AN NHA 1

PHN BI C

Tai :NHA BIET TH

Bien soan : Ths.Kts LE TRAN XUAN TRANG

MC LC
MC LC.......................................................................................................................................1
I.Khi nim v nh bit th.............................................................................................2
II.Cc loi hnh kin trc bit th ...................................................................................3
III.Yeu cau ve thiet ke nha biet th: .................................................................5
IV.Gii php tng mt bng: ..........................................................................................6
V.Canh quan va tam nhn .........................................................................................8
VI.Gii php t chc khng gian mt bng kin trc nh chnh. ...................................9
VII.Cc thnh phn phng c trong bit th ................................................................11
VIII.T chc thit k sn vn, h bi, cng, hng ro trong bit th.........................15
IX.Cc th php t hp kin trc mt ng. ................................................................17
X.Phn tch mt s cng trnh tiu biu:.......................................................................19
Ti liu tham kho:........................................................................................................28

I.

Khi nim v nh bit th

y l loi nh tiu chun cao, mi cn nh cng c mt khun vin c lp, cho mi gia
nh c lp. Nh c sn vn bao bc quanh v tip cn vi thin nhin nhiu hng, c
phng khch ln, nhiu phng ng, c phng nghe v chi nhc, th vin, c nh n ln t tp
hng trm khch, ngoi ra cn cc phng ph t (gara), kho, phng git i, c ch th gin
hot ng hay ngh ngi ngoi tri.

Nh bit th dnh cho nhng gia nh c iu kin thu nhp kinh t cao, nhng ngi c iu
kin sng cao nh cc quan chc cao cp, cc thng nhn giu hay cc tr thc ln, c tim nng
trang b nhng tin dng gia nh khng hn ch. V vy t ni dung khng gian, din tch s
dng cng nh iu kin, tiu chun trang tr thm m n cht lng cc hnh thc bn ngoi
ca ngi nh u rt cao. L t ca bit th thng t 300-800m nhng ch c php xy
dng vi mt nh hn hoc bng 35%.
Ngi nh c nhiu kh nng ng gp v p m quan cho th, cho ng ph. Thng
c xy dng nhng khu vc p ca thnh ph v cng c th ngoi vi cc th hoc xen
k ln trong cc khu nh ln xa trung tm, nhng ni c phong cnh p c iu kin kh hu
thch hp cho vic ngh ngi yn tnh, gn gi thin nhin.Nhiu quc gia hin nay coi nh
bit th khng cn l loi nh chnh ca khu trung tm thnh ph na, m chng ch c xy
dng ngoi thnh hoc nhng khu ngh mt.
Bit th cn l s kt tinh ca khoa hc v xy dng v trang tr ni ngoi tht. Da vo s
lng v cht lng bit th c th nh gi i sng con ngi trong cc mt tinh thn, vt cht
v vn ho. Nh bit th hn bt c loi hnh nh no khc l n c th th hin c th hiu
thm m ca ch nhn nhiu nht. N vn lun tn ti, l mi quan tm chung ca nhiu nc
trn th gii. Thng mi bit th c mt tn ring v lun c nhc ti trong lch s. Vit
Nam cc khng gian , qun th c t cc triu i thi L, Trn, L, Nguyn. T cui th k
th XIX, chng ta c thm cc loi hnh bit th Chu u cn i.

II.

Cc loi hnh kin trc bit th

- Loi hnh xp theo quy m gm c
Bit th ln (Dit tch khu t >= 700m2)
Bit th trung bnh (Din tch khu t t 400-700m2)
Bit th nh (Din tch khu t t 250-400m2)
Lch s li cc bit th Chu u, chu , chu Phi nay c th dng lm cu lc b, to
i s, nh lm vic. l cc bit th ln, cc bit th thng c gian phng ln nh snh,
phng khch, phng n, thu vin, tip l cc phng v phng lm vic.
Vi phong cch kin trc c in + snh + cu thang + G1, G2 (l khng gian to dng ni
tht quan trng). N ni ln phong cch th hiu ca ch h. G1 v G2 l hnh lang, tn c latinh
gi l galgrie. Ngy nay Gallery c hm ngha l Phng tranh, gian trng by. Trong kin trc
bit th xa nay u tn dng snh v G1, G2 trng by. hiu qu trng by c tt ngi
ta dng thc ct, phn v tng, trang tr trn, nn nh t hp thnh mt b cc kin trc c
ch , phong v c thit k t m, chu o. Cu thang gp phn cng vi snh v Gallery tng
thm gi tr cho phong cch kin trc ni tht.
Ni tht cc phng khch, phng n, th vin, phng ng c kin trc thng nht, hi ho t
tng th n chi tit. Ngoi ra mi gian phng thng c mt mu sc, mt b cc ni tht ring,
tng v a dng cho nh .
C bit th loi siu cp l Hong cung, Hong cung l nh ca Vua cha, cng tc... tu
theo cch gi trong lch s. y l bit th, l kin trc cc ln, m rng thnh qun th kin
trc hong cung cng vi bit th khai thc n ti a cc thnh tu ngh thut ca qu kh v
tng lai.
- Loi hnh bit th theo a im xy dng
+ Bit th ngoi c iu kin vng rng, ly v tr c phong cnh p. Ngh thut vn ca
nhn loi c gn gi, k tc ch yu qua kin trc vn ca bit th.
+ Bit th ni c sn vn va cho yu cu yn tnh, cch l, b cc ni tht y s
phng cn cho ch h. l xu th ca kin trc bit th trn th gii t th k XVI n th k
XIX.
+ Trc cc bit th ni thi phc Hng ca ITalia, Ty Ban Nha, Anh Ct Li, tuy khng
c vn nhng c sn trong, c i snh, cc phng khch, thu vin rt ln vi trang tr ni tht
ni ting c nhc n nhiu trong lch s kin trc th gii.
+ Nhn chung vi tm nhn lch s v quy m quc t, nc ta c bit th ni c nh.
- Bit th c nh c c im chung
+ Khng gian cc phng , snh nh hn.
+ Trang tr ni tht khng mc i hi c phong cch th hiu ngh thut cao.
+ Vn xung quanh bit th gp phn tng hiu qu cnh quan, vi kh hu, t ch trng ngh
thut vn.
- Loi hnh xp theo s tng gm c bit th mt tng, hai tng, ba tng.
- Loi hnh xp theo cch lp ghp gm c
3

