung cp cho vic chm sc sc khe cng cng v vn ca cc v tr ph hp trong cc thnh ph, m cn s cn thit cho s tng tc ln nhau vi cc khu vc lin quan n cc dch v c s h tng. Thm na cc ghi ch chi tit v cc cu hi x l s c tm thy trong cc tm tt v mt mi trng nh phn tch, chn on, th nghim v x l cc cht thi c hi v trong Quyn III. Bn tm tt v cc tiu chun mi trng.

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V d, cc hiu ng v cc cu tr li thch ng cc cu hi v xy dng v k thut lin quan n cc c s chm sc sc khe ban u, n l thch ng xem xt nhng g c hc trong phm vi cc k thut ph hp. 9.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Trong lnh vc ny, nhng lin quan n mi trng c th t c trong mt hnh thc m chng c so snh vi - p dng s phn chia tng t nh c ng dng cung cp cho bn thn, c th l vic cung cp ban u, cung cp cc mu chnh, v cung cp cc n v c bit v xem xt cc tc ng mi trng ca mi loi ny, v p dng tiu chun lin quan n v tr, S i mi ca s gio dc trng hc v chm sc trng hc th thng l iu kin thit yu cho vic khuyn khch qu trnh pht trin tng th hng v cc iu kin sn xut tt hn cho cuc sng. Trong khi cc c s gio dc ni chung p dng s nh gi d dng v ch c nhng tc ng nh n mi trng, cc cng trnh th thao c lin kt vi cc trng hc, v cc trng hc vi cc tin nghi th nghim c bit, c bit l cc trng o to ngh, yu cu gim st cht ch hn i vi bt k cc tc ng mi trng no c th xy ra. Trong lnh vc ny, iu ny s thng khng cn cc nhu cu pht trin bo v mi trng m n c th hin trong cc quy tc ring ca thit k mang tnh mi trng. Trong trng hp ca cc bnh vin v cc c s khc c thit k cho lnh vc chm sc sc khe, s lun cn thit mt iu tra ring bit vi bt k cc tc ng mi trng bt li c th c gy ra bi cc ri ro ly nhim.. Cc phng php tip cn qui hoch m c hng n cc nhu cu mang tnh mi trng nhng chi ph hp l cng mt lc c th thc hin c cho cc d n ca c hai loi. Cc v tr ca cc c s s c xc nh bi cc mc tiu lp k hoch nh l mt bin php kim sot pht thi, mt vi kh hu tt, v tip cn d dng. Tc ng mi trng ca cc c s trn a im v quanh n nn c xem xt. n gin bi v cc gi nh c bn, lnh vc chm sc sc khe c ngha ln vi mi trng. S lin quan n mi trng ca cc bc thc hin bao gm khu vc ch yu c chp nhn gin tip v nhng tc ng hu qu ca cc bc ny. Trong trng thi ca chng c th c nhng phn hi ph nh hoc khng nh, c v nh tt c cc chi tit quan trng i vi cc tc ng nh vy c nghin cu cho s ch c tp trung vo hiu qu hot ng m c th c dng i ph vi chng. Vi cc d n ca c hai loi, cn phi c xem xt cho c hai nhng tng tc chung vi cc ngnh khc v nhng tng tc cn phi c xem xt t nhiu quan im. S thun li hon ton nn c thc hin ca bt k c hi no thng qua mt phng php thng nht. 9.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Bundesgesundheitsamt [German Federal Health Office]: Die Beseitigung van Abfllen aus Krankenhusern, Arztpraxen und sonstigen Einrichtungen des medizinischen Bereichs, ZfaMerkblatt Nr.8, 1974. 2. Einleitung von Krankenhausabwasser in Kanalisation oder Gewsser, Merkblatt, 1978. 147

3. Diesfeld, H.-J., und Wolter, S.: Medizin in Entwicklungslndern, Handbuch zur praxisorientierten Vorbereitung fr medizinische Entwicklungshelfer, Band 19, Heidelberg, 1984. 4. Flahault, D.M. and Roemer, M.J.: Leadership for primary health care levels, functions and requirement based on twelve case studies, Public Health Paper, No.82, WHO, 1985.

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10. Cp nc th 10.1. Phm vi Cp nc th c thc hin bi cc c s ha tng nhm m bo nhu cu s dng nc ca dn c th, khu vc cng v thng mi, cng nghip. Nc c th c cung cp thng qua mng cp (cung cp bng ng) hoc khng c mng cp (v d cc ging). Ti nhiu quc gia thut ng th khng nht thit phi lin quan ti kch thc ca cng ng v do vy cc dng (kiu) cp nc c nh ngha nh sau: Dng cung cp 1) Cp nc khng ng 2) Cp bng ng qua cc im ly nc 3) Cp bng ng n sn/vn 4) Cp bng ng ti tng nh (vi nc trong nh) 5) Cp bng ng ti cc nh tiu th c bit nh thng mi, cng nghip v khu vc cng Ti Ti Ln hn Bin ng rng Tiu th nc (l/ngi/ngy) 15 - 40 40 60 60

Trong phm vi ca cc n lc pht trin, cc nh tiu th thuc nhm 2 v 3 trn phi chp nhn cc x l u tin, iu ny cng p dng i vi cc nh tiu th nhm 1 ti nhng ni cc nh my cp nc kt ni vi mng ng ng cung cp. Thm vo cc con s trong bng tng quan trn cn thm vo chi ph, trong mt vi trng hp, cho hao ht & tht thot iu thng xuyn xy ra i vi mng ng cung cp. Cc s liu v gi tr tiu ln nht cng cn c xc nh kch thc ca mng cung cp. Ti nhiu quc gia, nhu cu cho cu ha t c tnh n trong thit k mng cp nc. Khai thc nc c chia thnh cc nhm sau: - Khai thc t cc ngun nc ngm, - Khai thc t cc ngun nc mt. Dng khai thc hn hp cng cn c cho php cho: - Khai thc qua b song di dng cc ging thm - Thm nhn to c phc hi. Cc cu phn ca cp nc th gm : - Khai thc (cc ging, cc tuyn thm ngm, cc cu trc phc v khai thc, b/h cha) - X l (v d kh st, clo ha, kh mn) - Lu tr nc sau x l - Mng phn phi (mng ng ng, cc h tng phc v truyn nc i xa). Trong trng hp thm nhn to c phc hi, hng mc c lp t ti khu vc u ngun gm: - h thng thm (lu vc, cc ging np, cc tuyn ng x).

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10.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 10.2.1. Tng quan iu cn quan tm n cp nc th l cc tc ng mi trng n c khi lng nc sn c v c cht lng nc. Ti nhiu quc gia, v nht l ti cc vng c bin ng nhiu v thi tit, vn c quan tm hng u chnh l tnh sn c ca ngun nc cp. Nh l cc phn ca h thng cp nc th, cc tc ng c th c chia thnh cc nhm sau: - Cc tc ng gy ra t hot ng khai thc nc - Cc tc ng do qu trnh vn chuyn v x l nc th - Cc tc ng ca mng ng ng phn phi nc. Thm vo cc nhm tc ng trn l tc ng th cp di dng - Cc hiu ng dy chuyn ca mt h thng cp nc th. 10.2.2. Tc ng mi trng ca vic khai thc nc 10.2.2.1. Nc ngm Khai thc nc ngm s lm thay i cn bng nc ca tng cha nc v mt lot cc hiu ng dy chuyn c th xy ra. Cn bng nc gia - cc thnh phn u vo (qu trnh ti np nc ngm t nc ma, cc dng chy cn b mt t cc tng nc lin quan v mt ty lc, qu trnh thm nhn to) v - Cc thnh phn u ra (dng chy vo ngun nc mt, dng chy ngm, v lng khai thc v.v..). Cn thit phi nh rng, do mi tng tc thy lc, cc thay i gy ra bi khai thc nc s gy nh hng n cc thnh phn khc ca cn bng nc ca c hai v (v d s gia tng dng chy vo t cc tng cha nc lin quan). Cn quan tm n mi tng tc gia tnh sn c ca ngun nc v s dng v gia nc mt v nc ngm. Vic s dng qu mc ngun nc mt s lm gim dng b cp cho nc ngm qua qu trnh thm xung t, v lng nc mt cn li c th b nhim nng qua cc con ng khc nhau. Hu qu l s lm gia tng nhu cu khai thc nc ngm (2.2.2). Cc tc ng khi thay i cc thnh phn ca cn bng nc c th: a) Lm cn kit tr lng ngun nc ngm S gia tng cn kit ngun ti nguyn nc ngm l kt qu ca: - tng tiu th nc ung do tng dn s v ci thin tiu chun cp nc - tng n gia sc - tng nhu cu s dng nc trong cng nghip v thng mi - lng ph nc - tht thot nc bi mng cung cp. Cc yu t khc gy ra suy gim tm thi hoc vnh vin ngun nc ngm cn quan tm l suy gim lng ma (ph rng v.v..). Cng cn nh rng nhu cu cp nc cao im
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li thng xy ra vo ma kh. Nhu cu tiu th nc cao km theo lng tht thot ln qua mng ng ng phn phi vo ma kh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy cn kit nghim trng ngun ti nguyn nc ngm. b) Thay i di hn v cht lng nc ngm b gy ra bi cc nguyn nhn: - S linh ng ha (chit ra) v qu trnh lan truyn sau ca cc cht nhim vn b th ng trc y - Tng vn tc dng chy vo (v d trong cc tng thch cao thin nhin hoc sa lng ca cc cht nhim nhn to) - Thay i dng chy nc ngm (kt qu to ra s chn dng chy trc y vn d v hi, to iu kin cho dng thm t vng nc mt b nhim) - To iu kin cho qu trnh thm trn din rng t cc b cha nc ngm tng trn hoc di ni m cht lng nc ngm xu hn. - S xm nhp ca cht nhim do vic s dng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt - Xm thc mn do gn vi b bin - Suy gim cht lng nc ngm gy ra bi nc thi khng c x l, cc vng nc ven ng, r r t cc tuyn cng thu gom nc thi hoc cc b t hoi xy dng km, hoc ra tri cc cht nhim v cht c t cc cht thi cng nghip v thng mi. - Np mui khong t cc khu vc c ti v gy ra bi qu trnh bay hi mnh v hu qu l s thm nhp vo tng nc ngm do qu trnh linh ng ha thng xuyn (theo chu k). - R r cht nhim t cc kho cha cht lng v cc sn phm khong ti cc depo v h thng giao thng. c) Tp trung v qu trnh h thp rng ri mc nc ngm Trong trng hp khai thc nc ngm, vic h thp mc nc ngm do cc l do thy lc l khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin, kch thc v phn b vt l ca s h thp ph thuc vo cc iu kin cc b, v d v tr ca cc ging, cu trc v bn cht ca tng cha nc, cc iu kin b cp. Cc kt qu c trng ca s h thp mc nc ngm gm: - Lm kh cc khu vc t ngp nc c gi tr sinh thi quan trng, - Gim m ca t (field capacity), vi thc vt cc tc ng c trng i vi lp ph thc vt (thay i c thm thc vt t nhin v nhn to, v d steppification) v hu qu tip theo l cc hiu ng i vi h ng vt, - Cn kit hon ton ngun ti nguyn nc ngm trong qu trnh lm kh ging lin tc, - Lm kh cn cc con sui v ngun nc, - St ln t. Cc tc ng mi trng ca s gim mc nc tnh t khc lit hn i vi cc tng cha nc c mc nc thp (> 10m) nagy c trc khi khai thc. Cc bin php bo v mi trng nhm gim thiu cc hiu ng xu ca khai thc nc ngm ch lin quan nhiu ti vic la chn cc v tr ph hp ca ging v cu trc cng nh ch hot ng ca ging. Cc tc ng tiu cc do khai thc qu mc c th
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gim thiu hoc ngn nga bng cch s dng nc mt cch hiu qu, kim sot mc tiu th nc theo ma v p dng ch thu ph s dng nc theo ma. lm tng hiu qu ca cc bin php bo v mi trng khi gii quyt cc tc ng ca khai thc nc ngm, cn thit khng ch thc hin thm d a thy vn v nh gi cn bng nc (nc ngm v nc mt) m cn phi cung cp cc trang b o v gim st lin tc trong qu trnh hot ng, mc ch ca vic ny gm: - nhm m bo qu trnh ci thin lin tc trong nh gi ca cc tuyn b v v sinh v thy vn,- nhm quan st cc thay i trong cung cp nc ngm (lu lng v cht lng) bng cch theo di lin tc mc nc ngm, cht lng nc ngm v lng nc ngm khai thc, - theo di thng xuyn s lng ph nc v tht thot nc trn mng ng pah6n phi bng cch vn hnh lin tc cc phng tin o c (mc tiu th nc ti cc khu ph, tiu th nc ti cc hng nc cng cng v kt ni vi nh ), v c hnh ng tnh tt c cc yu t (bng cch sa ngay cc khim khuyt, p mc ph s dng nc v mc pht cho cc hnh vi lng ph nc), - thc hin p dng cc hn ch trong cp nc, cnh tranh gia cc nhm s dng nhm mc ch m bo cung cp cho ngi s dng (cung cp khn cp), - thc hin ci to i vi cc cu phn hin c ca h thng cp nc th (thay th cc phn b h hng nh ng ng, kha nc, b cha ti cc gia nh v.v..), - gim st hiu qu thc hin ca cng tc ci to bng cch kim tra kt qu. 10.2.2.2. Nc mt Vic s dng nc mt s lm thay i cn bng nc v trong trng hp khai thc nc ngm c th s gy cc tc ng trn din rng. Cn phi xem xt cc hiu ng 2 chiu gia tnh sn c v s dng ca nc mt v nc ngm. Ngoi ra cc yu t sau cng rt quan trng: - Ti mt s vng, nc mt s c th c nhiu hn trong tng lai, do thay i kh hu/vi kh hu (ma nhiu hn t cc h nhn to), hoc tng dng chy b mt do thay i thm thc vt trong lu vc (ph rng), do xy dng qu mc (ng, nh xng) lm tng din tch b mt chy, hoc thm ch x nc thi (sau x l) t cc th, lng xm vo nc mt. - Ti cc vng khc, lng ma lin quan n thi tit li suy gim, v nh vy dng chy b mt gim v theo l suy gim cht lng nc mt, ti mt s vng c th dn n khng c nc quanh nm. - Tng lng khai thc t cc ngun nc chy (cc im ly nc trn sng) s lm gim tnh sn c ca nc ti nhiu vng, c bit trong ma cn, v gim cc hnh ng t lm sch ca ngun nc v trong qu trnh thm vo t. - Nu nhu cu s dng nc tng v tr lng ca cc con sng hoc ngun nc mt ch o gim v cng vi l suy gim cht lng nc, nhu cu thng gia tng ly nc t cc ngun xa hoc tng nhu cu khai thc cc ngun nc ngm. Chng hn ti cc vng gianh gii cc tnh hung khn cp c th ny sinh, tc l ni nhu cu nc ch c p ng ti thiu vi mc gi cao. a) Cn kit tr lng ca cc ngun ti nguyn nc mt V cc thnh phn nhu cu nu trong 2.2.1 thng gy s tng s dng nc mt. Cc yu t cn tnh n gm thay i kh hu v thm thc vt trong lu vc, do chng thng gy gim tr lng nc mt trong vng hoc hiu ng xu trong phn b dng chy b
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mt (dng chy b mt cao hn trong ma nc cao vi lng cht rn cun theo nhiu nhng li thp trong ma cn). Nhng g thng thiu kim tra khi lng chy b mt, quy m ca ngun ti nguyn v khi lng khai thc vi mng li y cc trm quan trc trong lu vc ( o ma) v mt vi im trn ngun nc (o mc) v t chuyn gia phn tch cc kt qu o v gim st s dng ngun nc mt ca cc khu vc v thit lp bng cn bng nc (cho nc mt v nc ngm) v lp k hoch qun l nc. b) Thay i cc h sinh thi do khai thc nc Suy gim ng k dng chy, c bit l vo ma kit, c th gy tc ng n tt c cc qu trnh sinh thi trong ngun nc v b ca chng. Cc sinh quyn c gi tr ca cc cnh quan hoc sinh thi c th b nh hng nghim trng thm ch b hy dit hon ton; trong mt vi tnh hung cn bng sinh thi, km theo l cc loi ng thc vt c cn bng, cng c th b thay i. Tuy nhin, cc tc ng ch xy ra khi khai thc nc rt ng k, tc l h sinh thi khng nhn lng nc ti thiu cn. Ngoi ra, cc tc ng ca khai thc nc, theo qui lut, khng gy nh hng trn din rng nhng (ph thc vo iu kin a hnh) tp trung vo cc vng nh (cc di ven b, cc ng c ca ng bng ngp l). c) S xm nhp ca cc cht nguy hi khng xc nh hoc khng pht hin vo ngun nc Cht lng nc l vn c bn trong s dng nc mt cp nc. Trong cc nh my c thit k ph hp, cc phng tin quan trc ph hp m bo nc cp vo mng phn phi l an ton. Tuy nhin, ri roc ho sc khe v cc tc ng n v sinh c th xy ra nu cht nhim tn ti trong nc dng khng pht hin c, v d cht nhim l kt qu ca vic x khng kim sot vo nc. S nhim c th dng cc liu c c ca dng thi vo cc thi gian khc nhau mt cch lin tc v tng i t nguy him (v d khi cc cht c b ra tri). Ri ro khc do kh nng pht hin km, cc cht c th xm nhp vo h thng gim st v kim tra hin hu. Cc cht kh pht hin theo cch trn bao gm cc dung mi dng trong cng nghip v thng l cc cht gy ung th thm ch nng rt thp nu con ngi thng xuyn n/ung phi. Ti nhng ni c ri ro phi nhim vi cc cht nhim , cc yu cu cn t v vng nc bo v phi tng i nghim ngt, ngoi ra cn phi kim tra lin tc v cung cp cc dng c cnh bo sm nhy ngay t giai on c lp v khai thc nc. Trong trng hp khai thc nc mt, cc bin php bo v sau cn phi lun ghi nh: - p dng cc h thng o v quan trc ph hp v lun mt ti mc nc, lng nc ma vo, lng ph sa, ct v cc cht l lng, cht lng nc v ha-l v sinh hc, cc cht nhim v ngoi ra phi gim st cc thng s p dng cho cc h sinh thi trong lu vc, - thu thp v phn tch cc d liu ghi nhn t cc h thng o v quan trc v chun b cc ph chun v a-thy vn, - Thu thp v phn tch cc d liu v a-thy vn bao gm c cc kt qu o lin tc thc hin ti cc ging quan trc v khai thc trong khu vc ni c hai ngun nc mt v nc ngm cng c s dng, vi mc tiu to ra ngn sch ngun nc th hin lng nc sn sang cho s dng and kim tra cc iu kin phn phi cn p ng. - gim st cht lng nc v cc hnh ng t lm sch ca cc ngun nc mt, - phn tch cc d liu cho php p dng cc qui nh bo v vo thi im thch hp, tnh
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trng cung cp m bo an ton cho ngun nc v cc iu kin kim sot cung cp trong cc trng hp khn cp, - ph chun cc s dng hin hu ca nc mt, cho mc tiu ngn nga nguy hi nh l kt qu ca vic khai thc nc mt v/hoc thi nc qua s dng cho con ngi pha h lu , - ngn nga lng ph nc, p dng cc bin php hn ch lng s dng, v thc hin cc cng vic nng cp/ci to h thng cung cp nc ung (xem mc 2.2.1 v nc ngm). 10.2.3. Vn chuyn v x l nc th Khi nc th c vn chuyn bng cc knh h, v c bit khi chng c ly t cc ngun nc mt khng m bo v v sinh hoc b nhim, c th i ch kh nng cc vn sc khe s gia tng nh l h qu ca vic s dng khng c php ngun nc th b nhim v ngi tip xc vi ngun nc bng cc con ng khc. Trong qu trnh x l nc th, cc tc ng mi trng tiu cc c th gia tng do vn hnh nh my khng ng (thiu ch ca nhn vin vn hnh, thiu cc dng c cnh bo) hoc nh l kt qu ca, v d b bn t b lng, bnh bn v ha cht t kho cha (chng hn ha cht c), trch qu nhiu ha cht (nh chlorine chng hn), v b cc kim c s dng trong cc qu trnh kh mn. Cc yu t cc tnh khc lin quan n x l nc th v do vy hiu xut ca qu trnh x l, l hot ng ca cc hng mc gim st v cnh bo, v kh nng ca iu chnh hot ng x l i vi cc thay i theo ma ca nc th. Yu t khc c vai tr quan trng trong m bo t c vic x l nc mt cch ph hp (mun cp ti qu trnh bm v tin x l nc th, nh lng ha cht, qu trnh bng t, lc v kh trng v phn tch) v kh nng m bo tnh v sinh trong cc nh my x l l qui chun o to nhn vin ca cc nh my . Cc bin php bo v mi trng c th d tnh trc bao gm: - cc bin php ngn nga tip cn cc h thng truyn ti nc th cho mc ch khai thc s dng nc (nh l nc ung) ca con ngi, v/hoc cnh bo nhn dn v cc mi nguy him khi s dng nc b nhim, - thit lp cc qui tc ch o cht lng ca x thi t cc nh my, vi s quan tm n cng sut theo ma ca ngun nc cng nh quyn v d kin nhu cu ca vic s dng nc pha h lu, - lp t hoc nng cp cc c s bo v mi trng trong cc nh my x l nc, chng hn nh cc b cha, cc h thng phun cho cc trm chlorine, cc kho cha nhin liu v ha cht an ton. - lp t cc hng mc o v gim st gim st cht lng v lu lng nc v bo co cc s c trong qu trnh x l nc (v d: h hng bn cha kh chlo). 10.2.4. Mng ng phn phi nc Cc vn mi trng xc ng ca h thng phn phi c t vo cc tc ng sau: a) Do cc tiu chun k thut km ca h thng cp nc th ti nhiu quc gia v c bit tiu chun k thut km ca mng ng ng phn phi (cc vt liu km v lp t ti nh l kt qu ca cc chnh sch gi r), kh nng xy ra cc s c i vi ng ng ngm rt cao. Ti cc quc gia cng nghip, trung bnh c 0,2-0,3 s c/1km ng ng/nm, trong khi ti cc quc gia kh1c con s ny c th ln ti 9,1/km/nm.
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Nc tht thot do mng ng cung cp b h hng cao hn tiu th nhiu ln. b) Ch n gin do lng nc tht thot ln, iu ny thng xy ra khi cng sut cung cp ca cc nh my cp nc th cao hn cng sut thit k cho nhu cu s dng. Khi h thng cung cp gin on s c p dng thay v h thng cung cp lin tc 24 gi/ngy. c) Khi cp nc b gin on nhiu ln, h qu lm gim p sut nc trong ng ng v l c hi cc cht nhim thm nhp vo mng ng thng qu cc im khim khuyt ca cc ng ngm, nc nhim c th t cc mng dn nc thi, cc knh khng chng thm dn nc thi dc theo cc con ng, tht thot t cc ng ng dn nc cng, cc b lng b khim khuyt/trn, cc ni cht thi v cht c hi thit k ti v.v.. Cc iu to nn ri ro cho sc khe cng ng. d) Nc c th b cu bn do bi t hm trong ng ng ti nhng ni m thy lc ca h thng km hoc trong cc b cha trong h thng phn phi ti nhng ni khng lu lng. e) S nhim nc trong cc h thng phn phi c nt thng lm cho nc, mc d nc c kh trng rt mnh (v d bng d lng chlorine ln) ti u vo ca mng phn phi, b nhim bi cht hu c trong qu trnh vn chuyn t ni sn xut ti im tiu th v gy ri ro lu di n sc khe cng ng Cc bin php sau y l ph hp v c th p dng gim thiu cc tc ng ca mng ng phn phi: - nh gi mt cch nghim khc cc k thut gim thiu tht thot nc c hnh thnh ti cc quc gia cng nghip v p dng mt cch ph hp cc k thut nhm t cc tnh hung c th ca quc gia v cc yu cu c bit ca li thot (v d s dng detector tht thot ti nhng ni c p lc nc thp, thc hin o c bng cc ng h ti cc qun xc nh nc tht thot trong phn phi ti cc qun c mng ch lp t mt cch tha tht cc van cng v cc hng ly nc ngoi ng ph). - S dng cc h thng o c v gim st ph hp cng nh nng cp mng ng ng (chng hn nh cc van cng u ngun) theo di lin tc lng nc tiu th, lng ph nc, ly nc bt hp php v tht thot nc bng cch gim st qu trnh cung cp khi cp cho cc qun v p lc trong qun v kim tra hiu qu ca vic nng cp mng ng cp nc (gim tht thot nc v.v..). - Gim st cc biu hin sai xt (li) trong mng cung cp ca cc qun trong h thng cp nc th. - Thit lp cc u tin trong vic nng cp lin tc h thng phn phi trong h thng cp nc th (pht hin sm v sa cha cc li v ti thit lp hoc thay th cc on ng ca mng ng ng ni biu hin li r rng v.v..). - Nng cp cc tiu chun ca vt liu s dng cng nh tiu chun cng tc lp t mng phn phi. - S dng cp nc lin tc (ngha l m bo cp nc p lc trong 24 gi bng mng phn phi) khi tin hnh nng cp mng phn phi. - Gim st cht lng sinh ha ca nc (chng hn d lng chlorine) ti cc im kt ni vi ngi s dng/cc hng ly nc trn ng ph. 10.2.5. Cc tc ng ca cc d n cp nc th Mc tiu ca h thng cp nc th l phn phi mt lng nc hp l m bo tiu chun v sinh cho ngi s dng. Bng cch s dng nc ung cht lng tt s loi
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b cc ri ro thng xy ra i vi h thng cp nc khng m bo v sinh. Tuy nhin, vic tng lng nc cp tng ng vi vic tng lng nc thi, v do vy nu cc cung cp x l nc thi khng m bo tng xng s gia tng tim nng gy nguy him cho sc khe cng ng cng nh cc bnh ly lan ng nc. Hin ti cc cng ngh/k thut ca h thng cp nc th m bo cp 100% nc ung cht lng tt, v ch khong 5-15% nc cp t tiu chun nc ung trc tip. Do vy cn lun chun b trn phng din gi c i vi vic s dng nc ung. Bng cch a ra cc ph s dng nc hp l (lin quan n lng tiu th, tnh cc chi ph cn thit) v nu c th th phn chia mng ng ng phn phi theo cc tiu chun cht lng v sinh khc nhau (cht lng tt, c th ung trc tip chng hn). Vn c bit phi i mt l x l nc khng m bo v sinh v vn chuyn chng ti cc hng cp nc trn ng ph v lu tr khng v sinh, v/hoc cc lp t ti nh b li (v d cc bn cha nc trn mi nh b li) s gy ri ro bnh tt lin tc. Cc tc ng bt li ca cc d n cp nc th nh l kt qu ca cc sai xt v nhc im gm: - cc thiu st trong cht lng ca cc vt liu s dng v trong tiu chun thc hin cng vic, - cc thiu st trong vn hnh, bo dng v ci to/phc hi, - vn hnh qu mc cng sut thit k ca h thng cp nc th nh l kt quu ca lng ph v tht thot nc, - cc thiu st trong hng dn cung cp cho ngi dn v c bit l ph n, ngi lnh trch nhim quan trng trong cc vn lin quan n v sinh ca nc nh vn chuyn, lu tr nc ya5i gia, lm sch v chun b thc n. Cc ngun thng xuyn khng hi lng ca ngi s dng nc l tiu chun cung cp gy ra bi cc thiu st. Ni bt bnh dng thng dn n gia tng khng sn sang tr ph v do vy gy ra gim thu nhp ca vic bn nc, thm vo , dn n cc va61nn nh mt mi quan tm n cc cuc vn ng thc y v hng dn ( c s tham gia ca x hi, khuyn khch tit kim nc v cung cp cc o to v v sinh v sc khe). C cc yu cu c bit trong cc bin php lp k hoch v thc thi bo dng v ti phc hi, cn c vo thu thp v phn tch d liu v thng tin, cn phi d kin t c. Cc p dng c cho cc phn khng nhn thy ca h thng cp nc nh cc ng ng ngm . Cc li nghim trng thng xy ra, nh thay th cc ng ng c (chng hn qu 50 nm s dng) khi cc biu hin v sai st trong cc ng ng c li t hn so vi cc ng ng mi ch c 20 nm s dng. Trong rt nhiu trng hp khai thc v cc nh my x l mi c xy trc khi mng phn phi c nt c nng cp. Mi quan tm c s cn lun nh l tc ng h qu ca h thng cp nc th ph hp s c ch cho tnh trng sc khe cng ng khi khng ch c x l nc thi m x l cht thi rn, iu kin nh , v v sinh thc phm v.v.. s c nng cp vi mc tiu sn sinh hiu ng lu di n tnh trng sc khe v iu kin sng ca nhn dn. Cc vn sau cng ng c quan tm c bit trong mi lin kt : - thay i quan im ca cng ng t truyn thng sang s thiu thn v quan trng ca nc nh mt ngun ti nguyn (nc khng phi l hng ha min ph), - lm sang t v tham gia ca cc nhm i tng, v c bit l ph n, vi s ch n
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gi c v gi tr ca h thng cp nc th ph hp v cc iu kin v sinh c nng cp v nhng iu mong i c t nhng iu . gim thiu cc tc ng h qu ca cc d n cp nc th, tt c cc hng mc phi c lp k hoch, xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng n tiu chun ph hp, ph hp vi iu kin a phng v tnh hin i. Cng cn phi m bo h thng (khai thc v phn phi) c th m bo 24 gi ngn nga mi kh nng nhim ca nc trc khi phn phi. Cng cn phi m bo rng nc c phn phi phi c s dng mt cch tit kim, hoc bng cch a vo s dng h thng o m v gim st v/hoc p dng h thng gi v tin cng cng bc xng vi tit kim s dng nc. Cng vi l s cung cp cc tin ch trong x l nc thi v cc tin ch v sinh. Bng bo dng v phc hi mt cch ph hp cc tin ch cp nc hin hu, v c bit l cc ng ng chn ngm vi cc hiu bit v tnh tng thch vi cc sai st ca chng, c th cho php gim tht thot nc v ngn nga cc phn nn ca ngi tiu th (gy ra cc gin on trong cung cp do vic phi sa cha thng xuyn) cng nh gim thu nhp t ph s dng nc. Cc i hi trc mt khc nhm ngn nga cc tc ng h qu gm: - ng dng cc h thng o c v gim st ghi nhn lu lng v p lc nhn bit sm cc sai st trong cc h thng cp nc (mng phn phi), - ng dng cc h thng o c v gim st gim st cht lng nc ung c phn phi, - s tham gia ca cng ng, c bit l ph n, trong cc kha cnh khc nhau ca cng vic theo di nh bo co v cc sai st (r r) v lng ph nc, v cung cp cc hng dn v v sinh tt trong s dng nc (cc bnh vn chuyn nc, qu trnh vn chuyn, v lu gi nc ti gia), - gii thiu/ng dng mt cch c h thng cc nng cp trong h thng v tch hp chng vo cc h thng mi trong tng lai, - ng dng cc h thng vn hnh v bo dng hiu qu, - lp k hoch m rng trn quan im thc t, - trnh cc sai st trong qu kh v tip nhn v iu kin cc k thut t cc quc gia cng nghip 10.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng 10.3.1. Gii hn v ch dn ca cc quc gia cng nghip Cc tiu chun k thut hin hnh ca cc quc gia cng nghip tp trung ch yu vo vn cung cp nc ung m bo nhu cu. Trng tm ca cc tiu chun l gii hn v cc hng dn v gi tr cao nht cho php ca cc thnh phn v m vi khun cn quan st c nhm loi b cc ri ro n sc khe con ngi. H qu l cc xc ng v mi trng tp trung vo mc tiu ngn nga cc hu qu n sc khe v v sinh gy ra bi cung cp khng tha ng. Chng hn hng dn quan trng nht ti cc quc gia cng nghip l phn cp bo v ngun nc chng hn c 3 cp c t ra: (1) ngn nga cc cht nhim thm nhp v t v sau l cc ging khai thc nc.

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(2) m bo cc cht nhim c phn hy ph hp trong qu trnh thm qua t trc khi thm nhp vo cc tng nc ngm (50 ngy). (3) m bo rng nu s c xy ra ngoi vng bo v th c thi gian p dng cc bin php sa cha cc s c . Cc hng dn k thut thay i theo tng quc gia ty thuc vo iu kin t nhin, cng s dng v yu t lch s. 10.3.2. Cc ch dn ca cc quc gia khc Cc lut v hng dn chuyn bit c p dng cho nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cp nc th khng c nhiu quc gia. Ti mt s vng c cc qui nh truyn thng lin quan n khai thc v phn phi nc, cc qui nh c tun th theo: - s dng nc t cc con sui, - t gii hn khai thc nc t ging hoc mt nhm ging, - b cp nc ngm, - s dng nc thi cho ti mt cch ph hp, - qun l nc t cc h cha, - phn phi nc mt cho mc ch ti, Cc iu c th rt tt cho bo v mi trng v n lc cn phi c tnh n cho cc d n thch hp. Tuy nhin, cn phi nh rng thng hay thiu cc nn tng cho: - ngn sch nc (sc cung cp ca ngun nc), - d bo nhu cu nc cho a ngnh, - d bo cht lng nc trong tng lai, - u tin cn thit lp phn b s dng ngun nc cho con ngi, - cc qui nh php lut v nc, do thiu cc d liu c s. V mt quc t, tiu chun quc t i vi nc ung ca t chc y t th gii (WHO) l cng c tham chiu ch yu. Tuy nhin, cn nh rng khi thc hin cc d n ti cc quc gia c iu kin cc tr th tiu chun ca WHO ch mang tnh khuyn co v cc ngoi l c th cho php ti nhng ni c iu kin tt tun th n. Trong thi gian qua mc quan trng hn c gn kt vo yu cu v sinh ti thiu ca WHO (ch s bacteria, vi khun gy bnh) nhiu hn so vi nng ln nht cho php ca cc thnh phn khc. iu cng thng xy ra l mc d cc hng dn k thut c th v qui nh php lut c th c sn mc quc gia nhng li khng c cc c ch hoc ngun lc thc thi chng. 10.3.3. Phn loi tc ng mi trng phn loi cc tc ng mi trng, c nhiu u tin c th p dng ngay t u. Ti cc quc gia ni thiu ngun ti nguyn nc, u tin quan trng nht c th cung cp nh gi c bao nc sn sng cho trung hn v di hn. Ni c ngun ti nguyn nc, th u tin trong nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca cp nc th thng tp
158

trung vo v sinh v tnh tng thch vi sc khe tt ca phn phi nc cho con ngi, lun nh rng nu ngun ti nguyn m bo an ton cho tng hoc khng bo v y , iu ny gy nguy hi cho li ch lu di ca cp nc th cho cc i tng c cung cp. Mt ci nhn rt tiu cc cn c bit l s dng nc lng ph v khng kim sot, v d ti vng kh cn, vic ti cy lng thc bng ngun nc ngm c hn i khi li c u tin hn so vi nhu cu tiu th chung di hn ca con ngi. 10.3.4. Cc bin php bo v mi trng v cc kin ngh ( xut ) Vng/vn v cc bin php truyn thng 1. Chi tit k thut ca h thng cp nc vic p dng cc tiu chun t cc quc gia cng nghip, s iu chnh ca cc tiu chun i vi l do gi c, thiu ngun ti chnh trong lnh vc vn hnh v bo dng l cc vn ca chnh sch gi thp 2. a cc tiu chun cht lng nc, cc cung cp php l cho cc vng bo v, cc qui nh ca khu vc/a phng, lut v cc qui tc Lm theo cc tiu chun ca cc quc gia cng nghip hoc cc khuyn co quc t, ti nhng ni cha c cc yu cu ca quc gia

Cc la xut - Cc thay i trong chng loi vt liu vi mc tiu ci thin cht lng - Tng tm thi chi ph vn hnh v bo dng - Kim ton kt qu - iu chnh chi ph vn hnh v bo dng - a chi ph vn hnh v bo dng vo chi ph ca d n - Bt u bng cc yu cu ti thiu c th t c m khng cn thay i bt c qui nh php l no. - Quyt nh tng bc tin ti cc yu cu bao hm hn trn c s cc u tin ca a phng - a/s dng cc chuyn gia k thut v php l (t ni khc) - a vo s dng cc tin ch o c lin tc lu di gim st mc nc ngm v khi lng khai thc - a vo s dng cc tin ch o c lin tc lu di gim st tiu th (o c ti cc qun) trong mng phn phi - Cc qui tc php l v nh mc tiu th (ma ma/ma kh) - a vo p dng cc mc ph khc nhau c tnh n ma ma v ma kh Gn tng t nh i vi khai thc nc ngm - Ghi chp v phn tch mt cch h thng cc khim khuyt - p dng cc phng php mi nh gi tn tht nc - Thay th cc on c nhc im trn mng t kt qu phn tch sai st (yu cu chng minh c) - Lp t cc tin ch o lu di (lu lng v p sut) gim st tiu th v tn tht v theo di cc sai st - Xc nh sm cc sai st bng cc tin tch o c v
159

3. Khai thc nc ngm

4. Khai thc nc mt v cc nh my x l nc 5. Khai thc nc v cc bin php truyn thng Tht thot nc cao do ng ng b li gy ra bi sai lm ca chnh sch gi thp, v th gy cn kit nghim trng ngun ti nguyn v tc ng tiu cc n sc khe, c bit ni c ch cung cp gin on, cc vn c gii quyt

bng xy mi cc tin ch khai thc nc mi, ng ng c thay th trn c s tui s dng, cc r r khng thng xuyn trn ton mng phn phi v/ho a vo phn phi gin on

sm sa cha cc sai st - Ci thin tiu chun tng th ca mng (lp t cc van ng cn thit ) - V s mng hin hu trn c s cc u tin - Khuyn khch ph n v tr em thng bo cc sai st ca cc tin ch cung cp (cc cy nc b li, cc b cha ti gia b trn, cc li trn cc ng ng cung cp)

- a vo s dng cc tin ch o c v gim st ti h thng cp nc ti tng qun 6. Bao ph nhu cu t cp nc - Ci thin h thng nh lng cp nc gia nh th - a vo p dng mt cch c h thng vic nh lng Gia tng nhu cu do cp nc gia nh v cc vi cng cng - tng tiu th - Ci thin h thng thot kh trn mng ng ng - tn tht nc ln - Da vo s dng cc vi nc gim tiu th v.v.. - lng ph nc - Gim tht thot nc nh m t chi tit ti mc 5. - s dng (ly nc) bt hp php - a vo p dng cc tiu chun mc tiu th (theo u ngi) cho ma kh v ma ma nh m t chi tit ti Gii php cho vn bng cc c 3. gng xy dng cc tin ch khai thc - Gim st cc hn ch trong tiu htu5 trong ma kh v nc mi, thit lp cc vi nc cc kt qu ca hnh ng gim tht thot nc cng cng thay v kt ni ti tng - a vo p dng ph bao ph v ci thin h thng thu nh v/hoc a vo s dng cung ph cp gin on. - S tham gia ca cng ng (ph n) trong cc chc nng kim sot/theo di

10.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cc d n cp nc th c v s mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc khc; cc lnh vc quan trng nht gm: a) Cnh tranh s dng ngun nc (cp nc th, ti, nhu cu ca thng mi v cng nghip, nng lng) hoc cc nhu cu s dng khc, b) Cc hot ng c th gy ra mi e da nhim ngun nc (s dng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt, lu tr khng ng cht thi v cht thi t cng nghip v thng mi, sa lng cc cht nhim t khng kh do s pht thi vo khng kh, vn chuyn khng an ton cht nhim), c) cc n, v kt qu vt l ca chng, gy ra cc nhu cu cn thit phi nng cp h thng x l nc thi, d) lp k hoch gy s can thip vo s b cp ngun nc ngm (lt y hoc chuyn ngun nc mt, thay i thm thcvt, cc hot ng thot nc, xy dng). Bng 1 tng hp cc lnh vc c mi tng tc vi cp nc th v cha ng cc tham chiu lin quan n cc tm tt mi trng khc c vai tr cc k quan trng trong nh gi cc tc ng h qu. H thng cp nc th l phn thit yu ca bt c s qui hoch th no. C hi tt nht trnh cc h ly v mi trng do vy nm ch cn bng trong pht trin th vi mi quan tm cho qui hoch vng v qui hoch khu cp nc. iu c bit ng trong mi tng tc gia cp nc th v thot nc thi v qui tc cn pah3i tun th trn thc t l qui hoch cp nc v x l nc thi phi c thc hin cng nhau
160

loi b kh nng qu ti. Thc t trong qu kh ca cc quc gia cng nghip l vic x l nc thi khng ng c bit l cht thi cng nghip v thng mi. Pht trin cng nghip ang xy ra ti nhiu quc gia, iu r rng l cn chn v tr cc d n x l nc thi v cp nc th trong vin cnh pht trin. Bng 1 - Cc tc ng mi trng t cc ngnh lin quan Cc lnh vc c s tng tc Khai thc nc cho cc mc ch khc - cung cp nc cho nng nghip - cung cp nc cho cng nghip Bn cht ca vic gia tng hay thm vo cc tc ng Cc tm tt mi trng lin quan cn tham kho

Cp nc nng thn Cc tm tt lin quan n *Lm tng cn kit ngun nc v h nng nghip thp mc nc ngm Cc h thng thy li qui *cc hiu ng tiu cc cho cc ngi m ln s dng khc H tho6g1 thy li nng *gim cht lng thn K thut sng v knh

* cc thay i v sinh thi v vn ha-x hi * cc thay i vn ha-x hi * nhim nc * mi e da di hn cho nc ngm Cc hot ng thy li gy ra bi cc xm nhp ca cht nhim t b cha cht thi v r r - Xy dng cc h v cc hot ng nng nghip, bao cha gm c xm nhp ca nitrat vo - K thut sng, nn thng dng chy nc ngm v thuc tr su vo h cha * qu ti ca c s h tng v cc h ly * gim ngun b cp nc ngm * dng chy b mt ln hn

Cung cp v phc hi nh Cc tm tt 85c th trong cng nghip v thng mi v d ng, giy v bt giy, du m v kh t thin nhin, thi b nc thi, lp qui hoch v tr, x l cht thi rn, qui hoch pht trin cu trc v vng , qui hoch khung cp nc

10.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Ni chung, rt kh c th nh gi tnh khc lit ca cc tc ng gy ra bi cp nc th theo mt tiu chun, qui trnh c nh v chng lun l cng vic cn nhc nh tt ca pht trin ngun ti nguyn bo tn cuc sng chng li cc hu qu lin quan ca vic can thip vo cn bng sinh thi m iu cui li tun th theo cc qui lut ca t nhin. Ngi chu trch nhim i vi d n cn c cnh bo rng nc ung gi vai tr kin to nhp , trong mt ngha rng, i vi cc iu kin vn ha-x hi v kinh t-x hi v mi quan tm v vy cn c thc thi chng ng vai tr gnh vc cho ci thin cu t r c Mt nh gi tc ng mi trng thch hp ca cp nc th c th thc hin khi tnh n cc vn sau : - cc ngun ti nguyn bit, v s dng a ngnh, - bng chng cho s dng nc trong hin ti v cc h thng cp nc th c qui hoch kt hp vi x b cht thi mt cch hiu qu,

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- cc quan tm trong qui hoch ca cc vn mi trng ni cm cho cc d n cp nc th nh hng mi trng. 10.5.1. Cc ngun nc c ph duyt ( bit), v s dng a ngnh - nh gi tnh sn sng v cht lng cc ngun ti nguyn nc hin hu theo hng s dng a ngnh v cc bin ng theo ma v tnh sn sng , cht lng v s dng. - S bit trc tin cy ca kh nng sn sng v cht lng ngun ti nguyn nc trong tng lai (o c lin tc, cc kim tra v a thy vn, thy vn, ha hc, vt l v sinh hc v cc phn tch chuyn gia v ph duyt). 10.5.2. Bng chng v s dng hiu qu ngun nc kt hp x l cht thi hiu qu ca cc h thng cp nc th hin hu hoc qui hoch - Gim st thng xuyn vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn nc bi cc c quan vn hnh h thng cp nc th trong s hp tc vi cc nh s dng ngun ti nguyn nc khc. - Gim st tiu th, kim sot tiu th (trong ma kh), gim st tht thot nc, v gim st cht lng ca nc c cung cp bi h thng cp nc th. - Bng chng v s cn thit phi thc hin cng vic phc hi i vi h thng cp nc th, v c bit h thng phn phi nc, phn loi theo th t u tin. - Thc th mt cch hiu qu cc qui nh php lut, - X l hiu qu v gim st x l, - Cung cp mt cch hiu qu s ci thin tnh sn sang ca cc ngun ti nguyn nc bng b cp nhn to, cc h cha, p. - ti s dng mt cch hiu qu nc c lm sch. 10.5.3. Cc bin php sa cha vic s dng km hiu qu kt hp x l cht thi cha hiu qu ca cc h thng cp nc th hin hu Chi tit xem 5.2 10.5.4. Cc lu quan trng trong qui hoch h thng cp nc th thn thin vi mi trng Khng c mt l do c s ni cc h thng cp nc th khng cn qui hoch v xy dng theo nh hng mi trng. Tuy nhin, lm c iu , mt lot cc iu kin tin quyt phi t v chng duy tr trong cc tnh hung c bit hn ch tiu th nc. Qui hoch cp nc th nh hng mi trng yu cu: - cc tc ng mi trng ca cc h thng cp nc th c qui hoch cn c kim tra ci thin, sa cha v m rng c nh hng tnh c th chp thun ca d n v cn tnh n cc li ch do chng em li trn nn tng cc gi tr c th quc gia (vic p dng mt cch thiu cn trng cc tiu chun ca cc quc gia cng nghip c th dn n sai lm trong qui hoch.) - thi nhn thc hng vn trc tip ti cc iu kin ca vng cn c to ra gia cc nh hoch nh d n v cng ng vi mi lin kt vi cc quan h mi trng mt thit vi tiu th nc. (Cc chnh sch hn ch tiu th nc ti cc vng c nguy c ri ro sinh thi, tm quan trng ca a ra ph tit kim s dng nc, thc thi cc qui nh php l).
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- iu tra mt cch k lng cc iu kin, nh cc yu cu, cht lng v tnh sn sng ca ngun nc, cng sut phc hi, ri ro ca vic thm nhp ca c dn, v cc tc ng sinh thi ca khai thc nc, vi cc dch v ca cc chuyn gia a ngnh gii quyt cc vn c th (cn kit ngun nc, hu qu ca h thp mc nc). Cc iu tra kho st thc a cn bao trm iu kin ca cc h thng hin hu v nh gi cc nhc im v cc li r rang trong k thut c th gy hu qu n ci thin h thng hin hu v cc thc hnh. Cc iu tra kho st ti a phng cn ch c bit ti cc vn kinh t-x hi, chng hn nh thu nhp gia nh, thu nhp ca ph n, cc stress i vi ph n gy ra bi vn chuyn nc, thi ca cng ng vi s khan him v tm quan trng ca ngun ti nguyn nc, tnh sn sang chi tr, v cc cu hi khc nh s sn sang tham gia ca cng ng trong kim tra tnh hiu qu ca s dng v phn phi nc v sn sang chi mt phn sa cha h thng. - s tr gip vi thit lp cc c quan gim st a phng nhm m bo cc yu cu v mt mi trng phi c thc thi. 10.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Albert, G.: kologische Prognosen in Grundwassergewinnungsgebieten,lecture,4.DVWKFortbildungslehrgang Nutzbares Grundwasserdargebot, 11 to 14 October 1982. 2. BMI-Fachausschu-Wasserversorgung und Uferfiltrat: Knstliche Grundwasser-anreicherung, 1984. 3. DVGW-Regelwerk: Richtlinien fr Trinkwasserschutzgebiete, W101: Schutz-gebiete fr Grundwasser, W102: Schutzgebiete fr Trinkwassertalsperren, W103: Schutzgebiete fr Seen, ZfGW-Verlag, Frankfurt 1975. 4. DVWK (Deutscher Verband fr Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau) - Fachausschu Grundwassernutzung: Ermittlung des nutzbaren Grundwasserdargebotes DVWK-Schriften H. 58, 2 Teilbnde, 1982 5. Environmental Protection Agency: National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, July 1st 1983. 6. Gesetz zur Ordnung des Wasserhaushalts: (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz, WHG) of 16.10.1976 and Wassergesetze der Lnder. 7. Ministerium fr Ernhrung, Landwirtschaft und Umwelt Baden-Wrttemberg, "Leitfaden fr die Beurteilung und Behandlung von Grundwasserverun- reinigungen durch leichtflchtige Kohlenwasserstoffe", Stuttgart, 1983. 8. EC Council directive on quality required of surface waters intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States of 16 June 1975 9. EC Council directive on quality of water intended for human consumption of 15 July 1980 10. EC Council directive on the protection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances 11. Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environmental Agency): Synopse nationaler und internationaler Gewsserschutzregelungen, April 1979. 12. Verordnung ber Trinkwasser und ber Brauchwasser fr Lebensmittelbetriebe (Trinkwasser-Verordnung) of 31.10.1975. 13. WHO-World Health Organization: International Standards for Drinking Water, Geneva, new edition (1984).

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11. Cp nc nng thn 11.1. Phm vi Thut ng cp nc nng thn bao gm tt c cc bin php c thc hin p ng nhu cu v nc ch yu cc vng nng thn, Khu vc nng thn ca loi ny c th c in hnh bi - li sng du c, - li sng ca nng dn, - li sng gn th. 1) iu ny khng bao gm cc khu n in v cc khu sn xut nng nghip tp trung ln. Cp nc nng thn bao gm vic cp nc ung v nc dng trong h gia nh cho ngi dn vng nng thn cng thm cung cp nc c yu cu cho cc mc ch nh l ti nc cho vn. Tuy nhin, mc d iu ny to thnh mt vn mi trng ngay trong nh h, cp nc nng thn cng bao gm nc cho vt nui cng vi cc ngun cung cp nc ti cho vt nui, bi v cc khu vc nng thn n l gn nh khng th trong thc t ko theo bt c s khc bit r rng no gia nc sch cho con ngi v nc sch cho chn nui. Vic cung cp nc cho cc mc ch nng nghip ni chung khng xy ra trong phm vi cp nc nng thn; c bit, cp nc nng thn khng khng bao gm cc h thng ti tiu cho cc lnh vc hoc cng trnh k thut nng thn, thy li. Tri ngc vi h thng cp nc th, khng c ng ng phn phi trong phn ln cc h thng cp nc nng thn. Ngoi l cc quy lut ny l cc ng ng cp nc v vic chy trong cc ng ng (ni chung kh ngn) m s thiu thn ti cc khu vc to thnh cc h thng mng li ng ng cung cp cng cng th s trong vic lan rng ra cc ngi lng. Nhu cu v nc chc chn phi iu chnh chnh n cung cp m trong hin ti v c th dng c. Trng hp ch n gin l vn cung cp cho dn s nng thn, nhu cu ni chung gia 15 v 30 l/ngi/ngy (l/p/d) v i khi thm ch t hn, v n t khi tng ln n mc ca hn 60 l/p/d (ch ni c nh v sn chuyn tip). bao hm cc nhu cu v nc cho gia sc, mt b sung 15 lt/ngy s l cn thit cho mi n v ng vt nh v khong 75 l/ngy cho mi n v ng vt ln. Ty theo tnh cht ca s khai thc, cung cp nc sch nng thn c th c chia thnh cc loi sau y: - cung cp nc t nc ngm - cung cp nc t nc mt trn c s s dng nc mt s dng nc ma.
1)

p ng nhu cu, vic s dng thng c thc hin t c 3 ngun ng thi, ni m nc theo ma cho php sn c. Khng ging nh cung cp nc cng cng, khu th, ni m vic s dng c lm bng mt h thng khai thc tp trung v cc h cha v mt h thng phn phi c kt ni, ci m c trng cho cp nc nng thn th c gi l nhng h thng cp nc

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phn tn ni m cc i tng thng xuyn c mt ti ni xy dng h thng di cc d n t lc v sau ny tr thnh trch nhim i vi vic vn hnh n. Nhng nhm ngi tiu dng tng i nh t mt mt gia nh n l n cng ng dn lng hoc cc cng ng ngi du c c c ngun cung cp nc t khi cn nh, thng nm ri rc cch xa nhau v i khi cc h thng khai thc c nhn c tch bit vi h thng phn phi, nc c mang v mt cch truyn thng bi nhng ngi ph na v tr em gi trong cc vng nng thn. Ci g l in hnh ca vic khai thc nc ngm phn tn l vic o bi hoc khoan ging hoc ly nc t cc dng sui. Cc n v bm ln trong h thng ni chung l nh, ph hp vi s lng ngi tiu dng, ti nguyn nc v thng c gii hn bi cc ngun lc xy dng v cng sut khong 1m3/h trong trng hp cc ging ca lng x v ln n 5m3/h trong trng hp cc ging trn cc ng c chn gia sc. Vic bm nc ni chung c tin hnh bi cc cch thc truyn thng c vn hnh bng tay hoc bng sc ko ca ng vt, mc d vic s dng cng c th c thc hin bng s tr gip ca my nng c kh nh l bm vn hnh bng tay hoc chy bng ng c (thng l diesel), xch gu mc, v.v. Cc ging phun, m trong nc b hn ch v c ngun gc t nc mt khng cn phi nng h, l him thy. Trong mt s trng hp nc c a ln cc b cha cng ng, ci m c cha trong nhng ci b c lu lng 2 6 m3 c trang b mt vi nc. Cc tnh nng c trng ca vic khai thc t nc mt l nhng cng trnh ngn nc nh (cc p t bnh thng). Du hiu ca vic s dng nc ma l cc b cha nc (t cc x qua cc thng nc ln n cc b cha nc c lm bng b tng, tm thp hoc nha) v ngn chn cc lin kt v thu gom nc mt (mi nh, cc sn ni v.v) Phng php ch yu ca s vn chuyn nc gia im khai thc v im tiu th vn c chuyn ch trong cc thng cha di ng hoc bi gia sc, ni chung l mt cng vic c thc hin bi ph n v cc em gi. Cc ng ng cung cp l him thy v thng rt ngn. Nhng xem xt trong vic vn chuyn ngha l cc mng cha nc ung cho vt nui th thng c t trc tip gn k vi im khai thc hoc thu gom. Mt phn quan trng trong cc d n cung cp nc nng thn c vn hnh bi cc bin php a phng quy nh vic cung cp, c bit l khi lng nc c sn b gii hn. Bao gm cc bin php hn ch v d nhng hn ch trong vic rt hoc bm nc hng ngy v khi lng c bm ln, v cc bin php kim sot tiu th nh gi c ph hp. 11.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 11.2.1. Tng quan Tc ng mi trng t cc d n cung cp nc nng thn l c th, v ch yu do khai thc nh tnh v nh lng m xy ra nh l kt qu ca: (a) Vic khai thc nc (s dng qu mc ngun ti nguyn), (b) vic bm ln, lu tr v phn phi nc, v (c) s phn phi thc t c thc hin (cc nhu cu v hnh thc s dng). Cng nh trn, n cng c th c nhng tc ng th cp v bc 3 ln mi trng trong trng hp ca (d) nhu cu gia tng do cc thng tin phn hi tch cc,

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(e) Vic i hi qu nhiu cc ngun ti nguyn mang n mt ngun cp nc tt trong mt thi gian ngn, i km vi chn th qu mc v vic gm nhm thm thc vt v nhng thay i trong cc hnh thc s dng quen thuc. Cc bin php bo v mi trng do s c nh hng theo nh tnh v nh lng v t ch yu lin quan n cc chin lc ngn nga vic s dng nc qu mc v cc mi e da n v sinh ca n. iu ny c ngha khng ch n gin l bin php c tnh kh thi v mt k thut (v d vic pht trin tt b gii hn hng n cng ngh hin c), nhng trn tt c nhng n lc b sung a ra cc t chc t qun di dng cc cuc tuyn truyn v phng thc v v sinhtrong ph na ng vai tr quan trng. 11.2.2. S dng ngun nc qu mc v cc mi e do n cht lng ca chng 11.2.2.1. Tng quan Ti nguyn nc c th b nh hng bt li khng ch nh lng, tc l i vi khi lng ca chng v thi gian/khng gian c th c c, m cn nh tnh i vi cht lng ca chng v v th thch hp s dng, m c th xut hin cc cht nhim, vi khun v.v. Nhng tc ng ln chng c p dng bi cc hot ng cp nc nng thn c th nh hng n chng trong cng mt cch. Trong trng hp lng ma c thu gom, vic s dng qu mc th c loi tr bi t nhin Gii hn v s lng nc c thu gom (m n thng l nh), ngc li trong trng hp m ngun cung cp c khai thc t cc ngun nc mt, cc mi e da c th pht sinh t cc ngun nc, c bit l i vi cht lng nc. Trong trng hp nghim trng nht cc tc ng bt li l c th, tuy nhin, l ni m ngun cung cp c khai thc t nc ngm. Trong trng hp ny c th c nhng tc ng c hi lu di, khng th thay i c ln ngun ti nguyn c v cc iu kin s lng v cht lng. Nc ngm di t l mt ngun ti nguyn khng th ti to v nhu vy n nn, nu tt c c th, khng nn khai thc bng mi cch. i vi vic khai thc nc ngm, ging l thin l c thm rt nhiu ri ro v v sinh ca nc hn l mt h thng bm c che kn. Trong nhiu trng hp, n c th xy ra trong cc khu vc nng thn vi cc cu trc pht trin tt , cho cc khi lng tng i nh c khai thc cho cp nc nng thn, ton b cc ngun sn c s c kh nng ti sinh loi b bt c mi e da no ca vic s dng qu mc c duy tr lin tc. Tuy nhin, nu c th cng l cc yu t bt li khc ang hot ng, sau vic i hi qua nhiu cc ngun ti nguyn rt c th xy ra. 11.2.2.2. S dng ngun nc qu mc 11.2.2.2.1. Nc ngm Nc ngm l mt ngun ti nguyn nhy cm nht v nh vy, cc yu t quyt nh m chi phi kh nng ti to ca n l t l phc hi, m n thng l phn nh ca lng ma trung bnh hng nm. Tm quan trng ca t l phc hi c th thy c t v d sau: - Trong trng hp nc ngm c b sung 80mm/a t nc ma, mt h thng ging lng trung bnh bao gm cc ging ring l, vi mt h thng u ra trong khong 8,000 m3 (khong hot ng 10 ting mt ngy vi 0,8 n 2 m3/h), i hi din tch ngun b cp l 10ha hoc 0.1 km2. - Tuy nhin, ni m t l b sung ch l mt phn mi ca phn trch dn trn, tc l ni
166

m n ch 8mm/a, cc vng u ngun cn thit bi h thng thch hp ln n 10 ln 100ha, hoc n 1km2. V d ny chng t tnh nhy cm cc ca cn bng nc trong trng hp t l nc ngm b sung l thp hn 10mm/a. Trng hp cc iu kin thy vn c nh r l nh sau, chng c th c s dng nh ch th mt mi e da ca vic s dng qu mc ngun nc ngm d tr: - lng ma hng nm rt thp, - Lng bc hi cao, - khng thm nc ln v/hoc a tng ngm nc nng cn v - mt s gii hn ca tng cha nc treo. Cc yu t nu trn l ngoi tm kim sot ca con ngi nhng cng c nhn t s dng lin quan khc, m n c th dn n vic i hi qu mc ca cc ngun nc ngm: - cc nhm ging/bm qu gn, do v d s sp xp ngho nn hoc khng bit, gy ra ch trng hnh nn ca cc ging/bm chng cho v do c hiu ng bt li n nng sut ca chng, - khng kim sot c s gia tng trong t l khai thc, v d do m rng t chn nui v/hoc s dng nhiu nc hn cho vic ti tiu t nng nghip, - lng ph nc,v d chy cc my bm hoc phng thc hot ng c a ra bi s h tr nng ln qu rng (cc bm) hoc mt ci m c u ra cao v ch. Mt iu kin tin quyt cn thit ngn nga s s dng qu mc l nh tnh chnh xc c th c mt s am hiu cc thng s qun l s cn bng a cht thy vn, tc l dng chy vo v dng chy ra t lu vc sng m trong vic s dng ang xy ra. Thng thng, cc d liu c bn c th c, v n ch c th c c sau khi quan st trn mt s nm m c y thng tin v cc thng s trong cc cu hi c th thu c, mt thc t m ngn cn vic thc hin y cc d n sm. Do vic s dng qu mc c th xy ra nh l kt qu ca vic quy hoch qu vi vng (hoc thiu tuyt i vic quy hoch trn cc khu t m mt d n ch c phm vi va phi) da trn nhng quan st c thc hin trong thi gian qu ngn. vng kh cn, s cn thit bo v cuc sng con ngi i khi c th c ngha l mi quan tm u tin ny c b qua v thm ch nc ngm c khai thc (khng ti to). Tuy nhin, bt c s i hi qu mc lin tc ca cc ngun ti nguyn nh vy chc chn phi dn n s cn kit cc ngun d tr v do c th, trong cc trng hp nht nh, c nhng bt li lu di nh hng n cc iu kin ca cuc sng. Cc vn mang tnh c hc hon ton, mc d nhng ci c ngha ln i vi vic cung cp, thng xy ra vi bm bng tay, m nhiu h thng khc nhau c tn dng. Thng thng, cc bm b hng v ch thiu ph tng thay th. Nhng phn sau chng t l khng dng c hoc khng c tin mua chng hoc khng c ai s ch trch nhim cho vic mua chng. Kt qu l ngun nc khng s dng c na v ngi dn buc phi quay li s dng nc mt m cht lng khng c chp nhn. N s c r rng t trn nhng cu hi xc nh trch nhim, ca phng php k thut c dng v ca hu qu m ph s dng nc cn m bo vic vn hnh lin tc v s bo dng thch hp vi ci ang c xem xt m c bao trm trong mt d n, v c bao trm cng vi nhm mc tiu vi s tham gia y ca, trn tt c, ph n nhng ngi m c nhim v ly nc.
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11.2.2.2.2. Nc mt Cc p t c chiu cao va phi (khong vi mt) thng c xy dng xung quanh hoc qua cc con sng/cc b phn ca nc, hoc ti chn ca cc thung lng hoc hm ni thch hp u ngun lin kt, lu tr nc mt cho cc mc ch khc nhau (v d cp nc, ti tiu) v lm cho n sn c trong thi gian di hoc quanh nm (xem thm cc tm tt v mi trng Cng trnh Thy li nng thn). iu s ch c cc tc ng thng thng ln s cn bng nc, v c bit l trn cc iu kin nc ngm, h ngun ca mt cng trnh ngn nc nu khi lng nc b ngn ln n mt t l tng i cao so vi dng chy ca sng hoc b phn ca nc khi khng b ngn chn (tc l nu n mang n mt s x nc t mc thp hn c ngha l x nc yu). Mc d iu ny him khi c thc hin, nn vic x nc hon ton c ngn li sau khi dng nc s kh cn v mc nc s c h thp. N khuyn khch mt nghin cu thc hin trong tng trng hp ring l, v mt s c tnh s c thc hin trn c s ca nhng pht hin, cho d khi lng ca nc c khai thc (s tht thot t hn c th quy cho vic s dng l mt v d) s nh hng n sinh thi v nu xy ra th th no. ng thi, mt nh gi chnh xc nht c th c phi c thc hin cho d tng lng nc b ngn l hp l trong phng din ca cc tc ng nghim trng ln s cn bng nc h ngun. S thm ca nc mt b sung ngun nc ngm b lm dng, mc tiu tng thm s lm sch nc nh n thm qua t, ch c th c d tnh khi cc iu kin a cht thy vn ni chung l thch hp v khi s d tr y nc mt l c th v do n s lun l mt ngoi l. N to ra thc tt hn trong trng hp nh th ny i vi nc c lc trn mt t hoc i vi mt h thng khai thc nc lp t dc theo dng sng trong hnh thc ca mt bc tng ngn khng cho nc thm qua vi s thu gom nc vi cc c s cho vic rt nc h ngun v mt c cu lc hng v pha thng ngun. 11.2.2.3. Cc kha cnh cht lng ca vic lu tr v s dng qu mc ngun nc C nhng tc ng mi trng c gy ra bi vic lu tr khng ng nc ma c thu gom v nc mt c ngn li v bi s nhim v s dng tri php ngun nc nh n ang c vn chuyn trong cc knh h. N l c bit trong cc vng nng thn m kt qu ca nhng nguy c v sinh ca vic vn chuyn cc bnh ly truyn qua nc l cao, trong , nc mt th ni chung c s dng rng ri cho ngi v gia sc, nhng ci lin quan n nc th khng phi chu bt k phn no ca vic nh hn ngch, v cc nguy c sc khe th, ni chung, khng c nh gi thch ng. Suy gim cht lng nc c gy ra ch yu do s chy trn cng vi nh sng mt tri v to v s pht trin ca thc vt v bi nguy him r rt ca nc tnh ni chung. Nu cng l mt ngun cung cp cht dinh dng phong ph kt hp vi mt t l trao i nc thp, sau qu trnh ph dng c th xut hin trong cc b phn ngn nc, ni chung l nng. Nhng nguy c sc khe (bnh st rt, bnh do giun gy ra, bnh tiu chy) gy ra bi nc c lu tr loi ny l phc tp bi s sinh si ny n ca cc cn trng, bi kh nng ca phn ngi v ng vt trn cc b sng v b bin, v do vic x nc thi. Mt kh nng khc l nhim do vic s dng thuc tr su nhng ni u ngun nc c thu gom. Trong kt ni ny, s chm sc phi c thc hin m bo s phn ranh gii nghim ngt ca lu vc sng (nh l mt khu vc bo v nc) v s ngn tch ca cc h thng cp nc cho con ngi khi ng vt nui ca h (v, khi cn thit, lc nc khai thc).
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Trong trng hp nc ma c lu gi trong cc b cha nc, cc nguy c v sc khe gia tng nh l mt kt qu ca s suy gim cht lng nc, ci m c th c gy ra bi thi gian lu nc lu trong cc b cha trong mt s trng hp, bi vic la chn v tr thch hp (tip xc vi bc x mt tri), do thiu vic lm sch thng xuyn, bi hiu ng ca cc vt liu c lin quan (v d s n mn ca cc tm vt liu lm b cha), hay bi s xm nhp ca bi t v ng vt (m chng cht v phn hy trong cc b cha) c cho php bi vic thiu cc np b hoc cc np b khng c ng kn. Thm ch clo trong nc, mc d c tn dng dit vi khun, i hi vic xem xt n nhng nguy c sc khe nu ng dng khng ng cch. 11.2.2.4. Kha cnh cht lng ca h thng phn phi nc khng dng ng ng C nhng tc ng tiu biu m c to ra ti cc im phn phi c ni m cc im ny l cc ging h nh hoc cc ging c trang b bm v v ni chng ph thuc vo cc h thng khai thc nc t nc mt. C v s cch c th c nh vi nc ngm ni chung v nc trong mt ci ging hoc b phn ca nc c th b nhim. Cc ngun nhim ch yu sn sinh nhng ri ro sc khe ring bit ca cc bnh truyn nhim m cn c cp l: 11.2.2.4.1. Gn im phn phi (ging/im ly nc) - s r r t cc ng c hoc x truyn ng (nhin liu du diesel, du nht), vi cc ging m th c nhiu nguy c ri ro hn l cc ging kn c bm, - s xm nhp ca cc cht nhim nh l kt qu ca cc mc c s dng i vi vic rt nc (cc x bn c nng ln v cc thng chuyn nc), cho vic vn chuyn nc bng xe hi, xe ti hay sc vt th, ni c nguy c nhim vi xng, du diesel nhin liu v phn, cho vic lm sch ca con ngi v vic git gi (cht ty ra, photphat, phn), nc cho vt nui, ni c th c phn sc vt cn li, cht bn ca gia sc, v s ph hoi ln hn ca cn trng v thuc tr su. i vi vic b sung v lm sch thit b phun thuc tr su cho vic kim sot dch hi. 11.2.2.4.2. Ti ton b cc im khc trong lu vc - s nhim c gy ra bi cc hot ng hon ton khc khng lin quan trc tip n vic khai thc nc nh l nng nghip (phn bn, phn bn bn cht lng, thuc tr su), cc ngnh cng nghip th cng v cng nghip nh (du, nhin liu diesel v xng du, v.v.) v x l nc thi v cht thi rn. Mt im m cn cp n l s bo qun nc ngm, mc d mong mun n c th a ra cc khu vc bo nc ngn chn s suy yu cht lng ca nc ngm bi con ngi v ng vt, iu rt kh t c trong thc t v n l ch kh thi nu ngi dn c gii thot khi nhu cu i vi n. Tuy nhin nu mt vi bin php bo v ban u c thc hin ngay gn vng ln cn ca mt im ly nc (ging, bm, b cng ng, im rt nc mt, sui), iu ny trong bn thn n s l mt bc u tin trong phng php gim nh ri ro trn v t ci thin tnh trng sc khe. iu g l cn thit y s c tin hnh ch dn cho mi ngi v nng cao s nhn thc cng cng v iu s cn phi c tp trung vo tt c nhng ngi ph n, ngng ngi m c trch nhim ly nc v cho sinh hot v sinh v sc khe gia nh. Mt s bt u c th c thc hin bng cch ngn chn cc im ly nc nh l cc ging lng v m bo rng chng c phn b cho nhng s dng c th (con
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ngi/ng vt, ly nc/ra v git gi/nc cho chn nui) v c phn chia hp l theo quy lut t nhin cho mc ch v c s an ton v tin cy cho vic x nc thi. Nh mt bc xa hn hng v cung cp sch, cc im ly nc thc t phc v cc nhu cu khc nhau ca thc ti, iu cng cn c thc hin l a ra mt h thng gim st v kim tra duy tr v hi phc cc im v ngn chn bt c thit hi mi trng no. Trong h thng ny ph n, mt ln na s, c mt phn rt quan trng hot ng (nh gim th l mt v d). Da vo s lng ngy cng tng ca cc ca hnh sa cha xe hi v cc trm xng du nhiu nc, nhng im trng tm khc ca s ch s cn phi c pht trin v thit lp cc thit b tch xng v du (by du). 11.2.3. Tng nhu cu s dng nh l kt qu ca s phn hi tch cc S tn ti ca mt h thng cung cp nc thun li v hiu qu, cng vi mt s ci tin ton b cc iu kin trong cc khu vc nng thn, c th a ra c hi gia tng nhu cu. iu ny c ngha l s gia tng trong vic khai thc, thng khng kim sot c v ch yu l t nc ngm, v v iu ny c chiu hng s nhn mnh cc tc ng nh lng ln cc ngun ti nguyn c lin quan. Tnh n thi im ny, v cho cc khi lng nh c tiu th p ng cc nhu cu c bn (xem phn 1), vn nc thi s c rt t mi quan tm, nhng by gi cc bng chng s bt u c xem xt nh cc tc ng bt li n c th c trong cht lng nc mt v nc ngm v do , gin tip, ln sc khe con ngi v ng vt. Bc u tin c th thc hin chng li nhng hu qu l nhng iu nh ch dn trong v sinh v xy dng cc nh v sinh VIP 2). y l trng hp khc ni m nhng ngi ph na, , nhng ngi c trch nhim s dng nc v bo m v sinh sinh hot, s cn phi ch ng tham gia t lc u.
2)

VIP=Nh v sinh thng gi ci tin

11.2.4. S dng qu mc xut pht t vic cung cp nc tt Mt s cung cp nc tt cc khu vc nng thn c th dn n mt s gia tng trong vic chn nui, vi tt c nhng hu qu tc ng bt li ny c th c nh chn th qu mc v vic gm nhm thm thc vt v s nn cht t. Trong thi gian di n cng c th c nhng tc ng th cp, nh l s thay i trong vi kh hu c gy ra bi nhng cuc tn cng ln thm thc vt (v d nh s gm nhm cc cy xanh bi nhng con d gy ra nhng thay i vi kh hu quan trng v mt sinh thi gn vi mt t) hoc s xi mn nc hoc gi ni m tt c phn quan trng ca tng t mt b tch ra khi nh l mt kt qu ca vic chn th qu mc v mt thc vt ph. Cc tc ng bt li cng c th pht sinh t vic b tr vt l v v tr ca cc im cung cp (v d cc ging) khi sau ny l khng hng n nhng nhu cu x hi kinh t ca nhm mc tiu. Cc nhm t ngi dn du c l v d cn cc im cung cp m nm trong mt s tri i ca mt vi ngy ngay c khi thi tit xu v/hoc thc n khng . iu ny khng th c trong trng hp nht nh, do thi gian lu tr trung bnh ti mt im ly nc l c m rng ph hp v ri ro ca vic s dng qu mc tr nn qu ln. Trong trng hp xu nht, li sng du c c th c b trong s tn thnh ca mt li sng gn nh l nh canh nh c, v iu ny s lm tng cc tc ng m nhng hu qu x hi v kinh t - x hi s rt kh d on trc. Trong trng hp ny, cc k hoch ca d n phi c son tho cng vi cc nhm mc tiu v phi cho php s tn ti, thng nc truyn thng v quyn chn th dng nh cng mt lc, bng cch cung cp cho con ngi s gii thot v lm cho h
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nhn thc c mi quan h tn ti (v c th l do gi nc khng ph hp), h cng phi c kh nng gii quyt tit kim ti nguyn. 11.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Mt iu kin tin quyt quan trng cho c vic phn tch v nh gi tc ng mi trng t cung cp nc sch nng thn l s xc nh ca vic cung cp nc s dng c. Cc nhn t m c mt quyt nh mang li mc s dng hp l trong trng hp ny l kh nng ti to trong trng hp nc ngm v lu vc v ng cong sn lng ca n vi thi gian trong trng hp ca nc mt. Nhng ri ro c bit gn vi vic s dng nc ngm, i ngun ny l khng th ti to. c lng khng chnh xc ca cc ngun nc c sn l c th tn ti mt cch c bit trong cc vng kh cn v bn kh cn, ni khng ch c th c nhng bin ng r rt t nm ny qua nm khc trong v sn lng nhng cng c th khng thy r c s ti sinh ca cc ngun ti nguyn cho mt s nm do thiu lng ma. Di cc trng hp n ch hp l thc hin s c lng bng cch tham kho cc gi tr trung bnh o c qua nhiu nm khi cc tng ngm nc cha nc ngm l dy v bao ph cc khu vc rng ln. Ti nhng ni cc ngun ti nguyn b nh hng bi cc iu kin t nhin bt li, s hn ch cc c hi cung cp cho mt ngun cung cp phn tn, v v c bit l mt ngun cung cp phn tn cho cc trung tm nng thn ca ngi dn, ni tp trung kh nhiu dn s s c ngha l mt s ging t cch nhau khong cch tng i gn s l cn thit nhng cc ging s nh hng n sn lng ln nhau. Cc hn ch hn na c th pht sinh t, v d, s nhim ca nc ngm bi cc h rc v ging tiu nc, nhng ni ra ry, v cc mng ung nc cho vt nui. Nhng kho st v tnh hnh hin ti v nhng thay i tim tng (trong ngi dn, lng tiu th trn u ngi, hot ng thng mi, v.v) s l cn thit, cng vi cc phn tch v ng gi cc tc ng a phng ca cc mi nguy him tim tng. Mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt cn thit i vi vic phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca cp nc nng thn l mt kin thc v tnh cht kh hu v cc iu kin thy vn (hng v mnh ca gi, lng ma, s bc hi, nhit , v mc nc v mc nc ngm), nhng ci m cho php ti ni bt u trong s cp n nng sut v s phc hi v kt qu cc c hi s dng. nhiu nc d liu c bn c sn, trong cc hnh thc tp hp lin tc cc php o ko di m rng qua nhiu nm, c th thiu cc im o lng c th c t v s lng v, nh thng xy ra, bn ngoi khu vc d n, v iu ny c th l cn thit tham gia vo cc cuc kho st o lng thm vo trong thi gian di thu c nhng kin thc trn. Qu trnh ny, mc d l cn thit m bo rng vic lp k hoch v vic thc hin c s ng h c tnh khoa hc thch hp v vic s dng bn vng s c th, thng vic vn hnh tri ngc vi nhu cu cp thit cho cc h thng cung cp to ra mt cch nhanh chng v c th p ng vi s khng hiu c mt phn ca, chng hn, con ngi b nh hng. Ngoi ra, cung cp nc l mt lnh vc nhy cm, v iu ny c th s l cn thit yu cu khng ch kin thc k thut m cn l kin thc x hi hc v nhn chng hc. Cc cu hi c lin quan n cc vn nh l cu trc x hi, s t chc chnh quyn/ truyn thng ca lng, thu tiu th nc, v sinh sinh hot, tnh hnh thu nhp (trong mi quan h vi cc chi ph cho nc), cc quyn v nc v trng cy, v vai tr ca ph n tt c cn phi c lm r vi nhng ngi lin quan, nu c th trong giai on u.
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Ni chung, nhng tiu chun (gi tr gii hn, cc hng dn v ch dn) lin quan vi cc nhu cu cht lng ca nc (bao gm cc iu kin v sinh) t quan im trn, v cc gii hn i vi tnh trng xu ca vic s dng cho (hu qu) cc ng dng cnh tranh. Cc tiu chun rng buc cc mi quan h mt thit ca sinh thi v kinh t - x hi v cc tc ng khng tn ti, v do s c mt c hi tip tc cho cc din gii khc nhau v chng. C mt phm vi c bn ca cc yu t cu thnh, cc kin ngh ca phm vi trn ton th gii (xem phn 6) trong cc nhu cu v nc sch, nhng thng qua nhiu nc vi php lut quc gia thch hp ca ring h c th c thc hin theo cc kin ngh, c cc vn chnh trong vic kim tra v m bo vic tun th ca h trn thc t. Cc tiu chun cho cc gii hn v tnh trng xu c th c ca vic s dng (v d cc s liu v lng tiu th trn u ngi i vi con ngi v ng vt, xem phn 1) trong thc cht, s ko theo n gin nh cc con s theo quy tc kinh nghim. Tuy nhin, s a dng ca cc yu t ch n, n c v nh nghi ng liu chng s c kh nng ng dng chung v i vi cc l do ny lun lun c u tin cho mt iu tra v khu vc nghin cu.. Bi s m mang s hiu bit v nhn thc thch hp ca cng chng, mt s c gng cn c thc hin trong vi d n mang li cc nhu cu cho vic bo v mi trng m cao nht c th c trong cc gii hn c thit lp bi cc nhn t kinh t-x hi v vn ha, vi tm quan trng c bit ang c gn lin vi s tham gia ca ngi ph n trong vai tr ca h nh l trch nhim c nhn i vi vic cp nc trong khu vc nng thn. 11.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Ni m cung cp nc nng thn c cc im giao tip gn vi cc khu vc m to ra nhu cu v nc cao hn, vic s dng nc nh l mt trong nhng mc tiu trc tip hoc gin tip ca h, hoc nh hng n cht lng nc hoc hn ch lng nc sn c. Cc ngnh c lin quan chnh y l nng nghip (xem cc khu vc nng nghip rng ri khc 3) trong n c th bao gm vic s dng cc ngun cung cp ging nhau ca nc ngm v nc mt, vi kh nng cc tc ng thm vo c to ra bi vic khai thc vng ph cn. N c th c s tng tc vi ngnh ph sau y, v s tng tc nh vy cn c kim tra v cc hu qu ca n trong mi trng hp c th: sn xut cy trng, bo v thc vt, trng rng, nh bt v nui trng thy sn, thy li, chn nui nng tri, v nng-cng nghip. - k hoch khung cp nc - K thut thy li nng thn - X l cht thi rn Thu gom, x l v thi b - X l nc thi (v nc ma) Thu gom, x l, thi b/thi b - K thut v sng v knh o - Kim sot xi mn - K thut thy li phm vi rng - Quy hoch khng gian v khu vc/vng. Vic cung cp nc chim mt vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh nh th no, v cng bao nhiu, v khu vc hoc vng c th c pht trin v do c tc ng
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ln tt c cc d n v cc ngnh m c lin quan n vic quy hoch bo tn, ci thin hoc pht trin c s h tng. 11.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Cc d n cp nc nng thn l cc cch thc gp phn m bo s bo tn lu di cuc sng ca con ngi v cht lng cuc sng. Rt c th cho vic lp k hoch v thc hin d n cung cp nc nng thn c hng v p ng nhu cu ca mi trng v bo v ti nguyn.Trong cc iu kin chung, nhng iu cn phi nh l ch him khi c tin nghi ring bit nh l ging, bm c b tr v thu gom t bn/b cha nc to ra bt k cc tc ng mi trng ch yu ca chnh n, v rng nu c thit hi mi trng, n thng khng xut hin cho n khi cc c s tr nn c tp trung v s dng qu mc, c bit trong s cp n nc chn nui. Cc bm tay c s dng rng ri nht h tr vic ly nc ln, v n l c bit ni m n c tn dng vic bo dng c thc hin thy rng cc thit b c chn l mnh m b d dng duy tr v vn c s dng thay th, bi v nu h khng lm iu ny s gy nguy him cho mc tiu ca bt c d n no s cung cp mt ngun cung cp ph hp v cht lng nc tt v s buc ngi dn tr li s dng cc im ly nc m ko theo nguy c cho sc khe ca h4) Ngi ph n c trch nhim truyn thng cho vic cung cp nc v h l ngi m phi cn c o to khng ch iu khin m cn duy tu cc my bm. tng hp, danh sch sau y l cc tiu ch phi c p ng tt hn nh hng mi trng ca mt d n: (1) Tng sn lng nc ph thuc vo thi gian phi c nghin cu trong thi gian di theo cc xu hng thy vn v kh hu phi c xem xt; (2) N phi c quyt nh ci m c yu cu theo cu trc s x hi ca vng nng thn v nhng gii hn m c thit lp i vi s pht trin c th c, vi s cho php ca cc cu trc m tnh truyn thng v tnh dn tc c t ra ti y; (3) Nhng ngi lp k hoch phi c rng buc bi mt k hoch tn dng ton b m lm mt s phn chia nh lng ca vic cung cp sn c v t di quyn u tin gia nhng s dng; (4) Cng ngh c hng n cc k hoch tn dng phi c pht trin v p dng, vi s tham gia tch cc ca cc nhm mc tiu trong giai on u, cc bc phi c thc hin m bo rng cc hot ng v s duy tr sau s c th tn ti (ph s dng nc), v tnh c th truyn li/chuyn giao ca cc gii php mt cch thnh cng c p dng ni no khc phi c xem li mt cch cn thn. Kinh nghim ni rng cc mc th bc ca vic quy hoch l mt iu kin tin quyt cn thit p ng cc tiu chun nu trn v thc hin mt kim chng tt cho cc d n cp nc nng thn ph thuc vo cc chng trnh pht trin vng nng thn. N l c bit quan trng nhng ci c cu trc theo cch ny bi v nhng c hi kim sot khu vc nhy cm ca vic cung cp nc (v d bng cch hn ch khai thc nc) l c gii hn v s an ton cn thit xy dng khng mun hn so vi giai on lp k hoch. 11.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Alheritiere, D.: Environmental Assessment and Agricultural Development. FAO Environment Paper 2, Rome, 1981.
4)

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2. BMZ: Wasserversorgung und Sanitrmanahmen in Entwicklungslndern "Sektorpapier" of 22 May 1984. 3. Caponera: Water Laws in Moslem Countries: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Papers, No.20/2, Rome, 1978. 4. DHV Consulting Engineers: Shallow Wells, 2nd ed., 1979. 5. Dyck, S. and Peschke, G.: Grundlagen der Hydrologie, Verlag Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1983. 6. EC Directive the on quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water in the Member States. 7. EC Directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption. 8. EC Directive on the protection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances. 9. Environmental Protection Agency: National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, 1983. 10. Gesetz zur Ordnung des Wasserhaushalts (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz, WHG) und Wassergesetze der Lnder, 1976. 11. Glamie, C.: Village Water Supply in the Decade, John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 12. GRET: La Construction de Citernes. Dossier no.4, Groupe de Recherche et d'Echanges Techniques, Paris, 1984. 13. GRET: Le Captage des Sources. Dossier no.10, Groupe de Recherche et d'Echanges Techniques, Paris, 1987. 14. GTZ: Community Participation and Hygiene Education in Water Supply and Sanitation (CPHE). 1989 15. Hofkes, E.H.: Small Community Water Supplies. John Wiley & Sons, 1983. 16. Mutschmann, J. and Stimmelmayr, F.: Taschenbuch der Wasserversorgung, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart. 17. Richtlinien fr Trinkwasser-Schutzgebiete. DVWG-Arbeitsbltter, W 101, 1.Teil Schutzgebiete fr Grundwasser, 1975 18. Schulz, Ch.R., Okun, D.A.: Surface Water Treatment for Communities in Developing Countries. John Wiley & Sons, 1984. 19. Technische Regeln fr die Ausfhrung von Pumpversuchen bei der Wassererschlieung. DVWG-Arbeitsbltter, 1975. 20. Teclaff: Legal and Institutional Responses to growing Water Demand. FAO Legislative Study No.19, Rome, 1980. 21. UNDP/World Bank: Community Water Supply, the Handpump Option. 1987. 22. Verordnung ber Trinkwasser und ber Brauchwasser fr Lebensmittelbetriebe (Trinkwasser-Verordnung), 1975. 23. World Bank: Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, Time for a Change. World Bank Discussion Paper, No.18, 1987. 24. World Bank: Information and Training for Low-Cost Water Supply and Sanitation. Various Participant's Notes: 1985: - 3.1 Health Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation - 4.2 Wells and Handpumps - 5.1 On-site Sanitation 174

- 5.2 Water-borne Sanitation - 5.3 Sanitation Technology Selection 25. WHO Collaborating Centre: Practical Solutions in Drinking Water Supply and Wastes Disposal for Developing Countries. WHO Technical Paper Series, No.20, 1982. 26. WHO Collaborating Centre: Small Community Water Supplies. WHO Technical Paper Series, No.20, 1982. 27. WHO: International Standards for Drinking Water. Geneva, 1984.

