ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the prescribed syllabus of Electrical Engineering there is a provision of

practical training of six weeks after completion of sixth semester in summer.

I ROHIT KUMAR have undertaken practical training at Najafgarh 220KV

Substation, New Delhi, under the supervision and guidance of Er. Ram Singh
(Assistant Manager Technical, Najafgarh, New Delhi), and Er. Sri Krishan
Kumar (JE Najafgarh New Delhi). I am thankful to all the employees of this
sub-station who helped me to gain the practical knowledge, and answered my
queries to me to best my satisfaction. I feel obliged by the gaining knowledge
under the esteemed guidance of able personals at DTL.

During the training from 04/06/2009 to 17/07/2009 I have prepared this report of
practical training, which gives insight information about instruments and
apparatus used in this sub station and their working in brief.

I can say that this report is a summary of what I observed and learnt there.

Signature (Er. Ram Singh) Signature (Er. Krishna Kumar)

 BRIEF HISTORY OF POWER SECTOR IN DELHI

1. Introduction: - Electricity plays a vital role in our day-to-day life. It powers

our houses, industries, hospitals and in fact our entire economy. Historically
speaking the modern electricity industry utility system was first introduced to
the world on the opening of Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street Electricity Generating
Station on September 4th, 1882 at New York (United States of America). Insofar
as Delhi is concerned, the position is that as per available records, the first diesel
Power Station was established in Delhi in the year 1905 when private English
Company by name M/s. John Fleming was given permission to generate
electricity under the provisions of the Indian Electricity Act 1903. The above
mentioned Company was given the responsibility both of generation and
distribution of power in a limited manner. That Company after obtaining license
under the provisions of Electricity Act 1903 had set up a small 2 MW Diesel set at
Lahori Gate in Old Delhi. Later on, this very Company was converted as Delhi
Electricity Supply and Traction Company. In the Year 1911, the power
generation was augmented by Steam Generation Station. In the year 1932, the
management of Central Power House was handed over to New Delhi Municipal
Committee (NDMC). In the field of power generation and distribution, a major
break through was achieved in 1939 when Delhi Central Electricity Power
Authority (DCEPA) was established. This Company was responsible for the
supply of power to the areas covered by Local Bodies, namely, the Municipal
Committees of Delhi, West Delhi and South Delhi, the Notified Area Committees
of Red fort, Civil Lines, Mehrauli, Najaf Garh, and the District Board of Delhi.
The supply of electricity to the Municipal Committees of Delhi-Shahdara and the
Notified Area of Narela was done by different private agencies. In 1947 DCEPA
took over a Private Limited Company by name Delhi electric Supply & traction
Company Limited.

2. Promulgation of Electricity (Supply)Act 1948:- In the year 1948, electricity

(Supply) Act 1948 came into force, which inter-alia provided for the constitution
of an electricity Board in the States that was to function as a vertically integrated
electricity utility in the entire State, undertaking all the functions of activities
related to electricity, which included electricity generation, transmission,
distribution, supply, planning coordination and also was to act as regulatory
authority for carrying out other functions incidental and ancillary thereto. In
other words, the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948 was entitled to become a
monopolistic undertaking in the field of electricity control by an instrument of
the state and not by private sector. The principal objective behind the above
policy decision of the Government of India in providing for the constitution of
State electricity to all, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas because till then

2
the availability of electricity was confined to urban areas and was mainly served
by private electricity distribution licenses issued under the Indian electricity Act
1910.

3. Formation of Delhi State Electricity Board: - In pursuance of the provisions

of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, in Delhi, in the year 1951 the Delhi State
Electricity Board (DSEB) came into existence and the responsibility of generation
and distribution of electricity was taken over by DSEB from DCEPA. The entire
staff of DCEPA and other agencies was absorbed by DSEB under the existing
terms & conditions of service.

4. Notification of Industrial Policy Resolution:- In the year 1952 the

Government of India notified the Industrial Policy Resolution under the
Industries Development and Regulation Act 1951 where under the electricity
industry, which included all aspects of generation, transmission, distribution,
and supply of electricity, came to be reserved for State sector. In other words, the
private sector was not entitled to commence any business of generation,
transmission, distribution, and (or) supply of electricity.

5. Formation of Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking by promulgation of DMC

Act 1957:- After the promulgation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957,
the DSEB was dissolved and the functions of DSEB were taken over by Delhi
Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), which came into existence in 1958. After
the formation DESU, the generation and distribution of electricity to all the areas
of Delhi came under DESU and the employees of erstwhile DSEB were also
absorbed by DESU.

6. Constitution of Delhi Vidyut Board: - The Government of the National

Capital Territory of Delhi vides notification no. F.11 (10)/92-LSG /PF (II) dated
24.02.1997, issued under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, constituted a separate
Electricity Board, i.e. the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) for the NCT of Delhi w.e.f.
24.02.1997 for the purpose of generation and distribution of power to the entire
area of NCT of Delhi except the areas falling within the jurisdiction of NDMC
and Delhi Cantonment Board.

7. Practical difficulties in the working of Delhi Vidyut Board:- The activities of

Delhi Vidyut Board from its inception, and as a matter of fact even prior thereto
when the activities were being undertaken by DESU, were not financially viable
on account of several factors affecting the electricity industry including the high
level of losses in the system and the revenues being not able to meet the cost with
result that like other State electricity Boards, Delhi vidyut Board suffered
operating deficit in aggregate to the tune of Rs.2,386.72 crore during the period
from 1995-96 to 2000-01. In addition the Delhi Vidyut Board was required to

3
 make adequate provision for bad and doubtful debts. The cumulative effect of
all these factors was that the Delhi Vidyut Board was not in a position to meet its
financial obligations and commitments including the payment for power
purchased from generation companies and suppliers, such NTPC Limited,
Nuclear Power Corporation Limited, national Hydroelectric Corporation
Limited, etc., etc.

8. Unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board in six entities: - In the recent for

alleviating the concerns of consumers in the power sector, some reforms started
gaining momentum. In that very direction with a view to safeguard the overall
interests of the consumers GNCTD took some policy initiatives as as a result of
which DVB was split into six Companies, viz., BSES Rajdhani Power Limited,
BSES Yamuna Power Limited, North Delhi Power Limited, Delhi Transco
Limited, Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited, and Delhi Power
Company Limited, as per the provisions contained in Delhi electricity reform Act
2000 read with Delhi Electricity Reform (Transfer Scheme) Rules 2001.

9. Growth in demand of electricity: - Thus, starting the humble origin, i.e., Private
Limited Company having a few employees with primitive generation process,
the generation, transmission, and distribution of power to the citizens of Delhi
has now come in the hands of above mentioned six Companies with an
employee strength which has grown over the years from a meager figure of few
hundred to about 20,000. Prior to 1951, the demand of power in Delhi was about
27 MW which now has grown to about 4,000 MW. Availability of reliable and
cheap power is absolutely essential for economic development of any developing
society and consumption of electricity is an important indicator of the stage of
development of agriculture, industry and commerce. With the growth of
population, industries, importance of Delhi being the national Capital and with
the advancement of technology, life style and increased use of new electrical &
electronic gadgets, the demand of power has gone up enormously.

10. Present Scenario: - The role of Delhi Transco Limited is confined to arrange
and provide transmission network of 400 KV and 220 KV source from Northern
Grid. The present infrastructure for this purpose under 400 KV systems is 4,725
MVA (2520 MVA with DTL and 2205 with Power Grid Corporation). As against
this, 220 KV sub Stations have the capacity of 6,300 MVA is available for Delhi.

11. Future Plans: - In the 11th Plan ending 2011-12 the transmission capacity is
proposed to be augmented to meet the future requirements. Under 400 KV
systems, it is proposed to establish new Sub Stations at Mundka, South-East
Delhi near Mandi village and East Loni Road with a capacity of 630 MVA each
by DTL and also increase the capacity of existing sub-Station at Maharani Bagh
by 630 MVA b Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. Similarly, under 220

4
KV systems, augmentation and new addition in capacity to the tune of 1660
MVA under the existing Sub Stations is proposed. Further, new Sub Station at
DSIDC Bawana-II (320MVA), Chandrawal (200 MVA), Jhatikara More (320
MVA),. Ridge Valley (320 MVA), Rohini-II (480 MVA), Sultanpuri (320
MVA), Electric lane (200 MVA), Trauma Centre (200 MVA), Wazirpur Industrial
Area (320 MVA) and IGI Airport (320 MVA ) are proposed to be established.
Thus, the capacity of 2520 MVA and 5940 MVA will be added in the 400 KV
system and 220 KV system, respectively.