+ Bit th mt cn (mt h gia nh) - n lp

+ Bit th hai cn (hai h gia nh) - song lp

+ Ngoi ra cn c cm bit th t 4-8 cn nh, nhng nc ta khng pht trin bi v mt

s gia nh s khng c hng gi tt.

III.

Yeu cau ve thiet ke nha biet th:

- Yu cu vi nh t th k th I trc cng nguyn, KTS la m Virtuvi trong 10 cui sch v
kin trc ra yu cu bn vng, thch dng v p vi mt ngi nh. Ngy nay, do iu
kin pht trin ca x hi, ca khoa hc v ca k thut ni chung v do xy dng ni ring, do
s pht trin ca quan im mi v nhu cu thc t m yu cu vi nh ni chung v bit th
ni ring c nng cao. Ngoi nhng yu cu chung vi nh nh gii quyt c mi quan h
gia iu kin sng vi kh hu bn ngoi, m bo ch v sinh, chng nng, thng thong,
chiu sng, cch m, chng m,... th nh kiu bit th phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
+ p ng yu cu tin nghi, ph hp vi iu kin sng, m bo vic ngh ngi, hc tp, ti sn
xut sc lao ng,...
+ Bo m iu kin sinh hot tin nghi mc cao. m bo cch ly, yn tnh, tip xc tt vi
thin nhin, khng kh trong sch, c vn rng ri. i vi nh bit th cho php mt hoc hai
li vo.
+ Bo m s c lp cn thit gia cc phng trong khng gian c th nhng vn c s lin h
vi khng gian sinh hot chung cng cng.
+ Do din tch chim t ln, nhiu ng ng k thut v thit b cc b nh my bm, x l
nc nn cn c mt s khng gian ph nh kho, tng hm, hng hin... trong trng hp c th.
+ C s t hp hp l nhm tho mn s lin h gia cc khng gian chnh nh khng gian sinh
hot chung, khng gian c th, khng gian ph tr.
+ Khng gian snh, hin trong bit th ng vai tr l nt giao thng ton nh. Tuy nhin, vi
iu kin kh hu VN khng nn ngn cch mt cch khin cng loi hnh khng gian ny m
ch to khng gian mt cch t l m bo thng thong v to cm gic rng ri v cm th
khng gian.

IV.

Gii php tng mt bng:

Bit th l loi nh dng v hng th nhng tin nghi sng gia nh vi cht lng cao.
Mt tin ti thiu l t l 12m cn b su ti thiu l 15-20m.
Trn ngi ta b tr

+Ngi nh chnh phi t li vo hng ro t nht l 5-6m, bo m b mt kin trc

ng gp c vi ng ph v to cho sinh hot gia nh c kn o v trnh c n o,
bi bm t ng ph.
+ Trong cc ngi nh ph thng t 1-2 tng c b tr gara tc ch xe t (1820m2),
kho cha nhng dng c lm vn, nhng dng c th thao v cn h ngh ca cc ngi gip
vic. V tr thch hp ca n nn pha hng xu.
Cc nh ph c t theo hai gii php
- t pha sau c gara, ng vo thng thng mt bn ngi nh chnh, c th ghp st
nh chnh. Nu t li su vo bn trong v phi to ng vo thun tin, con ng ny
phi rng ti thiu 3m.
- t pha trc hay lch bn nh xe gip vi ng ph, ng gp cho v p cho ng
ph.
6

+ Ngi nh chnh thng 1-4 tng dnh cho ch nhn. Trong trng hp t cht hp th ngi
ta c th t chc khu ph nm tng trt, to thnh mt tng b nh cao khong 2,4-2,7m v ch
nhn s t lu mt tr ln. Khi y thng thng t pha cng v vn trc ca nh c mt cu
thang ngoi tri dn ln snh chnh ca nh lu mt.

