CODAL PRACTICES FOR CIVIL

ENGINEERS

PART B :DESIGN ASPECTS

 DESIGN CRITERIA

 PROJECT SPECIFIC DESIGN BASIS.

 LOCAL CONDITION AND SITE SPECIFIC
DATA
 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS.
 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

 STANDARD GUIDES AND

SPECIFICATIONS.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY

REQUIREMENT LIMIT STATE DESIGN
AS PER IS 456-2000
 STRUCTURES ARE DESIGNED TO
WITHSTAND SAFELY ALL LOADS
LIABLE TO ACT ON THE STRUCTURE
AND IN ADDITION SATISFY THE
SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS OF
DEFLECTION AND CRACKING.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE
 THE STRUCTURE SHALL BE DESIGNED AND
CHECKED AT EVERY SECTION FOR ITS
RESISTANCE TO BENDING, SHEAR, TORSION
AND AXIAL CAPACITY AGAINST ALL THE
LOAD COMBINATIONS USING APPROPRIATE
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR.
 SEISMIC AND WIND ARE NOT COMBINED.
 LOADS ARE FACTORED USING PARTIAL
SAFETY FACTORS
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY
 THE STRUCTURE ARE CHECKED TO ENSURE
THAT ITS DEFORMATION UNDER WORST
LOAD COMBINATION ARE COMPATIBLE
WITH THE DEGREE OF MOVEMENT
ACCEPTABLE FOR VARIOUS SUPPORTING
COMPONENTS LIKE PIPING JOINTS ,SAFE
OPERATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
AND FINISHES, GLAZING OF BUILDING ETC.
 SPECIFIC CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH FOR
LIQUID RETAINING STRUCTURE.
 LOADS & LOAD
COMBINATIONS
 DEAD LOADS
 EQUIPMENT WEIGHT
 ERECTION/EMPTY
 OPERATING

 HYDROTESTING

 PUSH/PULL EFFECTS

 DYNAMIC LOADS

 LIVE /IMPOSED LOADS

 PIPING LOADS/ANCHOR/FRICTION
 ELECTRICAL/INSTRUMENT CABLE TRAYS
 LOADS & LOAD COMBINATIONS
 CRANE GANRTY/MONORAILS LOADS.
 WIND LOADS(AS PER IS 875 PART 3)
 ON STRUCTURE (using factor k1,k2,k3)
 SHIELDING EFFECTS

 ON EQUIPMENT

 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS -refer Cl. 7 (Height/width ratio

>5)
 SEISMIC LOADS (IS 1893-Part 1 &4)
 SEISMIC COEFFIENT
 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

 IS 1893 SPECTRA

 SITE SPECIFIC SPECTRUM

 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR FOR
LOADS Limit state of collapse

˘
Load combination DL IL WL

DL+IL 1.5 1.5 -

DL ± WL / EL 1.5 or - 1.5
0 .9
DL + IL ± WL/EL 1.2 1.2 1.2

IL-IMPOSED LOADS
 VALUES OF PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR ΓF FOR
LOADS Limit states of serviceability

DL IL WL
Load combination

DL + IL 1.0 1.0 -

DL ± WL/EL 1.0 - 1.0

DL+ IL ± WL/EL 1.0 0.8 0.8

 LOAD COMBINATIONS
 WIND
 EACH DIRECTION WIND (Unidirectional)
 DIAGONAL WIND FOR SQUARE SHAPES.

 SEISMIC
 CALCULATE RESPONSE FROM EACH
DIRECTION .
 COMBINED WITH MULTICOMPONENTS AS PER
 COMBINES AS SRSS (SQUARE ROOT OF THE SUM OF THE
SQUARES)
LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE

BEAMS
COLUMN
SLABS
 FLEXURAL BEAMS DESIGN

*FOR DUCTILE FAILURE

STRAIN IN STEEL
 BEAM DESIGN TABLE
 CALCULATE Mu/bd2
& Select steel grade to
get ’ p’.
 Table 1 to 4 for singly
reinforced beams .
 TABLE 4 FOR f ck=30
and f y =415/500
etc.→
Table 45 to 59 for doubly
reinforced beams.
 SHEAR STIRRUP

 Nominal Shear Stress for beams of uniform depth

τv = VU/ b. d

where,
VU = shear force due to design loads;
b = breadth of the member, which for flanged
section shall be taken as the breadth of the web ;
and
d = effective depth.
 Design of Shear Reinforcement
 When τv exceeds τc ,shear reinforcement shall be
provided in following forms:
a) Vertical stirrups,
b) Bent-up bars along with the stirrups, and
c) Inclined stirrups.
 For vertical stirrups:
strength of shear reinforcement
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d
sv
fy = characteristic strength of stirrups,
Asv= total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs,
d = effective depth,
sv = spacing of the stirrups along the length of the
member.
 Design for stirrups
 Table 62 of SP16
Provides The value of’
Vus /d ‘in KN/cm for
FE 415 for different
diameter & spacing .

