Construction and Building Materials 47 (2013) 13621371

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Construction and Building Materials

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Behaviour of concrete lled steel tubular (CFST) short columns externally reinforced using CFRP strips composite
G. Ganesh Prabhu a,, M.C. Sundarraja b
a b

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu, India Dept. of Civil Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India

h i g h l i g h t s
 The suitability of CFRP strips in

g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t

strengthening of CFST columns under compression were carried out.  Failure modes, axial stressstrain behaviour, and enhancement in ultimate strength were discussed.  Wrapping of CFRP strips delays the local buckling by providing restraint against the deformation.  The strength and stiffness of the CFRP conned columns increases as the number of layers increases.  Analytical model was proposed for predicting the axial load capacity of CFRP conned CFST columns.

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
This paper focused on experimentally and analytically investigates the suitability of carbon bre reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips composites in strengthening of CFST members under compression. The size and height of the columns were 91.5 91.5 3.6 mm and 600 mm respectively. CFRP fabrics was used as horizontal strips (lateral ties) with several other parameters such as the number of layers, width and spacing of strips. Among the 21 columns, eighteen columns were externally strengthened by CFRP strips having a constant width of 50 mm with the spacing of 30 mm and 40 mm, and the remaining three columns were reference column. Experimental results were revealed that external wrapping of CFRP strips provides restraint against the lateral deformation effectively and delays the local buckling of steel tube. Axial deformation control and load bearing capacity of the conned columns increases as the number of layers increases in addition to that increases in the load bearing capacity mainly depends upon the proper spacing between the CFRP strips. Analytical model was proposed herein for predicting the load bearing capacity of CFRP conned CFST columns. 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 9 April 2013 Received in revised form 2 June 2013 Accepted 17 June 2013 Available online 14 July 2013 Keywords: CFST members CFRP fabrics Strengthening Compression Externally wrapped

1. Introduction Over the past few decades, the infrastructure concerned with metallic and concrete lled tubular structures become structural
Corresponding author. Address: Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Kariapatti, Virudhunagar 626 115, Tamilnadu, India. Tel.: +91 989451881. E-mail address: gganeshprabhu@gmail.com (G. Ganesh Prabhu).
0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.038

unsatisfactory and ageing of those structures and its deteriorations are often reported [1]. Therefore, actions like implementation of new materials and strengthening techniques become essential to combat this problem. Even though the traditional strengthening techniques like section enlargement and external wrapping of steel plates are successful in practice, these techniques revealed serious difculties. In contrast, rehabilitation methods using bre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites do not exhibit any of those drawbacks. The application of bre materials for the external