+ Gara c th t chc theo cch sau

t trong nh ph pha sau tch ri khi nh chnh (c hoc khng c hnh lang)
t trong nh ph gn lin vi nh chnh pha trc v lch v bn sn.
t trong khi kin trc chnh (tng trt hay tng b nh)
t ngoi vn c mi che, hoc gin hoa bn trn...

+ c th ly nh sng v thng gi tt cho cc bung phng th mt bn ca nh phi cch

tng ro t nht l 2m. Nu ch cch di 2m th nh chnh ch c th m c ca s ph (l ca
nh, trn cao).
+ Pha sau nh thng l cc sn ni tr, ch phi v vn cy bng mt (ni ngh ngi tch
cc ca gia nh: cc b bi, ng nhy, sn khiu v (ng piste), sn qun vt...)
+ Pha khng gian trc nh v hai bn hng nh chnh thng b tr cc khng gian trang tr
hoc cc bi cy thp, bn hoa mu sc, nhng b cnh hay nhng cy cnh c tn l tha nhm
lm khng gian thong mt. Khng che chn nhiu mt ng, hnh khi cng nh ng ph.
- V tr san vn tot nhat thng la hng Nam, ong Nam hoac hng
Tay.

V.

Canh quan va tam nhn

- Canh quan va tam nhn co gia tr rat quan trong khi anh gia chat
lng cua mot can nha, ac biec la nha biet th. Canh quan va tam
nhn xung quanh cong trnh se thoa man nhu cau th giac cua chu nha,
quyet nh cam giac th gian hay khong cho ngi s dung.
- Do o, vi cung mot thiet ke kien truc va noi that, nhng nhng
can nha co canh quan va tam nhn tot hn se c a thch hn, va
ng nhien se co gia tr kinh te cao hn.
- V du nh trong cac khu nha biet th th nhng can co tam nhn ep ra
song,ra bien, ra cong vien,.hay tren nhng khu at co a hnh se co
gia tr cao hn.Trong cac chung c cao tang th nhng can ho tren cao,
ac biet can ho penthouse tang tren cung lai co gia tr cao nhat v 1
phan ly do la co tam nhn ep bao quat ra moi hng.

VI.

Gii php t chc khng gian mt bng kin trc nh chnh.

+ Kin trc nh bit th nhm phc v sinh hot l chnh v dnh cho cc gia nh c iu
kin sng cao. V vy s bung phng c th trong tng gia nh rt khc nhau v khng ph
thuc vo s nhn khu m ch yu theo yu cu ca tng gia nh. V vy ta c th thy y
mi loi hnh phng trong mt cn nh hin i. Vic t chc khng gian, din tch ni tht ca
bit th tu thuc trc tin vo ngi nh chnh c thit k theo mt tng hay nhiu tng.
+ Gii php kin trc i vi nh mt tng, vic phn khu ngy - m c th hin rt r
Khu ngy (c gara, bp n, tip
khch...)

Khu m
(Phng ng, WC, kho, ch
nghin cu, lm vic)

---->

D tip cn vi ng ph. S
dng mang tnh tp th, n o...

---->

Yu cu yn tnh, ring t, gn vi
sn vn, ban cng, lgia

i vi nh nhiu tng th thng thng th tng trt v lu mt dnh cho khu sinh hot ngy
v i hi s t chc khng gian gn b vi sn vn. Cc khu vc sinh hot m cn yn tnh,
kn o,b tr tng cao vi s kt hp ban cng, sn tri v lgia to iu kin tip cn vi
thin nhin.
+ Gii php kin trc ni tht c hai gii php chnh
Dng snh thang lm u mt giao thng l v tr trung tm, l nhn b cc ca nh
Dng phng khch lm trung tm (c th c thm thang ph pha sau).

S mi quan h cc khng gian trong nh 2-3 tng (ly snh, thang lm trung tm)

S mi quan h cc khng gian trong nh 2-3 tng (ly phng khch, snh lm trung
tm)
Dng tin phng, tin snh lm unt giao thng t gia hai khu vc hay cn gi l kiu
Phng Ty. Kiu ny c cc u khuyt im nh ring t, kn o; khng kh cch bit, lnh
lung; yn tnh, theo li sng thin v cao t do c nhn.
Dng phng khch lm trung tm v u nt giao thng cn c gi l kiu Phng ng,
Kiu ny c cc u khuyt im nh m cng, gn gi li sng truyn thng ng; Hot ng
nh hng ln nhau; Thiu yn tnh, kn o; cao li sng chan ho, thn thng, gia trng.
+ Khi b tr cc phng chnh, ph cn phi ch n hng gi v hng nng. min Bc
th cc phng ph nh gara, cu thang, bp, khi v sinh, hnh lang, lgia... nn t v pha ty
hay Ty - Bc ca ngi nh nhm to nn mt khu vc m trnh nh hng ca nng ty kh
chu, dnh hn pha Nam v ng - Nam t chc khu vc (phng chnh). c bit l cc
phng ng cn phi c kh nng thng gi xuyn phng trc tip v phi c iu kin trnh c
cc lung gi lnh ca ma ng.
10

VII.

