FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS I

Presented by

Prof. N. P. Jadhav
Prof. S. A. Ladkat
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sinhgad Academy of Engineering, Pune
 SYLLABUS

Unit 1 Curves used in Engineering Practice

Unit 2 Orthographic Projections

Unit 3 Auxillary Projections

Unit 4 Isometric Projections

Unit 5 Interpretation of Given Views/Missing

Views
Unit 6 Freehand Sketching
 Weightage for each Unit

SECTION I
Unit 1) Engineering Curves 15
Unit 2) Orthographic Projections 20
Unit 3) Auxillary Projections 15

SECTION II
Unit 4) Isometric Projections 20
Unit 5) Missing Views 20
Unit 6) Freehand Sketching 10
 NATURE OF QUESTION PAPER
SECTION I
Q 1) Engineering Curves 15
OR
Q 2) Engineering Curves 15

Q 3) Orthographic Projections 20
OR
Q 4) Orthographic Projections 20

Q 5) Auxillary Projections 15
OR
Q 5) Auxillary Projections 15
 NATURE OF QUESTION PAPER
SECTION II
Q 7) Isometric Projections 20
OR
Q 8) Isometric Projections 20

Q 9) Missing Views 20
OR
Q 10) Missing Views 20

Q 11) Freehand Sketching 10

OR
Q 12) Freehand Sketching 10
 TERM WORK

Sheet No. 1 Engineering Curves

To draw any four curves.

Sheet No. 2 Orthographic Views

To draw two principal views, one sectional
views for two objects

Sheet No. 3 Auxillary Views

To draw auxillary views from the given views
for any two objects.

Sheet No. 4 Isometric Views

Two problems

Sheet No. 5 Missing Views

Two problems
 BOOKS

1 N.D. Bhatt, Elementary Engineering Drawing

2 P.S. Gill, Engineering Graphics
3 D. N. Johle, Engineering Drawing
4 Engineering Graphics by M. L. Dabhade.
ORTHOGRAPHICS PROJECTIONS
Contents :
* Types of Drawing
* Theory of projections
* Types of projections
* Perceptive projections
* Oblique projections
* Isometric projections
* Orthographic projections
* Quadrant systems
* Principal planes
* Glass box concept
* First angle projection method
Contents :
* Principal projections
* Conversion of pictorial
view
in to orthographic views

* Problems
 Types of Drawings

Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) Engineering Drawings

Building Related Drawings Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(FV,TV & SV.-Mech.Engg. terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
 Theory of Projection (Plan
e of
Proje
ction
)
Wall

d ow
ject) Sha
O b
(
r s )
cto t i o n)
) je roj e c
v r
e (P r o (P
se r ll
B a
(Ob t Ra ys
Ligh
r c h
To
Projection means “To throw Forward”.
In this Object are being thrown (projected)
forward in the form of Projection.

Torch Ball Shadow Wall

Torch Observer
Ball Object
Shadow Projection
Wall Plane of
Projection
 Types of Projection

Perspective Projection

Oblique Projection

Isometric Projection

Orthographic Projection
 Perspective Projection
* Observer is at finite distance.
* Rays or Projectors are converging at observer’s eye.
* It does not provides exact size and shape of object.
on
j e cti
pr o
of
ne Object
Pla
Station point

i o n
j e ct
o
Pr
 Orthographic Projection

Latin
Origin

* ORTHO means Perpendicular.

* Assume that observer is at infinite distance and rays

or Projection lines are Parallel to each other and
Perpendicular to the Plane of Projection.

* Since the projectors are perpendicular to the plane

of projection, the view is called Orthographic View

and the projection method is called Orthographic

projection.
 Orthographic Projection
* Orthographic projection is a two dimensional
projection method.
909o 0 o
* FV : Length and height of Object
FO
R F.V
.