 The Table for Fe500 can

be developed.
 TORSION
 SHEAR AND TORSION(cl.41.3)
Equivalent Shear , V e

V e =Vu + 1.6 T u /b
Where,
V e = Equivalent Shear,
Vu = Shear,
T u = Torsional Moment,
b = Breadth of beam.
Equivalent Nominal Shear Stress , τve
τve = Ve /b.d
Values of τve shall not exceed the values of τcmax .

If τve does not exceed τc (Table 19) , minimum shear

reinforcement shall be provided as per 26.5.1.6.

If τve exceeds τc (Table 19) , both longitudinal and

transverse reinforcement shall be provided in
accordance with 41.4
 Reinforcement in Members Subjected to
Torsion(Cl. 41.4)
 Torsional reinforcement consists of longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement.
 Longitudinal Reinforcement
Designed to resist an equivalent bending moment ,
Me1 = Mu +Mt
Where
Mu = bending moment at the cross-section, &
Mt = Tu ((1+D/b)/1.7).
Tu = Torsional moment,
D = Overall depth& b = Beam breadth.
• Transverse Reinforcement
Two legged closed hoops enclosing the
corner longitudinal bars shall have an cross-section
Asv,

Asv = Tu Sv + Vu Sv
b1 d1 (0.87 fy) 2.5 d1 (0.87 fy)

But total transverse reinforcement shall not be less

than (τv e - τC) b. Sv
0.87 fy
Where,
Tu = Torsional moment,
Vu = shear force,
Sv = spacing of the stirrup reinforcement,
b1 = centre-to-centre distance between corner
bars in the direction of the width,
d1 = centre-to-centre distance between corner
bars,
b = breadth of the member,
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup rebars
τve = equivalent shear stress,
τc = shear strength of the concrete (see Table 19).
 CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
BEAMS Chart23 of SP16

 Basic values of Span to

depth up to 10m span:-
 Continuous Beams...26
 Simply supported....20
 Cantilever.................7
 COLUMN DESIGN
 1) All COLUMN MUST BE DESIGNED
FOR A MINM. ECCENTRICITY OF
 e min = l/500+D/30
 Where l is the unsupported column length &
 D column size
 Design charts in SP 16 for different concrete
& Steel grade
 Comp +uni axial bending ( chart 27 to 38)
 Comp +bia axial Bending ( chart 39 to 50)
 Tension +Bending ( chart 68 to 85)
 COLUMN DESIGN
-COMPRESSION
1) Short Axially Loaded Members in Compression
Pu = 0.4 fck .AC + 0.67 f y .A sc
Where,
Pu = axial load on the member,
fck = characteristic compressive strength of the
concrete,

AC = Area of concrete,
f y = characteristic strength of the compression
reinforcement, and
A sc =
area of longitudinal reinforcement for
INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR A
 Interaction diagrams in SP 16
in the forms of charts with Pu
/b D f ck
 & Mu/ b D2 are Plotted for
different values of p/fck.

 Dotted lines for fyd

 Above fyd=0 NA at end of
Tension face &section in comp.
 Below fyd=1.outer most bar
reaches design yield strength.
Members Subjected to Combined
Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

 [Mux /Mux1]^α + [Muy /Muy1]^α ≤ 1.0

where,
Mux, Muy = moments about x and y axes
due to design loads,
Mux1, Muy1 = maximum uniaxial moment capacity for
an axial load of Pu, bending about x
and y axes respectively, and
α is related to Pu / Puz.
where,
Puz = 0.45 fck .AC + 0.75 fy .Asc
RELATION BETWEEN Pu / Puz AND α
(Refer Chart 64 IN SP16)

Pu / Puz` α

< 0.2 1.0

0.2 to 0.8 1.0 to 2.0

(linear variation)
>0.8 2.0
Design chart for biaxial bending
ADDITIONAL MOMENTS due to
Slenderness
 Additional moment shall be taken into account.
 M = Pu D{l ex/D}^2
ax