Cc thnh phn phng c trong bit th

-

Phng khch

Trong bit th phng khch thng c din tch ln c dng cho cc cng vic ban ngy
ch yu tp trung vo cc sinh hot x hi ca gia nh quanh bn tr, bn c ph, ung ru, ht
thuc v cho cc hot ng gii tr vo bui ti: nghe nhc, khiu v... cho nn i hi phng
phi c khng gian rng ln c th s dng linh hot. K bn phng khch thng thng vi
khu vn ln, cnh sc thay i bn ma kt hp vi mu sc ni tht lm tng gi tr v ngha
ca phng khch. Cc phng lin k vi phng khch l cc phng c, th vin, phng lm vic,
phng nghe nhc,.....
- Phng n

Din tch phng n cn tng i ln, c th cha c t 2 n 24 ngi. N thng c

thng vi phng khch v khi c th cha c hng trm ngi. Phng n c th c ch n
ngoi tri, ni c mi che hoc sn ngoi.
- Bp
Trong bit th phng bp l mt khu ring v thng vi phng n. Phng bp tt nht nn t
v hng ng hay ty - bc, ni lin vi mt ngang ca ca trc hoc dng li i ring. Phng
bp thng ni vi khu ra bt, git gi, kho cha , khu v sinh.
11

Phng ng
Phng ng thng rng t 25 - 36m2, c th b tr ging n hay ging i. N l ni
trng by c, c t ruu, t ng qun o, bt, chu ra, kho cha . Trong mt s trng
hp khu tm v x t ring. Tng din tch khong t 4 - 123m2.

Khu vc cu thang
Cu thang l s lu thng theo chiu ng ca ngi nh. Cu thang v v tr cu thang c tc
ng quan trng trong ngi nh. N c tc ng trc tip n h thng khng gian s dng, l
im nhn va mang tnh m thut, tnh k thut hp l tu theo tng kiu b cc m sp xp cu
thang. Cc v kt hp vi nhau to nn ging ly sng. Din tch s dng ca cu thang khong 6
- 12m2, c th dng thang tro`n, thang vung, thang mt v, hai v hay ba v. Trong mt bit th
c th dng t 1 3 cu thang.
+ Cu thang c th t trong nhng bung thang, c th gn lin khng gian snh, c th t
ngay trong phng khch l ni sinh hot trung tm cho c gia nh hay t gc thch hp
di hnh thc mt b phn trang tr
Cc cu thang ny thng c kch thc nh sau
Bc rng 28-30cm
Bc thang cao 16-17cm (tng ng vi tc 30-350)
12

Chiu rng ca tng v cu thang trong bit th t 1,2m - 1,5m.

S bc lin tc trong mt v thang khng qu 14 bc.

Phng a nng:
o Phng th:
Bn th l ni th hin lng thnh knh ca con chu i vi t tin, nn bn th trong nh gia
nh truyn thng thng c lp chnh gia gian gia ca ngi nh - l v tr trang trng nht.

Mt gc th cng n gin nhng trang trng

trong ngi nh hin i - nh: CTV
Tuy nhin, vi nhng cn nh c kin trc hin i, nh l ph hin nay th cch b tr bn th v
cc th cng c nhiu thay i ph hp hn vi cu trc v din tch ca ngi nh nhng
vn gi c s tn nghim ni th cng.
o Phng nghe nhc
B tr gn phng khch, kch thc tu thuc vo s khn gi, loi cng nh s nhc c. Phng
nghe nhc thng thit k hnh vung vi cc tm vch bng g hoc cc vt liu cch m hiu
13

qu. Trong cc cn phng ln ngi ta t cc mt phn m xung quanh nhc cng v cc mt

phn m pha sau khn gi.

o Th vin
Din tch th vin gia nh ch cn 16 - 24m2. Mt ngi c quay v hng bc.
Din tch ch ngi c 3-5m2, v tr t bn lm vic v bn tip khch. K sch tnh
theo din tch tng 120 - 150 cun trn 1m2, cao ca k 1700mm

.
o Phng th thao

14

Phng th dc th thao cn c din tch rng t ch cao ro ca tng mt hay tng mi ni

thong gi v c tm nhn, c mi hoc khng c mi che s dng cc phng tin th dc vo
bui sng hay ti. Din tch trung bnh 36m2, b bi, bung tm, thay qun o.
o Phng hc con ci

Ni hc tp c th t ngay trong phng ng, din tch 4-8m2, bn hc v gi sch b tr ni

ca s c khu vc chi ring. Phng hc tp v chi thit k gn phng ng hay thng vi phng
ng bng gi sch, ngn vch. Mi phng trung bnh rng 18m2, b tr ni yn tnh, quay v
hng bc.
- Phng m o v o chong
Cn c khong trng trong hoc ngoi li i vo tin snh treo m v o chong v
cc loi giy dp i li ngoi tri.
- Kho
Hnh dng phng kho quan trng khng km kch thc ca n. Nh kho phi thun tin cho
mi hot ng c lin quan. Trong mt nh cn c nhiu kho nh kho bp, kho cha nguyn liu,
kho ru, kho cha thi. Trung bnh mi kho phi t 2 - 9m2. Kho c th t cc v tr
tng hm, cc tng hoc trn tng thng.
- Ga ra t
Khi thit k gara t kch thc khng , khong cch ti thiu gia xe v tng l 1,2m,
pha trc mi xe ti thiu 0,5m. Nh xe nn gn li vo nh, d vo. dc ca gara khng
qu 20%, ng xe khng qu 6% ng xe chy, tng nn lm bng cc cht liu khng b
phn hu do du m v d ra, phi c rnh thot nc khi ra xe.
VIII.