* As projectors are Parallel to each other, the size of

Orthographic View of an object is equal to the actual
size of an object.
 Oblique Projection
* Observer is at infinite distance.
* Rays or Projectors are Parallel to each other.
* Rays or Projectors are not Perpendicular to the
Plane of projection. (i.e. projectors are inclined to
the plane of projection i.e. oblique)
ion
e c t
ro j
f p Φ ≠ 90o
e o
P lan Pro
jector
s
o w
ha d
s

Object
 Isometric Projection
* Observer is at infinite distance.
* Rays or Projectors are parallel to each other &
perpendicular to the plane of projection.
* All faces of the object are equally inclined to the
planes of projection.
* All faces of the object are visible in a single view.
 Quadrant system

VP

2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Y
Observer
HP

X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
 Quadrant system

Quadrant Observer; Object; Plane Position of object w.r.t. planes

positions of projection

First Observer – Object – Plane Above HP, In Front of VP

Second Observer – Plane – Object Above HP, Behind VP

Third Observer – Plane – Object Below HP, Behind VP

Fourth Observer – Object – Plane Below HP, In Front of VP
 PRINCIPAL PLANES

TYPES

HORIZONTAL PLANE VERTICAL PLANE PROFILE PLANE

(H P) (VP) (PP)
Glass box concept
1st angle projection
method

P. P.
V. P.

H. P.
1st angle projection
method

NOTE
Projectors are
V.
F. perpendicular
to respective
Reference
Plane and are
L.H also Parallel to
.S.V
. each others

T.V
.
 NOTE

. Horizontal plane
F.V L.H.S.V. is rotated
clockwise from
the left and
profile plane is
rotated
anticlockwise
from the top so
that all the three
principal planes
T.

lies in a single
V.

plane .
V P
.P. .P.

FV LHSV

TV

H
V P
.P. .P.

FV LHSV

TV

H
 X1

FV LHSV
X Y

TV

Y1
Important points for first angle projection method
* Object is situated in the First Quadrant.
* Object lies between the observer & Principal Planes.
* Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the
VP is FV & always lies above the X-Y line.
* Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the
HP is TV & always lies below the X-Y line.
* Orthographic projection of an object obtained on the
PP is SV & always lies on the side of FV & above the
X-Y line.
* RHSV is drawn on the left side of FV.
* LHSV is drawn on the right side of FV.
 PRINCIPAL PROJECTIONS

Direction of Plane of Projection Name of Projection

Sight
Front Vertical Plane (VP) FV or Elevation
Top Horizontal Plane TV or Plan
(HP)
Right Profile Plane (PP) RHSV
Hand
Left Hand Profile Plane (PP) LHSV
Conversion of Pictorial view into Orthographic Views

Study of the object.

Find the overall size of object i.e. Length,
Width & Height.

Draw blocks for F.V. (L x H), T.V. (L x W) & S.V.

(W x H) in their respective position according
to the method of projection.

Take suitable distance of above blocks from

reference lines (X-Y & X1-Y1).
Draw the view first which gives maximum
visibility & which is simple to draw.

In respective block, first draw the contour of

the view followed by visible edges & at the end
draw the hidden details.
After drawing all views give all necessary
dimensions (specify major dimension).
 IMPORANT POINTS
CASE 1 :
If line is parallel to both Vertical Plane & Horizontal
Plane then Front View & Top View of the line
always gives True Length on respective plane.

TL TL

TL

If line is perpendicular to one of the reference plane

(say ┴ to H.P.) then the view obtained is always
Point view.
 IMPORANT POINTS
CASE 2 :
If Plane is Parallel to V.P. then in F.V. we get True
Shape of Plane while in T.V. only Line View is
observed.

TS

TS

If Plane is Parallel to H.P. then in T.V. we get True

Shape of Plane while in F.V. only Line View is
observed.
 FOR T V
PROBLEM 1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

X1

SV
H
L FO FV
R R
FO FV L.H.S.V.

X Y

TV
Y1
 FOR T V
PROBLEM 2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

X1

SV
L
H L.H.S.V.
R FO
R FV
FO FV

X Y

TV
Y1
PROBLEM 3
Length = 63 mm
Height = 37 + 10 = 47 mm
Width = 40 mm

F.V. = L x H
= 63 x 47
T.V. = L x W
= 63 x 40
S.V. = W x H
= 40 x 47

X
 X1

X Y

X Y1
PROBLEM 4
Length = 27+20+27 = 74 mm
Height = 8+8+25 = 41 mm
Width = 41 mm

F.V. = L x H
= 74 x 41
T.V. = L x W
= 74 x 41
S.V. = W x H
= 41 x 41

X
 X1

X Y

X Y1
Problem5 - Pictorial view of the object is as shown in fig.
draw 1) Front View in direction of Arrow X
2) Top View 3) Right hand side view.

XX
 X1
W = 44 L = 86

H = 44
H = 44 R.H.S.V. F.V

X Y

W = 44
T.V
L = 86
Y1
 X1

X Y

Y1