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12. X l nc thi 12.1. Phm vi 12.1.1. Cc nh ngha Nc thi l nc c c tnh c thay i bi vic s dng trong sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip hoc vic s dng khc v nc (nc thi) c thi ra vi n trong sut lc khng ma cng nh cc dng chy v nc c thu gom (nc ma) t cc khu vc xy dng hoc lt ng do trn ma ro. Nc cng cng bao gm cc cht lng c thi ra v thu gom t cc nh my x l v lu tr cht thi. Vic qun l nc cng ng, mt s phn chia ca vic qun l ngun ti nguyn nc, bao gm tng tt c cc bin php bo v mi trng mc tiu cung cp cho cng ng, thng mi v cng nghip vi s tha mn v nc sch hoc nc cng nghip cng nh x l nc thi sinh hot, thng mi v cng nghip t cc khu vc . Vic x l nc thi, mt s phn chia vic qun l nc cng ng, v c bn bao gm vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l v thi b cht thi. Cc quy tc chung ca nhng cng ngh c chp nhn bao gm nhng quy tc m c kim tra trong cc ng dng thc t, nh l phn ln nhng ngi lm vic trong lnh vc chuyn mn c lin quan n cc qu trnh, nh my, cc c s hoc cc cch thc vn hnh ng (3). Bn cht k thut ca cc quy tc c th khc nhau thng qua yu cu ca tng nc ring bit. Cng ngh tin tin l tnh trng ca s pht trin ca cc qu trnh, nh my, cc c s hoc cc cch thc vn hnh nng cao, s m bo thc hin ph hp nh l cc bin php k thut. xc nh trng thi k thut, mt s nh gi phi c thc hin trong cc qu trnh, nh my, cc c s hoc cc cch thc vn hnh c th c th so snh c m n c th c kim tra thnh cng trong qu trnh hot ng (4). Bn cht k thut ca cng ngh tin tin c th khc nhau thng qua yu cu ca tng nc ring bit. 12.1.2. Cc vn S pht trin cng nghip rng ln ca cc thp k gn y, vi cc hiu ng ca n ln s sn xut hng ha v ln cc m hnh tiu dng v cc thi quen sc khe ca ngi dn, dn n s gia tng ng k trong khi lng nc thi. gc ny, mc tiu x l nc thi (WWT), lin quan n cc phn tch cn thn v c tnh n khng ch cc iu kin a phng v cc s la chn m cn cc kha cnh mi trng ca nh my c lin quan, c th dn n nhng ci tin cn thit. Theo quy nh, nhng ci lin quan n cc bin php khng nhng trong cc lnh vc cng ngh x l nc thi, m cn trong cc lnh vc lut php, hnh chnh, qun l kinh doanh v t chc. Nhng ci tin cn thit cng nn nhm mc ch t c s trnh by hp l cho nhng ngi ph n, nh l mt trong nhng nhm i tng, trong cc t chc v cc c quan chu trch nhim x l nc thi. y l cch tt nht bo m rng li ch hp php ca h trong s tham gia vo s pht trin v thc hin hnh chnh, kinh doanh v cc quy tc gim st mi trng s c p ng. 12.1.3. Mc tiu Kim sot vic x l nc thi v nc ma hnh thnh mt phn quan trng ca c s h tng cc khu nh c ca con ngi c xy dng trn nguyn tc v sinh v do l c bn cc n lc nhm ci thin cht lng cuc sng. Hn na n l mt thnh phn thit yu ca qun l cht lng nc, mc tiu nn c l:

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- duy tr s cn bng sinh thi ca cc ngun nc v ni m n b lm xo trn khi phc li n, - m bo mt s cung cp nc c bo m v s lng v cht lng cho mi ngi ni chung cng nh cho thng mi v cng nghip vi s nhn mnh c bit v tnh bn vng lu di v - cho php tt c ngun nc khc c s dng m phc v cho c phc li ca mi ngi ni chung v nhng nhu cu hp php ni ring trong thi gian di.(5) Cc s liu cho thy rng nhiu nc c mt s mt cn bng r rt gia vic cp nc v x l nc thi. l v, nhiu nc trong cc vn , s u tin r rng c dnh cho vn cp nc, m khng phi tr t nht l s ch cng bng n s pht trin cn thit ca cc c s x l nc thi. Tng t cng p dng i vi mi quan h gia cung cp nc v x l nc thi trong cc c s thng mi v cng nghip. Trong tm tt mi trng ny, cc vn x l nc thi thnh ph cng c u tin ln hn. Cc vn ca x l nc thi thng mi v cng nghip bi v s phc tp v phm vi ca chng c th cng c thng tin mt cch chn lc. 12.1.4. Cc giai on ca qu trnh x l nc thi Khu vc x l nc thi ca thnh ph ni ring c th bao gm cc giai on x l sau y: - thu gom nc thi - di di/vn chuyn nc thi - x l nc thi - vic x nc thi - x l vn phn (t cc nh v sinh v nhng lp t tng t) - x l bn. Cc giai on x l c cp c th xem xt cho c nc cng (sinh hot, thng mi, cng nghip) v nc ma. Trong kha cnh mt iu khng c qun l nc thm qua, ci m bao gm v d nh nc ngm m thm thu thng qua cng rnh r r, hoc vic thot nc m l kt qu t mc nc ngm h thp v c chy qua mng li thot nc. Trong tng giai on x l nc thi ring bit cc qu trnh sau c din ra: - Thu gom nc thi: thu gom nc thi ti ngun s dng chuyn tip, cc tuyn ng t ngm cng nh t cc h thu gom nc thi, cc h phn, cc nh v sinh v.v. - vn chuyn nc thi: s vn chuyn nc thi thng qua cc cng rnh (trong trng hp nc ma cng c dn qua cc mng h) c s dng ring bit, kt hp hoc cc h thng cng thi duy nht (sau cng khng cn vn chuyn nc ma trung gian). - x l nc thi: s p dng cc qu trnh vt l, sinh hc (hiu kh hoc k kh) v ha hc vi mc ch gim ti a cc cht cha trong nc thi ci m gy hi cho mi trng, v c bit i vi nc, hoc ca vic gim cc hiu ng c hi ca chng ti mc cn thit. - Vic x nc thi: tr li nc thi (thng sau khi x l) vo vng tun hon nc t nhin (v d s dng cc b lc chy trn cho cc b lc ngc dng trong h thng

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kt hp nc ma chy trn trong cc h thng hoc cc knh tip nhn ring r trong cc cng trnh x l nc cng) - x l bn: qu trnh gim thiu hoc x l bn Tc ng mi trng ca cc giai on x l c m t u tin nn c xem xt ring nh gi tm quan trng ca chng. Mt nh gi tch hp, cng c tnh n bt k s tng tc quan trng, sau nn c thc hin cho d n. Trong trng hp x l nc thi thng mi v cng nghip, ta nn tin hnh mt cch tng t nh trn c s cc giai on x l nu trn, cho c ngi sn xut x nc thi trc tip v gin tip. Tuy nhin, c mt giai on x l quyt nh hn m phi c cn nhc u tin, c th l lin quan n giai on trnh hoc gim thiu nc thi, c tnh n s lng (lu lng dng chy) v ti trng nhim (khi lng dng chy). Trong kha cnh cc vn v nguyn liu u vo ca vic sn xut cng nh s sn xut ca chnh bn thn n, tc l qu trnh sinh ra n n, l c bit quan trng. 12.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 12.2.1. Cc lu ban u Mc d v c bn mc tiu ca vic x l nc thi theo nh hng mi trng, cc nhn t vn khc nhau c th pht sinh ci m c th khng th hoc kh khn khc phc: a) cc dng thi khng th trnh c bng cc bin php k thut/kinh t (lng pht thi cn d), t nhng lp t thit b x l nc thi ci m c mt tc ng ton din ln khng kh, t v nc, ln con ngi v ln cc h sinh thi. b) s gia tng khng d kin c trong khi lng nc thi t cc khu nh (do thay i trong li sng) c) s gia tng khng th d kin c trong khi lng ca nc thi t cc c s thng mi v cng nghip (do s gia tng trong sn xut, s bin ng, s hot ng theo ma) d) hin tng ph dng trong b phn cha nc trong nc thi x l c thi ra, trong thi k lng ma thp ko di. e) cc hu qu bt li ca vic s dng bn thi hoc phn compost/bn thi trong nng nghip cho mc ch ti ch. T ban u, cc n lc hp l nn c thc hin cc nhn t vn ni trn trong tt c cc hot ng qun l d n, gim thiu t u bt c hin ng c th bit c, s dng cc bin php thch hp ca mt t chc, c cu v bn cht hot ng, v trong mt s trng hp cng phi nh vo cc bin php khn cp. Hn na, cc bin php x l nc thi c lp k hoch phi tnh n cc iu kin a phng m h hi lng vi cc quy tc chung c tha nhn ca cng ngh nc thi hoc cng ngh tin tin (sau khi cn nhc cn thn khi cn thit). Xem xt ln lt mi ngnh nhnh c lin quan ca vic x l nc thi, nhng tc ng mi trng in hnh tim nng nh sau (7), (8). 12.2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng in hnh Trong bt c d n x l nc thi no, l iu quan trng quyt nh c chp nhn hay khng:

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- h thng thot nc thi phn tn ca a phng (h thng thot nc ring bit ti mi ngun vi cc h thu gom nc thi, cc hm cha phn hoc cc cng trnh thot nc nh, cc nh v sinh, v.v.) hoc - h thng thot nc thi tp trung ca a phng (h thng thu gom nc thi bao gm mt mng li cng rnh vi tt c nhng c s cn thit, thu gom, lm chuyn hng v dn nc thi c sn sinh ti cc ngun ring bit n mt hoc nhiu (trung tm) n cc cng trnh x l nc thi) Cc hiu ng mi trng khc nhau xut hin, quan trng nht ca ci c t ra di y 12.2.2.1. Tc ng ca qu trnh thu gom v x l 12.2.2.1.1. H thng phn tn Vic x l nc thi phn tn c th c cc hiu ng bt li sau y ln mi trng: i vi ngi s dng, cc h thng cng ring bit c ngha l ph tn cao hn ln vic bo tr v bo dng so vi cc h thng c kt ni vi mt h thng cng tp trung. Nu vic xy dng khng ng cch iu c th dn n cc vn nh l: - cht lng dng thi km t cc cng trnh cng thi nh (nu cc ngn lng bn l khng thng xuyn v khng ng cch) v do c s nhim ca cc ngun tip nhn nc, - s vn hnh thng xuyn ca cc dng chy trn khn cp t cc trc bm nu cc bm khng c bo tr ng cch v do s nhim ca cc khu vc m ch nn nhn dng x trong cc trng hp khn cp nh r, - s nhim ca tng t di b mt v c bit ca nc ngm trong trng hp ca cc nh v sinh kh (cc nh v sinh thng kh/k kh), cc hm cha phn, cc h thng lc (c bit l cc h tiu nc sau khi x l nc thi sinh hc hiu kh hoc k kh), - mi nguy him n sc khe do hot ng ca h thng thot nc ring bit (v d nguy c ly nhim thng qua s tip xc trc tip khi cc hm cha trng rng; thng qua cn trng v s ph hoi ca chut), - mi nguy him n sc khe do x l bn cui cng (x) t cc cng trnh cng nh hoc t s thu gom cc hm cha, khi khng thc hin ng, - tnh thm m v cc mi kh chu, - Khng c kh nng loi b tp trung v x l nc thi thng mi/cng nghip cng vi nc thi sinh hot. Cc hiu ng c li ca x l nc thi phn tn ln mi trng c th c nh sau: - Vng tun hon nc t nhin th him khi b gin on hoc xo trn bi vic thu gom v vn chuyn nc ma thch ng (iu ny lm gim ng k s lng thm t nc ma). - C th c mt ng c ln hn gim mc tiu th nc (gia tng s tiu th s dn n chi ph cao hn ng k ca vic vn chuyn cht thi t cc hm cha). - (khng hiu qu) cc ngun tip nhn ca nc khng phi l i tng s nhim ri rc hoc bt ng ti cc dng nc ma chy trn v cc ca sng hoc ti cc cng trnh ca sng ca cc nh my x l nc thi.

179

- S ph dng hoc hin tng xi mn t trong cc ngun tip nhn ca nc l c loi b mc ln. 12.2.2.1.2. H thng tp trung Cc hiu ng c li ca h thng phn tn c cp trong phn 2.2.1.1. l khng xy rau trong trng hp ca mt h thng tp trung (x l nc thi tp trung). Qu tht, s vng mt ca chng l mt s bt li r rng. Ngoi ra, mt h thng tp trung c cc hiu ng bt li sau ln mi trng: - Vi cc khp ni ng ng c thit k v ch to khng thch ng, s r rnghim trng c th xut hin (s thm nhp ca nc ngm, s nhim ca tng t hoc nc ngm) - Vi cc trm bm nc thi ln, ting n v nhng mi kh chu c th xut hin nu chng l qu gn vi cc ta nh ln cn hoc vic cch m, thng kh, thng gi v s kh mi l thiu hoc khng ph hp.

Cc hiu ng tch cc ch yu ca mt h thng tp trung l c bit nh sau (9): - bo v ngi dn khi nhng mi nguy him n sc khe gy ra do cc sinh vt ly nhim c truyn trc tip hoc gin tip bi nc, v d trong trng hp s nhim ca nc ngm c s dng cho s cp nc sch ring bit hoc bi s tip xc trc tip vi nc thi. - Bo v ngi dn khi cc s kh chu gy ra bi cc cht trong nc thi m n d dng b thi ra (gy mi). - Bo v ngi dn khi s ngp lt ca cc hm cha v cc phng lu tr trong thi gian ma bo. - Bo v an ton lu thng ca xe my, xe p v ngi b hnh, thm ch trong trng hp c ma ln. - Kh nng vn chuyn v x l nc thi thng mi v cng nghip cng vi nc thi sinh hot. - Bo v tr lng nc ngm s dng khi s nhim bi cc cht cha ng trong cng thi (sinh hot), c bit l cc hp cht ca nito. 12.2.2.1.3. Cc qu trnh x l nc thi c bit Trong mt s khu vc x l nc thi, s kt hp ca hai gii php x l trn c th l . Trong mt s trng hp, n ch c th ng gi v mt sinh thi v qun l nc c mt h thng cng thot nc m trong ch c nc thi l c x l mt cch tp trung, nhng khng c nc ma. Hn na vi h thng kp, s vn chuyn nc ma trn mt t v di mt t cng c th c mt tng tt v mt sinh thi v qun l nc nu nc thi v nc ma c tch hon ton, s quan tm m bo rng nc ma vn l sch nht c th. Ni cch khc: Nc ma, m tng i l sch t u vo, th khng nn c ha trn vi mt mi trng (trong trng hp nc cng) bi v nh vy n cng tr thnh mt ngun bn. Vi s vn hnh cn thn v ph hp ca mt h thng kp nh vy, ti trng nhim trong cc c quan tip nhn ca nc c th c gim thiu v cn bn, v nhng l do c th sau y:

180

- Khng cn phi c cng trnh x cho nc ma hoc hn hp vi nc thi ti cc ca sng, do khng c nc thi hn hp c th gy ra s nhim nghim trng ca cc ngun tip nhn nc, c bit l sau nhng t kh hn ko di. - Ch c nc thi l i n cc cng trnh x l tp trung, cho nn dng thi ti im ly nc vo c gim thiu v ng nht, nh ci thin ng k hiu qu v tnh an ton ca cc cng trnh. 12.2.2.2. Tc ng ca qu trnh x l 12.2.2.2.1. Cc lu ban u Cc tiu ch nh tnh v nh lng v x l nc thi ng cch v cho tc ng mi trng ca n c ngun gc ch yu t kh thi v cc tiu chun pht thi, theo th t c chuyn ha t cc iu kin qun l nc c lin quan v t php lut, cc quy nh v.v. c hiu lc. 12.2.2.2.2 S pht thi t h thng cng thu gom Cc cht trong nc thi m gy nhim nc v bn lng trong nh my x l nc thi cng cng (thuc thnh ph) i hi mt lot cc quy trnh v cc phng tin loi b hoc gim thiu chng. Khi quy hoch mt cng trnh x l cht thi iu ny c kt hp trong mt cch nht nh v c sp xp theo chui (cc giai on x l). Bng 1 tm tt cc quy trnh k thut kh thi x l nc thi thnh ph trn c s ca mc pht trin hin ti vi kh nng x l ca chng c biu din nh l mc hiu qu (5) Cc th tc trong cu hi c lit k theo trnh t m trong chng thng xut hin trong cc giai on x l ca cc cng trnh x l cht thi, t c kt qu ti u. Quan trng nht, bng tm tt cho thy tc ng c d on ln cc c quan tip nhn ca nc, tc l s pht thi cc cht nhim nh l t l phn trm ca nng trong nc thi u vo. Bng 1 Hiu sut ca cc qu trnh x l nc thi khc nhau (%) Qu trnh Cc cht rn l lng 40 - 70 85 -90 BOD51) COD2) Photpho Ptng Khong 15 Khong 30 Nito (NH4-N) Khong 7 khong 40

X l c hc X l sinh hc hiu kh Sng tinh Lc Kt ta ha hc Hp ph bng than hot tnh

1) 2)

25 -40 85 - 95

khong 15 khong 80

Gim thiu thm ca cc cht cn li 20 - 40 50 - 80 70 - 90 50 - 90 5 n 10 10 - 20 50 - 85 khong 95 5 n 10 5 -20 40 - 70 khong 90 50 - 90 khong 90 0 -30 khong 10

Nhu cu oxy sinh hc sau 5 ngy Nhu cu oxy ha hc

i vi hiu qu ca qu trnh x l nc thi k kh (rt thch hp cc nc c kh hu nng) tham kho (10)

181

Cc cng trnh x l cht thi nh hng n mi trng khng ch v mt cc pht thi c lin quan n nc, m cn v cc mt: - ting n, - mi v - nhim khng kh (cc sol kh). As a rule, however, it can be assumed that these types of emissions are less important than the water-related emissions of a sewage works (wastewater discharge). 12.2.2.2.3. S pht thi ca h thng nh Trong trng hp cc h thng x l nc thi phn tn ring l hoc cc cng trnh x l cht thi nh c th c s dng (xem phn 2.2.1.1). Vic loi b nc thi c x l c th xy ra thng qua vic x vo cc ngun nc mt hoc thng qua vic x vo tng t (thm, lc). Cng lin quan n vn pht thi c th chp nhn c ca cc cng trnh x l cht thi nh v tc ng mi trng ca chng v c bn phi thc hin mt s phn bit gia hai loi cng trnh: a) cc cng trnh m khng cn sc kh vo nc thi, cn gi l cc b t hoi (vi s c quyn ca x l c kh v mt phn sinh hc (k kh) ) v b) cc cng trnh vi vic sc kh vo nc thi v x l c hc/sinh hc. Vi cc cng trnh ca loi a), hiu qu sinh hc 20-25% v trong cc trng hp c bit ti a 50% l thu c. Trong cc cng trnh ca loi b) hiu qu cao nh cc cng trnh x l cht thi trung tm (xem, 2.2.2.2, Bng 1) c th t c, min l chng c thit k v vn hnh ng cch. Bng cch tng thm cc cng trnh x l ngm, mt h lc ct hoc h tiu nc, nc thi trong cc cng trnh ca loi a) c th phi tri qua x l sinh hc thm na v do cung cp cc iu kin thy vn thch hp thng qua tng t. Vic x nc thi t cc cng trnh loi a) trc tip vo cc vng nc mt ni chung l khng th chp nhn c. 12.2.2.2.4. Tc ng n ngun nc Nc thi c x l khng tha ng c th lm xo trn kh nng t lm sch t nhin ca cc ngun nc tip nhn da trn qu trnh vt l, ha hc v sinh hc v gy ra cc thit hi khc. Cc thnh phn khng ha tan ca nc thi gy ra s tch t ca bn, c bit trong dng chy chm v cc vng nc tnh, v d ao, h v cc knh vn chuyn, v cng nh trong cc nhnh sng ct, cc con sui, h cha nc v.v. Nu chng c ngun gc t trm tch hu c, cng s c hin tng phn hy vi s pht trin ca s phn hy v ln men kh, s tiu th oxy ha tan trong nc bi s hp thu ca cc sn phm phn hy, s ngn chn cc hnh thc sinh tn hoc thm ch c ch vi sinh vt v c. Nhiu nc thi thng mi v cng nghip b nhim hu c thun li cho s pht trin ca cc nm nc thi trong cc dng nc chy c cha xy, c bit trong cc ma lnh. Cc mnh vn tch ra t nm pht trin thnh cc mng s thng gy ra bn lng th cp vi kt qu ni trn ti nhng ni c dng chy yu. Cc thnh phn ha tan v hu c ca nc thi cn mt lng xy nht nh trong nc cho qu trnh phn hy sinh ha ca chng, trong iu kin hiu kh. iu ny c xc nh theo cch tng t nh trong chnh bn thn dng nc thi v do c gi l nhu cu oxy sinh ha.
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Ti nhng ni hm lng oxy hoc kh nng hp thu oxy ca mt ngun nc tip nhn l khng cho qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha ca cc cht hu c a vo n, th cht hu c tip tc phn hy bi vi khun k kh. iu ny dn n qu trnh kh nitrat, sunphat, cc hp cht hu c c cha oxy do vi khun v.v to thnh carbon dioxide, hydro sunfua hoc sunfua, amoniac, nito v cc sn phm phn hy khc. Mtan cng c hnh thnh trong bn t hoi (14). Cc qu trnh phn hy k kh c gy ra do s thiu ht oxy ph v phn ln cc cu trc hiu kh kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc, v ngay c trong cc trng hp nghim trng c th gy ra s h hng mt cch hon ton. Nhng vn nh th cng c th pht sinh trong ngun nc trong iu kin nht nh ngay c khi nc thi x l c x theo cch thch hp, tc l trong s ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ca cng ngh. Tuy nhin sau phi gi nh rng kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc l khng vi cc iu kin x thi. Trong trng hp nh th cc tiu chun nghim ngt hn phi c p dng cho vic x nc thi, p ng hoc phc hi li cc ch tiu cht lng nc cn thit. (xem 3.3). Bn cnh cc vn c gy ra do s thiu ht oxy trong qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha, s ph dng, tc l s tch ly ca thc vt dinh dng trong nc, c bit l photpho v nito, l mt nhn t quan trng. s mu m qu mc gy ra mt s pht trin khi lng ca thc vt, c bit trong cc nh my nc (cy trng ly l) cng nh l to xanh, to lc, vi to. S kim sot phn hy (hiu kh) ca cc cht sau khng th tn ti c na v to ra kt qu nh cp trc ca cc qu trnh phn hy k kh nc nhim. Nc c th b nhim bi mt s cht khc c tc ng c hi ln ng vt thy sinh ngoi ra cn c photpho v nito. Chng bao gm cc kim loi nng, cc dn xut chalogen ca hyrocacbon d bay hi (v d trichloroethylene), cc dn xut chalogen ca hyrocacbonkhng bay hi (v d chlorobenzols), dioxins, thuc tr su v hydrocacbon thm mch vng (v d fluoranten). Khi ng vt thy sinh khc nhau s nhy cm ca chng vi cc gnh nng hoc s nhim mi trng, chng c th c s dng nh ch s ca s nhim (ch s sinh hc). iu ny c bit ng vi cc gnh nng c gy ra bi s thiu ht oxy sau phn hy cc cht hu c v cc gnh nng c hi. H thng sinh vt sng trn sinh vt cht (saprobic) c da trn iu ny (7). 12.2.2.3. Tc ng ca vic thi b phn Phn ln nhng ci cp trong 2.2.1.1 (cc hiu ng bt li ca vic x l nc thi phn tn ln mi trng) cng p dng y. Cc hiu ng in hnh sau y (bt li) ca vic thi b phn (trong cc nh v sinh hiu kh/k kh, cc hm cha phn v h thu gom) nn c cp y: - mi nguy him cho sc khe do s dng v rt cn ca cc nh v sinh v cc h thu gom (ri ro nhim trng do tip xc trc tip vi phn; s ph hoi ca cn trng v chut v.v), - s nhim ca tng t, v c bit ca nc ngm, nu cc iu kin thy vn khng thun li, - mi nguy him cho sc khe khi x l phn cui cng, ni m khng c thc hin ng cch, - tnh thm m v mi kh chu. Cc hiu ng c li: xem thm 2.2.1.1 (cc hiu ng c li ca x l nc thi phn tn ln mi trng).

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12.2.2.4. Tc ng ca vic x thi nc thi Nh nu trong 1.4, vic x nc thi c ngha l s quay tr li nc thi vo vng tun hon nc t nhin. iu ny din ra c hai h thng x l (phn tn v tp trung). V tc ng ca vic x nc thi trong trng hp x l nc thi phn tn, xem 2.2.1.1 v 2.2.2.4 Ngoi ting n v pht thi mi, hiu ng ca vic x nc thi trong trng hp x l nc thi tp trung t bn thn chng biu hin ch yu trong gnh nng v cht nhim m ngun tip nhn phi chu, gy ra do vic x nc thi t cc cng trnh x l cht thi tp trung. Cc ca cng nc ma trong h thng kt hp ch c th c mt tc ng ln ngun nc. Hn na, nhng g c ni trong 2.2.2.4 cng p dng cho tc ng x nc thi trong trng hp x l nc thi tp trung. 12.2.2.5. Tc ng ca qu trnh x l bn 12.2.2.5.1. X l bn ti cc h thng tp trung Bn c sn sinh trong cc cng trnh x l cht thi tp trung phi c x l. Giai on x l quan trng nht l lm n nh; iu ny c th c thc hin bng vi sinh vt k kh hoc hiu kh (7),(8). Trong trng hp ca x l k kh (s phn hy) ca bn thi, kh ca bn thi c sn sinh m phn ln l khng mi nu qu trnh phn hy c thc hin ng cch, tc l thng qua qu trnh ln men kim hoc ln men metan (8). Cc kh ch yu c sn sinh l CO2, nit v metan. Nn nh rng vic ti ch c yu cu bt c u nu c th, nng nghip s dng bn thi ca thnh ph c tin x l l thch hp nn, nu c th, c xem nh chin lc ng cho loi bn ny. Tuy nhin iu ny khng nn dn n s tch t ca cc kim loi nng trong t, nh chng c th gy ra mt mi e da i vi ngi v cc ng vt thng qua chui thc n, c bit trong trng hp hm lng kim loi nng nh cadmium v thy ngn cao. Nu ta xem xt tc ng ca bn thi di dng gi tr ca chng nh mt ngun nguyn liu cho nng nghip, ta nn lu (15): - Cc loi bn thi khng ch c gi tr ch yu nh phn bn photphat v nito, m cn v lng canxi v magie ca chng; mt khc, lng kali l khng ng k. Lng cht hu c ca bn thi cng c mt gi tr nht nh. Do , iu duy nht s dng hp l bn thi ti ch cho mc ch nng nghip. - Bn thi c cha mt d lng ca thnh phn c hi hoc c th c nhng hiu ng bt li khng nn c s dng. Cc hiu ng xu nh l: h hng h sinh vt v thc vt t (phytotoxicity); s thit hi n sc khe ca con ngi v ng vt nh l kt qu ca s hp th qu mc thng qua chui thc n (thng qua s tch t trong cc thc vt); cc hu qu bt li cho sc khe cng ng; c th gy ra bi cc yu t c hi tim tng vt qu mc. - Cc thnh phn d tiu cho thc vt l mt nhn t ch yu. Vi vic ti ch bn thi nng nghip lng photphat c sn cho cy trng, lng nito c sn cho cy trng,

184

lng nhim c sn cho cy trng,

l quan trng bc nht. iu cui cng l c xc nh bi hm lng ca by kim loi mu c tim tng (cadmium, crom, ng, ch, thy ngn, niken, km) trong bn thi, cng nh trong t m trong bn c ra. V tc ng ca bn thi c s dng trong nng nghip, cng vi vic sn xut cht thi/bn thi lm phn compost, xem thm (16), (17), (18), (19). 12.2.2.5.2. X l bn ca cc h thng phn tn Bn c sn sinh trong cc h thng x l phn tn trong cc cng trnh x l nc thi nh th phn ln c x l bng vi sinh vt k kh. Trong trng hp nh l mt cng trnh x l nc thi c vn hnh trc tip, mi kh chu hoc cc vn v sinh l khng ng k (20), (21). Nhng g c nu trong phn 2.2.5.1 cng c p dng y, c bit l i vi x l bn. Nh bn c vn chuyn t cc cng trnh x l nc thi nh th thng ging nhau hoc c n nh thch hp hoc c kh trng (c bit trong trng hp pha trn gia phn v nc c cun theo trong cc h thu gom nc thi), n c th l mt tng tt s phn hy th cp c thc hin mt cch tp trung, v d trong cc lu vc t m hoc cc b cha. iu ny p dng c bit khi c d tnh s dng cho nng nghip. Nh mt phng php n gin ca vic x l bn th cp c chp nhn bt c ni no cng trnh ph tr c i hi v i khi khng th trnh khi cc kh thi c mi l mt vn tng i nh. 12.2.3. Cc bin php phng trnh v an ton 12.2.3.1. Phng trnh nc thi Nc thi ci m khng c sn sinh th khng cn phi x l! Ni cch khc, vic s dng cc th tc v bin php thch hp gim khi lng hoc phng trnh nc thi sn xut nhm gim sc p ln cng sut ca cc h thng x l nc thi. Trong lnh vc sinh hot, nc thi phn ln ch c th trnh c thng qua vic tit kim nc ca cng chng, v d thng qua vic lp t v s dng cc thit b v sinh tit kim nc, v.v. Cc bin php nh th tuy nhin khng nn c hi cho sc khe v s thu gom v vn chuyn nc thi ng cch. iu ny cng ph thuc vo c nhn ca nhng ngi dn c ng c v s hiu bit cn thit, ci m c th c y mnh bi nhng cch thc thch hp v cc chin dch thng tin thng xuyn bi nhng ngi c thm quyn v cc cng ty c trch nhim i vi vic x l nc thi. Hiu qu tch cc ca vic a ra ci cch bng gi tiu dng trn hnh vi tit kim nc ca cng chng khng nn nh gi thp. Trong lnh vc thng mi v cng nghip, ty thuc vo khu vc m t nc thi bt ngun, cc k hoch c th cn c pht trin gim lng nc thi. Cc xem xt nh vy thng tp trung vo vic ti sinh (s dng a mc ch) ca nc cng nghip, nu cn thit vi s gip ca cc bin php x l hiu qu. S ngn cch cht ch ca cc chu trnh ph th thng c khuyn co p dng (14), (22) 12.2.3.2. Cc bin php an ton 12.2.3.2.1. Cc lu ban u Trong phn ny, thut ng cc bin php an ton th c s dng biu th tt c cc bin php ci m phc v gim thiu v n b cho nhng tc ng mi trng v, khi thch hp, hnh thnh nn s ri lon trt t ca t nhin.
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12.2.3.2.2. Cc bin php an ton trong thu gom v x l nc thi Trong thit k, xy dng v vn hnh, iu cn bn ca h thng thot nc tp trung, m cn c cc h thng thot nc phn tn, cc mc tiu phi c nh sau: a) thu gom v vn chuyn nc thi v nc ma an ton, nht l bo v chng li bnh tt b) duy tr v ci thin cht lng nc mt v nc ngm c) xy dng cc cng rnh c nh kn nc v sa cha cc cng rnh b r r, cc ng dn v mng p lc. d) ti u ho cc cng trnh thot nc. Cc mc tiu trn c th t c c th khi p dng cc bin php hoc th tc sau y: a) - kch thc cc ng cng v cc ngn lu tr thch hp v tng xng i ph vi cc dng chy vo lc cao im (trnh gy ngp lt nh ca, cc con ng v t ai) - l trnh ca cc ng cng v s sp t cc ca cng ph hp (trong cc h thng kt hp) - lp t cc thit b kim sot dng chy - s dng cc nguyn vt liu m p ng y cc tiu chun k thut v v sinh. b) - gim khi lng x thi (tn s dng chy, tng lng x, thi gian, ti lng) ti ca cng ca cc h thng cng thi kt hp. - loi b nhng kt ni khim khuyt trong cc h thng kp (vi cc knh nc ma v nc thi) - gim lng nc thi (nc ma, nc cng v nc ha trn) v d nh bng cch thm ca nc ma, lm lnh v s thit lp vng tun hon nc cng nghip trong thng mi v cng nghip, gim bt s tiu th nc (xem 2.3.1) - Ngn chn cc dng nc t cc mng, sui, dng sui v cc ng ng thot nc (tt nht trong cc trng hp c bit v ch trong cc cng thot nc ma trong cc h thng kp cho php b ngp lt khi c th). c) - s dng cc thnh phn cao cp (c bit l cc ng ng) v cc vt liu bt kn/cc cht bt kn c cht lng tt di s cng thng ko di. Mt mt, s ngn nga, qu trnh xm nhp ca nc ngm v nc thm r vo mng li cng rnh v, mt khc, s r r ca nc thi v cc thnh phn ca n vo tng t, v t vo nc ngm d) - Cung cp nhn s c o to tt v nhit tnh cho gim st, bo tr v dch v. - Cung cp ngun lc y (biu gi y ) trang tri cc chi ph pht sinh (23). 12.2.3.2.3. Cc bin php an ton trong x l nc thi

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 trnh cc nhim mi trng c hi v c bit l cc vng nc b mt, cc nguyn tc c bit sau y cn c tun th: - Rt quan trng xc nh mt cch chnh xc nht c th thnh phn v lng nc thi c sn sinh v chy vo cc cng trnh x l cht thi, c bit l tnh n nhng bin i trong thi gian ngn v tnh cht nc thi sinh hot (ti a hng ngy, ti thiu hng ngy), s lng v thnh phn ca nc thi thng mi v cng nghip (cc lp t tin x l c th cn thit cho cng nghip) v cc iu kin x nc ma trong khu vc thot nc (7), (8) - Chi ph hp l phi c thc hin i vi cc iu kin kh hu (mc v s phn b lng ma hng nm, thi gian c nh sng mt tri, gi tr trung bnh hng nm, hng thng v nhit hng ngy) - cng sut x l ca cc cng trnh x l cht thi phi ph hp vi sinh thi c chp nhn v s s dng c lin quan n kh nng ti ca h thng tip nhn nc, ch cht ch n ti trng hin hu v ti trng c d on trc - tt c cc k thut hin hnh v cc quy nh v y t phi c tun theo khi s dng nc thi c x l v bn thi trn t nng nghip. Trng hp cn thit p dng quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi n gin nht, thm ch nu cng trnh i hi t ai v nhn s nhiu hn, v c bit cc nc vi kh hu nng v rt nng, cc ao nc thi oxy ha hiu kh khng cn thng kh nhn to thch hp (c hoc khng c trc mt giai on k kh). Chng phi chng minh c l mt phng php x l thnh cng nht (7), (8), (24), (25), (26), (27), (28). Nhng li th hot ng v sinh thi ca cc h thng l: - s qun l n gin; chi ph duy tr v bo dng ca cc thnh phn ca h thng l thp - vic x thi l thch hp nht i vi cc mc ch ti tiu - s kh trng l hon ton y nu thi gian lu gi c i hi bi h thng l c gi vng (s gim thiu tng gnh nng vi khun 97-98% v nhiu hn na.) - thi kh gy mi thp di cc iu kin vn hnh thch hp v lng bn thp c n nh Hn na, nhm bo v ti nguyn, c bit trong cc nc vi kh hu nng, s ch cht ch nn c dnh cho cc quy trnh s dng cc cht c gi tr m nc thi cha ng (s tn dng nc thi). Chng bao gm cc qu trnh phn hy khc nhau (ngun gc kh sinh hc), cc quy trnh khai thc i vi nng nghip (sn xut phn bn) sau khi tch bn thch hp v cc quy trnh trong ao c (tn dng cht dinh dng) (10), (29), (30), (31), (32). Cc hiu ng bt li xut hin ch yu khi cc yu t c bn c lit k ti ni bt u l khng c tun th. Trong trng hp ca cc ao oxy ha n cng l ng cp n mc d ci ny c mt kh nng m tt i ph vi lng nc thi ln t ngt, cc vn vn hnh lin tc l c mong i nu nc thi vi cc thnh phn c hi c phn phi n cc ao, ci m l nguyn nhn c bit gy hi cho h thng sinh hc hiu kh. Vi tun c th yu cu iu ny c khi phc hon ton v nh my ly li c kh nng x l c yu cu, trong sut thi gian ngun tip nhn c th phi chu ng mc nhim khng mong mun. Cc bin php bo v mi trng sau y c th c thc hin chng li cc pht thi khng lin quan n nc:
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- chng n: v d hp che cc ng c v cc my thi kh. - chng li s pht thi vo khng kh: che y cc b x l, tng ngn cc c s x l nh l co t ng, b tin sc kh, v.v. Kh thi phi c lc (v d s dng b lc bng phn compost). - x l bn thi; s n nh hiu kh, s n nh k kh (s phn hy), sy kh. Kh thi hoc lng kh thi c sn sinh phi c lc v x l nhit nu cn thit Ngoi ra, cc cng trnh x l cht thi c th c cnh quan lm du i tc ng th gic ca n. 12.2.3.2.4. Cc bin php an ton trong x l bn Bn thi c sn sinh trong vic x l nc thi trong cc cng trnh x l cht thi chnh ca thnh ph v trong cc cng trnh x l cht thi sinh hot nh - sau khi x l c ti s dng mt cch ph hp. V d, chng c th c s dng lm phn bn cho nng tri (xem thm 12.2.2.5). Vic p dng tng t i vi cc cht ca cc hm cha phn, ty thuc cch x l thch hp (th cp) (xem 2.2.5.2). Thnh phn ca bn thi di dng hm lng kim loi nng v khng phn hy, thnh thong cc thnh phn hu c c hi thng l mt vn . iu c p dng ch yu thi gin tip. Nhng ngi vn hnh ca cc h thng x l nc thi cng cng (tp trung) phi ch c bit m bo rng cc khch hng thng mi v cng nghip c kt ni vi h thng x thi khng gy hi cho c vic vn hnh ca cc cng trnh x l tp trung v cho vic s dng bn thi ln t nng nghip (xem thm mc 3). Ci nn bt u t ngun gc rng bn thi nh l tt hay l xu nh l nc thi c sn sinh ti ngun. N cng l quan trng gim st vic x nc thi gin tip nh mt cch cn thn nh l vic x nc thi trc tip, vi s nhn mnh c bit ln vic sn xut thng mi v cng nghip. N l quan trng cho tt c cc cng trnh thot nc cng cng vo lc u nhn bit tt c vic x thi thng mi v cng nghip gin tip, khi cn thit nhu cu lp t h thng tin x l ph hp cho cc v tr trong cu hi v v sau, t nht l trn c s ngu nhin, gim st vic x thi ca nh my c lin quan. N cng l mt tng tt t vn cho vic x thi gin tip trong vic qun l qu trnh lin quan n nc thi v vic trnh v gim bt nc thi, trnh cc vn pht thi t u. 12.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng 12.3.1. Cc lu ban u t c mt s hiu bit y ca mt d n x l nc thi th n l quan trng xc nh cc iu kin c bn v nhng kh khn ca d n, chng li cc bi cnh ca cc hiu ng sinh thi v kinh t ca n. S m t d n c th c da trn cc tiu ch sau y: - lch s trc y ca d n. - cc lut nh v cc tiu chun v nc. - tnh hnh nc thi hin hu (lng nc thi, cc cng trnh hin ti v chc nng ca chng). - iu kin thc t ca cc ngun tip nhn (x thi, cht lng, kh nng t lm sch, vic s dng v.v).
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- iu kin mc tiu ca cc ngun tip nhn (cc mc ch qun l: chc nng sinh thi, s dng, cc yu cu m rng v.v; cc mc tiu cht lng: cc nt c trng, cc gii hn). - cc mc tiu v nc thi c thit lp trc y v d da trn cc k hoch thot nc tng th hin ti hoc bng chng ca nhu cu khc. - s hp nht cc mc tiu quy hoch khu vc, quc gia v cnh quan v h thng x l khu vc/vng. - cc l do cho s la chn ca cc cng trnh c quy hoch v cc thnh phn chnh ca n (cc trm bm, cc dng chy mnh, cc nh my x l nc thi, bi bn v.v). - cc la chn khc (v d qu trnh thot nc nh l h thng kp/kt hp, bm nc thi, ti ch/lu tr bn, s m rng v pht trin ca cc cng trnh hin hnh) cng nh tnh trng nn. Hn na cc thnh phn ca vic nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt d n x l nc thi l m t ca - Qu trnh tm v tr cho cc la chn thay th c lin quan, bao gm bt c phn tch kinh t - x hi cn thit ca cc cu hi v gii v nhm c trng ca dn s nh c ti khu vc xung quanh hoc khu vc c bao ph bi cc cng trnh x l nc thi trong bng cu hi. - s so snh v tr v cc kt qu. - Cc cng trnh c lin quan v nhng ri ro tht bi ca chng. - cc yu t bt li ca d n n mi trng v cc nh my hoc cc b phn cu thnh nh my m cui cng l hnh thnh mc tiu ca mt kho st nh gi mi trng. Cc tc ng mi trng chnh kt qu t vic xy dng v vn hnh ca cc nh my x l nc thi c nhc n di y vi quy m/cng sut ti thiu nh sau: - cc trm bm, cng sut Qp > 4 500 m3/2gi1) - cc lu vc nc ma (lu vc lu tr nc ma, cc lu vc nc ma chy trn v.v), lu lng x khi thi tit kh Qt > 1 500 m3/2gi trong cng trc h thng lu vc nc ma - nc ma chy trn, lu lng x khi thi tit kh trong cng trc trc khi chy trn Qt > 1 500 m3/2gi - cc nh my x l nc thi, ci m c thit k cho (xem (1)): Qin > 1 500 m3/2h1) (ly nc) hoc Bd,x > 3 000 kg/ngy BOD5 (ti lng hu c u vo hng ngy) hoc Pc > 50 000 PE (ti trng c kt ni tng ng s dn vi ti lng nc thi trn mi ngi dn l 0.060 kg/ngy) Cc s liu trn y nn c coi nh cc con s hng dn; ngoi ra, phm vi nh gi phi c quyt nh da trn mt c s tng trng hp, ph thuc vo mc ph hp ca mi trng vi cc thnh phn ca nh my. iu c p dng c bit, v d, duy tr cc lu vc nc ma ci m c t di t v nh l khng th thy c Nc thi sinh hot ch yu bao gm: - Nc thi v sinh
189

- nc thi nh bp - nc thi t cc nh tm/cc vi hoa sen - nc thi lm sch (t lau sch nh ca) Do , n c mt cu trc khc nhau, nhng nh mt nguyn tc cht lng ca chng l khng nhu vy, s vn hnh v tnh an ton ca cc nh my nc thi hoc sc khe ca nhng ngi vn hnh c th b nguy him. Hn na n thiu cc c tnh ci m c th dn n nhng thay i bt li cho mi trng, cung cp cc cng trnh x l nc thi c thit k mt cch chnh xc, ngun nc c qun l thch ng v bn thi sn sinh c x l v ti ch mt cch thch ng. Tuy nhin, y ta nn lu rng s quan tm c bit nn c dnh cho s vn hnh chnh xc ca cc nh my x l nc thi sinh hot v do c s bo tn nc, nu lng nc thi l ty thuc vo nhng s bin i ln (ti lng t ngt hoc tm thi v i khi hon ton khng c nc thi). iu ny c p dng c bit cho cc khch sn, cc khu dch v cao, cc a im cm tri, cc nh an dng v nhng lp t tng t vi h thng thot nc ring bit. c bit vic lp k hoch v cc phng php vn hnh c i hi y ngn trnh s nhim ca ngun nc (33), (34). Do cc phn 3.2 n 3.4 sau y ch dnh cho vi vic phn tch v nh gi tc ng mi trng ca nc thi thng mi v cng nghip, ch yu nh l mt phn ca nc thi th (x thi gin tip) hn l cc dng x thi t cc c s thng mi v cng nghip (x thi trc tip). 12.3.2. Khu vc thu gom v tiu thot nc thi Vic x trc tip nc thi cng nghip hoc thng mi l an ton nu nh c kt qu: a) sc khe ca cc nhn vin lm vic ti cc cng trnh thot nc cng cng l khng b nh hng mt cch bt li, b) trng thi v s hot ng ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi cng cng l khng b nh hng bt li, c) ngun nc tip nhn nc thi ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi cng cng khng th b nhim vt mc cho php hoc b nh hng bt li khc, d) khng c cc mi gy kh chu lu di ti cc cng trnh x l cht thi v e) vic x l bn, ti ch bn v thi b bn th khng gy tr ngi nghim trng Nu cc hiu ng bt li ca cc loi c m t trn l c d tnh trc, th vic x nc thi vo cc cng trnh x l nc thi cng cng cn thc hin tin x l ti im sn xut hoc cc bin php ph hp khc. S an ton l c m bo ni chung nu cc con s c a ra trong Ph lc I ca (35) cho thnh phn v cc yu t ca nc thi l khng c vt qu. Nng cho php ca cc cht Cc cht m lm tr ngi mng li thot nc, hnh thnh cc cht c, mi hi kh chu hoc cc hi v kh d n hoc an mn cc ta nh v cc vt liu xy dng n mt mc khng c x ra cc cng trnh x l nc thi cng cng. 12.3.3. Khu vc x l nc thi i vi vic x thi t cc cng trnh x l nc thi ca thnh ph, cc tiu chun c nh r trong ph lc 1 ca (12). Theo ti liu ny, cc gi tr gii hn sau y p dng cho quy m cc loi cng trnh x l nc thi khc nhau: (ch mang tnh tham kho, cn lu n QCVN hin hnh)
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Bng 2 Tiu chun x thi ti thiu t cc h thng tiu thot nc thi sinh hot BOD5 Loi quy m1) COD (mg/l) NH4-N (mg/l) Ptng(mg/l) (mg/l) 1 (< 60) 2 (> 60 < 300) 3 (> 300 < 1200) 4 (> 1200 < 6000) 5 (> 6000)
1)

40 25 20 20 15

150 110 90 90 75

----10 10 10

------2 1

Cc con s trong du ngoc: cc gi tr BOD5 u vo (nguyn) [kg/ngy]

Vi s gia tng quy m nh my (ti trng c kt ni), cc tiu chun tr nn cht ch hn nh l mt kt qu ca s vn hnh ng tin cy hn ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi. Phng php v phm vi ly mu cng ph thuc rt ln vo cc quy nh hnh chnh lin quan. Nu n l r rng trong mt trng hp c th rng mc d vic p dng cc tiu chun pht thi lin quan, mt gnh nng khng th chp nhn c th p t ln ngun nc (kh nng tip nhn ca nc khng ), n c th l cn thit t cc tiu chun cht ch cho iu kin ca nc thi c x thi, nu cc bin php khc, chng hn nh chuyn mt phn khi lng sang lu vc sng khc, l khng th c. V vic gim st x thi (cc phn tch), cc quy nh tng t c p dng nh cp trn. 12.3.4. Khu vc tiu hu bn Nhng tc ng mi trng ca bn thi l ch yu trong mi quan h vi vic tiu hy chng bng hnh thc phn bn cho nng nghip. Tiu chun quan trng c quy nh ti c theo Klrschlamm-Verordnung (quy nh v bn thi) (16) ci m c thit lp cc gi tr cho php i vi nng kim loi nng c chn lc trong t v trong chnh bn thn bn thi; ngoi ra, cc hn ch c t ln trn s lng ci m c th c p dng. Xem bng 3 bn di (ch mang tnh tham kho, cn lu n QCVN hin hnh; Vit Nam cha c cc qui nh c th) Bng 3 Hm lng cho php ca kim loi nng theo Klrschlamm-Verordnung (qui nh v bn sinh hot thi) Nng kim loi nng ti a cho Cc kim loi Nng cho php S lng cho php da trn s ng dng ca bn php c p nng(HM) chung trong bn thi dng thi mg/kg1) Cadmium Mercury Nickel Lead Chromium Copper Zinc
1)

t/(ha3nm)1) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

g(ha3nm) 100 125 1000 6000 6000 6000 15000

g/(ha3nm) 33.3 41.7 333.3 2000 2000 2000 5000

20 25 200 1200 1200 1200 3000

lin quan n bn kh

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Nu cc quy nh c bao hm trong cc php lnh c tun th, s khng gy tc hi lu di cho t, thc vt, ng vt hoc con ngi thng qua vic s dng bn thi trong nng nghip; hn na, ni c th, sc khe ca con ngi hoc ng vt s khng b nguy hi bi vic tiu th thc phm hoc c kh c sn xut trn t m bn c ng dng (15). 12.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Do tc ng ca vt l v a l ca chng, cc d n cung cp v x l phi i din cho mt mi quan h hp l vi cc khu vc mi trng v a l khc. iu ny c bit ng trong cc d n x l nc thi (WWT), nn nh rng mi nguy him tim n gy ra bi nc thi sinh hot, thng mi v cng nghip cn c x l. Cc khu vc m c th b nh hng bi cc d n WWT, chng hn iu ny c th dn n cc xung t ca vic s dng v cc hiu ng tc ng, c th nh sau: - cc ngun nc (nc mt, nc ngm); s qun l cc ngun nc, thy li - t ai, nng nghip v lm nghip - khng kh - sn xut nc, cung cp nc - qun l cht thi, x l cht thi - s bo tn thin nhin, bo tn nng thn, cc ngun gii tr - s quy hoch th/cng ng, pht trin nng nghip - Cc i k nim v di sn - quy hoch giao thng (ng b, ng st, ng thy, ng bay) - quy hoch khu vc hin ti/tng lai, s dng t v quy hoch pht trin, hot ng lp k hoch - cc vn khong cch hin ti v quy hoch khu dn c - tnh sn c ca t trng trt v t. Nu cc mu thun ca vic s dng xut hin, cc la chn phi c cn nhc. Cc tiu chun phng l ci c phn on khng phi l hin trng, tc l cc cu trc v cc dch v hin c trc khi thc hin d n x l nc thi, m l tim nng pht trin ca khu vc trong cu hi. Do tiu ch l nng lc v khng phi hiu sut hin hnh (39). Cch tip cn ny cng nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic nhn dng v nh gi tim nng ca t, cc tim nng sinh thi v tim nng a cht thy vn (c v mt s lng v cht lng). Cc bin php iu chnh, gim thiu v n b c th cung cp s tr gip ch yu i n gii php tng th bo v mi trng hon thin. 12.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng tng hp, nhng vn sau y c th nu ra i vi s lin quan n mi trng ca cc d n x l nc thi: Cc nh my ca mt d n nh vy phi c quy hoch, xy dng v vn hnh theo cc quy tc chung ca k thut c chp nhn hoc cng ngh x l nc thi v, nu cc cht c hi s c loi b trong x l nc thi, theo trng thi ca k thut. Mt iu cn phi tnh n l tnh hnh pht thi(gnh nng), vic s dng khc v kh nng thy vn v sinh hc ca ngun nc tip nhn.

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Nu kh nng ca ngun nc tip nhn trong cu hi l khng hp th nc thi x l theo cc quy tc ca k thut, sau v li ch ca cht lng nc, cc yu cu cao hn na phi c t ra cho hiu qu x l ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi hoc x thi. Mt k hoch qun l sau c th l cn thit m bo rng ngun nc tip nhn phc v tt cho ngi dn ni chung, trong s cn i vi li ch ca cc c nhn, v ngn chn bt c cc hiu ng bt li no c th trnh c. Nh mt quy tc chung, mi khu vc phi c x l mt cch thch hp trc khi nc sch c th c s dng; iu ny c bit ng khi vic x thi l c t vo v tr trn im ni m nc c ly phc v cp nc. Nh mt quy tc chung, gim bt p lc trn cc h thng x l nc thi, lng nc thi phi c gim thiu, c trong lnh vc sinh hot v cng nghip v thng mi. Cc hiu ng khc khng lin quan n nc ca mt d n, nh l s chim gi t, ting n v cc kh thi c mi, cc pht thi kh thi v.v l thng t quan trng trong vic nh gi lin quan n mi trng. iu ny l do cc cu thnh ca nh my ch yu l c lp t di t v v nhng my mc t nh hng n tinh khit ca khng kh, nh l cc nh my t bn, khi c xy dng. 12.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Law implementing the council directive of June 27.1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC) February 12, 1990; Article 1: Law on the assessment of the effects on the environment. 2. Abwasserabgabengesetz - AbwAG of 5 March 1987 (Promulgation of new version); BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) 1987, Teil I, p. 880. 3. Friesecke, G.: Die allgemein anerkannten Regeln der Technik beim wasserrechtlichen Vollzug, Wasser und Boden, 5/1985; Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg. 4. Gesetz zum Schutz vor schdlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftver-unreinigungen, Gerusche, Erschtterungen und hnliche Vorgnge (Bun-desImmissionsschutzgesetz - BImSchG) 22 May 1990, BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette), p. 881. 5. Bretschneider, H. (Ed.): Taschenbuch der Wasserwirtschaft, 6. Aufl.; Paul Parey Verlag, Hamburg, Berlin; 1982 6. DIN 4045: Abwassertechnik, Begriffe; Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin. 7. Abwassertechnische Vereinigung e.V. (Ed.): Lehr- und Handbuch der Abwassertechnik, Bd. I bis VII; 3. Aufl.; Verlag W. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Munich, Dsseldorf; 1982/1986. 8. Imhoff, Karl and Naus R.: Taschenbuch der Stadtentwsserung, 27. Aufl.; Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich, Vienna; 1990. 9. Ppel, F. (Ed.): Lehrbuch fr Abwassertechnik und Gewsserschutz (may be supplemented); Deutscher Fachschriftenverlag, Wiesbaden. 10. GTZ (Kloss): Stand, Potentiale und Bedeutung der Biogastechnologie auf dem Gebiet der anaeroben Reinigung von dnnflssigen Abwssern sowie Manahmen zur Einfhrung dieser Technologie in den lndlichen Regionen der Dritten Welt; Report, 1990. 11. Gesetz zur Ordnung des Wasserhaushalts (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz WHG) in the version promulgated on 23 September 1986, BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) I, p. 1529. 12. Allgemeine Rahmen-Verwaltungsvorschrift ber Mindestanforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewsser - Rahmen-AbwasserVwV - of 8 Sep. 1989 (GMBl. (joint ministerial circular) p. 518), amended on 19 Dec. 1989 (GMBl. p. 798) and appendices 1 ff., p. 521. 13. The World Bank, Washington D.C.: Environmental Guidelines, 09/1988. 193

14. Meinck, F., Stoof, H., Kohlschltter, H.: Industrie-Abwsser; Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1968; new edition in preparation. 15. Hsel G.; Schenkel, W.; Schnurer, H.: Mll-Handbuch (may be supplemented), 3356 ff., Landwirtschaftliche Klrschlammverwertung; Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 16. Klrschlammverordnung - AbKlrV of 25 June 1982; BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) I, p. 734. 17. LAWA / ZfA; Merkblatt 7: Die Behandlung und Beseitigung von Klr-schlamm unter Bercksichtigung ihrer seuchenhygienisch unbedenklichen Verwertung im Landbau; May 1972; reprinted in (18), Lfg. 1972. 18. Hsel, G., Schenkel, W., Schnurer, H.: Mll-Handbuch (may be supplemented); Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 19. Merkblatt 10, Qualittskriterien und Anwendungsempfehlungen fr Kompost aus Mll und Mll/Klrschlamm; LAGA, Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency]; reprinted in (18). 20. Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V.: DIN 4261: Kleinklranlagen, Teil 1 (Oct. 1983), Teil 2 (June 1984), Teil 3 (Oct. 1983), Teil 4 (June 1984), Beuth Verlag, Berlin. 21. The World Bank, Washington D.C.: Water-borne Sanitation; Information and Training for Low-Cost Water Supply and Sanitation, 1985. 22. Wolf, p. (Ed.): Stand der Technik bei der Vermeidung gefhrlicher Stoffe in der Abwasserbeseitigung; Schriftenreihe des Fachgebietes Sied-lungswasserwirtschaft Universititt/Gesamthochschule Kassel, 1989. 23. ATV: Planung von Entwsserungsanlagen, Arbeitsblatt A 101, Jan. 1992; GFA, St. Augustin. 24. Parker, C.D.: Hydrobiological Aspects of Lagoon Treatment; Journal Water Pollution Central Federation, J.W.P.C.F., vol. 34, pg. 149; 1962. 25. WBTP 7: Arthur, J.P.: Notes on the Design and Operation of Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countries; 1983. 26. Ynez, Fabin: Lagunas de Establizacin, Centro Panamericano de Ingenieria, Lima, Peru, 1977. 27. Arthur, J.P.: The Development of Design Equations for the Facultative Waste Stabilization Ponds in Semi-Arid Areas; Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. 71, part 2; 1981. 28. Gloyna, E.F.: Waste Stabilization Ponds; WHO, Geneva, 1971. 29. World Bank Technical Paper (WBTP) 49: Gunnerson, Charles G.; Stuckey, David C.: Anaerobic Digestion, Principles and Practices for Biogas Systems; 1986. 30. WBTP 51: Shuval, Hillel J.; Adin, Avner; Fattal, Badri; Rawitz, Eliyahu; Yekutiel, Perez: Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries; 1986. 31. The World Bank, Washington D.C.: Aquaculture with Treated Wastewater, A Status Report on Studies conducted in Lima; 1987. 32. WBTP 36: Edwards, P.: Aquaculture: A Component of Low Cost Sanitation Technology; 1985. 33. ATV: Richtlinien fr den Anschlu von Autobahnnebenbetrieben an Klranlagen, Arbeitsblatt A 109, Jan. 1983; GFA, St. Augustin. 34. ATV: Abwasserbeseitigung aus ErholungsArbeitsblatt A 129, May 1979; GFA, St. Augustin. und Fremdenverkehrseinrichtungen,

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35. ATV: Hinweise fr das Einleiten von Abwasser in eine ffentliche Abwasseranlage, Arbeitsblatt A 115, Jan. 1983; GFA, St. Augustin. 36. DIN 38400 ff.: Deutsche Einheitsverfahren Schlammuntersuchung, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin. zur Wasser-, Abwasserund

37. Lohaus, J.: bersicht ber die geltenden Verwaltungsvorschriften zu 7a WHG, Korrespondenz Abwasser, 37, 1900, Nr. 6; GFA, St. Augustin. 38. Friesecke, G.: Auswirkungen der Klrschlammverordnung auf abfalltechnische Fragen, Wasser und Boden, 11/1983; Verlag Paul Parey Hamburg. abwasser-und

39. Gassner, E.: Die medien- und verfahrensbergreifende Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 1990/10; Kommunalschriftenverlag Jehle, Munich. 40. EC Directive: Assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment; 85/337/EEC-Official Journal No. L175/40 of July 5, 1985. 41. Schemel, H.-J.: Die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung von Groprojekten; Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin; 1985 new edition in preparation. 42. Storm, P.-C. (Ed.): Handbuch der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung (HdUVP), may be supplemented, Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin.

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13. X l/tiu hu cht thi rn 13.1. Phm vi 13.1.1. Cc nh ngha Cht thi l nhng vt c th di chuyn m ngi ch mun vt b i (nh ngha ch quan ca cht thi) hoc vic kim sot x l l cn thit m bo phc li ca ngi dn ni chung v c bit l bo v mi trng (nh ngha khch quan ca cht thi). V vic phn bit cht thi nguy hi, xem tm tt mi trng X l/tiu hy cht thi rn. X l cht thi bao gm vic thu gom, vn chuyn, x l, lu tr (lu tr trung gian), vt b v ti ch cht thi. Vic trnh v gim thiu cht thi khng to thnh mt phn ca x l cht thi. Chng l mt phn khc ca qun l cht thi trn thc t. Qun l cht thi bao gm ni dung tng qut ca tt c cc bin php cho vic trnh v gim thiu cng nh vic kim sot v x l cht thi chp nhn c v phng din mi trng ca tt c cc loi, tc l cht thi sinh hot cng nh cht thi thng mi v cng nghip. Cc quy tc chung c chp nhn ca k thut bao gm cc quy tc c kim tra trong cc ng dng thc tin, nh m phn ln nhng ngi lm vic trong lnh vc chuyn mn lin quan n cc qu trnh, nh my, cc c s hoc cc phng php vn hnh nh l ng (3). Bn cht k thut ca cc quy tc c th khc nhau theo yu cu mi quc gia. K thut ng i l tnh trng pht trin ca cc qu trnh nng cao, nh my, cc c s hoc cc phng php vn hnh, bo m ph hp thc t ca mt trong cc bin php k thut. xc nh tnh trng k thut, mt nh gi phi c thc hin c th ca cc qu trnh c th so snh c, nh my, cc c s hoc cc phng php vn hnh m c th nghim thnh cng trong qu trnh hot ng. Bn cht k thut ca tnh trng k thut c th khc nhau theo yu cu mi quc gia. 13.1.2. Cc vn S pht trin cng nghip ton cu ca cc thp k gn y vi cc tc ng ca n vo vic sn xut hng ha v ln kiu tiu th ca ngi dn, c bit trong cc khu vc c mt dn s cao, dn n s gia tng ng k trong khi lng cht thi. V phng din ny, mc tiu v cc nhm mc tiu c lin quan n x l cht thi (WD), bao gm cc phn tch cn thn v c tnh n khng ch cc iu kin a phng v nhng la chn m cn cc kha cnh mi trng ca k hoch lin quan, c th s em li nhng ci tin cn thit. Theo quy nh, nhng iu lin quan n cc bin php khng ch c cc lnh vc qun l cht thi v cng ngh cht thi, m cn cc lnh vc ca php lut, hnh chnh, qun l kinh doanh v t chc. Nhng ci tin cn thit cng nn nhm vo mc tiu t c s trnh by hp l cho nhng ngi ph n nh l mt trong cc nhm i tng, trong cc t chc v cc c quan chu trch nhim i vi vic x l cht thi. y l cch tt nht m bo rng li ch hp php ca h trong vic gp phn vo s pht trin v thc hin hnh chnh, kinh doanh v gim st mi trng s c p ng. 13.1.3. Mc tiu Vic kim sot x l cht thi sinh hot v cht thi thng mi v cng nghip hnh thnh mt phn quan trng ca c s h tng ca cc khu nh c ca con ngi c xy dng trn nguyn tc v sinh. N l mt thnh phn thit yu ca vic qun l cht thi, nhim v phi c tr gip
196

- bo v sc khe con ngi, - ng gp cho cht lng cuc sng bng cch ci thin cc iu kin mi trng, - duy tr cn bng sinh thi ca mi trng, c bit l t v nc ngm, v khi phc n khi n b xo trn, - m bo x l an ton ca cht thi c to ra bi ngi dn cng nh cc c s thng mi v cng nghip, ph thuc vo s lng v loi cht thi v tnh n s cn thit phi ngn nga v gim thiu, m bo tnh bn vng lu di ca cc ngun ti nguyn ci m phc v cho phc li ca cng chng v nhu cu chnh ng ca cc c nhn. Cc s liu cho thy rng nhiu quc gia c mt s mt cn bng r rt gia vic sn xut v kim sot vic x l cht thi. iu ny l do nhiu quc gia c mt s u tin r rng dnh cho vn pht trin cng nghip, nhng khng quan tm, t nht l bng, n vic pht trin cn thit cc c s x l cht thi. iu ny rt thng lin quan n cht thi pht sinh t vic nhp khu hng ha cng nghip. Ci c rt t u i trnh cht thi. 13.1.4. Cc giai on x l cht thi Khu vc x l cht thi (WD) bao gm cc giai on x l sau y: - thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi (thu gom ring bit nu cn thit) - x l cht thi - lu tr trung gian (tm thi) cht thi - vt b cht thi (chn lp) v - ti ch cht thi. Cc giai on hay cc bc x l p dng cho c cht thi sinh hot v cht thi thng mi v cng nghip. N khng phi l cn thit tuyt i, hoc thm ch ng theo, lm theo tt c cc giai on ; hn na, nhng s kt hp ca mt s bc ca cc giai on ny c th c mt gii php k thut tt nht. Vn chuyn cht thi (trong cc phng tin thu gom cht thi) ch yu lin quan n s di chuyn ca cc phng tin vn ti rng, ch bn ti hoc y ti, iu ny cn gn lin vi qu trnh rc t xe ti cc im trung chuyn v nh my x l cng nh ti cc bi chon lp rc. Mc ch ca vic vn chuyn cht thi (bng phng tin chuyn dng) l vn chuyn cht thi gia cc im trung chuyn v cc nh my x l. Mt iu cn lun quan tm l liu khong cch gia khu vc thu gom v nh my x l (v d bi chn lp) l khng kinh t, nu vy th cn b sung trm trung chuyn. Trong bn tm tt ny, trung chuyn rc cng c coi l vn chuyn rc. Trong vic x l cht thi cc qu trnh c th sau y c th c s dng: Cc qu trnh sinh hc a) qu trnh hiu kh: - trong pha lng (s sc kh) - trong pha rn ( compost) b) qu trnh k kh (s ln men/ khai thc kh sinh hc): - cc h thng n giai on (l phn ng ha trn, l phn ng m rn)

197

- cc h thng 2 giai on (s thy phn vi ha trn hon ton, s thy phn m rn) cc qu trnh ha hc: kt ta/keo t, s trung ha, qu trnh oxi ha, kh v.v cc qu trnh vt l: phn loi, lng gn, kh nc, sy kh, thm thu ngc, siu lc, tch nh tng v.v Vic lu tr trung gian (tm thi) cht thi c th quan trng nu cht thi phi c lu tr tm thi trong cc c s c nh, bi v cc l do kinh t v qu trnh k thut m n khng th c vn chuyn trc tip cho ti ch, x l hoc n cc bi rc. Vic thi b cht thi l mt phng php ca vic kim sot x l cui cng ti cc bi rc ni m phi c thc hin cc phng php cng ngh tin tin (chng thm, x l nc thm qua, x l/s tn dng kh thi ca bi rc). Vic thi b cht thi cho mt s cc miu t phm vi giai on cui cng ca bt c trnh t x l no, bt k c im c cu k thut ca trnh t. S ngoi l duy nht l ni m cc cht thi hoc phn d cn li l c ti ch hon ton (v d s dng bn thi cho nng nghip, ti ch thy tinh s dng...). Ti ch cht thi bao gm tt c cc qu trnh (cc phng php) cho vic phc hi hoc tn dng cc vt liu c gi tr trong cht thi. Cc qu trnh ti ch cht thi ch yu l: - ti ch vt liu (v d thy tinh s dng, du s dng, giy loi, nha, cc kim loi v.v) - sc kh pha lng, compost, khai thc kh sinh hc (cc qu trnh ny cng l i din ca cc qu trnh x l cht thi theo sinh hc; xem trn) - thiu t (tn dng nhit thi, d lng ca qu trnh thiu t) - tn dng bn thi trong nng nghip. Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc loi c nu trn ca vic x l cht thi u tin nn c xem xt mt cch ring bit nh gi tm quan trng ca chng. Mt s nh gi tch hp sau nn c thc hin i vi d n, cng nn tnh n bt c s tng tc ng k no. 13.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 13.2.1. Cc lu ban u Mc d v c bn mc tiu ca vic x l cht thi theo nh hng mi trng, cc vn khc nhau c th pht sinh m c th l khng th hoc kh vt qua: a) cc pht thi khng th trnh khi v mt k thut/kinh t (d lng kh thi), t cc c s x l cht thi m c mt tc ng tng th ln khng kh, t v nc, ln con ngi v ln cc h sinh thi. b) cc hu qu bt li ca s s dng phn compost khng ph hp v cc hnh thc khc ca vic ti ch ln cu trc sinh thi ca khu vc p dng. c) s gia tng bt ng trong khi lng ca cht thi t c nhn cc h gia nh d) s gia tng bt ng trong khi lng cht thi t cc c s thng mi v cng nghip. Ngay t u, s tr cp hp l nn c thc hin cho cc yu t vn c ch trn trong tt c cc hot ng qun l d n, gim thiu t u bt c cc hiu ng no c th nhn thy c, cc bin php s dng hp l ca mt t chc, cu trc, cc hot
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ng v bn cht t nhin ca chi ph c lin quan, v trong trng hp nht nh cng nn tin tng vo cc bin php khn cp. S xem xt mi ngnh ph c lin quan ca vic x l cht thi ln lt, cc tc ng mi trng in hnh tim tng nh sau (5),(6). 13.2.2. Cc tc ng mi trng c trng 13.2.2.1. Tc ng ca qu trnh thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi Vic thu gom cht thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh ring bit th thng khng thit thc v n l qu t v tiu chun v ng b v xy dng nh khng cho php iu . V vy h thng thu gom thng xuyn vi cc im thu gom tp trung (cc container c th thay th, trm lu tr trung gian c nh) phi c s dng. Nhng iu cn c xem xt sau y: - nhng hu qu c gy ra bi kh hu, s phn hy cht thi nhanh chng (cn trng ph hoi, mi kh chu, t bc chy, v.v) - s phn tn cht thi bi ng vt (ch, mo, chut). Trong trng hp ca cc trm trung chuyn ln, ting n v mi kh chu c th xut hin nu - khong cch t cc ta nh lin k l qu nh hoc - s chng n, s thng kh, thng gi v cc bin php kh mi l khng tha ng hoc khng c. 13.2.2.2. Tc ng ca qu trnh x l 13.2.2.2.1. Cc lu ban u Tiu ch tha ng v cht lng v s lng ca vic x l cht thi xut pht ch yu t tc ng mi trng ca chng v t cc tiu chun kh thi v tiu chun, n ln lt c bt ngun t cc nhu cu qun l cht thi lin quan v t php lut, cc nguyn tc v.v. c hiu lc. nhiu nc ci sau him khi tn ti hoc chng tn ti khng tha ng. S ng dng trc tip ca, v d, cc lut l v cc nguyn tc ca c, EC hoc M t khi cung cp mt gii php hp l. Thay vo , n l cn thit cc bin php pht trin ph hp vi nhng hn ch ph bin ni chung v thc hin chng vi s tham gia ca ngi dn. 13.2.2.2.2. X l sinh hc a) compost Cc thnh phn hu c trong cht thi sinh hot c bin i trong sut qu trnh compost thnh cc cht mn. C nguyn liu th v phn compost hon thnh c th c s dng trong nng nghip, lm vn v trng hoa ci thin t. Nu bn thi a phng ( phn hy) b mc nt, iu ny ci thin gi tr dinh dng ca phn compost. V tng th cc qu trnh phn compost vi k thut n gin c chng minh tt nht, thm ch nu cc chi ph nhn cng l cao hn. Cc qu trnh mc nt tnh, c th phn compost vi s lng ln, l l tng. Cho nn cc cuc tho lun sau tp trung ch yu vo qu trnh loi ny. Phn compost c mt ch li v hiu ng tng i bn lu nh mt s ci thin t, nhng cng c th c cc hiu ng bt li vi mi trng. Cc nguyn liu phn compost, cht thi sinh hot c th v bn thi c th c, c th cha cc cht m nng cao c mt hiu ng gy hi ln t, cy trng v do cng, theo ng chui thc n, ln nhng ngi tiu th (ng vt, con ngi). Cc kim loi nng c mt mi nguy him c th. Cc
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nghin cu ch c thc hin cho n nay vi tm quan trng ca cc hp cht hu c c hi sn sinh nhng pht hin c xung t. N l quan trng gim thiu hm lng c hi n mc v hi thng qua s la chn thch hp v s phn loi trc ca cc nguyn liu c lin quan. Xem thm 3.3 v (7) Nc ngm v nc mt cng c th b ri ro t qu trnh tit v thm qua ca cc cht nhim. Mt nh gi tc ng mi trng ca cc nh my phn compost c th bt u bng vic xem xt cc vn sau y: - s chim gi t (bng cc cng trnh xy dng, my mc, cc khu vc lu gi phn compost v bi rc thi v.v) - cc pht thi ting n t cc cng trnh phn compost (do s phn pht nguyn liu, vic di chuyn phn compost v cc lng d) v t qu trnh chn lp lng d ca qu trnh - s pht thi mi kh chu t cc cng trnh phn compost (phi c ti thiu vi vic vn hnh cn thn v cc iu kin thun li chung). b) Ln men (tch kh biogas) Mc d vic phn compost v khai thc kh sinh hc v c bn l nhng qu trnh khc nhau, nhng thc cht tc ng ca chng n mi trng khng khc bit. Cc dng nng lng c th tit kim c bng cch s dng kh sinh hc, mc d hot ng ca cc nh my kh sinh hc mang theo nhng ri ro k thut (xem tm tt mi trng Cc ngun nng lng ti to). 13.2.2.2.3. X l bng phng php vt l v ho hc Cc nh my x l bng phng php vt l v/hoc ha hc c th khc nhau rt ng k c lin quan n cc qu trnh c s dng (xem thm 1.4). Do n s c vt ra ngoi phm vi ca bn tm tt miu t chi tit cc hiu ng ca nh my n mi trng. Ty thuc vo tng trng hp, mt s hoc tt c cc vn sau y c th lin quan: - s chim gi t (bng cc cng trnh xy dng, my mc, cc khu vc lu gi phn compost v bi rc thi v.v) - cc pht thi ting n t cc cng trnh phn compost (do s phn pht nguyn liu, vic di chuyn phn compost v cc lng d) v t qu trnh chn lp lng d ca qu trnh - s pht thi mi kh chu - s nhim ngun nc mt (sau khi x l cht lng) s nhim nc ngm (do r r v cc khu vc lu tr khng lm ro nc cc nguyn liu/cc nguyn liu thi, v.v) - s nhim bn khng kh bi cc cht nhim (s a vo). 13.2.2.3. Tc ng ca vic trung chuyn cht thi Nhng g c nu trong 2.2.2.3 cng p dng y, cung cp thi gian lu gi khng qu di.

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13.2.2.4. Tc ng ca qu trnh cht thi Qu trnh cht thi l giai on cui cng ca hu ht mi trnh t x l (xem 1.4). Tuy nhin loi v s lng cht thi c b ph thuc vo tnh hnh kinh t - x hi ca khu vc x l v cu trc k thut cht thi ca trnh t x l. i vi mt phm vi rng, iu ny cng c p dng cho lnh vc x l cht thi thng mi v cng nghip. Nu bi rc nm trn mt v tr a cht v thy vn a cht ph hp v c mt h thng c s chng thm v thot nc hu hiu, cng nh lc nc v x l kh t bi rc thch hp v mt h thng ti u ha cho vic kt hp cc cht thi, gi thit rng - vic lc nc, kh, cc mi hi v ting n pht thi, - mi nguy hi t cn trng, chut v nhng con chim v - bi v giy b cun tri s c gii hn n mt mc c th kim sot c bi cc phng php hin i.. Cc tc ng mi trng bt li khng th trnh c ca mt bi rc c th vch ra nh sau: - Do din tch ang s dng tng i ln, vic thit lp mt bi rc ko theo s tng tc ng k n thin nhin v cnh quan. Tuy nhin, iu c th phn ln c b p bng cc bin php trng li cy thch hp. - Trong b phn ca mt bi rc cho cht thi sinh hot, cc qu trnh phn hy sinh hc din ra trn quy m ln v ch yu l k kh. Tuy nhin, c mt ri ro tim tng lu di cho mi trng pht sinh bi cc cht thi tr ci m khng nn nh gi thp. iu ny p dng c bit cho cht thi thng mi v cng nghip ci m khng hay ch phn hy km (5). - Cc bi rc c trng li cy ch c th c s dng cho mt vi mc ch. Ni chung l khng th xy dng trn . Mi bi rc sinh ra nc thm qua rc v kh t bi rc (bao gm kh metan), ci m phi c x l v thi b ng cch, hoc tn dng trong trng hp ca kh t bi rc. Cc vn duy nht l nc tip tc thm qua thm ch khi bi rc ngng hot ng, mc d gim bt s lng Nhn chung c th ni rng bi rc mc d s bt li v sinh thi ca n hin nay l mt thnh phn khng th thiu ca mt h thng x l cht thi trung tm. 13.2.2.5. Tc ng ca qu trnh xoay vng cht thi 13.2.2.5.1. Cc lu s khi Vic thu hi hoc tn dng ca cc cht c gi tr trong cht thi nn lun lun t c s u tin v cc hnh thc thi b. iu ng vi nhng l do sau y: a) Bng vic khai thc v ti ch cc nguyn liu th cp t cht thi, cc nguyn liu th cp v nng lng c s dng li ng thi nhim mi trng l c gim bt. b) Bng cch tit kim nguyn vt liu ca cc quc gia c th lm gim bt s ph thuc ca h vo vic nhp khu c) Ti ch cht thi sinh hot hoc s chuyn i n thnh phn compost, nu c th ch s dng lng bn thi sinh hot tng ng vi s dn, nn dn n s gim thiu tng ng trong s nhp khu v sn xut phn bn v c. Phn bn v c t hiu qu v nng lng sn xut l c t ch li v mt sinh thi s dng.