T chc thit k sn vn, h bi, cng, hng ro trong bit th

-

Sn vn:
Sn ring, vn b cnh, i phun nc ng vai tr quan trng trong bit th To ra nhng
cnh quan thin nhin nh vn, cy ci; lm thnh mt vch ngn t nhin i vi ting n, bi,
nng v gi; thit k nhng v tr trng cy trong nh lm cho cm gic rng ra v khng kh ti
mt; nn to nhng b cnh hoc h nh, non b kt hp vi b cc vn v cng trnh lm tng
m quan, gy cm gic hng phn, mt m, nh nhng cng trnh.
15

Cc yu t b cc vn bit th gm c
- Mt nc
- a hnh (cao, thp)
- Cy
- C, hoa
- Sn
- Li i
- Mt s tiu phm nh iu khc, non b, i phun nc
- Cc nhn t to nn cc khung cnh khc nhau xung quanh bit th
Vi truyn thng nguyn tc vn Chu u ngi ta cn to ra vn tn v tr ca kin trc
nh ; lm vui cnh vt quanh nh, nht l v ma ng cn c nh knh trng hoa ngoi vn.
Nguyn tc b cc vn Chu ct tn hiu qu cnh quan ca nh l to ra bc tranh m
phng, lin hon hng ngon bn ma ngoi nh. Cnh vt lun c b tr lc n, lc
hin, khng to nhn mt lc nhn thu mi ni.
- H bi:

16

Mt h bi, d to hay nh, d c t u trn tng thng, tng lng hay tng trt cng
to ra cho ngi nh mt nt chm ph trong kin trc cnh quan. Tt nht hy thit k h bi gn
nh tin cho vic chm sc, qun l. Khng nn thit k h bi sau nh v nh vy s tri vi
thut phong thy. Cng nn hn ch t h bi thng trc nh v s to tm nhn qu thong, gy
cm gic khng t nhin, yn tm khi bi. V vy, ch nn b tr h bi bn hng nh, lin vi
khu vc tm v v sinh thun tin cho vic thay .
- Cng v hng ro:
+ Cng v hng ro ca nh bit th l mt b phn rt quan trng trong nh bit th to
nn v p cng nh tnh c o ca ngi nh. Hng ro ca nh khng c cao qu 2,2m, Pha
quay ra ng ph phi bt buc thong mt v trang tr kin trc nh nhng. Hng ro ny
thng c pha di c (cao 40-60cm), c th trang tr bng t nhin hay p cc vt liu qu;
pha trn l nhng song hoa st hay nhng tng hoa btng gch rng hay nhng rng cy xn.

+ Kin trc cng vo ca bit th rt a dng, thng thng c cng ln cho xe con ra vo vi
b rng trn 2,5m v cng nh cho khch b hnh vi v rng 1,2-1,4m. Cng c th l nhng tr
kt hp vi nhng n bo v hay cng c th kt hp vi nhng b phn c mi che hoc nhng
gin cy trn tr.
IX.

Cc th php t hp kin trc mt ng.

Bit th l mt khi kin trc khng ln, tuy nhin loi hnh li c th to nn v p
phong ph ca tng th mt ng ph gp phn vo v p chung ca th, v mi bit th u
c phong cch ring ca n, gn lin vi th hiu c o ca tng ch nhn.
Mt khc, ch nhn ca cc ngi bit th vn c iu kin kinh t di do nn c th phn
no gp phn xy dng to ra nhng v p sang trng cu k y hp dn.
C th ni trc tin kin trc bit th p cn phi ho nhp nhiu nht vo th gii thin
nhin. Do khi thit k bit th th ngi kin trc s phi c gng to nn v p kin trc
khng ch trong ni tht m cn ch c nhng hnh khi bn ngoi, cc khng gian k cn vi
n cng nh mt ng ca cng trnh.

17

Lgic cng nng v lgic kt cu c tc ng quan trng i vi hnh tng kin trc ca
bit th cng nh vi bt k cng trnh no.
Hnh tng kin trc chu s chi phi ca hai yu t trn nhng ng thi cng c nhng quy
lut ring ca n to nn sc truyn cm ngh thut. Chnh v vy, mt s kin trc s c th
c nhiu cng trnh bit th kh hp l nhng c th khng h c tc phm ngh thut kin trc
ch thc.
+ Mt s gii php thng dng khi t hp kin trc hnh khi v mt ng bit th
To nn s gng b hi ho gia khi kin trc v thin nhin (cy xanh bn hoa...)
Ch n s phong ph mi dc mi bng trn hnh khi xinh xn.

To nn s phong ph v cht liu trn mt ng (p t nhin, nhn to, g, knh,

kramich, nhm, gch trn...), mu sc phong ph kt hp vi thin nhin to nn s hi ho gia
mt ng v phong cnh thin nhin, bi cnh kin trc.

