Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

dc-dc converters for switch-mode dc power supplies and dc-motor drives

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-1

Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters

Functional block diagram

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Stepping Down a DC Voltage

A simple approach that shows the evolution

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Pulse-Width Modulation in DC-DC Converters

Role of PWM
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Step-Down DC-DC Converter

Pulsating input to the low-pass filter

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Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

Steady state; inductor current flows continuously

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-6

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms at the boundary of Cont./Discont. Conduction

Critical current below which inductor current becomes discontinuous

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-7

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Steady state; inductor current discontinuous

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-8

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the critical current
Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-9

Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

Output voltage is kept constant

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-10

Step-Down Conv.: Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-11

Step-Up DC-DC Converter

Output voltage must be greater than the input

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Step-Up DC-DC Converter Waveforms

Continuous current conduction mode

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-13

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-14

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Discont. Conduction

Occurs at light loads

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-15

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-16

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of Parasitics

The duty-ratio is generally limited before the parasitic effects become significant
Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-17

Step-Up DC-DC Converter Output Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-18

Step-Down/Up DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage
Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-19

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

Continuation conduction mode

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-20

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-21

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This occurs at light loads

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-22

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction

The output voltage is held constant

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-23

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of Parasitics

The duty-ratio is limited to avoid these parasitic effects from becoming significant
Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-24

Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Output Voltage Ripple

ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-25

Cuk DC-DC Converter

The output voltage can be higher or lower than the input voltage

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Cuk DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

The capacitor voltage is assumed constant

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Converter for DC-Motor Drives

Four quadrant operation is possible

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Converter Waveforms

Bi-polar voltage switching

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Converter Waveforms

Uni-polar voltage switching

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Output Ripple in Converters for DC-Motor Drives

bi-polar and uni-polar voltage switching

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Switch Utilization in DC-DC Converters

It varies significantly in various converters

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Equivalent Circuits in DC-DC Converters

replacing inductors and capacitors by current and voltage sources, respectively

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters 7-33

Reversing the Power Flow in DC-DC Conv.

For power flow from right to left, the input current direction should also reverse

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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