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strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) structures has been widely carried out and reported in the past few decades. More research on strengthening of RC structures using FRP composites can be found in Amir et al. [2], Xiao and Wu [3], Pantazopoulou et al. [4], Mukherjee et al. [5], Cem et al. [6], Ye et al. [7] and park et al. [8]. In recent years, there have been many investigations emerged in strengthening of steel structures with FRP composites, especially in the area of thin-walled steel structures [9]. One of the rst known studies on this topic involved that the use of CFRP laminates to repair steel structures conducted by Sen and Liby [10]. Six composite beams were tested under four-point bending set-up. An epoxy adhesive was used to wrap the CFRP laminates to the tension ange of the steel beam in different congurations. High strength steel bolts were also used in an attempt to increase the load transfer to the CFRP laminates. Test results were indicated that more modest improvement in the elastic response was required, even though signicant ultimate strength was gained. In another investigation, Jiao and Zhao [11] studied the performance of butt-welded very high strength (VHS) steel tubes strengthened with CFRP fabrics under axial tension. Three types of epoxy resins with different lap shear strengths were used. Three kinds of failure modes such as adhesive failure, bre tear, and mixed failure were observed. The above investigation concluded that a signicant strength can be achieved using CFRPepoxy strengthening technique and they also recommended a suitable epoxy adhesive for strengthening VHS steel tubes. Photiou et al. [1] investigated the effectiveness of an ultra-high modulus and high-modulus CFRP prepregs in strengthening the articially degraded steel beam of rectangular cross-section under four-point loading using two different wrapping congurations. Seica and Packer [12] investigated the FRP materials for the rehabilitation of tubular steel structures for underwater applications. Six tubes were wrapped with CFRP composites. Two specimens were prepared under in-air conditions and remaining four specimens were under seawater curing conditions. All specimens were tested under four-point loading. From the test results it was observed that the ultimate strength of the tubes wrapped under in-air and seawater curing conditions have 1627% and 821% more than that of bare steel beam, respectively. Tao et al. [13] presented the results of axial compression and bending tests of re-damaged concrete-lled steel tubes (CFST) repaired using unidirectional CFRP composites. Both circular and square specimens were tested to investigate the repair effects of CFRP composites on them. The test results showed that the load-carrying capacity and the longitudinal stiffness of CFRP-repaired CFST stub columns increased while their ductility decreased with the increasing number of CFRP layers. And also it was recommended that appropriate repair measures should be taken in repairing severely re-damaged CFST beams or those members subjected to comparatively large bending moments. In another study, Tao and Han [14] repaired the re-exposed CFST beam columns by unidirectional CFRP composites. Choi and Xiao [15] presented a simplied analytical model of CFST members conned by CFRP jackets with different parameters in order to strengthen the traditional CFST column system. Recently Narmashiri et al. [16] and Kadhim [17] experimentally and numerically investigate the structural behaviour of CFRP steel I-beams exurally strengthened by CFRP composites. Wu et al. [18], Al-Zubaidy et al. [19] Pierluigi and Giulia [20] investigate the bond characteristics between CFRP laminates and steel under fatigue and impact tensile loads. From the past research, it was observed that there have been investigations done with the use of CFRP as a strengthening material for metallic members and also external wrapping of FRP signicantly enhanced the strength and stiffness of the steel tubular members, besides investigation on strengthening of CFST members using bre are not widespread. In addition, more tests are

required to derive an optimal combination of bre orientation, number of layers and sequence in applying CFRP layers on repairing or strengthening of CFST members under compression. With the aim of this, an experimental study has been carried out to investigate the suitability of unidirectional carbon bre reinforced polymer (CFRP) fabrics locally available in the market in strengthening of CFST members under compression. 2. Materials 2.1. Concrete The concrete mix proportion designed by IS method to achieve the strength of 30 N/mm2 and the mix ratio was 1:1.39:2.77 by weight. The designed water cement ratio was 0.35. Concrete cube specimens were cast for each batching and tested at the age of 28 days to determine the compressive strength of concrete. The average compressive strength of the concrete was 38.5 N/mm2. 2.2. Carbon bre The unidirectional carbon bre called MBrace 240 was used in this study. It is a normal modulus CFRP bre and their specied properties are listed in Table 1. It is fabric type and can be tailored into any desired shape. 2.3. Adhesive The MBrace saturant was used in this study to get sufcient wrapping between steel tube and carbon bre. It is a two part systems, a resin and a hardener and the mixing ratio was 100:40 (B:H). 2.4. Steel tube The square hollow steel tube conrming to IS 4923-1997 and having a dimension of 91.5 mm 91.5 mm was used in this study. The thickness and height of the square hollow steel tube were 3.6 mm and 600 mm respectively. The yield strength of the tube was 258 MPa and chosen from the experimental values. 3. Experimental study 3.1. Specimen fabrication The 600 mm height square hollow tubes were machined from 6 m length hollow tubes. To get the at surface, both ends of the steel tube were surfaced by the surface grinding machine. Inside portion of the hollow steel tubes were thoroughly wire brushed to remove the rust and loose debris presented. Then the hollow steel tube specimens were lled with concrete and the each layer of concrete fully compacted by a needle vibrator to ensure the concrete free from aws or air gaps. To eliminate the leakage of slurry during compaction, a steel plate was placed at the bottom prior to lling concrete. Then the concrete was allowed to cure for 28 days. Surface preparation of the metal substrate is very important to achieve good wrapping between steel tube and CFRP fabrics. The strength of the adhesive bond is directly proportional to the quality of the surfaces to which is to be wrapped. So the exposed surface of the CFST specimen was blasted by the coarse sand to remove the rust and also to make the surface rough one. The entire sand blasted surface was cleaned by using acetone to remove all contaminant materials before retrotting with the bres. Prior to the columns strengthened by carbon bre, the glass bre fabric was introduced between the steel surface and CFRP composites to elim-