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d) Khi s dng phn compost lm t cht thi v bn thi/bn cng, mt iu phi m bo rng nng ca cc kim loi nng v cc cht hu c khng dng b phn hy th khng vt qu con s no (tm tt 3.3) (7), (8). Nu cc phn tch ha hc c gii hn, s nh gi tng ng phi c thc hin bng cch s dng cc nh gi c v ng tin cy v ngun gc ca cc nguyn vt liu lm phn compost. iu ny p dng tng t ti ch nhit (s thiu hy) ca cht thi v s ti ch ca cc vt liu tha c sinh ra (x,tro). 13.2.2.5.2. Tc ng ca vic xoay vng vt cht Vic tch cc vt liu c gi tr t cht thi sinh hot rt thun tin x l n thch hp. Nu cc cht thi c lin quan c thu gom ti ngun (tc l phn loi trc), iu c th rt thun tin cho vic thu gom v vn chuyn cc cht thi cn li, nh vy nhn chung nu cc kho lu gi c th s dng th c dng cho cc nguyn liu thi c gi tr, v cc nguyn liu c ly i ph hp vi cc nguyn tc kinh t th trng. Trn tt c nn ch rng: - Cc bi rc tip nhn cht thi t hn, v do vng i hot ng ca chng c m rng v sau lm gim s chim gi t trng v t ai mi. - Trong trng hp ca cc l thiu cht thi, mt s lng tro v x c sinh ra nh hn, bi knh v kim loi u vo c gim bt (9). Mt khc, cc cht thi c cha lng giy, nha v vi dt nh hn, nng sut ta nhit ca ch thi cng c gim. Tuy nhin iu ny l mt phn n b cho s gim thiu ng thi trong lng cht tr. Hn na, s gim bt lng nha, c bit l PVC, hm lng cht nhim ca kh thi c gim thiu. - Tch cc nguyn liu c gi tr t cht thi sinh hot cng c nhng li th nht nh trong trng hp phn compost: vic x l cc nguyn vt liu ca phn compost v ca phn compost hon thnh l to iu kin bng cch tch cc thnh phn thy tinh, kim loi v nha. - Cc vt liu c tch c th, ph thuc vo tng loi ca chng, c ti s dng trong sn xut giy, thy tinh, cc kim loi, vt liu xy dng, v.v. Khi thc hin cc d n loi ny, mt iu nn c tnh n tng th, s cn bng c th c ca cc tc ng mi trng (xem thm (10) - (16)). Nu nguyn vt liu c thu hi t cht thi c thc hin trn quy m thng mi, do v d nu cht thi sinh hot c phn loi v x l rng ri di h thng thu gom tch bit (split-bin) (phn kh/phn t) vi s xem xt n tng phn kh c sn sinh, v sau c quay tr li sn xut trn dy chuyn ti ch c lin quan, s hot ng ca cc nh my c lin quan c th c nhng hiu ng bt li n mi trng. V mt ny, phn 2.2.2.3 cng p dng y (s x l vt l, ha hc). 13.2.2.5.3. Tc ng ca qu trnh compost Cc qu trnh x l cht thi sinh hc th thng c s dng phn compost. V l do ny, xem thm 2.2.2.2 a) lin quan n cc hiu ng ca qu trnh phn compost. 13.2.2.6. Tc ng ca qu trnh thiu t cht thi S thiu hy cht thi sinh hot phn ln c nhng li ch trong qun l cht thi nh sau (5), (12): - Gim ng k s lng cht thi cn c i: Khi lng gim m khng ti ch x l khong gia 80 90% vi ti ch x th cao nht c th l 97%; trng lng (khng ti ch x) vo khong 60 70%
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- sn xut nng lng nhit v ti ch cc sn phm ph (x cho vic xy dng ng b). Nhit tr ca cht thi sinh hot l 6,000 n 10,000 KJ/kg (5), (9), (10) - kh trng an ton v kh trng cht thi - nh mt kt qu ca mt lng d nh, vic tm ra cc v tr bi rc mi th d hn nhiu so vi trng hp ch chn lp cht thi. Nhc im ca vic thiu hy cht thi l: - chi ph u t v chi ph vn hnh tng i cao, chi ph lm sch kh thi ch l mt trong s cc vn . - Dch v v bo dng thch hp i hi nhn vin bo tr gii v doanh thu hot ng y . Nu mt l t cht thi khng hot ng mt cch ph hp, s nhim mi trng ng k c th xy ra c bit thng qua: kh thi (dioxin) nc thi (vi vic lm sch kh thi t v lm lnh x vi nc): iu ny s khng th trnh khi pht thi (ngay c vi s vn hnh chnh xc) ca: - tro bay t s kh bi kh thi - cht rn d tha t vic lm sch kh thi - dioxin v cc cht c hi khc n mi trng. D lng cp trn n cu x l cht thi c bit ti cc bi rc hoc trong cc khu vc bi rc sinh hot c bit. Ngoi ra mt lng pht thi ting n c th n t cc l thiu hy cht thi (do s phn phi nc thi v loi b tro/x v cc vt liu thi khc), cng nh (n mt mc thp hn) ca mi pht thi. Nhn chung, cc l thiu t cht thi l c bit ph hp ni m cht thi c x l ti cc khu dn c ng c ci m c nhy cm cao trong cc iu kin bo tn nc ngm, tc l ni m c mt s thiu ht v bi rc ph hp, v ni m vic ngn nga cht thi km. 13.2.3. Cc bin php phng trnh v an ton 13.2.3.1. Phng trnh cht thi Cht thi cha c sn sinh th khng cn x l! Ni cch khc: vic s dng cc th tc v cc bin php ph hp gim bt hoc trnh vic sn sinh cht thi lm gim p lc v cng sut ca cc h thng x l cht thi v v th gim nh sc p ln mi trng. Trong lnh vc cht thi sinh hot, mt lng ln cht thi c th ngn nga nu x hi chp nhn p dng quan im gim thiu cht thi (tit kim cht thi waste-saving) (trnh ng gi tha, cc bao b khng th xoay vng, cc vt dung 1 ln v.v..) v nu cng nghip c khuyn khch tit kim bao b (dng t bao b hn, s dng bao b dng nhiu ln ). C nhiu c hi cho nh nc can thip thng qua cc hn ch v thu ... trnh cht thi trong lnh vc thng mi v cng nghip n lun lun l tt nht trnh hoc gim thiu s sn sinh ca cht thi thng mi v cng nghip (cht thi c bit) ti ngun, c th bng vic thng qua cc qu trnh sn xut theo hng ti ch. Tuy nhin cc chin lc phng trnh thch hp th lun lun khng d dng thc hin, c bit l kha cnh cc iu kin k thut v kinh t ang ph bin trong cc nh my v nhng kh khn v mt php l v trin khai cng ch thi hnh.
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Cc chin lc ti ch cho cht thi thng mi v cng nghip thng d dng p dng hn. u tin n l cn thit nhn bit cc c s c lin quan vi s lng v cc loi cht thi c sn sinh (ng k cht thi). C nhng c hi tng i tt cho vic ti ch cht thi/d lng thng mi v cng nghip ti nhiu nc, th d trong lnh vc lm sch ha cht v x l kim loi b mt (m in), nh qu trnh ch bin nguyn liu v nguyn liu th l tng i mc v do vic ti ch l rt thun li. Thng tin v nhng la chn v cc qu trnh ni chung c nu trong (17), (18), (19). 13.2.3.2. Cc bin php an ton 13.2.3.2.1. Cc lu ban u Trong phn ny, thut ng cc bin php an ton c s dng biu th tt c cc bin php phc v cho vic gim thiu v bi hon cho tc ng mi trng v, nu c th, cu thnh nn nhng xo trn ca trnh t t nhin, m bo hoc bo v hiu qu mi trng ca cc bin php x l cht thi. Cc nh my x l cht thi c xy dng v vn hnh vi s tun th cc iu kin ca vic s dng v cc quy nh c t ra bi nhng nh qun l thng qua vic p dng cc quy tc ca cng ngh (27). Bng cch p dng nguyn tc ny v xc nh mt cch cn thn giai on u ca lp k hoch cho d n x l cht thi, cc tc ng n con ngi v cc iu kin sinh thi, th d khu vc ca thc vt v ng vt, cng nh cc iu kin thy vn v a cht, v nu cho php th thc hin s bo tn chng trong d n, ngi ta c th mong i hiu ng bt li ti thiu ln s cn bng t nhin. Hn na, nhu cu x l cht thi an ton khng ch l kin thc chi tit v cc thnh phn ca cht thi m cn l vic lm ng vi cc yu cu nghim ngt trong s ch n cng ngh, nhng lp t v cu trc xy dng c s dng (17). 13.2.3.2.1. Cc bin php an ton trong thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi Trong vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh nh my v cc c s thu gom v vn chuyn (thi b) cht thi, v li ch ca vic gim thiu tc ng mi trng cc mc tiu sau y cn c xem xt: - p dng h thng thu gom cho vic thu gom ring bit cc vt liu ti ch (v d h thng split-bin: phn kh/t). Khi thch hp trong trng hp ring bit, cc nh lu tr (i vi thy tinh, giy v.v) nn c chun b y . Nu iu ny l khng th v chi ph hoc nhng rng buc khc, cch khc ca vic chia tch cc nguyn liu c gi tr nn c tm kim, th d trong qu trnh phn phi cht thi ca cc trm trung chuyn, cc bi rc,v.v; s dng nhng ngi nht rc (ngi phn loi cht thi). - ti u ha s tn sut thu gom, trnh cc pht thi ting n v mi kh chu v.v - to ra cc iu kin v t chc v vt l cho vic x l an ton v mt h thng thu gom linh ng - m bo iu kin v sinh trnh s ly lan ca dch bnh - to ra cc c s cho s thu gom, thi b v x l thch hp cc cht thi thng mi v cng nghip - trong trng hp ca cc trm trung chuyn: chng li ting n: bao kn my mc, mt sn sinh ra ting n, v.v. chng li cc mi kh chu v nhng pht thi khc vo khng kh: bao kn cc khu vc c lin quan, cc hm cha v lc kh thi v.v
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 khi cn thit: dng phong cnh lm du tc ng th gic. Thng tin v cc nguyn tc v cc phng php thn thin vi mi trng ca vic thu gom cht thi v vn chuyn ti cc nc pht trin, v cng qun l cht thi ni chung, c nu trong (20). Xem thm (5). 13.2.3.2.2. Cc bin php an ton trong x l cht thi Trong cc iu kin ca vic bo tn ngun ti nguyn ti cc nc pht trin, cc h thng x l cht thi theo sinh hc, c th l - cc nh my phn compost - cc nh my khai thc kh sinh hc l hin hu v c sn (21), (26). Ngoi ra, ph thuc vo cc trng hp, cc iu sau y cn c xem xt: - cc nh my x l vt l (cc nh my phn loi, cc nh my thu hi nguyn liu, cc nh my kh nc trong bn v.v) cng nh - cc nh my x l ha hc (cc nh my ln men/to bng v trung ha) (5), (17). Cc bin php an ton bao gm: - chng li s pht ra ting n: dng ro cn cho cc thit b sinh ra ting n, cc mt, cc my thi kh v cc my mc khc v.v. - chng li mi kh chu v cc pht thi (khc) vo khng kh: bao kn cc khu vc c lin quan, cc hm cha v lm sch hoc lc khng kh nhim v.v chng li cc nhim c hi ca nc mt bi vic x l vt liu c lin quan, lu tr cc nguyn liu v phn d: xy dng v vn hnh cc nh my x l (nc thi) (khi cn thit), (hn na) x l thch ng cc pht thi lin quan (th d x vo h thng thot nc cng cng) - ro cc bi rc h - chng li cc nhim c hi ca nc ngm: to ra cc khu vc lu tr khng thm nc v rt nc mt cch thch ng, cc khu vc lm vic v s gim st thch hp lm du nhng tc ng trc quan: lp k hoch, xy dng cc ta nh c mt thm m thch hp, cung cp cc khu vc n b v.v. - s nh r v gim st vic tun th cc quy tc cho cng nghip v vn hnh an ton ca nh my kh sinh hc. 13.2.3.2.3. Cc bin php an ton trong trung chuyn cht thi (Xem thm 13.2.3.2.2. ) 13.2.3.2.4 Cc bin php an ton trong cht thi Trong trng hp ca cc bi rc, nn nh nhng g nu trong 2.2.4, v nguyn tc cc bin php sau y l cn thit: - ni m khng c ro cn v a l c di dng cc a tng (t st,macn), vic to ra mt ro cn vnh cu hiu qu (kt hp ro chn vi mt thnh phn khong cht (t st) v mt lp kt ni cn thn, cc di cht do cht lng cao) c bao ph bi h thng thot nc hiu qu lu di - xy dng v vn hnh nh my x l nc r rc - xy dng v vn hnh cc thit b tch kh
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- kim tra cht thi u vo mt cch xc ng (kim tra u vo) - p dng cc bin php quy nh trc cho s kt hp cc cht thi che ph hng ngy cc khu vc vn hnh ( gim bt s thi ra mi kh chu, giy b cun tri, s ph hoi ca cn trng; trnh nguy c ha hon v biu hin phi thm m) - chng li bi v ting n: lm t b mt bi rc v cc ng vo cc bi chn lp rc, thng xuyn lm sch bi rc v cc con ng i vo, xy dng cc nh my lm sch lp xe, quy hoch cc khu vc ngoi bin; lp t cc hng ro cn m, trng cy xanh bo v - kim tra cht lng nc ngm bng cc ging quan trc - trng li cy xanh theo tng giai on - Thc hin cc bin php hu ng ca cc bi rc (x l nc r rc, kim tra cc ging quan trc v.v). iu ny ch ra r rng rng cc yu cu ni trn lin quan n vic quy hoch, xy dng v hot ng ca cc bi rc c th bin i (tc l tr nn nghim ngt nhiu hoc t hn) ph thuc vo cc ri ro tim n gy ra bi cc cht thi c ti cc bi rc, th d trong trng hp cc bi chn lp t, xy dng bi chn lp cht thi hoc bi chn lp cc cht thi c bit vi cc cht thi c bit nguy him. 13.2.3.2.5. Cc bin php an ton trong xoay vng cht thi Xem thm 2.3.2.2. Xem (14), (15), (5), (17) bit thng tin v vic qun l thch hp v thn thin vi mi trng ca cc vt liu ti ch v tn dng cht thi. 13.2.3.2.6. Cc bin php an ton trong thiu t cht thi Trong trng hp ca cc nh my thiu hy cht thi, nn nh nhng g c nu trong 13.2.2.6, cc bin php sau y l cn thit: - kh bi ca kh thi (lm lnh) vi cc thit b lc bi tnh in hoc cc b lc ti vi, tip theo - loi b cc loi kh c hi (ri ro dioxin) bng thp ra kh, s dng mt trong cc qu trnh hp th c kim chng: qu trnh hp th t qu trnh hp th kh qu trnh hp th bn kh. - ti ch hoc x l ng cch cc d lng cht rn sn sinh ra, c th l tro/x y, bi lc v cc sn phm phn ng t vic lm sch kh thi: tro/x y: b ti cc bi rc, nhng ti ch trong vic xy dng cc con ng v xy dng p ni m c th thc hin c (c bit nu c nung chn ng u v trit ) bi lc: Xt thy nng cc cht nhim l cao, vic x l trn cc bi chn lp cht thi c bit, p rc khi thch hp Cc sn phm phn ng ca vic lm sch kh thi: Ty thuc vo sn phm trung ha, mui n, mui Glauber, CaCl2 hoc thch cao c sinh ra. Vic b trn cc bi chn lp cht thi c bit ph hp; lm kh, v sau l ti ch. Cc qu trnh ti ch vn ang c pht trin.
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- x l d lng cht lng ph hp, c sinh ra nh l nc thi : nc ra t vic lm sch kh thi nc lm lnh v nc ra t loi b x t nc lm kn, ra v phun. Nc thi c cp trn nhim cao; n phi c lm sch v x ra h thng thot nc cng cng, hoc c x l bng bay hi. Hn na, cc bc phi c thc hin ngn chn ting n v, n mt mc thp hn, cc pht thi mi kh chu, ngoi ra cc bin php n b cho t b chim ng. Ngoi ra cng xem thm 2.3.2.2 v (5) 7610 ff. 13.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng 13.3.1. Cc lu ban u t c mt s hiu bit y v mt d n x l cht thi, n l quan trng xc nh cc iu kin c bn v nhng hn ch ca d n, i ph vi tnh hnh chung ca cc hiu ng sinh thi v kinh t ca chng. M t d n c th da trn cc tiu ch sau y: - lch s lp k hoch - Qui nh v cc tiu chun v cht thi v nc - Tnh hnh cht thi hin ti (cht thi sn xut, cc nh my hin c v cc chc nng ca chng) - cc mc tiu c thit lp trc y (th d nh t k hoch x l cht thi, cc chng trnh qun l cht thi khu vc, v.v) cn c v nhu cu cho nh my c quy hoch - S kt hp thnh cc mc tiu cho quy hoch khu vc v quc gia v c h thng x l khu vc v vng - cc l do cho s la chn cho vic quy hoch h thng x l v cc thnh phn chnh ca n (cc thng thu gom, i xe, nh lu tr trung gian, cc qu trnh v cc c s ti ch, cc nh my cho x l cht thi c bit, cc nh my thiu hy v b cht thi) - cc la chn khc (th d s thiu hy/bi chn rc, x l nc r rc ph hp i vi bi rc/ phn compost trong cc cng trnh x l cht thi khu vc, m rng hoc pht trin cc nh my v cc c s hin c cng nh tnh trng c s). Cc thnh phn thm vo cho vic nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ca d n x l cht thi l s m t ca - qu trnh tm v tr cho cc thay th lin quan, bao gm bt c cc phn tch kinh t x hi no ca cc kha cnh v gii v nhm c bit ca ngi dn nh c trong khu vc ln cn hoc khu vc c che ph bi nh my x l cht thi. - s so snh cc v tr v kt qu, - cc nh my c lin quan v cc ri ro tht bi ca chng, - cc nhn t nhim ca d n v - cc nh my hoc cc thnh phn ca nh my m cui cng s l i tng ca mt nghin cu tc ng mi trng.
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Cc tc ng mi trng chnh l kt qu t vic xy dng v hot ng ca cc nh my x l cht thi (c nh) c ni n di y, v trong trng hp c nhng thay i ng k cc nh my nh vy hoc s hot ng ca chng: - cc nh lu tr trung gian - cc trm trung chuyn - V tr bi chn lp cht thi sinh hot v cht thi c bit - cc l thiu hy - cc nh my x l bng nhit, chng hn cc nh my nhit phn - cc nh my x l vt l, ha hc v sinh hc, ti mt mc m chng c th c nhng tc ng mi trng bt li nghim trng. Phm vi nh gi phi ph thuc vo s lin quan n mi trng ca cc nh my. iu ny p dng c bit i vi cc nh lu tr trung gian khng c cht thi nguy hi, ci m c th khc bit ng k v cc iu kin ca cc c s v quy m v tnh k thut ca chng. Ngoi s lng, ngun gc v iu kin ca cht thi l rt quan trng v mt trnh t x l v tc ng mi trng. Do s ch c bit nn c dnh cho cc phn tch v cht thi. Xt thy cc thnh phn ca n thng thng khng ng nht, vic ly mu, chun b mu v phn tch mu phi c thc hin c c kt qu hu ch v i din. 13.3.2. Thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi Vic thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi l an ton, nu kt qu l a) sc khe ca cng chng v ca nhn vin c lin quan n cc thit b, phng tin v cc c s l khng c nguy c ri ro. b) khng c mi kh chu lu di v c) cc bin php x l thm hoc xy ra sau l khng b gy cn tr nghim trng. i vi s lin quan c th c n nhng pht thi ting n ti cc trm trung chuyn, cc gii hn c p dng quy nh trong (34). 13.3.3. X l cht thi Mt cch ngn gn, cc lin quan gm (xem thm 2.3.2.2): - cc nh my phn compost v khai thc kh sinh hc (x l sinh hc) v - cc nh my x l vt l v ha hc (cc thit b phn loi; cc thit b thu hi vt liu; cc thit b kt ta/keo t v trung ha; cc thit b kh nc trong bn v.v) Trong mt nh gi mt iu nn c tnh n s ng gp ca chng tit kim nhin liu ha thch, gim thiu COD/BOD, gim mi kh chu, nh hng sc khe. Cc nh my phn compost v khai thc kh sinh hc nh hng n mi trng thng qua cc sn phm c to ra, c th phn compost hoc bn phn hy c s dng cho cc mc ch nng nghip, v thng qua cc loi kh thi v thot nc (1). Vn bn nguyn tc chnh c s dng c v cc quc gia khc v phn compost, l tiu chun cht lng c lin quan v nhng ngh cho vic s dng phn compost lm t rc thi v bn thi/bn cng (7). iu ny ch r nng cho php ca cc kim loi nng trong t c thu gom v gi tr c chp nhn khi ng dng phn compost. iu ny ni r rng:
208

- Phn compost v nguyn tc khng nn c ng dng nu cc phn tch t cho thy nng ca cc kim loi nng sau vt qu bt k gii hn no sau y (mg/kg kh): Gi tr trong t (mg/kg) Cadmium Crm ng Ch Thy ngn Niken K m 3 100 100 100 2 50 300

Phn compost c th c p dng trong nhng trng hp c bit khi m nhng con s trn vt qu nu, tnh n cc iu kin v v tr v s dng, nhng nh hng bt li s khng gy nh hng n sc khe cng chng. Nu cc s liu v cadmium v thy ngn l vt qu th khng nn c ng dng. - Trong trng hp nhng ng dng ca phn compost c lp i lp li, cc nng sau y (g/ha v nm trn trung bnh di hn) khng c vt qu. Nng (g/hanm) Cadmium Crm ng Ch Thy ngn Niken K m 33 2 000 2 000 2 000 42 330 5 000

Trong trng hp s dng bn phn hy cho nng nghip c sn sinh trong cc nh my kh sinh hc, cc hng dn ca quy nh v bn thi Klrschlamm-Verordnung (35) cng s c theo di. Nhng thit lp v gi tr cho php i vi nng ca cc kim loi nng trong t v trong bn c thu gom; ngoi ra, nhng hn ch c p t ln lng bn thi ci m c th c p dng (xem bng 1). Hn na, s chm sc cng phi c thc hin m bo rng cc gi tr ca t l ng nht tng ng vi cc con s v t trong trng hp ca vic ng dng phn compost (xem di) Bng 1 Hm lng cho php i vi kim loi nng trong bn thi theo tiu chun ca Klrschlamm-Verordnung Cc kim loi nng (HM) Cc nng thng Lng cho php Nng kim loi nng ti a cho php trong bn c p dng cho php khi p dng bn thi thi1) 1) mg/kg Cadmium Thy ngn Niken Ch 20 25 200 1200
209

t/(ha3nm) 5 5 5 5

g(ha3nm) 100 125 1000 6000

g/(ha) 33.3 41.7 333.3 2000.0

Crom ng km 1) trng lng kh

1200 1200 3000

5 5 5

6000 6000 15000

2000.0 2000.0 5000.0

i vi cc xet nghim c th v phn compost, s xem xt cn c thc hin cho cc ph lc (7). Ngoi ra, cc th tc kim tra c cp trong 3.1 phi c ghi nhn ti mc c th p dng. Trong trng hp cc nh my x l cht thi bng phng php sinh hc, i vi cc gii hn v pht thi ting n ca TA-Lrm [Ch dn k thut v gim thiu ting n (34)] a ra cc hng dn nh gi; i vi pht thi vo khng kh cc gii hn c quy nh ti TA-Luft [Ch dn k thut v kim sot cht lng khng kh (37)] l thch ng, i vi x l nc thi xem cc gi tr gii hn c th c cha ng trong Ph lc Allgemeine Rahmen-VwV [Quy tc v Khung hnh chnh tng th ln cc Nhu cu ti thiu cho vic x nc thi vo ngun nc (39)] ban hnh theo 7a WHG (o lut v nc ca Lin bang c (38)). Cc quy nh c trch dn p dng tng t i vi cc nh my x l cht thi bng phng php vt l v ha hc. 13.3.4. Lu tr tm thi (trung chuyn) Ni dung ny tng t nh nu ti mc 13.3.1 v 13.3.3 lin quan n cc qui trnh kim tra v xc nh gii hn cc tc ng mi trng tim tang. 13.3.5. cht thi kim tra v nh gi tc ng mi trng ca v tr bi chn lp, iu quan trng l s vn chuyn cht thi c gim st cn thn (phiu giao nhn, kim sot u vo). Nu cc thiu st v nhng bt thng xy ra y, thng xuyn rc ti cc v tr bi chn lp khng ng s sn sinh ra nhng mi nguy him tim tng hon ton khc so vi cc d on trong s quy hoch ban u, tc l trong bn tm tt khng nh ph nh ban u c a ra i vi cht thi c phn pht n v tr cc bi chn lp. iu ny c th c khc phc bng cch ly mu bt ng thng xuyn hn v c th phn tch ngay sau ca cc cht thi trn ng t ni sn xut n v tr cc bi chn lp rc xc nh cc tnh nng c trng (s xut hin, tnh nht qun, hm lng v.v). Cc th tc kim tra v phn tch ng tin cy v thc t s l xc minh tnh hu dng cao trong kha cnh quan tm. Xem thm 3.1 v 3.2 Cc gii hn chp nhn c ca vic rc ti cc v tr bi chn lp cht thi c bit cn c thit lp i vi cc pht thi ting n t v tr cc bi chn lp, cc gii hn c t ra trong (34) cung cp cc hng dn; i vi vic x l nc r rc t cc bi chn lp, tham kho cc gii hn c gii hn trong Ph lc 51. 13.3.6. Xoay vng cht thi Xem thm 13.3.3 (X l cht thi) 13.3.7. Thiu t cht thi Cc pht thi chnh c xem xt khi nh gi tc ng mi trng ca mt l t cht thi l kh thi. Bi v cc thnh phn cht thi thng khng ng nht (v d nh cht thi sinh hot), s thiu hy phi c thc hin vi mt mc khng kh tha cao hn t c s t chy hon ton ca vt liu thiu hy v kh thi. Trong trng hp t cht thi sinh hot, h s khng kh vt qu khong chng 2; iu ny sn sinh 5.000 n
210

6.000 m3 kh th cho mi tn vt liu thiu hy. Vi kh th t vic thiu hy cht thi sinh hot, - Cc cht kh nhim (ch yu l HCl, HF, SO2, NOx, CO and CxHy) - Cc loi bi nhim (ch yu l cc kim loi nng nh l Pb, Cd, Hg, Sb, Be, Cr, Ni) v - cht hu c, ch yu l cc cht kh (nh l PCB, HCB, chlorophenols, m cn dioxin v furan) c pht thi ra. Theo TA-Luft (37), cc gii hn sau y p dng i vi kh sch: - bi < 30 mg/m3 - cc cht hu c (c tnh l tng C) < 20 mg/m3 - Cc hp cht halogen:

Hp cht clo v c (c tnh nh HCl) < 50 mg/m3 cc hp cht flo v c (c tnh nh HF) < 2 mg/m3

i vi cc pht thi ting n t cc l thiu hy, cc gii hn c ch nh trong (34) c th phc v nh mt hng dn; trong trng hp ca x l v thi b nc thi, cc quyt nh phi c thc hin trn c s ca tng trng hp c th theo tnh trng hin ti ca cng ngh. 13.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Bi v tc ng a l v vt l, cc d n cung cp v x l phi ng trong mt mi quan h r rng v hp l vi cc khu vc mi trng v a l khc. iu ny c bit ng vi cc d n x l cht thi (cc d n WD), nn nh rng mi nguy him tim n c gy ra bi cht thi sinh hot, thng mi v cng nghip c x l. Cc khu vc m c th b nh hng ton din bi cc d n x l cht thi, v nhng xung t lin quan c th c ca vic s dng v cc hiu ng tng tc bao gm, c th, nh sau: - t; nng nghip v lm nghip - nc (nc mt, nc ngm); vic qun l cc ngun ti nguyn nc, k thut thy li, - sn xut nc, cung cp nc, x l nc thi - bo tn thin nhin, gi gn cnh quan, cc ngun li gii tr - quy hoch th/dn c, s pht trin cng nghip - cc cng trnh vn ha v di sn - quy hoch giao thng (ng b, ng st, ng thy, ng hng khng) quy hoch khu vc hin ti/tng lai, vic s dng t v quy hoch pht trin; hot ng quy hoch - cc vn v khong cch hin ti v quy hoch cc khu vc dn c - tnh sn c ca t trng v t. Nu cc xung t ca vic s dng xut hin, cc la chn phi c cn nhc. Tiu chun tri ngc ci m c phn on ch khng phi hin trng, tc l cc c cu v cc dch v hin c trc khi thc hin cc d n x l cht thi, m l tim nng pht trin ca khu vc. Do , tiu ch l nng lc khng phi hiu sut hin ti (41). Cch tip cn
211

ny nhn mnh tm quan trng ca vic nhn nh v nh gi tim nng ca t, cc tim nng ca sinh quyn v cc tim nng v a cht thy vn (c hai mt s lng v cht lng) Cc bin php iu chnh, gim bt v n b c th cung cp s tr gip ch yu t n gii php tng th bo v mi trng l tng. 13.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng i vi bt k d n x l cht thi, v li ch ca gim thiu tc ng mi trng, cc quy tc c bn sau y c p dng (xem thm (45)): Ngn nga (trnh) cht thi, tc l ngn chn chng c to ra t a im u tin, c bit trong lnh vc sn xut cng nghip, cn u tin ti ch hn. Vic ti ch s u tin hn cc hnh thc x l khc. Cht thi hoc cc d lng ci m khng th ti ch nn c x l thch hp, tc l ph hp vi yu cu v mi trng. Cc gii php c li cho sinh thi v kinh t c th t c bt c ni no bng cch p dng cc nguyn tc ny, min l chng c thch nghi vi iu kin ca a phng mt cch thch hp v mt k thut. tng hp, nhng iu sau y c th ni i vi s quan tm n nhng lin quan mi trng ca cc d n x l cht thi: Cc nh my ca mt d n nh vy phi c quy hoch, xy dng v hot ng ph hp vi cc quy tc chung c chp nhn hoc tnh trng cng ngh. Cc bin php c bit th lun cn thit trong trng hp ca cc l thiu hy cht thi v v tr cc bi chn lp, c bit l ni m khong cch t nh dn c l tng i nh hoc cc khu t rng ln ang s dng. Cc l do chnh ca trng hp cc l thiu hy l s nhim tim tng ca cc kh thi v trong trng hp v tr cc bi chn lp l s nhim nc ngm tim tng ca cht thi c x l. Nu khng nh dng cc cht thi c bit v nu cc cht thi c bit khng c kh nng c a ra, nhng ci t khc trong cc d n x l cht thi, nh l cc nh lu tr trung gian, cc trm trung chuyn, cc cng trnh phn compost, cc nh my x l theo phng php vt l/ha hc v.v c nh gi l gy nhim mi trng tng i t hn, nh l cc hiu ng ca chng th thng t bn vng hn, t hn rt nhiu v cha su rng, c bit l nu s quan tm c th c dnh cho s gim thiu ting n v lm du i mi kh chu giai on lp k hoch. 13.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Law implementing the council directive of June 27, 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/336/EEC) Feb 12, 1990 Article 1: Law on the assessment of the effects on the environment. 2. Gesetz ber die Vermeidung und Entsorgung von Abfllen (Abfallgesetz-AbfG) vom 27. August 1986; BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette I), p. 1410. 3. Friesecke, G.: Die allgemein anerkannten Regeln der Technik beim wasserrechtlichen Vollzug, Wasser und Boden, 5/1985; Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg. 4. Gesetz zum Schutz vor schdlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Gerusche, Erschtterungen und hnliche Vorgnge (BundesImmissionsschutzgesetz - BImSchG) 22. May 1990, BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette I) p. 881. 5. Hsel, G., Schenkel, W., Schnurer, H.: Mll-Handbuch (may be supplemented); Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 212

6. GTZ GmbH: Community Participation and Hygiene Education in Water Supply and Sanitation (CPHE); 10/1989. 7. Merkblatt 10, Qualittskriterien und Anwendungsempfehlungen fr Kompost aus Mll und Mllklrschlamm; LAGA, Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency]; reprinted in (5). 8. EC Directive: Protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture; 86/278/EEC Official Journal No. L181 dated 4.7.1986 p. 6. 9. Bundesminister fr Forschung und Technologie [German Federal Minister for Research and Technology], Bonn, 1984: Abfallverwertung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland; bearbeitet von Bernhard Jger, Prof. Jger & Partner - Beratende Ingenieure, Berlin. 10. Thom-Kozmiensky, Karl J. (Ed.): Recycling von Haushaltsabfllen; Bd. 1; EF-Verlag fr Energie- und Umwelttechnik, Berlin, 1987. 11. Thom-Kozmiensky, Karl J.: Loll, Ulrich (Ed.): Recycling von Klr-schlamm, Bd. 1 und 2; EF-Verlag fr Energie- und Umwelttechnik, Berlin, 1987 and 1989. 12. Thom-Kozmiensky, Karl J. (Ed.): Mllverbrennung und Umwelt, Bd. 1, 2 und 3; EFVerlag fr Energie- und Umwelttechnik, Berlin 1985 and 1989. 13. Verordnung ber das Aufbringen von Glle und Jauche (Glleverordnung) 13 March 1984; GV. NW. p.210 / SGV NW.2061 incl. Verwaltungsvorschriften zum Vollzug der v.g. VO (RdErl. d. Ministers fr Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft NW [Minister for the Environment, Regional Planning and Agriculture of the Land North-Rhine Westphalia] 7 June 1985, -AIII2-890-31446-. 14. World Bank Technical Paper (WBTP) 30: Cointreau, Sandra J.; Gunnerson, Charles G.; Huls, John M.; Seldman, Neil N.: Recycling from Municipal Refuse: A State-of-the-Art Review and Annotated Bibliography; 1984. 15. WBTP 31: Lund, Robert T.: Remanufacturing: The Experience of the United States and Implications for Developing Countries; 1984. 16. WBTP 37: Abert, James G.: Municipal Waste Processing in Europe, A Status Report on Selected Materials and Energy Recovery Projects; 1985. 17. Koch, Thilo C.; Seeberger, J., Petrik, H.: kologische Mllverwertung, Handbuch fr optimale Abfallkonzepte, 3. Auflage; Verlag C.F. Mller, Karlsruhe, 1991. 18. Sutter, H. (Ed.): Vermeidung und Verwertung von Abfllen: EF-Verlag fr Energie- und Umwelttechnik, Berlin, 1989. 19. Zweckverband Schwabach ZVSSM: Umlenkung von Sonderabfllen aus der chemischphysikalischen Behandlung in die Verwertung am Beispiel buntmetallhaltiger Abfallstoffe; Forschungsbericht, Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency], Berlin, 1988. 20. The World Bank, Washington D.C. (S.J. Cointreau): Environmental Management of Urban Solid Wastes in Developing Countries, a Project Guide; 1982. 21. GTZ (Kloss): Stand, Potentiale und Bedeutung der Biogastechnologie auf dem Gebiet der anaeroben Reinigung von dnnflssigen Abwssern sowie Manahmen zur Einfhrung dieser Technologie in den lndlichen Regionen der Dritten Welt; Report, 1990. 22. WBTP 49: Gunnerson, Charles G.; Stuckey, David, C.: Anaerobic Digestion, Principles and Practices for Biogas Systems; 1986. 23. WBTP 57: Obeng, Letitia, A.; Wright, Frederick W.: The Co-composting of Domestic Solid and Human Wastes; 1987. 24. Dalzell, H.W.; Gray, K.R.; Biddlestone, A.J.: "Composting in Tropical Agriculture", 2nd printing 1981, Intern. Inst. of Biological Husbandry, England.

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25. Parr, J.F.; Colacicco D.; "Organic Materials as Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners", UNEP Industry and Environment, 1982. 26. Chaney, R.L.; "Sludge Management; Risk Assessment for Plant and Animal Life", pp. 19-32, in: Proc. 1980 Spring Seminar on Sludge Management in the Wash. D.C. Metropolitan Area. American Society of Civil Engineers National Capital Section, 1980. 27. Gesamtfassung der Zweiten Allgemeinen Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz (TAAbfall) 12 March 1991; GMBl. (joint ministerial cirucular) p. 137. 28. Deponie-Merkblatt: LAGA, UBA, VKS; reprinted in (5). 29. Hsel, G., Schenkel, W., Schnurer: Mll-Handbuch (may be supplemented), 4587 ff. Sickerwasser auf Hausmlldeponien; Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 30. Informationsschrift Deponiegas: LAGA, UBA; reprinted in (5). 31. Richtlinien fr das Vorgehen bei physikalischen und chemischen Unter-suchungen im Zusammenhang mit der Beseitigung von Abfllen: LAGA; reprinted in (5). 32. DIN 38400 FF.: Deutsche Einheitsverfahren Schlammuntersuchung; Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin. zur Wasser-, Abwasserund

33. Ministerium fr Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft und Ministerium fr Wirtschaft, Mittelstand und Technologie NRW [Ministry for the Environment, Regional Planning and Agriculture of the Land of North-Rhine Westphalia]: Analysenverfahren fr Untersuchungen im Zusammenhang mit der Abfallentsorgung und mit Altlasten, Gem. RdErl. 25.3.1988. 34. Technische Anleitung zum Schutz gegen Lrm - TA-Lrm; Bundesanzeiger (Federal Gazette) Nr. 137 26 July 1968 (Beilage). 35. Klrschlammverordnung - AbfKlrV 25 June 1982; BGBl. I(Federal Law Gazette I), p. 734. 36. Hsel, G., Schenkel, W., Schnurer: Mll-Handbuch (may be supplemented), 3356 ff., Landwirtschaftliche Klrschlammverwertung; Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin. 37. Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft - TA-Luft, 27 February 1986; GMBl. (joint ministerial circular) p. 95. 38. Gezetz zur Ordnung des Wasserhaushalts (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz - WHG) in the version published on 23 September 1986, BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette I), p. 1529. 39. Allgemeine Rahmen-Verwaltungsvorschrift ber Mindestanforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewsser - Rahmen-AbwasserVwV - 8 September 1989 (GMBl. (joint ministerial circular) p. 518), amended on 19 December 1989 (GMBl. p. 798) and appendices 1 ff., p. 521. 40. Ministerium fr Umwelt, Raumordnung und Landwirtschaft und Ministerium fr Stadtentwicklung und Verkehr NRW: Anforderungen an die Verwendung von Altbaustoffen (Recycling-Baustoffen) und industriellen Nebenprodukten im Erd- und Straenbau aus wasserwirtschaftlicher Sicht, gem. Rd.Erl. 30.4.1991. 41. Gassner, E.: Die medien- und verfahrensbergreifende Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung, Umwelt- und Planungsrecht 1990/10; Kommunalschriftenverlag Jehle, Munich. 42. EC Directive: Assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment; 85/337/EEC Official Journal No. L 175/40 July 5,1985. 43. Schemel, H.-J.: Die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung von Groprojekten; Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin; New edition in preparation. 44. Storm, P.-C. (Ed.): Handbuch der Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung (HdUVP), may be supplemented; Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin.

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14. X l/tiu hu cht thi nguy hi 14.1. Phm vi K hoch qun l cht thi c bit v x l cht thi theo nh hng mi trng l nhng yu cu quan trng cc quc gia. cc nc ang pht trin (DCs) cc chc nng lin kt v cc vn c y mnh v s thiu ht chung ca cc ngun ti chnh, ci m c ng dng hu ht cc nc kinh t ni m nhng i hi cp thit nht cn phi c, hoc ni m nhng ngi ra chnh sch xem xt rng chng l nhng i hi cp thit nht cn phi c. Xem xt vn t gc ngn hn, vic x l cht thi nguy hi chp nhn c v phng din mi trng th thng khng c coi l mt s u tin. Quan im ny thng lm gia tng cc hiu ng bt li lu di ln con ngi v mi trng, m ti im sau i hi cc ngun ti nguyn hn na, i khi nhiu hn nhng ci c lu gi ban u, t chng ng ch. Quy hoch hiu qu ca vic qun l cht thi c bit th cng c gii hn bi s thiu ht cc gii php k thut ph hp, v thiu cc l do ti chnh hoc bi v thiu mt h thng hnh chnh cho x l nc thi hoc v s thiu st trong o to. Tnh hnh ny thng c c trng bi cc nhc im v hnh chnh v t chc, bi vic kim sot v cc nng lc ph chun khng tng xng v khng nm vng trong vic thc thi nguyn tc ngi gy nhim th phi tr tin nh mt hng dn cho chnh sch mi trng. Ch khi xc nh c cht thi vi mt s hiu bit v thnh phn cht thi c ghi chp li, kim tra v vn chuyn trong cc thng cha thch hp v, sau khi kim tra trc v nhng la chn ti s dng, hng n hnh thc x l ph hp nht, c th c nhng mi nguy him khng th trnh khi v nhng hiu ng mi trng ca vic x l cht thi c bit c gim n mc ti thiu. Tm tt mi trng ny trnh by nhng hiu ng chnh v nhng bin php kh thi c lin kt vi vic qun l v thi b cht thi c bit. Ti liu da trn nghin cu rng ri c cng b chung bi Ngn Hng Th Gii, WHO v UNEP S loi b an ton ca cc cht thi nguy hi Cc nhu cu c bit v Cc vn ca cc Nc pht trin, Quy chun ca Ngn Hng Th Gii trang 93, Tp. I, II, III, Washington D.C., 1989. Vic x l cht thi phng xa th khng c cp n, iu ny i hi cc bin php rt chuyn bit. 14.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 14.2.1. Cc nh ngha theo cng c Basel Cng c Basel v Kim sot vic Vn chuyn xuyn bin gii cc cht thi nguy hi v vic loi b chng (Cng c Basel) ngy 22/03/1989 c th c coi nh mt chuyn tip quan trng trong s pht trin ca mt mi trng lut php quc t. Quy c ny l kt qu ca nhiu nm tham vn chuyn su vi s tham gia ca hn 100 quc gia. N cung cp mt c s cho vic hn ch cn thit ca vic ngy cng c vn v cho n nay hu nh khng kim sot c chuyn ng xuyn bin gii cht thi nguy hi, mt s c khai bo l hng ha kinh t, ci m c gi n cc nc khc tiu hy. N rt hu ch cho s cn i quc t ca thut ng cc cht thi nguy hi Thut ng cht thi nguy hi c quy nh cht ch hn ti iu 1 (xem Ph lc 1 kt hp vi Ph lc III). Tuy nhin, ngoi cc quc gia k kt cng c ny cng c th nh ngha gn hn vi quc gia, bi vic gp cc loi cht thi thm vo di thut ng cht thi nguy hi da trn php lut ca quc gia. Trong Cng c Basel, ca tm quan trong rng ri, iu 2 xc nh vic qun l cc cht thi nguy hi v cc cht thi khc chp nhn c v mt mi trng nh
215

chim ly tt c cc bc kh thi m bo rng cc cht thi nguy hi hoc cc cht thi khc c qun l mt cch m s bo v sc khe con ngi v chng li cc hiu ng bt li vi mi trng c th l kt qu t cc cht thi nh vy c mt s nh r chi tit ca dng x l, nhng iu tng t cp n cc hot ng c lit k trong Ph lc IV ca cng c ny. Cc Ph lc nu trn vi cc dng cht thi, nhng nt nguy hi c trng v cc phng php x l c th c tm thy trong Ph lc 1 3 ca ti liu ny. Ph lc 4 a ra mt danh sch ca cc cht nguy hi, nh c ly t Ph lc n Hng dn ca EC (Cng ng u Chu) v cht thi c hi v nguy him. iu ny cho thy mc m cng c Basel da vo Hng dn ca EC. 14.2.2. Cc vn c th ca cc quc gia ang pht trin Tnh hnh cc nc ang pht trin th thng c trng bi cc vn sau trong qu trnh tin hnh v x l hoc thi b cht thi nguy hi: 1. Bn cht c hi ca cc cht ny cho con ngi v mi trng, cng nh vic tng hp nhu cu cho vic hnh ng l khng c cng nhn, hoc l khng s tha nhn bi cc nh iu hnh ca cc nh my cng nghip (ngun pht sinh cht thi), nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch v cng chng. 2. Khng c khung chnh sch hoc kinh t chnh tr nhm trnh hoc gim thiu cht thi nguy hi; ng thi, khun kh lut php cho gim st x l, bao gm c vic qun l cn thit thc hin cc tiu chun, l khng tha ng. 3. Thiu c s x l v mt h thng gim st ph hp cho cc cht thi ny. 4. Vic theo di v quan trc khng kh, t, nc v.v khng c thc hin hoc ch thc hin mt cch s si. Mt s iu kin ph hn ch phm vi i vi vic hnh ng v ra quyt nh. Mt s cc hn ch m c lin quan c th n cc nc ang pht trin nh sau: hn ch ngun lc ti chnh: c bit l ngoi t c th chuyn i thiu ht ngun nhn lc: c bit l trong cc lnh vc khoa hc k thut, qun l, iu hnh hn ch t s dng: c th l do mt dn s cao ti cc im nht nh trong khu vc th (s phn cc) iu kin mi trng a phng: c th l do tng i thiu ti nguyn nc v thc t l trong cc khu vc c mt dn s cao cc nc ang pht trin mc nc ngm thng gn vi b mt, do , nhim c th c nhng hu qu nguy hi cho sc khe v mi trng. Vic qun l cht thi c bit chp nhn c v mt mi trng phi tnh n cc nhn t trn. Mt s cc phn ng ph c th nghim trng c xt thy l thiu cc c s x l v khng c s thay th gim thiu cht thi. 14.2.3. Kho st cc dng cht thi pht hin c ti cc quc gia ang pht trin 14.2.3.1. Tng quan Nh nu, s lng, loi v thnh phn cht thi c bit ch yu ph thuc vo cc hot ng cng nghip trong khu vc a l. Hn na, hng ho nhp khu phc tp lin quan n tnh hnh cht thi. C cu kinh t v cc ngnh thng thy cc nc ang pht trin thng c c trng bi mc cao ca cc qu trnh tiu chun ha sn xut trong ngnh (cng nghip) ph, bng cch s dng cc quy trnh nh l mt quy tc khng tng ng vi tnh trng cng ngh cc nc cng nghip ha v c xu hng c nhiu
216

hn na cc cht thi chuyn su (mc d iu ny khng nht thit phi lin quan n cht thi nguy hi). Hn na khu vc kinh t chnh (nng nghip, lm nghip v khai thc khong sn) ng mt phn quan trng. C th cc loi cht thi c sn xut bi cc lnh vc ny, c bit l s lng ln cht thi vi mt tim nng nguy him khc nhau. V d, cc bi cht thi, m bn, v cht thi lng c th cha cc kim loi nng c hi (Hg, Cd, As, Pb v.v), cc cht phng x v xyanua. iu ny p dng c bit khai thc khong sn kim loi mu v qu. Vn lun lun phi c d kin trong cch gii quyt vi nhng cht sau y, khng ging nh cc cht thi tng qut hn t sn xut cng nghip, c th cng c kt qu t qu trnh tiu th: du v cc cht c cha du, mt s c cha PCBs (v d nh cc i xe, cc phn xng v.v) cc ha cht nng nghip v d lng ca chng cht thi bnh vin. Vt liu xy dng c cha aming cng phi c xem xt. 14.2.3.2. im pht thi Khu vc kinh t quan trng nht cho mt s pht sinh cht thi c bit l cng nghip (c tnh n nhp khu cc sn phm cng nghip). Nhng im pht sinh sau y l im khi u cho vic gim cht thi sn xut. Chng phi c xem xt mt cch khc nhau trong cc doanh nghip ph thuc vo loi cht thi, ngun nguy him v cc chin lc c th ti ch: - Ti im 2 ca ti liu tham kho c thc hin cho Ph lc I ca Cng c Basel v danh mc cc loi cht thi c cung cp y, theo nh ngha ca cht thi nguy hi (xem thm Ph lc1). - n phn loi thm na cho cc cht thi c bit vi s tham kho n cc khu vc c th xy ra c nh r trong Tm lc 2 (Ph lc 6). - Mt phn loi cht thi phn bit theo ngnh cho s xut hin ca cc cht ny c ly t Quy chun Ngn hng Th gii trang 93 v t ra trong Ph lc7. Trong qu kh, cc ngnh cng nghip sau y c chng minh c sn sinh cht thi c bit nhiu: cng nghip ha cht v ch bin du
ngnh cng nghip dc phm

cng nghip kim loi mu/en

ngnh cng nghip sn xut xe hi/c kh /x l b mt k thut in/k thut chnh xc nghin n/thuc nhum v sn xut v gia cng cht to mu

ch bin cht do ch bin thy tinh sn xut da ch bin amiang

khai khong, luyn kim, nu chy kim loi 217

Cc hot ng tiu th v ngnh dch v ni chung pht sinh s lng cht thi t hn. Cht thi nhim du thng to ra nhng vn x l c bit cc nc ang pht trin. Bng ti Ph lc 8 cho mt tng ca cc loi cht thi c bit c pht sinh trong cc c s sn xut nh v bng vic s dng cc sn phm nht nh. Khu vc nhp khu hng ho phc tp t ra mt vn c th. Cc cht ny thng a ra nhng vn nghim trng cho vic thi b v x l sau khi n tr thnh cht thi. iu ny phi c tnh trc, tc l ti thi im nhp khu; gii php c th bao gm cc lnh cm nhp khu hoc giao c nhn cht thi tr li. S ch c bit phi c t ra i vi cht thi c bit t bnh vin, cp trn. iu ny c th dn n nhiu vn nghim trng cho sc khe (xem thm cc tm tt v Phn tch, Chn on, Kim tra, Nhng tin nghi cng cng) 14.2.3.3. Nhn dng cht thi Trong Tm lc 1 (Ph lc5) mt hnh thc n gin ca vic phn loi v xc nh cc vt liu thi c xut. Cc ha cht phn tch trong phng th nghim a ra cc phng php nhn dng c im quan trng, nhng c th lin quan n rt nhiu cng vic v chi ph, v nhng phng th nghim lp t ph hp th thng khng c sn. Thc t hn c l nghin cu cc quy trnh sn xut. Bi v nhng tiu chun ha ca h, mt trong nhng hiu bit chung v cc vt liu thi v cc sn phm c lin quan c sn xut bi cc quy trnh sn xut khc nhau. Hn na nhng iu tra c th thc hin sau , s so snh cc di d liu vi cc c tnh vt liu khc nhau. Cc di d liu nh vy c sn mt s quc gia; Nhng m t cc cht bi cc c tnh ha hc v s xut hin ca chng, l mt s tr gip trong vic xc nh cc cht. M c mt ng k chnh thc v cc cht nguy hi (ng k lin bang), ang k ny thng c sa i v cp nht lin tc. cc quc gia khc cng c nhng chi tit, nhng quy tc do php lut nh ra v s phn loi x l cc vt liu v gim thiu cc tc ng nguy hi c lin kt vi chng. Ph lc B ca TA-Abfall c cp trn cho thy chi tit cc th tc ly mu v phn tch i vi vic k khai v xc nh cc cht thi c hi, vi nhng tham kho cc tiu chun DIN ca c c lin quan. Vn c bn trong vic xc nh cht thi l cc cht thng tr thnh hn hp, s nhn nh cui cng l khng th da trn cc c tnh n c ca vt liu. Thm vo , c nhiu cht l rt kh phn tch, c bit l nhng cht m c th c hi vi mt lng rt nh (v d dioxin, furan). 14.2.3.4. Cc phng php cho php cht thi nguy hi c tiu hu ph hp vi mi trng Mc d s phn b nh vy s dn n s x l chp nhn c v mt mi trng ph thuc ch yu vo loi v trang thit b ca cc nh my (tc l trng thi cng ngh l t). Cc iu khon do lut php quy nh phi m bo rng s u tin th c dnh cho vic ti ch cht thi bt c ni no k thut c th c (tc l ni m mt qu trnh ph hp l sn c) v c th kh thi v mt kinh t (tc l bt c chi ph b sung c b p bi doanh thu tng ng). Khi phn b cht thi n cc tuyn x l thch hp, nhng kha cnh sau y l quan trng: tnh thng nht. hnh dng, mu sc, mi
218

Tnh chy trong iu kin bnh thng, Phn ng vi nc, khng kh v cc cht khc, cc sn phm phn ng t cc tuyn x l thy trc Ngoi ra, c rt nhiu tiu ch khc cn c kim tra da trn cc trng hp c th. Trong trng hp cht thi c th c b ti cc bi rc ph thuc ch yu vo c tnh tch chit. c bit cc cht phn ng c th ch c kt hp sau khi tin x l thch hp. V nguyn tc, cht thi v c, cht thi rn, v cht thi nn li l ph hp b. Ph lc D ca TA-Abfall lit k mt s lng ln cc tiu ch cho vic b trn mt t, l phng php x l chnh cc nc ang pht trin (xem thm Bng 1). S la chn x l ny tng i r nn lun c tip tc s dng khi cc ro chn a cht ( khng thm nc nh l t st v mcno) vi dy va (khong vi chc mt) c xc nh v/hoc c th gia c hoc thay th bi cc ro chn k thut (mng t nhin) Bng 1 Cc tiu ch cho php cht ng cht thi trn mt t theo tiu chun TAAbfall ca CHLB c Thng s n nh bn mt ct Bin dng dc trc Cng chu nn khng hn ch (c trng dng chy) Tht thot do t chy d lng cc cht kh ban u Trch ly cc cht c ngun gc t (lithophilic) Tiu chun nc tch chit pH dn TOC Phenol Asen Ch Catmi Crom (VI) ng Niken Thy ngn K m Florua Amoni Clorua Xyanua, d dng gii phng Sunphat
219

> < > < < 4-13 < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <

25 20 10 10 4 100,000 200 100 1 2 0.5 0.5 10 2 0.1 10 50 50 1,000 10,000 1 5,000

kN/m % kN/m wt % wt % uS/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Nitrit AOX Thnh phn tan trong nc

< < <

30 3 10

mg/l mg/l % wt

Chng 6 (K thut x l cht thi nguy hi) v 7 (Cc yu cu k thut i vi vic x l an ton cht thi nguy hi) ca cc nghin cu chung bi Ngn Hng Th Gii, WHO v UNEP X l an ton cc cht thi nguy hi, K thut Ngn hng Th gii Trang 93 quyn II v III cung cp s tr gip c thm cc chi tit kim tra. Cc cht thi c bit ch nn c x l bng cch thiu hy ni m (gi s chng c gi tr nhit thiu hy v d trong cc l quay c s dng trong cng nghip ximang) chng khng thch hp b trn mt t bi v hm lng cht hu c nhim ni m, thm vo, vic x l bng nhit m bo s tiu hy an ton cc thnh phn phc tp . Cc cht thi thch hp thiu hy ch cha mt s lng gii hn cc kim loi nng v cc nguyn t a nguyn t khc (flo, clo). Cc kiu x l cht thi c bit khc nhau nh ha hc/vt l v sinh hc p ng gim thiu hm lng nhim v /hoc khi lng cht thi. Chng c s dng i vi cc cht thi c hm lng nhim cao v ni m qu trnh ny cho php tch, chuyn i hoc s c nh ca nhng thnh phn gy nhim mi trng. Cc cht thi c ch nh cho cc phng php x l thn thin vi mi trng bng cc phng php th nghim ph hp, ci m c thc hin ni chung l trn c s ca cc phn tch thnh phn cht thi. Khi cc thnh phn cht thi c nhn bit, cht thi c th c ch nh da trn c s ca cc bin php khuyn co. 14.2.4. Nhn dng mc nguy hi do vic lu tr cc cht thi c bit S nghin cu v mc nguy him ca cc cht thi nguy hi khc nhau ch yu ph thuc vo tnh cht c th ca vt liu, c chia thnh cc giai on thu gom, vn chuyn v x l/thi b. S phn loi cc mi nguy him khc nhau phi c phn chia thnh cc dng tc ng ln con ngi v mi trng. Cc xo trn mi trng c d on ln na ch yu da trn cc tnh cht vt liu (v d c tnh sinh hc, c tnh cho con ngi, s phn hy, s tch t, tnh bin i nhanh). Hin nhin n s khng th dng, trong khun kh ca nghin cu ny, xc nh lng ln cht thi nguy hi (xem thm ti nghin cu chi tit trong K thut ca Ngn Hng Th gii trang 93, Chng 2 Quyn I). i vi cc giai on x l cht thi ring bit, mt khc, mt s cc quan st chung c th c thc hin. S thu hi hon chnh (thu gom) ca cc vt liu thi ti im pht sinh trong cc thng cha ph hp l cn thit cho vic x l cht thi nguy hi ph hp v mt mi trng. Cc thng cha thu gom c s dng phi thch hp vi c tnh vt liu ca cc cht (v d nh d chy, n, n mn v.v) v nn tnh ton n cc kha cnh khc (cng , bn, nn cht, tnh ph hp v.v). Ngoi ra, chng phi c kch thc cha khi lng cht thi pht sinh thng xuyn. Cn lu rng nhng sai lm c thc hin giai on ny ca vic x l cht thi th thng kh hiu chnh sau ny. Vic nhn nh kt qu ca cht thi m bo s thu gom ph hp l c tm quan trng cao. iu tng t cng c p dng vn chuyn v thi b v ti ch hoc x l cc vt liu nguy hi . Mt s quc gia c quy nh bao gm cc gii thiu x l chi tit cho cc dng cht thi c lin quan, th d ti c, TA-Abfall. Trong EC, Ch th 80/68/EEC trong vic bo v ngun nc ngm chng li s nhim c gy ra bi mt
220

s cht nguy him c p dng (ty thuc vo thi k thc hin t cui 1981). M v cc quc gia khc cng c cc quy nh ph hp theo lut nh trong lnh vc ny. 14.2.5. nh gi nguy hi ca Ngun-vn chuyn-im n "Source-TransportDestination" Theo quan im ca cc kha cnh c m t trn mt s nh gi chi tit mi nguy him ch c th c thc hin trong phng din ca cc nhn t c bit nguy hi. Tuy nhin, mt s kin chung c th c thc hin m s phc v cho vic minh ha cc nguyn tc chung. 14.2.5.1. Cc giai on ca nh gi nguy hi Mt s nh gi nguy hi gm c nhiu giai on. Bt u bng phn tch tm tt, chc nng ca chng l cung cp mt danh sch tm tt chnh xc cht gy nhim. y l tng ca tt c cc cht m c th v mt nguyn tc gy ra mt mi e da lu di n con ngi v mi trng. Trong trng hp x l cht thi c bit iu r rng s ph thuc nhiu vo thnh phn ca cht thi v phng php x l. Giai on th hai l cc phn tch dng thi, trong c mt s c gng thc hin quyt nh vic thi b cc cht nhim thc s xut hin. iu c quyt nh bi tnh linh ng ca cc cht nhim. In a third stage, an exposure analysis is carried out, the function of which is to consider the possible pollutant burden paths for goods and people. Such burden paths may be: S nhim nc ngm S nhim khng kh Vic x b cc cht nhim vo t S hp thu cc cht nhim thng qua s hp th qua da Nc ung Khng kh ht vo Chui thc n/nc ngm Tip xc vi da

Vo giai on cui, nhng phn tch ri ro thc s phi c thc hin. iu nh gi tc ng ln mi trng v sc khe con ngi ca cc mi nguy him v ri ro kt qu t nhng s tip xc khc nhau. iu ny c thc hin trn c s gi tr gii hn, nu c, hoc di hnh thc nh gi ring bit. M hnh ri ro cng bao gm cc kha cnh xa hn na nh l sc nng ca cc ri ro xy ra v c tnh cc hiu ng nguy him hoc cc s c c th c. Cc tho lun sau y s gip nhn ra hoc gim thiu cc nhn t nguy hi c lin quan n vic x l cht thi c bit. 14.2.5.2. Ngun: im pht sinh cht thi Nh cp, cc cht thi nguy hi bt ngun ch yu t sn xut cng nghip v cc hng ha nhp khu; cht thi nguy hi cng c th pht sinh t cc khu vc sn xut nng nghip, s khai m, s bin i ca cc vt liu th, hng ha tiu th v nguyn liu sn xut. Cc quy tc chung sau y c th c p dng cho vic x l cc vt liu nh vy, gim thiu cc mi nguy hi c lin quan. cm trn ln nhau: s thu hi v thu gom cc cht trong cc thng cha thch hp c tnh ca vt liu v cm trn cc dng cht thi c bit khc nhau, kim tra thng xuyn thnh phn cht thi,

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chp hnh quy nh v an ton trong qu trnh x l v lu tr tm thi cht thi nguy hi, chun b k hoch phng nga cho cc s c c th, cung cp o to cho nhn vin tham gia x l cc cht thi. 14.2.5.3. Vn chuyn Vic vn chuyn cc cht thi nguy hi khc l ng k ti cc nc ang pht trin t thc t cc nc cng nghip ha. Mt khc c th gi nh rng mt giao thng thp mt yu t tch cc trong mt nh gi so snh mi nguy hi. Tuy nhin, c th c mt s tp trung giao thng rt cao ti mt s khu vc c mt dn s ng c vi cng mt c s h tng giao thng pht trin km v mt cc con ng giao thng, vi ch giao thng khng ph hp v thng l khng phng tin an ton tiu chun. Do nhng vn tn ti l do cc yu t sau: cc tuyn ng giao thng xu, s qu ti ca cc phng tin giao thng hin c, nht l cc vng ln cn ca cc trung tm th, khng phng tin an ton, nhng ngi li xe c hun luyn khng y x l cc vt liu nguy him. Rt ra kt lun thc hin mt nh gia mi nguy hi, iu l cn thit xc nh: Cc hng ha c vn chuyn v cc c tnh ca chng Cc dng vn chuyn ng b, c st v ng thy ni a (ng sng) v cc hnh thc vn chuyn trong khu vc x l Xc sut ca cc v tai nn/s c

Mc thit hi n con ngi v mi trng trong trng hp xy ra tai nn th d cc tc ng ca tu b m so vi cc v tai nn ng b. Vic la chn hnh thc v l trnh vn chuyn nn da vo nhng s suy xt nh vy. Nu mt s so snh gia cc quc gia ny vi vic thc hnh ti nhiu nc khc, ni m ngun lc ng k c dnh cho vic qun l v gim st vic vn chuyn cht thi, ngi ta s nh gi cao tm quan trng thuc lnh vc ny. Ngoi cc quy nh quc gia cng c cc quy nh quc t v siu quc gia c hiu lc trong ngnh giao thng m phi c tun theo. Lin Hip Quc cng chun b quy nh v vn chuyn hng ho c hi, cc loi nguy hi khc nhau bi cc c tnh nguy hi ca cc hng ha c vn chuyn (xem thm Ph lc 3) 14.2.5.4. im n: cc nh my x l/tiu hu cht thi c bit Cc mi nguy hi n mi trng pht sinh t cc nh my x l/thi b cc cht thi nguy hi ph thuc ch yu vo phng php x l hoc b cht thi v s ph hp ca cc cht i vi cc phng php x l . Cc nguyn tc ca a im quy hoch c gii quyt trong mt tm tt mi trng ring bit. Mt lng ln cc quy trnh x l bng nhit, ha hc/vt l hoc sinh hc hin c l nhng gii hn c bit v mi trng phi gnh chu. Do n l quan trng a ra cc cht thi thch hp v c cho php i vi cc quy trnh c lin quan. Nhng quy tc phi c a ra trong mt ny, hoc mt ci khc lm cho thch nghi, m bo vic loi b cc cht khng ph hp t cc phng php x l no (th d Bng 1 a ra danh
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sch cc yu cu cho vic b trn mt t ca cc cht thi). Vic nh r v tr chc chn ca cc cht thi xc nh cc phng php x l hoc, l bc u tin, vic ngn chn cc vt liu nh vy t cc quy trnh x l khng ph hp c th dn n mt s ci thin ch yu trong vic x l cht thi c bit quan trng bt i s nhim mi trng. Cc phng php ha hc/vt l v sinh hc ca vic x l cht thi c bit ch c c ti mt phn nh kh nng x l ca cc nc ang pht trin. Ni chung, cc phng php x l chnh l bi rc v s thiu hy bao gm cc hnh thc khc nhau ca s nhim v cc mi nguy hi n mi trng. Mt nh my thiu hy cht thi c bit i khi c th sn sinh ra cc pht thi khng thng xuyn, trong trng hp ca nhng ni rc i vi cc cht thi c bit, nhng hiu bit khng y ca hnh x trong thi gian di ca kt cu a ra cc vn c bn. Mi trng nc (nc ngm v nc mt) s c ri ro mt cch c bit t vic b ca cc vt liu thi v do vy phi c cn nhc cn thn. Nhng ni rc trn mt t thng a ra nhng nguy hi nghim trng cho mi trng bi v b nhim do r r. y cng vy, n l thch hp nh gi nhng nguy him c th c t ra bi nhng cht ring bit hin c, do mt phn tch cn thn phi c thc hin xc nh nhng cht gy nhim c phn b cho cc quy trnh x l hoc b cht thi. Php lut c bit nn c thng qua trong lnh vc ny bng cch s dng tiu chun loi tr hoc cc quy nh phn b rng ri hn. i vi cc nh gi nguy hi xc nh cc tc ng bt li tim tng ln khu vc dn c, c th ni rng cc nh my x l nhit th thng nm gn cc khu vc c mt dn c ng c v do gy ra cc mi nguy hi khc (cc ri ro cho sc khe th d do cc tai nn hoc cc pht thi dioxin t s thiu hy cht thi v thiu hy cht thi c bit mt cch c th) t v tr cc bi chn lp rc, bi v vic s dng t c u tin, th thng tch bit v tp trung t nhiu hn. N nn c tnh n vic gom rc l mt phn khng th trnh c ca tt c cc quy trnh x l, cc cht nh vy th lun c to ra m khng phi tri qua bt c qu trnh x l no v do phi thc s c b. gim thiu mi nguy hi c kt hp vi hai phng php x l chnh, cc bin php sau y phi c thng qua hoc cho php: S thiu hy cht thi c bit: S hot ng/thc hin x l bng nhit: Cc l quay vi nhit thiu hy khong 1000-1200 C l c bit thch hp; lm sch kh thi hiu qu /s ra kh thi l cn thit. Bi rc thi c bit: la chn v tr thch hp c tnh n cc iu kin a cht, Cc bin php kt cu: Chng thm y (t nhin/tng hp), tng bao ph, kim sot s nn cht, gim thiu s r r, phc hi v x l nc r r, cc bin php tch kh hot ng ca bi rc: Cc bin php trnh b pht tn v cc pht thi ting n, gim thiu s r r, s nn cht, s hp nht, bo v ting n, ni rc ring bit/ s hp nht ca mt s cc vt liu thi, cc bin php bo v cc v tr, bin php phng nga s c, gim st hu ng ca bi rc: Kim tra cc ng thng hi pha trn v dng chy ngm di t.

223

14.2.6. Cc thnh phn v giai on ca qun l cht thi nguy hi chp nhn c v mt mi trng Mt bn lit k cc loi cht thi phi c thit lp cho thy c tnh cht thi c xc nh mt cch chnh xc. Tm lc 1 trong Ph lc 5 l mt trch dn t mt s phn loi n gin v thit thc, cung cp mt c s cho vic nh gi cc cht v vic x l thch hp cc cht thi c phn loa nh th. 14.2.6.1. Cc giai on ca qui hoch qun l cht thi Vic tip theo, giai on th hai bao gm vic quy hoch cc bin php x l c bit i vi vic x l thm (thu gom-vn chuyn-thi b/x l) ca cc vt liu v c lng tng hp cc mi nguy hi trong bi cnh c th ca a phng trong cc giai on . thu gom/s thu gom tch bit vi lu tr tm thi khi cn thit vn chuyn vi vic bc d khi cn thit Thi b - thng qua phng php x l/thi b. Kt qu quy hoch s ph thuc vo thuc tnh ca cht thi c bit, m c bit trong hu ht cc trng hp. Tuy nhin, phi nh rng cc vt liu thi l cc hn hp, lm kh khn hn cho nh gi v phn loi chng, v mt ln na i hi kin thc v thnh phn cu to cht thi. Hn na cc iu kin kinh t-x hi v a l-sinh thi a phng phi c tnh n, ni m c nhng tc ng r rng. Cc kha cnh nh vy bao gm li sng v cc thi quen tiu dng, - cc hnh thc nh c v s dng t, - c cu kinh t, - mt v s phn b dn c, - thnh phn cu to ca t, - s tn ti v tnh sn c ca cc ti nguyn nc, - diu kin kh hu, v.v. Nhng nhn t v khc do nh hng n kt qu quy hoch v nh gi tng hp cc mi nguy hi. V vy n l bt buc i vi vic nh gi, dn n mt s thc hin vic thi b i vi cc cht thi nguy hi chp nhn c v mt mi trng, c thc hin c tnh n cc vn c bit ny sinh, bng cch s dng cc tiu ch khc nhau hoc mt khon tr cp khc nhau t vic p dng cc nc cng nghip ha (ICs industrialised countries) Hn na, cc bin php phi c phn bit v hiu qu ca chng qua tng thi gian v giai on m chng c thit k. Trn mt tm nhn ngn hn, cc bin php l cn thit thc hin vic b vi cc phng php x l v thi b khng thun li cc cht thi nguy hi, trong khi vi tm nhn di hn cc gii php chp nhn c phi c tm thy pht trin mt chin lc thch hp vi ngun ti chnh va v cc ngun ti nguyn mi trng sn c. im khi u cho vic xc nh v kim sot cc cht thi nguy hi l mt phn tch cc ngun c th c (tc l cht thi sn xut/nhp khu). Cc cht thi nguy hi l kt qu t cc quy trnh sn xut v l mt kt qu ca vic tiu th hng ha. Tuy nhin, sn xut cng nghip l mt nhn t rt quan trng, v vy vic bin son (cp nht sau khi cn thit) ca mt bn tm tt cc c s cng nghip trong khu vc quy hoch s cung cp mt li khuyn c gi tr on trc cc dng cht thi c bit v ny sinh. Quy trnh ca
224

vic nhn bit tnh trng hin ti do l mt bc c bn quan trng trong vic qun l cht thi c bit. C th l cc nc ang pht trin, ngi ta phi xem xt cc hng ha nhp khu phc tp, c th sn sinh rt nhiu cc vt liu nguy hi gy rc ri ti phn cui ca vng i sn phm. S bt ngun t c s ny, thng tin hn na phi t c i vi hiu qu ca vic quy hoch qun l cht thi. Cc quy trnh giai on quan trng sau y nn c ch : 1. Tm tt cc im chung hin ti: loi, s lng v thnh phn ca cc cht thi nguy hi, 2. c tnh s pht trin trong tng lai 3. xem xt s xut hin ca cc cht thi c hi c lin quan vi hng nhp khu, 4. Kim tra kh nng thu gom v vn chuyn an ton, 5. Tm tt k hoch hin ti v trn thc t cc nh my thi b/x l i vi cc cht thi c bit, theo tng loi v kh nng (s thch hp i vi mt s loi cht thi), 6. Kim tra kh nng ca nhng thay th c nhn bit trong phn 5, 7. Kim tra kh nng i vi vic gim ti thiu cht thi thng qua vic trnh (v d s dng cc cng ngh mi v thn thin vi mi trng) v c hi tip th bt c sn phm ti ch no (nhit/vt liu), 8. Phn phi mt s vt liu thi n cc phng php x l thch hp (bin son mt chng trnh phn phi hoc cng thc loi tr), 9. Chun b cc k hoch di hn phi hp qun l cht thi ca vng. Ngoi nhng phn ni bn trn, cc hot ng thm c yu cu: Lut php: - to ra mt khung php l i vi k hoch qun l cht thi (nn tng php l), - thit lp lut php u tin cho vic trnh hoc ti ch cc vt liu thi (chp nhn c v mt mi trng) thay v thi b, - Cm nhp khu cc cht thi c hi qui nh trong Cng c Basel, - xc minh s ph hp ca mt lnh cm nhp khu i vi hng ha nhp khu sn sinh ra cht thi nguy hi khi kt thc vng i sn phm ca chng, - thit lp lut php i vi vic xc nh cc giai on quy hoch trong vic xy dng cc nh my mi cho x l cht thi nguy hi (thit lp cc quy trnh thch hp), - pht trin mt b my hnh chnh xc nh r trch nhim v quyn hn i vi vic thc hin cc quy nh hnh chnh trong qun l cht thi thn thin vi mi trng, - pht trin mt h thng hiu qu cc ph chun - thit lp cc quy tc qun l trch nhim php l i vi thit hi v ti sn, thit hi sinh thi v tn thng n con ngi nh l mt kt qu ca s vi phm cc nguyn tc qun l cht thi chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Kinh t: - pht trin v thc hin h thng khuyn khch kinh t ngn nga v gim thiu s xut hin ca cht thi nguy hi (v d thu phi tr), - thit lp v thc hin nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin nh hng dn i vi qun l cht thi,
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- to ra cc th trng a phng cho vic s dung cc vt liu cn d, - cung cp ngn hng cht thi cho mt s vt liu. Khc: - cc bin php m bo rng nhng ngi lm vic trong lnh vc ny phi c bng cp lin quan, - o to cho phm vi rng ri ca ngi dn (v d nh ngi vn hnh nh my, ngi li xe, nhn vin hnh chnh), - thit lp cc k hoch qun l cht thi phi hp/cc kha cnh quy hoch. 14.2.6.2. quan trng ca cc bin php phng trnh/gim thiu cht thi v khuyn khch xoay vng/ti s dng cht thi. Giai on 1-5 l cc bc chnh theo hng quy hoch qun l cht thi; giai on 6 v 7 nhm mc ch gim thiu lng cht thi, ci m s to thnh ht nhn ca cc h thng qun l cht thi trong tng lai. Ngn nga cht thi c hi t ni xut hin u tin (th d s dng cc vt liu thay th an ton hn hoc thay i mt h thng khc) l by gi v trong tng lai s l mt phn c bn v khng th thiu ca qun l cht thi c bit, c tm quan trng c bit cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bin php khc nhau c th c thc hin ngn nga v gim thiu cht thi c bit c sn xut bi cc c s thng mi v cng nghip: s dng nguyn liu th nhim thp lm u vo ca cc qu trnh (vi tin x l khi cn thit); s dng cc quy trnh sn xut to ra cht thi v phn d ti thiu; gim thiu cc nhim chng cht ln cc vt liu cn st li c sn xut; s dng chu trnh kn cho vic ti ch cc vt liu thi; phn loi cht thi sinh hot v cc loi cht thi c bit. Mt bc quan trng thm na l lm phong ph trong lut v bt buc ti ch cht thi trc khi thi b cc cht thi nguy hi. iu ny nn i km vi cc bin php pht trin th trng a phng i vi vic s dng cc vt liu cn d. 14.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng cc nc b nh hng bi cc vn v m t trn, cn thit c th xc nh cc cht thi nguy hi ti ni pht sinh ra v c kin thc v nhng nguy him tin tng c lin quan, nhm kim sot cc mi nguy him thc t trong khun kh ca k hoch qun l cht thi v a ra quy hoch trn thc t. Do mt bn lit k bt buc v cc dng cht thi phi c bin son chun b cho giai on quy hoch v thc hin cc bin php qun l cht thi trong tng lai. Tiu ch phn ranh gii v cc cc nh ngha phi c trnh by r rng chnh xc cn i ti a vi cc nguyn tc quc t hin hnh, kim sot transboundary cc dch chuyn ca cc nguyn liu thi trong cng c Basel (xem Phn 2, v Ph lc 1) nh xa nht c th t cc vng bin gii. 14.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Trn c s thng tin lin quan n s lng, thnh phn, v.v.. tnh cht nguy him ca cc loi cht thi, cc cht thi thc t k hoch qun l ny c son tho vi cc mc tiu sau y:

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- Thng xuyn thu gom (kim tra kh nng cho s thu gom tch bit) v loi b cc nguyn vt liu, - Vn chuyn an ton v kim sot cc vt liu t im pht sinh n nh my x l v thi b, - Tnh sn c ca cc nh my x l/thi b chp nhn c v mt mi trng ph hp vi cc vt liu, - Quy nh v cc quyn hnh chnh trong lnh vc cp php cho bt k s kim tra cn thit no. Bi vy mc tiu ca chng trnh ny bao gm mt lng ln cc mc ch v cc nhu cu. Cc lnh vc sau y cn nhm n: - tc ng n sc khe, - tc ng n mi trng (cc cu hi v tnh tng thch vi mi trng), - tin cy v k thut, vn hnh an ton, - s cng nhn v hnh chnh, - s thu hi (c th tiu th c) cc ngun ti nguyn, - hiu qu kinh t, - bo tn v bo qun cc nguyn liu th. 14.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Bc u tin trong vic quy hoch v thi b cc cht thi c bit thn thin vi mi trng l xc nh cc vt liu thi xut hin ti im pht sinh ra v phn loi cc vt liu ny trn c s ca mt bn tm tt cc loi cht thi. Quy hoch qun l cht thi l c gii hn bi mt s cc iu kin ph m hn ch phm vi hot ng (bng 2.2). Cc nhn t ny to ra nhng mu thun trong vic thi b cht thi c bit. Cc nhu cu quan trng nht i vi vic thi b cht thi (c bit), vi mt c hi t c s nhim mi trng ti thiu, c th tm tt nh sau: 1. Gim thiu cht thi thng qua vic s dng cc quy trnh sn xut v nhp khu m to ra nh mt s nhim mi trng t nht c th, 2. Xc nh cc cht thi ti cc im sn sinh cht thi , 3. Kim tra cc vt liu thi ny nhm ti sinh v ti ch, 4. Cc h thng thu gom thch hp vi cc c tnh vt liu v khi cn thit, tm thi lu tr ca cc vt liu c thu hi, 5. Vn chuyn cc vt liu thi c thi b hoc ti ch bng cc thit k c bit v cc phng tin chnh thc c ph duyt; vn chuyn bng cc li xe tin cy v c o to ph hp; thit lp cc dng vn chuyn thch hp v cc tuyn ng giao thng chnh xc, 6. Thi b cc vt liu thi sau khi kim tra tim nng ti ch trong cc nh my ph hp m c xy dng trong mt k hoch qun l cht thi a phng v c kim tra v tnh chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Mt iu cn xem xt y:

227

- vic duy tr tnh trng ca cng ngh cho vic gim ti a s nhim mi trng (cc pht thi) c lin kt vi cc nh my, vic m rng cc nh my nh vy v s pht thi vo kh quyn xy ra nh mt kt qu; - nhn mnh vo vic ti ch v ti s dng cc vt liu; - sn xut nhit, ni m cc vt liu thi l thch hp vi iu ; - ph hp vi kh nng x l i vi cc dng v s lng cht thi c bit c pht sinh; 7. Pht trin th trng a phng cho cc sn phm ti ch, 8. quy hoch v thc hin ca cc bin php kinh t trong lnh vc qun l cht thi, 9. Khuyn khch pht trin v thc hin cc k hoch i ph vi cht thi thng mi v cng nghip, 10. Thit lp cc c quan lp k hoch v gim st hiu qu cc bin php cn thit v s thc hin thc t ca chng, 11. To ra mt khung php l cho vic lp k hoch v chnh sch qun l cht thi. Khi nh gi s nguy hi, iu cn thit u tin l pht hin ra cc ngun nguy hi. Nh m t trn, mi nguy hi c bit xut hin ph thuc vo cc vt liu thi v cc c tnh ca chng, Cc tuyn giao thng v phng thc vn chuyn c la chn trn nn ca tnh trng (giao thng) trong khu vc x l, cc nh my x l hin c v vic bo v mi trng trong cc c s ca h, p dng cc quy nh di lut v sc khe v an ton. Bn cnh cc dng khc nhau ca cc mc tiu nguy hi, cc ngun nguy hi khc phi c lu khi gii quyt cc vt liu ny. Cc yu t li ca con ngi, cc li k thut, nhng yu t ngoi vi (ng t, l lt v.v) phi c tnh n trong mo hnh ri ro (s chun b cc k hoch s c vi cc bin php phng nga, cc tnh hung xu nht v.v) V c rt nhiu kha cnh phi c tnh n, t tt c cc bin php ny vo thc t khng phi l vn d dng. Cc yu t chin lc tng thch do phi c lp k hoch v thc hin trn mt tm nhn di hn. Cht thi c sn xut nh mt sn phm cui cng ca cc quy trnh kinh t. iu ny thc s l tt c cc cht thi c bit bi v n gn gi trc tip vi khu vc sn xut. Ph lc 9 tm tt cc yu t chnh ca lnh vc mi trng. 14.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Laws and conventions: 2. Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift ber Anforderungen zum Schutz des Grund-wassers bei der Lagerung und Ablagerung von Abfllen dated January 31, 1990 (GMBl. (joint ministerial circular), p. 74). 3. Zweite allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Abfallgesetz (TA-Abfall), Teil 1: Technische Anleitung zur Lagerung, chemisch/physikalischen und biolo-gischen Behandlung und 228

Verbrennung von besonders berwachungsbe-drftigen Abfllen dated December 17, 1990 (GMBl.(joint ministerial circular) p. 866, ber. GMBl. 1991 p. 136, Neufassung GMBl. 1991 p. 138). 4. Gesetz zur Vermeidung und Entsorgung von Abfllen (Abfallgesetz - AbfG) dated August 27, 1986 (BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) p. 1410), zuletzt gendert durch Gesetz vom 11. Mai 1990 (BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette I) p. 870). 5. Gesetz ber die Umweltvertrglichkeitsprfung (UVPG) dated February 12, 1990 (BGBl. (Federal Law Gazette) I p. 205) gendert durch Gesetz vom 11. Mai 1990 amended by Law of 11 May 1990 (BGBl. I p. 870). 6. Council Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment of 27 June 1985 (85/337/EEC - O.J. No. L 175 of 5 July 1985, p. 40). 7. Council Directive on toxic and dangerous waste of 20 March 1978 (78/319/EEC - O.J. L 84 of 31 March 1978, p. 43). 8. Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. 9. Verordnung zur Bestimmung von Abfllen nach 2 Abs. 2 des Abfallgesetzes (Abfallbestimmungsverordnung - AbfBestV) dated April 3, 1990 (BGBl. I (Federal Law Gazette) I p. 614). 10. WHO: Hazardous Waste Management, WHO Interim Document No. 7. 11. Scientific papers: 12. Batsstone, R., Smith, J.E., Wilson, D.C. (Eds.): The Safe Disposal of Hazardous Wastes The Special Needs and Problems of Developing Countries, World Bank Technical Paper Number 93, Vol. I, II, III, Washington D.C., 1989. 13. Franke, B., Giegrich, J.: Abwgung der Risiken durch Mllverbrennung und Mlldeponierung, in: VDI (Ed.): Handbuch zum VDI-Seminar "ber Abfallstrme zu integrierten Abfallwirtschaftskonzepten" on February 18 and 19 1991 in Dsseldorf. 14. Hessisches Ministerium fr Umwelt Abfallwirtschaftskonzeption, Wiesbaden 1988. und Reaktorsicherheit (Ed.): Hessische

15. Publisher not indicated: Suchliste fr Sonderabflle und Altlasten, in: Arbeitnehmer, H. 12/1989, p. 534 - 544. 16. Schramek, E.R.: Sonderabfall aus Betrieben und Altlasten -Vermeidungsstrate-gien, in: VDI (Ed.): Sondermll: thermische Behandlung und Alterna-tiven, VDI-Berichte 664, Dsseldorf 1987. 17. Szelinksi, B.A.: Die Baseler UNEP-Konvention ber die grenzberschreitende Abfallentsorgung und ihre Auswirkungen auf Deutschland, in: Wasser + Boden, H. 4/1991, p. 199 202. 18. Tharun, G., Thanh, N.C., Bidwell, R. (Eds.): Environmental Management for Developing Countries, Vol. 2 (Waste and Water Pollution Control - Evaluation and Decision Making) and Vol. 3 (Environmental Assessment and Management), Asian Institute of Technology Continuing Education Center Series, Bangkok 1983. 19. Wilson, D.C., Balkau F.: Adapting hazardous waste management to the needs of developing countries - an Tng quan and guide to action, in : Waste Management and Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, April 1990, p. 87 - 98. 20. Loose-leaf collections / Supplements: 21. Birn/Jung: Abfallbeseitigungsrecht fr die betriebliche Praxis, Loseblattsammlung. 22. BMZ/GTZ: Katalog umweltrelevanter Standards 84, Eschborn.

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23. Hsel/Kumpf/Linder: Technische Vorschriften fr die Abfallbeseitigung, Loseblattsammlung. 24. Kumpf/Maas/Straub: Mll- und Abfallbeseitigung (Mllhandbuch), Loseblatt-sammlung. 25. Wetzbacher: Neue Datenbltter fr gefhrliche Arbeitsstoffe nach der Gefahrstoffverordnung.