To sum up, by 2011-12 transformation capacity of 8460 MVA will be added and a
total capacity of 19485 MVA will be available to Delhi

5
 CONTENTS

Chapter's Name Page Number

DTL an Overview 7
Substation 10
Classification of S/S 11
Equipments relating to S/S 14
Single line diagram of 220 KV Najafgarh 17
220/66/33/11 Kv. Najafgarh S/S at glance 18
Transmission Line 25
Bus Bar 26
Transformers 28
Instrument Transformer 43
Isolator 50
Circuit Breaker 51
Protection 54
Relay 60
Control Panel 62
Battery Room 63
Clearances in the line 65
Capacitor Bank 66
SCADA 67
Thermal Scanning 69
Safety Precaution 71
Conclusion 72

6
 DELHI TRANSCO LIMITED AN OVERVIEW

Delhi Transco Limited is responsible for 400/220 KV Transmission System in

Delhi besides providing bulk power supply to the Distribution licenses. After
unwinding of DVB, DTL’s responsibilities have changed radically. Now it is
endeavoring to deliver quality bulk Power as well maintain transmission
system in a reliable & efficient manner to the expectation of the stake holder
in an optimal way.
The peak demand in Delhi in the past has been increasing by 6 to 8 %
annually. As a result the peak demand met in Delhi by DTL has already
touched 3626 MW during June 2006.
Delhi Transco Limited, a successor company of erstwhile Delhi Vidyut Board,
came into existence on 1st July 2002, as a state transmission utility of the
national capital of Delhi. The objective behind the creation was to upgrade the
transmission management in order to maintain an efficient and effective grid
network for transmission of power in Delhi in a cost effective manner with
due social concern. Apart from this DTL has also been designated as the nodal
agency for implementation of activities for energy conservation. Over the
years DTL has evolved as a most dynamic performer, keeping pace with the
many – fold challenges that confront the ever-increasing demand – supply
situation and achieving functional superiority on all fronts. The transmission
losses were brought down from 3.84% in 2002-03 to 0.72% in 2005-06.
Delhi being capital and the hub of commercial activities in the northern
region, the load requirement has been growing at a much faster pace. Added to
which, being the focus of socio-economic and political life of India. Delhi is
assuming increasing eminence among the great cities of the world. Plus the
vision 2021, aiming to make Delhi a global metro politic and world-class city
demands greater infrastructure to enrich many service sector. Understanding
the fact that the power is the main component in infrastructure development,
DTL has been responsibly playing its role in establishing, upgrading
operating and maintaining the EHV (extra high voltage) network and
arranging bulk power supply to distribution licensees. DTL has also been
assigned the responsibility of running the SLDC (State load dispatch centre),
which is an apex body to ensure integrated operation of power system in
Delhi. DTL has been playing a vital role in encouraging energy conservation.
Thus also ensuring saving of power and smooth loan management in this
regard. The Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy management has been
established at DTL.

7
Existing Transmission Network

The existing network of DTL consists of a 400KV ring around the

periphery of Delhi interlinked with the 220 KV network spread all
over the city. The salient features of the network: -

Parameters 400Kv 220Kv

No. of Sub stations 2 22

Transformation Capacity 2205 6300

Transmission lines length 227 556

Power Purchase:
DTL purchase power from various sources in order to meet the power
requirement of licensees. The main sources of procurement are:

oIPGCL (Indraprastha Power Generation Corporation Limited) owns

1) Indraprastha Power Ltd.
2) Rajghat power house
3) Gas Turbine Power House
oPragati Power Corp. Ltd
oBTPS of NTPC Ltd.
oCentral Generating companies, NTPC Ltd.
oThrough bilateral arrangements with generating stations.

8
Power Selling

DTL has five licensees for distribution of power in Delhi:

oBSES Rajdhani Power Ltd.(For south and west Delhi)
oBSES Yamuna Ltd.(For east and central Delhi)
oNew Delhi Municipal Council (For New Delhi Area)
oMES (For Cantonment Board Area)

DTL Objectives

oArrange sufficient power to meet the growing needs of the NCT of Delhi.
oIncrease load reception capacity at 400 KV and 220 KV grid sub-stations.
oEstablish new 400 KV and 220 KV and 220 KV grid sub-station.
oMaintain and upgrade existing Sub- Station & Training lines.
oEstablish transparent and responsive interface with Licensees, Suppliers and
Employees.
oRegularly trained employees for up gradation of their skills.
oQuality assumes through in house Quality Assure System

New Projects

1.400/220 KV Sub-Stations
1) Maharani Bagh
2) Mundka
3) 4th 315 MVA Power Transformers at Bamnauli S/S.
4) ETC of 220 KV S/S DSIDC Bawana
5) ETC of 220 KV S/S MASJIDH MOTH
6) ETC of 8 NO.S 220 KV GIS BAYS at Maharani Bagh S/S

9
 SUB-STATION
A substation is precisely defined as an assembly of apparatus installed to control
transmission and distribution of electric power.
A substation is an intermediate link between the generating station and
consumer. It may be defined as the assembly of apparatus, which transfers the
characteristics of electrical energy from one, form to another for example one
voltage to another. This sub-station receives power from incoming lines from
generating plant. The electrical energy is generated at low voltage link 6.6 kV or
11 kV, through higher voltage to 33 kV are also possible due to economic
consideration low voltage is converted to high voltage like 220 kV 400 kv for
transmission purpose.
This can be done with the help of transformer.
The consumer apparatus are made up of low voltage, so this voltage is again to
be stepped down to the required voltage at substation. There may be two or
three voltage levels in sub-stations depending upon incoming and out going line
voltage level.
The electrical substation design is influenced by following aspects:

1. Rated voltage of incoming and outgoing lines.

2. Total MVA to be transferred
3. Geographical area available
4. Step up and step down
5. Switching substation
6. Receiving substation
7. Distribution substation
8. Industrial substation

Difference b/w GRID and GRID SUBSTATION

GRID is a technical word used for the interconnection of power received from
more than one place. It is a network of main lines for distribution of electricity.

GRID SUBSTATION is a substation where power from more than one place is
interconnected through equipments.

10
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION

The classification of sub-station is based on several aspects:-

1. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VOLTAGE LEVEL:

A sub-station is named in accordance with its higher voltage level i.e. a
220 kV sub-station has higher voltage level of 220 kv standard rated voltages in
power frequency phase to phase A.C. voltage. There is generally two or more
voltage level in sub- station .the sub-station is designated after higher voltage
level i.e. a 220kv buses besides say 66 kv, 33 kv , 11 kv , buses.
The bus bars are either in two or three horizontal planes so as to permit proper
connection and clearances. Three level sub- stations are more compact and
complex.
Conventional open terminals sub-station is very common at all voltages above 11
kV.

2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON APPLICATION

A substation can be classified on the basis of functional requirement related with
applications. Some of types include:-

1) Substation in generating stations, receiving

Stations, Distribution system.
2) Factory substation.

3) A.C. / D.C. conversion substations.

4) Sub-Station for load centre.

11
3. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PHYSICAL LOCATION
A substation can be classified on the basis of orientation of its equipments and
physical location as under:-

A.Outdoor substation.
B. Indoor substation.

A. OUTDOOR SUB-STATION: -

In this type of sub-station, the substation equipments are installed in open yard
and hence the name outdoor substation.

a) TRANSMISSION SUB-STATION:-

Such substations are those which transmit electrical energy and above
including 400KV. Transmission substations have a different design than
distribution on pole mounted substations which supply electrical energy at
relatively low voltage. The transmission substations are designed to receive
and transmit large blocks of electrical energy amounting to several hundred
thousand KV. Such substations are generally installed outside the city. The
equipment required for such substations such as high KV transformers bus
bars for supporting conductor for taking the connections, supporting
structure for CTs and CVTs, circuit breakers, Isolators and isolator with
switches. Usually outdoor type substations are used for primary and
secondary transmission purpose. Those substations are cheaper than indoor
type substations. The rating of transformer used in such substations varies
from 10 MVA to 315 MVA. The cooling generally used is of natural cooling
type up to 10MVA.

ADVANTAGES OF OUTDOOR SUBSTATION

1. The fault location is easier since all the equipment is with in view.
2. The extension of the installation is easier.
3. The time required for the erection of substation is less.
4. Less amount of building material is required.
5. The construction work required is switchgear installed is low.

12
B. INDOOR SUB-STATION: -

In these substations the electrical equipment is installed with in the building of

substation. Indoor substation are usually for a voltage up to 11KV but can be
erected 66KV volts when the surrounding atmosphere is contaminated with
impurities , such as metal corroding gases and funs , conductive dust etc. The
major factor in the design of indoor substation is the minimization of the fire risk;
section align by fire resisting wall is usually necessary and fire extinguishing
apparatus must be installed carbon dioxide is a very effective fire extinguishing
medium and causes no damage to sound equipment the gas is stored in cylinder
and released automatically by fusible plugs.

