January 13, 2014

Unit #5 Chemical Quantities and Chemical Reactions The Mole - a conversion factor?
! common conversion factors are used to simplify larger quantities ! Ex: 1 dozen = 12 items ! atoms are very small, so the conversion factor has to be big

*** SI unit ! mole abbreviated: mol

1 mole of items = 6.022 136 7 x 1023 items most commonly expressed as 6.02 x 1023

known as Avogadros number 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 an enormous number...only useful for counting chemical quantities

Each sample contains 1 mol (6.02 x 1023 atoms) notice that the volume is different based on the substance

Converting: moles ! particles How many moles contain 3.12 x 1024 atoms of Fe?

answer = 5.18 mol Fe

How many formula units are in 1.09 mol of Na2SO4 ?

answer = 6.56 x 1023 Na2SO4 formula units

January 13, 2014

Mass and the mole " every atom, molecule or formula unit has a unique mass " for atoms: mass of one mole = the atomic mass (in grams) " the mass of 1 mole of a compound needs to be calculated

Molar mass the mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance

Steps to molar mass 1. list the elements 2. list the quantities 3. multiply quantities by the atomic masses 4. express the sum in grams equal to 1 mole Calculate the molar mass of Al2(SO4)3

342.17 g = 1 mol

January 13, 2014

Converting: moles ! mass of a compound How many grams are in 2.3 mol of C?

How many molecules are in 65.77 g of SO3 ?

answer = 28 g C

How many moles contain 56.009 g of K2CrO4?

answer = 4.945 x 1023 SO3 molecules

answer = 0.28841 mol K2CrO4

Hydrates Hydrate - a crystalline compound in which the ions are attached to one or more water molecules " water molecules attach during crystal formation " in a formula, the water is written following a dot " the water of hydration is named using prefixes " mass of the water must be included in molar mass

Uses of hydrates Absorbing water " anhydrous form used as a desiccant (drying agent) " desiccants will absorb water from the air or from a liquid
Find the molar mass of the hydrate

249.72 g = 1 mol

January 13, 2014

How many grams of anhydrous salt remain when 45.2 g of CoCl2 . 6 H2O are heated?

Percent Composition " mass percent of each element in a compound " useful for identification of compounds Calculate the percent composition of NH4NO3

Which compound has a higher percent by mass of O? H2SO3 or SO2

Empirical Formula Determination " formula with the smallest whole-number ratio of the elements " ionic compounds are expressed as empirical formulas " molecular compounds are either empirical or whole number multiples of the empirical formula Calculate the empirical formula of a compound with a percent composition of 35.93 % aluminum and 64.07 % sulfur. step #1 Assume a 100-g sample

step #2 Find the moles of each element

January 13, 2014

step #3 Set up a formula with mole values as subscripts

step #4 Divide to reduce the mole ratios to simplest whole # ratios

Once you complete step #4: Round the number only if it is within 0.1of a whole number Watch for ratios with decimals larger than 0.1 and multiply to get a whole number Some common fractions and their decimals ! = 0.25 1/ = 0.333 3 2/ = 0.666 3 " = 0.5 # = 0.75

step #5 If necessary, multiply fractions to obtain larger ratios

48.64% C

8.16% H

43.20% O

Calculation of the Molecular Formula molecular formula " specifies the actual number of atoms in one molecule " complete empirical formula steps and then add on three additional steps using the provided molar mass
Calculate the molecular formula of a compound with 85.6 % carbon and 14.4 % hydrogen and a molar mass of 42.09 g. steps #1 - 5 Find the empirical formula

January 13, 2014

step #6 Find the empirical formula mass

step #7 Divide the GIVEN molar mass by the calculated empirical formula mass (from step #6)

Chemical Reactions Evidence of a chemical reaction 1. color changes 2. energy changes - gets cold or hot " exothermic a reaction or process that releases energy " endothermic a reaction or process that requires energy 3. odor changes 4. precipitate - solid formed from a mixture of solutions 5. gas produced - bubblesH2S CO2 H2 O2 6. irreversible process http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wP5ayHsJLKw 7. new properties

step #8 Multiply the empirical formula by the factor found in step #7

2 HCl (aq) + Mg (s) ! MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) reactants products

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpy_Zh-8sKA

catalyst $$$ a substance or process that speeds up the reaction 1. homogeneous catalyst " one in the same physical state as the reactant 2 H2O2 (aq) 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQL5eakz7QI

Additional symbols in chemical equations state of matter of each part solid (s) liquid (l) gas (g) aqueous (aq)# a compound is dissolved in water

2. heterogeneous catalyst " one in a different physical state

2 H2O2 (aq) 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g) general examples of catalysts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5q5bzHckSIM % compounds or elements % heat % light % aqueous solution