Ph lc
Ph lc 1 Cc nhm cht thi cn c kim sot theo cng c basel- Cc dng thi

Y 1 Clinical wastes, from medical care in Y 1 Cht thi lm sng, t chm sc y t hospitals, medical centres and clinics trong bnh vin, trung tm y t v trm y t Y 2 Wastes from the production and Y 2 Cht thi t vic sn xut v pha ch preparation of pharmaceutical products dc phm Y 3 Waste medicines, drugs and wastes Y 3 Cht thi y t, cc loi thuc v cht from pharmaceutical products thi t dc phm Y 4 Wastes from the production, Y 4 Cht thi t vic sn xut, ch to v s formulation and use of biocides and phyto- dng dioxit v tho dc pharmaceuticals Y 5 Waste from the manufacture, Y 5 Cht thi t vic sn xut , ch to v s formulation and use of wood preserving dng ha cht bo qun g chemicals Y 6 Wastes from the production, Y 6 Cht thi t vic sn xut , ch to v s formulation and use of organic solvents dng cc dung mi hu c Y 7 Wastes from heat treatment and Y 7 Cht thi t x l nhit v cc hot tempering operations containing cyanides ng ha trn c cha xyanua Y 8 Waste mineral oil, unfit for its originally Y 8 Cht thi du khong, khng thch hp intended use cho vic s dng ban u ca chng Y 9 Hydrocarbon/water mixtures, emulsions Y 10 Waste substances and articles containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and/or polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) and/or polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) Y 9 Hn hp hydrocacbon/nc, nh tng Y 10 Cc cht thi v cc vt phm c cha polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) v/hoc polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) v/hoc polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs)

Y 11 Waste tarry residues arising from Y 11 Nha ng thi d pht sinh t cc refining, distillation and pyrolytic processes qu trnh tinh ch, chng ct v nhit phn Y 12 Wastes from production, formulation Y 12 Cht thi t vic sn xut, ch to v and use of inks, dyes, pigments, paints, s dng mc, thuc nhum, bt mu, sn du, sn mi v du bng lacquers and varnish Y 13 Wastes from the production, Y 13 Cht thi t vic sn xut, ch to v formulation and use of resins, latex, plastics, s dng nha thng, nha m, cht do, keo dn/cht dnh. glues/adhesives Y 14 Waste chemical substances arising from research and development or teaching activities and which are not identified and/or are new and whose effects on man and/or Y 14 Cht thi ha hc pht sinh t vic nghin cu v pht trin hoc hot ng ging dy v khng c xc nh v/hoc l mi v c tc ng n con ngi v/hoc

230

the environment are not known

mi trng khng c bit n.

Y 15 Wastes of an explosive nature not Y 15 Cht thi c kh nng n khng ph subject to other legislation thuc vo cc lut l khc Y 16 Wastes from the production, Y 16 Cht thi t vic sn xut, ch to v formulation and use of photographic s dng cc ha cht nh chemicals Y 17 Wastes resulting from surface Y 17 Cht thi t x l b mt v hon thin treatment and finishing of metals and cc kim loi v nha plastics Y 18 Residues arising from industrial waste Y 18 Cc cht cn d pht sinh t vic x l disposal operations cht thi cng nghip Cht thi c cc hp cht nh Y 19 Metal carbonyls Y 20 Beryllium, beryllium compounds Y 21 Hexavalent chromium compounds Y 22 Copper compounds Y 23 Zinc compounds Y 24 Arsenic, arsenic compounds Y 25 Selenium, selenium compounds Y 26 Cadmium, cadmium compounds Y 27 Antimony, antimony compounds Y 28 Tellurium, tellurium compounds Y 29 Mercury, mercury compounds Y 30 Thallium, thallium compounds Y 31 Lead, lead compounds Y 32 Inorganic fluorine excluding calcium fluoride Y 33 Inorganic cyanides Y 34 Acid solutions or acids in solid form Y 35 Basic solutions or bases in solid form Y 36 Asbestos (dust and fibres) Y 37 Organic phosphorus compounds Y 38 Organic cyanides Y 19 Metal carbonyls Y 20 Berili, cc hp cht berili Y 21 Hp cht Crom c ha tr 6 Y 22 Cc hp cht ca ng Y 23 Cc hp cht ca km Y 24 Asen, cc hp cht ca asen Y 25 Selen, cc hp cht ca selen Y 26 Cadimi, cc hp cht ca cadimi Y 27 antimon, cc hp cht antimon Y 28 Telua, cc hp cht telua Y 29 Thy ngn, cc hp cht thy ngn Y 30 Tali, cc hp cht ca Tali Y 31 Ch, cc hp cht ca ch compounds Y 32 cc hp cht flo v c ngoi tr canxi florua Y 33 Xianua v c Y 34 dung dch axit hoc cc axit dng rn Y 35 Dung dch bazo hoc cc bazo dng rn Y 36 Amiang (bi v si) Y 37 Cc hp cht photpho hu c Y 38 Xianua hu c

Y 39 Phenols: phenol compounds including Y 39 Phenol: cc hp cht phenol bao gm chlorophenols chlorophenols Y 40 Ethers Y 40 te

231

Y 41 Halogenated organic solvents Y 42 Organic solvents halogenated solvents

Y 41 Cc dung mi hu c halogen ha

excluding Y 42 Dung mi hu c ngoi tr cc dung mi halogen ha with Y 43 Tt c cc cht, b nhim bi polychlorinated dibenzo-furans with Y 44 Tt c cc cht, b nhim bi polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

Y 43 All substances, polluted polychlorinated dibenzo-furans Y 44 All substances, polluted polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

Y 45 Organohalogen compounds other than Y 45 cc hp cht Organ alogen khc ngoi those substances referred to in this Annex. cc cht c nu ti Ph lc ny. Ph lc 2 Danh mc cc c tnh nguy hi theo cng c basel Phn loi theo cc c im nguy hi ca M s Cc c im Lin Hip Quc Cc cht n hoc cht thi Mt cht n hoc cht thi l cht rn hoc lng hoc cht thi (hoc s ha trn cc cht hoc cht thi) m l kh nng ca chnh chng bng cc phn ng ha hc sn sinh ra kh nhit , p sut nh vy, hoc p lc hay tc nh vy gy ra s thit hi cho mi trng xung quanh. Cc cht lng d chy Cc cht lng d chy l cc cht lng hoc ha trn cc cht lng c cha cht rn trong dung dch hoc cc ht l lng (v d sn du, sn mi, vc ni, v.v, nhng khng bao gm cc cht hoc cc cht thi nu khng c phn loi v cc c tnh nguy hi ca chng) ci m pht ra hi d chy ti mt nhit khng qu 60,5 C, chn kn kim tra, hoc khng qu 65.6C, chn h kim tra. Cc cht rn d chy Cc cht rn, hoc cc cht thi rn, khc vi vic phn loi cc cht n, m trong cc iu kin gp phi trong giao thng l bt la mt cch d dng, hoc c th gy ra hoc gp phn to ra la thng qua s ma st. Cc cht hoc cht thi c kh nng t pht chy. Cc cht hoc cht thi m c kh nng t pht ra nhit trong cc iu kin bnh thng gp phi trong giao thng, hoc nng ln do tip xc vi khng kh, v sau c kh nng bt la. Cc cht hoc cc cht thi m, khi tip xc vi nc, cc cht kh d chy Cc cht hoc cc cht thi, bng cch tng tc vi nc, c kh nng tr thnh cht t pht chy hoc pht ra cc cht kh d chy vi s lng nguy him. Cc cht oxy ha hoc cc cht thi m, trong khi chnh chng khng d bt la, c th, to ra bi kh oxy b t chy, hoc
232

H1

H3

4.1

H4.1

4.2

H4.2

4.3

H4.3

5.1

H5.1

phn phi, s t chy ca cc vt liu khc. 5.2 H5.2 Peroxit hu c Cc cht hoc cc cht thi hu c m c cha cu trc ha tr 2 OO v l cc cht khng n nh nhit m c th phi tri qua s phn hy t tng tc ta nhit. Cc cht c (vi tc ng cp tnh) Cc cht hoc cc cht thi c kh nng gy ra ci cht hoc thng tch nghim trng hoc gy hi cho sc khe con ngi nu nut phi hoc tip xc vi da. Cc cht ly nhim Cc cht hoc cc cht thi c cha vi sinh vt tn ti hoc c t ca chng, c bit n hoc b nghi ng l gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt Cht n mn Cc cht hoc cc cht thi m, bng tc ng ha hc, s gy ra thit hi nghim trng khi tip xc vi t bo sng, hoc, trong trng hp r r, s thit hi v mt vt cht, hoc thm ch ph hy hng ha hoc cc phng tin vn chuyn; chng cng c th gy ra cc nguy hi khc. Gii phng kh c khi tin xc vi khng kh hoc nc. Cc cht hoc cht thi m, tng tc vi khng kh v nc, th c kh nng pht ra cc kh c vi s lng nguy him. Cc cht c hi (vi nh hng tc thi hoc mn tnh) Cc cht hoc cht thi m, nu chng c ht vo n vo hoc nu chng thm nhp qua da, c th c cc tc ng tc thi hoc mn tnh, bao gm cht gy ung th. Cc cht c hi Cc cht hoc cc cht thi m nu c pht hin hoc c th pht hin ngay lp tc hoc tr hon cc tc ng bt li cho mi trng bng tch ly sinh hc v/hoc c hiu ng c hi ln cc h thng ngun gc sinh vt. Cc cht, c kh nng, bng bt c cch no, sau khi thi b, ca cc vt liu chy khc, v d dung dch lc, m s hu bt k c im no c lit k trn.

6.1

H6.1

6.2

H6.2

8.

H8

9.

H10

9.

H11

9.

H12

9.

H13

Ph lc 3 Cc hot ng tiu hu theo cng c basel A Operations which do not lead to the A. Cc hot ng khng a n kh nng thu possibility of resource recovery, recycling, hi ti nguyn, ti sinh, ci to, ti s dng trc reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses tip hoc cc s dng la chn D1 Deposit into or onto land, (i.e. landfill D1 a vo t hoc trong hoc trn t etc.) (chon lp chng hn) D2 Land treatment (e.g. biodegradation of D2 X l t (v d phn hy sinh hc ca liquid or sludgy discards in soils etc.) cht lng hoc bn khi thi vo t) D3 Deep injection (e.g. injection of D3 Trch su (v d trch cc cht c th
233

pumpable discards into wells, salt domes or bm c vo ging, cc i mui hoc cc naturally occurring repositories etc.) kho cha t nhin v.v..) D4 Surface impoundment (e.g. placement of D4 Giam cm b mt (v d a cht lng liquid or sludge discards into pits, ponds, hoc bn vo cc h, ao, h v.v..) lagoons etc.) D5 Specially engineered landfills (e.g. placement into lined, discrete cells, which are capped and isolated from one other and the environment etc.) D5 Cc bi chon lp c thit k c bit (v d lp cc tm tri y, cc c lp c cch ly tt vi 1 hoc nhiu thnh phn mi trng)

D6 Release into a water body except D6 Thi vo ngun nc loi tr bin/i seas/oceans dng D7 Release into seas/oceans including sea- D7 Thi vo bin/i dng bao gm c bed insertion su xung y D8 Biological treatment not specified elsewhere in this annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations in Section A D9 Physico-chemical treatment not specified elsewhere in this annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operations described in Section A (e.g. evaporation, drying, calcination, neutralisation, precipitation etc.) D10 Incineration on land D11 Incineration at sea D8 X l sinh hc khng c ch nh ti bt c im no trong ph lc ny kt qu to ra cht hoc hn hp c thi bng bt c hot ng no c m t trong mc A D9 X l ha-l khng c ch nh ti bt c im no trong ph lc ny kt qu to ra cht hoc hn hp c thi bng bt c hot ng no c m t trong mc A (v d bay hi, sy kh, vi ha, trung ha, kt ta v.v..) D10 Thiu t trn t lin D11 Thiu t trn bin

D12 Permanent storage (e.g. emplacement D12 Lu tr vnh vin (v d t cc of containers in a mine etc.) container trong hm m v.v..) D13 Blending or mixing prior to submission D13 Pha trn hoc phi trn a vo bt to any of the operations in Section A c hot ng no trong m c A D14 Repackaging prior to submission to any D14 ng gi li trc khi a vo bt c of the operations in Section A hot ng no trong mc A D15 Storage pending any of the operations D15 Lu tr trong khi ch i bt c hot in Section A (temporary storage). ng no trong mc A (lu tr tm thi) B. Operations which may lead to resource B. Cc hot ng c th a n thu hi ti recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re- nguyn, ti sinh, ci to, ti s dng trc tip hoc cc s dng la chn use or alternative uses R1 Use as a fuel (other than in direct R1 S dng nh nhin liu (khc vi thiu incineration) or other means to generate t trc tip) hoc cc bin php pht nng lng khc energy R2 Solvent reclamation/regeneration R3 Recycling/reclamation of R2 Thu hi/ti sinh dung mi organic R3 Ti sinh/ci to cc hp cht hu c
234

substances which are not used as solvents

khng c s dng nh dung mi

R4 Recycling/reclamation of metals and R4 Ti sinh/ci to kim loi v cc hp kim metal compounds R5 Recycling reclamation of inorganic R5 Ti sinh/ci to cc vt liu v c materials R6 Regeneration of acids or bases R6 Hon nguyn axit hoc baz R7 Recovery of components used for R7 Thu hi cc thnh phn c s dng pollution abatement cho x l nhim R8 Recovery of components from catalysts R8 Thu hi cc thnh phn t cc cht xc tc

R9 Used oil re-refining or other reuses of R9 Ti lc du s dng hoc cc loi previously used oil khc ca du qua s dng R10 Land treatment resulting in benefit to R10 X l bng t kt qu l li ch cho ci agriculture or ecological improvement thin nng nghip hoc sinh thi R11 Use of residual materials obtained from R11 S dng cc vt liu d tha t bt c any of the operations numbered R1-R10 hot ng no c nh s R1-R10 R12 Exchange of wastes for submission to R12 Trao i cc cht thi cung cp cho any of the operations numbered in R1-R11 bt c hot ng no c nh s R1-R11 R13 Accumulation of materials intended for R13 S tch ly ca cc vt liu c s any operation described in Section B. dng cho bt c hot ng no c m t trong mc B Ph lc 4 Danh mc cc cht/vt liu c hoc nguy hi Theo ph lc ca Ch th EC v cht thi c hi v nguy him ngy 20/3/1978 (78/319/EEC - O.J. L 84 ca 31/3/1978, trang 43) 1 Arsenic; arsenic compounds 2 Mercury, mercury compounds 3 Cadmium; cadmium compounds 4 Thallium; thallium compounds 5 Beryllium; beryllium compounds 6 Chrome 6 compounds 7 Lead; lead compounds 8 Antimony; antimony compounds 9 Phenols; phenol compounds 10 Cyanides, organic and inorganic 11 Isocyanates 12 Organic-halogen compounds, excluding inert polymeric materials and other substances referred to in this list or covered by other
235

Asen v hp cht ca chng Thy ngn v cc hp cht ca chng Cadimi v cc hp cht ca chng Thali v cc hp cht ca chng Beri v cc hp cht ca chng Cc hp cht crom ha tr 6 Ch v cc hp cht ca chng Ang ti moan v cc hp cht ca chng Phenol v cc hp cht ca chng Xianua, hu c v v c Iso xianua Cc hp cht hu c cha halogen, loi tr cc vt liu cao phn t tr v cc cht khc c m t trong danh mc

Directives concerning the disposal of toxic or dangerous waste 13 Chlorinated solvents 14 Organic solvents 15 Biocides and phyto-pharmaceutical substances 16 Tarry materials from refining and tar residues from distilling 17 Pharmaceutical compounds 18 Peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates and azides 19 Ethers 20 Chemical laboratory materials, not identifiable and/or new, whose effects on the environment are not known 21 Asbestos (dust and fibres) 22 Selenium; selenium compounds 23 Tellurium; tellurium compounds 24 Aromatic polycyclic compounds (with carcinogenic effects) 25 Metal carbonyls 26 Soluble copper compounds 27 Acids and/or basic substances used in the surface treatment of metals.

cc cht c v nguy hi khc Cc dung mi halogen ha Cc dung mi hu c Cc cht dit khun v dc phm c ngun gc thc vt Cc cht dng hc in l sn phm cua4 qu trnh lc du hoc chng ct Cc dc phm Cc cht peroxit, chlorat, perchlorat v azid Cc ete Cc ha cht phng th nghim, khng xc nh c hoc mi, c cc nh hng cha r rng (khng/cha bit) n mi trng Amiang (bi v si) Selen v hp cht ca chng Telua v hp cht ca chng Cc hp cht thm a vng (c hiu ng gy ung th) Cc cacbonil ca kim loi Cc hp cht tan ca ng Axit, bazo dng trong x l b mt

Ph lc 5 Tm tt 1: S rt gn v thc t trong nhn dng v phn loi cc cht thi c bit (v d Naples 1983) (loi tr) (1) Tnh ng nht (thng nht) - rn (2) Biu hin/kch thc ca cc cht Bt Cc ht kch thc nh Cc ht kch thc trung bnh Cc ht kch thc ln Khng r
236

- lng

- bn

Nh tng du Gc nc Gc khc Khng r ngun

t Kh Khng c ngun gc nc Khng r ngun gc

gc (3) Cc thnh phn chnh/ngun gc Hu c (ha cht hoc c ngun gc du m) Hu c (ngun gc sinh hc) Kim loi V c v hu c V c Khng r (4) Xut hin ca Kim loi nng Phenol v cc dn xut Xianua v cc isoxianua Cc hp cht hu c halogen ha Cc dung mi hu c (khng b halogen ha) Cc cht dit vi sinh, dc phm Cc d lng ca hc n Amiang Cc vt liu hu c xy ha Khng thuc cc cht nu Khng r (5) Gi tr pH ca cht thi axit kim Trung tnh Khng r (6) Kh nng chy Sn sng pht la C kh nng pht la
237

D bt la Chy c v.v.. Ngun: World Bank Technical Paper 93, Vol. I, p. 154 f. Ph lc 6 Tm tt: Danh mc kim tra cho cc cht thi c bit Loi cng vic A Absorption of oils (in case of incident) Hp ph du (trong trng hp xy ra s c) Absorption of other liquids and sludges (in case of incident) Hp ph cc cht lng khc v bn (trong trng hp xy ra s c) Sawdust, inorganic solvents and chips soaked in oil Mt ca, dung mi v c v phoi bo b thm du Sawdust, inorganic solvents and chips otherwise polluted, all possible solvents, acids and alkalis; inquire about substances Mt ca, dung mi v c v phoi bo b nhim bi cch khc, tt c cc dung mi c th, axit v kim; cn iu tra v cc hp cht Sawdust, inorganic absorbents and chips, solvent-soaked, HCs, CHCs, other organic solvents Mt ca, cc cht hp ph v c v phoi bo, cc dung mi c nhng, HC, CHCs, cc dung mi hu c khc Sawdust, inorganic solvents and chips soaked in solvent, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, other organic solvents Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc)

Absorption of solvents

Hp ph cc dung mi

Absorption of solvents (in case of incident)

Hp ph cc dung mi (trong trng hp xy Mt ca, cc dung mi v c v phoi bo b ra s c) thm dung mi, cc hp cht hydrocacbon, cc hp cht hydrocacbon b chlo ha v cc dung mi hu c khc Accumulator battery manufacture Sn xut c qui tch in Acid sludge splitting plants Cc nh my phn ha bn axit Lead-containing dust, sulphuric acid Bi cha ch, axit sulphuric Acid sludge preparation residues Cc cht thi t qu trnh chun b bn axit
238

Loi cng vic Air and gas cleaning, filtration processes Lm sch khng kh v gas, qu trnh lc Air and gas compressors Nn kh v gas Aluminium production

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Paper filters, asbestos filters, a very large number of hazardous materials possible Giy lc, cc lc amiang, c kh nng c mt lng rt ln cc vt liu nguy hi Compressor condensates, used oils Cc cht ngng, du qua s dng Bauxite residues, alkaline sludges (containing iron (III)), fluoric salts B-xit d, bn kim (cha Fe III), cc mui fluor

Sn xut nhm B Barrel and tank cleaning Lm sch cc bn v thng cha Blast furnaces

Sludge from tank cleaning and barrel washing Bn t qu trnh ra thng v bn Slags with all heavy metals possible, sulphur compounds X cha nhiu kim loi nng, cc hp cht ca lu hunh Heavy metals (arsenic, lead, mercury) Kim loi nng (asen, ch v thy ngn) Hypochlorite spent lye

L cao Blasting plants Nh my gang Bleaching works, textile industry, cellulose production

Cng vic ty trng, cng nghip dt, sn xut Dung dch kim thi cha hypochlorit xelulo Building and plant demolition Ph hy nh my v nh Building and plant demolition, oil and chemical incidents Ph d nh my v nh , cc s c du v ha cht Buildings and wood preservation Materials containing asbestos Cc vt liu c cha amiang Rubble, chemically polluted with solvents, oil, PCBs, asbestos Cao su, cc dung mi b nhim bi ha cht, du, PCBs, amiang All paints, dispersants, solvents (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons, methanol,
239

Loi cng vic

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) formalin, impregnating materials) Cc loi sn, cht phn tn, dung mi (v d cc hp cht hydrocacbon chlor ha, methanol, foocmalin, cc vt liu c tm)

Bo qun nh v g

C Cables and batteries production, lead production, lead foundries, lead processing, printing works, electrical engineering Lead-containing dust

Sn xut cp v c-qui, sn xut ch, nu ch, Bi cha ch ch bin ch, in n, cng ngh in Capacitors T in Cellulose production Sn xut xenlulo Cellulose production, textile industry, bleaching works Sn xut xenlulo, cng nghip dt, cc hot ng ty trng Ceramic products and glass manufacture, textile industry, hardening shops Sn xut gm v thy tinh, cng nghip dt, cc xng ti luyn Ceramic products manufacture Sn xut cc sn phm gm Ceramic products manufacture, manufacture and processing of glass, glazing preparation Sn xut cc sn phm gm, sn xut v gia cng thy tinh, chun b trng men Ceramics industry, chemical industry, metallurgy Cng nghip gm, cng nghip ha cht, PCBs PCBs Sulphite spent lye, wastewater/sludges containing cellulose Dung dch kim cha lu hunh, nuc/bn thi cha xenlulo Hypochlorite spent lye Dung dch kim cha hypochlorite Barium salts, lead salts Cc mui bari v mui ch Barium salts, lead salts, oxides Cc mui bari, cc mui ch, cc oxit Glass and ceramic waste with productspecific admixtures Thy tinh v gm thi c cha cc hn hp c trng ca qu trnh sn xut Silicic acid and quartz waste with production-specific admixtures Axit silic v thch anh thi c cha cc hn
240

Loi cng vic luyn kim Chemical cleaning, redistillation

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) hp c trng ca qu trnh sn xut Distillation residues, salt-and solvent-free; distillation residues, containing solvent (halogen-free), distillation residues, containing salt Cc ph thi chng ct, khng cha mui v dung mi; Cc ph thi chng ct, c cha dung mi (khng cha hp cht halogen), cc ph thi chng ct c cha mui.

Ra ha cht, ti chng ct

Chemical industry Cng nghip ha cht Air and gas cleaning, filtration processes Paper filters, otherwise unpolluted, a very large number of hazardous materials possible (process-dependent)

Lm sch khng kh v gas, cc qu trnh lc Giy lc, nu khng th khng b nhim, mt lng rt ln cc vt liu c kh nng nguy hi (ph thuc vo qu trnh) Building and plant demolition Xy dng v ph d nh my Ceramics industry, metallurgy Rubble, chemically polluted with solvents, etc. Cao su, b nhim ha cht vi cc dung mi, v.v.. Silicic acid and quartz waste with production-specific admixtures (e.g. lead salts) Axit silic v thch anh thi cha cc hn hp c trng ca sn xut (v d cc mui ch) Perchloroethane, tetrachloromethane, distillation residues, salt- and solvent-free, distillation residues containing solvents (halogen-free), distillation residues, containing salts Cc ph thi chng ct, khng cha mui v dung mi; Cc ph thi chng ct, c cha dung mi (khng cha hp cht halogen), cc ph thi chng ct c cha mui. Barium sulphate sludge, containing mercury Bn sunphat bari, c cha thy ngn
241

Cng nghip gm, luyn kim Chemical cleaning, redistillation

Ra ha cht, ti chng ct

Chlorine production Sn xut chlorine

Loi cng vic

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc)

Cleaning and degreasing of metal surfaces, Nitrodilution, chlorinated hydrocarbons, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar other solvents products, textile industry, plastics processing Lm sch b mt kim loi; sn xut sn, vecni Diung dch nitro long, cc hp cht v cc sn phm tng t; cng nghip dt; hydrocacbon chlor ha, cc dung mi ch bin cht do khc Commerce Thng mi Crop treatment products Cc sn phm x l sn phm nng nghip Electroplating works, zinc coating shops, printing works Cc xng m in, m km, in Leather production Sn xut da Manufacture, distribution and application of crop treatment products and pesticides Sn xut, phn phi cc sn phm lm sch nng sn v thuc bo v thc vt Fine chemicals of all types Cc loi ha cht Copper chloride Chlorua ng Zinc hydroxide, hydrochloric acid Hydroxit km, axit chlohydric Alkali and alkaline earth sulphides, chromates Cc sunphit kim v kim th; cc mui crom Old stocks of such products Cc sn phm c/h hng ca chnh cc sn phm s dng

Glass and ceramic waste with productionManufacture of ceramic products, manufacture and processing of glass, glazing specific admixtures preparation, electrical engineering, manufacture of fluorescent tubes, lamps, television tubes Sn xut cc sn phm gm, sn xut v ch bin thy tinh; k thut in; sn xut n hunh quang, bong n cc ng catot Thy tinh v gm thi c cha cc hn hp c trng ca qu trnh sn xut

Manufacture of ceramic products and glass, Barium salts textile industry, hardening shops Sn xut gm v thy tinh, cng nghip dt, cc xng ti luyn Manufacture of detergent raw materials Cc mui bari Arsenic trisulphide, phosphorus salts

242

Loi cng vic Sn xut nguyn liu tho cho cht ty ra Manufacture of detergents, cleaning and scouring materials

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Trisunphit asen, cc mui pht-pht Manufacturing residues from detergent manufacture, liquid surfactants, solid surfactants

Sn xut cht ty ra, cc vt liu lm sch v Cc cht thi t qu trnh sn xut cht ty r a ra, cht hot ng b mt lng, cht hot ng b mt rn Manufacture of nonferrous metals Sn xut kim loi mu Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products Salts of heavy metals, some water-soluble Cc mui ca kim loi nng, mt vi loi tan trong nc Aromatic amines, glycol ethers, nitrodilutions, cresols, butanol, ethanol, other solvents, colouring pigments (some containing heavy metals)

Sn xut sn, vecni v cc sn phm tng t Cc amin thm, ete glycol, dung dch nitro long, cresols, butanol, ethanol, cc dung mi khc, cc sc t (mt vi loi c cha kim loi nng) Manufacture of pharmaceutical products, textile industry, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products Ethanol, butanol, organic active ingredients

Sn xut cc dc phm, cng nghip dt, sn Ethanol, butanol, cc thnh phn hu c ch xut sn, vecni v cc sn phm tng t ng Manufacture of viscose and dyes, gas cleaning Sn xut viscos v phm mu, lm sch gas Residues with elementary sulphur Cht thi cha lu hunh nguyn t

Metal production

Metallic salts and oxides of all types in various mixtures, some water-soluble, nearly always acid-soluble. Cc mui v oxit kim loi v cc hn hp, mt vi loi tan trong nc, mt vi loi tan trong axit Gypsum sludges with production-specific admixtures Bn thch cao c cha cc hn hp c trng
243

Sn xut kim loi

Neutralisation, flue gas desulphurisation Trung ha, kh lu hunh trong khi thi

Loi cng vic

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) ca qu trnh sn xut Hydrocarbons, tars, distillation residues, metallic soaps, chain and cyclic hydrocarbons Cc hydrocacbon, hc n, cc cht thi chng ct, x bng kim loi, hydrocacbon mch vng v mch di Other concentrates, some containing heavy metals Cc cht m c, mt vi loi c cha kim loi nng Contact compounds Cc cht tip xc Manufacturing residues from plastics manufacture and processing, plastic sludges, containing solvents (halogen-free), aliphatic amines, plasticizers, additives Cc cht thi sn xut t qu trnh sn xut v ch bin cht do, bn plastic c cha dung mi (khng b halogen ha), cc amin mch di, cht ha do, cc ph gia Transformer oils, thermal oils, possibly with traces of PCBs Du bin th, du truyn nhit c kh nng cha vt PCBs Other sludges from precipitation and solution processes with product-specific admixtures, salts containing cyanide Cc loi bn t qu trnh kt ta v dung dch c cha cc hn hp c trng ca sn phm, cc mui cha xianua Old stocks of crop treatment products and pesticides

Petrochemicals

Ha du

Photographic chemical works Cc cng vic quang ha Plant construction, mineral oil processing Xy dng nh my, ch bin du khong Plastics processing

Ch bin cht do

Transformers Bin th Chemical industry, metallurgy and other sectors, industrial wastewater treatment Cng nghip ha cht, luyn kim v cc nhm khc, x l nc thi cng nghip Chemical industry, manufacture of crop treatment products and pesticides

Cng nghip ha cht, sn xut cc sn phm Cc ha cht c x l nng sn v thuc tr su Chemical industry, trading Fine chemicals of all types
244

Loi cng vic Cng nghip ha cht, thng mi Coking works, gas works, petrochemicals

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Cc loi ha cht Anthracene residues, naphthalene-containing residues, residues containing phenol, sludge from coking works and gas works wet dust scrubbers, distillation residues from tar oil production, phenol water, other sludges from coking works and gas works, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Cht thi anthracene; cht thi cha naphthalene, phenol; Bn t cc thp ra kh t ca qu trnh luyn cc, sn xut gas; cht thi chng ct t qu trnh sn xut du hc n, phenol, cc loi bn khc t qu trnh luyn cc, cc hydrocacbon thm a vng Copper chloride, iron chloride, solutions/sludges ng chlorua, st chlorua, dung dch/bn Coolants, ammonia, CFCs Cht gii nhit, ammoniac, CFCs

Luyn cc, cc c s sn xut gas, ha du

Conductor plates manufacture Sn xut cc bn cc dn in Coolant manufacture and use Sn xut v s dng cht gii nhit D Decanting plants, emulsion separation plants

Sludge from oil separation plants

Cc nh my lng gn, cc nh my phn lp Bn thi t cc nh my tch du nh tng Detergent raw materials manufacture, chemical industry nguyn liu sn xut cht ty ra, ha cht cng nghip Detergents manufacture, cleaning and scouring products, chemical industry Sn xut cc cht ty ra, lm sch v sn xut thuc ty, cng nghip ha cht Dry flue gas cleaning Sy kh kh thi sch Arsenic trisulphide Trisunphit Asen Manufacturing residues from detergent production, liquid surfactants, solid surfactants d lng sn xut t khu sn xut cht ty ra, cht hot ng b mt lng, cht hot ng b mt rn Mineral residues from waste gas cleaning, cyclical organic compounds d lng khong cht t lm sch kh thi,
245

Loi cng vic

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) cc hp cht hu c mch vng Residues with elementary sulphur

Dyes and viscose manufacture, gas cleaning

Thuc nhum v sn xut si visco, lm sch Cht thi cha lu hunh nguyn t kh E Electrical engineering, lead production, foundries, printing works, manufacture of batteries and cables, lead processing K thut in, sn xut ch, c, in n, sn xut pin v cp in, ch bin ch Electrical engineering K thut in Electrical engineering and electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works K thut in v cng vic m in v khu vc m in Electroplating works, zinc coating shops, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks Dust containing lead

Bi c cha ch Copper chloride ng clorua Electroplating slduge containing chrome (III), electroplating sludge containing copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt and noble metals Bn t m in c cha crm (III), bn m in c cha ng, km, niken, coban v cc kim loi qu Zinc hydroxide

Vic m in, cc phn xng m km, in n, Km hydroxit sn xut bn in Etching works, printing works Khc/ty axit, in n F Filling stations, vehicle workshops Cc trm xng du, xng sa cha xe c Filling stations, motor vehicle workshops Cc trm xng du, xng sa cha xe my Used oil, hydrocarbons, organic compounds Du s dng, cc hydrocacbon, cc hp cht hu c Used oil (containing PCBs?), hydrocarbons, solvents of all types Du s dng (c cha PCBs), cc hydrocacbon, dung mi ca cc loi . Copper chloride solution Dung dch ng clorua.

246

Loi cng vic Film development and copying Pht trin phim nh v sao chp/copy Filtration processes, air and gas cleaning

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Bleaching baths, containing silver Hot ng ty trng, c cha bc Paper filters, asbestos filters, a very large number of possible hazardous materials, process-dependent

Quy trnh lc, lm sch khng kh v kh thi Giy lc, li lc bng amiang, mt lng ln cc vt liu nguy hi c th c, ph thuc vo quy trnh sn xut. Flue gas desulphurisation, chemical industry, Gypsum sludges with production-specific neutralisation admixtures Kh thi kh lu hunh, cng nghip ha cht, trung ha Foundries Bn thch cao vi hn hp c trng ca qu trnh sn xut. Organic adhesives possible (containing formaldehyde, phenol and cyanate), pyrolysis products Cht hu c dnh bm c th c (cha formaldehyde, phenol v mui xianua), cc sn phm nhit phn.

Cc l c

G Gas and air compressors My nn kh Gas works, petrochemicals, coking plants Compressor condensates Cc cht ngng Anthracene residues, residues containing naphthalene, residues containing phenol , sludge from coking plants and gas works wet dust scrubbers, distillation residues from tar oil products, phenol water, other sludges from coking works and gas works, organic sulphur compounds, anthracene, toluol, xylol, phenol, phenandrene, cyanide Cht thi c cha antraxen, cht thi c cha naptalen, phenol, bn thi t nh my luyn cc; bn t cc thp ra kh t t xng kh t; cht thi chng ct t cc sn phm du hc n, phenol lng, cn khc t nh my luyn cc v cc xng kh t, cc hp cht lu hunh hu c, Anthracen, toluol, xylol , phenol, phenandrene, xyanua

Xng kh t, ha du, cc nh my luyn cc

247

Loi cng vic Glass, metal processing Sn xut thy tinh, kim loi Glass and ceramic products manufacture sn xut cc sn phm thy tinh v gm s Glass processing, manufacture of ceramic products, glazing preparation, electrical engineering, manufacture of fluorescent tubes, lamps, television tubes Sn xut thy tinh, sn xut sn phm gm s, lp knh, k thut in, sn xut cc ng hunh quang, n, ng truyn hnh H Hardening shop steel treatment

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Grinding sludges containing oil Bn t qu trnh mi c cha du cn Barium salts, lead salts, lead oxides mui Bari, mui ch, oxit ch Glass and ceramic waste with productspecific admixtures

Thy tinh v gm s thi vi cc hn hp c trng ca sn phm

Hardening shop sludge, containing nitrate, containing nitrite; hardening oils, sludges containing ammonia, sludges containing cyanide, barium carbonate sludge Bn t xng ti luyn thp, c cha nitrat, nitrit; du lm cng, cn cha amoniac, cn c cha xyanua, bn bari cacbonat Thermal oils, usually free of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls Du truyn nhit, thng khng c polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) v polychlorinated terphenyls Old stocks of crop treatment products and pesticides Cc sn phm cy trng v thuc tr su hi c Infectious waste, medicines of all types, mercury, cleaning products, infective matter cht thi nhim trng, thuc cc loi, thy ngn, sn phm lm sch, vn nhim trng Chromic-sulphuric acid, other corrosive or oxidising substances, other chemicals Axit Chromic-sulphuric, cc cht n mn
248

Xng ti luyn thp

Hardening shops Cc xng ha rn

Horticultural establishments, market gardens Cc c s trng trt, cc vn trng rau Hospitals Cc bnh vin Hospitals, laboratories Bnh vin, phng th nghim

Loi cng vic

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) khc hoc cc cht oxy ha, cc ha cht khc

Hot-dip galvanizing, zinc production M nng, sn xut km I Industrial wastewater treatment from the chemical industry, metallurgy and other sectors X l nc thi cng nghip t cng nghip ha cht, luyn kim v cc ngnh khc

Dust containing zinc Bi c cha km

Other sludges from precipitation and solution processes with production-specific admixtures, salts containing cyanide, mercury salts Cc cn t qu trnh kt ta v n nh dung dch vi cc hn hp c trng ca qu trnh sn xut, cc mui c cha xyanua, mui thy ngn Laboratory chemical residues, biological waste Cht thi phng th nghim, cht thi sinh hc

Institutions, works laboratories, schools Cc vin nghin cu, phng th nghim, trng hc

Iron, steel and malleable iron casting and steel Blast furnace dusts, tempering compounds, production charging masses, blast furnace sludge; strippings from converters (basic slag), containing heavy metals Gang, thp v gang do v sn xut thp bi t l cao, cc hp cht luyn, cht ti, bn t l cao; t t cc l (x c bn), c cha kim loi nng Blast furnace gas dusts, blast furnace gas sludge, demolition of converters (Thomas steel) bi, bn t l cao, s ph hy ca cc l (Thp Thomas)

Iron 2nd steel production, iron, steel and malleable-iron casting sn xut st thp bc 2, gang, thp v gang do

Iron and steel production, iron, steel and malleable-iron casting sn xut st thp bc 2, gang, thp v gang do

Blast furnace dusts, tempering compounds, organic adhesive compounds (phenol, formaldehyde isocyanates) bi l cao, hp cht ti luyn, cc hp cht hu c cht kt dnh (phenol, isocyanates formaldehyde)

249

Loi cng vic L Lead foundries, printing works Xng c ch, xng v Lead production, foundries, printing works, electrical engineering, manufacture of batteries and cables, lead processing, electrolysis Sn xut ch, xng c,hot ng in n, k thut in, sn xut pin v cp, ch bin ch, in phn Leather production, chemical industry Sn xut da, cng nghip ha cht Light metals production Sn xut kim loi nh M Machinery and vehicle construction, electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works My mc, xe xy dng, xng m in, cc b phn ca xng m in

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc)

Lead dross X ch Lead-containing dust, lead ash, lead sludge

Bi cha ch, x ch, bn c cha ch

Alkali and alkaline earth sulphides Mui sunphit ca kim v kim th Slags from smelting electrolysis X t in phn nu chy

Electroplating sludge containing chrome (III), zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals Bn m c cha crm (III), km, niken, coban, kim loi qu

Magnesium production, foundries, refineries, Dust containing magnesium processing Sn xut magie, xng c, nh my lc du, Bi cha magie ch bin Manufacture of clocks, electroplating works Electroplating sludge containing Chrome and electroplating divisions of works (such as (III), copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals e.g. machine and vehicle construction, electrical engineering, precision engineering and optics, manufacture of iron, sheet and metal goods Sn xut ng h, xng m in v cc b Bn m c cha Chrome (III), ng, km, phn ca xng m in (nh v d nh my niken, coban, kim loi qu mc, xe xy dng, k thut in, k thut chnh xc v quang hc, sn xut st, va, hng ho kim loi
250

Loi cng vic Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar materials

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Nitrodilution, propanol, cresols, glycol ethers, ethanol, butanol, all other solvents, colouring pigments (some heavy metal oxides) Nitrodilution, propanol, cresols, ete glycol, ethanol, butanol, tt c cc dung mi khc, cc sc t (mt s oxit kim loi nng) Erosion sludge (petroleum and graphite) Bn n mn (du m v than ch) Grinding sludges, containing oil Bn nghin, cha du Drilling, cutting and grinding oils; nitrites, amines (nitrous amines possible?), cooling lubricants Cc loi du khoan, ct v mi; nitrit, amin (nit amin c th?), du gii nhit Coolant solutions, CFCs, ammonia, solvents of all types, cooling lubricants Cc gii php lm mt, CFC, amoniac, dung mi cc loi, du m bi trn lm mt Honing sludge, lapping sludge, honing oils Bn, du t qu trnh mi Petroleum, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons Du, hydrocarbons, hydrocacbon clo ha Heavy metals, volatile CHCs, cooling lubricants Kim loi nng, CHCs d bay hi, du gii nhit Silicic acid, and quartz waste with production-specific admixtures

Sn xut sn, sn du v vt liu tng t

Manufacture of tools Sn xut dng c Metal and glass working Xng kim loi v thy tinh Metal cutting, surface treatment

Ct kim loi, x l b mt Metal processing, refrigeration engineering Sn xut kim loi, k thut in lnh Metal surface treatment X l b mt kim loi Metal surfaces cleaning and degreasing lm sch cc b mt kim loi v ty nhn Metal working, general Xng kim loi, ni chung Metallurgy, ceramics industry, chemical industry

Luyn kim, cng nghip gm s, cng nghip Axit silic, v cht thi thch anh vi hn hp ha cht c trng ca qu trnh sn xut

251

Loi cng vic Metallurgy and other sectors, industrial wastewater treatment

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Other sludges from precipitation and solution processes with production-specific admixtures, salts containing cyanide

Luyn kim v cc ngnh khc, x l nc thi Cc cn t qu trnh kt ta v dung dch vi cng nghip hn hp c trng ca qu trnh sn xut, cc mui c cha xyanua, Mineral oil processing, plant construction Ch bin du khong, xy dng nh my Mineral oil processing and storage, filling stations Sn xut du khong v lu tr, trm xng Contact compounds Cc hp cht lin kt Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, petrols, benzene, diesel oil, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol, toluol) hydrocacbon clo ha d bay hi, hydrocarbons, petrols, benzen, du diesel, cc hydrocacbon thm (ben zol, toluol) Waste acid, containing mineral oil Cht thi axit, c cha du khong Hydraulic oils (some containing PCBs), used oils, lubricants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzol and naphthalene derivatives) Du thy lc (mt s c cha PCBs), cc loi du s dng, du nhn, hydrocarbons thm a vng (ben zol v dn xut Naphthalen) Battery acids, used oil, hydrocarbons Pin axit, du s dng, cc hydrocacbon

Mineral oil refinement Lc du Mining

Khai thc m

Motor vehicles, scrap trade Xe c ng c, mua bn ph liu N Neutralisation, flue gas desulphurisation, chemical industry

Gypsum sludges with production-specific admixtures

Trung ha, kh lu hunh trong kh thi, ha Cn thch cao vi ph gia c trng ca qu cht cng nghip trnh sn xut NF metal production, NF metal foundries sn xut kim loi NF, c kim loi NF Slags from NF metal melts, filter dusts, containing heavy metals Tro t l nu chy kim loi NF, lc bi, c cha kim loi nng
252

Loi cng vic NF metal production, foundries, refineries, processing Sn xut kim loi NF, xng c, nh my tinh luyn, sn xut NF metal production, NF metal foundries

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Dusts in salt or oxide form containing metal, compositions and hazards possible Bi dng mui hoc oxit cha kim loi, thnh phn v cc cht nguy hi tim tang Slags from NF metal smelting (all metal compounds possible), filter dusts, containing heavy metals; residues of adhesives (formaldehyde, isocyanate etc.)

Sn xut kim loi NF, xng c kim loi NF Tro t l nu chy kim loi NF (tt c cc hp cht kim loi c th), b lc bi, c cha kim loi nng, d lng cht kt dnh (formaldehyde, isocyanate vv) NF metal production, foundries, refineries, processing Sn xut kim loi NF, xng c, nh my tinh luyn, sn xut Dusts and salts containing metal of all compositions and hazards are possible; filters and filter residues containing metal dust Bi v cc mui c cha kim loi ca tt c cc thnh phn v cc cht nguy hi tim tng; cc b lc v b lc c cha bi kim loi Heavy metal sulphides, vanadium salts, chromium salts, lead sulphates kim loi nng c sunfua, mui vanai, mui crm, sunphat ch

NF metals production Sn xut kim loi NF O Oil accidents Cc tai nn v du

Used oil binders, PCBs (?), asbestos (?) cht kt dnh du s dng , PCBs (?), aming (?)

Oil and chemical incidents, building and plant Rubble, chemically polluted with solvents, demolition oil, PCBs (?), asbestos (?) s c v du v ho cht, xy dng v ph hy nh my Optical industry, electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works cng nghip quang hc, xng m in v cc b phn ca xng m in ng gch vn, nhim ha hc vi cc dung mi, du, PCBs (?), Aming (?) Electroplating sludge containing chrome (III), copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, noble metals Bn m c cha crm (III), ng, km, niken, coban, kim loi qu
253

Loi cng vic P Paint shops, painting works, trading Cc ca hng bn sn,cc xng sn, Paint shops Cc ca hng bn sn Painting works, textile industry, carpet manufacture Xng v tranh, cng nghip dt, sn xut thm Petrochemicals Ha du Petrochemicals Ha du Petrochemicals, coking works, gas works

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc)

Old lacquers, old paints, solvents of all types Sn bng c, sn c v cc loi dung mi khc Paint shop waste, paints, lacquers, all solvents Cht thi t ca hng bn sn, sn, sn du, cc dung mi Latex sludges, latex emulsions Cn, nh tng nha/cao su Paraffin oil sludge Bn cha du Paraffin Coking works xng luyn cc Distillation residues from tar oil production; phenol water; anthracene residues, residues containing naphthalene, residues containing phenol, paraffin oil sludge; metallic soaps; other sludges from petrochemicals D lng chng ct t sn xut du hc n; phenol nc, d lng Anthracen, cn cha Naphthalen, cn cha phenol, bn du parafin; x phng c kim loi; cn khc t ha du Protein waste; infection hazard (?) Cht thi cha protein, nhim trng nguy hi Phosphating sludge,

Ha du,xng luyn cc, xng t kh

Pharmaceutical products manufacture, processing of animal organs Sn xut dc phm, ch bin ni tng ng vt Phosphating, heat treatment and tempering operations

Pht-pht ha, x l nhit v hot ng luyn Bn c cha pht-pht Photographic chemical works, photographic Fixing baths, containing silver, other

254

Loi cng vic laboratories, radiography laboratories, printing works, manufacture of printing blocks

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) concentrates

Xng ha cht chp nh, chp nh phng th Dung dch fixing/n nh, c cha bc, cc nghim, phng th nghim chp X quang, cc cht khc xng in n, sn xut cc khi in Pickling plants Chromic-sulphuric acid or other corrosive or oxidising acids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals Crom-sulfuric acid hoc acid n mn hoc oxy ha khc, clo hydrocacbon, kim loi nng Materials containing asbestos may occur Vt liu c th c cha aming Rubble, chemically polluted with oil, PCBs possible, asbestos

Cc nh my ty ra

Plant and building demolition Nh my v ph d xy dng Plant and building demolition after oil and chemical incidents

Nh my v ph d xy dng sau khi c s c ng nt, nhim ha hc vi du, PCBs du v ho cht c th, aming Plastics processing, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products Sn xut nha, sn xut sn, sn du v cc sn phm tng t Plastics processing, chemical industry Sn xut nha, cng nghip ha cht Plastics processing, cleaning and degreasing of metal surfaces, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, textile industry, chemical industry Resin residues, not hardened Nha ph liu, khng cng Plasticizers, halogen-free Cht ha do, khng cha halogen Nitrodilutions, CHCs

Nitrodilutions, CHCs Sn xut nha, lm sch v ty du m b mt kim loi, sn xut sn, sn du v cc sn phm tng t, ngnh cng nghip dt, cng nghip ha cht Plastics processing, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products, chemical industry Sn xut nha, sn xut sn, sn du v cc Cresols

Cresols
255

Loi cng vic sn phm tng t, ha cht cng nghip Plastics processing

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Aliphatic amines, manufacturing residues from plastics manufacturing and processing, plastics sludges, containing solvents, residues of resin oil, CFCs Amin bo, d lng sn xut t sn xut v ch bin nha, cn, c cha dung mi, cn du nha, CFCs Electroplating sludge containing chrome (III), electroplating sludge containing copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt and noble metals Bn m c cha crm (III), bn m c cha ng, km, niken, coban v cc kim loi qu Printing ink residues d lng mc in Lead dross, dust containing lead, printing ink residues Cn ch, bi cha ch, d lng mc in Zinc hydroxide

Sn xut nha

Precision engineering and electroplating works and electroplating divisions of works K thut chnh xc v xng m in v xng in phn. Printing ink manufacture Sn xut mc in Printing works, lead foundries Xng in n, c ch Printing works, electroplating works, zinc coating shops, manufacture of printing blocks, chemical industry Xng in n, in, m km, sn xut cc khi in n, ha cht cng nghip Processing of animal organs, manufacture of pharmaceutical products Ch bin ni tng ng vt, sn xut sn phm dc R Radiographic laboratories, photographic chemical works, photographic laboratories

Km hydroxit Protein waste Cht thi c protein

Fixing baths, containing silver

Cc phng th nghim chp nh phng x, cc Dung dch Fixing/n nh, c cha bc xng ha hc nhip nh, phng th nghim chp nh Railways Battery acids, hydrocarbons, used oils, insecticides/pesticides
256

Loi cng vic ng st Refrigeration engineering, metalworking K thut in lnh, k ngh st S Schools, institutions, works laboratories Trng hc, vin nghin cu, cc phng th nghim Scrap trade, motor vehicles Mua bn ph liu, ng c xe Slags from blast furnace process and refuse incineration plants

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) c-qui axit, hydrocarbons, du s dng, thuc tr su/thuc tr su hi Coolant solutions, ammonia, CFCs Cc dung dch lm mt, amoniac, CFCs

Laboratory chemical residues of all types D lng ha cht th nghim ca cc loi . Battery acids, used oil, hydrocarbons c-qui axit, du s dng, cc hydrocacbon Heavy metals

X t qu trnh l ng v cht thi t cc nh Cc kim loi nng my thiu t Starters of fluorescent tubes B khi ng ca cc ng hunh quang Substations, transformers PCBs (if made before 1984) PCBs (if sn xut trc nm 1984) Transformer oils, thermal oils, some free from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) possible; hydrocarbons, chlorobenzols Cc loi du bin th, du nhit, free of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) c th c, hydrocarbons, chlorobenzols Phosphating sludge Bn t vic pht-pht ha Ammonium bifluoride Ammonium bifluoride Drilling, cutting and grinding oils Du khoan, ct v mi Rinsing and washing water, sludges containing metallic salts, cyanide, ammonium bifluoride, phosphate
257

Trm bin p, my bin p

Surface finishing, phosphating Hon thin b mt, pht-pht ha Surface finishing of metals Hon thin b mt kim loi Surface treatment, metal cutting X l b mt, s ct kim loi Surface treatment and finishing

Loi cng vic X l v hon thin b mt

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) nc ra v nhng, cn c cha cc mui kim loi, xyanua, bifluoride ammonium, phosphate

T Tank and barrel cleaning Lm sch b cha v thng cha Tank farms Bi t b cha Tanneries Cc xng thuc da Television tube manufacture, lamps, fluorescent lamps sn xut ng truyn hnh, n, n hunh quang Textile industry, texturing Cng nghip dt, to hnh Textile industry, cellulose production, bleaching works Sludge from tank cleaning and barrel washing; hydrocarbons Bn t vic lm sch b cha v ra thng cha; cc hydrocacbon Polluted heating oils, polluted fuels Du nhim, nhin liu nhim Tannery liquor, chromates, alkali and alkaline earth sulphates Dung dch thuc da, crmat, mui sunphat ca kim v kim th Glass and ceramic waste with productionspecific admixtures Thy tinh v gm s thi vi cc ph gia c trng ca qu trnh sn xut Acid oil waste Du axit thi Hypochlorite spent lye

cng nghip dt may, sn xut cellulose, cng Dung dch kim-hypoclorit thi vic ty trng Textile industry, manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar products cng nghip dt may, sn xut sn, sn du v cc sn phm tng t V Vehicle workshops, filling stations Cc phn xng xe c, cc trm xng Used oil, hydrocarbons, lead-organic compound, alcohol Du s dng, cc hydrocacbon, hp cht hu c ch, ru cn
258

Propanol Propanol

Loi cng vic Viscose and dyes manufacture, gas cleaning, chemical industry Sn xut si vitco v thuc nhum, lm sch khng kh, ha cht cng nghip W Waste treatment plants Nh my x l nc thi Wood preservation and buildings Bo qun g v xy dng Z

Cht thi c bit c kh nng xy ra (v cc thng tin khc) Residues with elementary sulphur, copper salts Cht thi cha lu hunh nguyn t, cc mui ng

Hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, used oil Cc hydrocacbon, hydrocacbon clo ha, du s dng All paints, dispersants, solvents Sn, cht phn tn, dung mi

Zinc hydroxide sludges Zinc coating shops, printing works, electroplating works, manufacture of printing blocks, chemical industry Cc c s m km, in, m in, sn xut cc
bloc in, cng nghip ha cht Bn cha km hydroxit

Zinc production, foundry, hot-dip galvanizing, zinc processing

Sn xut km, c, nhng km nng, ch bin km

Dust containing zinc

Bi cha km

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15. Kim sot xi mn 15.1. Phm vi Xi mn l vic mang i cc cht rn v s lng ng tip theo ca n. y l mt phn ca chu k xuyn sut m cc cht b tri i v do qu trnh t nhin l s quan st hnh ng v s phn ng mi ni trong bn cht qu trnh cn bng ca h sinh thi. N ch yu ch can thip vo h thng n t bn ngoi m c th thay i trng thi cn bng m cc bin php sa cha, thm ch bao gm s bo v trc tip cho cc cu trc, c th tr nn cn thit. S can thip bn ngoi nh vy c th di hnh thc: - vic s dng t (ty theo tnh cht v phm vi ca n), - gy thit hi cho thc vt bao ph, do lin quan n s ph hy v chn th, - s can thip vo cu trc a hnh, th d bi vic xy dng ng b v ni nh c cho con ngi, - s can thip vo h thng sng bng s nn thng, to knh dn, vic lm ngn hoc ngn cc dng chy. Thut ng "kim sot xi mn" l bt k bin php kim sot xi mn no bng phng tin vt l, sinh hc, hoc cng ngh sinh hc. Mc tiu ca n l gim thiu xi mn t, tc l s phong ha v s cun tri t bi gi, nc, hoc s chuyn ng khi t nhin m c th xy ra nh l kt qu ca hnh ng ca con ngi hoc cc yu t t nhin (a hnh, thc vt bao ph, kh hu). Cc bin php kim sot xi mn thng l c thc hin chng li mi e da n mi trng sng ca con ngi v v th bo tn cc nhu cu thit yu c bn ca cuc sng. Do , chc nng chnh ca chng nh l cc bin php bo v (thng c dng bo v c s h tng v cc c s nui trng v cc c cu) nhng th yu trong trung v di hn chng cng c th gip em li li ch cho con ngi ci thin iu kin mi trng. i vi cc hnh thc v tc ng ca xi mn t kt qu l t s xo trn hoc ph hy ca thc vt bao ph t nhin, mt s khc bit c th c thc hin gia: - s xi mn b mt, hoc em t i khi b mt ca mt din tch, c bit l do ma nhiu hoc gi mnh, dn n mt mt hoc thit hi cho h thc vt v ng vt thin nhin hay t s dng cho cy trng, - s xi mn thnh rnh nh, hoc b ct bi cc dng nc ca bt c ci g t cc dng sui nh thng qua cc hm ho to rnh m xut hin khi dng chy b mt l cao hn, kt qu l cc khe nt v nhng on ca a hnh trong mt hnh thc r rng hn ca xi mn b mt, - s xi mn thnh rnh, hoc s xi mn c gy ra bi cc dng sui ca cc dng nc sn xut ct su, s su hn ca cc dng sng, s xi mn ca dng sng v b sng, v s thay i v tr ca lng sng, vi tt c nhng hu qu c th c i vi dng chy, nc ngm, thc vt, cy trng v c s h tng ca con ngi, - s l t v tri t, s xi mn ny c lin quan n hin tng c gy ra do trng lc tc ng n s phi hp vi cc nhn t t nhin hoc kch hot n nhn t con ngi m c th gy hi cho mi trng v c s h tng, - S bi lng v bi t, l cc lp lng ng v tch t ca cc cht rn b xi mn ni khc m c vn chuyn bi gi v nc, vi tt c nhng hu qu khng mong mun iu c th c nh l s bi lng ca cc p, knh o v sng sui, s xm ln ca cc cn ct v che ph bi ct ca cc lng v khu vc ca thc vt.
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Bng cch lm cho vic s dng rng ri nht c th ca cc bin php sinh hc, s c gng cn c thc hin bt c u c th c tn dng kim sot xi mn t nhin ph hp vi cnh quan. Kim sot loi ny s c hng n khi phc li s cn bng t nhin ca vt cht rn ca h sinh thi c trc (mc chu ng ca t b mt) v to thnh hnh ng bo v mi trng tch cc. Tuy nhin, vic kim sot xi mn bng vt l cng vy, nhm bo v/bo h trc tip c s h tng hin c, c th cho php cc tc ng mi trng tch cc t c mt quy trnh phn hi (v d bo v mi ngi lng bng cch bi p mt sn i nguy c trt t s gy ra gim xm thc b dc v cng s bo v thc vt). Mc d trong hu ht cc d n n s l mt cu hi v s cung cp bo dng, bt c ni no n th c khng n gin l cc hiu ng cc b (s thit hi v ph hy) cn gii quyt. S ch cng nn c dnh cho nhng nguyn nhn nhng ni khc trong lu vc, trong cc phn tch cui cng, to thnh nhng yu t kch hot (qun l lu vc): v d, kim sot xi mn thng ngun ci thin kh nng lu gi s lm gim lu lng dng triu ln l nguyn nhn gy ra s st l hai bn b h ngun. Chng trnh kim sot xi mn tng hp th t kh thi, l do khng n thun l cc l do kinh t v k thut m cn l x hi v chnh tr. Hn ch hot ng ca con ngi trn mt din tch ln v li ch ca thin nhin (to ra s d phng), thm ch dng gii quyt s nh c, pht trin c s h tng v nng nghip, l ci g m cm gic l cc vn ng k hin ti. Mc tiu ca bt c giai on thc hin no kim sot xi mn l gim thiu t l xi mn tng nhanh do con ngi n mc c trng t nhin ti ni . Do kim sot xi mn bao gm cc bin php kim sot du hiu ca s mt cn bng ti v tr v nguyn nhn ca cc du hiu, nn nh rng cc yu t kch hot, nh l con ngi, gi, nc v s chuyn ng khi, c th ch c loi b hon ton trong cc trng hp ngoi l. Cc bin php ca loi ny ni chung thng c mt bn cht vt l v sinh hc v chng bao gm: - Gi li ti ch cc khu vc ca t b e da bi s xi mn (kim sot xi mn sinh hc bng cch trng cy gy rng, trng thm thc vt, xy dng hng ro chn gi v p khi phc thm thc vt bao ph), - cc k thut to hnh t gi li dng chy n mn b mt v thi b n theo cch khng lm thit hi c, - thay i cu trc ca a hnh, th d bng cch p t cao v xy dng b k, - n nh cc sn ni c nguy c b st l, th d bng cch trng thm thc vt v xy dng cc tng chn, - n nh v lt nn cc mng o b xi mn, - vn hnh k thut thy li trong lng sng lm n nh lng sng v b sng v thay i nhm ca lng sng v mt ct ngang, - thay i vn tc dng chy trong dng sng bng cch ngn lung (gim tc trong cu trc chuyn ng ca dng nc) hoc bng cch ct ngang/rt ngn chiu di (gia tc dng chy bng cc ngang, gim tit din ngang, ct nc v nn thng), - cc hot ng xy dng c thc hin cung cp s bo v trc tip cho cc c s h tng ca tin ch cng cng ni chung.

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15.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 15.2.1. Tng quan S khc bit chnh m c thc hin trong lnh vc kim sot xi mn l gia cc bin php bo v, gi gn hoc h tr cc b phn ca mt h sinh thi b xo trn nhn to, mc d trong cc trng hp c th cc b phn cng c th l mt phn ca c s h tng. Cng nh vi kim sot xi mn bng sinh hc, do cng c th lm thay i vt l a ra cc iu kin hin ti tc ng n mi trng, v cc tc ng c th c phn chia theo hng tc ng v khong thi gian m n tn ti: - (bt li) cc tc ng mi trng trc tip nhng trong khong thi gian b gii hn v xy ra trong giai on trin khai thc hin khi cc bin php kim sot xi mn vt l ang c thc hin, v - cc tc ng (gin tip) ca thi gian khng hn ch xy ra khi cc bin php c hon thnh v lm vi: - thay i: (A) mi trng t nhin trong (a) mi trng vt l a l, v (b) mi trng sinh hc, v - nhng ci thin hoc xu i trong (B) phm vi s dng v (C) x hi loi ngi. Cc tc ng trong phm vi (B) v (C) l c kt ni cht ch. Thng th chng khng n gin l tc dng ph (c bit l khng phi trong trng hp bo v cho cc c s h tng) nhng mt phn c k hoch c thc ca mt chng trnh kim sot xi mn ni m chng trnh l loi hnh c th dn n nhng hn ch v nh c v s dng t v nc i vi nhng hot ng ca c s h tng (th d xy dng ng b v l ng). 15.2.2. Kim sot xi mn mng [sheet erosion] 15.2.2.1. Mc tiu Kim sot xi mn ca cc khu vc t ai nn t c ch yu bng cc bin php sinh hc trng rng, thc vt bao ph, la chn thch hp cc phng php trng cy v lm vn, cc bin php c th c i km khi cn thit bi cc bin php vt l ph (v d nh cc hng ro gi ct, cc ng bao quanh). Cng tc vi nng dn v nhn vin qun l rng v tnh chm ch ca h l rt quan trng trong trng hp ny. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp hin nay kim sot xi mn bng vt l cng c th c trin khai trong s chun b cho, nh mt d phng, hoc mt bin php gp phn lm n nh nhng sn dc. Khi trong trng hp ny, s u tin nn c dnh cho vic s dng cc nguyn liu t nhin v cc vt liu v cc phng php xy dng ph hp nht c th vi cc iu kin a phng (v d nh g, lt khan, hoc st ng t hn l b tng). Cc bin php c th c tn dng cho mc ch ny l nhng v d nh: - to nn t cao, hiu chnh a hnh (s san bng), neo , cc cu trc bo v chng li s st l t , hp nht cc b bo v, dc thot nc, ngn chn cc con knh, cc mng thot nc, li a k thut, nhng bc tng chn, gia c t.

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15.2.2.2. Mi trng t nhin (a) Mi trng vt l a l Nhng thay i bt li i vi cu trc a hnh v cht lng t v ti sp t cc lp t hin l hon ton c kh nng. Trong khi cc bin php kim sot xi mn b mt ang c thc hin, c th trong mt thi gian t b mt i kh ng k do s lm ti t c gy ra bi nhng hot ng ca s chuyn ch t. (b) Mi trng sinh hc S thit hi (thng ch tm thi) c th gy hi cho thc vt v ng vt hin c nh mt kt qu ca cc bin php thc hin v do nhng thay i cc iu kin a phng gy thay i cu hnh b mt v cht lng t, do nh hng n tnh a dng loi. Nhng thay i nh vy th thng c hoch nh v yu cu mt tm nhn s dng trong nng nghip. 15.2.2.3. Mi trng s dng C th ni cc bin php kim sot xi mn ci thin s gi t (v d trng cy gy rng) l nhm gim u vo ca cc lp trm tch trong lng sng/cc ngun nc, mt n lc cng phi c thc hin hn ch s dng t trong lu vc c nguy c b xi mn t: mt lnh cm hoc hn ch v chn th , khai thc g, nng nghip v nh c. Khng ch lm cc bin php kim sot xi mn b mt t ra nhng thit lp cn thit cho vic m bo rng s s dng trong nng nghip s thc s tr nn hp l hn na, trong phn ln trng hp chng cng rt quan trng cho vic bo qun lu di cc ngun ti nguyn t nng nghip s dng. 15.2.2.4. Mi trng nhn bn Nhng tc ng n phm vi con ngi th c lin quan trc tip n phm vi s dng t. Cc tc ng ny l bt li cho ngi dn, cc n gia sc v ngi nng dn b nh hng do s hn ch v gii quyt nh c v vic s dng, nhng chng c xem nh l khng th trnh khi i vi cc mc ch bo v mi trng hoc cc hng mc c s h tng (v d cc p t) ca li ch chung. Cc bin php hiu chnh, v cc chng trnh ngn chn cc tc ng x hi nhm mc ch c bit n ph n trong vai tr thng xuyn ca h nh nhng ngi nng dn/ngi sn xut t cung cp, phi c thit k v thc hin vi s tham gia y ca nhng ngi b nh hng. Tuy nhin, cc bin php kim sot xi mn trn t nng nghip hin c c th dn n gia tng trong sn xut v do mt s ci tin trong cc iu kin sng hin ti. Tuy nhin h c nhng tc ng v nh hng chi ph qun l bi v n thng l nhng ngi s dng t thc hin chng v duy tr chng. Vic thay th tng lng t b mt do xi mn. 15.2.3. Kim sot xi mn ti cc knh thot nc v cc dng nc 15.2.3.1. Mc tiu Vi mc tiu m bo x nc an ton v ngn nga st l b sng, xi mn, v.v, s u tin nn c dnh cho trng hp ang din ra, nh vi vic kim sot xi mn t, i vi cng ngh sinh hc hoc c kt hp cc bin php kim sot bt c ni no c th. S c gng phi c thc hin tn dng s n nh sinh hc trong hnh thc kt hp ca cc vt liu xy dng t nhin, cc phng php xy dng v cy ci bao ph. Cng nn nh rng nhng thay i trong lng bn y, do th d i vi kim sot xi mn trn lu vc sng, cng s nh hng n s xi mn v ch bi lng ti cc vng tip nhn nc.
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15.2.3.2. Mi trng t nhin (a) Mi trng vt l a l: S n nh v lt ph cc con knh v sui v dng sng b xi mn c th cn tr ng k n cnh quan. Cc bin php kim sot s c ngha l dng nc s cha cc cht rn t hn v mc d iu ny c th lm tng lu lng i theo v do n l ngun gc ca tim nng xi mn, bn y thng s c xy dng ng thi gim i dc v vn tc dng chy, l mt nguyn nhn ca n mn thit hi i vi lng sng v b sng. Mc d vy, phm vi khng c bo v nm xa hn pha h ngun c th b t vo s tn cng nghim trng hn nh l kt qu ca cc bin php kim sot ti thng ngun, cc hu qu c th c trong cn c xem xt trong tng trng hp c th; ni rng hn, khu vc h ngun phi lun lun c gi gn khi bt c thit hi no. Cc tm tt mi trng v K thut thy li nng thn, Sng v k thut knh rch, v K thut thy lc phm vi ln hn nn c quan tm i vi cc tc ng khc c gy ra bi cc bin php kim sot xi mn c p dng cho nc mt. (b) Mi trng sinh hc Cc hiu ng c hi c th xy ra trong lu vc lun lun c nc. Tuy nhin, s n nh lng sng ca lu vc s kh c bt c tc ng no ln thc v ng vt thy sinh, vic cung cp cc bc c a ra m bo vic s dng cc vt liu t nhin v c bit l mu s n nh sinh hc c tn dng, mt iu g m lun phi c gng t c cho (cy ci pht trin sm xuyn sut v trn cc ng gch vn v cui). Lm chm li vic thi b bn y, tuy nhin, mc d c k hoch nhu mt bin php hiu chnh, nhng vn s c nhng tc ng ln i sng v cc iu kin di tr v t thi gian sinh sn v nhng c hi nui dng i vi loi c ( l v sao bc thang c [fish ladders] nn c xy dng) v trn thm thc vt bao quanh (hiu ng c li ln mc nc ngm). Do nhng thay i trong ch dng chy thng ngun ca ph sa, p nc v cc cu trc tng t, cc khu vc nc cht c th c to ra trong lng oxy gim mt cch nng n. Nhng hu qu c th c l c s ph v cc loi ng vt trong nc v s lan trn bi cc vi khun gy bnh, v sau c th c lan truyn ln lt t nc n con ngi v ng vt. ngn chn iu ny xy ra, s quan tm nn c dnh cho vic ngn chn cc khu vc trong iu ni n. 15.2.3.3. Mi trng s dng Ni chung, cc bin php kim sot xi mn trong cc knh c dng nc chy v cc lu vc sng c mt tc ng bt li n phm vi s dng t, mc d chng c thc hin vi mc ch ngn chn cc thit hi cho t v bo v c s h tng, v trong cc lng sng. Tuy nhin, kh nng ca cc hiu ng thit hi cho ngh nh bt c khng th c loi tr trn lu vc sng lun c nc (xem trn). y l cc bin php kim sot xi mn ang c thc hin m cc hiu ng nh vy l c th xy ra. Trong trng hp cc bin php c thc hin vi hy vng gi li cc nguyn liu m c th tr thnh bn y v ph sa, v d bng cch gia c cc lu vc sng hoc cc knh b xi mn (m thng c thc hin ti nhng phn cao hn v dc hn ca mt lu vc sng ni m d b nh hng hn bi s xi mn), sau cc hiu ng bt li ch nn c cp n trong trng hp ca vic thiu kh nng gia c. Nu iu ny xy ra, n c th gy ra s l t, s trt t, v s xi mn nghim trng v s lng ng gy thit hi ln v v t ai v cc cu trc dnh cho vic s dng nhn lc. Tuy nhin ng
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thi, cc bin php cng s lm gim nguy c hi cho vic gi ct si v s kt hp li cho mc ch xy dng ti h lu. 15.2.3.4. Mi trng nhn bn Cc tc ng trong trng hp ny cng tng t nh trong lnh vc s dng nhng d c nhng ri ro tim nng m t trn (ci khng chc s xy ra m s xut hin ca chng lm cho chng c nhng ri ro c bit), chng hon ton c li. Tuy nhin l iu cn thit m vic quy hoch cc bin php kim sot xi mn cho cc dng chy trong lu vc sng cn c thc hin, m dn s l u tham gia rt sm, v h u c s am hiu v mc ch v tnh thit thc ca cc bin php. 15.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Trong a s trng hp s xi mn v thit hi do trm tch trn phm vi rng l mt hu qu gin tip ca sc p dn s, s nh c khng kim sot c v vic s dng qu mc cc ngun ti nguyn, tt c u dn n vic gim kh nng lu gi ca mt khu vc. Bng cch yu cu vic s dng rng ri nht c th c cc bin php sinh hc, mt s n lc phi c thc hin t c s kim sot xi mn m nh l t nhin v cng ph hp vi cnh quan nht c th v mc tiu ca n khi phc li s cn bng cc cht rn trong h sinh thi. Nu tt c c th c, iu cn thit khng ch l cc hiu ng cc b (s thit hi v ph hy) phi c gii quyt, nhng trn tt c, nhng nguyn nhn nm phn cn li ca lu vc sng m, trong cc phn tch cui cng, to thnh nhng yu t kch hot. Nu iu l c th c cho cc tc ng ln t nhin v mi trng c phn tch v nh gi sau mt nghin cu c bit ca cc iu kin t nhin s cn thit thc hin ti lc bt u ca bt c d n no v nh s cn nhc s cn thit a ra trong nghim cu ny khng ch cho cc cu hi v k thut v khoa hc nhng i vi cc kha cnh kinh t-x hi cng vy. Dn s v t chc ph trch phi c tham gia sm v y nht c th, v rt cn c gn lin vi s tham gia ca ph n. C th, cc phn tch v nh gi mi trng ca cc tc ng lin quan n l: - S t y nht c th c ca tnh hnh thc t v cc tng tc hin c, - thu thp mt khi lng d liu y ng tin cy cho vic quy hoch k thut v cng tc xy dng (lng ma/t l dng chy, gi, t nn, cc nghin cu v nhu cu v chi ph tr cp, s nh gi cc chi ph ph tr, v cc bin php m bo duy tr), - pht trin cc chng trnh d n thay th vi mc ch t c mt gii php mi trng thn thin m khng th ci thin tt hn cc iu kin kinh t - x hi hoc vn ha x hi v cho php cc mc ch ca d n ban u v s m bo chng t c n mc ti a c th c (v d n bao gm cc bin php b sung gim thiu ng k cc hiu ng ph m c th pht sinh nh mt kt qu ca cc xung t c lin quan). Cc tiu chun ph bin c th p dng c cho php cc tc ng ca vic kim sot xi mn c xc nh s lng khng tn ti nh xy ra. Trong mi trng hp ring bit, n l kh thi v n im kho st so snh ca t hin c (v thc vt), ca vic nh kch thc (din tch/khi lng) v ca vic o lng nc ngm di hn thc hin trc v sau khi cc bin php kim sot xi mn c thc hin cho mc ch nh lng v t nh gi cc tc ng mi trng. Cc tc ng bt li tim nng (khu vc nc ng, s xm phm bi mm bnh) cng nn c bao hm. Tuy nhin c 2 vn then cht m lun i hi s phn tch c gii hn v s c nh thm ch cho rng cc thit lp kim sot xi mn can thip n thin nhin v cnh quan v nhng ci sau y:

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- Cc bin php kim sot xi mn bng vt l (bao gm mt vic lm kt hp vi cc bin php sinh hc) c th c li cho mi trng v c th d nh chnh xc cc tc ng ca cc hot ng v cc thay i khc, nhng chng c thc s cn thit hoc n gin l cung cp s h tr k thut cho vic khai thc v nhng s thay i v cnh quan? - Liu cc bin php kim sot xi mn (khng phn bit cho d chng l vt l v/hay sinh hc nh trong trng hp ca con sng thng l v d) ch n thun l thay i cc vn h ngun, m khng cn bt k gii php sn sng cho chng? Cc chng trnh kim sot xi mn ton din trong hnh thc ca cc chng trnh tch hp bao gm cc lu vc sng ln i hi s quy hoch ph hp trn phm vi rng ln m phi bao gm phn tch c trng gii c th ca cc nhu cu kinh t - x hi v vn ha x hi ca dn s c nh v s kim tra mt chnh sch - da trn nhng hn ch trong khu vc lin quan. S cng tc, th c vi nhng ngi lp k hoch cu trc v khu vc, vi nhng ngi nng dn v nhng ngi lm lm nghip v lnh vc cng nghip ca h v vi s quan tm n nh c, l cn thit. 15.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc C th d kin c hai con ng nh hng gia bin php kim sot xi mn vt l v tt c cc lnh vc m can thip vo s cn bng hin c ca t nhin v cnh quan. Mc d cc bin php kim sot xi mn vt l l c ngn chn trong t nhin, hay ni cch khc l dnh cho cc mc ch bo v trc tip, chng thng c thc hin nh l mt kt qu ca cc tc ng mi trng (bn ngoi) bt li (c gy ra bi s hot ng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau) v nhm ngn chn cc cng thng hn na. Cc tc ng trong vn c th c gy ra bi cc hot ng trong cc lnh vc rng ri nh l nng nghip, c s h tng, nng lng/khai m, v thng mi v cng nghip. Trong trng hp cc im tip xc gn nhau mt cch c bit vi s quy hoch v cc hot ng trong cc ngnh ph sau nhm can thip trc tip hoc gin tip vo vic s dng ti nguyn t v nc: - Khung quy hoch nc - Cp nc nng thn - K thut thy li nng thn - X l cht thi rn - K thut Sng v Knh o - K thut thy li quy m ln - Quy hoch khng gian v vng - Quy hoch giao thng v vn ti - Xy dng v bo dng ng b - Cung cp v phc hi nh v trong lnh vc nng nghip, cc khu vc ca:
- Sn xut cy trng, Bo v thc vt, lm nghip, thu sn v nui trng thu sn v

thu li.
15.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng

Cc bin php kim sot xi mn phi lun lun cn c lp k hoch v thc hin c li cho mi trng v h tr v ci thin nhng h sinh thi bi e da hoc h hng. Do vai tr ca chng l sa cha nhng hu qu ca cc bin php can thip vo thin nhin v cnh quan.
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Mt v tr ng k phi ph hp vi s quy hoch hin ti v cc hot ng ca con ngi v cc nhu cu ca h v kinh t - x hi v vn ha x hi. Trng hp ny, cc bin php c th c dnh trc tip cho vic bo v c s h tng v c th nh vy, bng cc phn hi c cc tc ng tch cc ln sinh thi.. V nguyn tc cc bin php kim sot xi mn c nhng tc ng c hi cho mi trng d cho h vn hnh n vi d nh ca cc d n trong lnh vc ny. Cc tc ng nh vy th ch c th xy ra nu cc mc ch c i tm trong s quy hoch l qu nh hoc nu c nhng sai st trong quy hoch hoc thi hnh; c th nh l mt kt qu ca cc bin php kim sot xi mn mt khc l nhng xung t ca s quan tm dn n nhng hn ch v s dng (v d trong cc khu vc nh c, nng nghip v lm nghip). 15.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Barrett, G.W., Rosenberg, R. (Eds.): Stress Effects on Natural Ecosystems. Chichester, J.Wiley & Sons, 1981. 2. Baumann, W. et al.: kologische Auswirkungen von Staudammvorhaben. Erkenntnisse und Folgerungen fr die entwicklungspolitische Zusammen-arbeit. BMZ-Forschungsbericht, Band 60, Welforum-Verlag, Cologne 1984. 3. Berton, S.: La Matrise des Crues dans les Bas-Fonds. Dossier no.12, Groupe de Recherche d'Echanges Techniques, Paris, 1988. 4. Chleq, J.-L. and Dupriez, H.: Mtiers de l'Eau du Sahel "Eau et Terres en Fuite". Edition Terre et Vie. l'Harmattan, Paris. 5. Duckstein, L, Plate, E.J.(Eds.): Engineering Reliability and Risks in Water Resources. NATO ASI-Series, Series E: Applied Sciences, No.123, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: M.Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. 6. Hansen, U.A.: Wasserbausteine im Deckwerksbau. Westholsteinische Verlags- anstalt Boyens & Co, Heide, 1985. 7. Hynes, H.B.N.: The Ecology of Running Waters. Liverpool University Press, 1979. 8. Kelley, H.W.: Keeping the Land Alive, Soil Erosion - Its Causes and Cures. FAO Soils Bulletin 50, Rome, 1983. 9. Loske, H.-H., Vollmer, A.: Die Bewertung des kologioschen Zustands von Fliegewssern. Wasser und Boden, No.2, 1990. 10. Petak, W.J.: Environmental Planning and Management: The Need for an Integ- rative Perspective. Environmental Management, Vol.4, No.4, 1980, pp.287-295. 11. Rochette, R.M. (Ed.): Le Sahel en Lutte contre la Dsertification. Leons d'Expriences. Comit Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Scheresse au Sahel (CILSS), Programme Allemand CILSSGTZ (PAC), Verlag J.Margraf, Weikersheim, 1989. 12. Tautscher, O.: Torrent and Erosion Control. Journal of the Nepal Research Centre, Vol.2/3 (Sciences), pp.147-176, Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden, 1978/79. 13. Tehranien, Djamal: Die Relevanz der Umweltprobleme fr die konomische Entwicklung in den Entwicklungslndern, Verlag K.Reim, 1976. 14. Weidelt et al.: Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines. Schriftenreihe der GTZ, Eschborn, 1976. 15. Wischmeier, W.H., Smith, D.D.: Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses. A Guide to Conservation Planning. US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Hand-book 537, 1978.