This type of substation is having two transformers say each of 500KV. The
usual primary voltage is 11KV and the secondary is 400/220 volts. On primary
side the switch gear, which will be installed, consist of oil current breakers only.
The supply is given to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary is
connected to low voltage bus bars. Several feeders connecting the large
consumers of electricity on the distribution system of a particular area leave from
the bus bars through the enrolling equipment. The panel for each feeder consists
of a switch isolator and a circuit breaker.

ADVANTAGE OF INDOOR SUBSTATION

1. When fault occurs on any section of the bus that section can be isolated
without affecting the supply from other section.
2. Repair and maintenance of any section of bus bar can be carried out by de-
energizing that section only the possibility of complete shut down.

FUNCTION OF A SUB-STATION: -

A substation may be required to perform one or more of the following function.

oTo switch on or off power lines the operation is known as switching

operation.

oTo raise the lower voltage, the operation is known as voltage transformation
operation.

13
 oTo convert A.C. in to D.C. or vice versa, the operation is known as power
converting operation.

oTo convert frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa, the operation is

known as frequency operating operation.

oTo improve power factor by installing synchronous condensers at the end of

the line. Operation is known as power factor correction operation.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION:-

S.NO. EQUIP. CONS.FEATURE/LOCATION FUNCTION

1. BUS BAR Rigid tubular support on Receive power
positions or Flexible ACSR from incoming
bus bar supported from two and deliver
ends of strain insulator. power to O/G
ckt.
2. SURGE Connected B/W phase Discharge O/V
ARRESTOR conductor and ground first surge to earth and
equip as seen from incoming protect
O/H line and also near equipment.
transformer terminal.

3. ISOLATOR Located each side of CB. Provide isolation

from part for
MTC.
4. EARTH SWITCH Mounted on frame of isolators, Discharge voltage
(E.S.) generally for such I/C each bus on ckt to earth for
bar. safety.
5. CURRENT Protection, measuring decided Step-down
TRANSFORMER by protective zone measurement current
(C.T.) requirements. measurement
front and control.

14
6. VOLTAGE Electro magnetic capacitive Step-down
TRANSFORMER feeder side of C.B. current
(V.T.) measurement
protection and
control.
7. CIRCUIT Depend on rated voltage LV, Switching during
BREAKER (C.B.) MV, HV, EHV depend on normal abnormal
quenching medium –SF6 MQ, and S.C. current.
AB etc.

8. SERIES Oil filled gapped core shielded, 1. Control low

REACTOR usually unswitched. load period
voltage.
2. To compensate
shunt capacitor of
T.L during low
load.
9. SHUNT Locate at receiving STN and 1. comp. rex
CAPACATOR DIST, substation. power.
Banks rated -132KV, 66KV, 2. P.F. improves.
400KV, 11KV switched during 3. VOH contran.
heavy load.
10 SEREIS 1. Capacitor bank located at send Used for EHV
. CAPACITOR end or receive end of line. lines to improve
2. Provided with bypass C.B and power
protect spare gaps. transformer.
11 TRANSFORMER Oiled filed 3 Setup / down
. voltage.
12 MV/LT SW GR Inside swgrbling. AC power to
. auxiliary stnlty
13 STATION Earth mat and earth electrode. For safe touch
. EARTHING potential
SYTEM → Equipment
body earth.
→ discharging
current from SA
O/H shielding
and E.S.
14 INSULATORS Between the poles and Does not allow
. conductors. Disc type shaped. the current to
pass through it.
15 POLES It is made by joining the heavy To provide

15
 materials with the help of nuts necessary height
and bolts of requirement shape to conductor from
and size wherever necessary. which current is
flowing.
16 CVT Consist of two to five windings CVT are used for
. in parallel of line. line voltmeters,
synchronoscope,
protective relays,
tariff meter etc.
17 L.A. Ring type L.A. parallel in line. To drop the sky
. lightening effect.
18 CONDUCTORS A.C.R.S. is used wherever Transmission
. necessary. current form one
place to another.
19 BATTERY Located in separate room near to To supply D.C.
. BANKS control room. for controlling
protection system
and
communication
equipments.
20 CONTROL Associate with protection relays To control all
. PANEL locate in big hall. equipment of
substations.

16
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220/66/11 KV NAJAFGARH SUB-
STATION NEW DELHI.

17
 220/66/11 KV NAJAFGARH S/S AT A GLANCE

Najafgarh S/S is set up according to load requirement of South Delhi. It covers

almost 70 % of the load requirement of South Delhi. The whole system is based
on Ring main distribution system of 400kv.
220 kV Najafgarh S/S is located at Najafgarh (Powerhouse), and is an ideal place
for distribution of power to the local area.

The 220 KV substations not only serve the purpose of providing domestic supply
but also feed (serves as input) various substations at various stages. Thereby it
not only serves the purpose of providing supply to domestic (household) but
also to various commercial hubs located in close vicinity viz., Dwarka.

There are 66 KV outdoor yards which serve purpose of stepping down supply
from BTPS incomer feeder to 220 KV Najafgarh. They also serve purpose for
distribution of power to various areas as depicted in Single Line Diagram.

This S/S is divided in the following main parts:

1. 220 kV outdoor yards.

2. 66 kV outdoor yards.
3. 11 kV indoor yards.
4. Control Room.
5. SCADA.
6. Battery Room.
7. Main Office.

18
 THE 220 KV YARD

At Najafgarh S/S two EHV lines each of 220 kV are coming from BTPS
(Badarpur Thermal Power Station), and are incomer to 220 kV yard. These are
named BTPS incomer no.1 and BTPS incomer no. 2 respectively.

oTwo buses of 220 KV each run in parallel from this very incomer feeder of
220 KV.
oThere are 9 ways out of these buses.
oThe ways 1, 2, 3, 4 are used to make 66 KV yard.
oThe ways 5, 6 are used for 220 KV incomer.
oThe ways 7 is for bus - coupler, for load sharing and line protection.
oThe ways 8, 9 for making 66 KV yard.
oThe two buses of 220 KV are joined by bus selection for each out going way.

19
oThe two transformer of 50 MVA 220/66/11 are used to step down the
voltage from 220 KV to 66 KV. These transformers are located on way 1 and
way 2. These transformers are single-phase 50 MVA star connected and form
66 KV bus in secondary of transformer. This makes total number of single-
phase 50 MVA transformers equal to 6.
oSimilarly way 3 and 4 are given to 100 MVA transformer of rating 220/66/11
KV. These are 3 – phase power transformer that gives 66 from its secondary,
thus making bus no. 2 of 66 KV yard.
oTransformer no. 3 is TELK, India made and transformer no. 4 is EMCO India
made.
oA PT to each bus is connected, to measure voltage in the line.

20
 THE 66KV YARD

oThere are two incomers of 66 KV coming from 220KV yard transformers on

way 8 and 9.
oFrom both the transformers two bus of 66 KV is made to run in 66 KV yard
and is named as bus 1, and bus 2.
oBoth transformers of 100 MVA, 220/66/11 KV each is BHEL make.
oThere are 5 outgoing feeders connected to 66 KV bus 1 and bus 2 through
bus selection.
oTwo transformers of 20 MVA each of rating 66/11 KV are connected to 66
KV bus by bus - selection.
oOne of the transformers is BHEL make and named transformer no. 1 and
other is CROMPTON GREAVES MAKE and is named transformer no. 2.
oThere are 3 pairs of Shunt capacitor of 20 MVAR each in parallel, and is
connected through bus selection to improve the power factor. These are
named no. 1, no. 2 and no. 3.
oShunt capacitor no. 3 is fixed to bus 2 and shunt capacitor no. 1 & 2 are
joined by bus selection.
oEach bus is connected to PT for measurement of voltage in line.
oCT is connected at required place for measurement of current and protection
of lines.
oThe CB (Circuit Breakers) is aligned in the circuit for tripping whenever any
fault occurs in the circuit.
oThere are 144 shunt capacitor and 6 reactors.

21
 11 KV INDOOR YARDS

oThere are two incomers of 11 KV coming from 66 KV yard transformers of

20 MVA 66/11 KV
oFrom both the transformers two bus of 11 KV is made to run in 11 KV yard
and is named as bus 1, and bus 2.
oThere are 10 outgoing feeders connected to 11 KV bus 1 and bus 2 .The
feeders in sequence as in the 11 KV yard are:
oOn first half bus:
o Kalkaji , A - 12
o Kalkaji , A – 10
o Girinagar 1
o DDA phase 2
o Local Transformer
oOn second half bus :
oAlaknanda
oGirinagar 2
oKalkaji A – 8
oTara Apartment
oGovindpuri

oThere is a 5 MVAR Shunt capacitor connected to it to improve power factor.

oA bus coupler is there for load sharing and line protection.