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S dng cc hnh thc ca, ban cng, lgia, lan can... v c vng c nghin cu k lng
vi hnh thc l kt hp cng vi kiu mi to ra va mt th thng nht hi ho vi khung
cnh xung quanh, va c nt ring.

Cc hnh thc ca s gc, ca s sinh i, bn hoa bu ca, cu thang ngoi tri l cc th

php hay c khai thc
Ch to ra s c o ca mi hin, ca li i vo snh, ti cn kt hp vi bn cy
xanh, gin hoa pergola, cc bc tng nh, b cnh cng vi i phun nc; di li i cn phi
sch s hai bn li i c th trng nhng hng c xn, bn hoa khi thm nhp gi cho con
ngi nh lc vo mt th gii bt ng v y n tng.
Hnh thc cng, hng ro cng c dng tch bit ngi nh ny vi cc nh khc. cng v
hng ro khng ch bo v ngi nh m cn trnh cho ngi nh khng b nhng nh mt t m
ca ngi qua ng. Hng ro phi bo m s thng thong vi bn ngoi, an ton cho bn
trong. Chiu cao ca hng ro phi t 2m tr xung v hnh thc hng ro tu theo mt ng ca
ngi nh m thit k cho ph hp, c o.
X.

Phn tch mt s cng trnh tiu biu:

Villa Savoye (Poissy - Php) 1928 1930
Corbusier

Kts. Le

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 v Villa Savoye c Le Corbusier coi l rt ra t n Parthenon Acropolis

Athens.
Khu t xy dng nhn ra sng Seine, ngy xa rt quang ng nhng ngy nay cy
ci dy c che y cng trnh. ng ni l sinh ra t n Parthenon nhng l cng
trnh tiu biu cho "my " v 5 nguyn tc thit k ca ng. (Le Corbusier coi trng: li
i kin trc Architecture promenade)
Khu t xy dng hnh vung ging nh thi phc hng KTS Palladio yu cu khu
t cho to nh Rotunda (Villa Capra) quay mt v pha 4 chn tri.

Le corbusier, hi ha Lp th v kin trc Hin i

Bit th Savoie ti Poissy th hin r 5 quan im thit k do Le corbusier ra

Li i: chy vng quanh c thoi t khng gian dn m ra (thc ra l vng mt
ci ct).
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Mt bng : b tng + bc tng cong theo bn knh xe chy (ng thn ch Savoye
rt a xe t). Dc thoi ko ln tn sn thng c vch ngn ging mt ci n Guitar
trong tranh lp the, sn thng c v nh trn sn mt tu thy.
Khu hiu "Anh sng - Cy xanh - Khng gian" th hin y theo b cc rt kinh in
nhng tm nhn khng hn ch. K c phng tm cng c ca nhn ln tri. Trc v nh
nhng v phng phiu ca ngi nh ny sau ny F.L. Wright cho rng Villa Savoye l kin
trc hp ba cc tng Carton box Architecture. Tuy nhin bit th Savoie ti Poissy, Php
vn l kit tc ca nn Kin Trc Hin i.

Falling water (BEAR RUN Pennsylvania) 1935 KTS F.L.Wright

Bit th ny c tnh tiu biu cho phong cch M nh Opera house i vi Sydney.
Trc nhiu bit th ca M c c tnh tiu biu theo phong cch Gic m
kiu M ang ln c ngun t thi khai ph, xy ni xa xi hoang d. Chan ha thin
nhin. thin nhin trang tr cho cng trnh. Quan nim nh bit th theo gic m ca
ngi My : Ngi ta cho rng mt s bit th ni ting ca M l bit th nng thn ch
khng phi l thnh th. iu ny c c s t thi khai ph khi ngi thc dn Anh ti lc
a ny. Lc ngi ta i xa cng xa cng tt chim quyn s hu t mi. Phong
cch hin i y th hin l :
- Khng gian lin tc
- Vt liu trung thc (mc du trong Robie House, . Wright giu dn thp v
ko g mi ngi).
Wright cho rng cn i xa "10 ln hn mnh tng tng" ngi nh phi mc ln t khu
t xy dng: ngi nh khng nm trn i m mt b phn ca ngn i.
Cng trnh s dng nhiu thin nhin, ly thin nhin lm mu v loi tr tt c
cc du vt ca phong cch truyn thng thi xa, nh l mt b phn ca thin nhin:
gn cht trong t , vch l tht lun k c trong nhiu cng trnh khc nh
Talesin East v Talesin West
Nguyn l ch nhn: ng b Edgar + Liliane Kaufmann mun c mt nh ngh cui
tun trong rng. KTS Wright ngay trong hm thc a ny sinh tng ngi nh nh
m nhc ca dng sui : "Music of the Stream". ng suy ngh 4 thng nhng phc tho
ch 2 gi khi khch hng in thoi ti hi n xem bn thit k. Ngi nh c nhiu
tm sn kiu mm bng BTCT, i tng bng cc tm tng, ct. Consol vn di
hn 5m.
ng Wright dng a phng. Xp theo phng ngang nh vch hn l tng
Mt bng: bao bc xung quanh mt cn phng ln, gn nh hng tm lch mt pha.
Mng tng bng knh ko di sut. Cc cn phng khng nhng m ra xung quanh m c
c l ca nhn ln trn.
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Cu thang m xung pha di tip xc vi mt nc. Wright cho l cng trnh vn