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16. Lm v bo dng ng, xy dng ng giao thng nng thn 16.1. Phm vi Thut ng xy dng ng bao gm ng giao thng cng cng v l ng ca tt c cc nhm c xy dng trn cc khu vc bn trong v bn ngoi m c s dng cho vic di chuyn ca con ngi v hng ha. Cc con ng c i hi chung l phi c 2 ln ng i vi ng giao thng nng thn v mt hoc 2 ln ng cho l ng nng thn m ang d nh thit lp mt s kt ni giao thng gia hai im c nh r hoc m ra mt khu vc trong mt phm vi thc t bng cch cung cp mt mng li giao thng mi hoc m rng. V l do ny, chng ti s khng xem xt y nhng vn ring bit ca ng giao thng th hoc s pht trin ca cc loi ng cao tc (nh nhng cng thng n dn c ti cc trung tm dn c). Nh mt s bc p bi mc ch, khi lng giao thng, v a ra cc iu kin hnh thi t nhin trong cnh quan vt qua, cc tiu chun thit k (l gii ca chiu rng, s nh hng chiu dc v chiu ngang, cc cu trc, v va h ca phn ng i) m nhng ngi lp k hoch c chn lm theo cc c im ca xe c s a phn l rng ri. Mc d c nhng bin i rng v a hnh, kh hu, thy vn, cc loi t v thc vt hin ti, c nhng nguyn tc tiu chun tng i cho vic lp k hoch v xy dng m chi phi 3 giai on chnh ca vic xy dng mt con ng giao thng: - s san lp n chiu cao ti thiu c yu cu bng cch s dng t ph hp m nu c th c sn t cc ngun gn , - bo v s san lp vi mt h thng hnh lang v cc mng thot nc ma v bt c s xut hin lin tc ca nc b mt, - lt cc lp ph mt ng vi s lin kt (vi mng, vt liu bitum, v.v) hoc cc lp khong vt khng lin kt trong mt cch thc thch hp vi ti trng bnh xe c d on trc v tn sut i qua ca chng. Tt c cc ng giao thng yu cu bo tr thng xuyn, mc d thc cht s khc vi tnh trng s dng qu ti(nh u c gi t do bi thc vt, h thng thot nc phi c gi hot ng y , thit hi do n mn phi c chun b tt ni b ct x v cc phng php san lp c la chn, lp ph mt ng phi c sa cha). 16.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Cc tiu ch nn c p dng l nhng pht trin trong vi nm cui i vi s bo v mi trng trong lnh vc xy dng ng giao thng, nh sa i cho ph hp vi iu kin mi trng khc nhau v trng ti khc cung cp cc yu t c nh gi. Bn tm tt mi trng ny s khng gii quyt c cc nh hng trc tip bt ngun t s chuyn ng ca giao thng ng b v t cc hot ng ca xe c (xem bn tm tt mi trng cho giao thng ng b) nhng n gin vi cc tc ng trong c ngha rng v hp m, do s can thip n c vi mi trng t nhin, pht sinh t nhng l do cho vic xy dng cc tuyn ng v t vic duy tr tip theo nhng con ng ny s l cn thit. Cc tc ng c th c chia thnh - nhng tc ng trc tip trn din rng

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- cc nh hng gin tip ng - cc im nh hng - cc tc ng hu qu. 16.2.1. Cc tc ng trc tip v din rng (a) Cc tc ng xu n pht trin vng Vic m ra mt con ng giao thng mi ca mt khu vc trc y xe c giao thng khng vo c, hoc n gin l nng cp mt ng giao thng chnh hin c, gy ra nhng thay i n cc iu kin sng trong khu vc b nh hng, nhng thay i ny ang c tnh nghim trng ln hn hoc nh hn trong tuyn ng vi tim nng t hn hoc nhiu hn pht trin. Phm vi ngy cng tng thm hoc cc hot ng mi ca con ngi c th pht sinh rng ln, v do n l hon ton khng th xy ra i vi cc nh hng ca chng (phong tro di c, s gia tng ca cc khu nh c khng kim sot c, nhng thay i trong vic s dng t, v.v) c xem xt chi tit ti y. Cng nh iu ny cng s c nhng thay i trong cc iu kin vn ha x hi v kinh t - x hi, v nh th, trong kh nng ca chng c kh nng c nhng tc ng ph, s i hi s suy xt cn thn. S xem xt cng s cn thit a ra nhng cch thc m s pht trin ca cc hiu ng bt li c th trnh hoc gim nh bng cc bin php ph (cc k hoch s dng t, qui nh di c, v gim st vic tun th nhng iu ). Xem thm bn tm tt mi trng v Quy hoch kt ni Giao thng v Vn ti. (b) Cc tc ng bt li ln cc khu vc ng c bo v Mc tiu k thut v kinh t s sn sinh lin kt ngn nht c th gia hai im nhng t c mc tiu y s b lm hng u tin bi s cn thit cho php cc hng mc m v tr ca chng khng th thay i (i vi cc l do t nhin hoc nh mt phn ca h thng vn ti) v hn na bi s i hi lm lch hng cc khu vc ng k m ng c bo v. Cc khu vc nh vy bao gm thc vt c gi tr bo tn, nhng i tng hoc thc hin vn bo v cnh quan hoc bo tn thin nhin, c gi tr nng nghip cao, v c cha cc ta nh c mt cao v c tm quan trng v lch s, v cng c th, trong trng hp c th, c bit, cc sinh quyn nh, khu bo tn th hoang v ng vt d tr. 16.2.2. Cc tc ng gin tip dng im v dng ng (a) Cc hin ng ln hnh thc ca cnh quan p dng cc nguyn tc truyn thng ca vic xy dng ng giao thng c th gip lm gim nh ci nhn v nhng thay i nhn to gy ra cho thin nhin. Trng hp nhng nguyn tc ny khng i theo st nhng g cn phi t, nhng vt ct su hn v s san lp cao hn s ph hng nhng tuyn ng t nhin v lm ph v din mo ca cnh quan. (b) Cc tc ng phn mnh ca nhng con ng giao thng ct ngang qua cc h sinh thi hin c, v nhng thay i ca vi kh hu Mt con ng giao thng ct mt t n i qua lm hai, v n c ngha r rng hn l s khc bit v cao gia phn ng i v a hnh t nhin. N to ra mt ro cn i vi con ngi v ng vt v cn tr cc dng chy a l (th d phong tro di c). Bi cn tr s chuyn ng ca nc v khng kh, gy ra mt hnh ng che chn, bi s

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ngn cn pht tn sc nng v lnh, v vic to ra cc dch chuyn di tc ng ca cc dng khng kh s gy cc bin i vi kh hu v ph hy cc h thng hin hu. (c) Cnh quan v nhu cu v t Mt con ng giao thng chim mt di t c b rng ln hn hoc nh hn m c phn ranh gii t nhin bi s chim ch ca cc con ng hoc s chia ct bao gm c mng v cc cng trnh ph thuc khc v n l xc nh l hp php bi vic kim c t (l gii). cng l tiu chun p dng nhiu nc i vi i hi v san lp o xi bi mt ci my o hoc xe i t t cc mng cn ngay cnh ng giao thng trong mt qu trnh c bit nh l bn cho mn. Phng php ny gip tit kim s vn chuyn m cng to ra mt nhu cu cho mt lng kh ln v t b sung v b li pha sau n, tr khi s san bng l nhu cu r rng, cc vng lm sau cc tuyn ng giao thng th c ri ro v xi mn v cng c th l ni n nu ca cc mm bnh nu v chng tr thnh cc ch trng cha bn. Ngay c cc m khai thc t v cng cn c hon tr cng gn iu kin t nhin cng tt sau khi kt thc khai thc. . Tng t, ni cht thi, d lng ca t khng s dng n v cc vt liu xy dng v nn c thi b vi l do bo v mi trng. Sau khi mt con ng giao thng mi c hon thin, ng vt ko xe v cc by gia sc i khi xut hin ti phn ng n khu vc l ng. Ty thuc vo loi v lng t s dng, cc du chn ca gia sc c th b o su thm bi gi v s xi mn ca nc hoc c th tr nn khng th vt qua c ti cc thi im nht nh trong nm. Ngoi ra, vic s dng lin tc s lm cho chng rng hn v rng hn. ngn chn iu ny xy ra, chng cn c duy tu thch hp nh chnh i vi bn thn con ng.. Cc con ng giao thng va c xy dng nn c b tr mt khong cch thch hp vi nhng ng mn c c s dng cho vic chn nui cc n gia sc. (d) Xa b thm thc vt v lp t b mt Trong vi trng hp, ng hnh lang c xa b cho vic xy dng ng giao thng s lm m rng thch ng ti ni bt u ngn chn cy ci v cc bi rm khi s pht trin tr li n cc ra ng giao thng qu nhanh. N cng l cn thit m bo rng, khi cc ra rng hoc khong rng c ct gim, nhng ci cy c mang i bi gi khng th ri xung ng giao thng. Mt t i khi c pht quang bng vic t chy chng v iu , c kt hp vi gnh nng vt l ln s nhy cm, cc lp t mn, c th lm gia tng s xi mn t trong sut qu trnh xy dng. Vic bo qun thm thc vt thch hp (v c bit l rng v khong rng), vic gi gn ba rng hin ti hoc cc cy ci ring bit, vic trng li rng, lp t mn bao ph, v trng mi to ra cc khu vc t b bc trn cng vi s chm sc di hn thch hp cho cc khu vc nh vy c s tng thch v cc c im k thut c bit cho chng trong cc k hoch v phi c gim st bi cc c quan c chc nng gim st xy dng, cng nh phi iu chnh s tch tr cho lp t tr, s bo qun sau v s b sung sau ca t.. (e) Qu trnh xi mn, v nhng thay i cu trc ca t S lm sch mt bng khng ph hp, khng th quan st cc c tnh c hc ca t hin ti, nh gi sai s n nh vt ct hoc cc ng thm, hoc b mc hon ton cc vn c bn , c th dn n nhng thit hi khng ngng n chnh mt ng v trc tip n cc vng xung quanh hoc xa hn na. Trong trng hp xu nht, c th khi con ng b t vo cc iu kin thi tit bt li, s thit hi nh vy c th rt xu m con ng b ph hy hon ton v khng th c kh nng phc hi.
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Cng nh iu ny, l kh nng t c th b trt, lng xung, hoc ra tri trn cc khu vc rng ln hn, v iu ny c th gy ra s xi mn trn phm vi rng, c bit l ti khu vc i v ni, c th m rng vt qu khu vc ng thch hp v tip nhn cc sn dc ln cn hoc cc y thung lng. Ngay c cc sn ni m xut hin vt rn c th khng bn vng nu cc con ng c ct trong khng c s quan tm thch ng n cu trc a cht hoc bng qu trnh n ph nng. Mc d xi mn t th thng c gy ra bi hot ng ca nc nh mt phng tin vn chuyn, trong cc vng kh cn v bn kh cn cn thit phi quan tm n s xi mn do gi, iu c kch hot thm ch khi loi b thm thc vt tha tht hoc bng cch t cc con ng mt cao khng thch hp v kh ng lc (cn ct c th c to ra). Trng hp vic s dng c thc hin trn cc loi t mn hnh thnh cc tin trnh c bn khng b rng buc, ch n gin l s chuyn ng ca giao thng c th lm cho c kh nng xi mn bi gi (m to ra bi) hoc nc (s ra tri t) ph hy lp ph mt ng. Cng nh cc kho st t chuyn nghip, s quy hoch thch hp, v chnh thc gim st cng vic o p v gia cng gim bt tnh nguy him ca s thit hi n mt gi tr ti thiu, con ng v cc vng xung quanh n phi c bo tr lin tc khc phc thit hi ph trong giai on ban u ca n v ngn khng cho n ly lan.. N c bit quan trng i vi cc lnh vc c tip xc vi t trng trt mt cch nhanh chng v lu di nht c th c vi cc thc vt t nhin (c, cc thc vt bao ph mt t) c c s n nh sinh hc ca t bi cc thc vt c r bm su, cc b giu, cc hng ro, v.v. Mt s ng gp quan trng hn s c thc hin bi s cn thn, khng ph hy h thng thot nc mt v s thm thu. Chm sc c bit nn c thc hin ngn chn xi mn khi xy dng tuyn ng ca tnh trng cp 4 nh l cc con ng nng thn, cc con ng nhnh v s pht trin cc con ng. Trong trng hp ny vic xy dng cc con ng i xung v bn cht l vn ca cng tc thy li v cng vic o p. S lin kt cc con ng nn c chy sut theo nh ca cc cao v n phn ln nn c thc hin theo a hnh. Ni m dng sng phi vt qua, iu ny tt hn ht l phi c thc hin bng lm trn y ton b hoc mt phn cc ch cn m khng gy cn tr dng chy nc v do gip chng xi mn. (f) Tc dng ln cn bng nc N l khng th trnh khi rng s c s can thip, mt s lng ln ng k ca n, vi s cn bng nc hin ti trong qu trnh hot ng xy dng ng giao thng. Nu cc dng sng phi chuyn hng chy ngn chn s giao nhau vi cc con ng, sau nu cc lut ca thy hc khng c theo di iu ny c th dn n nhng thay i bt li cho ch x ca dng sng (gy ra bi nhng thay i bt li nhng thay i v s g gh, dc hoc mt ct ngang ca dng sng). C nhiu cch khc nhau, trong s cn bng nc c th b nh hng v trong s chng c s ngn nc c ch hoc ngu nhin bng cch lp y cc con ng, s thot nc ca khu vc m t hoc m ly, s h thp mc nc ngm, s o su ca cc dng sng bi s khai thc qu mc cc vt liu t lng sng, vic xy dng cc cng trnh cu trn dng sng vi ri ro chng to ra s tc nghn bi cc vt tri ni, v to ra cc h cha cho s cung cp nc cho vt nui bi vic li dng vic p y cc con ng, vi nhng vn km theo ca s nhim trng v s lan trn ca cc loi gy hi. Mt s bt li m s tr nn r rng l d liu ng tin cy v khi lng, tn s xut hin v khong thi gian ma l him khi c sn v do s ph thuc phi c t ln
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trn cc d liu kinh nghim phi hp vi s quan st t nhin v kinh nghim thu c trong cc tnh hung tng ng. y cng vy, rt ch trng n s bo tr thng xuyn c t ra ti giai on u.. Ri ro ca nc mt v nc ngm b nhim l c bit nghim trng ti cc quc gia ni m n l kh khn i vi nc sch c kim tra do tnh cht c bit ca cung cp (v d nh s x thi phn tn). (g) Gim an ton do cc ri ro v tai nn Cc v tai nn nghim trng v thng xuyn hn c th c gy ra bi tc cao hn m tr nn tn ti sau khi pht trin ng giao thng, do thiu kinh nghim li xe, do ngi i b v ng vt qua ng, v bi s thiu vng ca mt con ng song hnh cho giao thng vi chuyn ng chm li (v d nhng ngi i b, s chuyn ch khng c ng c, xe c gia sc ko). Xy dng ng nn v th lun lun phi km theo hoc chun b ch dn v an ton ng b v gim st v kim tra an ton xe. (h) Cc tc ng ln nhng ngi dn nh c trong thnh th v lng x Thnh th v lng x hin nay th thng c nh ca san st ng c cho php vic xy dng trc tip cc ng chnh. Nu mt con ng nh vy c xy dng tuy nhin, cc tc ng bt li ca n s c l ting n, kh thi t xe c v mt ri ro ln t cc tai nn (xem bn tm tt v ng giao thng). Tuy nhin, ngay c vi cc hiu ng ca loi ny gy ra do vic i hi s dng nhiu t, mt xy dng thng tng ln trong cc lnh vc nh vy, vi s c mt ca cc tc ng mi trng trong cc lnh vc ca, trong s nhng ci khc, thy vn v kh hu bn a. Nu mt s n lc c thc hin ngn chn cc tc ng nh vy bng cch xy dng mt tuyn trnh, lm cho hon thin cc c cu x hi hin c m n thng b h hi v b ph hy v vic sm xy dng mi xut hin dc theo cc tuyn trnh, mc d c th ngn chn khi bt c tc ng bt li no t vic quy hoch mi trng thch hp (xem bn tm tt mi trng v Cung cp nh ). (i) Tc ng bt li ca vic thiu bo dng Mt con ng m khng c bo dng s khng tn ti lu c. Mt thit k k thut thch hp cho con ng v vic xy dng c cht lng tt s p ng gim s tin bo dng cn thit, t nht trong vi nm u tin. Tuy nhin, vo lc vic bo dng s chc chn cn thit phi c thc hin, v nu n khng lm h hi v cc tc ng mi trng c m t trn s chc chn xy ra sau . 16.2.3. Cc tc ng th cp (a) Ting n t vic xy dng Trng hp khi lng ca cng trnh c lin quan l nh v cc k thut c s dng l n gin, ting n t vic xy dng ch l xem xt nh trong cng vic xy dng ng b. (b) Ti s dng nha ri ng Khi thi gian n thay th cc mt lt va h c cha nha ri ng, cc cht kt dnh cn c thu hi t lt ng c. Trong trng hp va h l tng i mng (s x l bng nha ng ch yu l cc lp b mt), va h c thng s l cn thit ci thin kh nng chu ti v n s rt kh s dng li..
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(c) Thit hi do ng t Trong trng hp c ng t, cc con ng ch c mt s t, c cu trc n gin (cu v ng hm) dc theo cc tuyn ng ca chng s t b thit hi hn nhng ci khc phc tp hn, cu trc thit k cao hn. Cc vt nt v s trt trong cng vic o p s c gii hn do kch thc nh hn. (d) Cc tc ng c li Mt s bin php b sung vi cc tc ng mi trng c li c th c thc hin trong qu trnh xy dng ng nh sau: - Duy tr cc lu vc cho ngi dn/cc ngun nc ung cho vt nui c th c to ra bng cch a ra s trc dc tuyn ca cc con ng ti cc dng sng. - Cc v tr ly t lp c th pht trin thnh cc sinh quyn/ao gii tr. - Trng hp cc con ng i qua cc lng x c lt v nu c mt ni hp ch khng lt th ch c th s m rng ra cc con ng c lt . - Trong qu trnh xy dng, s chun b c th c thc hin ti cc im m vt liu c vay mn m bo rng nguyn liu s c sn cho vic bo dng con ng. - Con ng c th c s dng nh mt bc tng ngn chy ngn chn cc m chy ln. - Kim sot xi mn c th c ci thin (c bit l trong qu trnh bo dng). 16.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng S lin kt, cc hng dn ph bin cho bt c phn tch phc tp no ca nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca cc tc ng mi trng c th gy ra bi vic xy dng cc con ng khng tn ti v c nhiu kha cnh khc nhau m cc vn c th tr thnh gn nh khng th son tho mt cch tha ng cho chng. Ngay c cc tiu ch nh gi cc iu kin pht trin cho n nay ti cc quc gia cng nghip nh c chng hn chng minh l khng th nh lng, ngoi tr c cho cc tiu chun pht thi ting n v pht thi cc cht nhim khng kh c hi (xem tm tt v mi trng ng giao thng). Theo quan im ca s lng cc bin s m c, bt c loi no c ch nh cc la chn c th c s tip tc c phn lncn mang tnh ch quan. Cu tr li duy nht cho vn ny l s quy hoch chu o cho php xc nh cc vn c bit quan trng vi s r rng hn. Quy hoch s b khu vc v mt nghin cu chi tit kh thi trong c mt nh gi so snh ca tt c cc tc ng tiu cc v tch cc c th l mt cch hu ch thu c cc thng tin cn thit nh gi nhng tc ng lan rng ca ng mt chng trnh xy dng ng giao thng. Mt nghin cu trc ca loi ny s c thc hin giai on u v ti giai on cng tc kim tra cn lun c thc hin cho thy c cn hay khng nhng s hiu chnh hnh lang - l ph hp, - l ph hp vi iu khon m cc bin php khc phc vn c xc nh l c thc hin, hoc - khng ph hp.

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i vi mc ch ny, c l cn thit lp cc bn ph hp vi cc khu vc c bo v, quy hoch cnh quan t nhin, kho st a cht, ng k s dng t cho nng nghip v lm nghip v cc bn cho rng v min rng, kho st cc ngun ti nguyn thy vn, v xy dng k hoch tng th, cc hnh lang hiu chnh c th c, v nh gi nhng thay i c kh nng xy ra bi mt qu trnh so snh. Cc bin php s c thc hin cn t con ng trong bi cnh t nhin v cnh quan trn bn t l ti thiu 1:5000. Sau khi phn tch so snh cc phng n thay th c th, cc chi tit cn c thc hin trn cc bn v c t l ln hn (v d l 1:2000 v 1:500 vi cc chi tit r rng). Ti nhng ni chng minh trn thc t l khng th nh lng cc nhn t nguy him trong giai on qui hoch (v phn loi hoc nh gi tc ng ca chng) trong mi tng quan vi tiu ch nh gi v tiu chun th c th p dng bin php nh gi nh tnh. 16.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc C mt s cc tham kho trong mc trn nhng tc ng tng tc trc tip tn ti vi lnh vc ng giao thng. Cng c cc mi lin h mt thit vi cc d n trong lnh vc pht trin nng thn, lng x v thnh th, c bit s quan tm n s pht trin ca cc tc ng m cho php t vic xy dng cc con ng. Li ch ca ngi s dng ng b xung t vi cc li ch ca vic s dng t c chim gi bi ng b v cc vng ln cn gn v xa hn. C th c nhng mu thun c bit i vi cc l do nng nghip hoc lm nghip. Cu hi c xem xt trong trng hp ny khng ch n gin l chim t thc t m cn l s ph v chc nng m vic xy dng cc con ng gy ra trong hin ti, v trong mt s trng hp nhy cm, cc h thng (th d s ph v c gy ra bi con ng ct ngang t trng la c cung cp thy li, s nng n t vic n g thng mi by gi m vn chuyn c d dng hn, s xi mn c gy ra bi cc phng php nng tri khc nhau c thng qua i vi cc ma thu hoch mi to ra s thu ht bi vn ti, s bin ng v mc sn xut c khuyn khch bng s tip cn d dng hn vi th trng). Cc tc ng khuyn khch s pht trin ca thng mi v cng nghip s khng xy ra nu khng c con ng mi c to ra trong cng mt cch (a im thun li hn cho vic gia tng thm sn xut). Cui cng, cc tc ng th thng h tr nhau m mt d n xy dng ng to ra i vi cc kha cnh cc d n c s h tng sp xy ra (th d khi xy dng mt p t ti mt vng xa m khng th tin ti khi truy cp vo cc c s hin c; hot ng thng mi c kch hot bi vic xy dng mt con ng s to ra mt nhu cu i vic x l nc thi v cht thi rn; vic s dng phn bn nh mt kt qu ca vic xy dng con ng mi y s to ra cng thng cho mi trng m khng tn ti trc ). 16.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Cc d n xy dng ng dn n vic m rng cc khu vc m c nhiu kh khn hoc khng th tip cn trc y, hoc t nht l ci thin cc iu kin di chuyn trn cc tuyn ng hin ti. y l trng hp, n khng th trnh khi m chng s lun gy tr ngi cho tnh trng t nhin trong mt khu vc. Cng nh cc tc ng c lin quan hin nay cng c mt tc ng n s hot ng do mt ca cc phng tin tham gia giao
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thng. V hn na s c nhng s thc y trc tip v gin tip cho nhng thay i din ra trong tnh trng khng bin i (status-quo) ca vn ha-x hi v kinh t-x hi. S a dng ca cc cu hi khc nhau m pht sinh t cc m hnh phc tp ny l rt ln v tt c h cn phi c xem xt trong qu trnh thc hin mt d n xy dng ng. iu ny c ngha l mi d n phi c coi l mt trng hp c bit, trong sc nng gn vi cc tc ng mi trng khc nhau ca cc tnh cht nghim trng ln hn hoc t hn c th thay i v do s phi c ti thm nh trong mi trng hp ring bit. i tng trong vic a ra mt nh gi tm tt ca d n xy dng ng b l - gim thiu nhng cng thng v mi trng trong cc lnh vc chnh ca bo v t, kim sot ting n, v bo qun khng kh v nc sch, v - bo qun hoc phc hi hnh dng mi trng t nhin bng cng tc xy dng c th cho cc d n hoc song song vi n, vi tm quan trng ln c gn vo mt s lin kt m ph hp nht c th i vi mi trng t nhin. 16.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Asian Development Bank: Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure Projects; Manila, 1988. 2. Burger, R., Heider, O., Kohler, V., Steinlin, H.: Leitfaden zur Beurteilung von Straenbauvorhaben unter Gesichtspunkten des Natur- und Landschafts- schutzes, Schriftenreihe des Instituts fr Landespflege, Universitt Frei- burg, Heft 10, 1987. 3. Der Elsner: Handbuch fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Teil M Straenbau in Entwicklungslndern, Teil E, 34 Umweltgerechte Straenplanung, Darm-stadt, 1986 edition. 4. Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen: No.352, Umweltgerechte Straenplanung, Cologne, 1981. 5. Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen: Merkblatt: Bercksich-tigung von Umweltkriterien bei der Straennetzplanung (in preparation) 6. Krmer: Forschungsberichte des BMZ, Mglichkeiten der genauen Dimensionie-rung beim Straenbau in Entwicklungslndern, Munich, 1982. 7. Ministre de la Coopration BCEOM: Manuel sur les routes dans les zones tropicales and dsertiques, Paris, 1972/1981. 8. Sandleben: Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Heft 398, Entwicklung eines Bewertungssystems fr die Bercksichtigung von Umweltkriterien im Straenbau, Cologne, 1983. 9. UN: Appropriate Technologies in Civil Engineering Works in Developing Countries, New York, 1976. 10. Unitar: Protecting the Human Environment, New York, 1976. 11. United States Agency for International Development: Considerations for Rural Development Projects; Washington, 1980. Environmental Design

12. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific: Environmental Impact Assessment of Road Transport Development, Bangkok, 1986.

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17. Kim sot giao thng 17.1. Phm vi 17.1.1. Chc nng ca ng b Bn tm tt mi trng ny cp n nhng gnh nng v mi trng c p t bi giao thng ng b, tc l do vn chuyn ngi, hng ho trn ng cao tc v ng giao thng khc. nh hng ca xy dng ng b c cp trong mt bn tm tt mi trng ring bit (Xy dng ng b). ng giao thng khng ch c s dng di chuyn ngi v hng ha - ni cch khc, hon ton l mc ch vn chuyn hoc giao thng vn ti m cn c cc chc nng truy cp ca dn c. Trong khi tuyn ng thng thc hin chc nng giao thng bn ngoi khu vc th, th x v cc con ng lng ng mt phn quan trng trong cc hot ng dn c. Theo , thut ng mi trng khng gii hn i vi mi trng xung quanh t nhin n mc ging nh cc khu vc km pht trin. Thay vo , mc ch l m bo giao thng c th c qun l mt cch c tng thch vi tnh hnh th - ni cch khc, cng theo cch m x hi chp nhn c. iu ny c ngha l giao thng v quy hoch giao thng cng phi tnh n li sng truyn thng c trng cho khu vc. 17.1.2. Mi trng giao thng ng b Bi phn ln cc tc hi c gy ra cho mi trng bi giao thng ng b l nguyn nhn ca xe c giao thng (xe hi, cc xe ti ln, xe but v xe khch, xe gn my). Tuy nhin, khi xem xt cc qu trnh th ha (BECKMANN [1], DIOU [2], TOLBA [3]), iu quan trng cn lu l vic to ra mt mi trng ng b m to ra s cung cp tt hn cho ngi i b v ngi i xe p c th gip gim thiu tc ng mi trng. Giao thng khng c ng cl kiu di chuyn mi trng thn thin nht truyn thng chim mt t l ln trong tng s giao thng th trong cc khu vc nht nh. Mt chin lc hng n vic s dng cc phng thc giao thng thn thin vi mi trng s ch c trin vng thnh cng, tuy nhin, nu mt mt quy hoch pht trin th v khu vc, v cc phng php sn xut (bao gm bn hng v phn phi) trn mt ci khc c tnh n. Nu con ngi hoc hng ha cn thit c bao ph trn phm vi rng, cc c hi cho vic dng cc phng tin giao thng truyn thng s gim bt. 17.1.3. Mc nh ca tm tt Mc ch ca tm tt u tin l minh ha cc phng php, theo cc tc ng mi trng hin ti ca cc ng c giao thng ng b c th c gim bng cch ngn nga hoc iu hnh cng tc mt cch thun li cho mi trng. Ngoi ra, tm tt cng cung cp thng tin v cc gnh nng mi trng do cc d n giao thng gy ra. 17.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Mt trong nhng c im c th ca cc tc ng mi trng c gy ra bi giao thng ng b l tc ng c to thnh t lng ln cc nhn t c nhn nh b. Cc lnh vc ca c s h tng c kt ni vi h thng giao thng (nh my lc du, vn chuyn nhin liu, cc phn xng, ni thi) cng thc hin mt s ng gp. Gi nh rng nhng iu ch gy ra mt phn nh khng ng k ca gnh nng mi trng s a n khuyt im ca ngi tham gia giao thng thay i hnh vi thng thng ca h theo cch l cn thit. 17.2.1. Pht thi t hot ng giao thng ng b Mc d cc phng tin ng b, m bt ngun ch yu t cc nc cng nghip ha, pht ra nhng kh thi tng t khi mi bt u, nh c yu cu ti nc xut x, chng
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thng c duy tr t nht cng do thiu s gim st ca chnh quyn v cc iu kin kinh t km. iu ny c ngha l cc phng tin c nhn gy nhim mi trng nhiu hn i vi cc on ng tng t, c bit l i vi vic y mnh cc pht thi t mt ng c duy tu km (v d nhin liu khng chy, ting n v.v) v s r rca cc cht lng gy nhim nc (du, nhin liu v.v). Cc nhin liu c cht lng km nh th gy ra mc nhim cao hn, v xng khng ch l khng th t c nhiu nc. (a) Cc cht nhim khng kh Cc cht nhim khng kh khng ch gy hi cho con ngi, chng cng th hin mt mi nguy him cho ng vt, t, thm thc vt v kh hu. Tc ng t xa (tc l t xa c v thi gian v khng gian) phi c xem xt; nht l cng phi nh rng s kt hp ca cc cht nhim khng kh c th gy hi nhiu hn so vi cc cht gy nhim ring bit (hiu ng cng hng). Cc cht nhim khng kh ch yu c pht ra bi xe c giao thng nh sau: - Cacbon monoxit th khng gy hi cho cc ng vt v thc vt khng c mu, nhng s tp trung c duy tr lin tc, thm ch nu vi lng nh, c th c mt tc ng ln c con ngi v cc ng vt c xng sng khc. Cc hp cht c hnh thnh vi Hemoglobin trong mu hn ch lng oxy cung cp cho cc m, v vi cch ny c th gy ra s ri lon ca h thn kinh trung ng. - Mt s hp cht hydrocacbon, c hnh thnh do t cc nhin liu khng y (nh benzen), l cht gy ung th i vi ngi.. - Cc oxit nito l cc cht kch thch i vi con ngi, v c th gy hi cho cc c quan h hp. Ti cc khu vc c mt dn s cao, oxit nito gp phn hnh thnh sng m. Thc vt khng b gy hi trc tip bi oxit nito ti nng di 200g/m3 khng kh [4]. - Di bc x cc tm, kh ozon c sn sinh t oxit nito v hydrocacbon. Nng kh ozon cao c th gy ra sng m v gy tn thng ng h hp v s tun hon ngi. Hn na, kh ozon c th gy thit hi nguy him cho rng v cng c th, nu c nng cao, n vic gieo trng cc thc vt nh l rau v cy thuc l. Ethylene c th c mt tc ng bt li ln s tng trng v lo ha ca thc vt. S tng tc ca nhiu ha cht c lin quan vn cha c gii thch mt cch y . - Ch v cc kim loi nng khc, c kh nng tch t trong xng, l c hi cho con ngi v c th gy ra ri lon ca h thn kinh trung ng. Cc sol kh ch ch yu l phn tn trn din rng t 30 n 50 mt t ng b, trong khi cc kim loi vt c th c mang i xa hn t 100 n 200 mt, ty thuc vo iu kin gi. Cy hp th ch t khng kh bng cch tip xc b mt (bi lng ng), hoc t t thng qua r ca chng. Cng nh s gia tng thit hi n chnh cy trng, tip theo l cc hiu ng thng qua s hp th vo chui thc n cng nn c ch (v d sa c sn xut t cc ng c gn cc con ng giao thng c mt xe cao). - Mui khi ch yu l do t l cao ca cc ng c diesel, c bit l trong cc phng tin vn ti nng. Lp mui pht thi thc cht l c lm trm trng thm bi vic bo dng xe c khng tha ng. Cc mi nguy him gy ra bi lp mui pht sinh ch yu t s lng ng ca d lng cht c t qu trnh t chy. Cacbon dioxit, c pht sinh bi vic t chy nhin liu ha thch, khng phi l mt cht kh gy hi trc tip, nhng n lm gia tng nng CO2 trong kh quyn ca tri t. Cc bc x mt tri phn x ln b mt tri t c hp th mt cch tng xng bi khng kh, lm cho khng kh nng ln (hiu ng nh knh). Khng ging nh cc cht kh nhim khc, s pht thi ca cacbon dioxit l nguyn nhn gy ra hiu ng nh knh khng th c gim thiu bi cc xc tc chuyn i.
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Mc d s ng gp ca cc nc ang pht trin vo hiu ng nh knh th vn cn nh bng cch so snh vi cc nc cng nghip ha, mt s so snh bi Vin Tm nhn th gii v cc mc c gii ha ca cc nc cng nghip ha phng Ty v cc nc ang pht trin cho nm 1986 cho thy nhng hu qu ca mt s gia tng r rt trong vic s dng ng c m t, thm ch nu mc c gii ha ca cc nc cng nghip l khng t c. Cc hiu ng tng th v kh hu (v ln s tiu th du) s khng th chp nhn c. iu ny khng c ngha l cc iu kin giao thng cc nc cng nghip ha khng n gin l c nhp khu, m cn cc nc cng nghip ha phi c hn ch vic s dng phng tin c nhn, nu cc nc ang pht trin c th c cho php bt c phm vi no tng cc tiu chun sng chung, nu khng gy nguy him cho cc iu kin kh hu v cung cp du trn quy m ton cu. Cc nguyn nhn sau y ca vic pht thi cht nhim khng kh l c bit quan trng: - Vic bo dng khng tha ng v cc xe c li thi vi lng cht nhim gia tng (b ch ha kh, h thng phun nhin liu, cc h thng ng x), - Thiu k thut kim tra v gim st cho c vic sn xut nhin liu v ng c (cc kim tra pht thi), - cht lng ca cc nhin liu thp (cc qu trnh t chy khng hon ho). Cng nhim khng kh ti mt khu vc ty thuc vo: - Khi lng giao thng, - T l ng c t trong / ng c diesel, - Thi quen li xe (tc v la chn c cu cng nh s tng tc v s thng li), - Tnh trng ca ng c, - Cht lng ca cc nhin liu c s dng, - Kh hu v iu kin a hnh (trao i khng kh). (b) Ting n Ting n c nh ngha l cc m thanh m c nhn thc bi con ngi nh l s quy ry v ngt ngt [6]. Cc hu qu c phm vi t nhng xo trn ni chung v sc khe hoc cn tr kh nng hiu c nhng s xm phm nghim trng (s xo trn gic ng, cn tr vic ngh ngi v can thip vo nng sut ca con ngi) v bnh khim thnh (thnh gic suy yu, gy hi cho h thng tim mch). Thm vo ting n t cc ng c v cc ngun xe c khc (s vn hnh v ting n ca gi), cc thi quen li xe ca c nhn (ting ci, g ca) tt c gp phn lm nn ting n trong giao thng. Ting n ca xe c khng ch ph thuc vo iu kin k thut ca xe c m cn ph thuc hnh vi li xe ca c nhn (tc v s la chn ph tng, vic tng tc v thng li). Cc bin php ngn chn ting n bao gm: - thng xuyn kim tra k thut ca xe, - s la chn cc b mt ng c ting n thp, - cc hn ch tc trong cc khu vc thch ng, - vic b tr con ng v dc c ti u ha gip trnh c nhng s sang s khng cn thit, - s gim thiu giao thng qua cc
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vng ln cn ca trung tm thnh ph, cc

khu vc dn c, bnh vin, trng hc v nhng ni th cng, cng nh cc khu vc khc nhy cm vi ting n, - gii hn lu thng vo cc thi im nht nh i vi cc khu vc c bo v (v d cc xe ti ch hng nng b cm i vo trong cc khu vc th lc na m), - gio dc ngi li xe, i vi cac ti x xe ti ni ring, m cn i vi cc ti x xe but v xe . nhiu nc khng c cc lut gim bt ting n. Cc xe c v nhng thi quen li xe s tip tc sn sinh ra lng ting n khng cn thit c so snh vi cc tiu chun cc nc cng nghip ha. nh k kim tra xe c v lnh cm li xe vo ban m, ting kn v.v c th c a ra mt cch t t, nu tt c. Nhng o c ting n hoc cc bin php bo v ting n th ng nh l cc ng p cao lm gim ting n, cc bc tng v cc ca s th ch kh thi trong cc trng hp c bit. Tuy nhin, n l cn thit thc hin theo hng lu di cho vic gim thiu ting n t ng giao thng thng qua cc bin php gim nh ting n u tin. (c) Mi mn v r r du Cc b mt ca ng giao thng thng khng bng phng v g gh gy mi mn lp xe v cc lp ph ng, c cha cc cht c hi. S hao mn m phanh v lp ph ca b ly hp c th pht ra cc cht c hi cao nh l niken v amiang. Cc lp b mt ca ng b ph hy l c ngun gc t bi kch thch m lm tng thm ri ro tai nn v, s hin din ca lng ma, c th nh hng bt li cho thc vt. Du thng r r t cc ng c v ng ng ca cc xe c c bo dng km. Mt vn c bit l vic thot nc km, c th gy ra cc nhim trong cc sn phm n mn v cng nh du r r t cc ng ng v ng c c th c thi b vo mi trng trong sut thi k ma, do gy nguy him khng ch cho t m cn nc ngm. Ngc li vi cc cht nhim khng kh, cc sn phm n mn c hi v du th khng nguy hi trc tip cho con ngi, nhng chng c th gin tip ly i nhng iu kin m cuc sng ph thuc nu t khng th c sn xut na m khng c ri ro cho sc khe hoc khng th c na. Ch mt phn thit hi c gy ra bi cc pht thi ca xe c c nhc n di phn (a) n (c) c th c gim thiu v hn ch, nu khng c loi b hon ton, bng cch kim tra thng xuyn cc xe c, gim st v ci thin cc nhin liu v phm vi giao thng trong cc khu vc c bit. Cch tt nht t c mt s gim thiu ko di l gim khi lng giao thng ng b, mt ci g cn c nhm n bo v bu kh quyn ca tri t (xem trn). Cc bin php sau y c th c xem nh cc ng c c mc ch ny (xem thm bn tm tt mi trng v quy hoch giao thng v vn ti): - thu xng du, - thu xe c da trn pht thi, - ph ng b, - hn ch lu thng vo nhng gi nht nh, - hn ch u xe bn trong thnh ph, - khuyn khch ti chnh i vi nhng nhm ngi s dng chung xe, - cc ln ng ring cho phng tin vn chuyn cng cng ca a phng v cc nhm ngi s dng chung xe (v d nh s dng chung cc ln ng cho xe but). (d) Tiu th nng lng
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Hin nay gn nh tt c cc ng c xe u i hi phi da trn nhin liu du m. nhiu nc, khng ch cc ngnh giao thng m l lnh vc nng lng hon ton ph thuc vo du m. Bi v a s p o ca cc nc ny cn phi nhp khu phn ln, nu khng phi l tt c, nhu cu du m ca h [4], y mnh xe c giao thng vi ph tn ca cc ngnh khc s c ngha l nng lng. iu ny c th ngn nga ln lt vic gia tng cc tiu chun sng c a thch, bt chp vic m rng ca h thng vn ti. Trong trng hp khng c thay th i vi vic s dng ng c xe c, cc xe c c tnh kinh t vi vic s dng ti thiu nhin liu hoc vic li xe bi cc nhin liu thay th c s dng. Trong khi vic s dng c chn lc cc vt cht thc vt nh mt nhin liu thay th l kh gii quyt bi v s cnh tranh vi thc phm (nh Brazil), cc nhin liu sinh hc xut pht t cc sn phm thi a ra mt gii php (v d nh xe but kh sinh hc c s dng ti Trung Quc, xem [7]). nhiu nc ni in c th c to ra vi gi r bi cc nh my thy in, c bit trong cc khu vc thnh th, kh nng s dng cc xe c c iu khin bng in (xe in, xe but chy bng in, cc xe but h thng kp) cn c nghin cu u t. S dng kh ha lng cng c th gim tiu th xng v pht thi nhim. Trong lnh vc vn ti hnh khch, mi n lc phi c thc hin p ng nhu cu vn ti vi xe in hoc xe but m, vi s lng hnh khch thch hp, c mt s tiu th nng lng c bit thp hn cc xe hi c nhn. i vi cc chuyn i ngn, cc iu kin thun li phi c to ra cho nhng ngi i b v nhng ngi i xe p. Hn na nhng ngi lm quy hoch thnh ph nn nhm mc ch bao hm hoc to ra cc cu trc cho php mi ngi c th t c mc ch im n ca h bng chn hoc bng xe p. Con ngi khng nn gng p di chuyn xa bng cch thc hin cc khu vc hn hp ng h cc khu vc tch bit rng ri c dnh c quyn nh nh , ni lm vic, gii tr, hnh chnh v.v. 17.2.2. An ton giao thng Bi v tm quan trng ca n, an ton giao thng th khng thng c t di tiu mi trng, ang c coi nh mt lnh vc bn phi ca mnh. Tuy nhin, an ton giao thng, bao hm nhiu hn s ngn chn cc tai nn, l mt kha cnh quan trng ca cht lng cuc sng, v do cn thit c tho lun ti y. Mt cch thc quan trng ca vic gim bt ri ro ca cc tai nn i vi tt c cc nhm ngi s dng vn ti l p t cc hn ch v tc xe c, khc nhau ty theo a phng (cc ng cao tc bn ngoi cc khu vc th, cc tuyn ng giao thng chnh trong th trn v cc thnh ph trung tm, cc tuyn ng tip cn v.v), v theo tnh trnh pht trin v iu kin ca con ng. Ngoi ra, ri ro tai nn c th c gim thiu bng cch tp trung o to an ton ng b, kim tra k thut an ton ca cc xe c, cc quy nh v an ton cng rn hn (nh l bt buc tht dy an ton, thi ly bng li xe c qun l bi nhng ngi t cch hoc cm li xe i vi nhng ngi ung ru). Hn na, nhng n lc phi c thc hin ci thin cc iu kin lm vic ca nhng ngi li xe chuyn nghip, c bit l cc ti x xe ti. Cc bin php thch hp bao gm khng ch i hi cc tiu chun tin nghi nht nh ti ni lm vic (v d cc mi vm ca xe che chn nhit), m cn gim st mt cch thch ng cc gi lm vic ngn nga cc tai nn do s mt mi. Cc tai nn c lin quan n vn chuyn hng ha c hi c th khng ch t con ngi v ng vt vo s ri ro, m cn gy ra thit hi cho mi trng a phng trn quy m ln. Nhng p dng tng t trnh khi cc cht nguy hi trong sut chng ng thng xuyn. Trong , c nguy c nhim cc dng sng v nc ngm. S thit hi nghim trng v rt ngn li gay gt thi hn s dng ca cc b mt ng
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b l do qu ti (mt trc xe c ti trng tng ln 30% th nhng cng thng ln nn ng tng gp 3 ln); iu ny c th lm tng ri ro ca cc tai nn. n b thit hi (thng vi mt mt ng nha hon ton mi) l khng ch t tin m cn s dng ht gi tr ca ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. 17.2.3. Gim mt giao thng ng b v chuyn sang cc mi trng giao thng khc thng qua qui hoch pht trin vng v nguyn l giao thng tch hp Mt k hoch qun l vn ti tng th l cn thit, c phi hp vi quy hoch pht trin khu vc, tp trung chnh vo vic thc hin vn ti thn thin hn vi mi trng v t tn km chi ph cho nn kinh t quc gia ni chung. iu ny c th c thc hin bng cch quan st cc yu t c bn sau y (xem thm tm tt mi trng v Quy hoch giao thng v Vn ti): I) S qun l phn tn ca khu dn c, cng nghip v cc c s cung cp, vi mc ch ca vic gim thin khong cch v vn chuyn; II) Trong vn ti hnh khch th, gia tng tnh hp dn ca nhng s kt hp thn thin vi mi trng (i b, xe p, xe nga, xe but, xe in v ng st); III) Trong vn ti hng ha th, vic giao hng bng xe tng thch vi cc iu kin th (cc xe hng nh vi ting n v pht thi cht nhim thp), ti trng vi kh nng vn chuyn ca xe. Trong vn chuyn hng ha ng di, kim sot chuyn ch bi ng st v ng bin tt c mi ni c th. iu ny c gi l cc bin php hiu ng hu cn v h tng k thut cho vic ng gi lc quan im chung ca vn ti trong khong cch ngn v khong cch xa v h thng cc giao im gia cc phng tin vn chuyn khc nhau (v d nh cc trung tm giao thng hng ha); IV) i vi cc nhim v vn ti c cu trc n gin, nh trong trng hp ca cc d n nguyn liu th, c bit cc h thng vn chuyn nh l cc n ng, cc ng st kh hp, hoc cc xe cp c th khng ch l thch hp vi mi trng m cn kinh t hn so vi xe ti, ng st hoc tu bin. Trong cc khu vc ng dn c, cc hiu ng bt li ca vn ti ng b l trc tip cm nhn c. Cc thnh ph pht trin nhanh chng b nng thng xuyn. Nh ti cc nc cng nghip ha, nhn mt cch thc t cc iu kin chung, n l khng th to ra c s h tng i ph vi nhu cu tim nng i vi xe hi vn ti c nhn, v iu ny s ph hy cc chc nng quan trng ca th. Do vic quy hoch phi hng n cc nhu cu, cc hng mc giao thng thun li m da vo vic s dng cc xe c c ng c (v d vn ti thng mi th). 17.2.4. Cc bin php hnh chnh, lut nh v ti chnh Cc bin php hnh chnh, php l v ti chnh cng rt quan trng c ngha l s bt ngun ca vic pht trin giao thng ng b v gim thiu gnh nng lin quan n mi trng. Mt s c cp trong phn 2.1 (thu xng du, l ph cu ng, cc hn ch u xe). Mt s m t chi tit hn c a ra trong tm tt mi trng v Quy hoch giao thng v vn ti. 17.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Cc gii hn v cc tiu chun o lng c sn cho lng pht thi nht nh c lit k di 2.1 v thay i trong din rng ngay c nhng nc cng nghip ha. iu ny l do cc lin kt trc tip gia cc pht thi ca giao thng, cc gnh nng tng th hin c v cc tc ng ca cc gnh nng ln con ngi v mi trng khng th c miu t mt cch chnh xc, v cng c th khc nhau i vi cc nhm ri ro khc nhau (tr em, ph n c thai v.v). iu ny ang c, n l khng th tnh ton lng giao thng, v d, t
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c hoc vt qu cc gii hn nhim nht nh. Cc gii hn c nh, nh tn ti hu ht cc quc gia cng nghip ha, l kt qu ca s vic m phn tha hip v mt chnh tr, v chu trch nhim thay i theo thi gian. V th n dng nh l khng hp l, trong gii hn ca tm tt, vic nu ra cc gii hn m p dng hin nay. Hn na, hiu qu gim st s tun th cc gii hn l cn nhiu lao ng cao hn, v thc t ch l mt gii hn ang b vt qu khng a ra bt c du hiu nh cc pht thi c th c gim thiu. V vy, cc phn tch (cht lng) sm ca tt c cc d n c lin quan n giao thng xc nh cc hiu ng tim tng ca chung th quan trng hn so vi cc ch nh gii hn v cht lng. Cc iu tra c th bao gm cc giai on sau y: 1. Mt s c tnh v lng giao thng tim tng v cc hiu ng ca chng thng qua d n theo ngha rng nht (bao gm mt s c tnh lng pht thi c d kin), 2. Mt iu tra v nhng cch c th gim thiu giao thng v cc hiu ng ca chng thng qua cc bin php k thut, kinh t, php lut v chnh tr thch hp, v mt nh gia cc gi tr ca chng (v d xy dng cc tuyn trnh), 3. S gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca giao thng ng b khng th trnh khi cc ng c (v d cc xe but nh trong sut gi cao im), bo tr v kim tra thng xuyn cc xe c v thng qua vic gio dc nhng ngi s dng phng tin giao thng bit c vic trnh cc pht thi khng cn thit. 4. Vic bo m ca cc phng php x l du thi, cht bi trn, lp xe v ph liu thch hp, nh mt iu kin ca vic cung cp xe c. 17.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Lnh vc tng tc trc tip vi vic xy dng ng b m, thng qua vic nh tuyn v phn loi cc dng cao tc, l quyt nh cho cc kha cnh quan trng ca cc gnh nng mi trng nht nh c p t bi giao thng (s giao nhau ca cc khu vc khng b h hng v pht trin, tc lu thng v cc kh thi nh vy v cc ri ro tai nn, gy hi cho nc ngm v t v.v). Ngc li, bn cht v cng ca giao thng xc nh sau cn bo dng, pht trin v xy dng mi. Do gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca giao thng, n l cn thit p ng vic lm cn i gia hai lnh vc. Vic gim thiu giao thng ng b n gin bng cch gim thiu sc cha ca con ng (thng l do v qua vic thiu s bo dng), m khng cn ng thi ci thin cc phng tin giao thng khc, s ch dn n cc pht thi c bit cao hn v chi ph cao hn i vi nn kinh t quc gia thng qua s bo mn ln hn v h hng cc xe c v cc con ng tng t, v nng lc vn ti thp hn. S tng tc ln nhau trong cc h thng vn ti ring bit v vi cc lnh vc khc, vic gii quyt bn tm tt mi trng v Quy hoch Giao thng v Vn ti, nh c th ng dng cho giao thng ng b (xem thm bn tm tt Bng 1), c tm tt nh sau: Lnh vc giao thng ng b l mt phn ca h thng giao thng tng th. Quy hoch vn ti theo nh hng mi trng s i hi cho ph hp vi iu ni n tm ra cc khi nim vn ti thay th (chng hn nh l kt hp vn chuyn v vn chuyn khng c ng c). Giao thng ng b chng cho trong nhng cch nht nh vi cc nhim v ca quc gia, khu vc, v quy hoch th, bi v cc bin php quy hoch thch hp mt mt c th gim bt nhu cu giao thng ng b v mt khc c th gim thiu cc hiu ng ca n t u. Nh mt h thng m ch yu da vo du m, giao thng ng b chim mt phn ln s tiu th nng lng tng th ca quc gia; do lnh vc ny tng tc vi lnh vc quy hoch nng lng.
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Lnh vc ny tng tc lin tc vi vic y mnh pht trin cng nghip v thng mi, cc d n nng nghip v lm nghip v ngun gc ca tt c cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin trong cc iu khon ca tc ng mi trng tim tng. 17.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Giao thng ng b l mt phn cn thit ca s pht trin v m ca ca cc khu vc thnh th v nng thn. S gia tng giao thng ng b, ni chung l khng th trnh khi khi pht trin c s h tng, c cc tc ng su rng v mi trng v ch c th c gim thiu thng qua nhng n lc m rng trong cch quy hoch, qun l (bao gm thng bo v gio dc cng cng) v k thut. hn ch tc ng mi trng bt li mt cch c hiu qu, giao thng ng b phi c bao gm trong mt k hoch vn ti c hp nht c tnh n tng xng trong mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc khc ca quy hoch giao thng, quy hoch th, v quy hoch pht trin quc gia. Khi a ra mt s nh gi tng th ca cc d n, n l cn thit nh rng cc hu qu mi trng ca giao thng c gii ng b tt c khng phi l xu; trong nhiu trng hp n ch c th cung cp mt c s cho vic ci thin cc iu kin sng (v d thng qua vic ci thin cc ngun cung cp thc n v chm sc y t) hoc c th l mt phn cn thit ca qu trnh ny (xy dng cc c s cng nghip hoc nh ). Nh vi tt c cc quyt nh quy hoch, c vi hiu ng tch cc v tiu cc ca cc d n giao thng ng b cn phi c nng ln mt cch cn thn trong tng trng hp c th. Trong tt c cc khu vc ni m cc vn ch yu v mi trng tn ti, c mt nhu cu cn thit cho cc bin php khc phc hu qu gim gnh nng mi trng v ci thin an ton. Cc bin php hnh chnh gim thiu giao thng, nng cao trnh o to c kh, k thut v.v. v cc phng php x l thch hp cc cht nhim (nh l du thi) s gip t mc tiu ny. Kinh nghim cho thy rng cc nhim v x l tt nht l c giao cho cc doanh nghip nh. Ngc li, cc c quan nh nc xut hin ph hp hn cho cc tin trnh kim tra k thut. Trong cc khu vc ni m cc gnh nng hin nay l t nghim trng, nhim v chnh l bo tn mi trng. iu ny ch yu l mt vn ca vic lm ngn chn nhng s pht trin khng mong mun thng qua quy hoch pht trin khu vc theo nh hng mi trng v quy hoch giao thng. 17.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. BECKMANN: Urban transport planning in development countries Aspects Schriftenreihe: Forschung, Entwicklung, Planung, Berlin 1987 2. DIOU: Transports urbains et pays en dveloppement, Transp. Environ. Circ., Vol. 46, 1981. 3. TOLBA: The World Environment 1972-1982 in: Habitat News, Vol. 1, Nairobi, 1982. 4. BUNDESAMT FR UMWELTSCHUTZ DER SCHWEIZ (Swiss federal environmental protection office): Geschwindigkeitsreduktion und Schadstoffaussto, Schriftenreihe Umweltschutz, Nr. 22, Bern, 1984. 5. SEIFRIED: Gute Argumente: Verkehr, Beck'sche Reihe, Munich, 1990. 6. Was Sie schon immer ber Umweltschutz wissen wollten: Ed.: Bundesministerium des Innern (German Federal Ministry of the Interior), Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne, Mainz, 1980. 7. Sechzehnte Verordnung zur Durchfhrung des (Verkehrslrmschutzverordnung - 16.BImSchV), Bonn, 1990. Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes

8. Merkblatt ber Luftverunreinigungen an Straen (MLuS-82): Hrsg.: Forschungsges. fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Cologne, 1982. 9. Official Journal of the European Communities No. L 36, ECE R 49, Brussels. 283

10. GEBEL/FLORE/BECKER: Eisenbahn und Umwelt in: Der Nahverkehr, Heft 3/1992, Dsseldorf, 1992. Further reading: 11. Der Elsener: Handbuch fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Teil M - Straenbau in Entwicklungslndern, Teil E, 34, Umweltgerechte Straenplanung, Darmstadt, 1986. 12. Richtlinien fr den Lrmschutz an Straen (RLS 90): Ed.: Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Cologne, 1990. 13. Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen (RAS): Teil: Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen (RAS-W), Ed.: Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Cologne, 1986. 14. SANDLEBEN: Entwicklung eines Bewertungssystems fr die Bercksichtigung von Umweltkriterien im Straenbau, Ed.: Forschungsges. fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen, Schriftenreihe Straenbau und Straenverkehrstechnik, Heft 398, Cologne, 1983.

15. Umweltgerechte Straenplanung: Seminar des Bundesministers fr Verkehr, Ed.: Forschungsges. fr Straenund Verkehrswesen, Schriftenreihe Straenbau und Straenverkehrstechnik, Heft. 352, Cologne, 1981.

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18. ng st v vn hnh giao thng ng st 18.1. Phm vi Ngnh ng st v vn hnh giao thng ng st bao gm vic xy dng cc tuyn v cc h thng ng st cng nh hot ng ng st thc t. Ngnh ng st l c c trng r rng bi mi trng kinh t ca n; mc tiu ca n l cung cp cc dch v vn ti bng ng st, s dng cc ngun ti nguyn c lin quan. Hiu qu ca n ph thuc vo cc ngun ti nguyn c s dng, cch thc m chng c dng v c s h tng ca cc c s c v tr c nh. Cc loi lc ko khc nhau c s dng, ch yu l u my xe la dng du diesel. Cc loi toa trn v cc phng tin ti v qun l vn hnh ph thuc vo khi lng hnh khch v hng ha mang theo. i vi vic vn chuyn cc cht c hi, nhng i hi c bit phi c p ng trnh nguy c tn hi n mi trng. i vi mt mc ln hn cc ngnh khc, nh l nng nghip hoc cng nghip thc phm, ng st ch yu s dng cc tiu chun k thut, do nhng hiu ng mi trng tim tng v cc cch thc trnh chng phn ln l tng t. ng st ni chung c kt cu h tng ring ca chng, thng thng bao gm tt c cc u my toa xe v ng ray xe la. Chng m nhn cc nhim v m cng c thc hin bi nhng nh iu hnh thng mi, chng hn nh l nhng cng tc bo dng ng c. ng st ni chung l hot ng nh nc, mc d cc cng ty khc th thng c trch nhim kim tra s tun th cc quy nh ca chnh ph. 18.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Vic xy dng v vn hnh ng st c nhng tc ng khng th trnh khi ln mi trng, nh l s xm nhp vo cnh quan hoc pht ra kh thi v ting n. Cc tc ng khc nh l pht ra cc cht nhim trong cc khu vc lm vic v trong trng hp ca cc tai nn ph thuc phn ln vo trang thit b v s bo dng c thc hin. 18.2.1. Tng quan Cc tc ng mi trng trong trng hp ng st v vn hnh giao thng ng st xut pht t - Vic quy hoch v thc hin c s h tng, c bit l ng ray xe la, - Cc tnh nng c trng ca u my toa xe c s dng (phng php ko, tui th v tnh trng, cc tiu chun k thut, thit b an ton) - iu kin hot ng ca ng ray v cc v tr lp t c nh (tnh trng ca ng ray, cc h thng tn hiu, cc nh ga, ga xp toa xe, nh xng) - qun l vn hnh, bao gm kh nng chuyn mn ca nhn vin v cc bin php bo dng. Trong bi cnh , s nhn thc v cc vn mi trng trn mt phn qun l v lc lng lao ng l quan trng ch yu. - Bn cht, vic bo qun v cc ri ro tim tng ca hng ha ang c vn chuyn - khi lng hnh khch v hng ha chuyn ch v kt ca ca mc s dng. 18.2.2. Lp t ng ray Tc ng ln t Do khng gian m chng chim gi, cc ng ray xe la c th l nguyn nhn gy
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chim hu cc khu vc t c gi tr (mt t nng nghip hoc sinh cnh, cc con ng t ngang qua rng ma nhit i v.v); cc con ng giao nhau vi cc khu dn c v c th kch hot hot ng kinh t dn n s hy dit ti nguyn thin nhin nh mt hiu lc nn hoc hu qu (thit lp cc l t than ci dc theo con ng, xy dng/tn dng ng vn chuyn g nhit i v.v). Khi cc tuyn hoc cc h thng ng st c xy dng, t b thay th. Cc con ng p cao cn c xy dng, v d, v t cn thit cho iu ny l c bt ngun t mt ni no khc. Nhng cht thi t vic xy dng ng hm cn c x l trong mt cch chp nhn c v mt mi trng, nu n khng c s dng xy dng ng p cao gn . Nhng p dng tng t xy dng cc con ng xuyn rng. Khi t c bc trn, c nguy c b xi mn. Trong khu vc lp t ng st (nh l cc nh ga), vic xy dng b mt l nguyn nhn gy ra cho mt t b bt kn v dn nn. Nc mt C vic p cao v c bit hn trong cc ng nh xuyn qua rng, ci m thng c cc khu vc nc thi ng k trn chng, s chm sc phi c thc hin m bo cc phng php c hiu qu thot nc bn. Cc dng nc, c nh tuyn nu cn thit, phi ln dn mt nc i xa hiu qu. Vic trng li cy l cn thit chng xi mn do nc ma v l t. Ngay c khi ng st, khng ging nh cc h thng vn ti khc, khng lm kn b mt nhng nc ma vn c kh nng b ch y i, n phi c gi nh rng nhng sai st trong cch b tr v thit k s gy ra nhng vng nc v s thit hi tip theo. Cc con sui v cc im thu gom nc khc c th b nhim, tr khi chng c che chn chng li s thm vo ca nc mt. 18.2.3. Kh thi Phm vi nh hng ca kh thi ph thuc vo cht to ra lc ko. Cc u my xe la dng in bn thn chng khng sn sinh ra bt c loi kh thi no. Cc hiu ng ca my pht in th khng c gii quyt y; tham kho trong bn tm tt mi trng thch hp. Cc u my xe la hi nc th khng c xem xt y, v by gi chng rt him s dng. Cc cht gy nhim ch yu trong kh thi t cc ng c diesel l: - cacbon monoxit (CO) - hydrocarbons (HC) - oxit nito (NOx) - Lu hunh dioxit (SO2) - cc pht thi ht (tro mui). Mc kh thi t cc ng c diesel ph thuc ch yu vo cc yu t ny: - ti trng v tc ca ng c - Ti trng ph thuc ln lt vo trng lng ca xe la (trng ti ca tu) v tc di chuyn, ci m trong hu ht cc trng hp c xc nh bi ng ray xe la. - qu trnh t trong (trc tip, bung t trc) - quy trnh vn hnh (hai th, bn th) - tiu chun bo tr
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- cht lng ca nhin liu V mc s dng, xe la c th c s dng di mc hoc chng c th ti c n gii hn kh nng ca chng. Nguyn nhn ca s dng di mc l: - qu t hnh khch trn cc xe la ch khch, - xe la ch hng vi hng ha chuyn ch qu t. Bi v s lng toa trn trong trng hp ny cng thp, ti trng m hin ang c vn chuyn l khng c mc ch duy tr gii hn tng xng vi trng lng ca u my, - tc vn chuyn chm bi v iu kin ca ng ray. Vic cn tr vn chuyn m u my c i hi vt qua vic gim tc thp hn. Nhng nguyn nhn ca cc u my xe la c np n gii hn kh nng ca chng l: - cc ti trng mc thm vt qu - dc cao - thiu u my xe la. 18.2.4. Nhu cu ph tr v cht thi 18.2.4.1. Cht bi trn Cc cht bi trn chnh c s dng nh sau: Cht bi trn Khu vc s dng Du ng c Cc loi du nht trong trong Cc ng c t trong Hp c cu truyn ng Cc h thng lin kt Cc hp trc My mc thit b theo di Du chu nc trong Cc a trc Cc bnh rng thy lc Vic tiu th du trong cc ng c gp phn pht kh thi, nhng l t hn 0.5% ca mc tiu th nhin liu. Mt yu t khc m tng t nh vy khng th trnh khi l s pht thi ca du bi trn t cc u my xe la vi cc lin kt hoc s truyn ng bng xch, c th dn n vic nhim t, nc ngm, v nc mt. Nhng loi ng c li thi v khng cn c s dng na khi thit b mi c mua sm. Khi mua c loi du no, s ch cn phi c m bo rng chng khng cha cc thnh phn PCB (polychlorine biphenyl) t do. Cht ny to ra nhng sn phm dioxin c hi khi t chy. Vn mi trng ch yu khc l vic x l du thi. Mc ch ca vic thit lp mt h thng iu chnh i ph vi du c s dng l chuyn du thi c ti ch n mt im ch bin, t ra cc iu kin thch hp (nh l hm lng nhim, cc sn phm phi c thu hi ring bit, cm ha trn) v do gim
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thiu t l du thi m cha c x l v do i hi phi x l tn km. Mt khc iu ny m bo cc phng php x l c th thn thin nht vi mi trng, v mt khc n gip gim chi ph. Du thi ca cc loi khc nhau v hm lng cc cht nhim khc nhau nn, cng nhiu cng tt, c thu gom v dn i gia cng x l ring bit. V c bn c 3 nhm du thi: Du thi nhm 1: Cc du thi c thnh phn cu to v ni xut x ph hp ti ch. Du thi nhm 2: Du thi c th c s dng cho sn xut nng lng Du thi nhm 3: Du thi i hi x l nh cc cht thi b. 18.2.4.2. X l t b nhim bi du-m C cc quy trnh tn ti trong thi gian di cho vic phc hi t m b lm nhim bi du thi v mt s cc loi ha cht; cc loi vi khun c bit c ng dng i vi t b nhim, chng tiu th du v ha cht trong t. Cc loi t st c th c lm sch n su khong mt mt v cc loi t ct n su hai mt bng cch p dng vi khun trn b mt, vi cc cht dinh dng b sung thm nu cn thit. Vic lm sch l kh khn hn ti su ln hn, ni m cn thit cung cp oxy. Nhit xung quanh cao rt l tng lm sch sinh hc. Vi khun hot ng ti nhit 100C v cao hn. Mc thit hi phi c thit lp bi cc l khoan kim tra v gim st trong sut qu trnh lm sch. Ngoi ra, t c th c ly i v c t sau khi hm lng cht nhim c nh gi, s dng cc h thng t c bit. N c th c kh nng s dng phn cn li trong xy dng ng b. 18.2.4.3. Dung mi Dung mi ch yu l dung mi hydrocacbon c halogen ha. Cc dung mi qua s dng phi c lu gi ring bit ty theo thnh phn chnh ca sn phm ban u. Cc cht khng c s dng cho cc mc ch lm sch thng thng; nhng cht thay th nn c s dng cng nhiu cng tt cho cc mc ch . Mi n lc phi c thc hin m bo rng cc dung mi c thu hi bi nh cung cp. Nu iu ny l khng th xc nhn, chng khng nn c x l khc hn nh l cc cht thi c bit. 18.2.4.4. Cc cht bo qun g Nu g tm cht ha hc c s dng tt c, v d cho t vt, bt c phn d no cng phi c x l trong cc nh my t c bit, v d c th c kt ni vi cc nh my in. Cc tc nhn ngm tm vi tc ng mi trng ti thiu s c u tin (s quan tm c bit vi cht bo qun g c cha PCPSs). 18.2.4.5. Cc cht thi Trc khi ti ch ph liu, s quan tm phi c thc hin m bo rng bt c cc cht c hi no vi mi trng c loi b theo cch thch hp, chng hn nh - du thi - d lng nc lm mt trong cc phoi tin. Trong qu trnh b thi b, cc cht c hi nh cc kim loi nng phi c loi b v x l theo cch t gy hi cho mi trng nht. 18.2.5. Nc thi
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Nc thi t cc nh my ang s dng cc tc nhn lm sch c tnh axit (v d i vi cc toa trn lm bng thp khng g) hoc cc tc nhn lm sch c tnh kim phi c trung ha. Cc nh my lm sch u my xe la sn sinh nc thi nhim vi du v m, v thay du ng c cho du thi. Nc thi c th c lm sch thch ng ti ngun bng cch tch du n gin. Ha cht x l, m cng loi b nh tng t nc thi, l phc tp v tn km. Mt lng nh du thi nn c t bng cch s dng mt h thng ph hp vi khi lng nh. Thnh phn ca du thi phi c nhn bit, do kh nng to thnh dioxin. Ni m cc thit b tch du c thit lp, n thch hp s dng thit b lm sch ng ng gi dng chy ra ca vic lm sch mng xi, v chng l d b tc nghn. Cc bin php phng nga an ton sau y c th cn thit i vi cc khu vc nc ngm quan trng: - mch r (chuyn tip) ca cc ng ng nc thi ra khi khu vc gii hn c bo v, - thot nc trong khu vc c bo v i qua cc ng ng khng thm nc, - dng cc ng ng thot nc khng thm nc v cc mng c chng thm thay v cc rnh dc khng c chng thm. 18.2.6. Cc h thng trung chuyn ng st vn hnh mt lot cc h thng x cho cc sn phm du m m to thnh mt mi nguy him cho nc, nh l nhin liu, du thi v du nhin liu. S di chuyn din ra, th d, t cc toa ch du n xe ch du hoc v tr c nh ca ni t bn cha, v trong sut qu trnh cp diesel cho cc u my xe la. Cc h thng ang c ln k hoch v vn hnh trong mt cch m du khng th chy trn hoc r r, tc l cc ngun nc c th b nhim. Trong v d u tin, nh l cc im chuyn giao nhiu c th l c kt hp to thnh mt vi c s c v tr trung tm v c s dng mnh m. Cc h thng nh vy s c trnh xa cc khu vc bo tn nc hoc cc vng u ngun. Vic bo v cc c s vn chuyn v c bn lin quan n lt b mt v thot nc ring bit. Gim st gii hn l cn thit. Cc khp ni Full-hose kh bo v ln hn nhiu chng li tn tht trong qu trnh di chuyn. Nu cc khp ni c s dng, ch c mt khu vc nh ti ra ca ng ray cn c tri nha. 18.2.7. Kim sot c Nn ng cn thit gi trnh khi c di cho mt s l do sau (th d ngn chn s trt bnh). Ty thuc vo thc vt ca khu vc t ng ray, ha cht dit c c th c s dng, mc d cc phng php thay th nh nh c bng s c khuyn khch. 18.2.8 Phn Cc con ng m mang theo vn ti hnh khch l i tng ca s lm nhim bn vi vn phn. Phn c b li t cc toa hnh khch thng qua mt ng x vo t trn ng ray. Nghin cu dch t hc cho thy rng: - Cc tia cc tm trong nh sng mt tri lm cht cc vi sinh vt trong mt thi gian l 2-3 gi, - Khng c vi khun i n nc ngm. tc cao, n c th c ln sng p lc c to ra bi 2 xe la gp nhau trong mt
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ng hm s gy ra mt s phng i. Toa hnh khch mi thit k cho php phn c lng trong cc thng cha. Trong mi trng hp, vic x l ph hp l c th c m bo. 18.2.9. Vn chuyn cht nguy hi Mt nguyn l c bn trong vic chuyn ch cc hng ha nguy him cn thit rng mi cht l c x l theo quy nh c th. Cc khu vc b nh hng bi nguyn tc ny l: - ng gi - xp/d an ton - s chuyn ch - ng gi cng vi cc cht khc - hnh ng trong trng hp khn cp. Cc sch v nguyn tc (hng dn) phi c thng qua bao gm tt c cc cht thuc i tng c vn chuyn. Cng khuyn co rng m hng ha c hi quc t thng nht nn c s dng, phn loi theo h thng nh s Lin Hip Quc m t cc phng php bo qun c thc hin cho nhiu cht khc nhau. Cc loi hng ha nguy hi nht ri vo cc nhm sau: - cht lng d chy (nhin liu), - cc cht c, - cht n mn, - cht n. Cc cht cn c nh r trong cc phiu vn chuyn. Cc hng dn v bo qun, hnh ng trong trng hp khn cp v.v i vi cc cht c hi c bit cn c sn trong mi nh ga v trong mi u my xe la. Nhng im yu trong vic x l cc cht c hi trong ng st xut hin trong cc khu vc sau: - ng gi khng ph hp (v d cc palet phng vi cc mng ph thay v cc palet dng hp cng nh c quy nh i vi cc nguyn liu c lin quan) - m bo an ton trong bc xp khng ng hoc khng c - Vic dn toa, cht hng - Hu ht cc tai nn xy ra vi cc l hng rt nh m khng c p ng cc yu cu nu trn. Cc tai nn lin quan n cc toa c b cha v.v l him - Nhn vin cha qua o to, thiu cc ti liu. Tiu chun trang thit b cho cc dch v cu h bao gm cc hp ng, thit b bm v cc toa c b cha. Cc trm cha chy thng xuyn thc hin cc nhim v ny, cng cn c trn xe la. Mi cng ty ng st cn tuyn dng mt nhn vin hng ha nguy hi, nhn vin ny cn c mi lin h trc tip vi c quan qun l hng ha nguy hi ca khu vc.Vic o to thch hp v o to tin tin phi c cung cp trong lnh vc ny. 18.2.10. Chng n ng st to ra ting n vi cc mc khc nhau, bao gm ting n t giao thng
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ng st thc t (ting n giao thng ng st) v t cc c s h tng lin quan trong hot ng ng st, nh l cc ga xp toa xe, cc trm chuyn giao ti kt hp hay cc xng. Cc pht thi ting n ph thuc vo cng hot ng v v tr ca cc c s vt cht k thut ng st ang c s dng. Pht thi ting n gy kch ng n cc phn ng th cht v tm l ln con ngi, phm vi ting n ca ng st c coi l t hn so vi gnh nng ting n trong giao thng ng b.. Bi v cc ng ray v cc h thng ph tr c phm vi rng, cc ga xp toa chim mt khu vc rng ln ca vic hnh thnh cc c s vt cht cho ng st. Phm vi rng ca cc th tc hot ng c lin quan n ng trnh xe la v kt ni u my vi toa xe v cc hot ng m cc h thng ph tr lin quan n vic sn sinh ra cc pht thi ting n cc mc khc nhau v tn s xut hin. Cc bin php lm gim bt ting n ch ng v b ng m c th c p dng khi xy dng c s xp toa xe mi hoc s chuyn i nhng ci hin thi thng ri vo cc khu vc c th sau: - b tr kt cu tng th ca mt h thng ga xp toa, - khong cch n cc ta nh khc, - u my xe la, - t chc ca cc hot ng - thit b dn toa. Cch hiu qu nht ca vic ci thin tnh trng ting n ca cc ga xp toa thng qua t ng ha. 18.2.11. Cc bin php t chc T nhng g c ni trong phn 2.4 n 2.9, r rng l cc tc ng mi trng ca cc hot ng ng st c th phn ln quy cho cc hot ng ca con ngi. Cc bin php cn thit trong bi cnh ny, c th l: - vic gio dc v o to nhn vin mt cch y v ton din. S hp tc vi cc hot ng vn chuyn khc nh l bn tu, sn bay v nhng ngi vn chuyn bng ng b c khuyn khch. - vi thin vic hun luyn v nhn lc cho t chc vn hnh. - to ra mt c s h tng k thut v hnh chnh (x l v gim st vic x l, kim tra k thut v cc tiu chun nhn s v.v). Trin khai nhn s vi trch nhim i vi cc vn khu vc nh l cc hng ha nguy hi v.v - vic s dng cc cht ty ra thn thin vi mi trng hoc cht c th c x l tha ng theo hon cnh a phng. S thit hi mi trng c th ch c ngn nga c kt qu bng cch to ra mt t chc c trang b thch ng c trch nhim i vi vic qun l, bo tr, vn hnh v gim st cc ch trng mi trng c hi, v bng cch tng cng v thc y n i ph vi cc nhim v mt cch d rng. 18.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Cc pht thi t ng st v cc h thng vn hnh, do cht lng thit k v xy dng, c th c nh r t cc thng s k thut ca nh sn xut hoc t cc kt qu o lng. Cng tc qun l ng st thc hin rt nhiu n lc xc nh mc ca ting n t giao thng ng st v kim tra hiu sut ca cc bin php gim nh ting n. Nh vo cc th nghim ny, cc bin php thch hp c th c thc hin trong tng lai
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ngn chn ting n qu mc. Cc quy nh v hng ha nguy hi cn c thit lp i vi vic gi hng ha nguy hi trong nc v quc t, xc nh nhng hng ha c hi c th c vn chuyn, cch m chng c ng gi v ng nhn, cch chuyn ch bng xe c t ra v trang b v khi no v cch no m chng c kim tra, cch m xe c c xc nh v cc vn cn c xt n khi bc hng v d hng c lin quan n cc phng php bc hng v xp hng, cng nh vic vn chuyn chng. Cc phng php x l nc thi v cht thi rn ph hp vi mi trng cng c bit n v phi c thc hin. Tuy nhin, nhim mi trng xut hin trong hot ng ng st do b qua cc hu qu, s sut hoc hnh ng c ( tit kim trong x l), cn phi c cc c quan gim st (v c cung cp cc thit b v cc dng c o cn thit): - nhn bit v phn tch cc tc ng mi trng - nh gi chng vi mc ch ngn nga - m bo vic gim st y v - thc thi cc bin php hnh chnh ph hp (ni quy v s ngn cm, b pht tin, truy t hnh s, t chc vic x l cc ngun ti nguyn v.v) trong mt cch hiu qu. 18.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cc hng ha l c vn chuyn thng xuyn gia ng st v ng bin. Xem bn tm tt mi trng hng hi i vi vic xy dng v hot ng ca bn cng v lp t cng. Mt s phn ca vn ti ng b v cc h thng ng thy ni a c vn tng t nh ng st, c bit trong lnh vc bo dng xe v tu. V vn ny,xem cc bn tm tt X l nc thi, X l cht thi rn v X l cht thi nguy hi. Ngnh ng st, ang c dnh ch yu cho vn chuyn hnh khch v hng ha, cng lin quan vi cc tm tt mi trng v quy hoch khng gian v khu vc v Quy hoch Giao thng v Vn ti. 18.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Cc ng st giao nhau vi cc cnh quan v khu vc, nhng s quan tm n quy hoch v thc hin s lm gim bt cc tc ng ca vic chia ct. Xe la in th bn thn chng khng gy bt c s nhim khng kh no, trong khi xe la chy bng du diesel th gy ra s nhim nh. Ting n giao thng ng st th t hn so vi ting n giao thng ng b v cm nhn c t s kh chu hn. Cc ng st nn c chuyn ra xa cc khu vc nh c. Ti cc khu vc ng dn c v ni m tu du lch c tc cao, cc bin php gim nh ting n c th chng minh l cn thit. Cc tiu chun quc t nn c s dng nh l c s cho cc quy nh v xy dng v an ton ca cc phng tin ng st v cc phng tin x l; iu ny s dn n vic s dng cc thit b ng st ni chung cho php vn chuyn an ton v thn thin vi mi trng da trn c s ca mt quy hoch ph hp v mng li c s h tng c th hin. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp n c th l cn thit p t cc bin php xy dng m vt qu cc quy tc ny, hoc i lch khi chng, m tnh n cc iu kin c th ca a phng. Mt yu cu na l nhn s v cc c quan kim tra gim st v cc t chc hot ng phi nhn thc c y cc tc ng mi trng tim tng, cc ri ro v cc bin php phng nga; h nn c hun luyn ph hp v nhn c s h tr v th ch trong vic
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thc hin cc nhim v ca h. V cui cng, cc kha hun luyn, cc ngun lc thi hnh cc nhim v kim tra gim st v h tr ti chnh phi c thc hin trong thi gian sm nht c th. Mt h thng ng st chp nhn c v mt mi trng ch c th c to ra vi - an ton, trang thit b vn chuyn hin i (u my, cc c s x l) - hot ng an ton nh nhau bi nhn vin c o to, - cc t chc hot ng mnh v th ch duy tr cc u my v cc h thng, kim tra cc hot ng giao thng v kim tra gim st cc tc ng mi trng, vi s phi hp cht ch gia 3 khu vc. . 18.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Altlverordnung of 27.10.1987. 2. Buchwald/Engelhardt (1980): Handbuch fr Planung, Gestaltung und Schutz der Umwelt, Munich 3. Bundesbahn-Zentralamt Munich: Report of October 01 1985 Az 36.3602 Flmma 1; Schadstoffemissionen der Dieselmotoren in Brennkrafttriebfahrzeugen der DB. 4. Bundesbahn-Zentralamt Minden: Richtlinie zur Altlentsorgung nach der Altlverordnung, Verfgung V.5407 Mauag 2.3 of June 01 1989. 5. DIN-Sicherheitsdatenbltter nach der Gefahrstoffverordnung (Ordinance on Hazardous Substances). 6. Deutsche Bundesbahn: Bautechnische Gewsserschutzmanahmen an Umfllstellen (DS 800/6/III). 7. Deutsche Bundesbahn: Bestimmungen ber sicherheitstechnische Manahmen nach Freiwerden gefhrlicher Gter (DS 423/II). 8. Deutsche Bundesbahn: Anlagen fr den Betriebsmaschinendienst (DS 800/7). 9. Deutsche Bundesbahn: Entwerfen von Bahnanlagen (DS 800). 10. Deutsche Bundesbahn: Richtlinien fr bauliche Schallschutzanlagen an Eisenbahnstrecken (DS 810, Teil 1 und 2). 11. Deutscher Eisenbahn-Gtertarif: Teil I Abteilung; Anlage zur Verordnung ber die innerstaatliche und grenzberschreitende Befrderung gefhrlicher Gter mit Eisenbahnen (Gefahrgutverordnung Eisenbahn - GGVE) of 22 July 1985. 12. 1986. 13. Inter-American Development Bank: Environmental Checklist for Transportation Projects, no place, no date. 14. Overseas Development Administration (ODA): Manual of Environmental Appraisal, pp. 60 - 62;no place, no date. 15. Verordnung ber die Entsorgung gebrauchter halogenierter Lsemittel, of 23.10.1989, BGBL (Federal Law Gazette) 1989, page 1918. Gesetz ber die Vermeidung und Entsorgung von Abfllen (Abfallgesetz) of August 27

16. Verordnung ber die innerstaatliche und grenzberschreitende Befrderung gefhrlicher Gter mit Eisenbahnen (Gefahrgutverordnung Eisenbahn - GGVE) of 22 July 1985. BGBL (Federal Law Gazette) 1985, Teil I, p. 1560.

293

19. Sn bay 19.1. Phm vi Mc ch ca bn tm tt mi trng l minh ha cc tc ng n mi trng ca vic xy dng v vn hnh trong sn bay cng nh cc bin php bo v mi trng mt cch thch hp. Vic xy dng v vn hnh sn bay c xem l vic c ngha quan trng quc gia. Bi v sn bay s l ni c din ra cc hot ng kinh t trong phm vi rng n gip nn kinh t quc gia pht trin. Ngoi ra, sn bay thng c xem l b mt ca quc gia. Quy hoch c trng ca sn bay cn phi xt n: - Nhiu phng php c th kt hp cc lnh vc hot ng cn thit ca sn bay vo khu vc th hin hu hoc s khu vc quy hoch (p lc dn c v thng mi cng pht trin), - Kh nng phc v v mc tiu m rng c s h tng giao thng hin c, - Tnh hin hu hoc kh nng m rng ca cc c s cung cp v x l, - V tr xy dng thch hp, - ra cc bin php c th khi phc s cn bng sinh thi, - Thit k ti u nhng lp t p ng nhu cu nhn lc v kt hp nhng lp t vi khu vc xung quanh, - c tnh v s lng ca k hoch hot ng my bay, - Cc quy nh v an ton hng khng quc t v quc gia. Nu cc tc ng ca mi trng nguy him khng th trnh c, th cn phi c k hoch xc nh loi b hoc cn phi hn ch cc nguy him (hn ch cc chuyn bay vo ban m ). 19.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 19.2.1. Cc cu trc kinh t-x hi Cc sn bay chnh, nh l mt quy lut c xy dng trong khu vc ng dn c. Vic quy hoch sn bay nn kt hp vi vic quy hoch th trong khu vc. Nhng tc ng ca vic xy dng mt sn bay trong mt khu vc ca cc c cu kinh t - x hi l a dng v khc nhau v n cng l kh khn quyt nh im kt thc v nhng ni bt u khc. Nhng im chnh nh sau: - Thay i trong vic s dng t, - Thay i v c cu gi c (gi t, cung cp thc phm, vt t, v.v), - Thay i quyn s hu t, - Thay i cht lng cuc sng ca dn c trong khu vc xung quanh, - Thay i c cu ngh nghip, m kt qu c th dn n s phn cp cc (quc gia) t chc giu (chui cc khch sn, nh hng, du lch, doanh nghip v.v) v cc quc gia ngho trong khu vc, - Tng p lc gii quyt cc vn v t ai t cc c s thng mi, khu cng nghip v cng ty vn ti, - Thay i th trng vic lm a phng v trnh v tin lng,
294

- Thay i hnh vi x hi. (X hi bin i nhanh t mt mt nh tham nhng, trm cp, bun bn ma ty sang mt khc) Mc ca nhng thay i ny c th nh hng n mt vi mc bi cc thng s quy hoch v do s la chn v tr thch hp. Tuy nhin, mt mc no x hi thay i l iu khng th trch khi v ch c th c gim nh bng cc bin php h tr thch hp. Cui cng, n l cng c hu ch trong vic thit lp c cu x hi trong khu vc quy hoch v chng trnh thc y da trn nhng nhm dn c b nh hng. 19.2.2. H sinh thi Sn bay tiu biu cho s xm ln nghim trng n cnh quanh v nhng di t rng c bt kn v v n tc ng su rng n khu vc xung quanh. Kt qu phn tch ca i sng ng thc vt l mt yu t quan trng khi nh gi s la chn v tr. Khu bo tn thin nhin qu him rng hoc sinh cnh kt hp vi nhau l l do quyt nh loi b v tr, nu s thit hi ca nhng khu vc ny khng c bi thng hoc khu vc thin nhin thay th l khng c sn. N lc thnh cng hn kt hp h sinh thi a phng vo quy hoch mi, cc tc ng xu n mi trng xung quanh nh hn. S di chuyn ng thc vt trong khu vc ny s tc ng trc tip bi cc phng tin sn bay v c s h tng l vic khng th trch khi nh l kt qu ca hot ng xy dng. Ngoi ra, ni ny cn phi lm sch cc vt gy cn tr v cn thit to nn nhng loi thc vt bao ph, n s mang li hnh thc khc nhau ca dn s. Bin php phng nga c bit l cn thit sn bay gim cc ri ro do giao thng trn khng gy nn. Cc bin php l quan trng v c bn lin quan n gii hn vic s dng t v cc hnh thc nht nh ca sn xut trong khu vc xung quanh. Tt c cc iu kin mi trng trong khu vc m cc loi chim hay sinh sng cn phi thay i sao cho chng tr thnh mt ni c tr khng thun li hoc mt khu vc nh v thng xuyn di chuyn ni c tr. Cc bin php ni chung bao gm nhng thng tin v con ngi, nc, bin i hoc phn vng vo cc khu vc nh hn. V s ngn nga hnh thnh nhng b phn nc mt mi. Trong mt s trng hp n cng c th cn thit ti lp li cc b sng, thm thc vt v ngn chn vic trng cc loi cy trng thu ht cc loi chim. Cn thit ngn chn hoc rc trong vng ln cn ca cng hng khng; chng c bit hp dn i vi cc loi chim trong vic tm kim thc n, v do nhu cu t nhin, l ni cung cp thch hp cho qun th ng vt nh khc, do thu ht cc loi chim sn mi, m trong quan im v kch thc ca h t ra mt mi nguy him cao my bay trong trng hp va chm, c bit trong lnh vc ng c. V cc bin php sinh thi cnh quan, cn t ra mc tiu nn kt hp cc h sinh thi cnh quan lin quan vo khu vc xy dng, v phn phi khi lng xy dng theo mt cch rng h thng quy hoch c din tch b mt t c s n nh vn c. Vn c tnh n nh cng c ngha ng k v ti chnh ch n c th lm gim chi ph u t v bo tr. H sinh thi cn c phi hp trong cc c s sn bay v ng thi phi c kt ni vi h thng tip gip sn bay; vng m gip ci thin cc tc ng ca mi trng xung quanh kt cu khu vc sn bay hot ng nh, mang li mt s cn bng sinh thi cho h thng tng th v tch hp n vo khu vc xung quanh. 19.2.3. Xy dng sn bay Vic xy dng sn bay ni chung i hi ng k t phi thay i v s lng ln vt liu xy dng.
295

Cc tc ng mi trng khng th trnh c cn c gi trong gii hn thng qua quy hoch ph hp. Sau y l mt s tc ng chi tit: - Ti u ha cc tuyn ng vn chuyn, - S dng ti nguyn thin nhin khu vc (v d nh t t cc khu vc xung quanh), - S dng vt liu xy dng c sn trong khu vc hoc sn xut trong nc, - S dng cc cng ty xy dng a phng v c thc v mi trng, - Ti lp iu kin thot nc nh hng sinh thi. Xy dng sn bay i hi mt cng trng xy dng ln, chim mt din tch ln t trong mt thi gian di. 19.2.4. Mi trng alo ng ti cc sn bay Cc nhn vin trong qu trnh lm vic ti sn bay b phi nhim vi cc ri ro v an ton v ting n. Cc ri ro v an ton s c gim cng nhiu cng tt bng cch lp k hoch cho cc bin php, v d nh: - Xc nh R cc tuyn ng vn chuyn, - C hng dn hot ng lin quan cho cc thit b, - Gim st k thut cc thit b, - Cc phng vt l v t chc trong qun l cht c hi (nhin liu, lm vic, vt t, hng ho c hi, vv.). Ngoi ra, mt danh mc cn c chun b bao gm tt c cc vt cht nguy hi thng c s dng hoc cn phi x l thng xuyn, nu ra nhng chi tit cc ri ro t cht nguy hi, v c quy nh theo lut lao ng lin quan n vic x l cc cht thi ny, cc th tc cp cu y t c thng qua trong trng hp cc tai nn lin quan n cht c hi. Cc im s cu phi c trang b ph hp. Nhng ngi c tip xc vi ting n cc i ti sn bay phi c bo v bi cc quy nh thch hp. 19.2.5. Bo v cc ngun nc mt v nc ngm Bin php phng nga phi c thc hin trong k thut xy dng m bo s cn bng nc ngm v cht lng khng b suy yu do vic xy dng v hot ng ca sn bay. Ngoi ra, nc ngm phi c thng xuyn theo di vi ging thng ngun v h ngun. Bi v t c bt kn trn din rng do cc ng bng, ta nh vv.., cc h thng thot nc ma cn phi c ch quy hoch c bit. Cui cng, mt cuc kim tra nh lng trong cc iu kin thot nc v nng lc thot nc c yu cu khu la chn a im. Cc s liu c s (tn sut ma, lng ma cao nht v tn sut) nh gi cc lu vc duy tr ma cn thit v kh nng tiu thot cn thit phi hnh thnh mt phn ca mt cuc kho st kh hu hoc ca mt cuc kho st cc iu kin thi tit ti sn bay. Tng t, h s thot nc ca cc loi b mt, mt t c lin quan nn c a vo bo co. V c bn n phi c gi nh rng nc ma c th b nhim trn tt c cc b mt t ti khu vc ca sn bay. Cc ng bng v ng ln b nh hng bi hu nh cc cht nhim khng th trnh khi, quan trng nht trong l: cn du, cn nhin liu, tc nhn x bng (nu c s dng), tc nhn lm sch v cc d lng t s mi mn cc lp. Ti sn bay c h thng tiu thot
296

nc kn v h thng thot nc ma ring.