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Table 1 Properties of MBrace 240 specied by the manufacturer. S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Properties Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength Weight of C bre (main direction) Density Thickness for static design weight/density Value 240 kN/mm2 3800 N/mm2 400 g/m2 1.7 g/cm2 0.234 mm

inate the galvanic corrosion. Finally, the carbon bres were wrapped to the exterior surface of the CFST members with the different wrapping schemes and thicknesses is shown in Fig. 1. All the strengthened columns were allowed to cure in room temperature for the duration of 7 days. During wrapping of CFRP fabrics, the resin and hardener are correctly proportioned and thoroughly mixed together and the excess epoxy and air were removed using a ribbed roller moving in the direction of the bre. 3.2. Experimental setup The CFST columns were tested in compression testing machine of capacity 2000 kN. Each member was positioned on the supports and taking care to ensure that its centerline was exactly in line with the axis of the machine. The verticality of the specimens was checked using plumb bob. The specimens were instrumented to measure longitudinal axial compression is shown in Fig. 2. The load was applied to the column by hydraulic jack and monitored by using 1000 kN capacity load cell. Axial deformation of the column was measured by using linear voltage displacement transducer (LVDT) which was kept at top of the jack. The load cell and LVDT were connected with the 16-Channel Data Acquisition System to store the respective data. At the beginning, a small load of 20 kN was applied slowly, so that the columns settle properly on its supports. Then the load was removed after checking the proper functioning of the instrumentation. Then the columns were tested to failure by applying the compressive load in small increments and the observations such as axial deformation and ultimate load were carefully recorded. The load at which the CFRP starts rupturing and the nature of failure were also noted for each column.

Fig. 2. Experimental setup.

3.3. Description of specimens Among twenty-one specimens, eighteen were externally wrapped by CFRP strips having a constant width of 50 mm with the spacing of 30 mm and 40 mm and the remaining three were reference column. The size and length of the columns used were 91.5 91.5 3.6 mm and 600 mm respectively. To identify the specimen easily, the columns were designated with the names such as HS-50-30-T1, HS-50-30-T2 HS-50-30-T3, HS-50-40-T1, HS-50-40-T2 and HS-50-40-T3. For example, the specimen HS50-30-T3 species that it was strengthened by three (3) layers of 50 mm width horizontal strip (HS) of CFRP fabrics in transverse direction (T) with the spacing of 30 mm. The control columns are specied as CC1, CC2 and CC3.

91.50

91.50

50

30

50

4. Results and discussion 4.1. Failure modes All the columns were loaded up to failure to understand the inuence of carbon bre fabrics on the axial behaviour of CFST members and the failure modes of the columns were summarized in Table 2. The outward buckling of unbonded columns (CC1, CC2 and CC3) was observed at the top on all four sides of the steel tube and occurred at the load of 934 kN, 928 kN and 923 kN respectively which is shown in Fig. 3. This is a result of the fact that, the uniform applied concentric force expanded the concrete core laterally and that dilation effect of the concrete caused outward buckling of the steel tube mainly located at the top/bottom/supports of the column. The crushing of concrete was not occurred in order that the applied load decreased slowly after the failure load but favour-

600.00

HS-50-30

HS-50-40

ALL DIMENSION ARE IN MM

Fig. 1. Wrapping schemes.