ra nh ko di b vc v neo li ngi nh vo bc tng sau. C c mt cong bao bc
nh nu vo mt c th.
BTCT mu kem tri l. S dng sn trn cc ming thch anh (mica??) Wright
thng ngh BTCT c th chy tri. in hnh sau ny l vic p dng l bo tng
Gugenhein. Sau ny khi thit k Taliesin West ng cn nh hng trit l phng ng,
ng xem phng hng rt k, rt tn trng t nhin, cng trnh nh neo cht vo t,
trc sn c kim ch li vo cho khch: ly tng ca Lo T. S hin thc ca kin trc
l khng gian bn trong.

Bit th Libeskind - vin pha l vn ln t

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Theo e-architect.co.uk, diaoc.tuoitre.com.vn

Thng Nga (dch)
Ging nh mt vin pha l vn ln t , mt cu trc n tng ni ln trn mt t: bit
th Libeskind do kin trc s lng danh Daniel Libeskind thit k l mt cng trnh ngh
thut tht s.

Bit th Libeskind nh mt vin pha l vn ln t

c xy dng t cc nguyn liu chn lc, cng trnh ny c cc khng gian sng t
c nhng tiu chun cao nht trong thit k, s kho lo v tnh bn vng. Bit th
Libeskind c o tng gc cnh, mang n s tch bit v tui th ti a, nhng cng
ngh tin tin v s tha mn mt s tiu chun tit kim nng lng kht khe nht th
gii.
Bit th nh thc cc gic quan: nh sng chy trn qua nhng phn nh ra bng knh,
nhng ng nt p v cn i mang li cm gic yn bnh, nhng phng ln trang nh
v cu thang b a n mt s chuyn tip lin mch. Mang tnh biu tng v ph hp
vi quy lut t nhin, s gn kt ca bit th vi thin nhin khng b t qung khin cho
ni y lun trn ngp nh sng t nhin v nhng khng gian m.

Cn cnh mt tin
B ba nhng di kin trc lin kt vi nhau bao bc bit th trong nhng gc ni bt, to
nn mt khng gian xon c khng i xng c o, nhng nh hai tng v nhng li dn
mm mi ra hng hin vng. Snh vo n tng dn n mt phng ln c thit k cng
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phu lm ni bt ln khng gian hnh hc ca bit th.

Nhng chi tit thit k th hin phong cch v chc nng: mt ban cng ngay cnh phng
ng chnh c trang tr bng kim loi tinh vi, nhng t qun o gn chm v nhng
ging tri hng nh sng ban ngy vo mt phng tm hi.

Mt tin bit th Libeskind

Hc theo Bo tng Do Thi TP Berlin v nhng kit tc kin trc khc do kin trc s
Daniel Libeskind thit k, pha ngoi ca bit th Libeskind c bao quanh bi mt mt
tin bng km trang nh, cho php s dng nhng cng ngh ca th k 21 nh h thng
nhit mt tri v h thng thu nc ma. Lp km ph c hai mu gn ging km xn mu:
km mu xm xanh trc phong ha v km mu xm than ch, u l sn phm ca nh
sn xut km hng u ca c Rheinzink.

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Nhng ca s ln t sn n trn nh to ra nhng khng gian trn ngp nh sng mt

tri v thng thong bn trong ngi nh. Mt tin bng nhm bao quanh bi nhiu song
ca s v thit b n to nn s cch nhit ti a, gim ting n v tng kh nng chng
chu vi thi tit.

K nguyn mi ca s sang trng

Din mo n tng ca mt ngoi bit th Libeskind hon ton tng xng vi phn bn
trong sang trng. Trong s nhng tin nghi ni tht trang nh l gian bp p, nm phng
ln vi mt t bp do Daniel Libeskind thit k. T bp l mt im trung tm hp dn dnh
cho vic nu nng, n ung v gii tr.
Hp dn tng ng l phng tm nc ma lm t nguyn khi khu phng tm
Master Suite tng mt. Phng tm trang nh cao 4m ny to ra s kt hp c kim
sot tuyt vi gia nc, m, nh sng v hng thm lm du cc gic quan v th
thi tm hn.

Sn g mu khi trang nh v cu thang bng thp khng g thon mnh

Phn ni tht bit th mang hai phong cch c Daniel Libeskind sp xp mt cch cn
thn: phong cch Libeskind iu khc v phong cch Casual t nhin, m cng.