Nc ma c thu gom a ti mt h thng tch du m di trc khi thi. Nc thi v nc thi sn xut trn cc ti sn bay c dn n mt h thng x l. Ti sn bay, s lng ln cc cht nguy hi nh hng n nc nh nhin liu, du khong, ha cht ty ra v dung mi c lu tr, chuyn giao v s dng. N phi c m bo rng chng c lu tr theo quy nh, v trong mt cch no l an ton chng li s r r. Cn phi c quy nh ph hp x l cht c hi trong nc, gim thiu nguy c tht thot khng kim sot c cc cht nguy hi ny. Cc bc phi c thc hin o to nhn s v lm cho h nhn thc c vn . Lun c kh nng xy ra s c, trong khi lng ng k cc cht c hi i vi nc c th c sinh ra. C nguy c nhim nc mt v nc di t nh nhau. V l do ny, sn bay khng nn nm mt nc hoc khu bo tn nc ngm, c bit l nu ngun nc c s dng lm nc ung.. Ti cc tm chn ni tch lu vc tp trung nc t b iu tit bo v nc di t trong trng hp xy ra s c phi c kt ni vi mt h thng bo ng v vn hnh t ng; nh mt s la chn cn thit phi hng dn s dng bao gm vic cn kim tra cc hng mc chung khi xy ra s c. Cc bn cha nhin liu can c bo v chng r r theo cc quy nh quc gia v quc t (v d nh thu gom cc bn r r nhin liu), cng nh chng chy, n. Kho cha v ng ng s c tnh n trong mt h thng cnh bo r r. 19.2.6. Ting n bi my bay Ting n my bay thng c coi l ting n ti t nht trong tt c, nhng tnh trng nhim ting n gy ra bi my bay trn cc khu vc xung quanh sn bay l khng th trnh khi. Khu vc quy hoch khu vc xung quanh sn bay cn phi tnh n cc yu t ; hn ch s dng t (cng nghip, thng mi v khu dn c) cn xc lp cho cc khu vc bo v ting n, phn loi theo quy m mc ting n c quy nh. Cc khu nh c nh tm m c th c thy nhiu nc trong khu vc ln cn sn bay cn phi gii ta v l do an ton, v cn c ngn chn cng nhiu cng tt mang li cnh quan cho khu vc (v d bng cch m rng cc chu vi ca sn bay, ph hp quy hoch tuyn ng vn ti vv. .). Cng v tc ng ca ting n to ra bi hot ng sn bay c xc nh bi cc yu t sau y: - thi gian ct cnh v h cnh (ngy/m), - S lng ct cnh v h cnh, - th tc ct cnh v h cnh, - loi phanh k thut (lc y ngc), - loi my bay, - ting n khc pht thi trong hot ng trong khu vc sn bay (tua bin chy th nghim, tua bin ph vv), - v tr ca ng bng ct cnh v h cnh v ng ln (taxiways). Ting n pht thi c th c gim bng cc bin php k thut nh sau: - n lc ca nh sn xut gim ting n ng c, - thit k cu hnh ng bng c tnh n khu vc xung quanh,
297

- cc bin php lp bo v m thanh i vi cc ngun pht thi c nh (th nghim nh my in, tua bin ph vv) v - bin php bo v cc ta nh hin c trong khu vc phi nhim vi ting n mc cao. Ngoi ra, pht thi ting n c th gim thng qua quy ch hot ng: - hn ch thi gian ct cnh v h cnh, - quy nh c th phng php tip cn v khi hnh chuyn bay, thay i ny mt cch thng xuyn nu cn thit, - s dng th tc ct cnh v h cnh t n o, - gim phanh bng lc y ngc li, - thu ph, l ph ct cnh h cnh cao hn cho cc loi my bay c vi ng c c ting n ln (c th dn n s dng t thng xuyn), - iu hnh h thng gim st ting n my bay pht hin cc kh nng c th gim bt ting n. cp chnh sch vn ti cng vy, cc bc c th c thc hin ting n pht thi (chuyn i sang phng thc vn ti khc, lnh cm trn cc chuyn bay ng ngn vv); bit thm thng tin xem tm tt v mi trng v k hoch giao thng vn ti. 19.2.7. Ting n bi h thng giao thng Ting n c to ra bn trong sn bay do giao thng mt t thng l khng ng k v c s ca sn bay rng. Vic cng thm ting n giao thng trn cc tuyn ng chnh dn n sn bay th khng cao hn ng dng chung, cung cp cc tuyn ng ny c hiu qu. Nu s dng nhiu ng i qua cc khu vc nhy cm vi ting n, cc php o phi c thc hin xc nh tng th kh nng chu ti. Cc bin php bo v phi c thc hin gii quyt kh nng chu ti, hoc nh mt s la chn cc lu lng vn chuyn phi c i tuyn. Tch lu lng giao thng vo mt s tuyn ng nhiu kh nng chu ti khng phi l mt phng php tip cn hp l. l mt tng tt c ting n thp bng phng thc vn chuyn (h thng ng st) phc v sn bay. 19.2.8. Cht lng khng kh c bit l cc khu vc c mt dn s cao, khi lng ln cc cht gy nhim c thi vo kh quyn mi ngy bi giao thng, h thng x l nhit cho cc ta nh, cng nghip v nh my in. Cc pht thi sinh ra bi sn bay s c coi l mt thnh phn cng thm trong lnh vc nhim ti mt t. Cc pht thi t giao thng ng khng v giao thng ng b l rt tng t v thnh phn, v c ly mu rt kh khn theo di tng ngun ring bit. Do s lng pht thi sn xut t my bay v hi ha hc v kh tng ti khu vc, n c th gi nh rng nhim do kh thi t giao thng hng khng l thp so vi cc ngun nhim ti th. Lng pht thi sn xut trong cc chuyn bay cao 6-12.000 mt c tc dng b sung m kh nng thit hi cha c nghin cu y . Cc hp cht (HC, CO, NOx) tng c th xy ra trc tip trong vng ln cn ca sn bay do s lng ln ca cc my bay chuyn ng ( khi lng ln kt qu t cc giao thng trn mt t), c bit nhng vng c thi tit khng bin i. Do , mt tng tt hng ti mc tiu hp nht khu vc sn bay vi mt h thng gim st khng kh khu vc.
298

Nu vt qu gii hn quy nh th cc bin php hnh chnh thch hp c th p dng hn ch giao thng ng b ngay lc u, cng nh giao thng hng khng nu cn thit. nh gi tn sut ca cc mu thi tit nghch o trong khu vc ca sn bay l mt phn ca mt nghin cu nh gi kh hu, hoc ca mt cuc kho st cc iu kin thi tit chuyn bay. 19.2.9. Mi Giao thng hng khng c th to ra mi kh chu, nhng ni chung l gii hn sn bay v cc vng ln cn trc tip. Giao thng trn mt t ti sn bay to ra mi c th gy phin toi, c bit cc khu vc dn c gn . 19.2.10. Vi kh hu Hot ng xy dng trn khu vc rng ln thng gy ra nhng thay i trong iu kin kh hu t nhin. Nguyn nhn chnh dn n s hnh thnh vi kh hu ring bit (kh hu a phng), vi nhng thay i ln cn bng nhit, cn bng nc v gi a phng. S tch t cc cht nhim trong khng kh cng l mt tc ng. Lm th no nh gi vi kh hu ph thuc vo quy m pht trin ca khu vc, c cu xy dng, a hnh v t l khng gian. Cch c th nh hng n vi kh hu trong xy dng v quy hoch phi c xc nh bng cch kho st kh hu. 19.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng 19.3.1. Mi trng lao ng ti cc sn bay gii hn kh nng nh hng ca ting n n nhn vin lm vic ti sn bay, cn qui nh mc n ti a v thi gian phi nhim; trn mc ny, dng c bo v ting n c nhn c cung cp v bt buc phi mang n. 19.3.2. Ting n bi my bay Mt s th tc khc nhau hoc c p dng hoc xut ca mi nc khc nhau nh gi ting n my bay. Qu trnh tnh ton a vo cn xem xt s lng, thi gian v mc ca ting n ring l v qu trnh din bin phn phi chng trong mt ngy. Kt qu ny khng trc tip so snh vi kt qu khc v khc bit v mc lin quan. C mt s lng ln cc nghin cu c lin quan n tc ng ca ting n nh hng n sinh l, tm l v chc nng x hi ca con ngi. Tin hnh iu tra kh nng chu ti ting n my bay n ngi dn trong khu vc xung quanh sn bay l hon ton c. 19.3.3. Ting n bi giao thng Ting n pht sinh bn trong sn bay do hot ng ca giao thng trn mt t thng b b qua bi v sn bay c khng gian rng ln. Ting n b sung pht sinh t hot ng giao thng trn cc tuyn ng chnh dn n sn bay thng khng cao hn ting n thng thng. Nu cc tuyn ng i qua cc khu vc nhy cm vi ting n th cn phi o n xc nh mc nh hng. Cc bin php gim thiu ting n ni chung hoc c phng n thay i tuyn cn c xem xt. Vic phn tch lung giao thng ra cc tuyn ng vi mt giao thng thp hn khng phi l cch tip cn hp l. Mt tng hay l c cc loi hnh giao thng to ra ting n thp hn (nh h thng
299

tu ha) phc v hot ng ca sn bay. 19.3.4. Khng kh Bng 1 lit k cc pht thi t ng c phn lc khc nhau. Cc hng dn, tham kho v gi tr gii hn c th chp nhn cht nhim khng kh nh ixt cacbon, ixt lu hunh, oxit nit, ozone v bi p dng nh c hin th trong Bng 2 gi tr nhim ti a c thit lp bi y ban Deutscher Verband Ingenieure ca (Hip hi cc k s c DVI) duy tr s tinh khit ca khng kh v trnh nguy him n sc khe cng ng t bit l sc khe ca tr em, ngi gi v ngi bnh. Bo v ng thc vt v ti sn t cc thit hi. Nhng gi tr ny c c s khoa hc v c bt ngun t kt qu thc nghim cng nh cc ch dn y t. Bng 1 Pht thi ca ng c phn lc Loi my bay Trng lng ct cnh 348 251 196 149 137 125 81 56 51 43 21 ng c (to) B747 DC 10 L 1011 B 720/B 707/DC 8 A 300 A 310 B 727 B 737-300 B 737-DC 9/S 210 BAC 1-11 Fk 28 Car/lorry traffic
1)

HC kg/LTO2 36.0 34.3 70.3 97.7 22.9 3.3 7.4 0.7 5.0 22.6 34.3 mg/metre of vehicle 11.8

CO

NOx Chu k 76.1 68.1 57.6 41.6 41.5 14.7 27.7 22.2 11.1 7.8 7.4 11.7 4.6

4 x JT9D-7 3 x CF6-50C2 3 x RB 211-22 4 x JT3C-3B 2 x CF6-60C2 2 x CF6-80A 3 x JT8D-7 2 x CFM 65-3 2 x 7T8D-7 2 x S Mk 511 2 x S Mk 555

115.0 92.0 45.4 14.8 24.6 12.5 16.4 39.7 34.1

4.0

LTO = H cnh v ct cnh

Source: Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency]: Luftbelastung durch den Flugverkehr (air burden caused by air traffic); Report II, March 03, 1984 Bng 2 Cc gi tr qui nh, ch dn v tham kho i vi cht nhim khng kh (g/m3) Cht nhim SO2
300

Gi tr - MI TA

WHO

gii hn tiu EC chun ca EC

Khuyn co

Luft*

I1 I2 24 h 1/2 h SO2 I1 I2 24 h 1/2 h O3 I1 1/2 h Dust I1 I2 24 h 1/2 h CO I1 I2 24 h 1/2 h 10,000 30,000 10,000 50,000 60,000 10,000 150 300 300 500 120 150200 80 200 100 200 400

140 300 1000

50 125

40-60

80-200 250-350 100-150

50 140 100 200

50 135 150 400 50 150 200 200

50 140 100

40-60 100150

80 250

75 150 150

120

10,000 14,000 20,000

Cc d liu kh tng nh nhit , m khng kh, lng ma, p sut khng kh, gi, my bao ph v bc x khng tc ng ring l n con ngi, do vic nh gi kt hp c t ra. Trn tt c, n l s kt hp ca cc hiu ng nhit, tc ng hiu ng sinh hc. Kh hu sinh hc l mt thuc tnh phc tp nh l tnh nng chy, khng thoi mi, chu ng nhit v.v.. nh gi vi kh hu thc s l ch quan, v ph thuc vo th cht ca mi cc nhn, tuy nhin, gii hn quy nh c thit lp (Hoppe nm 1986, "Schwlemass"; Jendritzki nm 1979, "PMV Index", v "Behaglichkeitsberechnungen"). 19.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Trong quy hoch sn bay, mt lot cc tng tc vi cc ngnh khc phi c tnh n, bao gm bao gm cc lnh vc sau y: * Qui hoch vng * Qui hoch thnh ph * Qui hoch giao thng * Qui hoch cng nghip* Cung cp v duy tr nh
301

* Qui hoch nng lng * Cc vin nghin cu cng cng, trng hc, Qun l sc khe v bnh vin * Qui hoch khung cp nc * Cp nc th * X l nc thi * X l cht thi rn * X l cht thi nguy hi * Xy dng v duy tu ng, xy dng ng giao thng nng thn * Kim sot giao thng * Giao thng ng st. c bit phi ch n vic bo v nc mt v nc ngm trnh nhng tc ng c quy m ln lm suy gim mi trng do d n sn bay. Mi lin h gia cc th x v vng quy hoch v quy hoch qun l nc c xem l cn thit. 19.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Vic xy dng sn bay s gy nn nhng xo trn mi trng khng th trnh khi. Bc u tin, cn lp ra hoc gi tr gii hn ny hoc tiu chun lin thch hp c th gn vi vic gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng trong sut qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh. Mt phn tch sau s c thc hin xc nh cho ph gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng. Vn kinh t cho thy kh nng ti chnh ca d n. Cc khu dn c b nh hng phi c tham gia vo vic chun b d n cng sm cng tt. Trong phm vi vn ny, cu hi cn ch v phng din mi trng c chp nhn thc hin trong d n t bit quan trng trong giai on u. Trng hp t nng nghip ang l i tng c s dng cn thay th ngun thu nhp cho ngi dn a phng, c bit l ph n cn c ch trng. Cc tham s cn phi quy nh trong quy hoch d n v yu cu t ra trong thc hin d n m bo rng: - Cc tc ng mi trng c gi mc ti thiu - Trch nhng thit hi, hoc nhng ni khng th m bo, hn ch - Cn trnh cng xa cng tt cc thit hi lu di. Gii hn pht thi bo v mi trng ch c th c thc hin v gim st nu c quan gim st thc hin lm ng cch v y chc nng. iu ny phi c a vo bo co chi tit khi thit lp gim st cc thng s quy hoch c lin quan. l quy nh bo v mi trng v an ton lao ng cho nhn vin, ngi c o to, hun luyn v h tr k thut gip h thc hin nhim v gim st v ni chung l duy tr li ch ca vic bo v mi trng v an ton lao ng trong mi hot ng lin quan. 19.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Airports as workplaces 2. Arbeitsstttenverordnung: Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette) 1975, Teil 1, Nr. 32; TA Lrm -Technische Anleitung "Lrm" zum Paragraph 16 der Gewerbeordnung; appendix to the Bundesanzeiger No. 137, 1968. 3. Deutscher Ausschu fr brennbare Flssigkeiten; Technische Regeln fr brennbare Flssigkeiten; TRbF, Reihen 100 and 200. 302

4. UVV Lrm: Unfallverhtungsvorschrift "Lrm"; VB G 121, 1974. 5. Verordnung ber Anlagen zur Lagerung, Abfllung und Befrderung fr brennbare Flssigkeiten zu Lande: Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette) 1975, Teil 1, Nr. 8. 6. Protection of bodies of water and groundwater 7. DVGW - Regelwerk (Dt. Ver. d. Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V.): 8. Arb.Bl. Nr. W 101 "Richtlinien fr Trinkwasserschutzgebiete, Teil I, Schutzgebiete fr Grundwasser", Frankfurt a.M. 1975. Arb. Bl. Nr. W 102 "Richtlinien fr Trinkwasserschutzgebiete, Teil II, Schutzgebiete fr Trinkwassertalsperren", Frankfurt a.M. 1975. Arb. Bl. Nr. W 806 "Hinweise fr den Schutz der Wasserversorgung bei Unfllen und Betriebsstrungen mit wassergefhrdenden Stoffen, vor allem Minerallen, Minerallprodukten", Frankfurt a.M. 1961. 9. Kalweit, H.: Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Hochwasserabflssen Niederschlagsgebieten; Landesamt fr Gewsserkunde, Mainz, 1973 aus kleinen

10. Knapp, F.H.; Abflu, berfall und Durchflu; Verlag C. Braun, Karlsruhe, 1960. 11. Ritscher, U.: Ein mathematisch-physikalisches Abflumodell zur Berechnung von Hochwasserabflssen und Untersuchungen des Betriebes von Rckhaltebecken; Mitteilungen des Instituts fr Wasserbau, Technische Universitt Braunschweig, Heft 31, 1971. 12. Aircraft noise 13. Anleitung zur Berechnung von Lrmschutzbereichen AzB nach dem Gesetz zum Schutz gegen Fluglrm: Bundesministerium des Inneren [German Federal Ministry of the Interior], 1971. 14. DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Forschungsbericht Fluglrmwirkungen, Bd. I, II, III, 1974. German Research Foundation):

15. DIN 45 643 "Fluglrmberwachung in der Umgebung von Verkehrsflughfen; Me und Kenngren; Fluglrmberwachungsanlagen; Entwurf 1980. 16. DIN 18 005 Bewertungsgrundlagen "Schallschutz im Stdtebau" 1989, Teil I, Berechnungen und

17. International Civil Aviation Organisation: ICAO-Annex, Volume I, 1981; (corresponding limit values are given in the aircraft notice LSL (Bekanntmachung fr Luftfahrzeuge) of the Luftfahrtbundesamt, 1981). 18. Jansen, G.: Klosterktter, W.: Lrm und Lrmwirkungen - ein Beitrag zur Klrung von Begriffen; Bundesministerium des Inneren [German Federal Ministry of the Interior], 1980. 19. Lutz, P.: Expert assessment, "Fluglrmkonturen in der Umgebung des Flughafens Stuttgart", 1982 20. Martin, R.; Finke, H.O.: Fluglrmmessungen in Wohngebieten; Kampf dem Lrm, Heft 1, 1970. 21. VDI Richtlinie 2719: Schalldmmung von Fenstern, Beuth-Verlag Berlin 22. Air pollution 23. EC Directive 85/203/EEC of 27.03.85 on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide 24. EC Directive 80/779/EEC of 15.07.80 on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates 25. EC Directive 89/427/EEC of 14.07.89 on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates 26. Khling, W.: Planungsrichtwerte fr die Luftqualitt, Schriftenreihe Landes- und Stadtentwicklungsforschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Materialienband 4.045, 1986. 27. Lahmann, E.; Wagner, M.: Bundesgesundheitsblatt No. 20, 291-296, 1972. 303 "Luft-Qualitts-Kriterien" fr Stickoxide,

28. Reuter, U.; Baumller, J.; Hoffmann, U.: Luft und Klima als Planungsfaktor im Umweltschutz, Verlag Expert-Service, 1989. 29. TA-Luft - Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft: 1. Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundes-Immissionschutzgesetz of 27.2.1986, GMBI (joint ministerial circular) 1989. 30. Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency] Luftbelastung durch den Luftverkehr, Bericht II, March 3, 1984. 31. VDI Richtlinie 2310: Maximale Immissionkonzentrationen, Beuth-Verlag Berlin. 32. WHO: Air Quality Guidelines for Europe; WHO Regional Publications. European Series No. 23, 1987. 33. Willner, L.: Immissionsprognosen - Vergleich verschiedener Verfahren, Staub -Reinhaltung der Luft 29, 143-147, 1969. 34. Microclimates 35. Bekanntmachung des Baugesetzbuch: Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette) 1986, Teil 1, Nr. 64. 36. DVGW Regelwerk (Dt. Ver. d. Gasund Wasserfaches e.V.). - Arb.Bl. Nr. W 101 "Richtlinien fr Trinkwasserschutzgebiete, Teil I, Schutzgebiete fr Grundwasser", Frankfurt a.M. 1975. 37. European Community: Directive No. 85/337/EEC, 1987. 38. Hppe, P.: Die thermische Komponente des Stadtklimas, in: Bioklima in der Stadt, Mnchener Universittschriften Nr. 53, 1986. 39. Jendritzki, G.; Snning, W.; Swantjes, H.J.: Ein objektives Bewertungsverfahren zur Beschreibung des thermischen Milieus in der Stadt- und Landschaftsplanung; Beitr. Akad. Raumforsch. u. Landesplanung, Nr. 85, 1979. 40. Lorenz, D.: Meteorologische Probleme bei der Stadtplanung; FBW-Bltter, Folge 5, Stuttgart 1973. 41. VDI Richtlinien: Meteorologische Messungen fr Fragen der Luftreinhaltung VDI 3786 Blatt 2: Wind Blatt 3: Lufttemperatur Blatt 4: Luftfeuchte Blatt 5: Globalstrahlung, direkte Sonnenstrahlung und Strahlungsbilanz Blatt 6: Normsichtweite Blatt 7: Niederschlag Blatt 8: Aerologische Messungen Blatt 9: Visuelle Wetterbeobachungen VDI 3787 Blatt 1: Umweltmeteorologie, Klima und Lufthygiene fr Stdte und Regionen (in preparation) Blatt 2: Humanbiometeorologische Bewertung von Klima und Lufthygiene fr die Stadt- und Regionalplanung

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20. Cc hot ng lin quan n sng, rch 20.1. Phm vi K thut sng, rch bao gm tt c cc cng trnh xy dng m gy ra mt s thay i c bn trong cc iu kin cn bng nc trong hoc dc theo cc lu vc sng, hoc trong mt khu vc b nh hng bi vic xy dng knh o mi. K thut sng ngi bao gm tt c cc cng vic k thut thy li c thc hin cho cc mc ch sau: - lm thng cc con song, - s phng l, - thay i s dng ca ngun nc, - ci thin tnh trng giao thng thy, v - phn chia lu vc nc t nhin. K thut knh rch bao gm cc hot ng nh l xy dng - cc ng giao thng thy nhn to (cc ng giao thng thy v knh rch), - cc knh cp v thot nc ln nh l s tr gip hoc cc knh thy li, - cc knh ln cho tu bin (v d nh Knh o Panama hoc Suez), v - cc im tip cn nhn to i vi cc cng i a. Mc d iu ny thay i theo kch thc ca dng sng, cc cng trnh k thut trn cc con sng ni chung l a mc ch, tc l c nh ra p ng mt lot cc yu cu nh l ngnh hng hi, pht in, thy li v cung cp nc, phng chng l lt, v bo dng hoc thay i i vi mc nc ngm hin ti trong cc ng bng ca cc sng. Mc d cc knh rch l c xy dng tng t cho ngnh hng hi v pht in, chng cng phc v cho cc mc ch cung cp v thot nc (v d mt knh cung cp nc ln l knh Bahrel Youssef cung cp cho c o Fayum Ai Cp). K thut sng, rch do c th thc hin c 2 chc nng l sn xut v bo v. Trong cc knh rch, mc nc th thng xuyn c gi khng thay i, hoc l ch thay i trong cc gii hn c th nh trc. y l trng hp, cc knh rch l, vi mt vi ngoi l, cc khu vc nc khng hot ng thay v cc dng nc. Cc tn tht thng qua vic thm v bc hi l khng th trnh c v bi v cc knh ny thng cn mt ngun cung cp nhn to (v d p h cha Eder c cung cp cho knh Mittelland). Trng hp trong nhng khong nht nh mc nc trong cc knh th nm cao hn t t nhin, hoc ni m cc knh chy dc theo mt dc, c bit s ch cht ch phi c t ra m bo rng cc con knh l kn nc v mt t l c bo v khi tnh trng bin i khng thch hp, ngn chn ri ro l lt. 20.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 20.2.1. Tng quan Sng ngi v cc cng trnh knh rch c mt tc ng ln ton b mi trng. Cng nh cc tc ng trc tip, cng c nhng tc ng gin tip hoc th cp bn ngoi khu vc b nh hng bi cc hot ng xy dng ph hp. iu ny s c v d nh trng hp xy dng cc cng trnh trn cc vng thng lu sng ca cc sng ln, m c th c cc tc ng trc tip v/hoc gin tip xung cc ca sng
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ca cc con sng v ra n cc vng cnh quan m b nh hng bi cc con sng qua tng ngm nc. Nhng thay i trong vn tc dng chy c th v d nh trng hp nht nh c th c mt nh hng bt li ln s cn bng xy ca mt lu vc v do hot ng t lm sch c sn sinh bi cc vi sinh vt. Nhng vi sinh vt l thc n chnh cho nhiu loi thc vt v ng vt v sau ln lt cho cc hnh thc sng cao hn (chui thc n). 20.2.2. Cc hot ng lin quan n k thut sng ngi 20.2.2.1. Mc tiu ca cc hot ng k thut sng ngi Cc hot ng ca k thut sng ngi th ni chung l bo m cc l do kinh t v chng ty thuc vo cc nhu cu phc tp cao hn v cc tc ng l nhm cho v nhng iu l c tnh n. V d, nhng thay i cho cc vng t ngp nc hoc cc ng bng c gy ra bi k thut sng ngi dn n nhng thay i trong i sng ca thc vt v ng vt trong cc khu vc v n cc iu kin sng cho cc loi khc nhau. Nhng thay i nh vy c th a ra nhng li ch chnh vi tnh cht cc b, v d nh cho vic s dng v tng dn s, nhng chng ch c chp nhn min l cc loi b thay th v ng thc vt s tm thy cc iu kin sng thch hp trong cc vng ln cn v s a dng loi s c duy tr. Do cc hot ng k thut sng ngi v knh rch th thng ty thuc vo nhng xung t ca vic s dng v do phi c k hoch v thc hin vi vic xem xt thch ng cho s cn bng nhng li ch rng nht c th. Cc hot ng k thut sng ngi ng nht hoc tng t c th c thc hin cho nhng mc ch khc nhau v v l do ny nhng m t tc ng da vo cc nhm c phn loi c lin quan n cc cng trnh v cc hot ng k thut c xc nh rng ri. 20.2.2.2. Tc ng ca hot ng no/vt Cc hot ng no/vt (cc hot ng no vt tc thi hoc lp i lp li gi hoc duy tr c su ca nc) c mt tc ng ln mi trng t nhin u tin l v dn n s thay i theo chiu dc hoc mt ct ngang ca sng, ci m thng gy ra nhng thay i trong ch dng chy ca n, v th hai l dn n nhng thay i ln vng xung quanh ca sng nu vt liu no/vt c em b xa khu vc no vt. C th c nhng thay i ln mc nc ngm nu c bt c nhng thay i thng xuyn c gy ra cho a tng nm su ny. Nhng thay i ch dng chy ca mt con sng, nh l mt s gia tc chy khu vc gia ca n, c th to ra mt ri ro ca nn l lt cho cc knh rch khu vc h lu ca n. Nu vic ct gim c thc hin i vi s hnh thnh vng t nht nh, vic no/vt c th gy ra hin tng xi mn i li vi vic no/vt. Ty thuc vo tnh nht qun ca n, cc cht no/vt c bm i hoc t bn cnh sng c th gy ra nhng thay i trong thc vt v ng vt v a hnh t nhin. S nhim ca cc cht no vt (m c th gy ra bi cht nhim trong nc sng v do cc cht cn lng s c no vt ra) c th trong mt s trng hp phi c a n cc bi c bit, s cn thn phi c tnh n bo v nc ngm. Cc cht no/vt c khng ng cch, v cc cht nhim c bit, c th c cc tc ng bt li cho mi trng nhn bn thng qua nhng thay i ca thm thc vt v h ng vt. 20.2.2.3. Cc p chn v cc cu trc nn dng Mc ch m cc p chn v cc cu trc nn dng thng c dng thay i nhn to mt ct ngang hoc dc ca dng chy vi mc ch duy tr vn tc dng chy, hng dng chy v su mc nc ti dng chy thp nht hoc trung bnh.
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Cc p chn v cc cu trc nn dng c tc ng ln ch dng chy t nhin ca mt con sng, ni m c kt qu thay i trong mc nc ngm, chng to ra mt ri ro v xi mn. Chng cng c mt tc ng ln vng ng bng ca mt con sng (s thit hi ngp nc hoc s kh cn vi s tng ng ca cc tc ng ny ln thc vt v ng vt; khu vc b sng t nhin m nu khng c a dng ha thng thay i ti t hn). Ni chung, chng l nhng bin php l tng t c su mc nc thch hp v iu chnh hng dng chy vi cng t thit hi bi cc tc ng mi trng cng tt. Vic xy dng cc p chn v cc cu trc nn dng thng c tc ng lm cc vn hnh k thut ca sng khc i, v d no/vt, khng cn thit. 20.2.2.4. Cc p chn (Revetments) S hot ng ca cc p chn th thng c thc hin pha h ngun hoc thng ngun ca cc p nc, cc p nc vi cc ca cng, v cc ca cng v cc l do thy lc (cng nh n nh lng sng trong mt s trng hp), mc ch ca chng l ngn chn cc qu trnh xi mn v ra tri. Cc p chn th thng bao gm c y (s xp ), c t trn vi a k thut (nh lp y) ngn chn s xi mn v ra tri ngm. Trong nhng trng hp c bit chng c th bao gm cc lp ph bitum hoc cc p chn t lin kt. N ch yu l cc lp bitum hoc cc p chn t lin kt khng thm nc c tc ng ln mi trng t nhin ch m chng c nh hng mt phn n s trao i gia nc ngm v nc song. Tuy nhin cc tc ng c th c phn loi nh v s trao i nc qua y song vn xy ra lin tc. Trng hp c cc tc ng ch yu ln i sng ca h ng thc vt trn mp ca cc b sng, bi v chng b di di. p chn nng c th v d gy ra s mt i ca c sinh sn di y sng v cc loi ch v cc. Mt dng sng b gii hn bi cc p chn th thng c mt tc ng kh chu ln con ngi do s xut hin khng t nhin ca chng. Tuy nhin cc tc ng c li, nh l gim thiu ri ro st l hoc xi mn b sng, y mnh cc iu kin sng an ton trn b. 20.2.2.5. Cc b bao (Embankments) Cc b bao c xy dng d phng chng li nn l lt. Cc b bao c tc ng ln mi trng t nhin u tin l s ngn nga l lt trn phm vi rng, v c th c gii quyt, cc ng bng v th hai bi s nh hng n ch ca dng sng ti nhng thi im x nc cao. S vng mt ca l lt, v d t nng nghip trn mt ng bng, thnh thong c th gy ra nhng thay i chnh n m trong t, v s khng c s tc ng ca phn bn ca cc loi c sn sinh bi cc cht l lng c lng ng sau khi c l lt (m hot ng c th c s n b bng bn phn khi cn). C hai tc ng trn lm gia tng cc tc ng tip theo ln h ng thc vt ca dng bng. Cc b bao tri di ca mt con sng nh hng s dng ca s x l trong cng cch tng t nh s tri di ca mt con knh v gy ra vic x nhanh hn, kh nng xi mn lng sng, v nguy c l lt trong cc khu vc khng c bo v dc theo cc kng rch khu vc h lu (thp hn). Cc b bao cng hot ng nh ro cn i vi cc dng chy mt t nhin t ng bng vo sng. Trong cc khc sng thp hn gn vi bin (ni m cc b bao th thng cn thit i ph vi bo thy triu), vng t pha sau b bao do phi c tho nc mt cch nhn to. Cc b bao c mt tc ng ch yu ln h ng thc vt sng trn cn v thy sinh.
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Thay i trong s cn bng nc v d gy ra nhng thay i ln mi trng sng hin c i vi i sng ng vt v tt c cc loi thc vt. Vic x nhanh trong cc knh c p cao xy ra vo thi im ca ma l s hy dit mt cch c bit v tr trng v sinh sn trong cc khu vc ca nc tnh. Cc tc ng bt li ca cc b bao, nh l tc x cao v kh nng xi mn lng sng v b sng, c th cng c cc tc ng bt li gin tip ln ngnh hng hi v nh bt c. Nng nghip trong cc khu vc c bo v bi cc b bao s chu thit hi ng k do s thay i ni trn v lng m trong t v s vng mt ca mn ph sa. Cc b bao cn tr s tip nhn t do i vi dng sng v cn phi c qun l cn thn v duy tr ngn nga bt c ri ro lin quan n v b bao. Trong cc trng hp c bit cc b bao th c xy ph ngoi vi hoc cc vt liu bitum bo v chng chng li hot ng ca ra tri hoc sng, chng cng lm bin dng cnh quan. 20.2.2.6. Tm lt y, mn v p chn [Bottom sills, step sills, weirs (alone or in combination with locks or run-of-river hydroelectric stations)] Tm lt y, mn v p chn th thng c xy dng ci thin s giao thng thy v khai thc ngun nng lng t nc, nhng chng cng c xy dng cho cc l do kt ni vi vic qun l nc. kim sot mc nc v vic x nc, cc p chn c th c thit k c nh hoc iu chnh p trn hoc lng nc ti cc ca cng. Ti cng thi im, cc p chn cng c xy dng trong s lin kt vi cc ca cng v/hoc cc trm thy in hoc trong s kt hp vi cc cu trc rt nc chuyn hng nc vo cc con knh (thng cho thy li ti). Cc tm lt y hoc cc mn thp gy ra nhng thay i va v nh trong dc ca dng chy. Tt c cc tc ng c pht sinh bi cc cu trc nh vy l t l thun vi quy m ca chng v lm nhng iu n gin nh m t sau y th c gii hn bi cc p chn nhng cc tc ng ca cc tm lt y v cc mn c th b cn tr t nhng ci c ni: Cc p chn cu thnh mt s can thip ln vi ch x ca mt con sng v chng phn chia dng sng thnh mt phn thng lu v mt phn h lu m c phn tch mt cch cn thn bi cu trc ca chnh n. iu ny gy ra mt s can thip vo s vn chuyn ph sa y sng v bn lng. Vic phn chia lm hai, c kt hp vi nng cao mc nc phn thng lu, s gy ra s lng cn xy ra trong khu vc ny, phn h lu, ni dng chy mnh s t b lng ng, s lm tng s hp thu, hay ni cch khc s c s xi mn r rng lng sng v b sng. Trong phn thng lu, s gia tng mc nc s gy ra mt s thay i trong mc nc ngm trong phn t bi bin tr li im m dng vo ni vi nc ti mc nc cao hn. Bi v s gia tng mc nc, b bao ca cc phn t bi bin thng s l cn thit ngn chn lt ti thi im x l (xem Cc b bao). Do s thay i trong vn tc dng chy trong khu vc thng lu, kh nng t lm sch ca dng sng s nh hng mt cch nghim trng v iu ny dn n s suy gim cht lng nc m s c th r rng trong sut thi k nc thp. Vic nng cao mc nc ngm s c nh hng ng k n h ng thc vt trn cn: - Vic phn chia thnh hai nhnh sng s cn tr s di chuyn t nhin ca loi c (c mt gii hn tc dng ca cc thang c);
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- Mi trng trng c th tr nn kh khn hoc khng th tip cn, v kt qu l mt s loi c th cht i hoc vng mt; - kt qu ca vic gim vn tc dng chy thng lu ca p chn: cc thc vt di nc c th sinh si mt ln na; mi trng trng i vi mui anphen v cc loi cn trng c th gia tng trong cc khu vc nc tnh; cc loi c sn m hot ng nh vt trung gian cho bnh giun (bnh sn mng) c th pht trin trn b v gip lan truyn bnh dch; S c cc tc ng ln h ng thc vt thy sinh nh l kt qu ca s suy gim cht lng nc c cp trn (gy ra bi kh oxy); C th c cc tc ng bt li cho ngh nh bt c; cc bin php c bit c th trong cc trng hp nht nh phi c thc hin bo v l lt bi p chn lm tng mt ct ngang ca knh v mc nc pha thng lu so vi mc ngp lt c; chng li nguy c xi mn trong khu vc thng lu ca mt p chn, bn lng v ph sa y sng c th c th thm vo dng chy mt cch nhn to. i vi ngi dn, cc tc ng trc tip xy ra thng s c li (bo v khi l lt, cung cp nc v nng lng). Cc tc ng bt li c nhng thay i ln cnh quan v sc khe ngi dn. Sau c th c s tc ng bt li bi s ly lan ca cc vt truyn bnh. Trong trng hp ny, hnh ng nn c thc hin trong thi gian tt nht l thng bo cho ngi dn v lm cho h nhn thc r hn, c bit l ph n, nhng ngi m c trch nhim truyn thng i vi nc v cc vn v v sinh. 20.2.2.7. Nn thng dng chy hoc phn lung [River straightening or channelisation] Vic nn thng dng ca cc con sng c thc hin cho cc mc ch khc nhau v c th thc hin cho nhng l do qun l nc hoc cc khu t lin quan n vic s dng. Cc tc ng ca vic nn thng hoc phn lung thay i theo cch thc m s vn hnh c thc hin. Mt s phn bit c th c thc hin gia cc hot ng sau y: - ct t mt vng lp ca con sng trong khi vn duy tr vng lp nh mt nhnh sng b ct t (mt b phn ca nc tnh hoc nc chy phc v tiu thot nc l hoc cho cc mc ch khc). Hot ng ny c thc hin cho cc mc ch ca vic pht nng lng ( tng p sut) v/hoc ci thin tnh trng tu b c th i li c. - s nn thng v s thay i v hng ca dng sng m khng cn bo qun y sng c. Mt s vn hnh qun l nc cho cc mc ch bo v khi l lt hoc cc mc ch tng t. S ct t nh c nh ngha trn thng ph hy thnh cc phn sau y: Ct, ct t mt nhnh sng, cc cu trc p chn trong nhnh sng b ct t v vic ct lm tng mc nc thng lu, v xy dng ca cng kt hp vi cc p chn hoc xy dng mt trong nhng ci p nh l mt phn ca nh my thy in. S phn lung th thng mt s tin hnh ghp gm c s nn thng dng (ct t) v lp lt ca lng sng t nhin to ra mt mt ct knh ng b (trong nhng li ch tu b i li c). Cc tc ng ca vic phn lung s cp phn k thut sng ngi. 20.2.2.7.1. Chn dng (Cut-offs) Vic chn dng s lm thay i ch dng chy ca con sng. Vic lm ngn khong
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cch dng chy sn sinh t s gia tng dc ca lng sng v tng vn tc dng chy ti mt ct. Nu khng c cc p chn vic ct t nhnh sng s bi cn kh. Vic tng vn tc dng chy s gy ra mt s st gim mc nc thng ngun ca mch x, s xi mn nng n lng sng (h ngun v trong mch x), v s ng cn h lu. Cc nh nc cao tr nn cao hn v sn sinh ra mt nguy c l lt ln hn cc khu vc h lu. Mc nc ngm s nh hng bt li thng lu v trong khu vc m s hot ng c thc hin. Trong di hn s c mt s suy gim mc nc ngm. Mt v d, knh Jongley (mt mch x trn sng Nin Trng t Malakal n Juba) c xy dng a) rt ngn chiu di ca s di chuyn bng thuyn v b) lm tng cng lng x trung bnh hng ngy khong 40 x 10 m3 (gn khong 460 m3/s) bng cch tho nc cc m ly pha nam ca Malakal. Khi c cc cu trc p (mt p chn c hoc khng c ca cng trong mch x v mt trm thy in nm trn mt nhnh r ca sng, hoc ngc li, hoc nhnh r chn ng nc ngm v tt c cc cu trc nm trn nhnh sng), chng sn sinh ra cc tc ng c m t trn di dng cc p chn trong cc khu vc thng lu v h lu. Trong vng ca nhnh sng b ct, cc tc ng ph thuc vo cc iu kin v nc ngm trong cc vng ln cn ca v tr cc cu trc (ti thng lu v h lu ca mt nhnh sng). Trong nhnh r, c th c nhng thay i v cht lng nc nu khng c g c thc hin m bo rng s lu thng bng cch cung cp mt lin kt vi cc ngun nc chnh (v d c th c hin tng ph dng = mt s thay i trong s cn bng trong b phn ca nc do lm tng thm nhiu cht dinh dng, s tng trng qu mc ca to, v thiu oxy trm trng). Cc knh o m khng c cc p chn c mt tc ng r rng ln h ng thc vt v trong cc vng ln cn ca cc sng h trc y (nhnh r). y, s thay i mc nc ngm (knh o hot ng nh mt cng thot nc) chc chn s c nh hng bt li n h thc vt, v thm thc vt sng ven sng c m s tng trng c iu khin bi cc khu vc c m b mt hn. Nh mt kt qu c th c ca cc tc ng bt li ln h ng vt khng th loi tr. Trong trng hp ca cc nhnh sng vi cc p chn, c cc tc ng tng t n cc p chn cc khu vc thng lu v h lu. Trong khu vc ca cc nhnh r, c nhng tc ng bt li b sung m c th c d on nh: - Khi nhnh r gy ng nc, trong nc c th b ph dng ha. Trong cc vng nhit i, cy lc bnh nc c th mc ln che ph ton b b mt ca nc, vi cc hiu ng bt li tng ng ln h ng vt. - Nhnh r cung cp cc iu kin thch hp to ra mi trng trng cho c cc loi cn trng v vt truyn bnh trung gian (cc bnh ly lan t nc v vt trung gian gn nc). - Trong cc nhnh r, c th c mt s gia tng mnh v lng c, v khi trng hp ny c th c mt s thay i trong cc loi i din (i sng ca c trong dng chy di chuyn i v loi c cuc sng trong vng nc tnh tr nn ng c hn). Cc nh my thy in s thay i ch x h lu, v nh mt kt qu s c nhng thay i n h ng thc vt (s san lp mt bng, kh nng hot ng cao s lm gia tng nguyn nhn v s sp , v.v xem bn tm tt mi trng v H thng thy li). Hot ng ca tuabin c th sn sinh mt by cht cho c. Nhng thay i v cht lng nc trong nhnh r v s sinh sn ca cc mm bnh t
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nc v t sinh sn s to ra mt mi e da cho sc khe ca ngi dn (xem thm trang 11 xx). 20.2.2.7.2. Nn thng dng chy Vic rt ngn ng i ca dng chy (th d bng cch nn thng cc khc quanh) gy ra mt s gia tng vn tc dng chy v kt qu ca iu ny l, nhng t l s tan nhanh hn. Kt qu l: - phn t bi bin khng cn hon ton ngp di nc na hoc khng ngp su nh trc y bi v s xm nhp ca nc ngm gim i vic b sung nc ngm b nh hng bt li. - thay i v tr ca mc nc ngm; - s xi mn lng sng v b sng bt u xut hin tr khi s n nh lng sng v bo v b sng c p dng; - khu vc ca sng hoc trong cc khu vc ni m dc lng sng l nng cn, cc b bao phi c xy dng bo v chng li l lt c gy ra bi cc dng nc triu cao S thay i trong nc ngm s sn sinh ra cc tc ng ln h thc vt. Vic kh cn ca cc khu vc m ly s c ngha l nhng thay i trong s a dng ca cc loi thc vt. H ng vt s b nh hng bt li tng t; cc thnh phn ca qun th c s c thay i bi vic loi b ni sinh sn ca cc qun th khc bng cch loi b cc vng nc tnh v thay vo l cc khu vc ven sng. Ri ro v xi mn thp hn s c mt tc ng mang li li ch kinh t ln tnh hu ch ca cc bi bin. S thot nc c th cho php s dng kinh t c thc hin ti cc khu vc m ly. Ton b khu vc c th c chuyn sang cho s dng nng nghip bng cch xy dng cc knh o thot nc v thit lp cc trm bm m cung cp nc cho cc knh sng. iu ny s cn thit c ngha l c s thay i trong h ng thc vt c lin quan. Cc hot ng nn thng cng s gy tr ngi cho s hin th ca cnh quan. Thm thc vt ven sng m c trng cho cnh quan v s c th ca n s bin mt. V mt kinh t x hi, s tc ng ca cc hot ng trong cu hi s c li c th s c t l lt v t nguy hi hn cc loi. 20.2.3. Thu nng Vic xy dng cc knh v cc ng nc iu hng th thng c thc hin v cc l do kinh t cung cp mt phng tin chuyn ch r hn hoc chuyn hng dng nc hoc nng chng qua khi cc tr ngi. Khi phc v nh l cc ng dn gia cc b bin v/hoc cc h thng sng, cc knh thng chy qua cc khu vc m s khng thng c bt c s phong ph no ln ca nc mt. khc phc nhng khc bit v cao, cc ca v cc my nng thuyn (u tu) c xy dng. Cc ng thy nhn to ca loi ny cng c cung cp nc bi s bc hi, thm, cc hot ng ca u thuyn v.v gy thit hi v nc trong knh phi c gi li mt mc nht nh m bo s hot ng ca tu thuyn hoc li ch ca nhng ngi s dng khc. y l trng hp, cc tc ng pht sinh t vic cung cp nc cho con knh, ni nc c s dng gi nc, v t vic nh tuyn ca con knh. Cc con knh c cc tc ng ln s cn bng nc trn mt din tch rng ln. V d: - mc nc ngm c th thay i bi v cc con knh hot ng nh cc knh thot nc khng l;
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- cht lng nc c th xu i do vic x nc thi v cht thi rn ca cc tu,thuyn. Thm vo , s thay i trong cn bng nc cng c th dn n s thay i cc b vi kh hu, m ln lt s c cc tc ng th cp. Nhng vi phm trong cc con knh p ni c th gy ra thit hi ng k cho chnh con knh v cho cc khu vc xung quanh. Nhng thay i trong cn bng nc trong cc khu vc s c nhng hu qu cho h ng thc vt trn cn. Mt s loi c th b tiu hy hon ton, tc l sinh cnh v h thc vt c th b tiu hy nu, v d, vic cung cp nc cho con knh l c duy tr bi vic thot nc ca khu vc m ly. Cc con knh cng ct ngang qua cc tuyn ng di chuyn t nhin ca b y th v cc ng vt nh v c th phn mng ca mi trng sng ca ng vt. Cc vng t ngp nc s tri qua mt thay i v vic s dng, tc l chng s c chuyn thnh t nng nghip hoc t rng. N cng c th c nhng tc ng bt li, c bit n cnh quan do s nh tuyn ca con knh v do cc cu trc c i hi nh l cc b bao, cc ca cng, my nng xung, cc cng dn nc v cu ng b. Cng nh iu ny, cng l mt nguy c ng k cho con ngi v ng vt trong trng hp vi phm v b sng v lng sng ca con knh trong cc phn c p ln hoc trn cc cng thot nc. Mt con knh s ct ngang cc tuyn lin kt truyn thng v cc knh o lin lc. Cc cy cu s cn thit phi c xy dng cho php cc con ng i qua con knh, nhng n s thy rng cc vn c to ra bi s phn chia kiu ny khng tun theo mt s bo dng chung. Mt khc, cc con knh c th c mt gi tr gii tr th v cao cho cc mn th thao di nc, 20.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng C th trong trng hp ca cc con sng nn nh rng, ni chung, cc tc ng c th pht sinh dc theo ton b dng chy. Do ngun cung cp nc m h yu cu, cc knh rch cng c cc tc ng trn phm vi rng. iu g s gy ra s kh chu khi nh gi cc tc ng mi trng trong trng hp ny l cu hi v s lng cc tc ng. Nhng m t nh tnh l mt s la chn nhng cho php nhng ci khc hiu r gi tr ca tt c nhng g ang c ni cc tc ng nn m t cng chi tit cng tt. Do c cc mi lin quan phc tp c bao hm v s thiu hiu bit hin ti nh l cc yu t nhn qu thc t m gp phn to ra mt tc ng (n t khi l mt nhn t duy nht chu trch nhim v mt tc ng), kh nng ca nhng s hiu sai l khng th loi tr. Trong trng hp mt phng php hu ch ca vic i n kt lun thch ng c th thc hin mt s so snh vi cc tc ng c pht sinh bi cc hot ng ca h thng sng v knh rch hin hu trong cc iu kin v tr, kh hu, a hnh tng t, v.v. Tuy nhin, khi lm nh vy iu quan trng l xc nh cc yu t c lin quan n nhng tc ng trong cc lnh vc mi trng ni ring v a ra cc mi quan h tn ti gia hnh ng thc hin v cc tc ng ca n.S quan trng c bit nn dnh cho cc cu hi nh vic bo v cc loi, nhng thay i trong sinh cnh v nhng thay i c cho php ti a trong mc nc ngm. 20.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Nhng im tip xc gn nht m cc hot ng ca h thng sng v knh rch c vi
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cc ngnh m to ra mt nhu cu b sung cho nc. Cc quyn v nc hin ti s cn thit tnh n trong trng hp ny. Lnh vc chnh cn c cp l nng nghip, bi v n b tc ng bi tt c cc d n h thng sng v knh rch hoc v n lm cho vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn tng t cho cc mc ch ti tiu hoc bi v c mt s thay i trong vic s dng t hoc bi v ng vt trn cn b nh hng hay bi c thm nhng tc ng ph. S ch cng nn c thc hin trong vic cung cp nc. Cung cp nc, l mt trong nhng mi quan tm c u tin i vi vic pht trin mt khu vc, lun lun phi c bao hm trong vic quy hoch ca tt c cc d n trong tt c lnh vc v cc nhu cu lm cho n lun lun c coi l mt vn u tin. Cc kha cnh ca cc d n cng trnh thy nng v cng trnh thy lc quy m ln v cc d n xy dng bn cng v bn tu thng c mi lin h vi h thng sng v knh rch Trong lin kt ny, ngi c tham kho cc bn tm tt mi trng ca Cng trnh thy nng v thy lc quy m ln, Cung cp nc, v.v v cc bn tm tt mi trng ca phm vi tng qut v quy hoch cng cn c t vn. 20.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng V nguyn tc, n l hon ton kh thi i vi cc d n k thut sng v knh o c quy hoch vi cc tc ng mi trng khng ng k. Cc th tc quy hoch v cc k thut c hai u tn ti. Tuy nhin, trn ton th gii tri qua nhng tc ng bt li n mi trng. L do l trong vic quy hoch v thc hin cc cng trnh hot ng ca sng v knh o n ch l mc ch, nh l nng lng thy in, thy li, bo v l lt, bo v nc sch, hoc ngnh hng hi v vn chuyn hng ha, iu c xem xt, hoc ni cch khc s ch ch dnh cho kha cnh s dng, v cc tc ng ca cc d n s c trn mi trng t nhin v ln phm vi con ngi, vi tt c cc vn v nh c/ti nh c v nhng thay i trong cc iu kin kinh t-x hi v vn ha-x hi, hoc l hon ton b qua hoc l ch gim st qua loa. Khi nhng d n chnh lm cc con sng tr thnh tuyn giao thng hoc xy dng cc con knh (vi s phn mnh cnh quan) c nu ra bn lun, cc phn tch c th v gii v cc nhm kinh t - x hi c th nn c thc hin thy nhng nhm c th nh th trong x hi s b nh hng bi cc tc ng ph ca vic thc hin d n hoc c th chia s cc li ch c d kin ca n. Cc hot ng k thut thy li c mt hiu ng c trng c th n ph n. Cc k thut vn hnh sng v knh o lun cn c quy hoch v thc hin theo mt cch nh l gim thiu ri ro cho mi trng c gy ra bi vic quy hoch v xy dng. Cc phn tch cn thn v tt c cc tc ng v thc hin sa cha ti giai on lp k hoch n s c kh nng gi nhng hu qu ca s can thip ca con ngi i vi h sinh thi v vi con ngi mi trng trong nhng gii hn chp nhn c. S hin din ca con ngi v nhng nhu cu ca con ngi c nhng yu t m phi c chp nhn mt v tr c bn trong vic quy hoch. iu ny nn c thc hin bi cc phng tin ca cc qu trnh ra quyt nh c s tham gia ca nhiu nhm a ra cho nhng ngi b nh hng mt c hi khng nh nhng mong mun v nhng ngh hp l ca h mi giai on ca vic quy hoch v thc hin mt d n. 20.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Ausschu fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit im Kuratorium fr Kulturbauwesen "Wasser und Umwelt": Schriftenreihe des deutschen nationalen Komitees der Internationalen 313

Kommission fr Be- und Entwsserung (ICID), Heft 5. 2. Baumann, W. et al.: kologische Auswirkungen von Staudammvorhaben. Er-kenntnisse und Folgerungen fr die entwicklungspolitische Zusammenar-beit. BMZ-Forschungsbericht, Band 60, Weltforum-Verlag, Cologne, 1984. 3. DVWK: Regeln zur Wasserwirtschaft. Fludeiche, 1984. 4. DVWK: Regeln zur Wasserwirtschaft. Empfehlungen zur Beachtung kologischer Aspekte bei Ausbau und Unterhaltung von Fliegewssern. 5. EAU: Empfehlungen des Arbeitsschusses fr Ufereinfassungen, 1990. 6. EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment Papers by the World Bank, Washington. 7. Hessisches Landesamt fr Umwelt: Verbesserung der Umweltverhltnisse am Rhein. Teil 1: Sanierung der Altrheine, 1971; Teil 2: Sicherung der Rheinaue, 1978. 8. Jansen, P.Ph., van Bendegom, L., van den Berg, J.: Principles of River Engineering, Pitman, London, 1979. 9. ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory): Analysis of Environmental Issues Related to Smallscale Hydroelectric Development, I - VI. Tennessee, 1981. 10. Vorschriften and Richtlinien of the Wasser- und Schiffahrtsverwaltung des Bundes [Federal German authorities administering water and navigation].

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21. H thng thu nng 21.1. Phm vi H thng thy nng c th c chia thnh cc lnh vc sau: - cc h thng thy li c quy m ln - h thng thy nng (quy m nh) v - h thng sng, rch. Trong tm tt, H thng thy nng c th ni n bao gm cc cng vic qun l nc c thc hin trong cc khu vc nng thn: - cc p nc v tm lt y gi nc li cho vic s dng trong cc nh my thy in nh, cho ti tiu v cung cp nc, v cho vic iu tit cc dng chy; - u ngun cc knh o dn nc (cc c quan tip nhn v h thng thot nc) i vi vic tip nhn nc thi; - cc lu vc cha nc cho vic phng chng l lt trong cc lu vc sng nh hn; - Cc dp t nh v thp, cho vic lu tr nc v phng chng l lt; - p b v vic n nh lng sng, cc bin php chng xi mn; - phn dng (p b) ca cc dng chy. Nhng cng trnh ny thng c thc hin v cc l do v kinh t, hoc tn dng cc ngun ti nguyn nc cho con ngi, ng vt, sn xut (nng nghip, cng nghip) hoc cc dch v, hoc ngn chn s thit hi ang c thc hin bi chnh ngun nc (l lt, xi mn; iu ny cng bao gm cc hu qu thit hi c gy ra bi cng trnh xy dng c thc hin km). Hu ht h thng thy nng c th sn sinh ra cc cng trnh xy dng phc v cho c mc ch sn xut v bo v. V d, mt h cha nh c th c s dng khng ch cho vic cung cp nc m cn lu gi nc ma v do phng chng l lt v cng sn xut c. 21.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 21.2.1. Tng quan Cng trnh h thng thy li cc khu vc nng thn gy ra tc ng ln mi trng, v to thnh s can thip n t nhin v cnh quan; nhng thay i v cc iu kin t nhin v v th cc iu kin sng c th c gy ra bi: - vic xy dng cc cng trnh trn nc v t, v can thip lin i n ch x t nhin, cn bng nc ngm v vng tun hon nc ca khu vc v - kt qu l vic s dng ngun ti nguyn nc ca con ngi v ng vt, cho sn xut (nng nghip, cng nghip) v cho cc dch v. Nhng iu kin tin quyt cho cng trnh h thng thy nng theo nh hng mi trng v x hi l: - vic quy hoch phi tnh n tt c nhng iu kin thit lp v nhng hu qu ca chng (bao gm c nhng hu qu lu di) v nhng cng trnh phi c quy m tng xng vi nhng c tnh ng tin cy v nhu cu v s gia tng ca nhu cu v kh nng ca nhng ngi hng li tr tin. - s can thip phi c gim thiu, nhng tc ng bt li phi c gim bt bng
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cch thc hin cc bin php chnh xc, v cc qu trnh khng th phc hi khng c php xy ra. Nh kinh t vic s dng c cp n n l quan trng bo cho nhng ngi lao ng v nhng ngi tham gia c trch nhim, thng qua vic nng cao nhn thc/o to cc tc ng mi trng v nhng cch trnh hoc gim thiu chng, v m bo rng cc cng trnh s c s dng trong thi gian di (vn hnh/bo dng); nhng yu t ny phi c xem xt sm nht t giai on lp k hoch. Cc tc ng mi trng c th c v cc bin php bo v mi trng l kt qu t cng trnh xy dng gn lin vi nhng lnh vc sau: (A) MI TRNG T NHIN: (a) mi trng a - vt l v (b) sinh quyn (B) MI TRNG NHN BN: vi tt c cc kha cnh x hi, kinh t-x hi v vn ha-x hi ( bao gm c vic s dng ngun ti nguyn nc) v nhng nh hng ln i sng v cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi. The impact of rural hydraulic engineering works tends to be localised, and because of this, less serious interference and less severe environmental damage can be expected than from large-scale hydraulic engineering and river and canal engineering. 21.2.2. Cc p chn v tm lt y [Weirs and bottom sills] 21.2.2.1. Mc tiu Cc p chn v tm lt y c xy dng ch yu vi mc ch gi nc n c th c rt ra t cc ngun gi nc cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Trong hu ht cc trng hp nc c rt ra t do bi cc knh x (xem thm phn 2.3: cc sng o dn nc) hoc ng ng nhng c rt ra bi cc ng xi-phong hoc cc bm (c iu khin bng tay, ng vt hoc ng c) cng c th c. Cc p chn thng to thnh mt s tr ngi ln vi dng sng t nhin hn so vi cc tm lt y, nhng c hai cu trc u lm thay i cc iu kin x, nh l mt ct ngang ca con knh, dc, v nhm lng sng v ti khi lng v vn tc x. Bi v chng lm gim dc ca dng chy hn na tm lt y ch thc hin cc nhim v lm n nh lng sng hoc sui v lm gim s xi mn lng sng v b sng. T quan im thy li cc p chn nh hot ng theo nguyn tc tng t nh cc p ngn nc ln, nhng tnh cng ca cc tc ng ln mi trng th thng nh hn nhiu. 21.2.2.2. Mi trng t nhin (a) Mi trng a-vt l: S c cc tc ng ln s cn bng nc, v c th ln cc iu kin nc ngm, h lu ca p nh ch khi lng nc c rt ra l mt t l tng i ln ca vic x lm xo trn dng sng (v d ch khi p chn mang li s x thp hoc tnh cht x nc thp (MLQ)). Tuy nhin, nu tng dng chy c rt ra, m him khi xy ra, dng sng s kh cn v mc nc ngm s gim. N c kim tra rt nhiu trong mi trng hp c th, v mt s c lng c thc hin t nhng kt qu, c hay khng v mc nc c rt ra (t thit hi, v d nh mt kt qu ca s s dng) c th quay tr li dng sng hoc tng nc ngm c lin quan. lm nh vy n phi c cn nhc rt cn thn cho d 100% s khai thc l hp l trn phng din ca nhng tc ng nghim trng n s cn bng nc h lu. Nu lng nc c khai thc quay tr li dng sng ti mt khong ngn h lu ca
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p chn (nhu trong trng hp ca cc nh my thy in nh, v d), mt tc ng xy ra trong khu vc can thip, v d do s gin on trong vic vn chuyn bn lng v ti lng lng sng c gy ra bi by ct ca chng. Nu nc c rt c s dng trong khu vc gn vi cc b sng cho s ti tiu, n thng c th c mong i rng mt t l cao s quay tr v trn dng sng v pha di t nh s thot nc v thm nc. Tuy nhin, vic s dng nc cho ti tiu trong nng nghip, ci m c coi nh l c li, c cc tc dng ph i km nh nhim mn hoc nhng thay i khc trong cht lng nc c s dng (do s ra tri ca phn bn v thuc tr su v.v), ci m c th dn n mt s suy gim ng k trong cht lng nc ca dng sng trn mt on di. Ph thuc vo cht l lng v ph sa y sng c mang i (tc l ph thuc vo loi t v thc vt bao ph trn lu vc sng), lng sng s b lm y bn c bit nng n pha trc p chn (him khi pha trc ca tm lt y), do lm cho mt ct ngang ca knh v mc nc d thay i. iu ny c th dn n s ngp ng ca cc khu vc ven sng, m thm ch c th tr thnh l lt, trong trng hp ca cc sng c cu trc ln, cc b bao c th l cn thit thng ngun hot ng nh cc cu trc bo v, t to ra mt s can thip n mi trng v cnh quan. Nhng hu qu ca chng cng phi c xem xt. Nhng bin i trong mc nc ca dng sng cng c th nh hng n mc nc ngm, ph thuc vo cc iu kin a cht thy vn. Nh vy mt hiu qu lm n nh, m thm ch trong vi trng hp cn lm tng mc nc ngm, m rng thng lu t khu vc ca p chn gi nc, trong khi h lu c th c s suy gim mc nc ngm, Tuy nhin, nhng nh hng khng quan trng, cc bin php ring bit, th ch c tm quan trng m mc a phng, mc d mt chui cc p chn nh c th c mt hiu qu c tc dng su rng hn. S xi mn c nguyn nhn t vic lu gi trm tch ti p chn c th xy ra h lu, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca lng sng. (b) Sinh quyn: Cc loi cy trng c th c phn ng rt nhy cm i vi nhng thay i ca mc nc ngm, v mt s cc nhn t khc, tnh sn c ca nc nh hng n s a dng loi. V d, nu lng sng kh trong mt thi k di h lu t mt p nh, do s bc hi tng i nng n trong ma kh, iu ny s gy ra s thit hi n cc loi c, cn trng, chim khc nhau v cc loi a phng khc nhau. Hn na s xem xt cn c dnh cho phn thng lu v h lu nhng vng c gy ra bi cc p chn nh, trong cc dng tc ng ca chng ln cc iu kin sng v di tr ca c (cc thang c c th l cn thit). Vng thng lu t cc vng nc tnh t cc p chn c th c hnh thnh do nhng thay i trong ch dng chy, v trong nhng khu vc lng oxy gim ng k. Nhng hu qu ca iu ny c th hoc lm ri lon h ng vt trong nc hoc lm tng trng cc mm bnh, m ln lt c truyn cho con ngi v cc loi ng vt thng qua nc. Cc tc ng tiu cc tip theo ln mi trng c th pht sinh do s ph sch cc khu rng v xy dng nhng con ng b c i hi dng ln cc cu trc. 21.2.2.3. Mi trng nhn bn Cc hiu ng tiu cc kh c th xy ra nu s quy hoch ca cc nh chuyn mn v nu ng thi cng vi li ch ca dn s, khu vc trc tip gip vi sng v cc vng nc hin c l c tnh ton n (khng c bin php phi lm hi n khu vc h lu).
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S hnh thnh c th c ca cc din tch nc tnh thng lu t cc p chn, vi s suy gim lng oxy v s tng trng ca cc mm bnh t nc, t ra mt nguy c v ri ro sc khe. Tuy nhin, n phi c xc nh trong tng trng hp m hiu ng ca cc bin php ca d n ln khi lng cng vic ca ph n c dnh cho vic phn chia gii tnh c th ca lao ng trong cc lnh vc truyn thn ca vic thu gom nc, nng nghip, v.v v ln tnh hnh kinh t ca h. 21.2.3. Cc dng dn nc/ngun tip nhn 21.2.3.1. Mc ch Cc dng dn nc c thit lp x nc ra t cc p chn v t cc im ly nc khc con sng. Khi trong hnh thc ca cc ngun tip nhn nc nhn to chng cng ht nc thm v nc thot ra t cc vng ln cn (trong mt s trng hp c s dng v mt nng nghip) vo chng bng trng lc, v do c s dng trnh ng nc. 20.2.3.2. Mi trng t nhin (a) Mi trng a-vt l: Vic xy dng cc dng dn/ngun tip nhn cu thnh s can thip vi dc hoc a hnh. N phi c m bo, thng qua vic la chn cc thng s ph hp, v ty thuc vo cht liu t, xy dng phng php v kch thc ca ng (chiu rng, chiu su, cp nc): - rng s n nh dc l khng b lm h hng do nhng ct gim trong dc n mc s l t xy ra; - rng cc dng chy thm qua, vic m rng thot nc, khng gy ra st l t v xi mn chn dc hoc b bao ni m qu dc v/hoc ang r r. Nhng trn ma sau c th lm gia tng ng k s thit hi, lm pht sinh thm s thit hi do s xi mn ca vic khng trng cy bn ngoi ca cc b bao. Hn na, nhng cn gi mnh c th gy xi mn nhng b bao bn trong. (b) Sinh quyn: Cc tc ng tiu cc c gy ra bi cc ngun xi mn v st l t nu trn. Mt khc dng dn nc/ngun tip nhn c th c cc hiu ng tch cc, nh l mt sinh cnh nh, ln h ng/thc vt dc theo l trnh ca chng, nh nhiu v d cho thy (v d ni Andes ca Peru: thm thc vt dc theo tuyn knh Inca c trong cc khu vc ng sa mc tnh trng khc.) 20.2.3.3. Mi trng nhn bn Cc tc ng tiu cc trc tip khng xy ra. Tuy nhin, h c th xy ra hiu ng ph vi thng tch cho con ngi do l t (bao gm c l lt). 21.2.4. Cc lu vc tr nc [Detention basins] 21.2.4.1. Mc tiu Cc lu vc tr nc phc v nh l cc c cu bo v ngn chn nguy c ngp lt trong cc lu vc sng nh, nng thn, nh hng n tt c cc lnh vc; cc tc ng tiu cc do c th c mong i t vic quy hoch/thc hin ca cng trnh (s hot ng khng nh mong i ca cu trc) v do s hot ng khng chnh xc ca cc nh my. Vic xc nh mc nc cao nht, c yu cu cho vic nh kch thc ca c lu vc gi nc v cu trc chn, th thng cc k kh khn nhiu nc bi v vic thiu d liu c bn v ti nguyn nc. Tuy nhin, n khng phi lun lun c th ln k hoch an ton bn cnh cc l do v chi ph.
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21.2.4.2. Mi trng t nhin (a) Mi trng a-vt l: Vic lp t cc cu trc chn v s hot ng ca ca thot nc, m thng l c m, khng to nn s suy gim ca ch dng chy. Trong trng hp ca nc cao (l lt) mt phn ca mc nc cao c lu tr trong cc ca x bng cch ng mt phn ca c ch kha, v pht thi cc h lu l gim tng ng, iu ny c th c nhng tc ng sau y: - Cc dng chy h ngun l c n nh bng sut nh nc cao (lu tr trung gian); - Nu khng c s bt kn ca cc loi t do s lng ng ca cc trm tch mn (ty thuc vo vt cht ca t trong lu vc), din tch thm trong khu vc p nc (hay lng sng) c gia tng mt mt khc, v thi gian thm c th c m rng mt khc do s lu tr trung gian vi dng chy ng nht hn sau , c mt nh hng tch cc ln s phc hi nc ngm; - S xi mn v s lng ng trm tch c gim khu vc h lu bi v cc nh dng chy cao khng xy ra na. Tuy nhin, iu ny c hiu ng tch cc c b p li bng s cung cp khng y khong vt ca cc b sng v lng sng do s suy gim ca trm tch di nc (iu ny c th c nhng hu qu i vi h ng/thc vt); - s lng ng ca cc vt liu st-pha trong khu vc p nc (thng l ong) l kt qu trong vic bt kn ca sng, hiu ng tch cc ca ci l s bt kn cc h cha v ngun nc sn c na. Tuy nhin, iu ny c th c nh hng tiu cc ln cc iu kin ca nc ngm trong cc khu vc h cha, v nh l s xm nhp c tip tc ca vt cht, dung tch ca h cha v do nng sut ca cc lu vc tr nc, cui cng s c gim (i vi cc hiu ng do thit hi n hng ro hoc cu trc cc p nc ca lu vc tr nc xem phn 2.5) (b) Sinh quyn: Trong khu vc h cha h thc vt khng b thit hi v cn bn bi ngp nc lin tc v khong thi gian ma, m thng ch rt ngn. S thm nhp ca trm tch v s lng ng trn mi t nh ra v trong khu vc ct li trn thc t ca lu vc gi nc c th lm gim v thc y s tng trng ca thc vt, ty thuc vo tnh cht ca trm tch (t l mn). H ng vt l b nh hng rt nhiu bi vic p p trong khu vc tr nc; cc ng vt phi thot ra nhanh chng t mc nc tng cao do vic lm y nhanh chng sau khi ma ln trong hu ht cc lu vc nh; i vi nhiu loi ng vt iu ny c th kh gii quyt v thm ch dn n s hy dit. i vi h ng vt (c bit l cc loi chim) sng trong cc khu vc l lt, v h thc vt sng nh nc, vic gim chy trn do vic lu tr trung gian c th c cc hiu ng tiu cc ng k m s phi c iu tra cho tng trng hp. Cc mi trng sng c th b kh cn. 21.2.4.3. Mi trng nhn bn Vi vic quy hoch, xy dng v hot ng ca nh chuyn mn, a phn cc hiu ng tch cc c th c gi nh trong phm vi con ngi. Tuy nhin, nu c cc c lng quy hoch khng chnh xc ca mc nc cao d kin, l lt, s tng ln mnh lit ca nc cao v thit hi cho c thng- v h lu c th xy ra. Vic gii thch cho ngi dn v logic, mc ch v phng thc hot ng l cn thit
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 giai on lp k hoch ban u, v iu ny c th lm du ni s hi v nhng bt trc. L lt v cc k hoch s dng phi c lp ra i vi lu vc tr nc, s tha thun vi nhng ngi dn a phng v c thc hin bi mt thnh vin ca lng c o to cho nhim v ny v c thm quyn vn hnh nh my. 21.2.5. Xy dng cc p nh bng t ca cc h cha 21.2.5.1. Mc tiu Cc p t thp (ch cao vi mt) thng c dng ln trn hoc trong sng/lu vc sng hoc trong lu vc c lin quan chn ca vng thung lng ph hp hoc ct ngang qua t i vi lu tr nc mt cho cc mc ch khc nhau (v d nh cung cp nc, thy li), v lm cho n sn sng cho giai on di nht c th, hoc quanh nm. Cc nh hng n mi trng c gy ra bi cc p nh v bi cc h cha c hnh thnh t chng. Trong mt s trng hp cc p nh khng c quy hoch vi s chm sc nh cc p nc ln. iu ny l do khng c chuyn mn cng nh mo him trong lnh vc xy dng p nc v khng chp hnh cc quy tc n gin. Mc d cc hiu ng c hi trong trng hp khng hot ng nh mong i ca cc p ln l s nghim trng ng k hn, p t nh tng ng vi cc p ln v d liu k thut thy li c bn. Nhiu v d v cc p t nh hn b ph hy gy ra s thit hi m c th quy cho nhng sai st trong vic quy hoch v xy dng v khuyt im trong vic bo dng, v chu trch nhim v thit hi cng nh cc tc ng mi trng. Trong hu ht cc trng hp nghing m qu dc, cc dng l trn c nh kch thc qu nh v khng c bo v y chng li dng nc chy, vt liu lp t khng thch hp v t hoc s nn cht khng l nhng l do chnh. Cc p t va dng ln nn c gi trnh khi cc ng vt n c trong khong thi gian cho php s vng chc v pht trin ca t bao gm cc loi c/cy trng (hng ro). 21.2.5.2. Mi trng t nhin (a) Mi trng a-vt l: Cc h tch tr hoc h cha nhn to c mt hiu ng tng t ln mi trng, c tnh n mi tng quan qua li khc nhau, nh l cc ro chn ln (xem bn tm tt mi trng v H thng thy li quy m ln). Trong trng hp cc h tng i nng, cht lng nc xu i l kt qu t qu trnh xuyn qua ca nh sng xa nht c th c y ca h cha, s tng trng ca to v thc vt v sc nng ng k ca nc c th xy ra. Nu c mt ngun cung cp di do cc cht dinh dng ch vi mt s thay i nh v nc, cc qu trnh dinh dng tt c th c kch hot. S lng ng ca trm tch ph thuc vo loi t v t bao ph lu vc v ni m s lm cho mu m din ra s xm nhp ca photphat (hoc s xm nhm ca cc ha cht nng nghip khc), trc tip hoc thng qua trm tch, y mnh nhng thay i tiu cc trong cht lng nc v s bi p ph sa ca cc h cha Nu gia sc s dng h cha ung v cng vn trong h trong mt thi gian di (ph thuc vo su mc nc), hiu ng ny l c tng cng rt ln v cht lng nc suy gim n mc m vic s dng h cha nc nh ngun nc ung cn c quan tm. Tng nc ngm gn nht vi khu vc h cha c th c h xung nh l mt kt qu ca vic rt nc ra t vic thm khc ca nc mt. Khe nt ca p chn c th l do sai st ca vic xy dng hoc bo dng p t, vi s thit hi ng k h lu, v vic mt hon ton nc vo tng t.
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(b) Sinh quyn Trong khu vc nc nng v t ng ca khu vc h cha, c bit l cc vng nhit i, c th c s tng ln gp bi ca cc cn trng. Hn na, nu h cha c s dng bi gia sc ung nc, v nu phn ng vt xut hin b sng hoc khp h (ty thuc vo su ca nc), nguy c ca vic lan truyn bnh gy ra t nc tng ng k. Cc thc vt tn ti ban u trc khi xy dng p t ti khu vc h cha b ph hy do p p ngn nc. N c thay th bi mt h thc vt thy sinh, v s tng trng ca cc loi to c bit c thc y. S pht trin ca lng c ph thuc vo loi v s lng thc vt hin c trong khu vc h cha. Lc bnh c th sinh si ny n n mc nh vy trong kh hu nhit i m chng s bao ph ton b b mt ca h trong mt thi gian ngn, do lm suy gim ng k qun th ng vt. 21.2.5.3. Mi trng nhn bn Bnh ly lan t nc, chng hn nh giun v bnh st rt, v.v, c th xy ra thng xuyn hn trong iu kin nhit i ph bin ti cc h cha nc, tr khi cc bin php phng nga y lin quan n phn chia khu vc git, ly nc v nc ung cho ng vt (nu c th di p), cng vi cc bin php x l nc thch hp (v d nh cc b lc ct) v x nc (v d nh nh v sinh VIP1)) nh mt phn ca gio dc v sinh ton din ca ngi tiu dng.
1)

nh v sinh VIP = nh v sinh thng hi ci tin

Cc hiu ng kinh t x hi tch cc c th c mong i t mt h cha c quy hoch v thc hin nh theo hng dn c, trong dng t lc, bao gm c ph n ni ring, vi cc mc ch la chn cc v tr ct ly nc ph hp (s hi nhp x hi), ch ra vng trng cy hoa mu (ci thin tnh hnh thu nhp), s dng v chm sc hp l. Vic xy dng cc h cha nh hn c th yu cu di chuyn ti a im ca ngi dn c tr; khe nt ca p chn c th gy nguy him cho cuc sng con ngi. 21.2.6. n nh b v y B sng v tm lt chn, nh l bin php bo v ti cc khu vc c gii hn ca cc lu vc c dng chy nh hoc trn cc cu trc trong cc h thng thy li cc vng nng thn c bt k cc hiu ng tiu cc mang tnh khc nghit trn cc lnh vc khc nhau nu cc vt liu thn thin vi mi trng v vt liu thch nghi c vi iu kin a phng c s dng, v nu cc hng ro nh vy l c xy dng ng cch. Tuy nhin, iu ny phi c xc nh trong trng hp c th theo phm vi ca cc bin php a ra. 21.2.7. Phn dng (p b) Ni chung tc ng tiu cc trn cc lnh vc khc nhau, nh c m t trong Gii thiu tm tt mi trng v Xy dng sng v knh o, cng c th c tm thy trong vic phn dng ph v cc cng trnh b bao. Tuy nhin, nu cc cng trnh , c gii hn vi tnh cht a phng nh l cc c cu bo v, ch c dng ln trong khu vc ca lng ngn chn gii hn theo cc ri ro ma nc cao (l lt) cho con ngi, vt nui v vt cht (v d nh sn lng thu hoch), v nu s chuyn trng thi ca lu vc nc t nhin, thch nghi c vi cc iu kin, c bo m thng- v h lu, tc ng tiu cc kh xy ra. 21.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Theo s hnh dung chung v cc hiu ng c th v cc cng trnh h thng thy nng hot ng trn mi trng cho thy, cc mi quan h c th l phc tp v kh khn ghi li v th hin bi v cc bin php quy m nh thc hin trong hu ht trng hp.
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Cc tng tc khng c nhn ra r rng nh l trong cc ngnh c kh thy lc ln khc. thc hin bt k phn tch v nh gi nhng tc ng vo t nhin v mi trng mt s xem xt cc iu kin t nhin, khng ch t quan im k thut v khoa hc (k thut thy li) m cn, c bit l quan im kinh t x hi v vn ha x hi (kinh t x hi, dn tc hc), do phi c thc hin ti im bt u ca tng d n. Trong trng hp ny nhng ngi tiu dng (nam v n/s t chc thc hin) phi c tham gia cng sm cng tt hon ton c th c, vi nhng nhn mnh c t ra trn s hi nhp ca ph n. Cc phn tch v nh gi tc ng mi trng bao gm: - mt m t y c th c v tnh hnh thc t hin ti, v ca nhng tng tc; - Thnh lp y , bo v c s d liu cho vic lp k hoch k thut v cng trnh xy dng (lng ma, dng chy cc t l, hu ch, cp nc, xy dng t ai, tiu th v chi ph / phn tch li ch), s tham gia nhn dn v m bo sn sng cho qun l tip theo (nhn vin, chi ph, l ph); - s kho st hnh vi x hi ca ngi tiu dng lin quan n vic qun l rt thng xuyn vic vn dng ngun ti nguyn nc mt cch hp l (tip th, c cu chi ph, li sng truyn thng, t qun l, s canh tc nng nghip v cc phng php tip th, qun l gia sc v rng); - S pht trin ca khi nim d n thay th cho n lc cc gii php thn thin mi trng nht v cc gii php tt nht t cc im kinh t x hi v vn ha x hi ca xem, cn nhc cc mc tiu v d n ban u s t n ti a ca chng (bao gm, v d, b sung bin php gim thiu tc dng ph khng mong mun). Nhng kh khn thng gp trong phn tch v nh gi pht sinh t mt c s d liu yu km, v vy m mc d nhng nh hng ca cc bin php v s can thip vi thin nhin v mi trng kinh t x hi c th c m t nh tnh, chng khng th c nh lng mt cch chnh xc. y so snh cc d n h thng thy nng hin ti vi cu trc ngoi vi tng t v cc iu kin chung (dn s, kh hu, cnh quan, v.v) c th hu ch trong khi t n nhng bo co v cc gii php h tr tt hn. Cho n nay khng c cc tiu chun p dng c thit lp nh lng cc hiu ng. Tuy nhin, mi d n nn c gng, bi s nhy cm v gii thch ph hp, p ng cc yu cu nghim ngt nht c th cho bo v mi trng, theo cc iu kin kinh t x hi, trong qu trnh lp k hoch, xy dng v hot ng. 21.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cng trnh thu li cc vng nng thn c th c cc im tip xc vi tt c cc k hoch/bin php m mc tiu trc tip hoc gin tip l vic s dng nc trong cc ngnh sau y: - quy hoch khung s dng nc - cung cp nc nng thn - x l cht thi rn - k thut sng v knh o - kim sot xi mn - h thng thy li quy m ln - quy hoch khng gian v vng
322

v t phm vi nng nghip, cc khu vc ca: - sn xut cy trng - bo v thc vt - lm nghip, - nh bt v nui trng thy sn v - thy li. S thm vo cc hiu ng tiu cc ca h thng thy nng v cc hiu ng ca cc d n ni trn (so snh cc tm tt c th dng c) vi cc hiu ng tiu cc c th dn n thit hi ln. 21.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Vic quy hoch v thc hin cc d n h thng thy nng theo nh hng mi trng l c th, v nhng gii php k thut l c sn, nhng chng phi c b sung bng cc iu kin chung v kinh t-x hi v vn ha-x hi. S nh gi, vn c t chc rng ri, l cc d n h thng thy nng (tc l quy m nh) ch lin quan n mt chi ph quy hoch thp, v c t hoc khng c hiu ng lin quan n mi trng, bi v trong nhiu trng hp chng c quy m nh nh vy, do vic biu din kim tra chng ni chung l tha, l khng chnh xc. Vi vic quy hoch v thc hin mt cch cn thn cng trnh h thng thy nng bi nhng nh chuyn mn, cc tc ng mi trng t r rt c th c d kin hn trong cng trnh h thng thy li quy m ln hoc cng trnh k thut sng v knh o. Vic kim tra v bo dng thng xuyn nh my phi c bo m. S thit hi c th c n mi trng t nhin v trong lnh vc con ngi phi, c bit, i hi phi c mt s kim tra n cng trnh c lin quan n mi trng v x hi, ngay c trong trng hp cc cng trnh h thng thy li quy m nh, t c mt mc ti a v s an ton, nu cn thit bng cch cung cp nhng la chn thay th. 21.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Barrett, G.W., Rosenberg, R. (Ed.): Stress Effects on Natural Ecosystems. Chichester, J. Wiley & Sons, 1981. 2. Baumann W, u.a.: kologische Auswirkungen von Staudammvorhaben, Erkenntnisse und Folgerungen fr die entwicklungspolitische Zusammenarbeit. BMZ-Forschungsbericht, Band 60, Weltforum-Verlag, Cologne 1984. 3. Binder, W., Gewsserpflege. 6. DVWK-Fortbildungslehrgang Gewsserausbau, 1982. 4. Bunzel, M.: Ausbau, Renaturierung und Schutz von Fliegewssern: Geogr. Rundschau 39, Heft 6, 1987. 5. Deutsches Institut fr Normung (DIN), Berlin: DIN 19700 "Stauanlagen" - Teil 10: Gemeinsame Festlegungen - Teil 11: Talsperren - Teil 12: Hochwasserrckkhaltebecken - Teil 13: Staustufen 6. Duckstein, L., Plate, E.J. (Ed.): Engineering Reliability and Risks in Water Resources. NATO ASI-Series, Series E: Applied Sciences, No. 124, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: M. Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. 323

7. Gbler, H.-J.: Voraussetzung und Grundstze des naturnahen Wasserbaus in SchleswigHolstein. 6. DVWK-Fortbildingslehrgang Gewsserausbau, 1982. 8. Hansen, U.A.: Wasserbausteine im Deckwerksbau. Westholsteinische Verlagsanstalt Boyens & Co, Heide, 1985. 9. Heitkemper, J.: Ausbau- und Verlegungsmanahmen an Gewssern im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier. 6. DVWK Fortbildungslehrgang, 1982. 10. Hiessl, H. u.a.: Anforderungen an ein kologisch begrndetes Sanierungskonzept fr Fliegewsser. Wasser und Boden, Heft 2, 1990. 11. Hynes, H.B.N.: The Ecology of Running Waters. Liverpool University Press, 1979. 12. Kagerer, K.: Probleme der Landschaftsgestaltung beim Ausbau von Fliegewssern, erlutert am Beispiel des Donauausbaus zwischen Kelheim und Straubing. 6. DVWK Fortbildungslehrgang, 1982. 13. Langer, M.: Engineering Geology and Environmental Protection. Contribution to Edg. Blcher Ltd A (Ed.) "De Mello Volume": 252-259, Sao Paulo 1989. 14. Langer, M.: Ingenieurgeologische Arbeiten zum Umweltschutz. Geol. Jahrbuch A127: 101 - 125, Hannover 1991. 15. Loske, K.-H., Vollmer, A.: Die Bewertung des kologischen Zustandes von Fliegewssern. Wasser und Boden, Heft 2, 1990. 16. Niemeyer-Lllwitz, A., Zucchi, H.: Fliegewsserkunde. kologie flieender Gewsser unter besonderer Bercksichtigung wasserbaulicher Eingriffe. Diesterweg Verlag, 1985. 17. Odum, H.T.: Systems Ecology: An Introduction. Wiley Interscience Series of Texts and Monographs. New York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1982. 18. Petak, W.J.: Environmental Planning and Management: The Need for an Integrative Perspective. Environmental Management, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1980, pp. 287 - 295. 19. Rochette, R.M. (Ed.): Le Sahel en Lutte contre la Dsertification. Leons d'Expriences. Comit Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Scheresse au Sahel (CILSS), Programme Allemand CILSS-GTZ (PAC), Verlag J. Margraf, Weikersheim, 1989. 20. Rckert, E., Stock, E.-H.: Integrierter Fliegewsserschutz, Mglichkeiten und Forderungen. Natur und Landschaft, 61, Heft 4, 1986. 21. Schlter, U.: Pflanze als Baustoff, Ingenieurbiologie in Praxis und Umwelt, 1986. 22. Schoff, M.: Grundzge der "Richtlinie fr naturnahen Ausbau und Unterhaltung der Fliegewsser in Nordrhein-Westfalen". 6. DVWK-Fortbildungslehrgang Gewsserausbau, 1982. 23. Tehranien, Djamal: Die Relevanz der Umweltprobleme fr die konomische Entwicklung in den Entwicklungslndern. Verlag K. Reim, 1976. 24. UNESCO: MAB; Expert panel on Project 4: Impact of human activities on the dynamics of arid and semi-arid zone ecosystems with particular attention to the effects of irrigation. Paris, 1975. 25. Verschiedene Autoren: "Hydrobiologie und Gewssergte". 24. Fortbildungslehrgang des BWK, Landesverband Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg, Rendsburg, 1979.