22
 TRANSMISSION LINES

In this category the EHV lines viz. extra high voltage lines of 400kv, 220kv,
132kv, and 66kv are considered. These high voltages are transmitted from one
sub-station to other sub-station through various types of conductors.
For 400 KV line: Taran, Tulla and Marculla conductor.

For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of Aluminum strands

and steel wires.

For 66kv, 33kv lines: Panther conductors is used composite of Aluminum

strands and steel wires.

The materials used in these conductors is generally Aluminum conductor

steel reinforced (ASCSR).

BUS-BAR

It is a conductor to which a no. of circuit is connected. In 220kv Najafgarh there

are two bus- bars running parallel to each other, one is main& other is auxiliary
bus.
The purpose of using two buses is only for stand by, in each of failure of one bus
we can keep the supply continue with help of other bus using isolators.
According to bus voltage the material is used. T he most commonly used
material is Al, Cu. But Al. Is used because of its property & feature and also it is
cheap.

23
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS USED IN BUS BAR ARE AS
FOLLOWS:-

PROPERTIES COPPER ALUMINIUM

Electrical resistively at 20 0.017241 0.0288

deg C

Temp coeff. of resistivity 0.00411 0.00403

Softening temperature 200 180

Thermal conductivity 0.923 0.503

Melting point 1083 657

When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly

connected electrically bus-bar are used as the common electrical component. Bus-
bar are copper or aluminium bars and operate at constant voltage. The incoming
and outgoing lines in a sub-station are connected to the bus-bars. The most
commonly used bus-bar arrangements in sub-station are:
1. Single bus-bar arrangement.
2. Single bus-bar system with sectionalisation.
3. Double bus-bar arrangement.

1. SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM: -

24
It consists of a single bus-bar and all the incoming and outgoing lines are
connected to it. The disadvantage of this type of system is that if repair is to be
done on the bus-bar or a fault occurs on the bus. There is a complete interruption
of the supply. This arrangement is not used for voltages exceeding 33KV.

2. SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALISATION: -

In this arrangement the single bus-bar is divided in to sections and load is

equally distributed on all the sections. Any two sections of the bus bar connected
by a circuit breakers and isolators. It has two principle advantages. Firstly, if a
fault occurs on any section of the bus that section can be isolated with out
affecting the supply from other sections. Secondly, repairs and maintenance of
any section of the bus bar can be carried out by de-energizing that section only,
eliminating the possibility of complete shut down. This arrangement is used for
voltage upto 33KV.

3. DUPLICATE BUS-BARS SYSTEM: -

This system consists of two bus bars, a “main” bus bar and a “spare” bus bar.
Each bus bar has the capacity to take up the entire substation load. The incoming
and out going lines can be connected to either bus bar with help of bus bar
coupler which consist of a circuit breaker and isolators. Ordinarily, the incoming
and outgoing lines remain connected to the main bus bar of fault occurring on it,
the continuity of supply to the circuit can be maintained by transferring it to
spare bus bar.

TRANSFORMERS

25
INTRODUCTION:

A transformer is a static device by means of which electric energy from one

electrical circuit to another is transferred through the medium of magnetic
field and without change in the frequency.

A high voltage is desirable for transmitting large powers in order to decrease

the IR losses and reduce the amount of conductor material. A very much
lower voltage, on the other hand s required for distribution , for various
reasons connected with safety and convenience the transformer make this
easily and economically possible.

POWER TRANSFORMERS

Power transformer is the main and major requirement of a sub-station to step

down the supply voltage. The rating of a transformer is taken according to
the load requirement.

The chief elements of construction are:

26
 (a) Magnetic Circuits: This comprises limbs, yokes and clamping structures.
(b) Electrical circuits: Which constitutes the primary, secondary and (if any)
tertiary windings, formers, insulation and bracing devices.

INSULATIONS:

The insulation between the H.V. and L.V. windings, and between L.V.
winding and core, compresses Bakelite paper cylinders or elephantine wrap.

The insulation of the conductors may be of paper, cotton or glass tape being
used for air-insulated transformer.

LEADS AND MATERIALS:

The connections to the windings are copper rods or bars, insulated wholly or
in part, and taken to the bus-bars directly in the case of oil cooled
transformers. The shape and size of the conductors are of importance in very
high voltage systems, not on account of the current carrying capacity, but
because of dielectric stresses, corona, etc. at sharp bends corners with such
voltages.

The power transformer consists of:

1. Transformer core
2. Windings
3. Tank
4. Conservator
5. Bushing
6. Air Cell
7. Tap Changer and O.L.T.C.
8. Cooling Equipments

1. CORE: - It not only supports the winding also provides the low reluctance
path for the magnetic circuit. It is made up of cooled rolled grain oriented
(C.R.G.O.) alloy. Steel is in the form of lamination on that the iron losses
could be avoided.

27
2. WINDING: - Windings are arranged in concentric formation with lower
voltage winding next to core. Tertiary winding is placed next to the core over
L.V. winding H.V. main winding are placed.

Various types of windings are used for coils these are as follows:-

a. Low voltage winding - Spiral or helical

b. High voltage winding - Partially inverted disc / layer winding.
c. Tertiary winding - Spiral / Helical / Disc
d. Tapping winding - Inter wound spiral or helical paper covered
insulated copper strips or continuously cable are used for making
winding.

3. TANK: - They are constructed from welded sheet steel, and larger ones from
plain boiler plates. The lids may be of cast iron, or waterproof gasket being
used at the joints. The fitting includes thermometer pockets, drain cock,
rollers or wheels for moving transformer position, eye bolts for lifting,
conservators and breathers, cooling tubes are welded in, but separate
radiators are welded and afterwards bolted. On the outside is applied with
anti corrosive primer paint and final of synthetic enamel.

28
4. CONSERVATOR: - As the temp. Of oil increases or decreases there is
continuous rise and fall in volume. For this an expansion vessel (conservator)
is to transformer tank having the capacity of oil level equal to 75% of total oil.
oConservator is provided to tank core of the expansion and contraction of
oil, which takes place during normal operation of the transformer.
oWherever specified flexible separators or oil cell if provided in the
conservator can prevent direct contact of air with the transformer oil.
oA smaller oil expansion vassal is provided for the on load tap-
changer.
oMagnetic oil level gauge is fitted on the main conservator which can give
alarm / trip in the event of the oil falling below the pre-set level due to any
reason.

29
5. BUSHING: - Up to a voltage of 33kv, ordinary porcelain insulators can be
used. Above this voltage the of conductor or oil filled terminal bushing, or a
combination of two has to be considered .Of course, any type of conductors
can be effectively insulated by air provided that it is at a sufficient Distance
from other conducting bodies and sufficiently to prevent corona phenomena.
The high voltage connections pass from the winding to terminal bushing.
Thermal bushings up to 36kv class, 3150 Ampere are normally of plain
Porcelain and Oil communicating type .Higher current rated bushings and
bushings of 52kv class and above will be of oil impregnated paper condenser
type. The oil inside the condenser bushings and will not be communicating
with the oil inside the transformer oil level gauge is provided on the
expansion chamber of the condenser bushings.
Oil in the condenser bushing is hermetically selected and it should not be
disturbed in normal operation. Oil level and oil leakage may be checked
regularly.

6. AIR CELL: - It is a flexible rubber bag placed inside the conservator and floats
on the oil surface. Air cell inflates or deflates surface of the air cell and the
inner cell of air cell is provided with ozone resistant .The dry air is sucked

30
 and do not come in contact with oil, this eliminates the possibility of
contamination for oil filling.

7. TAPCANGER.
Tap changer are of two types:-
a) On-load Tap changer.
b) Off-load Tap changer.

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER: - As the name implies it sets a tap for adjusting the
secondary voltage in the condition of on ‘load’. It is generally connected to the
primary side due to current. The tap is connected to the diverter switch of the tap
changer. It may be manually operated or motor drive unit is initiated by a push
button or relay. The diverter switch diverts the current. The break in the current
prevented by transmission resistance tap changer.