40

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able enhancement in ductility performance was noticed. In the case of columns HS-50-30-T1(1), HS-50-30-T1(2) and HS-50-30T1(3), snapping sound of bre was observed at the load of 900 kN, 930 kN and 933 kN respectively. Among these, the columns HS-50-30-T1(2) and HS-50-30-T1(3) failed by rupture of bre which was observed at the bottom at the load of 1008 kN and 1027 kN respectively and is shown in Fig. 4. This is a result of the fact that, when a uniform pressure applied in the top surface of the specimens, the concrete core will begin to expand laterally as a result steel tube also start to expand laterally, in the meanwhile CFRP lies in the outer limits provide restraint against the lateral deformation and they are subjected to tension in the hoop direction. When the CFRP reached its ultimate strain, rupture of CFRP will occurred followed by the buckling of steel tube occurred and the dilation effect of the concrete is shown in Fig. 5 caused outward buckling generally at the supports of the column. But the specimen HS-50-30-T1(1) failed by local buckling of steel tube observed at the mid height of column at the load of 955 kN and in addition no rupture of bre was observed. The reason is attributed to poor wrapping of FRP composites to the column. The similar behaviour as same as that of columns HS-50-30-T1(2) and HS-50-30-T1(3) was observed in the specimens HS-50-30-T2(1), HS-50-30-T2(2) and HS-50-30-T2(3) but the rupture of bre was occurred at the bottom as shown in Fig. 6. In the case of specimens HS-50-30-T3(1), HS-50-30-T3(2) and HS-50-30-T3(3), as said earlier due to the dilation effect of the concrete, the local buckling of steel tube followed by rupture of bre was noticed at the bottom at the load of 1122 kN, 1200 kN and 1202 kN respectively. Finally the bres were delaminated which is shown in Fig. 7.

The specimens conned by 50 mm width of CFRP strips with the spacing of 40 mm, conned by one and two layers of CFRP fabrics [HS-50-40-T1(1), HS-50-40-T1(2), HS-50-40-T1(2), HS-50-40T2(1), HS-50-40-T2(2) and HS-50-40-T2(3)] were failed by buckling of steel tube which was observed at the unbonded region generally located at the bottom of the column is shown in Figs. 8 and 9. The columns HS-50-40-T3(1) and HS-50-40-T3(3) exhibited local buckling of steel tube at the bottom without any rupture of bre and was occurred at 1033 kN and 1032 kN respectively as shown in Fig. 10. The local buckling of steel tube alone without any rupture of bre is attributed to, when increasing the spacing of CFRP strips, the unwrapped area will become more. Due to the absence of conning pressure provided by the FRP composites in the unwrapped area, they were subjected to more strain compared to the wrapped area, and the buckling of steel tube was occurred when the steel reached its ultimate strain. 4.2. Axial stressstrain behaviour Table 2 summarizes maximum axial deformation and its percentage of control with respect to reference column. Up to 850 kN on jack, a linear response was observed in all reference columns and thereafter non-linear response was observed. The CFST members conned by CFRP fabrics sustained higher ultimate load and lower axial deformation compared to control column and also reinforcement by CFRP strips signicantly increases the stress capacity of the specimens. In addition, a signicant fall in curve was observed at the peak stage due to sudden rupture of CFRP fabrics. Compared to control column (CC1), the specimens HS-50-30-

Table 2 Experimental result of all specimens. Designation of columns Failure load (kN) 934 928 923 965 991 1001 1070 1022 1066 1122 1200 1105 956 972 989 1033 1032 1022 1084 1112 1099 Load at initial rupture of FRP (kN) 823 820 882 904 934 941 928 934 918 836 834 846 912 927 951 962 976 933 Maximum axial deformation (mm) 11.98 12.28 11.99 9.94 8.79 10.01 11.60 11.89 12.14 11.23 11.79 12.12 9.73 9.76 9.98 10.87 11.12 10.76 11.18 11.07 11.23 % of Reduction in axial deformation compared to CC1 22.11 19.58 25.12 34.11 42.12 41.15 50.01 66.24 50.12 5.88 7.21 13.08 50.16 31.22 39.63 50.15 35.90 49.23 % of Increase in axial load carrying capacity 3.32 6.10 7.17 14.56 9.42 14.13 20.12 28.48 18.31 2.43 4.12 5.88 10.52 10.49 9.42 16.05 19.05 17.66 Failure modes