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22. Cc h thng thu nng ln 22.1. Phm vi

Gii hn ca h thng thy nng bao gm tt c cc cng trnh xy dng c thc hin cho mc ch s dng nc v bo v chng li nc. Cc h thng thy nng ln c hiu l bao gm cc c cu ro cn chnh phc v cho vic gi nc. Cc cu trc ny khng ch bao gm cc p chnh, m cn cc ng nc ngn cc con sng, v d nh i vi vic rt nc, v cc cu trc cho php ngnh pht in lm cho vic s dng nng lng t nc c th t c t tch nc. Nhng khu vc hin nay cng bao gm tt c nhng lp t cho cc mc ch hng hi nh l cc bn cng, cc knh o, cc ca cng v.v. Cc d n h thng thy li chnh cng bao gm cc bin php ci to t, p ngn thy triu, lm lch hng dng chy v cng dn nc. Bn tm lc ny lin quan c quyn vi cc cng trnh gi nc (p, ng nc) v cc nh my thy in. Cc cng trnh ngn nc s c hiu l cc cu trc ro cn v cc h cha lin kt ca chng. Chng c dng ln vi mc ch l iu tit dng nc hoc cc phn tnh ca nc bng to m n c th c s dng bng nc v/hoc cng nghip nng lng. Cc cu trc hng ro c th l cc p, ci m ng kn ton b cc lu vc hoc cc b phn ca thung lng, hoc chng c th l cc cng trnh ngn nc m ch n gin l nng cao mc nc mt mc khng ng k ca dng nc. Mc ch chnh ca cc con p l kim ch dng nc qun l hiu qu i vi cc ng dng ch yu (v d phng chng l lt, nh my thy in, thy li, cung cp nc), tc l s chuyn i khng c kim sot, lu lng thng ngy ca dng sng trong mt dng x c xc nh bi tiu chun kinh t (v cng c th l sinh thi hc), v to ra mt h cha ln. Dng dp thng c s dng m t mt phm vi rng ln ca cc cu trc hoc cc h thng. Phm vi ca cc bin th c th bao gm: Cc p nh/ln cc p nng/su cc dp kh cn hoc m t, cc vng kh hu nhit i hoc n i cc dp cc khu vc vng cao hoc min ni. Cc p cc khu vc tha tht hoc ng dn c.

Mc ch chnh ca cc cu trc p l bo m mt mc nc nht nh ti mt im nht nh trong dng sng, v d i vi vic khai thc thng qua mt knh bn (thy li, thy in, cung cp nc), m bo mt su nc ti thiu vn chuyn nh thng ngun cho u vo ca mt nh my in, hoc m bo mt mc nc ngm nht nh trong vng ng bng (m bng thc vt). S khc bit c bn gia cu trc ng nc v p l chc nng lu tr ca cc ng nc c tm quan trng thp hn, v vic x nc ca chng n mt mc xa hn nh ca chng v do hu ht c xy dng ring bng tng hoc btng (xem thm Bn tm tt mi trng k thut sng v knh rch) Cc nh my thy in c th c lp t c trn dng chy ca mt bc tng ro v trn c ca ngn nc; chng s dng ngun th nng vn c trong dng nc v bin i chng thnh nng lng in. Thy in l mt trong cc hnh thc ca ngun nng lng ti to ci m c th c s dng m khng pht ra cc kh thi d l mt lng nh. S s dng chng c c trng bi tui th gian di, ci m c s dng c bit trong s cc lp t k thut, v s ng tin cy. Vic s dng c lin kt vi cc p gi nc n c th lu tr nng lng ci m c th sn c khi cn thit, gn nh ngay lp tc.

22.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 22.2.1. Tng quan

Cc h thng thy li gy cn tr mi trng t nhin. Ngay c nu cc h thng thy li c thit k, nh kch thc v c xy dng theo cng ngh tin tin, vi mc ch ca vic thc hin gy tn hi t nht n mi trng, tuy nhin s i lp ca cc mc ch vn xy ra, trong s nhng ci 325

khc ca cc dng bo tn thin nhin v vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn t v nc. Nhng thit k, o c v vn hnh ca cc cng trnh h thng thy nng do ph thuc vo mt s cc qu trnh bn bc m nht thit phi dn n mt s tha hip: - Trong giai on thit k cc d n, v d, chiu cao ca p, cc chi ph cho nn kinh t quc gia v chi ph sinh thi ca khu vc tiu th c lin quan (cch s dng) phi c cn nhc da vo cc li ch xut pht t vic pht sinh nng lng b sung. - gim thiu vic s dng t nng nghip, s khai thc nguyn liu (cc m ) cho cng trnh xy dng c xc nh, nu c th, trong khu vc pha sau p ngn nc min l iu ny khng phi chu cc chi ph vn chuyn cao. - Trong trng hp cc bin php phng chng l lt c gii hn bi nh nc phi c xc nh rt chnh xc v nh nc l quan trng cho cc mc ch nht nh (v d cc ng c, cc ng c t, ci thin nc ngm, bo v cc loi, thy li sau ngp lt) cng phi c cho php, v ngay c nu cn thit phi c a ra mt cch c th.

- Mt s i lp ca s vn hnh c in l vic s dng cnh tranh ca mt h cha cho thy li v thy in v kt qu khc bit trong tc d dng chy h lu. Mt lng nc ti thiu phi c thi vo ngun nc thp hn p gi nc, c bit l trong thi k nc thp, trnh thit hi cho ngun nc (kh hn tm thi, hnh thnh mm mng pht sinh t cc mm bnh cn li trong cc ti gi nc, nu vt qu ti trng ca nc d do vic x nc thi di p) 22.2.2. Cc p
p phn chia lu vc sng mt thnh ba khu vc: - lu vc (pha trn chn p) - khu vc h lu tr (t p n chn p) - Khu vc h lu (pha di p) Cc tc ng ca 3 khu vc l c cn nhc ring bit trong trong nhng iu sau y v cc tc ng tng hp cui cng, chng hn nh nhng pht sinh t cc cng trnh xy dng. Tc ng ca cc p nc v cc bin php bo v trong lu vc S pht trin trong lu vc ca h cha c nh hng rt nhiu n s lng trong h v v cht lng nc trong h cha. Mt vn c th trong cc khu vc ny l thng gp phi trong cc iu khon gii phng mt bng v s dng nng nghip ca cc khu vc dc, c bit l trn cc v tr dc. Bi v s tch nc ca h cha dn c a phng c th c di di khi khu vc n cc lu vc pha trn h cha (c th l cc sn dc, t kh trng trt). y s ti nh c mnh m hn c th dn n s ph hy khng th kim sot v vic s dng t khng thch ng, do lm gia tng s xi mn v s xm nhp ca trm tch, v trong vi trng hp cng c s pht thi ca cc cch thc bo v cht dinh dng v cy trng trong h thng sng. iu ny c th ci thin cht lng nc v cng nh vic s dng h cha; thi gian s dng din tch lu tr ph thuc rt nhiu vo s thm nhp ca trm tch. Nu s pht trin nh vy l c th xy ra s trng cy v cc bin php bo v xi mn nn c cung cp t ni bt u lu vc ca p khi thit k d n. V cc cu hi ca vic ti nh c xem di y. Cc lp trm tch lng trong khu vc chn p c th dn n vic gia tng mc nc ngm pha trn chn p. Tuy nhin, do nc l thng xuyn ti xi mn lp trm tch lng ng trong khu vc chn p, v dc ko di t con sng l thng rt cao, cc tc ng ca bt k s gia tng mc nc l gii hn (gia tng mc nc ngm, lm ngp lt cc khu vc gn vi b sng). Trong cc dng chy thp ca cc nhnh sng ca ti trng trm tch c th c cc vn thc s hin nay, vic xy dng cc hng ro pha trc l c i hi lu gi trm tch trong nhng trng hp nht nh. Cc tc ng trong khu vc ca h cha, cc bin php bo v y l ni m hu ht s thay i ng ch xy ra do l lt ca cc khu vc rt rng ln trong mt 326

s trng hp. Cc khu vc m mu m n mc no , v thng c s dng vi cng cao, bao gm cc khu vc rng nhit i v cc cnh quan dng sng c gi tr v mt sinh thi nn c la chn sao cho cc thit hi c gim thiu. Bi v cc khu rng cn bn khng b h hi l thch hp bo v c bit, vic t cc h cha trong cc khu rng nguyn sinh ch nn c cho php trong cc trng hp ngoi l chnh ng v ni m cc bin php bo v c bit c cn nhc trong nhng nh hng ca s pht trin. Vic mt mt ca cc khu vc s dng cho nng nghip l c n b trong cc trng hp ni m vic cung cp nc trong khu vc v tr thp hn h cha thc s cho php s dng nng nghip hoc ci to cc iu kin sn xut cho nng nghip trong cc khu vc . Bi v vic thit lp cc khu vc bo tn thin nhin trong khu vc xung quanh h cha trong khu vc ngn nc tch bit, hoc trong cc khu vc bo tn thin nhin khc gn m c th so snh, s mt mt mi trng sng ca nng thn v t nhin c th c bi thng n mt mc nht nh. Vic ti nh c ca nhng ngi dn ca khu vc b m qu mc, m i khi l cn thit, vic thit lp cc lp t c s h tng, v cc khu vc c i hi cho cng trnh xy dng, nn c lm r giai on u trc s quyt nh mt d n m bao gm nhng ngi c lin quan. i vi nhng ngi lin quan khng ch v kinh t, m cn cc vn vn ha v x hi c th pht sinh. Bi v s nh hng su rng, hiu ng lu di ln cc iu kin sng ca mt lng ln ngi dn, tt c cc kha cnh ca vic ti nh c c th c phi c lm r cc k cn thn v ti giai on u. Trong vic n b ngi dn c ti nh c s xem xt hp l phi c thc hin i vi cc iu kin x hi (cung cp nh v c s h tng v sinh v gn gi trong v tr mi), kinh t (thay th c s cng nghip, quyn s hu t) v vn ha (s di chuyn cc ngha trang hoc cc c quan vn ha/tn gio khc, cc mi quan h dn tc hc). Cc bin php cn thit c quan tm cn c thc hin hon chnh v nhanh chng trong giai on xy dng. Vic t h cha thng lm gin on tm thi cc knh lin lc, gy ra nhng bt li v kinh t v x hi i vi cc c dn a phng v khu vc. Cc bin php bi thng ph hp, v d cc tuyn ng vng quanh h cha hoc vic tr cp mua cc con thuyn cho vic thnh lp mt bn ph, nn to thnh mt phn ca d n. Cc h thng trn cn th c bin i thnh mt h thng thy sinh do p p. Thc vt cn b ph hy. Bi v cc loi ring bit (thc vt v ng vt) thng ch xut hin trong khong khng b gii hn cht ch, n phi c xc nh, c bit, nn l lt s dn n hoc gp phn ng k n s tiu dit ca cc loi nh vy. Cc khu vc c bo v c th nn c nh r a im trn b ca h cha cc loi ng vt b ui ra khi khu vc dng nc qu mc c th chy vo nhng khu vc .Tuy nhin, trong vic cung cp cho nhng khu vc nh vy, s cn nhc phi c thc hin i vi cc gii hn gia tng t ti trng ca chng. Nu n l khng th i vi ng vt thot ra khi khu vc xung quanh mt chng trnh bo tn nn c thc hin cho cc loi c nguy c c bit v/hoc c gi tr bo tn, nu c th. Qun th ng thc vt thy sinh s hnh thnh c xc nh bi iu kin nc trong h cha (nhit , c, s tc ng ca nh sng, hm lng cht dinh dng, cc cht ha tan). Ni chung s nhanh chng, t pht hoc, trong vi trng hp cng c bit khuyn khch s nh c bi cc loi c c tnh ton cho vic pht trin ca mt ngnh nh bt c vi s chuyn su tng xng (nhn to cho tr lng nhng loi c thch hp, pht trin k hoch qun l). Vic cu c ti cc h cha c th to ra mt s ng gp c gi tr p ng nhu cu m ca ngi dn. S lm giu ca cc thc vt dinh dng trong h cha c th, tt nhin, gy ra cc hu qu v cng nguy him, c bit trong cc vng c kh hu nng. Bi v tc tng trng cao ca to v cc thc vt nc cao hn dn n s cn kit oxy, vic s dng h cha cho cc mc ch nc ung, v d, c th kh khn hn, s pht trin ca c lm cn tr v thm ch c cht trong h cha v di nc c th c kch hot. Nu cht lng nc thp hn na btng v cc cu trc bng thp v cc tuabin c th b n mn ha hc ng k. Cc ri ro gia tng cng vi s m rng ca cc vng nc su, thi gian lu nc trong h cha v s tch t ca cc thc vt dinh dng, v d t nc thi, d lng phn bn, phn t gia sc chn th hoc s r t t v phc h nn. S thm nhp ca cc cht dinh dng vo trong h cha do nn c gim thiu. Vic mt g v ci nn trnh bt c ni no c th v c th ph nhn hiu ng ca thm thc vt cn li trong h cha ln cht lng nc nn c gim thiu. Cc cy xanh cn li trong khu vc p p c th cng cn tr vic vn chuyn v 327

lm sai lch; cc cnh cy v nhnh cy tri ni c th lm suy gim s vn hnh an ton trong vic khai thc v c cu gim ti ca p duy tr. Lng kh thi metan ca sinh khi cn li trong h cha c th, trong cc trng hp khc nghit, t c mt kh nng tim tng ca hiu ng nh knh c th so snh vi s kt hp sc nng v cc nh my pht in. trnh nhng ri ro ny khu vc h cha nn c pht quang v dn dp hon ton, nu c th. Trong cc vng nhit i vn cha c phng php chc nng cho vic d bo cht lng nc cng nh mt chc nng gim bt vic cung cp dinh dng (v d loi b thm thc vt, pht quang tng t ci, km nn vic a ra cc ngun khc). Thm ch ngy nay vn cn qu t hoc khng c cc c hi cho vic iu chnh cc nhn t m nh hng n cht lng ca nc c a ra (v d bng cc hot ng ca con ngi trong lu vc sng) Do s thay i ca cc iu kin dng chy, thng km theo s m rng ca cc vng nc nng trn b sng, sinh quyn ph hp (mi trng sng) cho cc vt ch/trung gian trong truyn bnh c to ra, c bit trong cc khu vc c kh hu nng, i vi cc sinh vt truyn bnh/sinh vt mang mm bnh ca cc bnh ly nhim t nc (ngun bnh), c bit l bnh st rt, giun trong mu v cc bnh nhim trng ng tiu ha. S ly lan ca bnh m sng (bnh giun ch u) th thng lm chm pht trin th cht n mt mc ng k trong khu vc h cha nhng c th tng mnh v tr thp hn ni t p do s b sung ca dng chy thp giu oxy. Trong trng hp kh nng tri di ca b sng l n nh, v thng c tip xc vi khu vc , c mt s ri ro sc khe tim tng n ngi dn m ch c th chng li bng cch lm tng cht lng nc i qua h cha. Ngi dn nn c s hiu bit v cc ri ro v c cc bin php bo v ph hp; nh mt phn ca d n n cng nn c xc nh nh cc phng nga xa hn c th c tnh n bi cc c s y t a phng, v nu cn thit cc bin php h tr nn c cung cp y. Trong trng hp ca s mong i gia tng nh c ti cc khu vc b ca h cha n phi nh rng vic s dng nc theo cch truyn thng, v d i vi nc ung, khng th duy tr m khng c s hn ch sau cc p ngn: So snh vi dng nc chy, nc t ng c mt kh nng t lm sch thp hn, cc dng chy vo khng cn thi ra nhanh chng, cc mm bnh th thng tn ti lu hn bi v su ca nc ln hn, lng oxy thm vo th thp hn v nhng thay i sinh ha lm suy gim cht lng nc. N thng l cc khu vc b sng v cc vnh cn, vi cc vng nc lng, l iu c bit thu ht vic s dng nc tng mnh bi nhng ngi dn a phng. Trong khu vc xung quanh h cha c kim sot cung cp nc sch, v trn tt c x l nc thi do nn c cp ngn chn cc ri ro v sc khe ni trn i vi nhng ngi dn a phng v ngn chn s suy gim cht lng nc. Phn bn trong ca h cha nn c thit k khng c nhng ci ao v lng nc d c hnh thnh. Trong trng hp cc h cha vi cc bi ngm cn nhng thay i c nh hng su rng c th xut hin i vi mc nc ngm ci m sau khng ch c th to thun li cho s dng nng nghip ca cc khu vc m cn i hi phi c cc bin php thot nc. Do s dao ng bt thng ca mc nc ngm, mc c xc nh bi a hnh v cc quy nh vn hnh, nhng b h tr tri th i khi c hnh thnh, trong nhng hon cnh nht nh, chu s xi mn v ni c m c th l in hnh cho nhng khu vc sinh sn thun li ca vi sinh vt truyn bnh/mm bnh. Vic to ra mt b phn ln ca nc dn n nhng thay i v vi kh hu ca khu vc h cha, ni chung vi xu hng cn bng cc tr (v nhit , m) Do s gin on trong dng chy ca sng mi trng sng ca cc loi di tr (c, ng vt lng c, cn trng) l b hn ch hoc ct bt. N phi c xc nh trong trng hp c bit m cc loi b nh hng bi iu ny, c th so snh mi trng sng vn c sn cho cc loi c hu v c hay khng bt c bin php khc phc hu qu no m c th c thc hin, v d thang c (fish ladders). Cc tc ng v cc bin php bo v trong khu vc h lu Tc ng ni bt nht trong sut khu vc di p nc l s thay i v tc dng chy: cc nh nc cao v cc mc nc cc thp th thng c gim bt hoc thm ch c trnh vi nhng hu qu tc ng mong mun hoc khng mong mun c th nhn thy c. Trong khi s xi mn b sng h lu l c gim bt bi vic khng c cc dng nc ln, s xi mn cc mt ct ngang ca dng sng c th gia tng cho n khi mt trng thi cn bng c t n do s gin on ca vic di chuyn trm tch. iu ny c th dn n vic to ra nhng ch lm m c th c nhng 328

hu qu khng mong mun, nh l cc trm bm vn hnh kh trn sng. Cc bin php i ph c th bao gm vic thch nghi ca cc cu trc hin ti n trng thi cn bng, hoc vic xy dng mi ca cc cng hnh h thng thy li b sung nh l h tr cc p hoc cc bc tng c cc khe h chy song song vi dng sng. S thay i trong tc dng chy cng c th nh hng n ngun nc ngm h lu. Cc iu kin xm nhp va c to ra c th nh hng n vic ci to ngun nc ngm cng nh dng chy ngm. Nhng hu qu tiu cc chnh m c th c l gim vic ci to ngun nc ngm t vic s dung ngun cung cp nc ngm hoc mt s gia tng ca mc nc ngm khng mong mun sau ny, v d, trong lu vc ca cc knh. S vng mt ca nn l lt ca cc khu vc s dng cho nng nghip ngn chn ngun cung cp dinh dng t nhin, v c th nh hng n ngnh nng nghip (hnh thc qun l, s dng phn bn) S thay i tc dng chy, cht lng nc v ti trng trm tch c th nh hng n hnh thi b bin v ng bng ca sng, v d do s di di ca ranh gii vi khu vc nc l, c bit trong trng hp ca cc m ph xa b bin, i vi thc vt v ng vt trong khu vc di nc. Trong cc khu vc ny iu tit thm v dng chy c th c i hi i vi cc l do bo tn thin nhin. Trong khu vc h lu s lng v nhng trng hp nh nc triu c gim bt sau khi xy dng mt p nc. Nh mt kt qu ca iu nhng ngi sng bn sng s c xu hng tng thm lng s dng cc gii ngp lt thng xuyn (Cc khu vc) cho nng nghip hoc thm ch cho cc mc ch nh . Trong trng hp s kin nc cao him c (l lt), mc d p ng tiu chun thit k p, th khng cn c quan tm nh mt s kin c th xy ra bi nhng ngi c lin quan, nhng thit hi nghim trng v thm ch s tan v s l ng tic. Nhng iu cm s dng nht nh thch hp phi c thc hin. Khi cng trnh xy dng c thc hin, v thm ch trong sut giai on vn hnh sau ca cc p c bit khi p p cho h cha s bo dng phi c thc hin m bo rng lng nc d tng ng vi vic s dng (khai thc nc, nc cho ng vt) l c thi hi mt cch lin tc v lng sng pha di lng thung lng khng c kh cn hon ton. Trong trng hp s rn nt ca mt con p, hoc thm ch nh l mt kt qu ca s st l ng rt ng k, s thit hi ti a phi c d kin trn khp chiu di trong khu vc h lu. S kim tra thng xuyn cu trc cn phi c thc hin. Nhng tc ng chung v cc bin php bo v Nu mt p phc tp c xy dng v vn hnh trong mt khu vc m cho n nay vn khng th t c v do khng n nh, vic xy dng mt ng dn n v tr xy dng l cn thit. iu ny s cho php mt s bt u c th thc hin ln s pht trin ca khu vc, m c th khi xng nhanh chng, vic nh c khng th kim sot. iu ny c th c km theo s gii phng mt bng mt cch ty tin to ra t sn xut nng nghip, cng vi vic ph hy v ct g c gi tr t tr lng (rng) cn li. iu ny c th c thit lp trong mt chui hnh ng c chun b (cc s kin) m vt xa nhng nh hng trc tip ca p phc tp. S kim sot hu hiu ca vic nh c ba bi nh vy l kh c th a ra p lc dn s quc gia hin hnh trong nhng trng hp nh vy. Trong cc d n ph hp cc hiu qu nh vy phi c xem xt t u, v nhng hu qu nh hng phi c th hin trong tt c nhng im c li v bt li ca mt d n. Nhng d n ch yu nn c kt hp cht ch trong mt k hoch pht trin khu vc m cng tnh n cc kha cnh mi trng. Nu cn thit phm vi ca d n cng nn bao gm cc bin php, v d vic to ra mt c s h tng hnh chnh v x hi, m vic nh c c th c kim sot. Tuy nhin, con p cng c th c cc tc ng tch cc nh s nh c xa hn c th c quan tm trong khng gian nh c to ra khu vc ti tiu h ngun, do lm nh bt cc khu vc kh trng trt v nhy cm thng ngun cho t p lc nh c. Trong vic thit lp cc im/cc ngun khai thc vt liu cho san lp v tr xy dng c th nh hng n ton b lu vc. T cc v tr ca chng c xc nh bng cc iu kin a cht v nhng nhu cu i vi vt liu xy dng, chng khng phi lun lun c thit lp trong khu vc p p tip theo, nh mong mun. Nu chng c nh v bn ngoi khu vc p p ni s c cc hnh thc s dng t khc trong tng lai, v nu thc vt bao ph b thit hi c mt ri ro gia tng s xi mn. S hon thnh cng trnh ca cc khu vc c lin quan nn c phc hi cng nhiu cng tt v 329

c t ra s xi mn v nhng ri ro khc khng th ny sinh Nhng ng dng tng t i vi cc khu vc m c s dng cho vic ci t v tr xy dng. Chng phi c pht quang, gii phng bt c s nhim no v cn c phc hi. Trong vic tch tr mt lng nc ln c kh nng, trong mt s trng hp nht nh, gy ra bi ng t mc d s ri ro ny phi c coi nh l rt thp, ri ro ny nn c xem xt trong thit k v s la chn v tr.

22.2.3. Cc p trn
Cc tc ng ca cc p nc l tng t nh l ca cc p trn, nhng chng ni chung l t nguy him hn. Trong vi trng hp c s khc bit trong cc lnh vc sau: - Bi v chiu cao ca p trn thp do , trong trng hp ca cc p nc, d dng hn cho cc loi di tr vt qua nhng nh hng ca p nc bi cc bin php cu trc b sung. - Vic mt t do l lt c gii hn trong mt khu vc bi sng hp. V n ni chung l khng cn thit ngn mt lng nc ln trong vic lp t cc ng nc, nu ng bo v hai bn c dng ln ni rng ln, nhng ng bng rng ln c th b ngp lt. - S ti nh c s ch cn thit n mt mc nh khi cc con p c dng ln nu tt c - v cc khong cch lin quan s ngn. y cng vy nhng bt li tr nn ti t hn bi nhng ngui c lin quan phi c ghi li mt cch chnh xc v cn loi b khi d n. - Do cc p nc c lp t thng xuyn trn cc qung sng vi mt dc tng i thp v bi ngm cn, s quan tm nhiu hn phi c dnh cho nhng thay i trong mc nc ngm. Cc bc tng bo v chy song song vi con sng hoc b mt thot nc c th c coi l cc bin php bo v ph hp.

22.2.4. Cc trm thu in

Cc nh my thy in c mt hiu ng ln vic s dng t nhng iu ny l rt hn ch so vi cc cu trc p ngn nc v c xu hng gn n khng trong trng hp ca cc nh my thy in t ngm hoc cc nh my c p sut thp (kt hp trong cc b phn ca p nc). Cc nh my thy in m dn nc song song vi dng sng trong cc h thng dc theo trn v /hoc di nc, tt c hoc hu ht cc dng chy t c gi l mt ct dng chy. iu ny dn n mt s thay i mnh m khng ch trong thc vt v ng vt m cn trong hnh thi sng. ngn chn iu ny v m bo rng chiu dng chy c bn thch hp c duy tr trong mt ct dng chy. - Lng nc thch hp phi c cung cp cho cc mc ch sm nht vo giai on thit k; - Cc quy nh vn hnh phi bao hm nhng hng dn r rng trong kim sot vic x nc; - cc nc c cc th tc chnh thc theo cc php lut v nc c quy nh, lng nc phi c phn b v s dng ph hp. Mc d vic x mt lng nc bt buc vo khu vc x c th thng xuyn lm h thp mc nc ngm trong khu vc , vi cc tc ng c hi ln thc vt v cc iu kin sn xut nng nghip. y n phi c quyt nh trong trng hp c th cho cc bin php i ph, th d vic t ra cc bc tng c cc khe h song song vi ngun nc, l thch hp tnh n tt c cc lp lun/cn c k thut v kinh t. Trong trng hp c bit cc nh my thy in li dng s khc nhau v cao gia cc lu vc sng st nhau, v s di chuyn ca nc n mt lu vc sng lin k. Trong trng hp kh khn nghim trng trong vic qun l nc, c th pht sinh c th ti ngun gc ca lu vc sng v do gim dng chy ca nc (v d tc dng pha long cho cc im ly nc). Nhng bt li phi c kim tra v xem xt cn thn.

22.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng

Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc d n trong h thng thy li ln th thng rt phc tp v cng phi chu nhng tng tc tm thi m rt kh ghi li. Cc tc ng ca mi p ring bit l khc nhau. Hn na, cc tc ng tng t hoc ging ht nhau phi c nh gi khc nhau (th d vic mt mt n v din tch ca t sn xut nng nghip gy ra bi tch nc qu mc tri ngc vi 330

din tch t b hoang m khng s dng c). Khng c cc gi tr gii hn chung hp l hoc cc nguyn tc nh gi chung. Bng cu hi c nh km Ph lc 1 c th c s dng nh mt s thm d ban u ca cc tc ng mi trng c th c ca mt d n h thng thy li chnh. Nhng tc ng nh vy c kho st biu l nhng iu sau: Cc tc ng m c th thay i hoc nh hng c; Cc tc ng c th hoc khng th d bo Cc tc ng tch vc v tiu cc Cc tc ng c th chu c, khng th chu c

Trn c s ca bng cu hi c th c s dng thc hin mt cn nhc (nh lng) ban u ca cc tc ng c th xy ra v mt s c tnh nhng ri ro. Hn na thit k thay th la chn (th d chiu cao p ngn khc nhau) c th c xem xt cho kh nng ca vic trnh cc tc ng mi trng tiu cc. Mt s so snh d n vi cc cng trnh h thng thy li chnh hin ti, hoc trong trng hp ca cc p, vi cc h nc t nhin trong cc khu vc tng t, kh hu ca khu vc hoc cc iu kin a hnh tng t, c th c mt phng php hu ch ca vic t c cc kt lun c lin quan. Cc tc ng mi trng ca nh my thy in cng phi c nh lng, trong mt nh gi tng th, i chiu vi cc tc ng m pht ra mt lng in nng tng ng trong cc nh my nhit in s to ra. i vi tc ng ca vic truyn ti in nng xem Bn tm tt Truyn ti v Phn phi nng lng.

22.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc

Khu vc h thng thy li ln th rt gn cc im tip xc vi tt c cc khu vc trn thc t m c nc: s cp c th phi c thc hin cho nng nghip, bao gm h thng thy nng, m chu nh hng bi tt c cc d n h thng thy li ln, mc d bi v s cung cp tng t c s dng cho vic ti tiu, hoc do nhng thay i trong vic s dng t hoc s ph hy cc h thc vt trn cn v s an xen ca cc tc ng th cp. Cng phi cp n vic thc hin cung cp nc sch v nc cho cng nghip. Cung cp nc, ci m chim mt v tr quan trng trong cc iu kin pht trin ca mt khu vc, phi lun c a vo trong s quy hoch, trong tt c cc d n v cc lnh vc, v li ch ca vic cung cp nc cng phi c u tin. Tt c cc d n trong lnh vc h thng vn chuyn thy nng: bn cng, sng v h thng knh rch, l c quan h mt thit. S tham kho c thc hin trao i thng tin vi cc bn tm tt tng ng.

22.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng

R rng cng trnh h thng thy nng ln c mt tc ng c th thy c ln mi trng. Khi li ch ca mt d n h thng thy nng ln ni chung c th mang li s lng r rng, cc tc ng mi trng ca cc d n nh vy ni chung l kh xc nh, khng c cc gi tr gii hn ng dng hoc cc nguyn tc nh gi chung/(khun mu). Vic nh gi cui cng phi l tiu biu cho li ch chnh v cc li ch ph ca d n mt cch r rng nht c th v phi so snh chng vi nhng s h hi trong cc iu kin s dng v cc tc ng mi trng. V cc d n h thng thy nng ln ni chung l cc d n a mc ch mt s so snh d n vi cc tc ng ca cc la chon thay th ring bit trong vic pht in, gia tng sn xut nng nghip, phng chng l lt, a ra cc tuyn ng thy cho tu b qua li, v.v, cng phi c tnh n mt cch bao hm trong cc tc ng mi trng.

22.6. Ti liu tham kho

1. Baumann, W. u.a.: kologische Auswirkungen von Stauvorhaben, Erkenntnisse und Folgerungen fr die entwicklungspolitische Zusammenarbeit, BMZ-Forschungsbericht, Band 60, Weltforum-Verlag, Cologne 1984. 331

2. Goldsmith, E. and N. Hildgard: The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams (3 volumes); Wadebridge Ecological Centre; Camelford, United Kingdom. 3. Hbler, Bewertung der Umweltvertrglichkeit, Blottner Verlag,Taunusstein, 1991. 4. KfW: Analysen, Meinungen, Perspektiven. Der Assuan-Staudamm und seine Folgen, Frankfurt 1986. 5. NORAD: Environmental impact assessment of development projects, initial environmental assessment: 6. Hydropower development. Oslo 1990. 6. Paranjpye, Vijay: Studies in Ecology and Sustainable Development 3, High Dams on the Narmada, Indian Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, Indraprastha Press, New Delhi 1990. 7. Petts, Geoffrey, E.: Impounded Rivers, Perspectives for Ecological Management, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 1984. 8. Vaux, Peter D. and Goldmann, Charles R.: Dams and Development in the Tropics; the Role of Applied Ecology in Race to Save the Tropics, Edited by Robert Goodland, Island Press, Washington 1990. 9. World Bank: Technical Paper Number 140/154 Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, 1991. Ph lc: Cc cu hi lin quan n s nh gi ban u/s b ca cc tc ng mi trng cho mt d n thy nng ln. (Xem cc ch S 3 ca bn tm tt) 1. What type of areas are flooded (present land use, present vegetation, etc.)? What type of vegetation is irreversibly destroyed? What value has this vegetation? 2. How many people are affected by the damming up of the reservoir or by associated measures? Is their natural biosphere (living space) destroyed, or is their basis of existence taken away from them? Can they continue operating their traditional land-use in the new areas assigned to them? 3. Will the new economic activities or the development of the infrastructure in the area surrounding the reservoir limit or change the existing land-use? Will the project open up new possibilities of land-use? 4. Will the damming up of the reservoir open up new possibilities or provide other forms of wateruse, e.g. fishing, irrigation, water supply, recreation, tourism, etc.? What cc tc ng mi trng may be expected from these new activities? 1. Cc dng khu vc no ang b ngp lt (s dng t hin ti, thm thc vt hin ti, v.v)? Loi thm thc vt no b hy hoi khng th phc hi c? Gi tr ca thm thc vt ny? 2. C bao nhiu ngi b nh hng bi vic p p cho h cha hoc cc bin php lin quan? Sinh quyn t nhin (khng gian sng) ca h c b ph hy hay khng, hoc c s h tng hin c ca h c b mt i bi p p hay khng? H (ngi dn) c th tip tc tin hnh vic s dng t truyn thng ca h trong cc khu vc mi c phn cho h hay khng? 3. Liu s c cc hot ng kinh t mi hoc pht trin c s h tng khu vc xung quanh phm vi h cha hoc thay i vic s dng t hin c? Liu d n c m ra kh nng mi cho vic s dng t? 4. Liu vic p p trn h cha s m ra kh nng mi hoc cung cp cc hnh thc s dng nc mi, v d nh bt c, thy li, cung cp nc, gii tr, du lch, v.v? Cc tc ng mi trng c th c mong i t cc hot ng mi l g?

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5. Will the damming, the changes in the runoff rate or even the raising of the groundwater level lead to a deterioration in the habitats of rare animals and plants or those threatened with extinction? 6. Will the dam, the reservoir, any roads and infrastructural installations or the power transmission line represent obstructions to wild animals? 7. Will the construction work impair or destroy habitats of valuable animals and plants or those worth protecting? 8. Can the reservoir alter the local climate? 9. Will cultural monuments or other cultural centres (including places of worship) important to the local population be flooded or impaired by the construction work? 10. Will the work alter particularly beautiful or unique sections of the watercourse? Will the watercourse itself change? 11. Will the project alter the flood risk? What will be the consequences of this? Can these changes be quantified (e.g. number of people affected by flooding, arable land affected by flooding, etc.)? 12. Is the reservoir located in an area subject to earthquakes? Does this present special risks? What would be the effects of a breach of the dam? Can the project itself trigger earthquakes? 13. Can major reductions in the total runoff be expected due to increased evaporation? 14. Will reductions or changes in the quantities of water discharged over time have a detrimental effect on access of the local population to drinking water, or the use of the water for irrigation purposes, drinking water for cattle or wild animals?

5. Liu vic p p, nhng thay i trong vn tc dng chy hoc thm ch vic gia tng mc nc ngm s dn n mt s ph hy mi trng sng ca ng vt v thc vt qu him hoc nhng s e da tuyt chng? 6. Liu vic p p, h cha, ng giao thng v nhng lp t c s h tng hoc li in s gy s cn tr n ng vt hoang d? 7. Liu cc cng trnh xy dng s lm h hng hoc ph hy mi trng sng ca cc loi ng vt v thc vt c gi tr hoc nhng gi tr bo v chng? 8. Cc h cha c th lm thay i kh hu a phng hay khng? 9. Cc cng trnh vn ha hoc cc trung tm vn ha khc (bao gm c ni th t) quan trng i vi ngi dn a phng c th s b ngp hoc h hng bi cc cng trnh xy dng? 10. Liu cng trnh s lm thay i mt phn cnh p hay nhng phn c o ca dng sng hay khng? Dng sng s t thay i hay khng? 11. D n s thay i nguy c l lt? iu g s l hu qu ca iu ny? C th c nhng thay i v s lng (v d s ngi b nh hng bi l lt, t canh tc b nh hng bi l lt, v.v)? 12. H cha c nm khu vc chu ng t hay khng? Cc ri ro c bit hin ti l g? Nhng g s nh hng n ch rn nt ca p? D n c th s t kch hot cc trn ng t hay khng? 13. C th lm gim bt tng lng dng chy c mong i do tng s bc hi hay khng? 14. Liu c s suy gim hoc nhng thay i n lng nc thi ra theo thi gian c mt hiu ng bt li v s tip cn ca ngi dn a phng n nc sch, hoc s dng nc cho cc mc ch thy li, nc sch cho gia sc hoc ng vt hoang d?

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15. If the groundwater level is altered because of the damming, what will be the effects of this on the natural vegetation, water supply and agriculture? What will be the effects on useful sources of groundwater located in the damming area or downstream from it? Both the areas surrounding the reservoir and areas along the watercourse should be examined for this. 16. Is there a risk of a permanent or temporary deterioration in water quality due to a reduced runoff and the associated increase in concentration and dwell time of substances introduced into the water? Is there a risk of special pollution of the river water during the construction work as a result of tunnel work, excavations, etc.? 17. Is there a risk of erosion due to the condition of the soil in the planned reservoir, e.g. landslips in the damming area? Will the project contribute to greater erosion? 18. Will the planned reservoir favour the deposition of sediments and nutrients in the watercourse? To what extent will this detract from the service life of the reservoir? 19. Will the deposition of sediments in the reservoir lead to increased erosion downstream from the reservoir? Is there a risk that the increased nutrient enrichment in the water of the storage lake will result in the growth of water plants in the reservoir? Will the deposition of sediments and nutrients lead to reduced agricultural productivity and lower fish catches in the lower course? Will possible changes in the volume and runoff rate of the water, floods, have any effects on fish production and fishing in the lower course or on the river estuary area? 20. Are there any rare fish species threatened with extinction, or of economic importance, in the river area, forced to migrate in search of food and to spawn in the river? To what extent will the construction work or the structure itself prevent this migratory movement? Will this impair the production of important fish species in terms of quantities?

15. Nu mc nc ngm thay i do p p, ci g s nh hng n iu ny ln thm thc vt t nhin, cung cp nc v nng nghip? Ci g s tc dng n s hu dng ca cc ngun nc ngm nm trong khu vc p chn hoc h lu t n? C cc khu vc xung quanh h cha v khu vc dc theo lu vc nn c kim tra vic ny. 16. C s ri ro h hng tm thi hoc vnh vin ln cht lng nc do gim dng chy v s gia tng lin quan n nng v thi gian sng ca cc cht ca cc cht c a vo trong nc hay khng? C mt s ri ro nhim c bit ln nc sng trong thi gian xy dng cc cng trnh nh mt kt qu ca cng trnh ng hm, o t, v.v hay khng? 17. Liu c ri ro xi mn do iu kin t ai trong vic quy hoch h cha, v d l t trong khu vc p chn hay khng? D n s gp phn gy xi mn ln hn hay khng? 18. Vic quy hoch h cha s lm tng bi lng cc trm tch v cht dinh dng trong lu vc hay khng? Mc lm gim tui th ca h cha do bi lng long h? 19. Liu vic bi lng ca trm tch trong h cha s dn n s gia tng xi mn h lu t h cha? C nguy c lm tng cht dinh dng trong nc ca h cha s dn n s pht trin ca cc thc vt nc trong h cha hay khng? Liu c s bi lng ca trm tch v cht dinh dng dn n gim kh nng sn xut nng nghip v nh bt c t hn trong h lu hay khng? Liuc nhng thay i ng k trong th tch v vn tc dng chy ca nc, l lt, c bt c tc ng no ln vic sn xut c v nh bt c h lu hoc ti cc khu vc ca sng hay khng? 20. C nhng loi c qu him b e da tuyt chng, hoc c tm quan trng kinh t, trong khu vc sng, buc phi di c tm thc n v trng trong dng sng khng? Mc nh hng ca vic xy dng hoc c cu chnh ngn chn phong tro di c ny? Liu iu ny c lm gim s sn xut ca cc loi c quan trng v s lng?

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21. Will the damming of the reservoir or the altered watercourse in the regulated river bed improve conditions for the propagation of pathogens? Will the density of settlement on the edge of the reservoir be increased by the project, resulting in increased risks of infection? Is there a risk that the water in the reservoir may serve both as a source of drinking water and as a depository for wastewater? 22. Will the project lead to a marked increase in population in the area surrounding the reservoir? Is there a risk of conflicts between new population groups and the original residents due to competition for limited resources, different cultural or ethnic roots, lifestyles, different power situations? Are the natural essentials of life adequate and sufficiently stable to support the additional population? Is there a regional plan? 23. Will traditional ways of life - adapted to the local conditions - change, or will they be at risk because of the change in the natural environment, changes in production methods or by influences from new population groups? Will the ecological loading capacity of the area be impaired? 24. Will the possible socio-cultural effects of the project affect specific population groups (ethnic groups, sex-specific effects, etc.)? 25. Will the construction of the reservoir or associated activities lead to a situation where traditional uses of the area (e.g. agriculture, rearing of animals, etc.) will have to be transferred to ecological less sustainable areas? 26. Will the construction work or subsequent activities increase still further the demand for water and firewood in areas with a shortage of resources? 27. Will the improved access to the project area due to the development of the infrastructure lead to new economic activities, e.g. agriculture before industry, etc. To what extent will these activities have a detrimental effect on the environment? 28. What other project-specific direct and indirect impacts must be considered?

21. Liu vic p p ca h cha hoc cc ngun nc b thay i trong lng sng n nh ci thin cc iu kin cho vic lan truyn cc mm bnh? Liu mt nh c trn b ca h cha c tng ln bi d n, dn n nguy c gia tng mc bnh? C ri ro rng nc trong h cha c th phc v cho c ngun nc sch v nh mt ni tip nhn nc thi khng? 22. Liu d n dn n mt s gia tng ng k dn s trong khu vc xung quanh h? C nguy c xung t gia cc nhm dn c mi v cc c dn gc do cnh tranh cho cc ngun lc hn ch, vn ha hoc dn tc khc nhau, li sng, tnh trng nng lng khc nhau? L nhng yu t cn thit t nhin ca cuc sng y v n nh h tr dn s b sung? C qui hoch khu vc hay cha? 23. Liu li sng truyn thng - thch nghi vi iu kin a phng - thay i, hoc h s c nguy c v s thay i trong mi trng t nhin, thay i trong phng php sn xut hoc do nh hng t cc nhm dn c mi khng? Sc ti sinh hc ca khu vc s b suy gim? 24. Liu tc ng ca vn ho x hi c th c ca d n nh hng n cc nhm dn c c th (cc nhm dn tc, nh hng n gii tnh, v.v)? 25. Liu vic xy dng cc h cha hoc cc hot ng lin quan dn n mt tnh hung m nhng s dng truyn thng ca khu vc (v d nh nng nghip, chn nui ng vt, v.v) s phi c chuyn giao cho cc vng sinh thi km bn vng khng? 26. Liu cc cng trnh xy dng hoc cc hot ng tip theo vn cn tip tc tng nhu cu v nc v ci ti cc khu vc vi s thiu ht cc ngun ti nguyn? 27. S ci thin vic tip cn khu vc d n do s pht trin ca c s h tng dn n hot ng kinh t mi, v d nh nng nghip trc cng nghip, v.v. mc nh hng bt li n mi trng ca cc hot ng ny? 28. Cc tc ng trc tip v gin tip khc ca d n c th phi c xem xt?

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23. Cng ni a 23.1. Phm vi Phm vi ca cc cng bao gm tt c cc hot ng thc hin cho mc ch, ti cc cng ni a, vn chuyn con ngi (v d ti cc bn ph) hoc m bo s an ton khi di chuyn, vn chuyn hng ha, v s hot ng khi chuyn ch cht rn, cht lng v cc cht th kh ca tt c cc dng ca qu trnh vn chuyn nh l cc vt liu t vn ti ng b n cc dng vn ti bng ng thy hoc ngc li (chc nng chnh ca mt cng). Cc hnh thc vn chuyn ng b Cc phng tin vn ti ng st cc phng tin ng b cc ng dn Cc hnh thc vn chuyn bng ng thy Cc phng tin ng thy ni b, ph, s lan, cc tu ko y.

Tiu khu vc c s h tng ca cng ni a bao gm tt c cc c s h tng pha b v pha nc ti mt cng ni a m n i hi thc hin chc nng chnh ca n hoc hnh thnh ti cng theo hnh thc cc c s cng nghip, kinh doanh hoc dch v, tc l cho php n thc hin chc nng ph ca n. Cc c s pha b bao gm, trong s nhng th khc: - ng b, ng st v t cho s dng cho vn chuyn; - khu vc bo qun trong cc kho cha ngoi tri v xp chng, cc nh kho lu tr v cc xil, bi t b cha, cc ng ray cho cn trc, - cu, cu cn, cu chui, ng chui, cc ng ng dn v.v - cc c s cung cp v x l (i vi nc, nng lng, nc thi, cht thi, v.v) - cc cu trc phng chng l lt, cc ng , v.v - cc ta nh, nh l cc cao c vn phng v cc ca hng trang thit b v sa cha, - cc c s cng nghip v cc ta nh c lin quan n cng v cc ngnh cng nghip ph tr, v d xng ng tu v ta nh ca cc xng ng tu. Cc c s pha nc bao gm, trong s nhng ci sau: - lu vc bn cng v li vo, cc knh tip cn, locks, chn sng, ca an ton, my trc tu, v.v - vn chuyn hng bn cng v bn tu, lp gia c b, cc c s bc xp kiu ngang v bn ph, cc cc buc thuyn v cu tu cp bn, - cc ng trt ca cc nh my ng tu v cc bn cng trang b. Tnh cht, thit k v v tr ca tt c cc c s trong tiu khu vc c s h tng ca cng ni a s ph thuc vo: - cc iu kin a im ca pha nc v pha b, - Tnh cht ca hng ho trong vic chuyn giao v khi lng lin quan (hng ha ni chung: thng thng, container, bc xp kiu ngang; s lng ln hng ha: tng s lng ln hng ha, vn chuyn hng ha ri nh qung, than, cui v mui cng nghip, hoc s lng ln cht lng hoc vt liu dng kh nh du m, LNG, v.v); - Cc phng thc vn ti c lin quan pha nc v pha b (xem trn); - Cc yu cu hot ng v cc k hoch pht sinh t vic trn;
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- Lin kt vi cc ni a bng ng b, ng st, ng thu ni a (knh) v ng ng, - cc cu trc hin ti hoc trong tng lai gn ti nhng vng xung quanh (thng mi v cng nghip). Tiu khu vc "siu cu trc ca cng ni a" bao gm tt c cc c s pha nc v pha b khng thng trc ti mt cng ni a c lin quan n chc nng chnh hay ph ca n. Chng bao gm, trong s nhng th khc: - cc my no vt v cc c s bo dng v sa cha khc, - cc c s di ng cung cp v x l v cc c s phng chy cha chy v kim sot thin tai (v d cc phng tin v cc thuyn i ph vi s c trn du). Cc siu cu trc khng thng trc quanh cng hoc phc v cho cc chc nng ph ca n c th c phn loi tm tt theo cc nhm sau y: - siu cu trc cung cp v x l - siu cu trc giao thng vn ti, - siu cu trc bo dng v sa cha c cung cp bi thng mi v cng nghip lin quan n cng. Mt s phn bit cng cn phi c thc hin gia cc cng tng hp, v cc cng chuyn doanh m ch c th x l hng ho ca mt loi c th. Ngay c ti cng "tng hp", n ang tr nn ngy cng ph bin i vi hng ho ca ch mt loi hoc nhm c x l ti cc c s chuyn dng c gi l thit b u cui (kho du, terminal cho qung hoc ht, terminals bc xp kiu ngang, vv). iu ny c thc hin hoc v l do an ton hoc v nhng thit b chuyn dng cn thit. Trn c s v tr ca chng, cng ni a cng phi c chia thnh cc cng sng v knh rch. Cng sng Cng knh

Cng trn b sng hoc m rng song Cc lu vc bn cng v li vo nhn to, song vi ca sng, Cng vnh Cng vo hoc song song vi b knh

Vic thnh lp cc cng t nhin thng gy s can thip t su rng hn vi mi trng t nhin. 23.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 23.2.1. Tng quan Cc tc ng mi trng to ra bi cc cng ni a ni chung l ng k v chng dn n trc ht t vic xy dng, chuyn i hoc m rng cc c s cng ni a (c s h tng v cu trc thng tng), nhng th hai v n mt mc ln pht sinh t hot ng (trn c t v nc) ca tt c cc c s cng, thng mi v cng nghip v ca cc h thng vn ti. Cc tc ng mi trng nh hng n nc, t, khng kh, h ng thc vt cc loi (c trn t lin v trong nc), v con ngi.

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Nguyn nhn Xy dng mi S chuyn i Pht trin/M rng S hot ng ca cc c s Nc t Khng kh

Tc ng ln

H ng thc vt (thy sinh v trn cn) Con ngi

V nguyn tc, d n xy dng hoc m rng ln hn hoc hot ng vn chuyn hng ti cng nhn nhp hn (o bng t/nm) th cc tc ng mi trng s ln hn. Tc ng ca cc loi c th pht sinh t hng ha nguy him c phn loi nh trong m IMDG (M hng ha nguy hi ca hng hi quc t), ngay c khi chng ch l mt lng nh. Theo ngha rng, trong lnh vc "c s h tng v cu trc thng tng" cc tc ng mi trng c to ra: - Ch yu l do chnh cc cng, xem nh l tng th ca tt c cc cu trc mt nc v pha b c s dng cho mc ch vn chuyn v x l hot ng vn chuyn hng ha, v - Th hai bi nhng mi quan tm n cng nghip ni chung vi mt kt ni cht ch vi cc cng bin, m i vo khu vc ny phc v nh l mt c s h tng cho ch bin v tinh ch sn phm v nguyn liu, trong , do c thit lp, gy ra nhng thay i trong iu kin t nhin v do phi c xem nh l mt can thip vi thin nhin v cnh quan. Trong phm vi "hot ng", cc tc ng c to ra - Ch yu l bi tt c cc hot ng c thc hin, chng hn nh chuyn ng ca tu, bc xp, lu kho, vn chuyn, cung cp v x l, v bo tr v sa cha, v - Th hai bi tt c cc hot ng tin hnh trong khu vc tip gip vi cng nghip cho mc ch ch bin v tinh ch. Cc hot ng nu trn ko theo nhng thay i trong iu kin t nhin v iu kin sng v do c th c nh hng n con ngi, ng vt, thin nhin v cnh quan. 23.2.2. Xy dng hoc m rng c s h tng hay cc siu h tng ca cng ni a 23.2.2.1. Cc hng mc ven b Mc d iu ny thay i theo khi lng c d kin v cc loi hng ha cn x l, mt cng thng thng chim cc vng t rng ln, c bit khi c cung cp cho cc khu vc lu tr m, nh kho lu tr v khu cng nghip. y l trng hp, mt cng lun lun lin quan n vic can thip ng k vi cnh quan t nhin hin c cc b sng v vng t ngp nc, v.v. iu ny to ra tc ng/thay i, c th, cc khu vc nhy cm nh rng ly g v rng, t ngp nc, t nng nghip, v khu dn c, nhng tc ng/thay i do khai qut/chuyn i ca t hoc thao tc p t, b mt nim phong, cc hot ng thot nc/lm kh, ti trng mt t cao v phn no cc cu trc chuyn dng km hp dn. Mc d ci trn c xc nh r rng trong bn cht ca mc ch m h ang d nh, vn cn c th cho cc bin php bo v mi trng bn b c thc hin bng cch cung cp cho chng trong vic quy hoch c s h tng giai on u. Cc khu vc m x l hng ha, lu tr v gi li phi c thit k p ng cc tiu chun sau y trong s hiu bit bn cht ca hng ho c x l, s lng tham gia, v phng thc hot ng:
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a) Vi qung, than v mui, s ch phi c tnh n thy rng - Nh l quyt nh bi trng lng hng ha v cao cht ng lin quan, khu vc lu tr c thit k c bn vng v cng ng kn ngn chn tng t v mi trng xung quanh khng b nh hng bi ln; - Mt h thng thot nc xung quanh v ngang qua m rng trn khp cc khu vc ny v c kch thc ph hp vi lng ma d kin s c ln k hoch trong mt phng php m nc mt b nhim v nc mt c cha kim loi nng s khng c kh nng xm nhp hoc thm vo t v cc con sng/knh hoc chy vo chng (cc b lng v, nu cn thit, nh my x l s c yu cu). b) Trng hp hng ho c lu tr vi s lng ln, bao gm xy dng trn nh kho v h thng phun nc c th c cung cp nh l mt phng tin hiu qu trong vic gi bi li nhng chng t tin xy dng v bo dng. - Hng ha dng x (khng ng trong bao b) d b h hng vi thi tit lun lun phi c lu tr di mn che hoc trong cc silo. c) Trng hp du v cc cht lng khc c lu tr, s cung cp phi c thc hin cho mt t trong cc khu vc bc d v cc bi bn phi c chng thm vi cc tiu chun ph hp v tch du hoc cc c s lm sch khc cn c lp t; nu khng th cch duy nht m tnh trng nhim nc ngm v nc h do r r cht lng c th c kim sot thng qua qui trnh vn hnh. Phn m rng cng pha b phi c quy hoch tt trc t cn thit c th c dnh v dn sch trong thi gian sm nht. Cc quan st c cho thy cc cng c xu hng xm phm cc khu vc nh c c thit lp hoc cc khu vc cn c bo v, dn n ti nh c bt buc v gii phng mt bng, v vic quy hoch trc c cp l cch duy nht m trong s ln chim nh vy, v cc bin php kim sot ln chim t khc cng c th cn thit phi p dng, c th c ngn nga. Cc ta nh cao tng, c cu chuyn dng, cng nghip v cc khu c dn c c mt phn thit yu tham gia trong s pht trin ca mt khu vc cng. Nhng iu sau y s gip m bo rng vic quy hoch v thit k ca h l theo nh hng mi trng: - Khu vc dnh cho mc ch khc nhau nn c gi tch bit vi nhau; - vt liu xy dng thn thin vi mi trng nn c s dng; - Mt s cn bng ti u phi c a vo gia chiu cao xy dng / chiu cao c th s dng v din tch mt t chim ng; - Khng nn lng ph t; - Kin trc ca ta nh cao tng v cu trc chuyn dng nn theo phong cch xy dng ca cc nc c lin quan; - Mt b tr m nn c thc hin bi trng cy/c cc khng gian m xung quanh ta nh v, nu c th, bn l ca cc khng gian lu tr m trong cng; - Ni m ngnh cng nghip di chuyn vo khu vc cng h nn s dng cc k thut c tnh n cc yu t mi trng; - Mt c s h tng cp nc v x nc thi nn c xy dng nhm bo tn ngun ti nguyn nc ngm v nc mt v lu gi h nc sch. S pht trin ca mt cng thng i hi s di chuyn vo trong cc ngnh cng nghip. Kinh nghim cho thy rng nhng vic lm mi c to ra, hoc thng ch l mt hy vng vic lm c li, dn n mt v i khi khng kim sot c s trn vo ln hn ca cc cng nhn v gia nh h. Do , cn thit khi cc cng ang c quy hoch m s
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ch l tr tin cung cp iu kin sng ph hp cho con ngi trong cc lnh vc nh v v sinh. Trong lin kt ny ph cp ph hp phi c thc hin cho cc nhu cu c th cho ph n. Mt nguy c c th m ang tn ti l ca nhng khu vc ti phm hnh thnh gn cng. S pht trin ca mt khu vc cng v cc khu cng nghip lin quan t ra mt gnh nng rt ln v vic cung cp tt c cc phng tin v dch v x l. Nhu cu nc v lng thi pht sinh cn c nhn mnh trong lnh vc ny v h c th c tc ng n mi trng. Tuy nhin, n khng ch l nc, m nhng hu qu i vi khng kh v t, cc him ha ca cnh quan v nh hng ca giao thng m cng cn phi suy ngh, c bit trong giai on lp k hoch. 23.2.2.2. Cc hng mc pha mt nc Cc c s cng pha mt nc (v d nhng vng quay tu, cc li vo ca cng, v.v) thng bao ph mt khu vc rng ln v do to thnh mt s can thip vo t nhin v cnh quan. Tuy nhin n c th l do quy hoch cn thn km hm cc tc ng mi trng 1). Mc ch trong vic quy hoch v lp t cc c s ca cng pha b phi lun c s dng cho cc cuc iu tra s b cc d liu t nhin v, khi thch hp, cc m hnh kim tra lm quen vi cc iu kin mi trng hin hnh, nh l
1)

Xa nht c th, cc c s cng nn c ha hp vi ci nhn chung ca cnh quan.

- cc iu kin gi v sng, - cc iu kin dng nc v bi lng, - cc iu kin nc, t v khng kh, v xy dng hi ha vi cc iu kin nh r v khng xung t vi chng, S tch t ca trm tch s lm cn thit cc hot ng no vt bo tr thng xuyn c thc hin bo m su thch hp cho nc nhng bm nc hoc xung nc cc vt liu no vt to ra cc vn mi trng chnh, c bit l bi v: - bn c th b nhim bi vic nhim nc ni chung, bi nc thi, hoc bi du hoc cc kim loi nng; - trong thi gian di n tr nn cn thit cho cc khu vc ln bm hoc b vt liu, v cc khu vc nh vy l kh khn v tn km ti canh tc; - vic b xung nc gy ra nhng thay i hnh dng ca lng sng v h ng thc vt thy sinh. Cc hu qu tc ng c th trnh c tt nht bi quy hoch cc cu trc hng n cc cu trc hin hu v cung cp cc c s x l ph hp. Vic thit k nhng thit b ca cng nn tn dng li th ca cc hiu ng t nhin ca dng sng hin c v cng nh ca mc nc theo ma ca dng sng, v d nh gi nhng cch tip cn r rng, c th c p ng bi vic chn ia im cn thn ca c cc iu hng tp trung dng chy (i vi hot ng x) v ca cc cng trnh bao quanh bn cng (c bit l khu vc tip cn nhm ngn chn xi mn pha mn di gi) v bn cp tu, m nu c th khng c nh v nhng vng nc cht. Nhng thit b ca cng khng nn c nh v nhng ni nc l (ni nc mn v nc ngt gp nhau, dn n khi lng ln ph sa ang c bi lng). Ng trng nh c v nui trng thy sn h tr hot ng nh bt c ca dng sng, cng vi h ng thc vt t nhin, c th l b nh hng bt li bi xy dng cng v n gy ra s mt mt ca cc khu vc ln ca nc v khu vc sinh sn gi tr v mi trng sng.
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Hu qu tc ng c th xy ra t nhng tc ng xu n ngun c l kh nng ri ro n sc khe t vic n c, v nhng ln lt c th dn n mt vic trong ngnh cng nghip nh c. M rng phm vi nh bt c v vy nn c nhm vo ngay t giai on khi cc c s cng ang c ln k hoch. Nhng mi nguy him khc c th pht sinh trc tip t thit b ca cng l cc loi thit hi do hu qu l do x nc thi hoc nhng thay i mc nc ngm trong khu vc ca cng. Bin php khc phc hu qu gim nhim nc ti cng, ch yu s bao gm m bo vic x thi vn l thp nht c th hoc ch cho php x nc c x l. Khng c tc ng bt li cc tc ng mi trng t cc vt liu xy dng c thng c s dng xy dng cc c s cng (b tng, tm). Thp tm, cc mt khc s b n mn nghim trng cc vng nng khi tip xc vi nc mn v trn tt c cc vng nc l, v do n ch nn c xem xt s dng nu n c th c bo v vi cc vt liu chng n mn. S ph hp ca g s dng nh mt loi vt liu xy dng ch c gii hn (tui th lm vic ca n l vn v s mc ra xy ra cc b phn tip xc vi nc v khng kh lun phin). Mc d chng c rt nhiu gi tr nh mt loi vt liu xy dng v bn ca chng v tui th lu di, g cng nhit i khng nn c s dng. 23.2.3. Hot ng ca cng Trong nhng vn sau, s hot ng ca cng s c hiu l khng ch cc hot ng c in c thc hin ti mt cng m tt c cc hot ng vn hnh din ra trn t v nc trong cc ngnh, cc lnh vc thng mi v vn chuyn da trn c s h tng ca cng hin c (bao gm c cc ngnh cng nghip ca n). 23.2.3.1. Hot ng ca cng pha b C th c cc tc ng mi trng t cc hot ng ca cng pha b, v nhng mi nguy him m chng to ra, s ch yu c xc nh bi tnh cht ca hng ha v vt liu c x l. Phng php x l s cng quan trng. Cc tc ng mi trng c th c, c phn loi theo cc loi hng ha nh sau - Cht lng s lng ln - Cht rn s lng ln - Hng ha tng hp - Thng ng hng ha (containers) l nh sau: (a) Ni cc ha cht du, cht lng hoc cc nguyn liu lng c x l, c th l h nc v nc ngm c th b nhim; chy v n c th xy ra, dn n khi, hi khi v kh c sinh ra; du, cc dn xut ca du m, cc ha cht lng hoc cc vt liu lng khc c th ngu nhin ro r hoc chy ra; cc dn xut ca du m nh l xng, du diesel v du la c th c pha trn khng c nh trc, v d s ni lch ca cc ng vi hoc s dng hoc cc ng ng dn khng hot ng tt hoc qu trnh no ng ng (lm sch pha trong ca mt ng ng bi mt dng c no), v th lm tng cc im bc chy; con ngi c th ht thuc hoc nu n trong cc vng ln cn ca cc trm xng du hoc trm giao du th hoc trn cc tu ch du m khng nhn thc c nhng g h ang lm; cc thng cha c th c rt ht trn tu (tc l trn nc) hoc trn t, do cho php cc loi kh nguy him pht trin. Nu cc bc c thc hin ngn chn thit hi v mi trng kt hp vi hng ha c vt liu lng, do n s cn thit cung cp khng ch mt c s h tng y cho
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vic bc d hng v cc khu vc trm xng du m cn trn tt c mt chng trnh t chc c hiu qu tp th trong cc nhim v v trch nhim c xc nh r rng. N cng phi m bo rng cc nhn vin lm vic ti cc khu vc c o to mt cch thu o (xem mi lin quan vi cng c MARPOL) V mt thit b, cc bin php phng nga an ton v cc trang thit b l cn thit: - thit b vt vng du (phao ngn loang du, thit b vt du) - cht lm du ng cng (ch i vi s lng nh) - D tr ct - H thng phng chy cha chy vi cc vi nc - H thng u phun - h thng my to bt - ngun cung cp in khn cp - my bm nc ring bit - thng cha lu tr an ton trong khu vc bn/b - Khong cch an ton gia cc b cha v nhng lp t khc. Trng hp mt d n bao gm s trang b cho cc kho du, cc trm xng du hoc cc nh my lc du, cho vic quy hoch theo nh hng mi trng n s cn thc hin cung cp cc chng trnh o to v s ch dn cho nhn vin lm vic s m bo rng h c hun luyn trong thi gian tt nht. (b) Trong trng hp hng ha dng rn v khng ng bao nh l ng cc, thc n gia sc, qung, than v cc mui cng nghip ang c lu tr, cc tc ng mi trng c th gia tng nh nhim nc ngm v nc h v s nhim bi v ting n l ng k. Ngoi ra, cc h thng cung cp nhin liu l mt s xm phm khng th trnh c i vi cnh quan t nhin bi v kch thc ca chng v ri ro do n bi v chy. Min l c mt c s h tng xy dng ph hp, sau s c mt nhu cu v nhn lc c t chc v o to bi cng ty. N cng s cn thit cho vic s dng thc hin trong cc khu vc lu tr ch nh c bao kn hp l bo v nc ngm, v cng tc bo dng v sa cha thng xuyn phi c thc hin (nh l gi li vo ca h thng thot nc cho nc ma sch trong cc khu vc lu tr). Thng thng, khng c cch ngn chn bi v ting n ngoi tr vic iu chnh cc h thng bao ph, s kh bi v cc h thng phun nc chng bi hoc bng cch xy dng cc nh kho. Nhng im cht hng v nhng im chung nn c ro xung quanh nu c th, v cc vt liu to ra bi khng nn cho php ri t do. Ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to v mn ca n, bi c th to ra t cc ha cht, sinh hc, c kh v cc vn in/tnh in. (c) Trng hp ton b hng ha v cc container ang c lu tr, cc hng mc thit b ln cn thit (v d cc gi g k container c th ln n 70m chiu cao vi vi cc cn trc gn nc ni ln) l mt s xm phm ln n cnh quan. Cc hng mc thit b lm vic nhanh v cc tiu chun chnh xc cao, v ch nhng la chn thay th ang s dng thit b ca tu hoc thit b di ng pha b (xe nng dng 2 chn-straddle carriers (mt dng xe cu container, cc xe nng hng ln). Tuy nhin dn n mt hy sinh chnh ca tc v an ton. trnh i hi thng xuyn v vic di chuyn trong khi qu cnh, cc container c xp chng ln nhau, ni chung khng cao qu 3 ci, bi v cc hng mc thit b c iu khin c bit theo chiu ngang v chiu dc. iu ny c ngha l nhu cu s dng mt bng
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cao. Ph thuc vo loi thit b iu khin ngang v dc c s dng v tnh tin dng ca n, khng gian thm c th cn thit cho s vn ng, v thit b cng s sn sinh ra cc pht thi ting n v khi. Hn na nhu cu s dng t s c gy ra bi s cn thit cho cc khu vc tip nhn v hin ti v cc khu vc cho s kt ni giao thng. Cc khu vc t nh vy th ni chung c bao kn v do h s i hi mt h thng thot nc hiu qu vi cc c s x l nc chuyn bit. Ngay c vic x l hng ha theo quy c chung phi tri qua mt qu trnh c gii ha, v qu trnh sn sinh ra cc tc ng mi trng ln nhng ngi ang lm vic ti cng. Cc cng vic truyn thng ang b mt i trong nhiu trng hp. Mt qu trnh iu chnh thch nghi vi nhng thay i c th ch c mang li bng cc cch quy hoch x hi v o to li, c h tr bi vic o to/ti o to phc v ngc li qu trnh quy hoch. S c gii ha cho vic x l hng ha cng c ngha l rt nhiu phin toi t s pht thi khi v ting n, ngoi tr trng hp cc thit b iu khin bng in c s dng. Thit b c ting n thp, s pht thi c kim sot nn c s dng. Cc container v cc khi hng ha c gn kt v cc hng ha theo quy c chung cng c th bao gm cc l hng c cc vt liu nguy him dng rn v lng (ha cht, v.v) c th gy ra thit hi v mi trng nu cc thng cha chng c x l sai/h hng. Cc ri ro hin ti trong trng hp ny phi c gi mc ti thiu bng cch dnh cho nhn vin c lin quan s o to k lng v bng cch cung cp thit b an ton thch hp v dng cc s phng an ton thch hp. (d) Nu khng x l hoc lu tr chnh xc (n c th d dng b h hng i vi mt s loi bao b; bo qun kho c th khng cung cp c s bo v cn thit chng li thi tit) cc hng ha theo quy c chung c th, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca n, sn sinh ra cc tc ng hu qu trc tip hoc gin tip. Hng ha c lu tr b hng hoc khng ng th thng khng c gi tr giao nhn v do s phi c x l. S ri ro t vic x l khng ng ch c th c trnh nu nhng nhn vin c hun luyn mt cch y v nu mt c s h tng x l thch hp tn ti. (e) Cc tc ng mi trng c sinh ra bi thng mi v cng nghip trong khu vc cng, v cc bin php bo v mi trng c kt hp, s ph thuc vo tnh cht ca hng ha v cc nguyn vt liu th ang c ch bin hay tinh ch. Cc c im ca cc tc ng v cc bin php ny c th c tm thy trong cc bn tm tt mi trng thch hp. 23.2.3.2. Hot ng ca cng pha mt nc Cc tnh nng c trng ca kha cnh ny ca vn cng l cc hot ng vn chuyn ni a v nhng hot ng c trng nh l - m bo vn chuyn ni a d dng (ngha l c bit duy tr su ca nc v do duy tr thc hin no vt); - cung cp v x l t cc tu; - chuyn t tu ny n tu kia. Cc hot ng ny, l cn thit cho vic thc hin nhng hot ng pha b ca cng, thng phi c thc hin t tu hoc thit b ni, v iu ny s c cc tc ng mi trng bt li ln nc v hu qu ln h ng thc vt v nc ngm, c bit l ti thi im: - vic a tu vo v c nh trong bn (ri ro lm v hoc thng tu), - ni tu cp bn v cha khong trng tu c th vn chuyn,
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- Tip nhin liu, - vic dc v d hng v gim ti, - x l (nc thi v cht thi), - lm sch cc b cha/cc khoang, - cng tc sa cha. Nhng tc ng mi trng ch c th chn li bng cch cung cp o to i vi nhng ngi lm vic trong cc khu vc ni trn v cung cp cho h trang thit b ph hp di hnh thc tu ko, cc tu cung ng, s lan, my bm, phao quay du, v.v. Nhng ngi khi xng ch yu ca nhng n lc nh vy nn c cc c quan qun l cng v, nu c th c. Mt trng tm khc i vi cc tc ng mi trng bt li s c duy tr cc hot ng no vt c thc hin trong cng v ng dn vo cng. Vic thi b cc vt liu no vt gn nh lun to nn s can thip vo t nhin v cnh quan, c bit khi vt liu no vt b nhim do s nhim mi trng ti cng (x cht thi). Bi v nguy c i vi h ng thc vt v i vi nc ngm, nh l cc vt liu khng c bm ra khi cc nhnh sng nhng vic thi b ph hp bt kn nc ngm (bi thi t ) nm cng xa cng tt cc khu vc nh c ca ngi dn. Bt c tc ng no sau m c gy ra bi cc khu vc nh vy phi c xem xt trong thi gian sm nht v c gim thiu bng cc bin php nui cy li. iu ny cng ng trong vic x l bi cc nh iu hnh cng i vi nc thi v cht thi pht sinh ti cng. Nhng mi nguy him cho mi trng c cp c th ch c phng nga nu cc ch tu v nhng ngi vn hnh thit b hot ng mt cch hp l v nu giao thng vn chuyn c gim st (mi e ha ca cc hnh pht theo quy nh ca php lut). S thit hi v n c th c hu qu thit hi mc ln n mi trng c th trnh c trn cc ng thy ni b v s tip cn vi cc cng ni a nu mt h thng iu khin vn chuyn c cung cp. H thng ny nn c n gin nht c th v hng n cc iu kin a phng. 23.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng i vi cc ri ro mi trng c c tnh v nh gi trong khu vc , trc ht iu cn thit c cc ti liu quy hoch chnh xc trnh by chi tit tnh cht v khi lng ca nhng hng ha phi c x l v i vi cc mc tiu ng tin cy c thit lp cho vic pht trin tng lai. iu ny bao gm c cc c hi iu tra cho qu trnh ch bin v di chuyn qua li ca hng ha v mt iu tra cn thn cho c cc iu kin vt l trn cc v tr (a hnh, t, kh hu, nc ngm, c s h tng hin ti, v.v) v cc iu kin x hi. Cung cp c ngh quy hoch tch hp v th ch ca vic xy dng v hot ng, v cc tiu chun quc t c thng qua xc nh v phn loi cc c s v nhng hot ng loi tr nhng kh nng c th c nhng hu qu c hi cho mi trng kt qu t s phn loi khng chnh xc. Cc yu cu c th p dng cho cc c s l, trong s nhng: - cc tiu chun quc t t ra bi cng c MARPOL -Maritime Pollution Convention (Cng c v nhim hng hi), - cc k thut x l (cho nc thi v cht thi) p ng cc tiu chun quc t, cng vi s so snh mc x cho cc loi nc thi, - cc k thut gi cho khng kh trong sch (Cc ch dn k thut v kim sot cht lng khng kh)
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i vi vic quy hoch cc cng, mt phn tch chi tit v v tr s l cn thit. Nhng phn quan trng nht ca cc phn tch ny s c: - o c ca cc iu kin hin ti v d liu k thut v sng hoc s xc nh cc iu kin k thut thy lc hin ti hoc cc h thng quy hoch knh o; - cc th nghim m hnh vt l v ton hc thit lp mt ch ti u hin ti v ngn nga qu trnh lng ng trm tch, - cc phn tch v giao thng. S ch c bit nn c t ra m bo rng cc tiu chun l c tun th. i vi mc ch ny, nhn vin c thm quyn iu hnh cng nn c o to chuyn ngnh ph hp v cn nhn thc c, bng cc chng trnh ph hp, trch nhim ca h bo v mi trng. i vi mc ch ny, n l iu quan trng ch yu h c trang b thit b kim tra v gim st v thit b chng cc mi e da thc t. 23.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cc cng ni a v nhng ng dn vo cng thng to thnh nhng thay i ch yu n cu trc t nhin v kinh t-x hi v vn ha-x hi hin ti ca mt khu vc. iu ny c tc ng rng ri l do cc mc tiu tim n trong vic xy dng mt cng ni a, c th l thc y s pht trin ca mt khu vc trn mt mt gii hn rng. Do , khu vc hin ti c th tng tc vi hu ht cc khu vc khc, nh b p ch bi cc khu vc ca s pht trin ang c ch chn la. iu quan trng nht y l giai on lp k hoch, trong iu quan trng l di cc tc ng rng ri c th c nhn bit trong thi gian tt nht. Do c th c mt nhu cu cho s quy hoch vng, vn chuyn v quy hoch giao thng, khun kh quy hoch nc v quy hoch nng lng tng th. 23.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Ni chung, cc tc ng ln mi trng s khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin, cc d n c th c quy hoch v thc hin vi mt bin php rng ri c xem xt n mi trng nu: - Cc mc tiu t ra cho d n c xc nh r rang; - cc nhu cu hot ng v cu trc c hnh thnh bi mt qu trnh tch hp; - cc iu kin khung hin hu trong cc khu vc trc tip v rng ln c bao ph bi k hoch c thit lp thch hp bng cc iu tra chi tit; - tt c cc mi quan h qua li c th nhn thy c v nhng mu thun trong s dng c tnh n ngay t u; - khi bt u, s tip cn c thng qua l theo di chnh xc cc tiu chun v mi trng trong khi vic dng cc thit k/k thut n gin nht c th c hng n cc nhu cu ca a phng; - cc c s c xy dng m mt trong nhng, khi hon thnh, c th hot ng mt cch thn thin vi mi trng. Nu, khi hon tt, s hot ng c lin quan c thc hin bi nhng ngi vn hnh vi mt thi thn thin nht c th c vi mi trng l tnh kh thi v k thut, sau cc i tng ca qu trnh quy hoch cng phi bao gm: - thc hin phn b kinh ph y cho cc yu cu ca hot ng ngay t u; - thc hin vic cung cp o to ton din mt cch thch hp cho nhng ngi vn
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hnh, da trn c s ca vic o to ny l nng cao nhn thc v cc tc ng v s thit hi cho mi trng. Vic tham thc hin quy hoch v qu trnh ra quyt nh sm ca ngi dn c kh nng b nh hng, v c bit l ph n, s cho php nhng li ch ca h c tnh n v s gip gim thiu bt l cc vn mi trng no (xung t trong vic s dng t, cng thng v mi trng ln cc khu vc dn c do vn chuyn, v.v) Ch bng cch m bo mt s tc ng ln nhau gia dng quy hoch theo nh hng mi trng v s thc hin d n v hot ng theo nh hng mi trng ca cc kt qu ca chng ti a later date s c th c mt s ng gp lu di cho vic thc hin ci thin cc iu kin kinh t trong quc gia c lin quan. 23.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Beseitigung von lschlamm nach einem Tankerunfall/Allgemeine Grundlagen der lbekmpfung: Mitteilungen aus dem Niederschsischen Landesamt fr Wasserwirtschaft, Hildesheim, Heft 1, 1986. 2. Boltz: Oberflchenbefestigung und Fahrbahndecken im Hafen: Handbuch fr Hafenbau und Umschlagtechnik, Band VI, 1961. 3. Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz, BImSchG: Gesetz zum Schutz von schdlichen Umweltwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Gerusche, Erschtterungen und hnliche Vorgnge. 4. Commentz: Befestigung von Container-Umschlagpltzen; Handbuch fr Hafenbau und Umschlagtechnik, Band XV, 1970. 5. Empfehlungen des Arbeitsauschusses: Ufereinfassungen EAU 1985, 7. Auflage; Verleger fr Architektur und technische Wissenschaften, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin. 6. Fachseminar Baggergut: Ergebnisse aus dem Baggergut-Untersuchungsprogramm, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Strom- und Hafenbau, 1984. 7. Hafentechnische Gesellscahft: Empfehlungen des Ausschusses fr Hafenumschlag-gerte, 1977: Gesundheits- und Umweltschutz bei Umschlag und Lagerung von Schttgtern und Hfen. 8. Hbler, Karl-Hermann and Zimmermann, Konrad Otto: Bewertung der Umweltvertrglichkeit, Eberhard Blottner Verlag, Taunusstein, 1989. 9. Leo, R. et al.: lwehrhandbuch/Bekmpfung von lunfllen im Inland und auf See, Verlag K.O.Storek, Hamburg, 1983/87. 10. MARPOL Convention 11. Manahmen fr Bekmpfung von lverschmutzungen auf dem Wasser: Projekt-gruppe Systemkonzept des lunfallausschusses See/Kste Cuxhaven, 1980. 12. Praktikable Entsorgungsmglichkeiten fr Binnenschiffe: Schiffsingenieur-Journal, 32. Jahrgang, 1986. 13. Umweltbehrde Hamburg: Der Hafen, eine kologische Herausforderung, Inter-nationale Umweltkongre, September 1989.