On load tap changer is the device for changing the tapping connections of a
winding, whilst the transformer is connected is on load
When the transformer is connected to a system it is some time necessary to vary
the voltage on the secondary side to meet the load demands, as such transformer
tap changer must be capable to varying the turn ratio without interruption of
supply. On a double wound transformer the best position to place the tapping is
at the neutral end of high voltage winding .The positioning of the tapping on the
lower voltage winding is not applied on account of high current rating which
would result.
The tapping of the windings are brought out through a terminal board to a
separate oil filled compartment, in which the on- load tap changer selector is
housed. As the selector must not break current ,a further separate oil filled
compartment is provided to house the diverter switch which breaks the load
current by an interrupted arc forming carbon ,therefore the oil I the diverter
switch compartment must be prevented from missing with the oil in the main
tank.
The tap changer is operated by a motor operated driving mechanism by local or
remote control and a handle is fitted for manual operation in an emergency.
As the changing must take place on load, the contact for the tap changer are so
arranged that before one tapping is left , contact must be made with the next .
This could cause a short circuited no. of turn and large current are prevented by
the use of resistor or reactors.
Sequence of Tap Changing

31
8. COOLING EQUIPMENT: - Transformer is having a single or mixed cooling of
ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, and OFAN by means of radiators, fans, pumps, & heat
exchanger etc.
In Power transformer cooling are of following Types:
1. ONAN with 50% efficiency
2. ONAF with 70% efficiency
3. OFAF with 100% efficiency

o For ONAN/ONAF cooling, oil flow through the winding and external cooler
unit attached to the tank by themo-Syphonic effect.
o For OFAF/ODAF/OFWF cooling, the oil is directed through the winding by
oil pumps provided in the external cooler unit.
o External cooler unit /units consists of passed Steel sheet radiators mounted
directly on the tank or separator cooler banks for air –cooled transformer
and oil to water heat exchangers for water cooled transformer.

32
 PROTECTIVE DEVICES:

1. Buccholtz relay
2. Pressure relief valve
3. Oil temperature indicator
4. Oil level indicator
5. Winding temperature indicator
6. Dehydrating Breather
7. Earthing Arrangements

PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMER

33
1. BUCHHOLTZ RELAY: - It is used for protection of oil filled transformer from
incipient faults below oil level. It is installed between tank and conservator. In
this relay two mercury contacts are provided. The device comprises of a cast iron
housing containing the hinged floats, one in upper part other in lower part. Each
float is filled with the mercury switch; leads of a switch are connected to a
terminal box for tripping.

APPLICATIONS:-

Double element relays can be used in detecting miner fault in a Transformer

The alarm element will operate, after a specified volume of gas has collected to
give an alarm indicator.

Examples incipient faults are:-

1. Shorted laminations
2. Broken-down core bolt insulation
3. Bad contacts
4. Over heating of part of winding,

2. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE: In case of major faults in the transformer like short
circuit in the winding .The internal P.R.V. is build up to a very high level which
may result in rapture of tank to avoid this P.R.V. provided.
A device for avoiding high oil pressure build up inside the transformer during
fault a condition is fitted on the top of the tank. The pressure relief device allows
rapid release of excessive pressure that may be generated in the event of a
serious fault.
This device is fitted with an alarm trip switch.

3. OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: - It is the distance thermometer operated on

principle of liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temp. At marshaling box.
The connection between the thermometer and the dial indicator is made by steel
capillary tube. The bulb is enclosed in the pocket and the pocket is situated on
transformer’s hottest oil region. The pocket is to be filled with oil. It has two
switches one for alarm and other for tripping.
 ALARM = 95 DEG.
 TRIPPING = 110 DEG.

It is consist of a sensor bulb capillary tube and a dial thermometer the sensor
bulb is fitted at the location of hottest oil .That sensor bulb and capillary tube are
fitted with evaporation liquid. The vapor pressure varies with temperature and

34
 is transmitted to a burden tube inside the change in pressure which is
proportional to the temperature.

4. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: - It also operates on principles of

liquid expansion. It indicates the top oil temp. At marshalling box hot spot temp.
Of winding. The winding hot spot of top oil temp. Difference is simulative by
means of CT current fed to the heater coil fitted at top senses the top oil temp.
Thus, it’s temp. Reading is proportional to the load current and oil temp.
o FANS ON = 60 deg C
o PUMP ON = 75 deg C
oALARM = 90 deg C
oTRIP = 100 deg C
Winding temperature relay indicates the winding temperature of the transformer
and operates on the principle of thermal imaging and it is not actual measurement.
Winding temperature indicators consist of sensor bulb placed in oil filled pocket in
the transformer tank top cover. The bulb is connected to the instrument having by
means of two flexible capillary tubes. One capillary tube is connected to the
measuring below of the instrument and the other to compensation below. The
measuring system is filled with a liquid which changes its volume with rising
temperature inside the instrument is filled with a heat resistance which is fed by a
current proportionate to the current flowing through the transformer winding.
The instrument is provided with maximum temperature indicator the heating
resistance is fed by current transformer associated to the loaded winding of the
transformer .The increase in the temperature of the resistance is proportionate to
that of the winding. The sensor bulb of instrument is located in the hottest oil of the
transformer the winding temperature indicates a temperature of hottest oil plus the
winding temperature rise above hot it .i.e. the hot spot temperature.

5. OIL LEVEL INDICATOR :-

This indication is manufactured for considering Transformer Applications.

1.It can also be used as Content Gauge on other tanks where level of liquid
inside the tank in required to be indicated continuously on a dial.
2.The position of indicator on the conservator can be selected to
3.Suit site condition. Float mechanism passes through the hole in pad.
4.Indicator can be mounted in titled position towards ground
(max.300degree) for easy viewing by fixing mounting pad at desired angle.

35
 5.One mercury switch is provided for low level alarm. The Normally Open
switch closes when oil level drops to 10mm above Empty land i.e. 75mm
from bottom of conservator.
6.Loads from mercury switch are brought into a terminal box positioned at
the bottom of indicator.

6. DEHYDRATING BREATHER: - The conservator or the air cell is connected to the

outside atmosphere through the breather (silica gel) to make sure that the air in
the conservator or cell is dry. When silica is saturated with moisture its color
changes to pink. It can be made reusable by heating it at 100 deg C. for 48 hours.

7. EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS :-
a) Core Earthing

Connecting leads from core and end frame are being terminated at the top of the
cover, By connecting them to tank cover, core and frame becomes earthed
.Insulation resistance between the leads from core and end frame or between
leads from core and earth point can be checked by 500 volts megger. Leads from
end frame have been brought out for proper earthing for end frame.

b) Tank to Tank Earthing

Tank to tank cover earthing is done by connecting copper braid between tank
rim and tank cover with the help of the bolts used to tight tank cover and tank
together.

c) Earthing of Tank

For earthing of tank nut-bolts & studs are required to make perfect earthing
between pads on tank and external earthing strip.

36
Maintenance & Operation

In order to avoid fault and disturbance, it is important that a careful and regular
supervision and control of the transformer and its components is planned and
carried out.

The frequency extent supervision and control is dependent on climate and

environment and service condition.

POSSIBLE LEAKAGE

After energizing of the transformer, a certain setting may appear in painting

joint.
Rust damage, Touch damage up painting a regular inspection of the external
surface treatment of the reactor should be carried out. Possible rust damage is
removed and the surface treatment restarted to original state by means of primer
and finish paints that are dispatched with the transformer.

THERMO SIPHON FILTER

Thermo siphon filter is provided on large capacity, oil filled Power

Transformer for keeping the moisture level of insulating oil at a very low level.
At the time of initial erection and commissioning of transformer, most of the
moisture present in the oil is removed by not oil circulation. The moisture
absorption of oil is eliminated by direction the our breather in by the transformer
during its operation through silica gel desiccant. Air cell in conservator avoids
direct of oil with air and there by eliminating the chance of moisture absorption.
It is a well known fact that water is released to the oil for the paper insulation
due to ageing process. Thermo siphon filter helps in removing this moisture
from oil. When the Transformer is on load, the thermos phonic action of liquid
causes circulation of oil through the filter. The absorbent filled in the Thermo
siphon filter absorb moisture and keep the oil dry.

37
 SPECIFICATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

1. 100 MVA, 220/66/11KV power transformer no. 1 & no. 2 (BHEL) make.

1.Types of cooling ONAN ONAF OFAF

2.Rating HV & LV 50 70 100

(MVA)

3.Rating TV (MVA) 16.67 23.33 33.33

4.No load voltage HV 220 220 220

(kv)

5.No load voltage 66 66 66

LV(kv)

6.Noload voltage 11 11 11
TV(kv)

7.Line current 131.37 183.92 262.74

HV(Amp)

8.Line current LV 437.90 613.07 875.81

(Amp) at 66kv

9.Line current LV 875.81 1226.13 1751.62

(Amp) at 33kv

10.Line current TV 875.81 1226.13 1751.62

(Amp)

11. Temp. rise oil ( deg 50 50 50

C)

12. Temp. rise 55 55 55

winding (degC)

38
HV 1050Kvp-460kv r.m.s

LV 325 Kvp-140 Kv r.m.s

TV 170 Kvp- 70 Kv r.m.s

HVN & LVN 95 Kvp – 38 Kv r.m.s

39
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: -

Transformer used A.C. measurement i.e. voltages current, power and energy in
conjunction with the relevant instrument. Transformer small capacity
transformer. There are two types:
1.Current transformer.
2.Potential transformer.
3.Capacitor Voltage transformer.

ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:-

1.The size of I.T. is reduced or say moderate because the secondary

Of C.T. is designed for 5A. And of P.T. for 110V.
2.The replacement of damaged instrument is easy.
3.Several instruments can be operated from a single I.T.
4.Low consumption of metering circuit.
5.Accessibility on H.T. is easy.

Instrument transformer is used to measure AC at generating station, station at

transmission line in conjunction with AC measuring instruments. They are
classified according to the use are referred to as current transformer (CT) &
potential transformer (PT).

Functions: -

1.They serve to extent the range of AC measuring instrument.

2.They serve to isolate the measuring instrument from high Voltage
Power.

40
1. CURRENT TRANSFORMER: -

High current line can be reduced to low current to measure easily with the help
of normal ammeter. To measure the very high current of the running line with
out distributing it, a spilt core type current transformer is used. It is step up
transformer the primary windings consist of thicker conductor having less
number of turns. Some time, only a straight conductor also serves the purpose of
primary winding. The secondary winding is done with thicker conductor having
more number of turns.
The primary winding is connected in series with the line and the M I is connected
across the secondary of the current transformer. it should be clearly understood
that the secondary winding of the current transformer is never opened. It should
be always short circuit i.e. the secondary is open, there is no current in the
secondary winding hence, the M.M.F. of primary will not be opposed and the
cares will have high flux which will cause high E.M.F. Induced or the primary
and secondary winding. This E.M.F. Is dangerous and may give sever shock.
The secondary of the current transformer should be earthed to avoid the danger
of shock to the operator.
The current transformer is kept in category of instrument transformers. The CT’s
are used to reduce / stepping down A.C. from high value to lower value for
measurement / protection / control.

A 'CT' has following essential parts: -

1. Magnetic core made up of continuously wound strip nickel iron alloy of

CRGO material.
2. Winding having several turns wound on the insulated core.
3. A bar primary passing through the winding of core and terminal.
4. Insulated porcelain at primary insulator.
5. Synthetic region or oil insulation.

41
PROPERTIES OF CT:

oThe CT measures the current.

oThe current transformer is used with primary winding.
oConnected in series with the line carrying the current to be measured and
therefore primary current is dependent upon load connected in the system.
oThe primary winding of a very few turns, and therefore there is no
appreciation drop across it.
oThe secondary winding has large no. Of turns, exact no. Being determined
by the turn ratio.
oAmmeter of wattmeter current coil is connected directly across secondary
winding terminals.
oThus CT operates at secondary terminal near by being short-circuited.
o One of the terminals of secondary winding is earth in order to protect –
instrument and personal in the vicinity in event of insulation breakdown.

42
WORKING: - The CT has three coils different purposes.

a) Measurement: - The secondary given 5A / 1A current which operates the

ammeter to note the current reading
b) Protection: - The 5A / 1A current is sent to the relay and if the current
exceeds this limit then the relay operates and sends signal to the C.B. which
then operates.
c) Differential
d) Spare

SPECIFICATION OF CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: -

Specification of 220 kV side CT –

a) Standard - IS 2705
b) Highest system voltage (kv) - 245
c) Insulation level (kv) - 460/1050
d) Frequency - 50 Hz
e) Rated primary current - 600A
f) ST current KA/ sec - 27 /1

Terminals Ratio Amp. Rating class VA Kvp / Amp

1s1-1s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A

1s1-1s2 600/1
2s1-2s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A

2s1-2s2 600/1
3s1-3s2 300/1 5P20 60 1200V/0.04A

3s1-3s2 600/1
4s1-4s2 600/1 .5 60 ....................

4s1-4s2

2. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: -

43
Similar to CT it is another type of instrument transformer. It is also known as
CVT (capacitor voltage transformer). It is used for measurement and protection.
Potential transformer is used to operate voltmeter, the potential coil of wattmeter
and relay from high voltage line. The primary oftransformer4 is connected across
the line carrying the voltage to be measured and the voltage circuit is connected
across the secondary winding to measure high voltage line.

The transformer is used to measure the high voltage known as potential

transformer. The primary of the potential transformer is having more number of
turns of fine wire and secondary is having less number of turns. The potential
transformer is step down transformer the P.W is connected across the line and
S.W across the meter to measure the line voltage. The P.W when connected to
line carry some current, which produces the magnetic flux. The S.W is linked
with this flux causing the induction some voltage (generally 110V in case P.T.)
this voltage defects the voltmeter or the secondary of the P.T.
The scale is directly calibrated to obtain the actual voltage. The secondary
of the P.T. is always connected to earth.

They may be of one phase or three phase. Electromagnetic P.T. In which primary
and secondary are wound on magnetic core in usual transformers.

SOME TERMS RELATED TO P.T.

(a) Rated Voltage: The voltage of the P.T., which it can withstand.
(b) Rated Transformer Ratio: The ratio of rated primary voltage to the
rated secondary voltage.
(c) Rated secondary voltage: e.g. 130/ root (3) = 63.3 VAR.

44
3. Capacitor Voltage Transformer:-

Capacitor P.T in which primary voltage is applied to a series capacitor group.

The voltage across one of the capacitor is taken to aux. wdg. S4 of PT is taken
for protection & measurement. Generally capacitor voltage transformer (CVT)
are used at sub-stations because for line voltmeters, synchoronoscope &
protective relays. In CVT the capacitor connected in series acts as potential
divider provided that the current taken by the primary is negligible as
compared to the current passing series capacitor. However burden current
becomes larger a ratio error and also phase error is produced. “Tanning”
carries out compensation. The reactor connected in series with the burden is
adjusted to such a value that a supply frequency it resonates with the sum of
two capacitors. H.V. capacitor is enclosed in porcelain housing.

45
SPECIFICATIONS OF A CVT IN 220 KV YARD:

Mfg by: WS insulation of India limited.

X1 - X2 Y1 – Y2 Z1 - Z2

V (primary) 220000/root (3) 220000/root (3) 220000/root (3)

V (secondary) 100/root (3) 100/root (3) 110/ root (3)

VA 150 150 150

CL 5.0 0.5 5.0

Intermediate voltage 20/root (3)

Total Output Simultaneous 450

46
Output Max. 750VA at 50 deg AMB
Operating Voltage 220/root (3) to 245/root (3)
Voltage factor 1.5 - 30 sec.
Test voltage 1 min 460 kv
Impulse Withstand voltage 1.2/ 50 mew sec.1050 kvp
Insulation Class -A
Impulse Withstand voltage 1.2/ 50 mew sec.1050 kvp
HF capacitance 4400pf - +10% - -5%
Primary Capacitance 4840pf - + 10% - - 5%
Secondary capacitance 48400 pf - + 10 % - 5%
Insulation Class -A

47
 ISOLATORS
An isolator is a disconnecting switch is used upon same given part circuit after
circuit breaker. Thus isolators’ surge only has preventing the voltage from being
applied to same given section of bus.
These are essentially off load devices although they are capable of dealing with
small charging currents of bus-bars and connections. The design of isolators is
closely related to the design of substations. Isolator design is considered in the
following aspects:
oSpace Factor
oInsulation Security
oStandardization
oEase of Maintenance
oCost

It is required in substation to disconnect a part of the system for general

maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by isolators. An isolator is
essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a circuit under no load. In
other words, isolator switches are operated only when the lines in which they are
connected carry no current. Isolators used in power system are generally 3 pole
isolator having three identical poles each pole consist of two or three insulator
posts mounted on a fabricate support. The fixed and moving conducting parts
are of copper or aluminium rods. During the opening operation, conducting rods
swing apart and isolation is obtained simultaneously on all 3 poles. The three
poles are mechanically interlocked which operate together by operating a
common operating mechanism which may be:
1.Electric motor mechanism.
2.Pneumatic mechanism.

ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH: -

The earth switch is connected between the line conductor and earth. Normally, it
is opened when the line is disconnected. The earth switch is closed so that the
voltage trapped in line is discharge to earth. There some voltage lines due to
changing current. This voltage is significant in high voltage system. Before,
proceeding with the maintenance work. This voltage is discharge to earth by
closing the earth switch. Normally earth switches are maintained on the frame of
isolator.

