Activity of Salivary Amylase

Domingo, Guray, Hugo, Lorenzo, Mohammad Isa

Intro
Because everything has a start
Catalysis

 The process of increasing the rate of reaction with the use of a catalyst.

 Catalyst – any substance that increases rate of reaction upon addition to

a certain reaction

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Enzymes

 Act on substrates in a reaction

 Highly specific
 Breaks down complex macromolecules, synthesizes compounds
essential for the cell
 Active site
 Enzyme-substrate complex
 Speeds up reaction rates

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 http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~wilsonkg/old/gene2005/syllabus_F03_23.jpg
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Enzymes

 Require cofactors for activity

 Classified according to the types of reaction they catalyze
– Oxidoreductase
– Transferase
– Hydrolase
– Lyase
– Isomerase
– Ligase

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Amylase

 An enzyme that breaks down starch into oligosaccharides through

hydrolysis
 Secreted by the human’s parotid glands and the pancreas
 α-Amylase
 β-Amylase
 γ-Amylase

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Factors that may affect catalysis rates

 Temperature
 pH
 Enzyme concentration
 Amount of substrate

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Materials and Methods
Solution Preparation

Saliva was collected.

1 ml of saliva was diluted to 10 ml with distilled water.

 10 % salivary amylase solution

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Estimation of salivary amylase activity

A mixture of 5.0 mL 1% starch, 2 mL 1% NaCl solution and 2 mL

phosphate buffer put in a test tube and then placed in a water bath

At 38oC, 1 mL salivary enzyme solution added to the solution.

A drop from the digestion mixture mixed with 1 drop of iodine for every
minute.

 Achromic point was determined.

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Effect of enzyme concentration

The salivary amylase solution diluted to five lower concentrations: 2.5%,

2.0%, 1.5%, 1.0%, 0.75% and 0.5%.

 The same procedure done as previous using 1% concentration of starch

solution.

Reaction rates observed for each dilution.

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Effect of amount of substrate

 Six percent starch prepared from which five other dilutions were
prepared: 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, and 1%.
The same procedure for Estimation of salivary amylase activity used
using 2.5% salivary amylase solution.
Reaction rates for each substrate dilution recorded.

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Effect of pH

A mixture of 0.2 M sodium biphosphate (Na2HPO4) and 0.1 M citric acid

prepared to obtain different buffer solutions with pH varying from 3.0 to
8.0.

Similarly, procedures from the estimation of enzymatic activity were

applied, recording all notable reaction rates for each pH setup.

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Effect of temperature

Test tube with 2.5% salivary enzyme was placed on water baths
maintained at 4oC, 10oC, 38oC, 58oC, 78oC and 100oC.

 Reaction rates recorded.

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Results and Discussion
Estimation of amylase activity

 Achromic point is the time it takes for

the enzyme to completely hydrolyze the
starch solution.

 enzyme-starch mixture is not able to

produce a blue to violet color with
iodine -> absence of starch

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Estimation of amylase activity

Table1. Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Rate of Reaction. Different Dilutions of Saliva and
Their Corresponding Time to Reach the Achromic Points, Amylase Units and Enzyme Activity
Effect of Enzyme Concentration

Salivary time to achromic point amylase units Enzyme

Amylase (%) (min) activity

0.5 30
0.833333333 0.4000
0.75 23
1.630434783 0.2667
1 18
2.777777778 0.2000
1.5 11
6.818181818 0.1333
2 7
14.28571429 0.1000
2.5 7
17.85714286 0.0800

Amylase units - amount of enzyme necessary to digest 5 ml 1% starch to

reach the achromic point within 10 minutes

Enzyme activity - mg starch hydrolyzed per minute per unit enzyme

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Effect of Enzyme Concentration

enzyme + substrate <=> enzyme-substrate complex <=> enzyme + product

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Effect of Enzyme Concentration
Table1. Effect of Enzyme Concentration on the Rate of Reaction. Different Dilutions of Saliva and
Their Corresponding Time to Reach the Achromic Points, Amylase Units and Enzyme Activity
Effect of Enzyme Concentration

Salivary Amylase time to achromic point (min) amylase units Enzyme activity
(%)

0.5 30 0.833333333 0.4000

0.75 23
1.630434783 0.2667
1 18
2.777777778 0.2000
1.5 11
6.818181818 0.1333
2 7
14.28571429 0.1000
2.5 7
17.85714286 0.0800

Figure1. Enzyme Activity with Varying % Concentrations of Salivary Amylase

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Effect of Enzyme Concentration

Increased enzyme concentration increases reaction rate (more enzymes

are present to act upon a fixed amount of substrate)

However, as substrate concentration is constant, it produces a limiting

effect on reaction rate (excess enzymes begin to compete for substrate)

Surplus of enzymes on a limited reaction rate causes overall enzyme

activity to diminish (reaction rate cannot cope up with increased enzyme
conc)

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Effect of Enzyme Concentration