CC1 CC2 CC3 HS-50-30-T1(1) HS-50-30-T1(2) HS-50-30-T1(3) HS-50-30-T2(1) HS-50-30-T2(2) HS-50-30-T2(3) HS-50-30-T3(1) HS-50-30-T3(2) HS-50-30-T3(3) HS-50-40-T1(1) HS-50-40-T1(2) HS-50-40-T1(3) HS-50-40-T2(1) HS-50-40-T2(2) HS-50-40-T2(3) HS-50-40-T3(1) HS-50-40-T3(2) HS-50-40-T3(3)

Buckling of steel tube observed on all four side of the column at bottom support Buckling of steel tube observed on all four side of the column at bottom support Buckling of steel tube observed on all four side of the column at bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Local buckling of steel tube alone observed at the mid height of column Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Rupture of bre observed at the bottom support Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP Buckling of steel tube alone observed at bottom support without rupture of FRP

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End Plate

Dilation of Concrete

Steel Tube

Concrete

Fig. 5. Load transferring mechanism.

Fig. 3. Failure mode of control column.

The columns HS-50-30-T1(2), HS-50-30-T2(1) and HS-50-30T3(2) enhanced their axial deformation control by 19.58%, 34.11% and 66.24% respectively compared to the control column and their axial deformation at the respective failure load of control column was 7.66 mm, 6.83 mm and 5.51 mm respectively. When compared to columns HS-50-30-T2(1) and HS-50-30-T3(2), the axial deformation control of column HS-50-30-T1(2) was very small which is due to insufcient amount of conning pressure generated by FRP fabrics. The axial stress strain behaviour of column HS-50-30-T1(2) followed the same path of HS-50-30-T2(1) until reach the load of 810kN, and thereafter, relaxation in axial

T1(2), HS-50-30-T2(1) and HS-50-30-T3(2) showed signicant control in axial deformation and enhancement in stiffness and stress capacity, especially, the behaviour of HS-50-30-T3(2) was outperformed which is shown in Figs. 11 and 14.

Fig. 4. Failure mode of column HS-50-30-T1(1).

Fig. 6. Failure mode of column HS-50-30-T2(2).

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Fig. 7. Failure mode of column HS-50-30-T3(1).

deformation control was observed and in addition, the column HS-50-30-T2(2) sustained higher ultimate load and larger axial deformation control which is shown in Fig. 12. The axial deformation of column HS-50-30-T3(2) at the respective failure load of columns HS-50-30-T1(2) and HS-50-30-T2(1) was 5.85 mm and 7.23 mm and the percentage of enhancement in axial deformation control was 51.11% and 43.70% respectively as shown in Fig. 14. Until reach the load of 350kN, there is similar axial stressstrain behaviour was observed in the case of columns HS-50-40-T1(3), HS-50-40-T2(1) and HS-50-40-T3(2) and thereafter due to more number of FRP layers, the columns HS-50-40-T2(1) and HS-5040-T3(2) showed better control in axial deformation compared to columns CC1 and HS-50-40-T1(3) which is shown in Fig. 12. It was also found that the specimens HS-50-40-T1(3), HS-50-40T2(1) and HS-50-40-T3(2) enhanced their axial deformation control by 13.08%, 50.16% and 35.90% respectively compared to control specimen and their mid-span deection at the respective failure load of control column was 7.66 mm, 5.99 mm and 6.74 mm respectively as shown in Fig. 14. Until reaching a failure load of 510 kN, the column HS-50-40-T3(2) followed the same path of column HS-50-40-T2(1), and thereafter meager relaxation in deformation control was observed. But better control in axial deformation was observed only after the load of 993 kN. The column HS-50-40-T3(2) enhanced their axial deformation control by 28.74% and 14.90% when compared to columns HS-50-40-T1(3) and HS-50-40-T2(1) respectively as shown in Fig. 14. As expected, the columns conned by CFRP in both spacing, the axial deformation control of the conned columns increases as the number of layers increases but the enhancement in axial deformation control was also not proportional. The above nonlinearity in axial deformation control when increasing the number of layers of bre may be attributed to crushing of resin lying in between the bres. When

Fig. 8. Failure mode of column HS-50-40-T1(2).