48
 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers are switching and current interrupting devices. Basically a
circuit breaker comprises set of fixed and movable contacts. The contacts can be
separated by means of an operating mechanism. The separation of current
carrying contacts produce an arc, the arc is extinguished by a suitable medium
such as dielectric oil, vacuum, sf6 gas. A circuit breaker is am equipment, which
can open or close circuit under all conditions.
It can be defined as an electrical device, which protects the system from short
circuits or overloads with the help of relays. In case, circuit breaker is not of
adequate capacity, its failure may result in failure of power, shut down, injury
and damage to property.
The NAJAFGARH S/S DELHI is equipped with following type of circuit breaker:
(a) SF6 circuit breaker
(b) Vacuum circuit breaker
(c) Miniature Oil circuit breaker

(a)SF6 circuit breakers: operate

to switch electric circuits and
equipment in and out of the
system. These circuit breakers are
filled with compressed sulfur-
hexafluoride gas which acts to
open and close the switch
contacts. The gas also interrupts
the current flow when the
contacts are open.

49
 (SF6 circuit breakers)

(b) Vacuum circuit breaker:

In this breaker Vacuum is used as arc quenching. Vacuum circuit breaker
score over the conventional oil circuit breaker as regard to no of
maintenance free operation, fault handling capacity, freedom from the fire
hazard and minimum inspection requirement.
(c)Miniature Oil Circuit Breaker: In such CB insulating oil is used as an arc
quenching media. The contacts are opened under oil and then arc is struck
between them. The heat of arc evaporates and surrounding oil and dissociates
it in substantial oil of gases at high pressure.

50
(Miniature Oil Circuit Breaker)

51
 PROTECTION

INTRODUCTION: -

The different schemes adopted for the protection of various equipment of power
system against heavy short circuit current.

CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGE: -

The over-voltage may occur in the power system due to.

1.Internal causes
2.External causes

INTERNAL CAUSES: -

A.Switching surges
B.Arcing grounds
C.Insulation failure
D.Resonance

EXTERNAL CAUSES OF OVER-VOLTAGES: -

LIGHTNING: -

An electrical discharge in our between clouds, between the separate charge in the
same cloud or b/w cloud and earth is caused lightning.
There are two main ways in which lightning stoke can effect a line i.e.
1.Direct stroke
2.Indirect stroke

PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES

It has been seen that the internal causes in increase the voltages of the power
system really double to that of the normal operating voltage where as the
external causes may increase the voltage several times (of the order of 200 MV) to
that of normal operating voltage of twice the value of normal operating voltage

52
of the system for a reasonable length of time and to provide protective devices
for the voltage having value more than this.
Those devices are known as over voltage protection devices. The common device
used for the protection of power system against over–voltages is:
1.Ground wires
2.Earth screens
3.Lightning arrestors of surge diverters

GROUND-WIRE: -

To protect the transmission lines against direct lightning stroke, one of more bare
conductors are run at the top f the tower known as ground wires. These wires are
earthed at regular intervals preferably at every tower. The area of cross section of
ground wires is based upon their mechanical strength rather than electrical
conductivity. These should have high mechanical strength and be-non-corrosive.
The ground wires not only take the burnt of the direct strokes but also provide a
certain amount of electrostatic screening. This reduces the voltage induce in the
line conductors by the discharge of a neighboring cloud. They also provide
additional protective effect in attenuating any travelling wave that may be set up
in the lines, by acting as short circuited secondary of the line conductors.
The main objections to the ground wires are; the additional cost and the
possibility of the wire cracking and falling on the line conductors causing a direct
short-circuit.

EARTHING SCREEN: -

A network of copper conductors earthed at various points, and placed over and
above all the substation is known as earthing screen. It provides an electrostatic
shield against external fields and protects the system. It protects the system from
direct lightning strokes but does not provide any protection against high voltage
waves which may still reach at the terminals of equipment.

53
LIGHTNING ARESSTOR OR SURGE DIVERTER: -

The lightning arrestor or surge diverters is a device which an easy conducting

path or relatively low impedance path for the flow of current which the system
voltage increases more than the designed value and against it is original
properties of an insulator at normal voltage .
A lightning arrestor voltages as on insulator at normal voltages but provides as
easy path for the flow of current at abnormal voltages. A good lightning arrestors
or surge diverter should have the following.
(a)It should not take any current on the working voltage of the system in
other words it should act as an insulator at normal working voltages.
(b)It must provide a conducting path as and when abnormal transient
voltages occur on the system.
(c)It must be capable to carry the discharge current with out getting damage it
self under abnormal conditions.

TYPES OF LIGHNING ARRESTORS: -

There are many types of lightning arrestors which are used to protect the power
system against over-voltage some of them are:
1.Rod gap arrestor
2.Horn gap arrestor
3.multi gap arrestor
4.Thyrite arrestor
5.Electrolytic arrestor
6.Oxide film arrestor
7.Expulsion type arrestor
8.Value type arrestor

54
Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge voltages due to
lightning strikes or equipment fault or other events, to prevent damage to
equipment and disruption of service. Also called surge arresters.

Lightning arresters are

installed on many different
pieces of equipment such as
power poles and towers,
power transformers, circuit
breakers, bus structures, and
steel superstructures in
substations.

55
VARIOUS OTHER KINDS OF PROTECTION

1 .DIRECTION OVER-CURRENT PROTECTION: -

The over-current protection can be given directional feature by adding

directional over-current protection responds to over currents for a particular
directional flow if power flow is in the opposite directions the directional over
current protection remains un-operative.
Directional over current protection comprises over current relay and
power directional relay in a single relay casing the power directional relay does
not measure the power but is arranged to respond to the directional operation of
relay is used where the selectivity can be achieved by directional relaying. The
directional relay recognizes the direction in which fault occurs relative to the
location of the relay. It is set such that it actuates for fault occurring in one
directional only. It does not act for faults occurring in the other direction another
interesting example of directional protection are that of reverse power protection
of generator.

2 .DIRECTIONAL EARTH-FAULT PROTECTION : -

In the directional over-current protection coil of relay is actuated from secondary

current of line CT. where as the current coil by residual current.
In directional over-current relays. The voltage coil is actuated by secondary of
line VT. In directional earth-fault relay, the voltage coil is actuated by the
residual voltage. Direction earth fault relay sense the direction which earth fault
occurs with respect to the relay location; and it operates for fault in a particular
direction. The directional earth fault relay (single phase unit) has two coils. The
polarizing quantity is obtained either from residual current (IRS = Ia + Ib+ Ic) or
Residual voltage (VRS = Vae + Vbe + Vce), where Vae Vbe Vce are phase voltage.
One of the coils is connected in residual current circuits. This coil gets current
during earth faults. The other coil gets residual voltage. The coil connected in
potential transform secondary circuit gives a polarizing field.

3. PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION: -

There are times when the primary protection may fail. This could be due to
failure of CT/VT or relays, pr failure of circuit breaker one of the possible causes
of the circuit breaker failure is the failure of the trip-battery due to inadequate
maintenance.

56
 RELAY

A relay is a low-powered device used to activate a high-powered device. Relays

are used to trigger circuit breakers and other switches in substations and
transmission and distribution systems.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are:
1.Voltage
2.Current
3.Frequency
4.Phase angle

Through the change in one or more of these quantities, the fault signals there
presence type and location to the protective relay is obtained. Moving detect the
fault, the relay operates close the trip circuit of the breaker. This result in the
opening of the breaker and disconnect the fault section.

TYPES OF RELAY

Basically relay are based on two principal:-

oElectromagnetic attraction
oElectromagnetic induction

But different relay based on this are used in Najafgarh S/S such as:

1.Over Current Relay: - It is used in over current scheme. Over current

protection is the name given to protected relay scheme devised to rise in
current in a protected circuit.
2.Differential Relay: - A differential relay is one that operates when the
vector difference of two or more quantities exceeds pre determined value.
3.Oil Surged Relay
4.Buccholtz relay
5.Gas operated relay

57
RELAYS OF 20 MVA transformer in Najafgarh S/S:

oOLTC Buccholtz relay

oMain Buccholtz relay
oDifferential relay
oRestrict earth fault relay
oOver current relay

FEEDER RELAYS of Najafgarh s/s:

oOut of step blocking relay

oDirectional current relay
oDirectional earth fault relay
oFuse failure relay
oAuxiliary relay type
oTripping relay
oInstantaneous Earth Fault relay

58
Protection Relays

1. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: -

A differential relay is “the relay that operates when the vector difference of two
or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre determined amount.” Almost
every type of relay when connected in a certain way can be made to operate as
differential relay, mast of the differential relays are of the “current differential
type.” Fig.1 shows the over current relay used as “differential relay” and
operates when the currents at two points of the system are unusual. For example
of the current on at two ends of alternator, windings are unusual. There is either
a fault to earth or b/w phases. When there is continuous over current and the
current over current and the current on both sides are equal, than the relay will
not sense the fault. It will sense fault only if there is a difference of current on
two sides of circuit.
Fig.2 shows if there is some external fault F, than the current flowing on the two
sides of relay are equal and hence the relay will not sense the fault.
A very important disadvantage in simple balance system is due to inequalities of
current transformers. Hence the differential CT’s should not be erroneous or
should be identical.
This disadvantage can also be overcome by using a based beam relay.