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24. Giao thng thu trn sng 24.1. Phm vi Vn chuyn trn ng thu ni a bao gm tt c vn chuyn thng mi, v cc hng mc bao gm c cc tu thuyn c lin quan (tu thuyn v ph trn sng) v cc hot ng ca chng trn cc tuyn vn ti c lin quan (giao thng ng thu ni a). Mc ch ca vic vn chuyn ng thu ni a l cung cp dch v vn ti thch hp v kch c cho cc loi tu thuyn. Hiu qu ca n ph thuc vo cc tu thuyn, cch thc m chng c s dng v cui cng, da trn c s h tng ca ng thy hoc cng ni a. Tu thuyn lu thng ni a thuc vo nhiu loi khc nhau ty theo tnh cht ca hng ho v thit k k thut ca chng, c th l: - tu ko (ko v x lan ang him v chng thiu tnh linh ng), - tu thuyn c ng c , - cc n v y to thnh mt chic thuyn y v mt s x lan (bao gm c nhng h thng thuyn ln hn nh "Seabee" v "Lash"). Trong trng hp ca bn ph l ni thng mang hng ha t hp, xe v hnh khch, cc h thng khc nhau c s dng ty thuc vo nhim v c th: - Sng hoc knh ph sch ch nh cho vic giao ct nh ng c ph t ng, v cp hoc xch phao dn ng bng - ph c li theo dng nc hoc ko cp, v - ph ln cho khong cch sng di hoc vn ti trn h. 24.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v ng thu ni a l phng tin c bn ngang bng vi tu bin v tc ng mi trng c th, nhng chng khng thuc vo bt k tiu chun quc t. iu c quc t lin quan n vn chuyn ng thu ni a v cc hip nh song phng tn ti trong cc b phn ca chu u, nhng an ton, v do cng c kh nng tc ng mi trng, n mt mc rt ln chi phi bi cc quy nh quc gia. Cc quy nh quc t ch p dng nhiu hoc t cc quy nh phn loi quan st t nguyn theo phn loi x hi v quy nh i vi ng thu c nhn, chng hn nh quy nh vn chuyn cc cht nguy him trn sng Rhine (ADNR). V th bt k phn tch cc k thut lp t ring l v cc bin php bo v cn c thc hin trn c s cc tiu chun k thut ph hp, tnh n cc trng hp c th ca tun nc c lin quan (nh cc c tnh ca tuyn ng, thiu cc phng tin sa cha, khng c s h tr trong trng hp khn cp, khng bo v cho c dn a phng, vv) 24.2.1. Tng quan Cc tc ng mi trng xy ra ring l hoc kt hp l kt qu ca: - c im ca cc tu c s dng (tu hoc ph, tui ca tu, iu kin ca tu, tiu chun k thut, tiu chun an ton, ph hp cho tng loi phng tin giao thng vv); - qun l cc tu ca ch s hu v cng ty iu hnh, bao gm c trnh ca t li, sa cha, bo tr v hot ng - tnh cht, khi lng, x l v nguy c mi trng ca hng ha vn chuyn, thc hin cng vi s iu khin d dng ca ng thy (c th l con sng, knh hoc h), iu kin thi tit, nng lc v s dng ng thy v kh nng t lm sch ca nc.
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Cung cp cc bin php c s h tng nh no vt knh ni a, cng ni a vv c quy hoch v thc hin vi s xem xt cc yu t mi trng (xem tm tc mi trng cng ni a), cc tc ng mi trng ca vn chuyn trn tuyn ng thy ni a l rt ln do hnh ng ca con ngi trong hot ng ca tu kt hp vi cc tiu chun ring ca mi chic tu. Bn cnh m bo rng cc phng tin vn ti (tu) v bt c thit b c bit cn thit p ng cc tiu chun k thut thch hp, mc tiu cn c cnh bo cho nhng ngi tham gia vo cc hot ng ca tu vi cc tc ng mi trng ca vic vn chuyn bng cch quy nh chng trnh hun luyn ph hp, thc hin cc bc ngn chn hoc gim thiu tc ng . 24.2.2. Thit k k thut ca cc phng tin vn ti thu ni a v ph Trc khi mt chic tu hay ph c s dng th tt c cc hot ng trn ng thu ni a, quy nh xy dng v an ton lin quan n khu vc i li v loi hng ha phi c quan tm. y l hnh thc chnh ca bin php bo v mi trng trn tu, v trong cc lnh vc k thut hng hi v c kh. Nhm ngn chn tc ng tiu cc n mi trng thng qua cc hot ng sau ny ca tu, da trn - iu kin trong khu vc d nh lu thng (gi, sng, cc dng, chiu su ca nc, iu kin lng sng, khi lng giao thng, vv), - Hng ha /nguyn liu c vn chuyn, s lng ca chng v ri ro m chng t ra cho mi trng, - v cc cu hi lin quan n yu cu hoc mong mun tc ca tu v thi lng chuyn i. Bn cnh cc bin php phng nga an ton v cu h dnh cho hnh khch v thuyn vin (thuyn cu h, b cu sinh, phao,vv ) cc bin php phng nga sau y lin quan n vn chuyn hng ha cng cn c thc hin: a) Trong vn chuyn cc sn phm cha du, nh l xng, du diesel hoc du la, ngoi mi nguy him mi trng nghim trng v nhim nc v t, cn mang theo nhng ri ro v vic chy n trong qu trnh vn chuyn, chuyn giao v nguy c r r v tht thot khi lng ln ca cc cht ny, iu ny c th c nh hng nghim trng n nc mt v nc ngm v c v y t, cc h sinh thi, thy sn v thy li. Cc bin php gip trnh iu ny l: - Thit k chng chy cho ng c v h thng in - Dng 2 chn vt s dng hai ng c ring bit ( trn c thuyn t ng v thuyn y) v cc vn ng h tr khc (nh h thng lc y bn) - h thng thng gi trnh ri ro s sinh kh trong cc thng rng; - cc thit b ca h thng bm c ni t trnh ri ro b chp in; tch bit ng ng dn xng v du ha; - h thng phng chy cha chy v phun nc cha chy hoc lm mt cc b k c my bm chnh v my bm h tr (d phng). - cung cp kch thc ca b bn ph hp thu gom cc cht b lm sch b, cn phi x l ti cng ni a - v c p dng khi s dng cho cc tu ch du hai lp v; - S dng h thng tch kh t b x l nguyn liu hiu qu vi kh nng bc d hng
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ha t n 100% b) Khi lng hng ha c vn chuyn nh qung, than hoc mui, t ra nhng ri ro gy nhim nc v khng kh v ph hy cc h sinh thi nu cc tu b mc cn hoc b thit hi: - Hng ha cha trong hm tu quy nh ng kn khng b r nc vo khoang tu trong khu vc lu gi. c) Ph vn chuyn nhn vin, xe ng c v hng ha, ni m cc ri ro tim tng xy n vi an ton ca ngi v sch ca nc: - trang b y thit b cu h; - Hng dn li vo, li thot him v li i gia ca con ngi ring r vi cc dng xe, hnh khch trn boong tu ring bit; - Cc khu vc ch nh c bit cho xe v hng ho; - thit b phng chy cha chy; - v sinh mi trng bao gm c nc v nc thi v cc c s x l nc thi ti cng ni a. Tt c cc tu phi cung cp nc thch hp nh c tnh thit k sn c, khng k trong qua trnh ang vn chuyn hng ha; cng p dng cho cc thit b iu hng, cn phi ph hp vi khu vc chuyn hng (radio, song m, radar vv), chng tai nn xy ra. i vi vn rc thi v nc thi, cn c thu gom cha ng trong cc b v thit b x l thch hp theo ng yu cu. Tng ng vi cc c s x l cn phi thit lp v m bo trn t. Trong trng hp trn sng nh hn hoc knh ph, cn phi ch tnh linh hot trnh nhng tai nn. H thng chn vt chuyn ng c li th hn so vi cc h thng chn vt c nh thng thng. Khi tu c trang b vi b bnh ti hoc ph ti bn bc xp hng ln xung ph, thit k n gin nht c th s dng c. Cun dy ti cp chy in trn bong hoc vn hnh bng tay l mt li cc c ch thy lc, v gim nguy c ca h v s c, yu cu bo tr ti thiu, n gin v sa cha; hn na, vi thit b thy lc c nguy c r r du thu lc, hng u nc v nhim t. Bo m rng cc tu v ph c trang b mt cch an ton v quy nh chng trnh hun luyn tt hn cho thuyn vin ch n mi trng thng mt chi ph cao hn, nhng bin php ny s gip cho bn thn h hon ton iu chnh nhng sai st v.v... 24.2.3. Hot ng Giao thng ng thy ni a bao gm cc loi tc ng mi trng khc nhau c kh nng xy ra i vi vic lu thng ca ng thy ni a trn (knh, sng, h) nh sau: - iu kin nc v thi tit; - Con tu hay ph bao gm c hng ha ca chnh n v - Ngi s dng ng thu khc (tu) lm tng ln, v cc hot ng lin quan n vn ti s dng ngun nc, bao gm c cc bin php m bo an ton v lu thng d dng (bo tr ng thu, bo qun, hoa tiu, h tr vv.) Gi s cc hot ng vn chuyn c hoch nh v thc hin theo quy nh mi nht
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ph hp vi iu kin chung hin hnh, cc tc ng mi trng ca giao thng ng thy ni a s cao do cc tu thuyn gy ra, bao gm c cc phng php vn hnh v ti trng : a) c bit trong trng hp thit k tu vn chuyn ni a trc y, cc tu thuyn khng c bo qun v khng lu n vic x l cht thi, l ri ro n cht lng nc gy tc ng ln h thc vt, h ng vt, nc ung v nc ngm, v sc khe ca ngi dn, ti tiu nng nghip l kt qu ca:
- du r r vo h thng nc lm mt hoc ni ln qua ng ui tu, - nc y tu b nhim du, lm sch khoang tu v lm sch cc cht b trong b cha bn v b trn du khi tip nhn nguyn liu hoc thay du bi trn v - Nc thi v cht thi c ra hoc thi i thay v c x l trong bn cng ni

a. b) Trong vic vn chuyn cc sn phm dn xut du kh (xng, du diesel, du la), c mt nguy c chy v n ni cc quy tc an ton ni chung l cha c coi trng, ni cc nguyn liu c x l khng thch hp trn ng thu ni a trn tu, ngoi ra,
- hng ha ni chung l cng c php ch trn cc phng tin tu c bit ny (hoc cc tu y); - T li khng bit cc ri ro lin quan (c bit l khi iu hng vi thng rng hoc mt phn bnh gas y) to ra ngn la trn (v d bng cch ht thuc l), v - hnh khch c mang ln boong tu trn cc bn cha v quen vi vic chun b

thc n ti ch bng la h (c bit ph bin chu Phi). c) Trong thi gian hot ng ph (hnh khch, xe c, hng ho) trn ng thu ni a cc nc ang pht trin, lun lun c mt nguy c tu thng b qu ti hay ti khng u v bt n, v vy trong nhng iu kin bt li (tm nhn, thi tit xu, vng nc nng) tai nn nghim trng c th xy ra do cc tu thm ch c th chm. Ngoi ra, c mt nguy c tai nn cho tu thuyn trn ng thy ni a l kt qu ca: - bin php phng nga khng m bo su nc (v d nh no vt bo tr khng ), - thiu hoc khng y nh sng cho tu thuyn, c bit nhng ni c s chuyn i nhanh chng t hong hn n m ti, - thiu hoc khng c chc nng tr gip nh hng nh phao tiu, hng dn cc cnh bo, nh du vng nc nng vv, - thiu kim sot giao thng ng thu, - iu kin thi tit v tm nhn xu. Nguy c ri ro tai nn t ph thng xuyn xy ra trong ct ngang tuyn vn chuyn chnh trn knh hay sng; v cc tuyn ng thng ngn nn c khng c ch nhiu. Trn h, c bit l h nhn to, cy ngp nc cha c ph hy c th l mt mi nguy him cho vn chuyn. Tai nn thng xy ra do mt s nguyn nhn khc trn ng thu ni a: xc tu chm do m tu, l tr ngi hin nhin i vi vn chuyn bn trong hoc gn vi cc knh, v thng khng th c mc nc ln, kh di chuyn. iu ny cng tc ng n mi trng v cht lng nc, v s n mn nhanh chng ca cc xc tu nhit cao, trn v di nc, c th sinh ra vi s lng ng k cc kim loi nng. Nu vn chuyn giao thng dy c v chuyn ng nhanh, xi mn do hp nht c
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gy ra t cc sng chnh v sng th cp to ra bi cc tu, c bit l trn cc sng khng c bo v t nhin, dn n thit hi v cui cng y ra khi b sng v thm thc vt (cy ci, bi cy). Cc bin php bo v mi trng bo v chng li cc tc ng mi trng v giao thng thy ni a bao gm: - cung cp ng tin cy, tu thuyn c trang b an ton v thch hp; - Hun luyn v hng dn ton din cc thuyn vin; - cc bin php xy dng thy lc cn thit; - o to cn thit cho nhn vin v tng cng nng lc ca cc c quan gim st; - thnh lp mt c s h tng k thut v hnh chnh (x l v gim st cht thi, kim tra gim st k thut v nhn s, vv); - vic s dng cc cht ty ra thn thin vi mi trng lm sch my mc v h thng c kh. t c cc vn trn, cn thit to ra mt t chc (c quan ng thy) c trch nhim qun l, bo tr, vn hnh v gim st cc mi nguy hi n mi trng, v c trang b y v mnh m thc y gii quyt cc nhim v ny mt cch c trch nhim, qua to iu kin cho thnh cng ca cng tc phng chng thit hi mi trng khu vc vn chuyn ng thu ni a. T chc ny cn phi: - xc nh v phn tch tc ng mi trng, - nh gi cc tc ng mi trng nhm trnh nh hng t chng, - cung cp gim st thch hp v kim tra, v - thc hin cc bin php hnh chnh thch hp mt cch c hiu qu (yu cu v ngn cm, pht tin, truy t, t chc cc c s x l vv.) p dng cc tiu chun i hi phi da vo khng t hn mt tiu chun php l. V vn ny s c duy tr cn thit cc c s x l thch hp trong cng ni a cho vic x l nc thi, rc thi ,du thi vv Cnh st ng thy c th thc hin nhim vic gim st hnh chnh v thanh tra cn thit.. 24.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Cc tc ng mi trng do thit k v xy dng cht lng ca tu v ph c th phn tch v nh gi trn c s cc tiu chun c quy nh. Nhng tiu chun xy dng v an ton c da trn cc quy nh v hng dn ca quc t phn loi khc nhau xy dng cc tu mi, cng nh trn cc quy tc tip tc c thc hin bi cc nh my ng tu theo tiu chun quc gia (nh DIN trong trng hp ca c). Mt s tiu chun nh Lloyd's Register (Anh), Cc M (USA), De Norske Veritas (Na Uy), Bureau Veritas (Php) v Germanischer Lloyd [GL] (c). GL thng xuyn thc hin kim tra (kho st) khng ch khi tu a vo phc v m cn giai on sau nu c yu cu hoc phn loi (v d nh tng kim tra c thc hin khong 5 nm theo quy nh GL cho tu thy ni a). 24.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Phn tm tt mi trng vn chuyn trn ng sng l gn lin vi mi trng tm tt ca cng ni a; Chng c mi lin quan khng t th nhiu n hot ng ca cng ni
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a. Mi khu vc c li ch kinh t khc nhau, do xung t c loi tr (ngoi tr trong trng hp hoch nh khng r rng). Bi v cc con sng v knh o c s dng bi cc tu thy ni a phc v cho cng bin nh cung cp hng ha, cung ng vn ti trn ng thy ni a, c nhng tc ng qua li nh (b sung v tng h): - Cng v bn cng, xy dng v hot ng cng, - Cng trnh xy dng sng v knh v theo mt ngha rng hn, cng tc thy li vi quy m ln v kim sot xi mn. Cn ch n cc quy nh x l i vi tu thuyn v ph trn ng thu ni a, nh vic x l nc thi, cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi. Cc bin php s dng trong lnh vc mi trng cng c th chp nhn trong hot ng vn chuyn ng thy ni a. S xung t khi vn chuyn c th xy ra nu nc cc con sng hoc knh khng ch l mt phng tin vn ti ni a m cn c s dng cp nc bng cch khai thc trc tip v/hoc lc bng b sng v nu b nhim do giao thng ng thu ni a c th khng c loi tr (do r r, tai nn vv); trong trng hp ny, cc khu vc b nh hng l: - Cp nc th v nng thn. - Giao thng bng ph, nh l mt lnh vc ch yu phc v cho vic vn chuyn hnh khc v xe c, cng l lin kt trong mt ngha rng ln hn vi cc tm tt mi trng - Quy hoch khng gian v khu vc thng vn ti v Quy hoch giao thng, lin quan n vic la chn cc tuyn ng v cc im n cng nh giao thng qua li. 24.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Cung cp cc tiu chun ca x hi thc hin kim tra phn loi quc t v cc hot ng gim st c ly lm c s cho vic xy dng v quy nh an ton i vi tu thu ni a v ph, v gi nh mt k hoch thc hin ng c s h tng ng thy, cc tu thuyn s dng cho vn chuyn ni a s cung cp mt mi trng an ton v cho php cc phng tin vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, trong nhng trng hp nht nh, n c th cn thit p dng cc bin php xy dng m tch ri hoc ra ngoi nhng quy nh ny p dng cc nhu cu ring bit ca a phng, trong trng hp ny hu ht cc phng din v mi trng c th chp nhn cc quy tc phi c kim tra v la chn. Mt iu kin na l vic ngi iu khin phng tin thu ni a v cc c quan hoc c quan gim st iu khin v gim st giao thng ng thu ni a phi c hng dn v o to trong vic trnh c nhng ri ro v cc bin php i vi cc tc ng tim nng v mi trng ca vic vn chuyn (c bit l lm suy gim cht lng nc), v c pht trin thnh cc t chc mnh cho php h thc hin nhim v ca mnh. t c iu ny, cc kha hc o to, cc ngun lc vt l cn thit thc hin nhim v gim st, theo di v cc ngun lc ti chnh cn thit phi c sn trong thi gian thc hin. Mt h thng giao thng ng thu ni a xt v phng din mi trng ch c th t c thng qua s kt hp ca: - an ton, thuyn hin i ( tu v ph) - vn hnh an ton bi nhn vin c o to Quy nh cht ch ca c quan gim st duy tr cc tuyn ng thy, kim sot giao
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thng v thc hin gim st v thanh tra mi trng. 24.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Beck, H.: Transport gefhrlicher Gter mit Binnen- und Seeschiffen auf Binnenwasserstraen, in Binnenschiffahrts-Nachrichten 1990, Nr. 4, p. 73. 2. Crisand, M.: Entwicklung und Tendenzen in der Binnentankschiffahrt, in: BinnenschiffahrtsNachrichten 1988, Nr. 6, p. 16. 3. Jungmann, G.: Die technische Schiffssicherheit der Binnenschiffahrt, in: Zeitschrift fr Binnenschiffahrt und Wasserstraen, 1987, Nr. 3, p. 32. 4. Klassifikationsvorschriften, Section 1 - 7, 9, 10, Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg, for different years (1971 - 1988) 5. Mintzel: Bundeswasserstraengesetz (WaStr. G.) nebst Handkommentar, published by Erich Schmid Verlag, Berlin 1969. ergnzenden Vorschriften,

6. Ridder, K.: "Gefhrliche Gter in der Binnenschiffahrt" in: Binnenschiffahrts- Nachrichten 1987, Nr. 12, p.5. 7. Stomberg: See-Flu-Verkehre, Niederrhein-Kammer, Zeitschrift der IHK Duisburg-WeselKleve, 1981. 8. Technischer Ausschu Binnenhfen, Empfehlungen und Berichte ETAB, 1981, E 12, Schubverkehr in Binnenhfen. 9. Wilde, C.: Auf den Wasserweg, nicht auf den Holzweg, in: Binnenschiffahrts-Nachrichten 1988, Nr. 10, page 4.

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25. Bn cng, xy dng v vn hnh 25.1. Phm vi Cc cng v khu vc bn cng bao gm tt c cc hot ng c thc hin trong cng bin m bo vic chuyn giao an ton, lu tr v vn chuyn cc loi hng ha rn, lng, kh trung gian. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn cc hng ha a vo b bng xe v thuyn ln, hoc vn chuyn con ngi (v d nh bn ph) hoc nhp thc phm (v d nh cng c); y l nhng chc nng chnh ca mt bn cng. Bn tu thuyn Rail vehicles Sea-going vessels, ferries Cc phng tin giao thng ng st, tu i bin, ph Cc tu c Cc tu vn ti ng sng ng ng dn ngm Hn na tt c cc bn cng c chc nng ca mt bn u an ton. Khu vc c s h tng cng bin bao gm tt c phn t lin v b bin cu thnh mt cng bin, m yu cu trc tip hoc gin tip thc hin cc chc nng chnh ca mt cng bin, hoc c th c thnh lp di hnh thc cc c s cng nghip, thng mi hoc dch v, tc l thc hin cc chc nng ph C s phn t lin bao gm: - ng b, ng st v cc khu vc vn ti khc; - cc khu vc lu tr v xp chng hng ha, khu vc kho hng v thng cha, bn cha, cn cu ko; - Cu, ng hm v cu vt, cc ng ng, vv; - h thng cung cp v x l (i vi cc nc, in, nc thi, rc thi, nc bn y tu, du, du s dng); - H thng phng l, iu, vv ( bn cng tip xc vi nc triu v ri ro l lt); - Ta nh hot ng nh vn phng hnh chnh, trang thit b v cc c s sa cha; - Khu cng nghip v cc vn phng lin quan n bn cng v cc ngnh cng nghip ph bao gm th d cu cng v cng trnh xy dng C s pha bin bao gm: - lu vc bn cng, ng dn vo cng, li vo cc knh, u thuyn, p, chn sng; - bn cng v cu tu vn chuyn hng ha, bo v b bin, cc phng tin bc xp ngang v bn ph, cc buc thuyn v bn ca thuyn; - Cc bn neo cho ng tu v bn tu thch hp (nu nm trong khu vc cng). Mi hot ng trong khu vc ph ca c s h tng cng bin l ph thuc vo, v loi hnh ca chng, thit k v tnh trng, v: - cc iu kin nc v t ai trong khu vc chng hn nh v tr, a hnh, thnh phn t, v.v;
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- Loi v khi lng ca hng ho c vn chuyn (hng ha tng hp: theo quy c, thng ng hng, hng ha xp ngang, hng ha ri: tng s lng ln hng ha, hng ha c trng ti ln nh qung, than, la m, mui cng nghip, cht lng, cht kh nh du kh , LNG, v.v); - Cc phng tin vn ti trn b v tu dng mang cc hng ha trn; - Cc kt qu vn hnh v cc thit k cn thit; - Cc ng st, ng b, ng thu ni a v ng dn du lin kt trong vng ni a; - Cc cu trc xung quanh vn tn ti hoc ang c hnh thnh (cng nghip, thng mi). Khu vc "cu trc thng tng cng bin" bao gm tt c hot ng khng thng trc phn t lin v phn nc bin ca mt cng bin c lin quan n chc nng chnh hay ph ca n. Chng bao gm: - tu ht bn v cc thit b bo tr, sa cha khc, - h thng cung cp v x l linh ng, cng nh cc thit b cha chy v v ngn nga tai ha (nh xe i ph vi s c trn du). C s cu trc thng tng khng thng trc ti khu vc xung quanh bn cng hoc lin kt vi chc nng ph c th c tm tt nh sau: - cu trc thng tng cung cp v x l - Kt cu vn chuyn v Giao thng vn ti - cu trc thng tng bo dng v sa cha ca cng lin quan n c s cng nghip v thng mi. (Lu : khng cn thit phi lin kt vi cc cu trc thng tng bn cng). Cc cu trc mi, m rng, hoc chuyn i ca cng bin c th c tm tt v tc ng mi trng. Theo nh cc tc ng mi trng cc cng bin c bit hoc ca bt k cng no lin quan n hot ng cng nghip c lin quan, s tham kho nn thc hin cho cc tm tt v mi trng thch hp. Cng cn phn bit gia bn cng tng hp v bn cng c bit, ch c s dng x l cc loi hng ha c bit. Ngay c trong " bn cng tng hp ", c mt xu hng ngy cng tng i vi hng ho ca ch mt loi hoc nhm c x l trong cc c s chuyn dng gi l thit b u cui (du, qung hoc terminal ht, terminal ro-ro v.v..). iu ny c thc hin v l do an ton hoc do s sn c ca thit b chuyn mn. Hn na, cng bin c th l t nhin hoc nhn to. Bn tu t nhin v nhn to Bn tu trn sng hoc ca sng; Bn tu v ng dn nhn to; Bn cng cnh; o nhn to Bn tu vnh hoc vnh hp; Bn tu o Bn cng t nhin ni chung t gy xo trn mi trng t nhin. 25.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v 25.2.1. Tng quan
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Cc tc ng mi trng ca cng bin thng ln v c pht sinh t vic xy dng, chuyn i hoc m rng cc c s cng bin (c s h tng cng nh cu trc thng tng), m cn t cc hot ng ca bn cng v cc c s cng nghip v thng mi v cc h thng vn ti (c trn mt nc v trn t lin). Cc tc ng mi trng nh hng n nc, t v khng kh, tt c cc loi ng thc vt (c thu sinh v trn cn) v con ngi. Gy nh hng ln Xy dng mi ng thy Chuyn i t Pht trin / m rng Hot ng ca tt c cc c s v h thng thc vt / ng vt (thu sinh/trn cn) Con ngi V nguyn tc, vic xy dng hoc m rng cc d n ln hn v cc hot ng x l ca cng chuyn su hn (o bng t/nm), cc tc ng mi trng s ln hn. Tc ng c bit gy ra bi hng ha nguy him, theo quy nh ca B lut IMDGInternational Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (M hng ha nguy hi ca hng hi quc t), ngay c vi s lng nh. Cc tc ng mi trng c th c chia thnh cc nh hng trong lnh vc " c s h tng v kin trc thng tng : - Nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra bi cc bn tu nh l tc ng ln ton b cu trc mt nc v t lin c s dng trong vn chuyn v chuyn giao hng ho v - Nguyn nhn th hai gy ra bi cc khu cng nghip gn lin vi cng bin nh c s h tng c trang b ch bin hoc tinh ch cc hng ha v nguyn liu; xy lp cc c s l nguyn nhn lm thay i cc iu kin ngoi vi t nhin v vn cn phi quan tm l s xm nhp vo mi trng t nhin v cnh quan. v trong khu vc " vn hnh": - Nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra bi tt c cc hot ng nh xp hng ln tu, bc hng, s tho d, lu kho, vn chuyn, cung cp v x l, bo dng, sa cha v - Nguyn nhn th hai gy ra bi tt c cc hot ng ch bin v s ch li trong cng nghip c th c lin kt vi cng. Nhng hot ng ny mang li nhng thay i trong cc iu kin ngoi vi t nhin v mi trng sng nh mt kt qu, c th nh hng n ngi, ng vt, thin nhin v cnh quan. 25.2.2. Xy dng hoc m rng c s h tng hay cc siu h tng ca cng bin 25.2.2.1. Cc hng mc pha t lin Xy lp cng bin thng yu cu khu vc t rng ln, c bit cc khu vc lu tr, kho hng v c l cc c s cng nghip l bt buc. iu ny c ngha, h thng cng lun lun c tc ng ln n cnh quan thin nhin, nh nhng bi bin, ven bin, s lan rng ca sng hoc l rng ngp mn v cc khu vc b bin khc l khng t nhin n nh v xy dng trn cc b mt phng v kn. Nhng nh hng v thay i c bit xy ra cc khu vc nhy cm nh rng, t ngp nc v khu vc s dng nng nghip, v cng trong khu dn c, b sung vic khai thc t, thay th t hoc lp t, b mt t kn, h thng thot nc v ti trng ln mt t cao. Mc d iu ny r rng khng th trnh khi cho
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mc ch s dng ca h thng, quy hoch c s ph hp h tng vn s m bo mt mc bo v mi trng trn mt t. Cc khu vc vn chuyn, lu tr v tch ng (deposit) phi c to theo nguyn tc sau y, ghi nh tnh cht v khi lng ca hng ho b x l v cc phng php vn hnh: a) Trong trng hp ca qung, than v cc mui, cn c thc hin m bo rng: - khu vc lu tr c thit k chc chn v dy i ph vi mt biu kin v chiu cao ca vt liu, trnh bt k s thay i trong lng t v mi trng xung quanh; - Mt h thng thot nc c quy hoch trong v xung quanh cc a im thch hp i ph vi lng ma xy ra, trnh s xm nhp, thm v thot nc mt b nhim v kim loi nng vo t v nc bin (cc b lng v cc nh my x l l cn thit). b) Trong trng hp hng ha lu tr vi s lng ln, s hnh thnh bi c th c ngn chn c hiu qu bi cc cu trc hoc cc h thng phun ti, mc d chi ph kh cao xy dng v duy tr. - Hng ha ri, rt nhy cm vi thi tit, cn phi c lu tr trong iu kin c mi che hoc trong cc silo. c) Trong trng hp hot ng x l lin quan n du v cc cht lng khc, khong t b mt phi kn thch hp trong khu vc bc d hng ha v trong khu vc bn cha, vi mt h thng tch du hoc cc h thng lc nc thi khc, nu khng, cc bin php phng nga ch c th cnh bo cn c thc hin chng nhim nc ngm v nc bin do trn v r r. S m rng ca bn cng pha t lin phi c quy hoch trc cc khu vc cn thit v t s c cung cp bng cch n b c th c dnh sn v gi bng phng php s dng t thch hp v quy hoch xy dng c sn. y l cch duy nht ngn chn tt c hin tng ph bin trong khu vc cng bin thm nhp vo cc khu vc c thit lp sinh sng hoc vo cc khu vc c bo v, lin quan n ti nh c hoc buc phi gii phng mt bng, hoc s lan rng khng kim sot c khu vc sinh sng ca con ngi. Cc ta nh, cu trc chc nng, s pht trin cng nghip v dn c l mt b phn khng kht ca s pht trin ca mt khu bn cng. Cc yu t gp phn vo mt khi nim quy hoch thn thin vi mi trng v theo nh hng mi trng l: - s tch bit ca cc khu vc vi mc ch khc nhau; - Vic s dng cc vt liu xy dng thn thin vi mi trng; - Ti u ha cng xy dng ti a/chiu cao s dng lin quan n nhu cu din tch t; - S dng t mang tnh kinh t; - Kt hp kin trc ca cc ta nh v cc c cu chc nng theo phong cch xy dng ca nc s ti; - To cnh quan bng cch trng cy xanh/lm xanh khng gian m trong vng khu vc ln cn ca cc ta nh, nu c th th c trng cnh khu vc lu tr ca cng; - S dng cc cng ngh thn thin mi trng ti khu cng nghip v trong hot ng ca chng ti khu vc bn cng; - Cc bin php c s h tng trong lnh vc cp nc v x l nc thi, nhm bo v
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nc ngm v nc mt v duy tr tinh khit ca nc bin. S pht trin ca mt bn cng thng lin quan n vic xy lp ca cc c s cng nghip. Kinh nghim cho thy rng cng vic mi c to ra, v thng ch l hy vng s c vic lm, dn n vic tng v i khi khng kim sot lng cng nhn v gia nh ca h. Khi lp quy hoch mt bn cng, cn phi ch to ra nhng iu kin ph hp cho con ngi sinh sng trong iu kin nh v v sinh mi trng. C mt ri ro c bit v s pht trin ca khu sng ca ngi lao ng t do pht trin ti khu vc cng. S pht trin ca mt khu vc cng cng lin kt vi cc c s cng nghip t ra mt gnh nng ln trn tt c cc c s cung cp v x l. Nhu cu dng nc v nc thi sinh ra l yu t quan trng nh hng n mi trng. Tuy nhin, hu qu i vi khng kh v t, s dng t v nhng nh hng ca giao thng, bao gm c cc vn v an ton, cng phi c a tnh n ngay t giai on lp k hoch. 25.2.2.2. Cc hng mc pha mt nc Phn mt nc ca cng bin thng i hi khu vc t rng ln v do c tc ng ln n mi trng t nhin v cnh quan. Cc tc ng mi trng c th b gii hn bi quy hoch cn thn. V vy khi quy hoch v ra cc cu trc phn mt nc ca cng bin, mt mc tiu cn phi bit c cng nhiu thng tin cng tt v iu kin mi trng hin hnh nh: - iu kin gi v sng - iu kin dng chy v bi lng - iu kin t, nc v khng kh trn c s u tin cho php o su ca bin v o c thu vn, kho st d liu t nhin, v nu c th, m hnh th nghim cho php lm vic t hn l i vi nhng iu kin ny. Ngoi ra, nhng n lc phi c thc hin ha hp khu vc cng vo cnh quan chung cng nhiu cng tt. S lng bn c ngha l cn thit no vt bo tr nh k, m bo rng cc iu kin su thch hp c duy tr; bm b hoc cc vt liu no vt gy ra vn ln v mi trng, c bit bi v: - Bn c th lm nhim nc ni chung, x nc thi sinh hot, du hoc kim loi nng; - Nu bm b v b bn trn mt t thi gian di s gy kh khn v tn km ti canh tc; - b bn l nguyn nhn gy ra nhng thay i trong cu hnh di nc v cc h thc vt v ng vt thu sinh. Nhng hu qu trn tt nht l trnh ngay trong giai on u thc hin quy hoch cc cu trc sao cho ph hp vi cc dng nc v cung cp cc phng tin x l thch hp cng xa cng tt cc khu vc c tr. Cc iu cung p dng cho cc hot ng x l nc thi sinh hot, nc thi v cht thi sn xut ti cng. Vic thit k h thng bn cng nn tn dng li th ca cc hiu ng t nhin ca thy triu v dng chy vo sng hoc vng ng bng ca sng. iu ny c th thc hin, v d, gi cho cc cch tip cn r rng bi cc v tr cn ch ca iu hng hng dng v tp trung lu lng (hiu ng ra), ca cc h thng bo v cng (c bit l trong khu vc truy cp nhm trnh xi mn ch khut gi) v ca cc lp t cu cng, m nu c th khng nn c t cc vng nc cht. Cc lp t cng khng nn c xy dng cc vng
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nc l (ni nc mn v nc ngt hi t, dn n bi lng nhiu hn). Ng trng nh bt c v nui trng thy sn ven bin v sng, cng nh h thc vt v ng vt t nhin khc, c th b tc ng mnh do xy dng cng bin, v khu vc ca nc rng ln, cng nh cc bi sinh sn v ni c tr s b mt. Mi nguy him khc gy ra bi h thng cng l thit hi m c th do im thi nc nc thi ca sng hoc thay i mc nc ngm trong khu vc bn cng Cc h hi cho ngun c c th gy nguy him sc khe cho ngi tiu dng c v dn n mt vic trong ngnh cng nghip nh c. Cc bin php gim thiu nhim nc trong khu vc bn cng v c bn lin quan n vic gim thiu cht thi vo trong nc hoc cho php ch x nc thi v nc thi c x l. Ngoi ra, ngun cung cp di do cn c pht trin cho ngnh cng nghip nh bt c, cng sm cng tt trong giai on lp k hoch ca cc c s hi cng. Hin dng nh khng c bt k tc ng mi trng bt li t cc vt liu xy dng c s dng lp dng cc h thng trong nc (b tng, vn); thp cc tng, mt khc, c khuynh hng b n mn nghim trng cc vng nng, c bit l di nh hng ca mui v nc l, do vy cn p dng bin php chng n mn. trnh nhim bn, ch c sn khng cha cht c c th c s dng cho mc tiu ny. G ch ph hp hn ch nh l mt vt liu xy dng (n ch phc v ngn do mc nt vng nc hn hp). Trn quy nh khng c mt s loi g rng ma nhit i nn c s dng (nh g Bongossi), mc d y l nhng nh gi cao nh l mt vt liu xy dng v sc mnh ca h v tui th di. 25.2.3. Cc hot ng ca cng Phm vi hot ng ca cng trong mi trng khng ch bao gm hot ng "truyn thng" ca bn cng (nh l vic x l v chuyn giao hng ho), m cn c cc hot ng vn hnh c thc hin trn c s cu trc h tng hin c ca mt cng bin (bao gm c cc c s cng nghip) trong dch v, cng nghip, thng mi v vn ti/lnh vc giao thng, trn t lin v c phn mt nc. 25.2.3.1. Cc hot ng ca cng pha t lin Cc tc ng Mi Trng c th hot ng ca cng phn t lin v cc ri ro c lin quan c xc nh ch yu bi bn cht ca hng ho v vt liu c x l. Phng php x l cng l mt yu t quyt nh. Cc hiu ng mi trng sau y c chia theo cc loi hng ha nh sau: - Cht lng s lng ln - Cht rn s lng ln - Hng ha tng hp - Thng ng hng ha (containers) c th l: (a) Trong vic vn chuyn cc loi du, ha cht lng hoc cht lng khc, nc bin v nc ngm c th b nhim; chy v n c th xy ra, kt qu vic hnh thnh khi v kh; khng c pht sinh nh thi du, dn xut du kh, ha cht lng hoc cht lng khc c th xy ra; Sn phm dn xut ca du m nh xng, du v du ha c th b trn ln ngu nhin, v d: do sai st trong s lin kt cc khp ni hoc s dng cc ng ng dn khng tt
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hoc trong qu trnh no vt ng ng (ra cc ng ng bng phng tin ca mt dng c co ng ng) lm tng thm cc im bc chy; con ngi - khng bit v s nguy him - c th ht thuc hoc nu n trong vng ln cn gn cc ni t bn cha hoc cc terminal d hng; cc b cha khi lm rng (tho ht hng ha) trn tu hoc trn t lin, l nguyn nhn gy ra cc loi kh nguy him. Bin php ngn nga thit hi mi trng trong khu vc hng ha lng do i hi khng ch cc bin php c s h tng thch hp trong vic bc, d hng ha v cc b lu tr, m cn l mt t chc hot ng hiu qu vi cc vng phn ranh gii r rng v trch nhim v quyn hn. Hn na, tp trung o to cc nhn vin tham gia vo lnh vc ny l cn thit (xem Cng c MARPOL). T kha cnh k thut v hot ng, cc bin php phng nga v cc ngun lc an ton sau y l cn thit: - thit b vt vng du (phao ngn loang du, thit b vt du) - cht lm du ng cng (ch i vi s lng nh) - D tr ct - H thng phng chy cha chy vi cc vi nc - H thng u phun - h thng my to bt - ngun cung cp in khn cp - my bm nc ring bit - thng cha lu tr an ton trong khu vc bn/b - Khong cch an ton gia cc b cha v nhng lp t khc. i vi d n hoch nh trc cho terminal trung chuyn du, bn cha hoc nh my lc du, cc nhn vin c trin khai cn phi c cc kha hc o to trong thi gian thch hp, trong mi quan tm ca quy hoch theo nh hng mi trng. b)Trong vic vn chuyn s lng ln ca cc ht v c kh, qung, than v mui cng nghip, cc hiu ng mi trng c kh nng gy nhim nc ngm v nc bin, hnh thnh bi v ting n nghim trng. S lng ln cc h thng chuyn ti hng ho d b n v chy v bi cng c hnh thnh, v kch thc ca chng, c tc ng ln n cnh quan thin nhin. Bn cnh cc bin php c s h tng vt l y , qun l tt v o to nhn vin cng rt quan trng bo v mi trng. cng l iu cn thit m ch c khu vc lu tr c ch nh thc hin v li ch ca bo v nc ngm c s dng cho vic lu tr v bo tr v cng vic sa cha c thc hin thng xuyn (v d nh lm sch cc ca thng gi, thot nc ma trong khu vc lu tr). Hnh thnh bi v ting n c th to ra trong nhiu trng hp ch c th c ngn nga bng cch bao ph tch bi v h thng phun nc, v bng cch dng tng bao. S cht hng v vn chuyn hng cng sinh ra bi v vy cng cn c bin php phng nga. Bi ph thuc vo thnh phn v mn ca n c th gy ra cc vn ha hc, sinh hc, c kh, in v tnh in. (c) Trong trng hp x l hng ha chung v thng cha hng, cc thit b quy m ln c s dng (v d nh cu container cao ln n 70 m) l mt ngun ca ting n v nguy him.
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Loi thit b hot ng nhanh chng v chnh xc v la chn thay th bng cch s dng dy ct tu hoc cc thit b di ng ko tu vo b (v d nh tu vo bn, cc xe nng ln) s gim ng k tc v an ton. trnh nhng di chuyn trung gian thng xuyn, thng cha hng c chng cht ln nhau bng cc phng tin iu khin c bit v xp bng my mc. iu ny thng l mt bin php cn thit v i hi nhng vng t rng ln. Vic x l v xp my mc, ph thuc vo kh nng c ng ca n, cng yu cu thm khng gian di chuyn, v to ra ting n. Tuy nhin, nhiu ch trng cn thit tip cn, ri khi v kt ni giao thng. Cc khu vc ny, c b mt thng c bt kn, i hi mt h thng thot nc hiu qu vi cc c s x l nc ring bit. C gii ho ca ngnh vn chuyn hng ha ni chung c tc dng trong nn kinh t x hi v nhng ngi lm vic ti cng, trong bi cnh ny, gio dc v o to cn c tnh ton n sm nht c th trong quy hoch ngay t giai on u. X l c gii ha cng to ra kh thi v ting n mc cao - ngoi tr trong trng hp thit b iu khin in. Thit b c trang b b phn gim thanh v ng x kh thch hp. Lng pht thi kh thi v ting n nn c gim thiu bng cch duy tr thng xuyn; bn tm tt mi trng ca phn xng gii quyt cc kha cnh lin quan n mi trng. Hng ha c ng trong containers, kt hp v tng hp thng thng c th cha cc cht rn hoc cc cht lng nguy him (ho cht vv), c th gy thit hi nghim trng mi trng trong trng hp x l khng ph hp hoc nguy him i vi cc thng cha (container). y cng vy, nhng ri ro nn gim thiu cng nhiu cng tt thng qua o to chuyn su cc nhn vin, cung cp thit b ph hp v x l/lu tr hng ho ng. (d) Hng ha tng hp thng thng c th trc tip hoc gin tip gy hi do x l hoc lu tr khng ng cch, tu thuc vo tnh cht ca hng ho. Hng ha c th d dng b h hng ty thuc vo vic ng gi, hoc chng c th b h hi trong qu trnh bo qun nu khng bo v ng cch chng li thi tit. Hng ha h hi hoc lu tr khng ng cch th thng khng c gi tr i vi ngi nhn hng, cn phi c vt b. Ri ro ca vic x l khng tho ch c th trnh c nu cc nhn vin c o to y v mt c s h tng x l thch hp c cung cp. (e) C v hi sn hin nay l mt mi nguy him cho mi trng nu khng c x l v lu tr ng cch, v cc vn cht thi v nc thi sn xut. Vic tiu th c hoc hi sn c x l khng ng c th gy bnh. V vy s lu c bit phi c thc hin khi x l hng ho c kh nng h hng (v d bng cch lm lnh lin tc v x l nhanh chng). (f) Cc tc ng mi trng gy ra bi c s cng nghip v thng mi ti khu vc bn cng v cc bin php bo v mi trng lin quan ph thuc vo cc loi nguyn liu v hng ha ang c x l hoc tinh ch. Phn tm tt mi trng ph hp c tham kho trong vn ny. 25.2.3.2. Cc hot ng ca cng pha mt nc Khu vc ny l c trng ca hot ng vn chuyn v cc bin php vn hnh lin quan, chng hn nh: - m bo tu thuyn vn chuyn d dng (c bit l duy tr cc su nc thch hp v h qu ca hot ng no vt);
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- Cung cp cho tu v x l cht thi; - Chuyn gia cc tu ; - Hoa tiu v kim sot vn chuyn. V tt c cc hot ng ny l cn thit duy tr hot ng bn cng phn mt nc c thc hin t tu hoc cc thit b ni, nh hng xu n mi trng nc v bin v do n ng vt, thc vt v nc ngm s gy ra bi: - s th neo v cc hnh vi khi hnh (nguy c tai nn dn n trn du t tu) - Tip nhin liu (v phn phi vt t khc) - Bc d hng ha v vn chuyn hng ha bng x lan - X l (bn cng, nc thi v cht thi) - Lm sch b v khoang tu - Sa cha. Cch duy nht chng li nhng tc ng mi trng l o to nhn vin trong cc khu vc ny v cung cp trang thit b thch hp di hnh thc tu ko, cung ng tu, s lan, my bm, cc ro cn du v.v. iu ny nn c thc hin bi c quan iu hnh cng hoc qun l hot ng ca bn cng. (Vn x l v cc c s x l l x l cc vn mi trng nh vn chuyn, X l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi). Ngoi ra, cc ngun tc ng xu n mi trng nh no vt bo dng bn cng v cc ng dn cn ch tham kho 2.2.2 Cc mi nguy him mi trng nu trn ch c th c phn nh bi hnh vi chu trch nhim trn mt phn ca ch tu hoc bng cch gim st cht ch vn chuyn (vi s e da b pht); tai nn trong ln ng vn chuyn v thit hi mi trng mnh m kt qu c th trnh c vic s dng h thng iu khin vn chuyn n gin nht c th (VTMS = H thng qun l giao thng tu bin), thch nghi vi iu kin a phng, kt hp vi mt h thng hoa tiu c o to v t chc. iu ny cn c cung cp nh quy hoch ban u. Tt c nhng tc ng ca vic xy dng mi hoc chuyn dch c cu ca mt cng bin trn dn s a phng - bao gm c dn s n - phi c phn tch giai on u bng mt cuc iu tra kinh t x hi v vn ha x hi, kt qu phi c a vo cc iu khon trong quy hoch hoc cc bin php km theo.. 25.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng Vic nh gi v c lng cc mi nguy him ca mi trng trong lnh vc ny da vo s sn c ca cc ti liu quy hoch chnh xc lin quan n tnh cht v s lng ca hng ho b x l v d bo ng tin cy cho pht trin trong tng lai. S cn thit xc nh tim nng gia cng v vn chuyn hng ho, v cng c th thc hin mt nh gi cn thn v iu kin a phng (a hnh, t, kh hu, nc ngm, c s h tng hin c, vv.) Cn tch hp hot ng v k hoch xy dng cn c son tho v cc tiu chun quc t c p dng cho vic thm nh cc cc lp t vt l v hot ng, loi tr nhng hu qu mi trng bt li ca vic nh gi khng t yu cu. Cn p dng cc iu sau y cho cc lp t: - Tiu chun quc t theo Cng c MARPOL; - Phng php tiu hy (bn cng / nc thi / cht thi) theo tiu chun quc t v so snh vi gi tr x thi, ph thuc vo cc loi nc thi; - Phng php duy tr tinh khit
362

khng kh.

i vi quy hoch cng, phn tch chi tit cc im trn l cn thit, ch yu bao gm: - o dng chy v d liu hi dng hc; - Cc th nghim m hnh vt l v ton hc thit lp mt ch dng chy ti u v ngn nga qu trnh lng ng trm tch, - Cc phn tch v vn chuyn v giao thng c bit ch cn phi mang li li ch m bo v gi vng nhng gii hn gi tr. t c iu ny, c quan iu hnh cng phi c hun luyn thch hp v c nhn thc c vn . Hn na ph hp vi thanh tra, gim st v thit b khn cp phi c cung cp. Cc tc ng Mi Trng ch c th c gim thiu thng qua mt s kt hp cc lp t mt cch ph hp, c xy dng theo tiu chun chu u c s dng thnh tho v c gim st, x cht thi thp v gi tr pht thi phi c kt ni. 25.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc Cng bin v cc ng dn c lin quan lm thay i ng k t nhin hin hu, c cu kinh t x hi v vn ha x hi ca khu vc. Trong bi cnh , giai on quy hoch l ht sc quan trng, trong c th c nhiu tc ng phi c xc nh giai on u. iu g l cn thit, do , l khu vc quy hoch, giao thng v quy hoch giao thng, quy hoch kinh t x hi v quy hoch tng th khung qun l nc v nng lng. Bng 1 Cc tc ng mi trng ca cc vng cn d n Tng tc gia cc khu vc Bn cht ca gia tng cng cc d n tc ng Tm tt mi trng

Du m v kh t nhin Kh t * Ri ro cho ti nguyn nc Lu tr v vn chuyn hng X l cht thi nguy hi * Gy nguy him cho con ngi v nguy him Chm sc sc khe cng ng Tm tt thng mi v Cng nghip (Ni b nh hng) iu kin sng y thu ht s pht trin dn s ng * Tng r rng v nhu cu nh * Nhu cu v h thng ph tr v cc dch v x l (nc, in, x l cht thi) * Cc cng trnh cng cng (bnh vin, trng hc) Cung cp nh Cc cng trnh cng cng Khung quy hoch nc Cp nc X l cht thi rn X l nc thi

* Gnh nng v giao thng v cc phng tin vn ti hin c (ng S tch hp giao thng vn thu ni a, ng st, ng b) Tt c cc h s trong lnh ti v pht trin *Tng cng m rng cc phng vc giao thng tin vn chuyn, vi hu qu l cc nh hng

363

S hp nht vi pht trin cng nghip ca khu vc

*Pht trin cng nghip ch bin, vi hu qu l cc hiu ng ln v d nh h thng ph tr, dch v x l, s dng t, thit lp li c cu ca iu kin x hi

Quy hoch a im, K hoch tng th Nng lng, quy hoch khung v nc. H s thng mi v Cng nghip (ni cc thnh phn c bit b nh hng)

25.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Ni chung, cc tc ng mi trng l khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin, cc d n trong khu vc cng v bn cng c th c hoch nh v thc hin trong mi trng ln c th chp nhn c nu: - cc mc tiu v cc yu t ca d n l xc nh r rng; - Cc kha cnh hot ng v vt l c ln k hoch mt cch tch hp; - Cc iu kin mi trng ph bin hin thi v din tch quy hoch rng ln hn c nghin cu k lng v y ; - Tt c cc tc ng qua li c th hiu c v cc xung t s dng c tnh n ngay t khi bt u; - Tiu chun cao c p dng ngay t u, nhng c s dng n gin nht c th thit k v phng php ph hp vi nhu cu a phng, to cn c m cho php hot ng thn thin vi mi trng khi hon thnh. m bo rng s lp t bn cng c hon thnh, trong qu trnh k thut c th c vn hnh vi ti ln mi trng l ti thiu, n l cn thit trong giai on lp k hoch: - Cn nh gi y cc nhu cu hot ng ngay t u; - Cung cp vic o to ton din nhn vin iu hnh sau ny, da trn s cn thit phi nng cao nhn thc ca h v cc tc ng Mi Trng v thit hi mi trng, v thc hin cung cp vic o to tip tc v o to thm cc nhn vin cho bn cng. Cc nhm dn c b nh hng, v ph n ni ring, cn c tham gia v vo quy hoch v quyt nh qu trnh ngay t giai on u, nh gi cc li ch ca h v gip gim cc vn mi trng (tranh chp t, mi trng giao thng gia tng l gnh nng ca ngy khu nh vv). Nh vy, ch thng qua s kt hp quy hoch mi trng theo nh hng v sau thc hin cc hot ng mi trng chp nhn c ca cng trnh xy dng, ng gp lu di c th c thc hin theo hng ci thin iu kin kinh t. 25.6. Ti liu tham kho
1. Beseitigung von lschlamm nach einem Tankerunfall/Allgemeine Grundlagen der lbekmpfung, Mitteilungen aus dem Niederschsischen Landesamt fr Wasserwirtschaft, Hildesheim, Heft 1, 1986. 2. Boltz: Oberflchenbefestigung und Fahrbahndecken im Hafen, Handbuch fr Hafenbau und Umschlagtechnik, Band VI, 1961. 3. Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz, BlmSchG: Gesetz zum Schutz von schdlichen Umwelteinwirkungen durch Luftverunreinigungen, Gerusche, Erschtterungen und hnliche Vorgnge. 4. Commentz: Befestigung von Container-Umschlagpltzen, Handbuch fr Hafenbau und Umschlagtechnik, Band XV, 1970. 364

5. Empfehlungen des Arbeitsausschusses: Ufereinfassungen EAU 1985, 7. Auflage., Verleger fr Architektur und technische Wissenschaften, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin. 6. Fachseminar Baggergut: Ergebnisse aus dem Baggergut-Untersuchungsprogramm, Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Strom- und Hafenbau, 1984. 7. Hafentechnische Gesellschaft: Empfehlung des Anschlusses fr Hafenumschlagsgerte, 1977; Gesundheits- und Umweltschutz bei Umschlag und Lagerung von Schttgtern und Hfen. 8. Hbler, Karl-Hermann und Zimmermann, Konrad Otto: Bewertung der Umweltvertrglichkeit, Eberhard Blottner Verlag, Taunusstein, 1989. 9. Leo, R. et al.: lwehrhandbuch/Bekmpfung von lunfllen im Inland und auf See, Verlag K.O. Storek, Hamburg, 1983/87. 10. MARPOL Convention. 11. Manahmen fr Bekmpfung von lverschmutzungen auf dem Wasser: Projektgruppe Systemkonzept des lunfallausschusses See/Kste Cuxhaven, 1980. 12. Praktikable Entsorgungsmglichkeiten fr Seeschiffe: Schiffsingenieur-Journal, 32. Jahrgang, 1986. 13. Umweltbehrde Hamburg: Der Hafen, eine kologische Herausfrderung, Internationaler Umweltkongre, September 1989.

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26. Vn ti bin 26.1. Phm vi Bn tm tt ny tp trung hon ton vo vn ti ng bin, bao gm cc tu chuyn dng, nhng khng phi cc gin v thit b hng hi t vn hnh hoc lai dt. Cc tuyn vn chuyn l bin khi, cc tuyn giao thng trn bin, cc hnh lang hng hi, cc ng thy ni b, v cc bn cng. Tu ngm v cc thit b ln c bit cho cc nhim v kim tra k thut hng hi, vic thm d v cc mc ch tng t v tu chin th khng thuc phm vi ca tm tt ny. Vn chuyn tu bin hng ha rt a dng v rng v kha cnh hng ha, t con ngi, n cc vt th rn, n cc cht lng v kh. Tu cng c s dng cho cc mc ch c bit trong thu gom v t rc thi ca i dng. Bi v vn ti bin l mt hot ng quc t, cc chi tit k thut quc gia v cc quy nh lin quan n ti trng v an ton trn bin ch yu da trn cc tha thun v cng c quc t. Hu ht cc tu vn hnh c bi cc ng c diesel v c trang b cc my pht in diesel. Ngoi ra cn c tu dng ng c tuabin vi cc l hi t du, v mt vi tu t than vn cn tn ti. Ngoi ra cn c mt lot cc tu vi tua bin kh. 26.2. Cc tc ng mi trng v cc bin php bo v Cc tc ng mi trng xut hin ngay c khi nu tu c vn hnh mt cch chnh xc. Cc tai nn v cc li sai st ca con ngi v k thut c th gy hi cho mi trng n mt mc m kh khn nh gi. Cc tc ng khc nhau ty theo tng trng hp v cn c xc nh trong tng trng hp c th bng mt phn tch ri ro. Ni cung, cc bin php bo v thng bao gm - cu trc - o to/hun luyn hoc - cc bin php da trn php lut v hnh chnh vi cc tiu chun c cng nhn quc t cung cp mt s tham kho cho tt c cc bin php ring bit. Mt c im k thut c cng nhn bi quc t cho cc tiu chun xy dng l tp hp cc quy nh v phn loi ca s phn loi x hi ring bit, mt s trong c kt hp vi cc quy nh an ton c nu trong lut php quc gia. Ngoi ra, mt s lnh vc c quy nh bi Cng c quc t v an ton s sng trn bin (SOLAS) v Cng c quc t v Phng chng nhim t tu bin MARPOL. Mt tiu chun xy dng tng ng vi tnh trng cng ngh c cng nhn ni chung l c p ng khi mt con tu c cp k hiu lp ph hp vi loi hnh ca n v khu vc hot ng. Cn phi nh rng bt k lp t an ton no l c coi l khng hiu qu nu khng c sn con ngi iu kin vn hnh n. Cc tiu chun quc t ti thiu v nng lc ca thy th on c quy nh bi cc "Cng c quc t v tiu chun hun luyn, cp chng ch v trc ca i vi Thuyn vin (STCW)". Mt khc, ni dung thc t v thi gian o to khc nhau tng nc. xc nh cc tc ng Mi Trng v cc bin php bo v ca h thng phc tp c bit n nh mt con tu n l cn thit xem xt mt mng li cc yu t lin quan n cc lnh vc ca k thut hng hi, cc bin php vn hnh v trn b (chng hn nh c s h tng k thut, ph hp vi nhn vin, cc yu cu php l vv.). 26.2.1. Mi trng lm vic v sc kho
366

nh hng trc tip n con ngi l ch yu gy ra bi ting n ca ng c chnh v ph, my mc, v cng bi kh hoc cc cht gy nhim pht ra t hng ho c th c nh hng xu n sc khe con ngi. nhim nc ung v thc phm (c, chim) l do d lng du v tn tch ca cc hng ho c hi. Theo quy nh, trc y ch nh hng n cc thnh vin phi hnh on v hnh khch, mc d hng ho cn gy ra cht nhim c th gin tip nh hng n cc bn th ba (xem thm 2,3 khng kh). Nhng bin php gim bt ting n c m t trong cc quy nh phn loi trong cc quy nh phng chng tai nn ca cng ty bo him c trch nhim php l i vi ngi lao ng thuc ngnh hng hi. "T chc Hng hi Quc t (IMO) ban hnh cc khuyn ngh i vi mc n ti a phn gii ca n v" mc n trn cc boong tu"(xem bng 1). Bng 1 Cc bin php i ph vi ting n ca cc quc gia u chu (Values in dB) H Lan Lin Cc quy nh v Cng ha Quyt nh Hng dn Thy Nauy 1987 Hip ca Cng in 1973 ting n lin bang ca IMO Anh A.468 (II) ng Chu 1973 c 1978 u 1982 1980 1987 Khu vc hot ng 110 110 100 110 110 Phng ng c Cc phn xng 85 85 75 90 85 Cc phng kim tra 85 70 75 v gim st ng c trn cc con tu di 4000 GRT 75 75 75 75 Cc phng kim tra v gim st ng c trn cc con tu t 4000 GRT tr ln Khu vc phng 60 60 55 60 60 v pht thanh Khu vc cabin v 65 65 65 65 65 phng ng Phng n tp th 65 65 65 65 65 Cc phng gii tr trn cc tu di 8.000 GRT Cc phng gii tr trn cc tu t 8.000 GRT tr ln. Cc phng ngh ring v gii tr Bnh x trn tu thy 60 65 65 65 65

70

65

60

60

60

60

65

367

Phng x l Vn phng Bp, phng thc n Phng v tuyn Khu vc i ch huy ca thuyn trng Phng li Cnh g Khu vc ting n, (qui nh) Bt buc eo thit b bo v thnh gic

65 70 60

65 75 60

55 55

65 70 60

65 75 60

65 70 90 90

65 70 85 85

90 90

65 70 85 90

90 90

65 90 90

65 70 85 85

Ni v mt k thut, vic gim bt ting n hin ti khng c bt k vn ln no. Cc phng ng c th thng c che chn xung quanh v do cho php cc kt cu bo v ting n c bao gm. ting n khng kh t cc ng x kh trn boong v trong mi trng xung quanh c th c gim bi ng gim m.Ting n pht thi khc (v d qut, ting n t ng x kh) c th c gim bng cc bin php c cu thch hp. S bo v chng li pht thi cht gy nhim c thc hin trong thi im u tin bng cch xp hng ho theo ng th tc, iu ny i hi phi c mt nhn thc v cc vn c th lin quan n vic x l hng ho c bit bi mt phn thy th v cc nhn vin ti cng bc hng v d hng. Cc quy nh quc t phi c tun theo, nh l ca " M hng ha Hng hi nguy him Quc t (IMDG-M)" v MARPOL-cng nh trong lnh vc ng tu - l tiu chun quc t lin quan n cc bin php bo v. Bng cch lp t cc h thng thng gi thch hp trong khu vc phng ca con tu, cc tp cht ca khng kh c th c gim ng k. Cc ri ro cho nhn vin (thuyn vin v cc bn th ba) gy ra bi vic pht thi s c ca cc cht nhim do va chm, n hoc chy trn tu trong mt s trng hp c th rt nghim trng (v d nh trng hp ca phng x, hng ho c c tnh cao hoc n). 26.2.2. Nc Nhng tc nhn sau y c th gy tc ng mi trng ln nc bin hoc nc sng: - du v cn du v hn hp bn c cha du, - d lng hng ha, - cht thi t hot ng ca tu (cht thi sinh hot, cht thi t phng ng c), - nc thi, - nc bn y tu - sn, - c thi, v - vic x rc v t cht thi. Cc ng c diesel trn cc con tu c vn hnh bi du nng, du diesel hng hi, kh hng hi. Cn du xut hin ch yu trn quy m ln do x du nng v, n mt mc
368

thp hn, du diesel hng hi, trong khi vn l hu nh khng ng k trong trng hp ca kh hng hi. Hn 90% tt c cc tu l t du nng. Cht lng ca nhin liu ny gim dn, v n c lm t d lng du th m t nhiu sn phm chng ct cht lng cao c tch ra khi c th. Ngoi ra, nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh (ln n 3%). Lng bn trong qu trnh ch bin du nng trn boong tu hin nay ln n khong 3% ca tng s nhin liu tiu th. Ngoi ra, du thi kt li t nhng thay i ca du trong my mc v thit b. Cc hn hp c cha du xut hin di dng b x nc, nc bn y tu v nc gin tu cha du. Under MARPOL, all liquids containing oil must, under normal operating conditions, pass into the sea only via oil separation systems, and may not do so in any circumstances in the form of sludge. The sludge and the separated oil residues are either to be incinerated on board in special furnaces or discharged in port to the oil collection facilities, though there are not enough of these available worldwide. Theo MARPOL, tt c cc cht lng c cha du phi, trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, thi ra bin ch khi thng qua h thng tch du, v khng cha bn dng bt k no. Bn v cn du b c tch hoc l c t trn tu trong cc l c bit hoc thi ti cng n cc c s thu gom du, mc d khng c ti mi ni trn th gii. Nhng cch hiu qu nht ca vic phng chng nhim du t cc hot ng hng hi bnh thng l bo m nhn thc, s hiu bit v chp hnh cc quy nh nu trong MARPOL ca cc thy th, cung cp y cc c s cho vic x cn du v thc hin c hiu qu gim st v kim tra s tun th cc quy nh. My mc thit b c np liu bng du diesel hng hi hoc kh hng hi (c hai u, ngu nhin,v c bn khng t hn du nng) gip lm gim bn n mt mc ng k. Ty thuc vo cc c s sn c cho tng con tu x du d ti cc c s x l hoc t chng trn tu, n c th l cn thit cung cp cc bn cha bn v nc thi bn (x nc c cha du). y l trng hp, v d, nu cc c s x l trn b trong khu vc ca con tu hot ng l khng . Cc xut hin ang c chun b bi U ban Bo v Mi trng Bin ca IMO (MEPC) cho vic nh kch thc ca cc bn cha nh vy. Cc bin php m rng ra ngoi cc tiu chun quc t bao gm, trong s nhng ci khc, vic s dng cc tu thy hai v nh cc tu ch du, vi vic t b cc h thng ng ng dn x l trc tip, vic s dng cc cht ty ra c bit c ph duyt bi cc nh sn xut cc h thng tch du, khuyn khch kinh t trong x l v nhng ngn cm ca cng php cm i vi tu khng t chun. D lng hng ha vn chuyn xut hin dng rn hoc lng sau mi ln d hng ca hng ri (khng ng container) (v d nh vn chuyn hng ha b h hi, phn cn li khng th vn chuyn bng bm). Vic x l cht thi rn v lng v phn cn li c qun l tng t bi MARPOL. iu l khuyn khch trnh a ra bt k d lng hng ha rn hoc lng no vo trong nc v thay vo l vt b chng trn t. iu ny p dng c vi cc cht thuc Ph lcIII ca MARPOL v cc cht khng c bao hm bi MARPOL. i vi tu ch ha cht, cng cn lu rng cc tu v i (ci m lun lun phi p ng t nht cc tiu chun ca tu kiu 2 ca IMO, theo "Quy tc quc t cho vic xy dng v thit b ca tu ch ho cht nguy him trong hng ha (IBC -M) ") khng ch chng va chm nhiu hn, m cn gip gim khi lng ca phn d bng cc bn c vch nhn (tri
369

ngc vi tu v n). K t 31.12.1988, vic x l cht thi chung ca tu c qun l c tnh bt buc bi Ph lc V ca MARPOL. Vic x ca mt s loi cht thi c cho php v nguyn tc tuy nhin ti khong cch 12 hay 25 hi l ngoi khi. Mt trong nhng bin php vt qu phm vi ca MARPOL, ngn nga nhim nc bi cc cht thi, l gii quyt cho con tu nh l mt h thng khp kn. iu ny c ngha rng tt c cc cht thi v cn to ra trong sut cc hot ng tm thi c lu tr v x l bng cch m khng c cc cht nhim no c th thm nhp vo nc. iu ny bao gm vic thu gom cc loi cht thi khc nhau trong cc thng cha ring bit, cung cp trang thit b x l thch hp c sn trn b. Vic x l v thi b nc thi cha c quy nh mt cch bt buc trn cp quc t (ngoi tr khu vc Bin Baltic), bi v Ph lc IV ca MARPOL - quy nh i vi cng tc phng chng nhim bi nc thi ca tu - cha c hiu lc. Hn na, MARPOL ch bao gm nhng g c gi l bn thu hoc nc bn (nc thi v sinh), trong khi nc xm (nh nc thi t bp hoc nc ra) c th c ngh khng x l, ngay c sau khi Ph lc IV c hiu lc. Nh trong trng hp cht thi ca con tu, mch khp kn c ngh, trong s khng cho php x thi bt k thi nhim no. Cc cht cha khun (phn) hin nay c th c x l sinh hc, v c cht thi t my nghin, vic p cht thi v thit b tch du m i vi nc thi cc nh bp. Sn t lp ph bn ngoi ca con tu c cha cht ph gia chng g c hi. Vic ha tan chm c th gy nhim nc v cc hiu ng thay th cha c bit n. U ban Bo v mi trng bin ca IMO (MEPC) tuy nhin lm vic pht trin nhng la chn thay th thn thin vi mi trng. Cht thi t ch bin c trn bin vn cha b iu chnh bi MARPOL. Thay v a tt c cc cht thi ra bin, c th s dng cc h thng sn xut bt c trn tu, nu chng c s dng, ch c s lng ti thiu cht thi cn c thi ra bin. Vic x v t cht thi l mt mi e da r rng v c n s tinh khit nc, m ch c th c ngn nga bng cch ngn chn cc hot ng . 26.2.3. Khng kh Cc hot ng ca ng c t trong gy ra cc kh sau y c lin quan vi mi trng s c pht tn vo kh quyn (khng kh): Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, kh lu hunh, hydrocacbon v cc oxit nit; b hng cng c pht tn. Ni chung mt s phn bit phi c thc hin gia cc loi pht thi khng kh sau y: - kh thi t cc ng c, cc ng c ph tr, ni hi chnh v ph tr; - Kh t cc hng ha nh l kt qu ca s r r kh hoc bc hi (thng gi ca cc bn cha); - kh t hng ha hoc c pht tn trong thi gian bc v d hng do s thay th ca khng kh trong bn cha khi cc b y m khng c h thng thot kh tht thot hng ha d do s thng hi bt buc t cc thng cha hng ha. s kh kh c t cc thng cha hng.

Trong mt s trng hp iu ny c th c sa cha bng cch lm sch kh thi. Ch n thun l m bo vic iu chnh chnh xc v bo dng cc ng c v ni hi s
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hn ch lng kh thi. Tiu th nng lng ca cc tu trung bnh hin cn cha r rng. Trong trng hp tu bin, hai s liu c trch dn v hm lng lu hunh khc nhau ca cc loi nhin liu c s dng. N c gi nh rng du nng cha khong 3% lu hunh v du diesel hng hi khong 1%. Khng c iu c quc t hoc cc khuyn ngh lin quan n gii hn pht thi i vi tu hoc cc quy nh i vi cht lng nhin liu ti thiu (v do v d nh hm lng lu hunh). MEPC tuy nhin cng lm vic v vn ny, c th pht trin khuyn ngh cho cc tiu chun quc t. Cc bin php quy nh ti Ph lcII ca MARPOL (xem trn) c dng trnh pht thi t cc thng cha hng ha trn tu ch ha cht. Vi cht kh d bay hi, bin php thch hp bao gm phng nga c kh m bo ngn chn ca cc kh thot ra trong qu trnh cht hng v hot ng x b, thm ch ni ny c php thot ra theo thng s k thut MARPOL. iu ny c bit quan trng trong trng hp cht c hi vo bu kh quyn ton cu, chng hn nh cc hp cht halogen. Hng ha ca cc tu ch du kh c kh nng gy ra cc pht thi hoc chy n l phm vi iu chnh ca MARPOL II nu chng c p sut hi ln nht l 2.8 kp/cm2 ti nhit l 37.80C Khng c quy nh quc t v vic x kh; tuy nhin c mt "B lut cho xy dng v thit b ca tu mang kh ha lng trong hng ha (1983)", c a ra bi IMO. Trn cc tu ch du kh, cc kh bay hi c lm cho ngng t li hoc t chy nu c th Cc tu thiu t cht thi cho i tng dn xut clo ca hydrocacbon l ngun gy ra pht thi ln. Cc hydroclorua v mt s cht khc c hp th bi nc bin, nhng dioxin v furans cng c sinh ra, v c th c nh hng xu n h sinh thi v cht lng nc. Cc khu vc ven bin gn c th b nhim nu gi ang theo hng ph hp. Khng c bin php ngn chn c hiu qu no c bit n, do phng php x l ny khng c khuyn co p dng. 26.2.4. y bin Vic b cht thi xung i dng c tc ng trc tip n mi trng ln y bin, v hiu ng gin tip nh l mt kt qu ca nhim ca nc vi cc cht ca trng lng ring cao hn nc bin. My mc h hng c th xy ra do no vt bn cng v cc knh vn chuyn v, n mt mc rt nh, do hiu ng ht v trng ln do di chuyn ca cc tu. Vic vt b cht thi xng bin cn b cm hon ton (xem trn) My mc h hng c th c gim thiu bng cch hn ch lng r nc v tc vn chuyn n mc ti thiu. 26.2.5. Cc h sinh thi Cc h sinh thi ca bin v sng c th b thit hi lu di do cc thnh phn a vo ca cc tp cht v cc cht c hi tch t trong trm tch hay cht rn l lng trong nc, v thng qua chui thc n. Ngoi vic bm vo b lng ca chim bin v sinh vt bin khc, du cn gy ra tnh trng thiu xy trong cc lp trm tch v tiu th oxy trong nc khi du b phn hy, c th gy thit hi th cp ln ng vt. C quy m ln, cc lp du lan trn mt nc t t chm
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xung ph hy tt c h vi thc vt v ng vt a phng bi vic mt oxy. chng nhim bin do tu bin, khng ch m bo cc yu cu ti thiu ca MARPOL, m cn cn p dng h thng khp kn trn tu. iu ny s ngn chn bt k cht no thi ra bin; cc bin php pht trin v m rng vn chuyn do nn lun lun phi i km vi quy hoch v nhng lp t c s h tng thch hp trn b bin. 26.3. Cc lu khi phn tch v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng 26.3.1. Nc Cc pht thi vo trong nc ch yu l kt qu cc vi phm qui nh c ch , tai nn, li k thut hay n gin l s thiu hiu bit ca mt b phn thy th. Nhng nh hng lu di ca du v ho cht c hi t cc thnh phn hng ha hoc phn cn li ca hng ha l mt vn c bit nghim trng vi mi trng. X cht thi sinh hot v vn hnh hin nay c cho php bi lut php rt hn ch, do iu ny cn c loi b hon ton. Vic x l nc x bn, d lng du, v rc thi vn c cho php theo quy nh MARPOL v pht tn c ch ca d lng hng ha thng phm c th c thc hin y nu c s tip nhn c sn, cc mc o to thch hp c a ra v cc yu cu s vt qu phm vi ca MARPOL c t ra, hay nu nhng ci tin thit k c p dng. Nc thi, mc d cha phi l i tng ca quy nh rng buc quc t, c th c x l bng cch xy dng cc nh my x l c sn i vi tu thuyn nh v t ra con ng pht trin trong tng lai. Vic s dng tu thiu t v thu gom cht thi gy ra thit hi khn lng lu di i vi mi trng (hiu ng c hi trn mt nc v khng kh) v do phi c dng li. Vic x cht thi c ngun gc c vo nc (gnh nng nhim hu c cao) c th c gn nh hon ton b loi b bi vic lp t cc h thng ti ch thch hp. 26.3.2. Cc mi trng khc Pht thi t tu thuyn vo bu khng kh xung quanh kt qu phn ln t kh thi t ng c t trong v mt phn t kh thi ca ho cht v tu ch du kh (khng quan tm n s thiu t cht thi ca cc con tu, c cp ti 3.1), cng nh ting n. IMO, hp tc vi "T chc Tiu chun quc t (ISO)", trong qu trnh xc nh cht lng nhin liu ti thiu v thit lp iu kin pht thi. Thng qua cc bin php thit k kt hp vi cc qui trnh hot ng, vt ra ngoi tiu chun ti thiu quc t nh MARPOL v thng s phn loi, c th t c gim ng k lng kh thi trong hng ha, trn quan im t ti mc ch sn lng hng ha 100% (tc l khng c bt k d lng cn li trn tu). 26.3.3. Cc c trng Nhng thit hi mi trng c bit nghim trng c gy ra bi cc tai nn. S ri ro cho mi trng t cc tai nn khc nhau ph thuc vo loi tu thuyn, kch c ca chng, tnh cht ca hng ha v cc vng nc m n vt qua. Cn thc hin nh gi ri ro cho tng trng hp, da trn cc iu kin c bit ch o, xc nh tc ng mi trng tim tng. S ch c bit phi c t ra i vi vic vn chuyn cc hng ha c bit: - cc hng ha nguy hi theo B lut IMDG,
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- cc hng ha nguy hi dng cht lng, - du th v cc dn xut ca n v.v 26.4. Mi tng tc vi cc lnh vc/phm vi/ngnh khc C s lin h trc tip vi khu vc ca qun l vn chuyn v khu vc cng v cc tuyn ng thu (xem thm cc tm tt v mi trng cng v bn cng, cc tuyn ng thy c th lu thng c). 26.4.1. Qun l hnh chnh vn ti bin Hot ng hiu qu ca tu, s tun th vi tt c cc yu cu thit k c lin quan n mi trng v cc bin php t chc, ph thuc vo php lut hin c ca c quan vn chuyn, mt h thng c hiu qu qun l php lut v mt hot ng t php. Cc ngnh cng nghip phc tp nh ngnh cng nghip vn chuyn ch c th c quy nh bng cc bin php lut php c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc, gim thiu tc ng mi trng. Cc thnh phn ngoi vi sau y c th c cp trong vn ny: - tch hp v vic xy dng quc t, cc quy nh v an ton v mi trng v cc iu l qun l vo lut php quc gia, - lut lao ng v x hi, - cc hun luyn v qui tc/qui nh - cung cp hnh chnh, cnh st v hnh s. Thc t thc hin yu cu mt h thng hnh chnh c tnh n cc nhu cu c bn. Chng bao gm, c th: - kim tra v gim st k thut, ca mi trng cng nh - kim tra v gim st x hi - quy hoch hng hi/k thut v cc bin php - pht trin, iu phi v h tr cc kha hun luyn cn thit, bao gm nhng ci c d nh nng cao nhn thc v cc vn mi trng. Mt h thng lut php thch hp cng l cn thit thc hin v xc nh nhng hu qu c lin quan n php lut. 26.4.2. Cc cng v tuyn giao thng thu Trong phm vi ca cng, nhng iu sau y l c bit quan trng trong cc li ch ca mi trng: - k thut/cng ngh x l tin cy v thn thin vi mi trng, - cc c s lu tr thch hp. - vic giao nhn v loi b hng ha tin cy v c trt t - cung cp cc c s x l cht thi cn thit, - tnh kh thi ca thit b v nhn lc cp cu thch hp (dch v cu ha, cp cu, h thng h tr ng lc ti cc cng, hoa tiu, thit b i ph vi cc tai nn du v ha cht v.v) bo v chng li cc tai nn, nhng tr gip li tu v cc bin bo giao thng c yu cu cho tt c cc vng nc tu b i li c ca cng, cc tuyn ng bin, cc vng nc ven bin v bin khi ngay bn ngoi cng.
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Ngoi ra, vic bo dng phi c tnh n m bo su nc ti thiu c bit n v bt k bin php phng cn thit khc c thc hin cc vng nc ven bin v ngoi khi (hn ch tc , bo v b bin, ng ca ca cc khu vc c bo v, vv.). 26.5. Tm tt v cc tho ng v mi trng Tu thuyn c th gy ra thit hi mi trng mt cch c bit nh l mt kt qu ca - du th v cc dn xut ca n v kh t, - hng ha nguy hi dng rn, lng v d lng hng ha, - hot ng ca cht thi t hot ng, - nc thi, - s ri vi ca sn c hi. i vi hu ht cc phn, cc cht nhim ch c pht tn vo bu khng kh hoc nc nh l kt qu ca s vi phm lut, thiu hiu bit hoc tai nn hoc v thit k chi tit k thut v/hoc qui trnh hot ng l khng c rng buc trn phng din quc t. Nu tu thuyn c thit k nh cc h thng kn, vi cc c s x l thch hp c cung cp ti cc im n, c vic thi b v pht thi c th c gim thiu v cn bn. Cc tiu chun k thut cho tu thuyn phi lun c tnh n trong nhng pht trin mi. Thit hi mi trng c gy ra bi tu thuyn c th c gim n mc ti thiu nu c im k thut v thit k c tn trng trit , m cn c bit nu c s h tng hnh chnh v k thut trn b thch hp c th c bo m Tc ng ca cc tai nn ng thy phi c nh gi da cho tng trng hp bng cch phn tch ri ro c chun b c bit. 26.6. Ti liu tham kho 1. International conventions and recommendations
1. Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH-Code, 1986 edition). 2. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) including Ph lcI - V. 3. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, including amendments (SOLAS 1974). 4. International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG-Code). 5. International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BC-Code, 1986 edition). 6. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978. 7. Noise Levels on Board Ships (IMO Resolution A. 468 (xii)). 8. Vorschriften fr Klassifikation und Besichtigung von sthlernen Seeschiffen, Kapitel 1 - 10, in jeweils aktueller Ausgabe (variiert zwischen 1971 und 1988).

2. Literature
1. Bruck, V.: "Bilanz des Rckstandsls und des Schiffsmlls in der Nordsee", Referat auf der 2. Bremer-Maritim-Tagung, Bremen 1987. 374

2. EAT-Systemtechnik GmbH et al.: "Chemikalien-Slop-Entsorgung im bundesdeutschen Kstenbereich", Ottobrunn, 1986. 3. Ehlers, P.: "MARPOL", in: Gefhrliche Ladung 1985, p. 363. 4. as above: "MARPOL 73/78 - Erfolg oder Mierfolg?" in: Hansa 1990, p. 35. 5. Forschungsstelle fr die Seeschiffahrt zu Hamburg e.V.: "Meeresverschmutzung durch den Transport wassergefhrdender Stoffe auf See - Bestandsaufnahme und Manahmeempfehlungen", Bd.. II + V, Hamburg, 1987. 6. Pahl, G.: "Schiffstankreinigung und Entsorgungstransport", Referat auf der 2. BremerMaritim-Tagung, Bremen 1987. 7. Schuldt, J.: "Schwerlreinigung fr Dieselmotoren durch Zentrifugal-Separatoren", in: Schiffsingenieur-Journal, 1985, Heft 11/12, p. 4. 8. Umweltbundesamt [German Federal Environmental Agency]: "Verschmutzung der Nordsee durch l und Schiffsmll", Berlin, 1985. 9. Wragge, F.: "Lrmschutz auf Seeschiffen", in: Hansa 1988, p. 1498. 10. Wragge, F.: "Bordseitige Probleme der Entsorgung von Seeschiffen", in: Hansa, 1989, p. 1443. 11. 3. Reports on meetings of the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the IMO (MEPC) 12. Ehlers, P.: Bericht ber die 25. Sitzung (report on the 25th meeting), in: Hansa 1988, p. 236. 13. Menzel, H.: Bericht ber die 27. Sitzung (report on the 27th meeting), in: Hansa 1989, p. 640. 14. NN: Bericht ber die 26. Sitzung (report on the 26th meeting), in: Hansa 1988, p. 1423

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