the resin started to crush, a sudden drop in substantial load transfer was occurred. As a result, non linearity in axial deformation control was observed. Furthermore, by increasing the number of layers of bre fabrics, the number of resin layers also increased so that more nonlinearity in axial deformation control was observed. The axial stressstrain behaviour of columns having 30 mm spacing of CFRP strips was outperformed when compared with that of columns strengthened by CFRP strips having spacing of 40 mm which is shown in Figs. 13 and 14. It can also be seen that the axial deformation control of the conned columns increases as the spacing of the CFRP strips decreases. The column HS-50-40T1(3) has higher axial deformation of 9.64 mm compared to column HS-50-30-T1(2) which has a axial deformation of 9.29 mm as shown in Fig. 14. The column HS-50-30-T2(1) enhanced their deformation control by 9.37% compared to columns HS-50-40T2(1). Fig. 14 also illustrates that the HS-50-40-T3(2) has more axial deformation (10.9 mm) than that of column HS-50-30-T3(2) furthermore which is 39.7% higher. 4.3. Load bearing capacity Table 2 summarizes the maximum load carrying capacity and percentage increase in it of all CFRP strengthened columns compared with the control column. As expected, the external wrapping of CFRP strips considerably enhance the load carrying capacity of the columns, especially the columns strengthened by three layers of CFRP strips in all spacing were outperformed. Compared to control column, the specimens HS-50-30-T1(2), HS-5030-T2(1) and HS-50-30-T3(2) enhanced their axial load carrying capacity by 6.10%, 14.56%, 28.47% as shown in Fig. 15. In similar

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Fig. 9. Failure mode of column HS-50-40-T2(1).

manner, the columns having 40 mm spacing of CFRP strips such as HS-50-40-T1(3), HS-50-40-T2(1) and HS-50-40-T3(2) having 5.88%, 10.59% and 19.05% respectively more load carrying capacity than that of control column as shown in Fig. 15. The above test results were revealed that, the external wrapping of CFRP strips provides external connement pressure effectively and intended to delay the local buckling of steel tube and also enhance the load carrying capacity. From the Fig. 15, it was conrmed that the specimens strengthened by CFRP strips with smaller spacing have more axial load carrying capacity and the increase in axial load mainly depends upon proper designed spacing of CFRP strips. When compared to column HS-50-40-T1(3), the column HS-5030-T1(2) has more load carrying capacity which is shown in Fig. 15. In similar manner, the column enhanced its load carrying capacity by 3.50% than that of HS-50-30-T2(1). Fig. 15 also illustrates that the column HS-50-30-T3(2) has more axial load carrying capacity (1200 kN) than that of column HS-50-40-T3(2) (1112 kN) and furthermore which is 7.9% higher. From that it can be understood that the increase in spacing between the CFRP strips decreases the conning pressure exerted by the CFRP composites as a result decrease in load bearing capacity was observed. From the Fig. 15, it can be seen that the axial load carrying capacity of the conned columns increases as the number of CFRP layers increases but the enhancement in axial load carrying capacity was not proportional. The column HS-50-30-T3(2) enhanced its axial load carrying capacity by 21.12% and 12.64% more than that of columns HS-50-30-T1(2) and HS-50-30-T2(1) respectively. Similarly, the column HS-50-40-T3(2) enhanced its load carrying capacity by 12.44% and 7.64% when compared to columns HS50-40-T1(3) and HS-50-40-T2(1) respectively. From the above

Fig. 10. Failure mode of column HS-50-40-T3(1).

140 120

Axial stress (N/mm )

100 80 60 40 20 0 0.000

CC1 HS-50-30-T2(1)
0.005 0.010 0.015

HS-50-30-T1(2) HS-50-30-T3(2)
0.020 0.025

Axial strain
Fig. 11. Axial stressstrain behaviour of columns HS-50-30 comparison.

observations, it is suggested that CFRP strips having spacing of 30 mm and 40 mm used in this research work are suitable for strengthening of columns subjected to axial compression.