2 .DISTANCE RELAYS: -

Distance or impedance relays should have the least position spread in value of
operating impedance or reactance. Any deviation of Z from the impedance
setting canal bring about variation in the operation zone length of the relay it
effects the reliability of the relay operation and venders the co-ordination of the
protection on then adjoining circuit much more difficult. Hence for this reason
the fictitious operating impedance should not exceed impedance setting.

59
 CONTROL PANEL

Control panel is a panel in which all the controlling alarms and announcations
and metering are located the main function or characterize of control panel as
under.
The control room is one of the important components of a sub - station. Control
room is used to control the working of battery in battery room needed for DC
supply, and protecting devices present in the yard of sub-station.

There are mainly five main sets of panels in the control room they are:
(a)220 KV panel set.
(b)66 KV panel set.
(c)11 KV panel set.
(d)Battery control panel set.

FEATURES OF THE CONTROL ROOM

oDifferent panels of different Circuit Breaker, Transformer, Lightning
arrester, Isolator, Current Transformer, Potential Transformer, and Shunt-
Capacitor are coming to control room.
o In each set of panels there is at least one over-current and one earth fault
relay.
oFrom control panel we can know what is happening in the sub-station yard.
oWe can control, start, regulate or switch off the main circuit from control
panels.
oThe relaying equipment is installed in the control room.
o The diagram of main connection are given in the front face of the panel their
diagram indicate the position of the Circuit Breaker and isolators.
oFrom observing the control panel we get the idea which break is open or
closed.
oThe whole controlling system is dependent upon the DC supply system of
battery in battery room.

All control wiring and protections, interlocking and metering are done through
control panel.
The purpose an electrical power system is to generate and supply electrical
energy to the consumer safely and reliably. The purpose of a protective system is
to isolate the fault section of the power system as quickly as possible from the
healthy plant.

60
 BATTERY ROOM
Battery is the heart of power system control and protection as all the power
system protection equipment and the communication equipments works on D.C
supply. In the event of failure of station supply if standby D.C supply is not
available then it will be dangerous for the breaker and other protective
equipment so also the communication system will be great hampered and during
such emergency there will be no communication for help or to transmit
information to the concerned authorities and the fault would be attended very
late. Thus battery installation, its commissioning and subsequent maintenance
plays very important role.

Batteries are to be installed in a room in close vicinity of control room. This room
should be constructed in a such a way that it is well ventilated and the
dimension of the room should be such that it can easily accommodate the stands
provided for supporting desired no. of cells. There should be adequate provision
for artificial lightning and the windows should be located in such a way that
direct sunlight on the cells be avoided. Exhaust fan for ventilation of gases, when
on quick charge at high rate possible.

Room temperature should be maintained b/w 20 C to 35C for getting best
results. Higher temperature reduces the capacity. Battery cells should be
arranged on the stands in such a way that each cell can be easily accessed for any
maintenance purpose viz., inspection, topping up etc.
Battery room should always be kept dry as damp room is dangerous due to
possible leakages from the battery.
Storage of the battery is the most dependable source of supply of DC power
required for closing and tripping of CB , RELAY, signaling equipment, remote
control apparatus, telephone service, SCADA, emergency light etc.
Battery room is the heart line of D.C. system. In case of failure of the A.C. system
the control system should remain operative so we use D.C. control system
through DC set.

61
Maintenance of Battery

For effective and trouble free services of station batteries following maintenance
activities are suggested:-
oBattery Room and Ventilation
oHerein battery rooms door are kept closed, exhaust fan checked for air
circulation, metal structures checked for corrosion and painted if necessary.
oBase or Racks
oWooden racks checked for cracks and deterioration, base pads for
deterioration.
oCells and Jars
oLeaky jars checked for cracks replaced if necessary, clean jars-wash covers
are wiped out. Plates inspected for signs of deterioration.
oIntercell Connectors and Terminals
oTerminals cleaned for corrosion and sulphation.
oCharge
oOutput of charging equipment is adjusted for normal conditioning of
battery, ampere meter should show as fraction of ampere.
oAnnual Maintenance
oVoltage of each cell which should be b/w 2.15 to 2.2 V per cell during trickle
charge is checked.
oElectrolyte
oElectrolyte level and add distilled water as it is necessary, specific gravity
and electrolyte is checked. Keep the distilled water container and keep some
storage of distilled water always ready for topping.

INITIAL SP. FINAL SP. ACID WATER QUANITY

GRAVITY GRAVITY QUANTITY
1· 840 1· 190 18 87
1· 825 1· 400 40 66
1· 825 1· 190 18 86
1· 400 1· 190 45 56

In this S/S There are 110 batteries of 2 volts each.

62
TECHNICAL PARTICULARS:

1. A.C. input 415 v +10% three phase 50 c/s

2. No. of cells 110
3. DC output 110 cells while supplying (a) float charger capable of floating
a load of 18 amp. cells of 2.65v per cell
(b) Boost charge 220 v load at a max.
Of charging current of 20 amp.

CLEARANCES IN THE LINES

Clearance is the shortest distance between two conducting point in air measured
by stretched thread.

Rated Voltage kv (r.m.s) Min clearance phase to Minimum clearance

earth (mm) phase to phase(mm)
6.6 kv 140 178
11 kv 178 229
15 kv 216 267
22 kv 279 330
33 kv 381 431
66 kv 685 786
110 kv 1068 1219
132 kv 1270 1473
220 kv 2082 2368
400 kv 3065 5750

63
 CAPACITOR BANK

Capacitor bank

Capacitors are used to control the level of the

voltage supplied to the customer by reducing
or eliminating the voltage drop in the system
caused by inductive reactive loads.
An AC system cannot function with the
highest transmission capability at minimum
cost and at the highest efficiency unless the
reactive compensation is carefully applied.
The capacitor i.e. VAR is installed in receiving
substation, load substation for fast, staples
control of reactive power compensation of voltage control .

Capacitor banks are installed following purposes:

oTo improve the power factor of the system & there by regulating the system
voltage
oReactive power compensation
oTo reduce the loss

64
 THERMO SCANNING

A sub station having worth crores of rupees can be scanned in two days time
for which charges for scanning comes around Rs. 30,000. By thermo scanning any
incipient fault can be identified in its initial stages if thermo scanning is done on
regular interval.
Thus damage of equipment worth of crores of rupees can be avoided and also
this technique prevents disruptions of power to
Customers in case of damage of equipment.

This is done with thermo vision camera based on FLIR system.

Thermo graphic Inspection:

During the thermo-visual inspection of sub-station equipment, several hot spots

are noticed and these spots are due to loose joints. The temperature difference
between the hot spots and normal spot is reported and this aspect indicates the
severity of the fault. Four types of fault are graded from zero to three indicating
normalcy to sever fault.

65
66
 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTION REQUIRED

(a) Don’t wear loose garments; they get caught leading to

accidents.
(b) Long and unruly hairs are dangerous particularly when
working near revolving part.
(c) Do not smoke near prohibited area.
(d) Keep the work area clean, dry and free of obstructions.
(e) Do not touch or operate equipment unless are authorized so.
(f) Lubricate the M/C part with both hands. Use cotton waste
brush etc.
(g) Ensure all guards in position before M/C working on job.
(h) Ensure all machines control of the machine is in your access.
(i) Ensure all tools are in good conditions. Look and report any
accident hazard.
(j) For any injury whether small or big get first aid first.

67
 CONCLUSION
It has been really a knowledgeable experience pursuing training at
DTL, 220 KV Najafgarh sub-station. It is beyond doubt; DTL is not
only an industry in itself but also offers vocational training to
engineering graduates as well as professionals.

This phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful,

beneficial in every respect. It provided an opportunity to encounter
big and sophisticated equipments of the Sub-Station.

The architecture of the Sub-Station and the way various

equipments are linked together to work as a unit and
methodological approach in working of whole s/s is controlled
renders the impression that engineering is not just learning the
structured description and working of various equipments, but
greater part is of planning proper management.
It was definitely a knowledgeable experience and pride to be a part
of 220 kv Najafgarh s/s for such a short period of time.
No doubt it showed that mere theoretical and bookish knowledge
need to be supplemented with able practice knowledge. And this
opportunity to gain practical knowledge, imparted by very able
personals of DTL at Najafgarh, New Delhi was a learning
experience.

68