2000
 M = Pu b{l ey/b}^2
ay

2000
Where,
l ex = effective length in respect of major axis,
l ey = effective length in respect of minor axis,
D = depth of the cross-section at right angles to the major
axis, and
b = width of the member.
NOTE :- Column are slender when L/d>12.
Strain distribution in interaction
curve
 SLAB DESIGN
 SLAB IS DESIGN AS ONE WAY OR TWO
WAY SPAN DEPENDING UPON THE
RATIO OF THE TWO SIDES.
 TABLE 26 OF ANNEX .D PROVIDES
B.M. COEFFICIENT FOR SLAB DESIGN.
 SPAN TO DEPTH RATIO FOR
DEFLECTION CHECK:
 S.S SLAB =0.8*35=28
 CONTINOUS SLAB=0.8*40=32
 (Factor of 0.8 for FE 415/500 )
 SLAB DESIGN
 Table 5 to 44 provided the SLAB Moment in KN/M
moment of resistance of
slab/m in KN/m for given
concrete & steel grade&
depth it provides the bar dia.
and spacing.
 Note:-
 1)All values are with 15mm
cover.
 2) concrete Grade limited to
M20
Enhanced Shear Strength of Sections Close to
Supports

Shear Failure At A Beam/Cantilever Occurs At An

Angle Of 30°.
 Strength may be enhanced near support where the

loads are closure and make an angle of 30°.

 Design of sections near a support is done by

increasing design shear strength of concrete to

τc* = 2 d τc / av
provided that τc* at the face of the support remains
less than τc max.
SHEAR FAILURE NEAR SUPPORTS
SECTION FOR ENHENCED SHEAR
 DESIGN AIDS
 ESTIMATE PRELIMANARY SIZES MANUALLY/
PAST JOB EXPERIENCES
 ALL ANALYSIS ARE PERFORMED USING STAAD
 INHOUSE CALCULATION SHEETS AND DESIGN
AIDS IN LOTUS/EXCEL AVAILABLE FOR
DESIGN OF COLUMN/BEAMS SLABS &
FOOTING.
 INVARIABLY TRY TO MAINTAIN
SYSTEMATICALLY ,DESIGN FILES & BACK UP
OF ALL DESIGN CALCULATIONS.
ATTACHMENTS
IS 875:-DESIGN LOADS FOR BLDGS.&
STR.
(OTHER THAN SEISMIC)
 PART 1 DEAD LOADS
 PART 2 IMPOSED LOADS
 PART 3 WIND LOADS
 PART 4 SNOW LOADS
 PART 5 SPECIAL LOADS & LOAD COMBINATIONS.
 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
 HYDROSTATIC & SOIL PRESSURE.
 STRUCTURE SAFETY DURING CONSTRCUTION
 ACCIDENTAL LOADS.
 LOAD COMBINATIONS
 1893 :CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
 PART 1(2002) fifth Revision
 GENERAL PROVISION IN BUILDINGS.
 PART 2*
 LIQUID RETAINING TANKS(GROUND & ELEVATED).
 PART 3*
 BRIDGES & RETAINING WALLS
 PART 4(2005)
 INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE INCLUDING CHIMNEY
 PART 5* DAMS & EMBANKMENTS
* to be issued?
STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR
DIFERRENT STEEL GRADES
 TABLE 26 :BENDING MOMENT
COEFF. FOR RECTANGULAR SLAB
SHEAR STRESS τ
c IN N/mm2
MAXM. SHEAR STRESS τ
c MAX IN N/mm2
AXIAL + BENDING CASE SH 1/2
STRAIN DIAGRAM
Stress Block With NA
Outside The Section
FORMULA FOR DESIGN
CHARTS SH 2/2
IMPOSED LOADS AS PER
IS875-PART 2
IMPOSED LOADS AS PER EIL
DESIGN BASIS
 Process Building/Technological Structure
(Open/Enclosed type)
 Operating area - 5.0 kN/m2
 Maintenance area - 7.5 kN/m2
 Compressor House/TG house
 Operating area - 7.5 kN/m2
 Maintenance area - 7.5 kN/m2
 Substation/Control Room
 Panel floor - 10.0 kN/m2
 * FOR OTHER AREA REFER DESIGN BASIS
FIGURE 1 OF IS875 PART 3

SPEED
VARIES FROM
33 TO 55M/S
SEISMIC ZONE OF INDIA
Sa/g vs TIME PERIOD
 HORIZONTAL SEISMIC
COEFF.
DESIGN HORIZONTAL ZONE FACTOR
SEISMIC COEFF.
EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE
 !!!!

THANK YOU!