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5. Analytical study
140

5.1. Prediction of the axial strength of FRP conned CFST column

120

Axial stress (N/mm )

100 80 60 40 20 0 0.000

5.1.1. Existing connement models Hajjar and Gourley [21] proposed the following equation for predicting the load carrying capacity (Po) of the CFST column under axial compression.

Po Asteel fy Aconcrete fc0

CC1 HS-50-40-T2(1)
0.005 0.010 0.015

HS-50-40-T1(3) HS-50-40-T3(2)
0.020 0.025 0.030

where fy = yield stress of steel tube, fc0 = cylinder compressive strength of concrete and Asteel and Aconcrete are cross sectional area of steel tube and lled concrete.The axial load carrying capacity (Npl,Rd) of the CFT columns according to EC4 [22] (1994) can be determined by summing up the strengths of the steel tube and the concrete core, as in Eq. (2). The application of EC4 [22] is restricted to composite columns with concrete cylinder strength and steel yield stress not greater than 50 and 355 MPa, respectively.

Axial strain
Fig. 12. Axial stressstrain behaviour of columns HS-50-40 comparison.

Npl;Rd As fy Ac fck s Npl;Rd k Ne

where Ne = elastic buckling load of the member (Euler critical load)

N e p2
140 120

EIe le
2

where (EI)e = effective stiffness of the composite column

EIe Ea Ia 0:8Ecd Ic

100 80 60 40 20 0 0.000

CC1 HS-50-30-T2(1) HS-50-40-T1(3) HS-50-40-T3(2)

0.005 0.010 0.015

HS-50-30-T1(2) HS-50-30-T3(2) HS-50-40-T2(1)

where Ia and Ic are the moments of inertia of the cross sectional area of the steel tube and the concrete respectively. Ea and Ecd are the youngs modulus of the steel tube and the concrete. In the case of square columns, it is necessary to consider the capacity reduction due to local buckling of the steel tube wall of the column with large (B/t) ratio rather than the connement effect of the steel tube. For predicting the axial load of CFT column (Nu), by taking into account the large (B/t) ratio, the modied equation was given by Sakino et al. [23] as follows:

Axial stress (N/mm )

Nu As rscr Ac cu fc0

6 7 8

rcr minrsy ; srsy

 2 1 B rsy 4:00 0:698 0:128 S t Es 6:97

0.020

0.025

0.030

Axial strain
Fig. 13. Axial stressstrain behaviour of all columns comparison.

where rsy = yield strength of steel tube When a FRP conned concrete column is subjected to axial compression, the concrete core expand laterally, thus this lateral

Axial deformation (mm)

10 8 6 4 2 0 One Layer Two Layer Three Layer

Ultimate Load (kN)

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 One layer Two layer Three layer

Number of FRP layers

30mm Spacing 40mm Spacing

Number of FRP layers

30mm Spacing 40mm Spacing

Fig. 14. Axial deformation with respect to number of CFRP layers comparison.

Fig. 15. Ultimate load for all columns comparison.

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expansion is resisted by FRP lies in the outer limits as they are subjected to tension in lateral direction. Lam and Teng [24] proposed the equation for calculating that conning pressure exerted by the FRP.

f frp t

fl

2f frp tfrp D

fl D

where D = diagonal length of square cross section, ffrp = tensile strength of FRP in the hoop direction and tfrp = thickness of the FRP connement. 5.1.2. Proposed approach model Based on the above connement models, new models are proposed herein for predicting the axial load capacity of CFRP conned CFST column. These models are simple one and in addition, additional developments such as the effect of concrete strength, yield strength of steel tube and height of columns are required to take into account. When a concentric load is applied to a CFRP wrapped CFST column (assuming the load is applied uniformly across both materials), the steel tube lies in the outer limits and the concrete core will both begin to expand laterally and, in the meanwhile, CFRP lies in the outer limits started to resist lateral expansion by providing connement pressure as they are subjected to tension in the hoop direction. As the axial stress increases, the corresponding lateral strain increases and the CFRP strips develops its maximum tensile hoop stress which is equal to the ultimate tensile strength of CFRP (ffrp) balanced by the lateral pressure (flcon) is shown in Fig. 16. By considering the equilibrium, the following equation can be derived to nd the lateral connement pressure (flcon) provided by the CFRP strips.

f frp t
Fig. 16. connement model for CFST square column.