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Effect of the Amount of Substrate

 Rate of Reaction
– describes how fast a chemical reaction proceeds
– depends on reactant and product concentrations
• More importantly on rate constant k

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Effect of the Amount of Substrate

 Enzyme Kinetics
– still follows the same trend
• Increasing either substrate or enzyme increases rate
– but there is a limit to this relation
• When enzyme conc are constant, there is a limit to the velocity of the
reaction

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Effect of the Amount of Substrate

 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
– enzymatic reactions are observed to reach a maximum rate of reaction Vmax
– constant enzyme concentration provides a limiting effect
• All enzymes are bound to substrate
– vo= Vmax [S] / (Km + [S])

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Effect of the Amount of Substrate

 Rectangular Hyperbola
 Max rate of Vmax
 Half-Velocity is reached
at Km
 Vmax is dependent on
[E}
 Km is constant
– Km=K-1 + K2 / K+1.
– Measure of affinity
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 Rate of Reaction vs. Substrate Concentration
Rate increases with substrate concentration
However exponential relation
Due to experiment limit (30 min)
Km and Vmax not evident

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 Rate of Reaction vs. Substrate Concentration
Allowing time to go beyond 30, rectangular hyperbola is attained
Change in rate diminishes as substrate conc increases
Vmax still indiscernible together with Km

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Effect of the Amount of Substrate

 Asymptotical nature makes it hard to determine which much certainty the

values of Km and Vmax
 Algebraic manipulation (double-reciprocal plot) allows linear expression of
MM eq.
 Lineweaver-Burke Equation
– : 1/vo = (Km / Vmax) (1/ [S]) + (1/Vmax)

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Effect of the Amount of Substrate

 Linear equation
 Regression Analysis
allows determination of
Km and Vmax
 Also able to determine
nature of protein function
inhibition (competitive,
uncompetitive,
noncompetitive)

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 Double Reciprocal Plot
Not strong liinear relation (due to experimental limits)
R2 value of only 0.785
Vmax= 4.24719E-05 Km= 0.000484646

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 Double Reciprocal Plot
Perfect linear relation
Vmax= 2.08333E-05 Km=4.16667E-05
Very Low Km, high affinity of enzyme
Vmax close to velocity values, near saturation

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Effect of pH

• Enzymes are proteins

– function is ultimately determined by their structure
• optimal pH range
– Changes in pH
• excess of either H+ or OH- ions
• affect the secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures by disrupting
hydrogen bonds and van der wal interactions.
• change the active site of the enzymes
– preventing the enzymatic reaction

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Effect of pH

• Enzymes
– have a range of pH at which it is active and outside of which it is inert
– optimum pH
• most favorable pH value
• point where the enzyme is most active
• extremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity
for most enzymes
• Salivary amylase has an optimum pH of around 7

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Effect of pH

Figure5. Effect of Varying pH in Enzymatic Activity of

Amylase.
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Effect of pH

 enzymatic activity of salivary amylase is highest at pH 7

– pH of oral cavity is close to 7
 At pH 8,
– decrease in activity
 acidic pH 3, 4 and 5
– enzyme acitivity was at minimum

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Effect of Temperature

• reaction rate of an enzymatic reaction increases as the temperature is

raised
• 10° C rise in temperature will increase the activity of most enzymes by 50
to 100%
• many enzymes are adversely affected by high temperatures
– Reaction rates may increase with temperature up to a maximum level, but then
abruptly decline with further increase of temperature
• increases in temperature are able to break H-bonds and van der wal
interactions

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Effect of Temperature

 decrease in temperature, rate of reaction is decreased due to lowered

energy
 over a period of time, enzymes will be deactivated at even moderate
temperatures
 most enzymes lose activity at 5°C and when frozen

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Effect of Temperature

Figure6. Effect of Varying temperature in Enzymatic activity.

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Effect of Temperature

• highest enzyme activity was seen in the temperature 38°C

– near temperature in the oral cavity
• other temperature levels
– enzyme activity was found to be minimal
– achromic point was not reached within the 30min limit
• optimum enzyme activity is at that level closest to the natural
physiological setting
• high heat
– denaturation
• very low temperatures
– lowered chemical kinetics

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Conclusion

 1 ml of human saliva has around 17.86 Units of amylase.

 Increased enzyme concentration increases reaction rate, however, it
decreases overall enzyme activity.
 Increased substrate concentration increases reaction rate, however there
is a maximum rate that can be achieved. (Vmax)
 Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burke describes enzyme kinetics. The
Michaelis constant Km gives an idea on enzyme affinity.
 Salivary amylase has a Km = 4.84e-4 (corrected: 4.167e-5)
 There is an optimal pH and temperature range for enzyme activity.
Outside this range, enzyme activity drastically decreases due to
denaturation and deactivation.
 Optimal pH would be near 7 while optimal temperature should be near 37
C.
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 Thank you!! 

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