Phong cch Casual

Sn g mu khi trang nh, cu thang bng thp khng g thon mnh, nhng vin ch
tc sng v mm trong cc phng tm l c trng ca phong cch Casual, gi ln mt
cm gic m cng v thoi mi. Nhng chic gh bc vi nhung, h thng n chiu gi
cm gic thn mt v nhng gam mu m to nn mt s tng phn n tng vi kin
trc bn ngoi v nhng thnh phn kiu cch khc ca bit th.
Phong cch Libeskind
Ni bt bi sn bng v trng sng, kiu trang tr phng tm mang tnh iu khc, nhng
hnh th sc cnh v chc chn, phong cch Libeskind mang n cm gic n tng v
khng gian bn trong bit th. Phong cch khe khon v khng gii hn ny lm ni bt
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nhng nh hai tng dng xon c v hng hin vng mang v duyn dng y tnh ngh
thut.
Chng c khoa hc cho thy con ngi khng s dng bn vng nhng ngun ti nguyn
t nhin. R rng l nhng n lc phi c tin hnh hn ch vic s dng ngun ca
ci qu gi ny. Bit th c "thai nghn" v thit k vi n lc v n chng minh
rng kin trc c bit c th pht huy vic s dng hiu qu nhng ngun ti nguyn t
nhin.
Thit k v nguyn vt liu
Nhng vt liu bn vng l im trng tm trong thit k ca Libeskind. Bit th c xy
dng ch yu bng g - mt ngun vt liu c th phc hi, ang to nn mt cuc tr li
mnh m nh l mt vt liu xy dng c bn cho th k 21 do kh nng tr carbon n
tng. Li g c kh nng cch nhit ti a v nh vy mang li s hot ng hiu qu cho
c ta nh.

Phng khch
Nng lng phc hi ti ch

Bit th tn dng nhng ngun nng lng c th phc hi ti ch cho vic si m v

to ra in, nc nh mt h thng nhit mt tri c tch hp vo mt tin km v h
thng a nhit vi bm nhit hiu qu cao.
Ngoi ra, in c th tch t t mng mng quang in th, cn nc ma c thu t mi
nh dng cho h thng ti vn.
Nhng tiu chun tit kim nng lng
Nh l mt kt qu ca kh nng cch nhit cao v ngun nng lng c th phc hi, bit
th Libeskind c xp vo hng nhng cu trc tn t nng lng. N tun theo nhng
tiu chun tit kim nng lng kht khe nht th gii nh m KfW40 ca c cho php
tiu th nng lng nhit khng qu 40 kWh/ma.
Bit th c thit k mang n cho ngi ch mc cao
nht ca s sang trng v thoi mi. Tng chi tit u c ch
t m, t nhng c c bit nht n h thng si hiu
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qu nht, s truyn thng tinh vi nht v h thng iu khin trong nh.

Bi v bit th c xy dng da trn nhng cng ngh xy dng tin tin, tiu chun
sng cao ny c th hin trong mt cch thc bn vng, thn thin vi mi trng.
Chng hn nh h thng si v lm mt hot ng bng nhng nng lng c th phc
hi, cn h thng thng gi hu nh thu li ton b nhit trong qu trnh trao i khng kh.

Phng ng

H thng si m, lm mt v thng gi

ti a ha s thoi mi, bit th c trang b h thng si, thng gi v lm mt a

nng. H thng si di sn cung cp nhit bc x nh cho khp cc tng v thm ch c
th chuyn nc mt ti cc khng gian sng trong nhng ngy h nng nc. H thng
thng gi cung cp khng kh trong lnh, khng c phn hoa mt nhit d chu. H
thng a nng ny hot ng nh nng lng mt tri v a nhit.
H thng in v an ninh
Tt c cc cng ngh xy dng ca ta nh c gim st v kim sot d dng qua h
thng gong my bng in. N cho php ch nh lp chng trnh chiu sng, gim st
nh nng mt tri, iu chnh nhit phng, cc thit b thng gi v gia dng, ng
thi gim st h thng an ninh. Cc phng tin truyn thng c th tip cn khp ni
trong ta nh nh Internet, in thoi, radio, tivi.
Cc mn hnh tivi c lp t sau tm gng nh tm gip nhng ngi ch nh bn rn
kt ni vi c th gii ch bng mt c bm nt.
Thit b tt cho sc khe
Cc thit b cao cp v ph kin mang n s sang trng v tnh c nht. Trong s c
chui nh tm kiu mi nht ca Dornbracht m phng cc yu t kiu cch ca kin trc
bit th hoc mt b sc Jacuzzi th cng v mt vi tm hoa sen ln cao 4m, cung cp
mt hn hp c kim sot hon ho bao gm nc, m, nh sng, hng thm. Nh
tm xng hi c chiu sng n tng cng l mt tin nghi sang trng ca c o ny.

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Ti liu tham kho:

- Nguyen ly thiet ke kien truc nha Tg.Nguyen c Thiem
- Nguyen ly thiet ke kien truc nha t tng Ths.Le Hong Quang
- Nguyen ly thiet ke kien truc nha Ths.Trn nh Hiu
- D lieu Kien truc Neufert.
- Tieu chuan XDVN tap IV, VI
- Housing Design
- The Potential House
- Details of Frank Loyd Wright.
- 100 of the worlds best houses.
- Tham kho trong cc tp ch chuyn ngnh nh : Kin trc VN, Kin trc - Hi KTS VN, Xy dng,
Kin trc v i sng, Nh pv.v..

Website tham kho

www.kientrucviet.com.vn, www.diendanxaydung.vn, www.ashui.com, http://kientruc102.com/tuvan/the-loai/vat-lieu-xay-dung/....

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