Table 3 Experimental and Analytical results comparison. Designation of columns Ultimate load (kN) Experimental Pexp Theoretical Ptheo 934 928 923 965 991 1001 1070 1022 1066 1122 1200 1105 956 972 989 1033 1032 1022 1084 1112 1099 980 1.015 0.988 0.979 0.979 1.024 0.982 1.008 0.943 1.024 1.014 0.997 0.988 0.990 0.991 1.001 1.007 0.982 0.993 Ptheo/Pexp Difference

P exp Ptheo Pexp

100 (%) CC1 CC2 CC3 HS-50-30-T1(1) HS-50-30-T1(2) HS-50-30-T1(3) HS-50-30-T2(1) HS-50-30-T2(2) HS-50-30-T2(3) HS-50-30-T3(1) HS-50-30-T3(2) HS-50-30-T3(3) HS-50-40-T1(1) HS-50-40-T1(2) HS-50-40-T1(3) HS-50-40-T2(1) HS-50-40-T2(2) HS-50-40-T2(3) HS-50-40-T3(1) HS-50-40-T3(2) HS-50-40-T3(3) 1.554 1.110 2.098 2.150 2.446 1.782 0.891 5.667 2.443 1.464 0.206 1.921 0.968 0.872 0.098 0.738 1.799 0.637

1047

1132

970

flcon

3f frp nt frp 1 0:16n 1 D 4f frp nqfrp 1 0:23n 1 5cCFRP ACFRP AGross

10

1023

flcon

11

1092

qfrp

12
6. Conclusions Experimental and analytical investigations on the behaviour of axially loaded CFST columns externally strengthened by CFFRP strips composites with two different spacing were presented in this paper. From the experimental data obtained, the failure modes, axial stressstain behaviour and ultimate load carrying capacity were discussed. Based on the compressive tests on eighteen specimens, the following conclusions recommendations are drawn: CFST columns were strengthened by CFRP strips with 30 mm spacing were shown CFRP rupture failure, however when increasing the spacing, the columns were failed by local buckling of steel alone without any rupture of bre. It was observed that external wrapping of CFRP effectively delayed the local buckling of the steel tube and also declines the axial shortening by providing connement/restraining effect against the elastic deformation. Columns HS-50-30-T1(2), HS-50-30-T2(1) and HS-50-30-T3(2) enhanced their axial deformation control by 19.58%, 34.11% and 66.24% respectively compared to the control column. External wrapping of CFRP strips provides external connement pressure effectively and intended to delay the local buckling of steel tube and also enhance the load carrying capacity however the increases in the axial load carrying capacity mainly depends upon the proper spacing between the CFRP strips. It has been shown that the

where flcon is lateral connement pressure exerted by the CFRP strips having spacing of 30 mm and 40 mm. n and cCFRP are the number of CFRP layers (n = 1, 2,3,4) and static design safety for CFRP (cCFRP = 1.2) respectively. ACFRP and AGross are the cross sectional area of the CFRP and CFST column member.For predicting the compres0 sive strength of CFRP conned CFST square column fccon , the following formula were proposed.

  flcon 0 funcon fccon 1k funcon

13

where funcon and k are unconned compressive strength of CFST column and effective connement coefcient respectively. The proposed effective connement coefcient (k) value for the column conned by CFRP strips having a spacing of 30 mm and 40 mm and are 2.5 and 2 respectively.The following equation was proposed to determine the axial load carrying capacity of unconned CFST member.

funcon As fy Ac fck

14

The calculated axial load carrying capacity CFRP conned CFST columns are listed in Table 3 along with the failure load obtained from the experiments. The average percentage of difference between calculated and experimental value is 5%.

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application of CFRP strips may provide increases in axial capacity of up to 1.5 times than the capacity of the steel section alone. It is suggested that external strengthening of CFST columns using normal modulus CFRP strips is a quite effective technique to increase the load carrying capacity and stiffness of the CFST section. References
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