January 13, 2014

_____C7H14 + _____O2
______Ca (s) + _____HCl (aq) ! ____CaCl2 (aq) + _____H2 (g)

_____CO2 + _____H2O

____Cu + _____HNO3

_____Cu(NO3)2 + _____NO + _____H2O

3Cu + 8HNO3

3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

Balancing Equations Level #1 _______Cl2 + _______KOH !_______KClO3 + _______KCl + _______H2O

_______H2O2 + _______KI !_______KOH + _______I2

_______NaHCO3 ! _______Na2CO3 + _______H2O

+ _______CO2

_______P4O10

+ _______H2O ! _______H3PO4

Classifying Chemical Reactions5 basic types Synthesis (Combination) Reactions Two or more substances react to form a single product 4 Al (s) + 3 O2 (g) ! 2 Al2O3 (s) Decomposition Reactions A single compound broken into two or more products most require energy to occur 2 HgO (s) ! 2 Hg (l) + O2 (g) Combustion Reactions oxygen reacts with a substance to release energy some are also synthesis reactions C (s) + O2 (g) ! CO2 (g) most are reactions with hydrocarbons CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) ! CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

_______Al + _______H2SO4 ! _______ Al2(SO4)3

+ _______ H2

_______C10H16 + _______Cl2 ! _______C + _______HCl

_______Na + _______H2O ! _______NaOH + _______H2

_______H3PO4 ! _______H4P2O7 + _______H2O

_______C6H5Cl + _______SiCl4 + _______Na !_______ (C6H5)4Si + _______NaCl

_______MnO2 + _______HCl !_______Cl2 + _______MnCl2 + _______H2O

_______Pb(NO3)2 + _______NaOH !_______Pb(OH)2 + _______ NaNO3

_______C12H22O11 + _______ O2 ! _______CO2 + _______ H2O

January 13, 2014

Single Replacement Reactions Mg (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq) ! Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + Zn (s) an element replaces one part of a compound Activity series a list of elements in decreasing reactivity an element will replace anything less active reactions can be predicted based on the series

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Redox reactions many single replacement reactions are also redox involve the transfer of electrons between two chemical species the compound that loses an electron is oxidized the one that gains an electron is reduced Can also be described by what it will do to another chemical > a reducing agent is a compound that is oxidized > an oxidizing agent is a reduced compound

Redox continued... an electron transfer reaction For example: 2Fe3+ + Sn2+ the Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ the Sn2+ is oxidized to Sn4+ Therefore: > a loss of electrons = oxidation > a gain of electrons = reduction 2Fe2+ + Sn4+

Identify the substances oxidized and reduced below Al (s) + Cu2+ Cu (s) + Al3+

Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents H+ + Mg (s) Mg2+ + H2 (g)

January 13, 2014

Double Replacement Reactions exchange of ions between two compounds no change in charges (NOT redox) may end with a precipitate Na2S (aq) + Cd(NO3)2 (aq) ! CdS (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)

EXAMPLES: Write, balance and classify each reaction aluminum + sulfuric acid ! aluminum sulfate + hydrogen

tetraphosphorus decoxide + water ! phosphoric acid

ethane + oxygen ! carbon dioxide + water

Al + 3 H2SO4 ---> Al2(SO4)3 + 3 H2

P4O10 + 6 H2O ---> 4 H3PO4

C2H6 + 7 O2 ---> 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

Balancing Equations Level #2 Write, balance and classify each reaction. nitrogen + hydrogen ! ammonia

Balancing Equations Level #2 Write, balance and classify each reaction. nitrogen + hydrogen ! ammonia

iron (III) sulfate + potassium hydroxide ! potassium sulfate + iron (III) hydroxide

iron (III) sulfate + potassium hydroxide ! potassium sulfate + iron (III) hydroxide

iron + oxygen ! iron (III) oxide

iron + oxygen ! iron (III) oxide

aluminum + iron (II) oxide ! aluminum oxide + iron

aluminum + iron (II) oxide ! aluminum oxide + iron

acetylene + oxygen ! carbon dioxide + water

acetylene + oxygen ! carbon dioxide + water

hydrogen peroxide ! water + oxygen

hydrogen peroxide ! water + oxygen

aluminum + oxygen ! aluminum oxide

aluminum + oxygen ! aluminum oxide

barium oxide + water ! barium hydroxide

barium oxide + water ! barium hydroxide

xenon + fluorine ! xenon hexafluoride

xenon + fluorine ! xenon hexafluoride

butane + oxygen ! carbon dioxide + water

butane + oxygen ! carbon dioxide + water